iferres 2 FG.
RAS eos Pee vas
FSP FF. 5

* wes.
Cs sees ay
BIPM i og ee ped see
Pes ‘ger ‘ ee
Fhe ©

peek as
ae
Ging

Ps

fv a ois
mabey Hate

Mit

Sy

ere

gah
gin.
" Sas a

Pb °° Sez
NATURALIST:

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY

WM. DENISON ROBBUCK, F:LS;

RECORDER TO AND Ex-PRESIDENT OF THE C, NCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AND Hon, SECRETARY
OF THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION, &C.;

WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF

JaeGiLBERE BAKER, F.R-S:, F.L:S:, CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,
Royal Herbarium, Kew; Dewsbury ;

W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEORGE T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
Museum of Science & Art, Edinburgh ; Greenfield House, Huddersfield ;

ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., ; W. BARWELL TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.M.S.,
St. John’s College, Cambridge ; 38, Sholebroke Avenue, Leeds.

1883)

LONDON:
LOVELL REEVE & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C.

M°CoRQUODALE & Co. LIMITED, CARDINGTON STREET, EUSTON;
AND
LEEDS: BaAsINGHALL STREET.

1889.

113 0@8

- Vote tse bik
. z \

SORAYA AG TAO) THI AOE CAGE
‘ ‘ }

i

+
id
be ee

PRE F AB,

THE Editors have again to thank their contributors and
their subscribers—the former for the articles which have
kept the standard of Zhe Naturalist up to its accustomed
level, and the latter for the appreciative support which
enables the journal to fulfil the ends for which it is

carried on.

Bee ete

i

Bie 7 tin: eraodasien yeah

a ; Unaenenietion’. aie 3
3 Lo rant yal ody Bh aViaigy

“"
4 . 5 ; >
; a i ov es CER Ad Pee |
»* 7
‘y
i
"J J
- *
a
i
pe
ae 3
z ‘
.
l=
. bd »
wn j
")
:
oe
"ni,
; .
; ;
:
“

Pie 7

Y ¢ wy ¢
ei mete Haye. Peles Fy

4 A
“ “y
be -~ ' ;

Way ree nt
mae ser ea
* “) as) rt dows aT! * ] ary

Dok. to fynhnaia Se
a ? 7 b-
cits pieel yt

Men. O82 stip. ty

(yx

ra
at

9
Bay a \
a. ae
4 ‘ -
Te!
i

No. 162. . JANUARY 1889.

s
bas
~
x Ni ‘
c x UA
Sy MONTHLY JOURNAL OF wud,
Ss '
7)
°o _ r rT ~ y
2}} NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.
a]
©
, uw CONDUCTED BY
i
@s WMS DENISON RE BOCK,-¥F.LS.,
S fi Sunny Bank, Leeds ;
= 2 WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
o
S - J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,
Oo o Royal Herbarium, Kew; Dewsbury ;
- aS
s)
= = W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEORGE T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
2 — Museum of Science & Art, Edinburgh ; Greenfield House, Huddersfield ;
n 2
i) ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. BARWELL TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.M.S.,
= Z St. John’s College, Cambridge ; 55, Reginald Terrace, Leeds.
>
20
= 2 Confenfs: .
o ® E vAGE
Ma 2 Notes from the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Coasts in the Autumn of 1888—
= Fohn Cordeaux, M.B.O.U. .. ée oe I to 4
® 3 Plagiothecium undulatum in bidedinshiral in Pre- histo Tirtiew ase jh
~~ @ Hobkirk, F.L.S.. ay fs a ee 4&5
© ¢ ||, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin in the Pieter ohn taeda MRO: Soci. 6
o N The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: 27th Annual Report is ae x8 Ae 7 to 11
3 a0 The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual ba at Sheffield .. ¥ .. 12 to 16
as Bibliography: Diptera, 1884 to 1887 .:. se ; Ac A be sa, 217, \td.20
+ sis The Flora of North-Eastern Ireland (Review) he 21 to 24
>< Lepidopterous Fauna of Lancashire and Cheshire—¥. Ww. Ellis, :% R. C.P. rele 25 to 32
= Note—Orthoptera A “ <= Hi 5
ee Some Lincolnshire Oithapiera 2A W -allis Kru, vo B, ,
3 fe Note—Lepidoptera.. Z Mi ie 5
es Scoparia ingratalis in Sonic feo. ff Porvitt, Fal 5 FE. E. S.
4 s Note—Mollusca .. AT Gee Ts Lee wae II
ee Helix virgata in Pureolichine = ses. ‘fardla |
“Sage Notes—Ornithology .. 24
5 se Flamborough Bird- notes—Matthew Bailey: Food of the Rongh- legued Buz “ed
on D Wm. E. Brady; Crossbills in Cumberlaid—H. H. Slater; Pallas’ Sand-
xo] A Grousejon the Yorkshire Wolds—Z. Howarth, F.R.A.S.
2 Notes and News as te oe ae pe ws = as 2s i “ 20
o >
ae rs ;
o
-— = LONDON :
~
77 Lovett REEve & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C.
e McCorRQUODALE & Co. LIMITED, CARDINGTON STREET, EUSTON ;
AND
« Leeps: BasInGHALL STREET.
Oo
= All Communications should be Addressed :—
Oo The Editors of ‘The Naturalist,’
oO Sunny Bank, Leeds.

PRICE SIXPENCE (by Post, Sevenpence).
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (from the OFFICE only), 5s., post free.

_—

The NATURALIST.

— > 0 ——
TARIFF OF CHARGES FOR REPRINTS.
50 copies. 100 copies. 200 copies.
4 pages Ve ae eet 10 -+. ns 7/- ae ae 9/6
8 pages = oA 5/ as Bonk 0/6 8 ae © 9
12 pages aaa eo 7/- ‘van Ss 11/- mee +8 16/-
16 pages as ee 8/6 os ae 13/6 # we 1B/-
Covers charged extra as below— ‘s
Plain Covers ... Ee -/9 i fee 1/6 eae ees 2/6.
Printed Covers e 2/- set pe: 3/- = ae 4/6

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Science Gossip, No. 288, for Dec. 1888. [Messrs. Chatto & Windus, Publishers.
The Midland Naturalist, No. 132, for Dec. 1888. [Birmingham Nat. Hist. Soc.
Research, monthly illust. journ. of science.vol.i, No. 6, Dec. 1888. [A. N.Tate, Ed.
Nat. Hist. Journ., No. 108, Dec. 15, 1888. [J. E. Clark & B. B. Le Tall, Editors, York.
The Wesley Naturalist, No. 22. for Dec. 1888. [The Wesley Scientific Scciety.
The Young Naturalist, Part 108 for Dec. 1888, [Mr. John E. Robson, Editor.
The Zoologist, Vol. xii, No. 144, 3rd Series, Dec. 1888. [J. E. Harting, Editor.
Grevillea, quarterly record of Cryptog. Bot., No.82, Dec. 1888. [Dr. M.C. Cooke, Ed.
R. Howse.—Catalugue of Fossil Plants from the Hutton Collection. 8vo. reprint,

1888, 136 pp. and 6 plates. {Author
Manchester Geological Society—Trans., vol xx, part 1, 1888. The Society.

Liverpool Science Students’ Assoc.—7th Ann. Rep., 8vo. 40 pp., 1887-8. [Assoc. |

Canadian Entomologist, Vol xx, No. 11, Nov. 1888. [T. D. A. Cockerell.
Revue Bryologique. 15° Année, 1888, No. 6. [T. Husnot, redacteur.
Hertfordshire N. H. Soc.—Trans., Vol. v, Parts 2 & 3, Oct. & Dec. 1888. [Soc.
Eleanor A. Ormerod—Notes on the Australian Bug (Icerya purchasi) in South

Africa. Small 8vo, 36 pp., 1887. [S. D. Bairstow.

EXCHANGE.

Notices of Exchange inserted free of charge to Subscribers.

WaNnTED.—Living examples of Limax arborum, L. levis, and L. tenellus.
British Land and Freshwater Shells in exchange.—W. A. GaIN, Tuxford, Newark.

Conchology.—I have several specimens of Venus exoleta which I should
like to exchange for other Marine specimens.—ARTHUR SMITH, 103, Freeman
Street, Grimsby, July 11th, 1888.

Lincolnshire Natural History.—-Co-operation in collecting information
respecting the MARINE Mo.tusca of Lincolnshire is desired. Lists and
specimens may be forwarded to the care of Mr. H. WALLIS Kew, 112, Hanley
Road, Stroud Green, N.

Yorkshire Heronries.—I should feel greatly obliged if brother naturalists
and others interested in the history of our Yorkshire Heronries would furnish me
with what information they may have concerning any of the Heronries of York-
shire (either existing or those that have ceased to exist). Assistance can be

rendered by sending extracts from old published records, or by calling my attention’

to same.—F. R. FITZGERALD, Hon. Sec. Naturalists’ Society, Clifford House,
Harrogate.

Improved Egg Drills (2 sizes) and Metal Blowpipe with instructions 1/3 free.
‘Hints on Egg Collecting and Nesting,’ illustrated, 34d. free. Birds’ Skins,
Eggs (side-blown and in clutches with date), Lepidoptera, Ova, Larvee, and Pup,
Artificial Eyes, and all kinds of Naturalists’ Requisites. Lists, one stamp. All
specimens, &c., sent out ‘on approval.’

J. & W. DAVIS (Naturalists), DARTFORD, Kent.

The cheapest dealer in Birds, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells,
etc., is John Eggleston, Park Place, Sunderland. Lists free.

"Tos wae’ ets

THE NATURALIST

For 1889.

NOTES FROM- THE
YORKSHIRE AND LINCOLNSHIRE COASTS
IN “THE AUTUMN ‘OF » 188s.

JOHN CORDEAUX, M.B.O:U.,
Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincolushire.

Sep. 3rd.—Manx Shearwater (Pujginus anglorum). One was
killed striking the lantern of the lighthouse at the Spurn during the
night. A similar occurrence took place on August 5th, 1883, at
the same lighthouse.

Sep. 23rd.—First Grey Crows (Corvus cornix) seen at Kilnsea.

Sep. 25th.—Ring-Ouzel (Zurdus torquatus) seen.

Sep. 26th.—A Wood Sandpiper (Zotanus glareola) was shot near
Kilnsea. This, on dissection, proved a female, and is probably an
old bird. It has the upper parts profusely spotted with buffy-white.
The rump is nearly black, with the upper tail coverts pure white.
The lateral tail feathers are white, with a few dusky spots on the
outer webs of each. This is the fourth obtained in the district during
the autumn.

Oct. 2nd.—The American Pectoral Sandpiper (Z7vinga maculata),
of which a notice has already appeared, was shot on the beach near
Kilnsea, by Mr. T. W. Pool, of Hull. At the time it was in company
with another, presumably of the same species.

Oct. 18th.—Woodcock (Scolopax rusticula), ‘ first flight’; four or
five shot.

Oct. 2oth.—A few Gold-crested Wrens (Regulus cristatus) near
Kilnsea ; have been most exceptionally scarce during the season.
Hundreds of Grey Crows (Corvus cornix) coming in from the sea on
the 19th and 2oth.

Oct. 21st.—Three Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus) seen on
the warren at Kilnsea.

Noy. znd.—Woodcock (Scolopax rusticula),a few on 30th and
31st of October, and on Nov. 2nd and 3rd the ‘ great flight "wind
first strong from N.E., and then E., after which the birds ceased to
Jan. 1889. A

2 CORDEAUX : HUMBER BIRD-NOTES FOR AUTUMN OF 1888,

arrive. About one hundred were shot in the Spurn district in the
two days. On the Lincolnshire coast on the night of November znd
there was a strong arrival of ‘cock’ with a north-east wind. The
following morning, Saturday, the 3rd, bags of twelve and a half and
fifteen couples were made. The Woodcock arriving in the ‘great
flight’ of November 2nd and 3rd appear to have been identical
with the small dark Scandinavian race.

Eagle Owl? (Budo ? species). A large owl, said to be much the
largest ever observed at the Spurn, was seen several times in October,
on the sand-hills and warren, either sitting in the bents or in flight—
on the wing it is described as looking as big as one of the large
gulls. One informant spoke to its having horns or tufts of feathers
on the head.

Nov. roth.—Glaucous Gull (Zarus glaucus), an immature example
was shot near Kilnsea on the roth, and a very fine adult on the 13th,

Nov. 13th.—Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus). An adult
female was shot on the sea opposite to Kilnsea.

Noy. 17th. —Large flights of old Fieldfares ( Turdus pilaris) with
blue rumps, Snow-Buntings (Plectrophanes nivalis), and Lapwing
(Vanellus vulgaris) in enormous flocks, seen this day on the
Lincolnshire side of the Humber, were also observed at the Spurn.

Nov. 20th.—Wind W., very strong, and occasional heavy squalls
of mixed rain, snow, and hail. Snow-buntings (Plectrophanes nivalis)
in very large numbers, thirty to two-hundred in a flock, flying up the
coast from N. to S., or in some cases coming directly in from the
sea. The flight contained a large proportion of old birds. Twites
(Linota flavirostris) in flocks, an example obtained had the rump
nearly as rich a crimson as in the spring. Stonechats (Pratincola
rubicola), both old birds and young of the year, were numerous on
the sand-dunes or perched on the level top of those storm-cut
hedges that you might almost walk upon, where each stunted branch
and twig seems to do its best to struggle landward. It is interesting
to find the Stonechat nested this year near Kilnsea beacon.

Two male Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus) were shot this
day, from a flock of forty, three miles south of Withernsea. They
were in exceedingly fine condition, one weighing a little over 12 02z.,
the other just under 11 oz. All those parts of the head, neck, and
as far down as the narrow band of black-edged feathers on the chest,
which in the spring and summer are buff-coloured, are now of a
dark smoky grey. This colour is so deep that it almost kills or
conceals this narrow band of dark-tipped feathers. On the hind
neck, and the sides of the neck and the front throat, the orange-
colour continues, but is perhaps scarcely so bright.

Naturalist,

CORDEAUX: HUMBER BIRD-NOTES FOR AUTUMN OF 1888. 3

A flight numbering about forty Sand-Grouse was seen recently
near the Spurn, also on the Lincolnshire coast near Grainthorpe ;
those, and the birds seen near Withernsea, may all probably be
referred to one and the same flock, which pass to and fro between
the two counties. é

Nov. 24th.—A single Swallow (Hivundo rustica) was seen by
Mr. W. Eagle Clarke hawking under the cliff side at Kilnsea.

On the same day Turnstone (Sérepsilas interpres) were rather
numerous. It is seldom we find them so late in the season, and this
must be considered quite an unusual occurrence.

It is worth putting on record that on July 14th I received from
Mr. Winson, of Spurn, two eggs of the Oyster-catcher (Hematopus
ostralegus), taken from a nest there. Mr. Loten, senr., of Easington,
also found a nest of the same species amongst the bents, and a third
nest with three eggs was taken near Kilnsea in June. The Oyster-
catcher has not nested at the Spurn within the memory of any now
living in the neighbourhood, but its final disappearance as a nester
from the opposite coast of Lincolnshire dates from a comparatively
recent period.

Dec. 3rd.—Night Heron (Vycticorax griseus). I saw this day in
the shop of Mr. Jefferies, Grimsby, an immature example of this
species. Mr. G. H. Caton Haigh, to whom it belongs, informs me
that it was shot near Tetney Haven on November 26th by Mr. W.
Stubbs. It measured 24 inches in length ; wing, 12 inches. The
irides were red; naked skin on face, greenish-yellow ; legs, green,
with a shade of yellow.

Dusky Redshank (Zotanus fuscus). One, now in Mr. Haigh’s
collection, was shot on the ‘fitties’ at Grainthorpe on Noy. goth.
Subsequently, Mr. Haigh several times observed one on the coast at
Tetney, and the last occasion was on November 15th. It was always
very wild and shy.

Swift (Cypselus apus). It is somewhat singular that my last note,
in this anomalous season of green peas and strawberries, should be
in connection with this bird. My neighbour, Mr. C. F. Davy, of
Little Cotes, observed a single Swift hawking near our ‘ beck’ on the
morning of Saturday, December 1st. I may add he is perfectly
well acquainted with the ‘ deviling,’ which he sees in numbers every
day during the summer, and is quite certain he is not mistaken in its
identity.

Why tarry in the chill northland, lone laggard? Last of thy
tribe—day-long wanderer through summer skies—are not all thy
fellows six thousand miles due south? Months now since they

left these shores to shoot in joyous bands over fruitful France and sun-
Jan. 1889.

4 HOBKIRK : PLAGIOTHECIUM UNDULATUM IN LINCOLNSHIRE,

burnt Spain, the blue southern sea, and past cloud-capped Atlas, and
now perchance career, race, and scream in concert above the
swamps of the Zambesi or the rolling plains of Masailand! Here
are the dark short days of mid-winter, and soon the old grey church,
whose square tower thou lov’st so well, will be decked for Yule-tide.
The field-fare and the snow-bunting have come, and alone the song
of the redbreast is in the land. Haste then—lest too late—thou
bird of the midsummer day; let thy wings know no rest, but
southward, ever southward—to meet the tropic breezes and the
warmth of the African sun !

PLAGIOTHECIUM UNDULATUM
IN LINCOLNSHIRE IN PRE-HISTORIC TIMES.

CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.

THROUGH the kindness of my friend, Dr. Sorby, F.R.S., I have had
submitted to me for examination and determination a somewhat
curious and interesting object. It will, doubtless, be remembered ~
that in the spring (about May, I believe) of 1886 an interesting relic
of ancient times was unearthed at Brigg, in Lincolnshire, in the
shape of an antique boat. This boat was apparently hewed or
burnt out of a log of oak, and at the stern a groove appears
to have been cut down each interior side and across the bottom,
and into this groove a stern-board was fitted. This stern-board
was—if we may so indicate it—caulked with moss to make it
water-tight. The boat was about 484 ft. long, 44 ft. wide, and 3 ft.
deep. It was a scrap of this caulking which was sent to me for
examination. At first sight the ‘stuff’? looked unpromising enough—
more like a few strands of half-rotted hay, blackened with age and
damp. On placing a pinch of it under the microscope, there seemed
to be very little chance of determination. I had evidently got hold
of a bit which had been well hammered or beaten into the groove ;
it was utterly broken up. On careful maceration and preparation of
the remainder, I at length came upon a much more promising scrap,
which, on examination, proved to be the tip (about } in. long) of a
stem of Plagiothectum undulatum. This scrap was a perfect marvel—
the undulations of the leaf, the two short nerves, the fine serratures
at the apex of the leaf, were as perfect as if the specimen had been
gathered yesterday, but blackish-brown with age; not a single cell-
wall was damaged, and, curiously enough, many traces of chlorophyll
grains could be distinctly seen.

Naturalist, ~

NOTES—ORTHOPTERA AND LEPIDOPTERA, 5

On dissecting a portion, I further found two or three pericheetia,
the characteristic leaves of which were quite perfect, enclosing one
or two antheridia, somewhat shrivelled, with their accompanying
paraphyses.

Who were the makers of this boat, and who gathered this moss
for caulking purposes, I have not seen definitely stated ; it may have
been ancient British, or it may have been older. If made in the
immediate neighbourhood—which is more than probable—it may
have been made, and probably was, by men living during that period
when the vale of Ancholme was covered by that forest of oak, yew,
hazel, birch, etc., which grew just above the gravels and boulder-clay
of the drift period. Since then it would appear that the land began
gradually to sink, the forest disappeared, its place being occupied by
a swamp, and eventually a lake. But this is a question which can
only be settled by those who know the district and the level at
which the boat was found. I, for one, should be glad to know
whether anything—and if anything, what—has been attempted
towards determining this question, which is a most interesting one.
At any rate, be the period what it may, Plagiothectum undulatum
must then have been found in the district in considerable abundance.

NOTE—ORTHOPTERA.

Some Lincolnshire Orthoptera.—While in Lincolnshire in August this
year I took seven species of Orthoptera, which have since been obligingly
examined by Mr. Eland Shaw, viz.—Stenobothrus viridulus L., S. bicolor Charp.,
S. elegans Charp., Gomphocerus maculatus Thunb., Zettex b¢punctatus L., Tham-
notrizon cinereus L., and Platycleds reslii Hagenb. Stenobothrus viridulus was
abundant in and near an old chalk-pit at Haugham Pasture, where also one
specimen of 7Zettix bipunctatus was obtained, and on the bramble- bushes near
Thamnotrizon cinereus was numerous. Stesobothrus bicolor, S. elegans, and
Gomphocerus maculatus were taken on the coast sand-hills at Mablethorpe.
Platycleis reslii was plentiful amongst the coarse grass on the coast sand-hills at
Trusthorpe. This species was taken by Mr. Saunders, in August 1886, at Herne
Bay, which, as Mr. Shaw informs me, appears to be the only other locality from
which it has been reported recently.—H. WALLIS Kew, London, 8th Oct., 1888.

NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA.

Scoparia ingratalis in Yorkshire.—On the 26th of June last, in a rough
field beyond and adjoining Pennyspring Wood, Huddersfield, I knocked down a
Scoparia which, from its whiteness when on the ground, at once attracted my
attention. A closer examination at once revealed a beautiful specimen of
ingratalis, and by beating an old whitethorn hedge bordering the field, I soon
secured several more examples. .S. zgratalis is now usually, and very properly
so, considered to be a form of S. pyralalis, of which the ordinary form also
occurred with the variety on the occasion of my taking the specimens ; but
S. igratalis has never before been recorded from Yorkshire, nor, so far as I
remember, anywhere than in the extreme south of England. It has always been
associated in my mind with the chalk of Kent and Sussex, and that it should occur
here on a heavy clayey soil, where the tendency in lepidoptera when they do vary,
is almost always in the opposite direction to melanism, is very singular.—GEo. T.
PorRRITT, Huddersfield, December 15th, 1888.

Jan. 1889.

6
BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHIN IN THE HUMBER.

JOHN CORDEAUX, M.B.0.U,,
Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincolnshire.

Tus species (De/phinus tursio) is sufficiently rare in British waters
to deserve a notice. On Saturday evening, August 25th, 1888, two
came up the Haven at Tetney, but went out again with the tide.
On the next morning they again came up, and entering the lock-pit,
were speedily shut in, and attacked by an excited mob of men and
boys, armed with guns, pitch-forks, and boat-hooks. Jam told the
poor creatures showed great tenacity, and did not succumb before
they were fairly covered with wounds. Mr. G, H. Caton Haigh, on
hearing from his keepers of the capture, at once went to Tetney,
and was fortunate in obtaining the two heads. The bodies had
already been cut up and sold for manure. He has kindly given me
the following information :—The largest measured ro ft. in length,
the other 7 ft. or 8 ft.; the colour was black above, dirty greyish-
white below, brighter in the smaller animal—the white extended to
the point of the lower jaw. Subsequently I had an opportunity of
seeing the skulls in the shop of Mr. Jefferies, at Grimsby. One is
apparently that of a young animal, with teeth conical and pointed,
twenty-three above and twenty-five below. The intermaxillaries are
convex above, and form two well-marked ribs on the upper part of
the rostrum, as described in Bell’s ‘ British Quadrupeds.’ The
second skull is that of an adult, and the teeth are more or less
truncated and worn at the point. The foot-plate of the skull in
‘British Quadrupeds,’ p. 469, unless it is taken from that of a very
old animal, scarcely represents the teeth, making them too broad and
square ; in both these specimens they are more or less conical and
pointed, although considerably worn down in the larger of the two.
When the jaw is shut they close not unlike the teeth of a rat-trap,
and have a most formidable appearance,

These two Dolphins seem to have formed part of a small school
seen off the coast two or three days previously; two others were
stranded on the high sand near the Haven mouth, and the bodies
were boiled down to get the oil; a fifth was found by a fisherman,
and taken into Grimsby.

Two were caught at the Spurn in September 1879, and described
by Mr. E. Howarth in Ze Naturalist (September 1880, vi. 26), and
are also recorded by Messrs. Roebuck and Clarke in their ‘ Hand-
book of Yorkshire Vertebrata,’ p. 11.

November ist, 1888.

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.

27th ANNUAL REPORT,
As presented at the Annual Meeting at Sheffield, Nov. 16th, 1888.

Tue 27th Annual Report (and Balance Sheet) now presented is to be
regarded as merely an interim one, inasmuch as it is for a period of
eight months only, during the greater part of which—brief as it is—
the Union has been deprived of the services of both its honorary
secretaries from unforseen causes. Mr. Eagle Clarke was appointed
to an important position in the National Museum of Science and
Art at Edinburgh, an appointment which necessitated his removal to
that city at the end of May; while a month later, his colleague,
Mr. Denison Roebuck, was totally disabled from all work for
nearly four months by a very serious and unfortunate accident.
Nevertheless, the work of the Union was taken up and carried on
with the customary vigour and success, thanks to the prompt kind-
ness of various members resident in Leeds. Particular credit is due
to Mr. S. A. Adamson for assuming the duties of the honorary
secretaryship at a critical time, and for the valuable services which
entitle him to the gratitude, not only of the Executive, but of the
members in general. Similar credit is due to Mr. F. Arnold Lees,
who in like manner rendered invaluable assistance in the Editorial
conduct of Zhe Waturalist. The Executive therefore feel pleased
to be able to report that at the present time the Union and its affairs
are on the whole in a satisfactory and flourishing condition.

The Meetings which have been held during the year have
been five in number, one in each division of the county. The places
and dates have been as follows :—

Leyburn Shawl, Whit-Monday, 21st May.
Saddleworth, Saturday, 16th June.
Robin Hood’s Bay, Monday, 16th July.

Market Weighton, Bank Holiday Monday, 6th August.
Fungus Foray at Bramham and Harewood Parks, Tuesday, 25th Sept.

For each of these meetings the usual fully descriptive circular, which
is sO conducive to the convenience of members undertaking the
day’s investigations, was published, and at all the meetings—with
one notable exception, caused by adverse meteorological conditions
—good results were achieved.

The opening excursion, arranged for Whit-Monday, at Leyburn,
was well attended, the day’s work being directed to the exploration
of that portion of the northern escarpment of Wensleydale which
Jan. 1889.

8 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—ANNUAL REPORT.

extends from Bolton Castle to Leyburn Shawl, and the meeting—
over which Prof. A. H. Green, now of Oxford, presided—being held
at Leyburn town.

The second meeting was held in June, in the Saddleworth dis-
trict—one which lies on the western or Lancashire slope of the
Pennine range of hills. There was a good attendance, and although
the district is not a very productive one in zoology or botany, the
geologists were able to profit largely by their investigations. At this
meeting the chair was occupied by an old and valued friend and
ex-president, Prof. W. C. Williamson, and the Union had an oppor-
tunity of mingling with a number of well-known and able naturalists
from the neighbouring towns of Lancashire.

The third excursion was planned for visiting the Peak and the
southern part of Robin Hood’s Bay, on Monday, the 16th July, and
our President journeyed from London to undertake the leadership
of the geological party over ground which he has made peculiarly
his own, and whose geology is so largely elucidated by his own
researches and papers. Unfortunately, the weather was so thoroughly
adverse, rain falling incessantly throughout the day and dense sea-fogs
obscuring the view of the coast sections, that nothing whatever
could be done, and a speedy retreat was made to the meeting-place
at Scarborough by the adventurous score of members who had made
the journey. Under these circumstances your Executive feel that
the excursion should be again placed on the programme, and they
are pleased to know that Mr. Hudleston has most kindly consented
again to act as leader.

The fourth meeting was held on the Bank Holiday Monday in
August, under better climatic auspices, and with a consequently
better scientific result. The meeting was held at Market Weighton,
and the day’s explorations were directed to the neighbouring portion
of the Wold country, lying about Goodmanham and Londesborough.

The concluding meeting of the season was devoted to the Fungus
Foray, which our mycological botanists have looked forward to for
some years. The date was fixed for the last week in September,
and an old and valued member of the Union, Mr. George Massee,
F.R.M.S., of Kew, attended as guide and botanical referee. Thanks
to his assistance and to that of Mr. Soppitt and other of our
botanists, to the suitability of the weather, and to the excellence
and varied nature of the collecting-ground in the fine parks and
woods at Bramham and Harewood, the Foray was a most decided
success, resulting in substantial additions to our knowledge of the
Fungus Flora of the county, and it was also the means of adding a
couple of species to the British fungus-flora.

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—-ANNUAL REPORT. 9

On all these occasions the Union has been indebted to the
kindness which the landowners of Yorkshire have always been so
ready to manifest in facilitating research on their estates; and the
facilities which the various railway companies which run on Yorkshire
soil have granted, have contributed their share to promoting the
success of the Union’s investigations.

The Societies which constitute the Union now number 38, the
withdrawal of three Societies which are no longer connected with
it—the Brighouse Friends’ Botanical. Society, the Hull Great
Thornton Street Wesleyan Field Naturalists’ Society, and the
Driffield Literary and Scientific Society—being counter-balanced by
the accession of other three—the Ellesmere School (Harrogate)
Natural History Society, the Hull Scientific Club, and the Hull
Geological Society.

The statistics which the Secretaries of the different societies are
kind enough to furnish remain as stated in the last annual report, as
at 2,109 associates and 375 members—altogether nearly 2,500—the
time not having arrived for sending out the schedules on which such
information is given.

The Membership of the Union still continues about stationary,
and the necessity of a large increase in it will form a subject for the
direct attention of the next Executive, additional support being
necessary to enable the Union to carry out the investigations which
fall to its lot.

The Financial Position of the Union has suffered considerably
from the disablement of the Secretarial staff of which mention was
made at the beginning of this report. At the time of Mr. Roebuck’s
accident the receipt-books usually in the hands of the Local
Treasurers had all been called in, and he, as General Treasurer, was
on the point of re-issuing them to the gentlemen who as Local
Treasurers have been of so much service to the Union. On this
account the subscriptions could not be collected by them, and
consequently the balance-sheet now submitted shows only about
half the amount of receipts that would appear in the balance-sheet
of an ordinary year. Attention will, of course, be specially given by
your Treasurer and Executive during the next few months to the
collection of outstanding subscriptions, and it is to be hoped that
the members will co-operate in this endeavour.

In connection with this subject your Executive recommend that
members possessing a banking account should instruct their bankers
to pay their subscriptions annually to the bankers of the Union
(Messrs. Wm, Wms. Brown & Co., Leeds). For this purpose the
Union Treasurer will be pleased to provide a form of authorization.
Jan. 1889.

10 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—ANNUAL REPORT.

The Publications of the Union have been as heretofore.

The Transactions.—Part 12 is all printed, and awaiting
binding-up only. It consists entirely of the second instalment of
Mr. Baker’s ‘North Yorkshire,’ including two coloured maps of the
lithology and climatology of the Riding.

The Library of the Union continues to increase, by numerous
donations and exchanges, and stands urgently in need of increased
accommodation. Mr. Charles Brownridge, the honorary librarian,
to whom the Union is under much obligation for the care and
attention he has devoted to his department, reports that there is
urgent need of a new bookcase, the books having long overflowed
the accommodation provided, and the want of space hampered the
whole administration of library matters, and he hopes that the Union
may be able before long to provide the necessary accommodation.
The books and bookcases are kept in a room at the Leeds Mechanics’
Institution, to the committee of which the Executive are also under
great obligation for the use of the board-room for their meetings.

The Librarian will be pleased to receive donations, particularly
of works or papers dealing with Yorkshire natural history or geology,
or memoirs written by Yorkshire scientific writers.

The Sections of the Union have carefully carried on their
work during the year, and it is to their efficient working that the
success attending the excursions has been due.

Committees of Research.—During the year the Yorkshire
Boulder Committee has done a large amount of valuable work, as
shown by their report published in the November number of Zhe
Naturalist, and the value and importance of their investigations has
been thoroughly appreciated by the Erratic Blocks Committee of
the British Association, in connection with which the Yorkshire work
is carried on.

The Marine Zoology Committee’s work has been at a standstill,
on account of the removal from the county of Mr. Eagle Clarke,
who was its secretary.

The Fossil Flora Committee has collected a series of fossil plants
from Gristhorpe Bay near Scarborough, and a number of specimens
from the Halifax Coal Measures. The fossils containing structure
will be submitted for determination to Prof. Williamson, F.R.S.,
and the remaining ones to Mr. Robert Kidston, F.G.S., of Stirling.
The Committee would be glad if such members as can do so, would
forward specimens of fossil plants to Mr. Wm. Cash, of 38, Elmfield
Terrace, Halifax, the secretary to the Committee.

There are other branches of investigation marked out by the
British Association, which it is desirable should be undertaken by

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—-ANNUAL REPORT. II

committees of this Union, whenever members are to be found able
and willing to act thereupon.

Proposals will be brought forward at this present meeting for the
appointment of a committee to deal with the erosion of sea-coasts,
this county being particularly suited for research in this direction.

British Association.—The Union has again been selected as
one of the Corresponding Societies of the -Association, and was
represented this year at the Bath meeting by the Rev. E. P.
Knubley, M.A., whose report has been published in 7%e Waturalist.

Your Executive is pleased to know that the Association has
accepted an invitation to meet in Yorkshire two years hence, at
Leeds, and it is to be hoped that members will do what lies in
their power to render that meeting a successful one.

The International Geological Congress, which has held
its meetings this year in England, selected Yorkshire as the scene of
two of the excursions, one being in the Craven district and the
other on the Coast. These were attended by some of the foreign
geologists then in England, and at both excursions this Union
was represented by several of its members.

The Secretariate.—Your Executive cannot let this report
pass without referring to the very serious loss the Union sustains
this day by the retirement of Mr. W. Eagle Clarke from the position
as honorary secretary which he has occupied with so much advantage
to the Union during the past eight years, nor without an expression
of the very sincere and deep regret which all the members and
associates must feel at the severance of a connection so long and so
intimate as that which has existed between Mr. Clarke and his
Yorkshire colleagues.

The Presidency.—In conclusion, your Executive have to
announce that the office of President has been accepted by an
Ornithologist of the first rank, Mr. Henry Eeles Dresser, who is a
Yorkshireman by birth, and the author of what is ¢#e standard work
on European birds, and of numerous papers on the subject of which
he is an acknowledged master.

The Executive have further to express their deep sense of the
honour which our retiring President, Mr. Hudleston, has conferred
upon the Union by his brief tenure of an office, the high character
of which has been amply maintained in his keeping.

NOTE—MOLLUSCA.

Helix virgata in Lincolnshire.—This species was found in plenty at South
Ormesby on the 6th of August, by Mr. Joseph Burtt Davy. The place is on the
Lincolnshire Wolds, in the Alford district.—Jas. EARDLEY Mason, Alford, roth
August, 1888. ;

Jan. 1889.

I2

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.
ANNUAL MEETING AT SHEFFIELD.

Tue 27th Annual Meeting, held at Sheffield on Friday, the 16th
November, was as successful as any of its predecessors, and the
Union are much indebted to the Sheffield Naturalists’ Club for the
very excellent arrangements which they had made. Through their
instrumentality and that of an old and valued friend and ex-president
of the Union, Dr. H. C. Sorby, F.R.S., the Sheffield Corporation
had placed the use of the Public Museum and Mappin Art Galleries
at the disposal of the Union for the various meetings, and the
convenience of members was met by tea being served in the same
buildings.

The proceedings commenced at 3 p.m., when the General
Committee met in the Art Gallery for the dispatch of business. The
attendance included the official delegates of eleven societies (eight
others being unofficially represented by permanent members of the
Committee), the president and two ex-presidents, the two honorary
secretaries, the chairman and four other members of the Executive,
three presidents and four secretaries of sections, one of the auditors,
two of the honorary local treasurers, and seven other permanent
members of the Committee—making a total attendance of forty-five.
The chair was occupied by the president, Mr. Wilfrid H. Hudleston,
M.A., F.R.S. The minutes of the previous annual meeting were
read and unanimously adopted.

The 27th Annual Report (as printed at p. 7 of this number)
was read by Mr. Chas. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S., the chairman of the
Executive Committee, and upon his motion, seconded by Mr. M. B.
Slater, unanimously adopted without discussion.

The Excursion-programme for 1889 was then fixed as follows,
upon the recommendation of the Executive, adopted unanimously on
the motion of Messrs. J. W. Davis, F.S.A., and J. W. Addyman, B.A.,
and with the understanding that the selection of dates be left to the
new Executive, inasmuch as the date for the coast excursion depended
upon the tide-tables :—

Upper Teesdale: a three-days’ Kirkham Abbey and Acklam Brow.
excursion in August. Harrogate.
Robin Hood’s Bay. Huddersfield.

For the next Annual Meeting, a cordially written invitation from
the presidents of the Hull Literary and Philosophical, Field
Naturalists’, and Geological Societies, for the Union to visit Hull,
was read, and accepted by an unanimous vote proposed by the Revs.
Wm. Fowler, M.A., and E. Maule Cole, M.A.

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS UNION—ANNUAL MEETING. 13

Proceeding to the election of officers, it was announced—as
stated in the concluding paragraph of the Annual Report—that the
Presidency had been accepted by the distinguished author of ‘ The
Birds of Europe and the Western Palzarctic Region,’ Mr. Henry
Eeles Dresser, F.L.S., F.Z.S. Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., who is
retiring from the office of honorary secretary, proposed the re-election
of his colleague, Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., and the
election as his own successor, of the Rev. E. Ponsonby Knubley,
M.A., M.B.O.U. This was seconded by Mr. J. J. Stead, and adopted
unanimously. Mr. P. H. Grimshaw, Leeds, was re-elected, and
Mr. Edgar R. Waite, Leeds, elected, hon. assistant secretaries ;
Mr. Chas. Brownridge, F.G.S., Leeds, re-elected honorary librarian ;
as were also nine retiring members of the Executive—Rev. W.
Fowler, M.A., Liversedge ; Messrs. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., Leeds ;
We Davis, F:S)A., Halifax; .Wm@m€ash; F.L.S., Halifax ;-C. P.
Hobkirk, F.L.S., Dewsbury; John Emmet, F.L.S., Boston Spa;
Benjamin Holgate, F.G.S., Leeds; H. T. Soppitt, Bradford, and
J. J. Stead, Heckmondwike, with the addition of a tenth member in
Mr. M. B. Slater, Malton, in place of Mr. Dennis, retiring. The
two retiring auditors—Messrs. J. E. Bedford, F.G.S., and C. D. Hard-
castle, both of Leeds, were also re-elected.

Twenty-three local treasurers—Messrs. W. E. Brady, Barnsley ;
J. D. Butterell, Beverley ; H.,Speight, Bradford; P. F. Lee, Dews-
bury ; Geo. Winter, Doncaster ; Rey. E. Maule Cole, M.A., Driffield ;
Messrs. Thos. Bunker, Goole; Wm. Cash, F.L.S., Halifax; F. R.
Fitzgerald, Harrogate; J. R. Dore, Huddersfield; E. R. Waite, Leeds;
M. B. Slater, Malton ; T. F. Ward, Middlesbrough ; T. H. Nelson,
Redcar; Rev. R. A. Summerfield, Ripon ; Messrs. J. H. Rowntree,
Scarborough; W. N. Cheesman, Selby; A. T. Watson, Sheffield ;
J. J. Stead, Spen Valley; W. Gregson, Thirsk ; Geo. Parkin, Wakefield ;
Thos. Newbitt, Whitby, and G. C. Dennis, York—were chosen.

The Committees of Research were then appointed.

The Yorkshire Boulder Committee was re-appointed, to consist
of Prof. A. H. Green, M.A., F.R.S., Leeds (chairman) ; C. D. Hard-
castle, Leeds (vice-chairman) ; S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., 52, Wellclose
Terrace, Leeds (hon. secretary); Messrs. J. E. Bedford, F.G.S., and
C. Brownridge, F.G.S., Leeds ; S. Chadwick, Malton; Rev. E. Maule
Cole, M.A., Wetwang; J. W. Davis, F.S.A., F.G.S., Halifax; Wm.
Gregson, Baldersby ; Ald. John Hill, Morley; B. Holgate, F.G.S.,
Leeds; Wm. Horne, F.G.S., Leyburn; Prof. L. C. Miall, F.LS.,
F.G.S., Leeds; James Spencer, Halifax; T. Tate, F.G.S., Leeds ;
and J. W. Woodall, F.G.S., Scarborough ; with Rev. H. W. Crosskey,
LL.D., F.G.S., Birmingham, as Corresponding Member.

Jan. 1889.

14 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS UNION—-ANNUAL MEETING.

The Yorkshire Marine Zoology Committee was also re-appointed,
to consist of the following members :—Dr. H. C. Sorby, LL.D.,
F.R.S., Sheffield (chairman); Rev. E. H. Smart, B.A., Kirby-in-
Cleveland (hon. secretary) ; Messrs. Geo. Brook, F.L.S., Edinburgh ;
J. D. Butterell, Beverley ; W. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., Edinburgh ; John
Cordeaux, M.B.O.U., Great Cotes; Wm. Cash, F.GS., Halifax ;
Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A., York; Baker Hudson, M.C.S., Redcar ;
T. H. Nelson, M.B.O.U., Redcar; O. T. Olsen, F.L.S., Grimsby ;
Rev. Henry Smith, M.A., Redcar; and J. W. Woodall, F.G.S.,
Scarborough; with Geo.’ Massee, F.R.M.S., Kew, as Botanical
Ineferee;

The Yorkshire Fossil Flora Committee was also re-appointed,
consisting of Prof. W. C. Williamson, LL.D., F.R.S., Manchester
(chairman) ; James W. Davis, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.S.A., Halifax (vice-
chairman); William Cash, F.G.S., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., 38, Elmfield
Terrace, Halifax (hon. secretary); Messrs. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S.,
Leeds ; Thomas Hick, B.A., B.Sc., Manchester; B. Holgate, F.G.S.,
Leeds; Robert Kidston, F.G.S., F.R.S.E., Stirling; Robert Law,
F.G.S., Halifax; Prof. L. C. Miall, F.L.S., F.G.S., Leeds; James
Spencer, Halifax; John Stubbins, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Leeds; and
William West, F.L.S., Bradford.

A new Committee was then appointed, on the motion of the
Rev. E. P. Knubley, M.A., seconded by Mr. J. W. Davis, F.S.A., to
deal with the Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast, and to consist of
Mr. J. W. Woodall, F.G.S., as chairman, and the Rev. E. Maule
Cole, M.A., as honorary secretary, and to have power until the next
annual meeting to add to their number.

It being in the power of the General Committee to add to its
own number ten Permanent Members annually, this power was
exercised in favour of Messrs. Edward Birks, Sheffield ; J. W. Carter,
Bradford ; H. Bendelack Hewetson, M.R.C.S., Leeds; Robert
Kidston, F.G.S., F.R.S.E., StirlimggA. Dy HH. iLeadman, S.23;
Boroughbridge ; John McLandsborough, F.G.S., F.R.A.S., Bradford ;
Prof. Louis C. Miall, F.L.S., F.G.S., Leeds ; Edgar R. Waite, Leeds ;
F. Fielder Walton, F.G.S., Hull; and J. W. Woodall, M.A., F.G.S.,
Scarborough.

The unanimous election, as members of the Union, of the Rev.
W. H. Oxley, Filey ; Messrs. Elijah Howarth, F.R.A.S., Sheffield ;
Geo. R. Vine, Sheffield; Rev. W. E. Hancock, Knaresborough ;
Messrs. E. G. Bayford, West Melton; Benj. Turner, Barnsley ;
Brooke Rowley, Halifax ; F. Whiteley, Halifax ; J. E. Jones, Halifax ;
Dr. Drury, Halifax; and Rev. Chas. Crawshaw, Shipley—all of
whom had been duly proposed and seconded, followed, after which

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—ANNUAL MEETING. 15

the Pocklington Literary and Philosophical Society was duly admitted
into the Union.

Dr. Sorby then took advantage of the occasion of Mr. Clarke’s
retirement from the honorary secretaryship to move a hearty vote of
thanks to the two honorary secretaries for their services, which was
seconded by Mr. M. H. Stiles, and unanimously adopted.

Mr. J. W. Addyman then moved a resolution in favour of a change
in the constitution of the Union, which was seconded by Mr. Branson,
and gave rise to a brief discussion. Eventually the motion, on being
put to the vote, was lost, and the meeting was brought to a close.

The sections then met and elected their officers as follows :—

B. Vertebrate Zoology.—Mr. Thos. Bunker, Goole, president;
Mr. James Backhouse, jun., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., York (re-elected),
and Mr. Edgar R. Waite, Leeds, secretaries.

C. Conchology.—Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A., York, president ;
and Messrs. John Emmet, F.L.S., Boston Spa, and Baker Hudson,
M.C.S., Coatham, secretaries—all re-elected.

D. Entomology.—Mr. N. F. Dobrée, Beverley, re-elected
president ; and Messrs. W. E. Brady, Barnsley, and J. H. Rowntree,
Scarborough, elected secretaries, in place of Messrs. Dennis and
Walker, resigned. |

E. Botany.—Mr. Chas. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S., Dewsbury, elected
President, and Messrs. P. F. Lee, Dewsbury, and M. B. Slater,
Malton, re-elected Secretaries.

F. Geology.—All the officers re-elected, namely—Rev. E. Maule
Cole, M.A., Wetwang, president; Messrs. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S.,
Leeds, and Samuel Chadwick, Malton, secretaries.

G. Micro-Zoology and Botany.— Both officers re-elected,
viz., Mr. H. Clifton Sorby, LL.D., F.R.S., Sheffield, president;
Mr. J. M. Kirk, Doncaster, secretary.

Tea was then served in one of the rooms of the Art Gallery, and
at 7 p.m. the Annual Public Meeting was held in the principal hall
of the Art Galleries. There was a large attendance. The chair was
taken by the president, Mr. Wilfrid H. Hudleston, M.A., F.R.S.
The annual report having been read for the benefit of the members
generally by the Rev. E. P. Knubley, M.A., the new secretary of the
Union, the presentation of a testimonial to Mr. W. Eagle Clarke,
F.L.S., on the occasion of his retirement from the honorary secretary-
ship, took place. It consisted of an illuminated address, a series of
the earlier volumes of ‘ The Ibis,’ and a timepiece. The wording of
the address was as follows :—

Jan. 1889.

16 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—ANNUAL MEETING.

To Wo. EAGLE CLARKE, Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, Member of |
the British Ornithologists’ Union and of the British Association Committee
on the Migration of Birds, etc.

S1tr,—Upon the occasion of your leaving Yorkshire in order to take up an |
important position in the Museum of Science and Art at Edinburgh, we desire,
on behalf of members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and other friends, to
express the sincere and deep regret which is felt at your removal from the county,
and to offer you some permanent memento of their respect for your personal
character, and of their high appreciation of your scientific ability. In your
capacity as one of the honorary secretaries of our Union and an editor of its
journal Zhe Naturalist, as well as by your share in the authorship of the ‘ Verte-
brate Fauna of Yorkshire,’ you have not only manifested considerable ability as
an ornithologist, but have contributed materially to the advancement of science in
Yorkshire. We therefore beg your acceptance of the accompanying volumes of
‘ The Ibis,’ together with a timepiece, as a small token of the esteem in which
you are held. by friends and fellow-workers, and in grateful recognition of the
value of the services which you have so long rendered in promoting the detailed
and systematic investigation of the natural history of your native county of York.

Then follow the signatures of the Rev. William Fowler, M.A. ;
H. Clifton Sorby, LL.D., F.R.S.; Prof. W. C. Williamson, LL.D.,
F.R.S.; J. Gilbert Baker, F.R.Sj, F.L.S. ; Lord Walsingham, M.A.;
F.R.S.; Rev. W. H. Dallinger, LL.D., F.R.S.; Sir Ralph Payne-
Gallwey, Bart., M.B.O.U.; Wilfrid H. Hudleston, M.A., F.R.S.—
all ex-presidents of the Union; W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.
(Mr. Clarke’s colleague in the honorary secretaryship) ; Charles P.
Hobkirk, F.L.S. (chairman of the Union’s Executive), and John J.
Stead (hon. treasurer to the Testimonial Fund), on behalf of the very
numerous subscribers.

The presentation was made by Mr. Hobkirk, who, in a few
graceful sentences, gave expression to the mingled feelings of regret
at Mr. Clarke’s removal to Scotland, and of congratulation to him
on the recognition of his scientific abilities shown by his appointment
to an important Government post, so generally felt by the members.

The President, Mr. Hudleston, then delivered the address, in
which he dealt with ‘ The Geological History of Iron Ores,’ illustrated
by a number of large diagrams. Dr. Sorby occupied the chair
during the delivery of the address, and at its conclusion proposed a
vote of thanks to the President. This was seconded by the Rey. E.
Maule Cole, M.A., and unanimously adopted, as was also a cordial
vote of thanks to the Sheffield Corporation for the use of the Museum
and Art Galleries, and to the Shefheld Naturalists’ Club for their
kind and hospitable reception of the Union. The remainder of the
evening was devoted to the Annual Conversazione of the Sheffield
Naturalists’ Club, forming a pleasant means of inter-association
between the local members and those from a greater distance.

Naturalist,

17

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England.

DIPTERA,
1884, 1885, 1886, and 1887.

THE present instalment of 28 titles for four years proves how very
scant is the attention paid by North of England naturalists to an
order of insects so large and numerically important as is that of the
Two-winged Flies. It is gratifying, however, to note the appearance
of a small list for Lincolnshire, from the pen of Mr. H. Wallis Kew,
and to note also the references given in their general papers by
dipterists of the standing of Messrs. R. H. Meade and G. H. Verrall
- while the long series of titles to the score of Mr. Peter Inchbald
demonstrate how energetically that naturalist continues his task of
working out the life-histories of the gall-gnats. In connection with
Mr. Inchbald’s papers, it is, however, to be noted with a considerable
amount of regret that in very few instances does he give clear
indications of the localities from whence his specimens came, thus
leaving the reader to surmise what he can from the address given at
the foot of the notes, and destroying much of the value of the notes.
J. BEAULAH [of Brigg]. ? Linc. N.

Nycteribia from Bat [and other parasites, Preroptus, Dermanyssus and Pulex,
presumably near Brigg]. Journ. of Microsc. and Nat. Sci., Oct. 1885, p. 261.

JOSEPH CHAPPELL. Lance. S.
Obnoxious and Injurious Insects [decrease of A/usca domestica at Manchester
attributed to better sanitary arrangements]. Young Nat., May 1887, viii. 95.
[Pulex irritans and its abundance near Manchester]. Young Nat., June
1887, viii. 98.
W. EaGLe CLARKE, W. DENISON ROEBUCK, and WILLIAM STOREY.
York Mid W.

Upper Nidderdale and its Fauna . . . Diptera [Hematopota pluvialis
noted]. Nat., July 1886, p. 211.

JAmes Harpy. Northumberland S.
Repert of Meetings of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, for the year 1885.

._Rothbury [24th June ; Sercomyza borealis noted on Spylaw]. Proc.
Berw. Nat. Club for 1885 [pub. 1886], xi. 42.

PETER INCHBALD. York Mid W.

The Gall Gnat of the Cuckoo Flower [Life-history of the insect, which was

reared near Harrogate, but which is not named in the note; probably a
species of Cectdomyia]. Field, May 3rd, 1884, p. 597.

PETER INCHBALD. ? York Mid W.
Gall Gnat of the Meadow-sweet [Continuation of life-history described in
the spring. No names given]. Field, Sep. 6th, 1884, p. 364.

Jan. 1889. B

18 BIBLIOGRAPHY : DIPTERA, 1884-5-6-7.

PETER INCHBALD. ? York Mid W.
A Year’s Work among Gall Gnats [Cectdomyia betule, C. cardaminis,
C. ulmariea, Diplosis betularia, C. veronica, C. crategi, and C. urtice are
referred to; it may be presumed that the author’s investigations were made
in Yorkshire, but the locality is only mentioned (and that vaguely) for one
species]. Ent., Feb. 1885, xviii. 36-38.
PETER INCHBALD. ? York Mid W.
Leaf-mining Diptera in 1884 [Phytomyza afinis Macq., P. albiceps, and
P. glechome Kaltenb. ; presumably near Harrogate, but no precise indications
of locality are given]. Ent., April 1885, xviii. 124.
PETER INCHBALD. ? York Mid W.
A Year's Work among the Gall Gnats (1885) [The notes refer to
Cecidomyia acrophylla (Winnertz), C. crateg? (Winnertz), C. urtice Perris,
Hormomyia ptarmice (Vallot), A. floricola Winnertz, H. millefoliz, and
Cecidomyia persicaria (L.), of which life-histories and food-plants are stated ;
localities are indefinite, presumably Harrogate]. Ent., Dec. 1885, xviii.
311-313.
PETER INCHBALD. York Mid W.

Diptera bred from the pupez in 1885 [giving the life-history of Agromyza
flavifrons Meig., Phorbia floricola Zett., Phytomyza lateralis Meig., Trypeta~
stellata Fuessl. (Cambridgeshire), and Cec¢domyia caricis, but, as will be seen,
the only direct indication of locality given falls outside the North of
England ; and the only direct reference to a northern locality in this paper is
in connection with an observation in which Mr. Inchbald failed to breed the
fly; probably the observations unlocalised were made at Mr. Inchbald’s
residence, Fulwith Grange near Harrogate]. Ent., Jan. 1886, pp. 9-10.

PETER INCHBALD and R. H. MEADE. ; ? York Mid W.
A New Cecid [Cecédomyia muricate Meade, sp. nov. ; locality not stated, but
it is barely possible it is a Yorkshire species]. Ent., June 1886,

Pp. 152-154.
PETER INCHBALD and R. H. MEADE. ? York Mid W.

Description of a New Cecid [C. clausz/ia Bouché, new to Britain ; locality
not stated, possibly Harrogate]. Ent., Sep. 1886, xix. 223-4.

PETER INCHBALD. ? York Mid W.

Notes on Cecidomyide during 1886 [the species mentioned are: C. detule,

C. cardaminis Winnertz, C. persicarie L., C. muricate ‘sp. nov. (mihi),’

C. urtice Perris, C. salicts Schrk., C. crateg¢ Winnertz, C. galii H. Loew,

C. clausilia Bouché, and C. rumzcis H. Loew; localities not stated, presum-
ably Harrogate]. Ent., Feb. 1887, xx. 34-36.

PETER INCHBALD. ? York Mid W.

Gall Gnat [name not stated] of the Rennet (Galéuwm verum) [locality not

stated, presumably Harrogate ; galls, larvee, and imagines described]. Field,
April 30th, 1887, p. 612.

PETER INCHBALD. ? York S.E.

Autumn Brood of the Hessian Fly [ ( Cecédomyza destructor), in Yorkshire,

presumably near Hornsea, from whence Mr. Inchbald writes his letter ;
details given of life-history]. Field, Sep. 17th, 1887, p. 478.

J. E. KELSALL. York Mid W.

[Parasites on a Lesser Horse-Shoe Bat taken at Eavestone on Dec. 25th,
1885, were two specimens of an orange-coloured Acarus and two of a
Nycteribia, identified by reference to Prof. Westwood’s paper (Trans. Zool.
Soc. i. 292) as VV. b¢articulata Hermann]. Zool., March 1887, xi. 93.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : DIPTERA, 1884-5-6-7. 19

B. KENDRICK. Cheshire.
[The supposed Hessian Fly at High Legh near Warrington, turned out
to be Chlorops teniopus]. Young Nat., Dec. 1887, vili. 239.
H. WaALLIs KEw. Linc. N.
Woodland Rambles in Lincolnshire [Bomdylius medius noted in Grisel-
bottom, near Louth, April 23rd, 1886]. Young Nat., July 1886, vii. 130.
H. WALLIs Kew. Linc. N.
Diptera near Louth, Lincolnshire [29 species, with localities, noted]. Nat.,
Sep. 1886, p. 276.
H. WALLIS Kew. Linc. N.

Natural History Rambles. No. 1.—In the Woods [near Louth; noting
Hematopota pluvialts L. in Burwell Wood]. Sci. Goss., Feb. 1887, p. 31.

W. MAwenr. Linc.
Swarms of Flies [on Lincolnshire Coast]. Sci. Goss., Oct. 1885, p. 238.
R. H. MEADE [also see INCHBALD]. Isle of Man.

Description of a New Maritime Fly belonging to the Family Scatomy-
zides, Fallen [Ceratznostoma (gen. nov.) maritimum (sp. nov.) is widely
distributed on the British coasts, frequenting marine rejectamenta above
high-water mark ; the writer captured a pair (male and female) at Douglas,
Isle of Man, June 20th, 1885, in company with numerous specimens of
Fucellia fucorum, Scatina litorea, and other marine flies, but though he
searched carefully on many subsequent days, never met with another]. Ent.
Mo. Mag., Dec. 1885, xxii. 153-154 [but refer to correction noted in next
title].

R. H. MEADE. Isle of Man.

Note on Ceratinostoma maritimum [which turns out to have been previously
described by Macquart ; its name will therefore stand as Ceratinostoma oceana
(Macq.).]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan. 1886, xxii. 178.

York Mid W. and S.W., Westm. and Furness,
k. H. MEADE. Isle of Man, Derbyshire.

Supplement to Annotated List of British Anthomyiide [including Polietes
hirticrura sp. nov., founded upon a single male, captured in Aug. 1883 in
the Woods near Bolton Abbey, Craven; Hyetodesta trigonalis Meig., abundant
in the Lake District about Windermere; Z. szmplex Wied., several males
found in Aug. 1886 near Ulverston; Spilogaster tetrastigma Meig., several
males and females captured in Aug. 1886 near Ulverston]. Ent. Mo. Mag.,
Jan. 1887, xxiii. 179-181. [ZLémnofthora albifrons Rond. non Zett., a single
female captured at Conishead Priory near Ulverston, Aug. 2nd, 1886;
Fiydrotea similis sp. nov., two males at Douglas, Isle of Man, June 1885, in
a plantation at back of Castle Mona Hotel, along with numerous ZH. dentifes ;
H, impexa Loew, a single male at Windermere in June 1884, and several of
both sexes near Ulverston, and also near Bradford; and Homalomyia
nigrisquama sp. nov., Conishead Priory, near Ulverston, one, August 2nd,
1886]. Ent. Mo. Mag., April 1887, xxiii. 250-253. [Phorbia ignota Rond.,
both sexes bred by P. Inchbald in June 1885, from flower-heads of ragwort
(p. 56); Pegomyia stlacea Meig., found near Bradford]. Ent. Mo. Mag.,
Aug. 1887, xxiv. 54-58. [Pevomyta ephippium Zett., three males found in
July 1887 at Baslow near Chatsworth, Derbyshire (p. 73); Caricea sexma-
culata Meig., a single male found in author's garden near Bradford, April
24th, 1886; Machorchis meditata Fall., a female in the same garden in July
1886 ; Cenosia geniculata Fall., one in the same garden, June 1886; Chelisza
tricolor Zett.,a single female at Conishead Priory near Ulverston, Aug. 1886].
Ent. Mo. Mag., Sep. 1887, xxiv. 73-76.

ELEANOR A. ORMEROD. Linc. N., Northumberland S.

The Hessian Fly [Cecidomyia destructor ; now in Lincolnshire and Northum-
berland]. Ent., Oct. 1887, xx. 262-4.

Jan. 1889.

20 NOTES AND NEWS.

GEORGE ROBERTS. York S.W.

Topography and Natural History of Lofthouse and its Neighbourhood
[etc.]. Vol. II. Leeds: printed for the Author. 1885 [viii. +258 pp., 8vo. :
Chortophila floccosa Macq., and Acidia heracle: noted at p. 138].

C. E. STANSFIELD. York Mid W.
Rawdon [Dates of appearance of dipterous insects]. Nat. Hist. Journ., March
15th, 1884, viii. 40.
G. H. VERRALL. Westmorland or Furness.
A Hundred New British Species of Diptera [including Scatopse terms
Ruthe, Windermere]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan. 1886, xxii. 180. [Dactylolabis
frauenfeldi Egger, ‘ Lakes’ (J. C. Dale) ; 3; and Empis estiva Lw., Lake
District]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Feb. 1886, xxii. 200 and 202. [.Spz/ogaster pertusa
Mg., Lake District]. Ent. Mo. Mag., March 1886, xxii. 231.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Among the newly-elected Fellows of the Geological Society we notice the
names of PMiesers. J. W. Ashworth, of Heaton nee J. R. Hewitt, of Albaston
near Derby; Rev. T. S. King, of Sheffield; Mr. J. S. Burrows, ‘of Atherton ;
Rey. S. Gasking, of Liverpool; and Dr. oe ONaleee President of the Hull
Geological Society.

ek

The quarto Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society have been lately the
medium through which two of the papers of Mr. James W. Davis, of Halifax, on
Fossil Fishes, have been given to the world. One on ‘The Fossil Fishes of the
Chalk of Mount Lebanon, in Syria,’ with 25 plates, appeared in April 1887, and
another ‘ On Fossil-fish Remains from the Tertiary and Cretaceo-tertiary Forma-
tions of New Zealand,’ with 7 plates, was published in April 1888.

> «

A useful paper—the first of a series upon the Fossil Fructifications of the York-
shire Coal Measures, from the pen of Mr. William Cash, F.L.S., F.G.S., of Halifax
—has lately been published in the Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological and
Polytechnic Society. This instalment deals with the genus Calamostachys, of which
two species are treated of, one of which—C. casheana Williamson—has been
gracefully and appropriately dedicated to the author of the paper by his friend,
Professor Williamson. The paper is well illustrated by reproductions of micro-
photographs and woodcuts of strata showing the horizons in which the plants occur.

——«>«

Two papers by a well-known Yorkshire botanist, Mr. Geo. Massee, F.R.M.S.,
of the Royal Herbarium, Kew, appeared in the June number of the ‘Annals
of Botany.’ The first—‘ A Monograph of the genus Ca/ostoma Desv. (Afitre-
myces Nees),’ of which genus he describes ten species, all exotic—is illustrated by
a coloured plate. The other paper is ‘On the presence of sexual organs in >
cidium,’ and is also illustrated by a plate.

—— - >coe — ——_-

By the decease of George Adam Millar, which occurred on the 2nd of
December, Keighley has lost one of its most useful and honoured townsmen, and
the Scientific and Literary Society of that town one of its most active and sterling
workers. He was connected with that Society from its commencement and had
filled the office of President with marked success and ability. He displayed much
interest in the work of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and was a welcome
attendant at its field excursions; he attached himself to the Geological Section,
and his services at the Doncaster meeting in 1885 will not be easily forgotten ; the
Section was then in a moribund state, but Mr. Millar’s energy on that occasion
in conjunction with a few others, gave it a new lease of life and started it afresh
on its now successful career. His services to the cause of education were also very
great, as evinced by his labours in connection with the Keighley Mechanics’
Institute for thirty years, and his long and active support of the Cambridge
University Education Scheme.

Naturalist,

21

THE FLORA OF NORTH-EASTERN IRELAND.

A Flora of the North-East of Ireland. By S. A. STEWarRT, F.B.S., and
the late T. H. Corry, M.A. Cr. 8vo, pp. 368. Belfast: Naturalists’ Field
Club, 50, King Street ; Cambridge : Macmillan & Bowes. 5s. 6d.
Although our special province of record does not include North-

East Ireland, yet, to the topographical botanist for purposes of com-

parative study, a critical flora—if well done—for an area much the

same in extent as the county of broad acres, must always have con-
siderable interest and value. On these grounds, being indisputably
excellent in its performance, this, the work of two thorough naturalists

—one of whom, of the greatest promise, the late T. H. Corry, met with

his death by drowning in Lough Gill, Sligo, under most lamentable

circumstances—calls for a somewhat extended analysis at our hands.

The flora proper fills some 270 pages, and is prefaced by thirty
pages of Introduction, in which the History, Bibliography, Climate,
and Geology are all too briefly dealt with. In addition, biographies
of some famous North Irish botanists— John Templeton, Dr. David

Moore, together with others who must remain connected with its

botany though not born in Ireland, Dr. G. Dickie and Prof. Ralph

Tate—are given. Down, Antrim, and Derry are the three counties

regarded as North-East Ireland, but since the Mosses and Hepatics

(366 in number) are included in the total of 1,169 species (803

Flowering Plants and Ferns) dealt with in such a comparatively

limited space, the stations enumerated for each species, and the

cognate observations, are anything but exhaustive. This, however, is
not quite such blameworthy sketchiness as may be inferred from the
bald statement of the fact, since it is due (in part, at least) to the views
held by the compilers, views in which we heartily coincide—that
precision and established truth of statement is of immensely greater
value than the most attractive copiousness. To the botanical reader
possessed of some phyto-geographical knowledge at start, the perusal
of the pages of the flora carries with it an increasing confidence in
the sterling reliability of the compilers ; and this despite a something
prima facie repellant—and than this we know no higher praise : the
book in the hand of a plant-lover conquers prejudice born of certain
innovations. The great blot of the book is its want of a Map; the
novel feature is the unwise duplication of Indices, for there are five (!)
and the work itself is—in our view unnecessarily—split up into two
sections. First, there is a Topographical Index—for a precedent
one may go back to Leighton’s Shropshire Flora—indicating roughly
the locale of the plant-stations cited, and some of the names are
confusing. ‘Cranmore,’ for example, is not a village, as strangers

might expect, nor a common, but a gentleman’s ‘demesne,’ and the
Jan. 1889.

22 STEWART AND CORRY’S FLORA OF N.E. IRELAND.

county in which each place is situate is not stated. This last omission
is doubly regrettable since no Map accompanies the book, and when
Belfast (lying near the boundary of two counties) is the pointer, con-
suitation of a map is compulsory. Then there is an alphabetical
Index to genera (only) of the Phanerogams; then another to the
common and local English names of species ; next a separate index
to doth genera and species of Mosses and Hepatics ; and, finally, a
fifth index to certain ‘Excluded Plants’—some 270 kinds of both
classes-—which are placed by themselves in a sort of Appendix filling
nigh forty pages, under the separate heads of non-natives and
presumed erroneous records. This relegation of Aliens, etc., to an
addendum gives the user of the book needless trouble ; small type
and brackets would have kept the discarded items sufficiently distinct
in the body of the work; those consulting the book to see if a
particular plant is absent, or rare, alien or what not, are, as it is,
compelled to make two or more references, which, if they lead to
impatience, are apt to result in uncertainty, or what may be worse—
false inferences.

A careful examination of the matter of the work affords much
curious information, some of it new to us, as for example the
statement that the close relation and general likeness between the
flora of the North-East of Ireland and that of Southern Scotland is
more fanciful than real, and not borne out on close scrutiny (p. xxx).
We had thought somewhat differently ; and, indeed, if the known
plants of the adjacent south-west corner of Scotia (its counties from
Ayr to Dumfries, with Moffat, Arran, and Cantyre), as far as the
comital records of Topographical Botany speak, be compared with
the list in the present flora, a great similarity is revealed: both areas
lack any high mountains, have much igneous or basaltic rock at the
surface, little development of limestone, much bog and rolling
moorland, and both alike are largely overlaid with drift in parts. As
might be inferred almost from the above, the flora is not particularly
rich, though the sub-xerophilous group of plants that seem to affect
basalt especially, give variety and interest; strict alpines may once
have existed on the higher ridges but are now rare ; limestone loving
species like Gentiana Amarella, Chlora, and Campanula glomerata
are wanting because calcareous rock is wanting; and not one plant
of Watson’s ‘Germanic’ type seems to have spread from East Anglia
and successfully made good its invasion. Still, when all supposed
limiting or favouring circumstances have been taken into account,
there remains much that is interestingly inexplicable or provokingly
suggestive, in many of the proved facts of Absences or Presences on
record. With our limited space, however, it is only possible for us to

Naturalist,

STEWART AND CORRY’S FLORA OF N.E. IRELAND. 23

notice a very few of the stranger floral features mirrored for phytologists
in the pages of this book.

Among notable Adsentees in N.E. Ireland we notice Zhalictrum
alpinum, Corydalis claviculata, Chrysosplenitum alterntfolium, Cam-
panula latifolia, Statice binervosa, Folypodium dryopteris, and
Asplenium viride, the absence of the second and fourth named being
inexplicable. The common Betony (Stachys betonica) is likewise
said to be ‘very rare.’ The infrequency of Avradis hirsuta is note-
worthy, too; and the prevalence of trap rock in the area does not
seem to give Asplenium septentrionale to the flora, although it does
give Silene acaulis ; and the rare Red Broomrape (Ovrobanche rubra),
a limestone plant in North Anglia, is said to be frequent on the trap
hills of Antrim and Derry. The lovely Z7zen¢adis too, is ‘ conspicuous
by its absence’; whilst, per contra, the Pimguicula lusttanica is present,
nay ‘frequent,’ and the Bladderworts seem in the same force as they
are in Cantyre, Islay, Mull, and other of the western Isles. Another
statement (pp. 2, 3) is so strange that one almost doubts its being
really a fact. Stations in all three counties are given for the star-
flowered water Crowfoot, Ranunculus ‘trichophyllus, and in two
counties for Ran. ‘heterophyllus Fr.,’ whilst Ran. drouetiz is not
included at all—a very singular thing, and one much more improbable
than (which we suspect) that #. drouetit has been classed with it—
the two not differentiated. Ran. trichophyllus is a plant almost
wholly of still marsh waters, mostly near the sea; whilst Raz. drouetiz
is very frequent in upland inland districts, and frequently produces
floating-leaves variously cut, which are hairy below. The flaccidity
of the capillary leaves is so variable in &. drouetit, rigidly-segmented
non-collapsing ones being common enough in certain waters, that no
reliance can be placed on that character; whilst A. heterophyllus in
its early states is frequently called drouetiZ, and drouetii in its later
states with floating leaves so often styled /eterophyllus (even by
authorities’), as to make it very doubtful whether the two are not,
indeed, one species.

A strong point in this flora seems to be the attention given to the
local vulgar names for common plants. Many are of a most suggestive
and interesting sort, and some we have not seen before. True rustic
plant-names are naturally often very local, and almost of necessity
need also for their inception and perpetuation an abundance of the
species in its restricted locale—a commonness sufficient to have
rendered it familiar to unbotanical eyes. It is so in Yorkshire—
witness the name Bog-Bell for Andromeda, only to be heard on
rustic lips about Thorne —and is doubtless the same among the Irish
peasantry, if any are left in North-East Ireland. A rare thinly spread
Jan. 1889.

24 ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

or inconspicuous species, seldom ever has a true local name at all ;
yet this is often forgotten, and those noting local names not un-
frequently are tempted to doubt the genuineness, because it is not to
be heard of in all, or even most of the districts in which it grows.
In conclusion it may be interesting to quote a few of the less-common
names given in this flora:—‘ Flower of Dunluce’ (Geranium pratense:
about the castle, where it grows), ‘Tormenting Root’ (Potentilla
tormentilla), ‘Blooming Sallow’ (Epilobium angustifolium), ‘Farmer's
Plague’ (4gopodium podagraria) ‘ Espibawn’ (Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum), ‘Prushus’ (Sonchus arvensis), ‘ Bee Nettle’ (Gadeopsis
versicolor).

The book is well printed, and attractively bound in bevelled
boards, with a quite sufficiently accurate (recognisable to a botanist)
outline in gold leaf of the Irish Rose (2. Azdernica) on the cover.
Misprints in the book seem to be rather numerous, and the paginal
reference figures in the indices are by no means to be relied
upon.—F. A. L.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Flamborough Bird-notes.—The light - keeper the other day informed me
that several birds had been killed against the lighthouse during the late dark and
stormy nights:—Thrushes (7urdus musicus), Blackbirds (7. merida), Fieldfares
(Z. pelaris), Redwings (7. zéacus), Larks (Alauda arvensts), also Snow-Buntings
(Plectrophanes nivalis), etc. Two Rough-legged Buzzards (Archibuteo lagopus)
have been got here, one shot and the other caught in a rabbit-trap; they are
splendid specimens. October 11th.—One male Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes para-
doxus) shot here, several more seen.—MATTHEW BAILEY, Flamborough,
December 8th, 1888.

Food of the Rough-legged Buzzard.—Mr. Garland, of Netherwood Hall,
Barnsley, reports the occurrence of a male Rough-legged Buzzard (Archibuteo
lagopus), which was shot in his presence at Bessecar, near Doncaster, on Nov. 21st.
On the bird being opened, the stomach was found to contain the almost complete
remains of a mole, a proof that these birds are vermin-destroyers, and do not feed
solely upon game. Another specimen of this Buzzard, obtained near Barnsley in |
1876, had a rat in its claws when shot.—Wwmo. E. BraDy, I, Queen Street,
Barnsley, December 5th, 1888.

Crossbills in Cumberland.—I was in a certain part of East Cumberland,
which it is not necessary to specify, on November 30th last, in which there is a
very large wood, mostly of fir. While having lunch I saw a large flock of cross-
bills (Loxza curvivostra) some sixty strong, out of which I took toll to a small
extent. I subsequently saw, in the same wood, and on the same day, two smaller
parties, one of twenty, the other of fifteen or thereabouts. It used to be thought
that the crossing of the mandibles was a sure indication of the sexes of the cross-
bills. It is an indication, but not an unfailing one. I find that in females the
upper mandible nearly always crosses to the left, in the male to the right.—
H. H. SLATER, Irchester Vicarage, Wellingborough, December 4th, 1888.

Pallas’ Sand-Grouse on the Yorkshire Wolds.—A pair of Pallas’ Sand-
Grouse (Syrrhaples paradoxus), shot from a flock of thirty at Market Weighton
last June, have been presented to the Sheffield Public Museum, and the donor of
them, writing in December, states that examples of the bird are still to be met
Hes on the Wolds.—-E. Howartu, Weston Park, Sheffield, December 24th,
1888.

Naturalist,

25

LEPIDOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LANCASHIRE
AND CHESHIRE.

JOHN W. ELLIS, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S.E., F.E.S.,
Liverpool; Honorary Secretary to the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society;
and to the Liverpool Naturalists Field Club.

TORTRICINA.

The initials J.H.T., which here appear for the first time, are those
of Mr. J. H. Threllfall, of Preston, to whom I am indebted for much
valuable information about our local micro-lepidoptera.

RHACODIA, Hiib.

Rhacodia (Teras) caudana, F. Generally distributed.
Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.) ; Croxteth Woods, near Liverpool
(C.S.G.) ; Fylde district (J.H.T.); Preston (J.B.H.).
Ches.— Prenton, in profusion (C.S.G.) ; Wirral (J.F.B.).

TERAS, Or
(Including Peronxea, Curt., Leptogramma, Curt., and Dictyopteryx, Steph.).

Teras umbrana, Hiib. Rarely among sloe at Grange (J.B.H.).

Teras hastiana, L. Abundant, but local.

Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.); Farrington (J.H.T.) ; Longridge
and Lytham (J.B.H.).

Ches.—Throughout Wirral (J.F.B.) ; abundant among dwarf
sallows on the Wallasey sandhills (J.C., J.W.E.).

Teras maccana, Tr. Manchester (Stainton’s Manual, ii. 233).
Not recorded by any of the Manchester entomologists.

Teras mixtana, Hb. Common on heaths and mosses.

Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.); Farrington and Pilling Mosses
(J.H.T:) ; Longridge (J.B.H., J.B-T.).

Ches.—Bidston Hill (C.S.G., J.W.E.); Delamere Forest
(€:S.G:, Ent., vi. 452).

Teras logiana, Schiff.=tristana, Hb. Scarce, being recorded
only from a single locality in Lancashire, viz., Windermere, among
Viburnum lantana (J.B.H.), and from two localities in Cheshire:
Eastham, only a few taken (C.S.G.), and Rock Ferry (J.F-.B.).

Teras permutatana, Dup. First recorded as British by Nicholas
Cooke (Zool., 1848, 2271), on the authority of a specimen

Jan. 1889.

26 J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA.

captured during August at New Brighton. The Wallasey sand-
hills, where it occurs commonly in some seasons among osa
spinosissima, remain almost the only British locality for this
handsome species.
Teras variegana, Schiff. Abundant everywhere.
Teras literana, L. Not common.
Lanc.—Liverpool district, in old woods where there are
lichen-covered thorns (C.S.G.); Windermere (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Dunham Park (J.C.); Wirral, occasionally (J.F.B.).
Teras lipsiana, Schiff. Recorded only from Grange (J.B.H.).
Teras sponsana, F.=favillaceana, Hb. Tolerably common.
Lanc.—Barton Moss and Prestwich (J.C.); Liverpool dis-
trict, common among beeches (C.S.G., J.W.E.); Preston
(J.B.H.); Lake side, Windermere (J.H.T.).
Ches.—Alderley and Cheadle, common (H.H.C.) ; Dunham
Park (J.C.) ; Wirral, common (J.F.B.).
Teras schalleriana, L. Generally distributed, but scarcely
common.
Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.); Preston (J.B.H., J.H.T.).
Ches.—About Prenton (C.S.G.); Staleybrushes (J.C.) ;
Wirral (J.F.B.).
Teras comparana, Hib. Abundant, but local.
Lanc.—Liverpool district, common (C.S.G.); Preston
(j.B EL).
Ches.—Wirral (J.F.B.).

Var. proteana, H.S.=potentillana, Cooke. First described
as British by Benjamin Cooke (E.M.M., vii. 42), from specimens
found among strawberries near Liverpool in 1850. Recorded
as common at West Derby (C.S.G.); and as occurring
at Withington (J.C.), and New Brighton and Birkenhead
GPa)

Teras comariana, Zell. Not common, being recorded only from
the Preston district (J.B.H. and J.H.T.).
Teras perplexana, Bar. Recorded from near Preston (J.B.H.).
Teras aspersana, Hb. Scarce.
Lanc.—Grange (J.H.T.) ; Longridge (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Wallasey (J.F.B., C.S.G.) ; New Brighton (Stainton’s
Manual, ii. 235).
Teras shepherdana, Steph. Recorded only from Lytham
(J.B.H., Intell., 1858, i. 146).

Naturalist,

J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA. 27

Teras ferrugana, Tr. Tolerably common, but local.
Lanc.—Grange (J.H.T.) ; Longridge (J.B.H.).
Ches.—FEastham, common (C.S.G.) ; Wirral (J.F.B.).

Teras caledoniana, Steph. Common on the moors and mosses.

Lanc.—Longridge (J.B.H., J.H.T.); Ribchester, abundant
(J.B.H., Ent., xiii. 105) ; Lancashire mosses, among AZyvica gale
(C.S.G.).

Ches.— Staleybrushes (J.C.).
Teras forskaleana, L. Generally distributed.
Lanc.—Preston (J.B.H.) ; Prestwich (J.C.).
Ches.—Cheadle Hulme, rare (H.H.C.); Dunham Park
(J.C.) ; Wirral (J.F.B., J.W.E.).
Teras holmiana, L. Local, but common where it occurs.
Lanc.—Irlam, Glazebrook, and Barlow Moor (J.C.); Levens-
hulme (H.H.C.); Preston (J.B.H., J.H.T.); near Sefton Park,
Liverpool (J.W.E.).
Ches.—Cheadle Hulme, not common (H.H.C.); thorn
hedges near New Brighton (C.S.G.); Tranmere (J.F.B.); near
Wallasey (J.W.E.).

Teras contaminana, Hiib. Abundant everywhere.

TORTRIX, Tr.
A. CACCECIA, Hb. (LOZOTAENIA, Steph.).
Tortrix podana, Scop. = pyrastrana, Hiib., fulvana, Wilk.
Common and generally distributed.
Tortrix xylosteana, L. Common everywhere.
Tortrix rosana, L. Common everywhere.

Tortrix sorbiana, Hiib. ‘Four specimens from Little Britten
Wood,’ near Liverpool (C.S.G.); Preston and Longridge
ct 5 ois a Be a

Tortrix costana, F. Fairly common, and generally distributed
throughout both counties.

B. PANDEMIS, Hiib.

Tortrix corylana, F. Local.
Lanc.—Barton Moss (J.C.) ; Preston (J.B.H., J.H.T.).

Ches.—Bromborough Woods (J.W.E.); Cheadle Hulme
(H.H.C.); Dunham Park and Bowdon (J.C.); Wirral (J.F.B.).

Tortrix ribeana, Hiib. Common and generally distributed.

Tortrix heparana, Schiff. Common and generally distributed.
Jan. 1889.

28 J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA.

C. PTYCHOLOMA, Steph.
Tortrix lecheana, L. Generally distributed.
Lanc.—Preston (J.B.H., J.H.T.) ; Prestwich (J.C.).
Ches.—Bramall, not common (H.H.C.); Dunham Park
(J.C.) ; Eastham Wood (J.W.E.) ; Puddington (J.F.B.).

D. IDIOGRAPHIS, Led. (HALONOTA, Steph. ).
Tortrix inopiana, Haw. Recorded only from the Preston dis-
trict (J.B. EL).
E. LOZOT/@NIA, H.S.
Tortrix musculana, Hiib. Common and generally distributed.
Tortrix unifasciana, Dup. Common and generally distributed.

G. LOPHODERUS, Steph.
Tortrix (Sericoris) politana, Haw. =lepidana, Curt. Common
on the mosses.
Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.); Lancashire mosses (C.S.G.) ;.
Longridge (J.B.H.); Pilling Moss (J.H.T.).
Ches.—Staleybrushes (J.B.H.) ; Wirral, common (J.F.B.).
Tortrix (Eulia) ministrana, Hiib. Common and generally
distributed in woods.

H. HETEROGNOMON, Led.
Tortrix conwayana, F. Generally distributed.
Tortrix bergmanniana, L. Common among roses throughout
both counties.
Tortrix leflingiana, L. Very local.

Lanc.—Barlow Moor and Irlam (J.C.); Preston (J.B.H.) ;
Silverdale (J.H.T.).

Ches.—Wallasey, near the church (J.W.E.) ; Wirral (J.F.B.).
Tortrix viridana, L. Abundant everywhere where oaks grow.
Tortrix fosterana, F. Common and generally distributed.
Tortrix viburniana, F. Local, on the moors and mosses.

Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.); Fleetwood (J.H.T.); Lancashire
Mosses (C.S.G.); Preston (J.B.H.).

Ches.—Abundant but local on the Cheshire moors (J.C.) ;
Stockport, scarce (R. S. Edleston, Zool., 1845, 1220).

Tortrix paleana, Hib.=icterana, Froel. Not very common,
but widely distributed.

Lanc.—Aigburth, near Liverpool, bred from colt’s-foot
(J.W.E.); Fleetwood (J.H.T.); Glazebrook and Mode Wheel
(jG) = Preston (7. B. H.).

Ches.—Bramall, very local (H.H-C.); Knutsford (J.C.);
Wallasey (J.W.E.) ; Wirral (J.F.B.).

Naturalist,

J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA. 29

Tortrix (Clepsis) rusticana, Tr. Scarce.
Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.); Longridge (J.B.H.) ; Simmons-
wood Moss (C.S.G.).
Ches.—Bidston Hill, a single specimen (J.F.B.); Lindow
Common (J.C.).
I. BATODES, Guen.

Tortrix angustiorana, Haw. Generally distributed and fairly
common.
Lanc.—Chorlton and Withington (J.C.); Grange (J.H.T.) ;
Liverpool district, local (C.S.G.) ; Preston, common (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Dunham Park (J.C.) ; Wirral (J.F-.B.).

L. DICHELIA, Guen.

Tortrix grotiana, F. Local, and recorded only from localities
in Lancashire, viz., Barlow Moor and Irlam (J.C.); dry parts
of the Lancashire mosses (C.S.G.); and Preston (J.B.H.).

M. AMPHYSA, Curt.

Tortrix gerningana, Schiff. Common on the moors and mosses.

Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C., R. S. Edleston, Zool. 1845, 1220) ;

Longridge (J.B.H.); Risley Moss (C.S.G., E.M.M., ix. 176) ;
Silverdale (J.H.T.).

Ches.—Bidston Hill, abundant (C.S.G.); Bidston and Oxton
heaths (J.F.B.); Lindow Moss (H.H.C.) ; Lindow Common and
Staley-brushes (J.C.).

Tortrix prodromana, Hiib. Very local on the moors.
Lanc.—Longridge (J.B.H.); Withnell (J.B.H., J.H.T.).
Ches.—Staley-brushes (J.C., J.B.H., E.M.M., ii. 159);

Stourton (C.S.G.).
N. CAPUA, Steph.

Tortrix favillaceana, Hiib.=ochraceana, Steph. Very scarce
and local. The only records are from Lancashire: the Boor’s
Wood, Hale (C.S.G.), and Windermere, among juniper (J.B. H.)

SCIAPHILA, Tr.
A. ABLABIA, Steph.
Sciaphila osseana, Scop.=pratana, Hiib. Local and not

common.

Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.); Longridge (J.B.H.); Silverdale
(ELT).

Ches.—Bidston Marsh and Ledsham (J.F.B.) ; Knutsford
(ey,

Jan. 1889.

30 J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA.

B. SCIAPHILA, Tr.
Sciaphila longana, Haw. =ictericana, Haw. Tolerably common
and generally distributed over both counties.
Sciaphila penziana, Hub.

Var. (sp. ?) conspersana, Doug. Recorded from Grange
(J.H.T.) and from Preston and Longridge (J.B.H.). No
Cheshire localities have been noted.

Sciaphila octomaculana, Doub. Scarce.
Lanc.—Recorded only from Longridge (J.B.H.).
Ches.—A few at Stourton (C.S.G.); Wirral (J.F.B.).

Sciaphila chrysantheana, Dup. =alternella, Wilk. Scarce.
Lanc.—Preston and Longridge (J.B.H.).

Ches. —Prenton, near Birkenhead, scarce (C.S.G.).

Sciaphila wahlbomiana, L.
Var. virgaureana, Tr. Common and generally distributed.
Var. subjectana, Guen. Abundant everywhere.

Sciaphila pasivana, Hiib.=pascuana, Hib. Recorded only
from Preston and Longridge (J.B.H.).

Sciaphila sinuana, Steph. Recorded from Windermere (J.B.H.).
Sciaphila abrasana, Dup. Preston (J.B.H.).

CHEIMATOPHILA, Steph.

Cheimatophila tortricella, Hib. =(Tortricodes) hyemana,
Hub. Abundant in oak woods in spring.

EXAPATE, Hiib.

Exapate congelatella, Clerck=gelatella, L. Local.
Lanc.—Taken at Rainhill in 1852 (C.S.G.).
Ches.—Handforth, rare (H.H.C.) ; Staley-brushes (C.S.G.).

OLINDIA, Guen.

Olindia (Sciaphila) hybridana, Hib. Tolerably common.
Lanc.—Manchester district, local (J.C.) ; Preston (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Cheadle (H.H.C.); Tranmere and Burton (J.F.B.) ;

Wallasey and New Brighton (C.S.G.).

Olindia ulmana, Hiib. Not common.

Lanc.—Brockholes Wood near Preston and Windermere
(J.B.H.).
Ches.— Upton and Parkgate (C.S.G.).

Naturalist,

J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA. 31

COGHYLIS;-1r.

Cochylis (Xanthosetia) hamana, L. Common and generally
distributed.

Cochylis (Xanthosetia) zeegana, L. Common and generally
distributed.

Cochylis (Eupecilia) maculosana, Haw. Not common.

Lanc.—tThe only locality given is Brockholes Wood, near
Preston (J.B.H.). i

Ches.—Eastham Wood, on flowers of Hyacinthus non-scriptus
(C.S.G.) ; Knutsford (J.C.).

Cochylis (Eupeecilia) griseana, Haw. Recorded only from
Martinmere, near Blackpool (J.B.H.), and from Bidston Marsh
(J.F.B.).

-Cochylis (Eupecilia) affinitana, Dougl. Scarce, being recorded
only from the Wyre district (J.B.H., J.H.T.), and from marshy
places around Liverpool (C.S.G.).

Cochylis (Eupeecilia) vectisana, Westw. Found only in salt-
marshes on the Wyre about Fleetwood (J.B.H., J.H.T.; see
also J.B.H. in E.M.M., ix. 162).

Cochylis (Eupecilia) cruentana, Froel.=angustana, Hub.
Tolerably common on the moors and mosses.

Lanc.—Farrington and Pilling Mosses (J.H.T.) ; Longridge
(J.B.H.); Lancashire mosses, general (J.C.).

Ches.—Bidston Hill (J.W.E.); Claughton, near Birkenhead
(J.F.B.) ; Lindow Moss, abundant (H.H.C.).

Cochylis (Lozopera) straminea, Haw. Local, but common
where it occurs.

Lanc.—Ashton-on-Ribble (J.B.H.); Preston district (J.H.T.);
Liverpool district, common (C.S.G.).

Ches.—Cheadle, abundant but local (H.H.C.); Knutsford
and Castle Mill (J.C.); Stockport, scarce (R. S. Edleston,
Zool., 1845, 1220); Wirral (J.F.B.).

Cochylis hartmanniana, Clerck. = (Argyrolepia) bauman-
niana, Schiff. Local.

Lanc.—-Longridge (J.B.H.) ; Preston district (J.H.T.).

Ches.—Bidston (C.S.G.); Knutsford and near Castle Mill
(J.C.) ; Stockport (R. S. Edleston, Zool. 1845, 1220).

Cochylis badiana, Hiib. Not common.

Lanc.—Grange (J.H.T.); Longridge (J.B.H.).

Ches.—Bidston (C.S.G.).

Var. (sp. ?) cnicana, Doub. Recorded from Grange (J.H.T.);
Windermere (J.B.H.) ; and Bidston Marsh (C.S.G.).
Jan, 1889.

32 J. W. ELLIS : LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA.

Cochylis francillana, Fab. Recorded from one locality only,
Lytham (J.H.T.).

Cochylis dilucidana, Steph. Rare, both localities being in
Lancashire, viz., Blackpool (J.B.H.) and Lytham (J.B.H.,
J.H.T,).

~Cochylis smeathmanniana, F. Recorded by Mr. Gregson as
scarce in the Liverpool district.

Cochylis ciliella, Hib.=ruficiliana, Haw. Local and not
common. ;

Lanc.—Grange (J.H.T., J.B.H., E.M.M., x. 40); Longridge
(fiir):
Ches.—Puddington (J.F.B.); Stourton and Wallasey (C.S.G.).

Cochylis (Eupeecilia) nana, Haw. Recorded only from two
localities, both in Lancashire, viz., Grange (J.H.T.) and Chat
Moss (J.C.).

Cochylis (Eupeecilia) roseana, Haw. The insect has been bred
by Mr. Gregson from teazle-heads gathered on Bidston Marsh,
from whence it has been also recorded by Mr. Brockholes.

Cochylis (Eupcecilia) rupicola, Curt. Scarce.

Lanc.—Brockholes Wood, near Preston (J.B.H.); Ditton
Marsh (C.S.G.).
Ches.—Bidston Marsh (C.S.G.) and Wirral, scarce (J.F.B.).

Cochylis (Eupeecilia) notulana, Zell. Recorded only from
Martinmere by Mr. Hodgkinson.

Cochylis ambiguana, Froel.=albicapitana, Cooke. Taken at
Wallasey by Nicholas Cooke and recorded by him, Zool., 1861,
p- 7800. Also recorded from Wallasey by Mr. Brockholes.

Cochylis atricapitana, Steph. Local and confined to the-coast,
but common where it occurs.

Lanc.—Blackpool (J.C., J.H.T.); Crosby (J.W.E.); Lytham
(J.B. H.).
Ches.—Lirkenhead (J.F.B.); Wallasey (C.S.G.).

RETINIA, Guen.
Retinia pinivorana, Zell. Not rare among firs.
Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.); Lancashire mosses (J.B.H.) ;
Silverdale (J.H.T.).
Ches.—Bidston Hill and Burton (J.F.B.) ; Bidston (C.S.G.) ;
Lindow Common and Rudd Heath (J.C.).
Retinia turionana, Hiib. Recorded only from Rudd Heath
(R. 5. Edleston, Zool., ii, 735).

Naturalist,

-

No. 163. FEBRUARY 1889.

My \
i" |

L L !

IM

“muti, = A
A

~ ed MONTHLY JOURNAL OF a

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

CONDUCTED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, FLS,

Sunny Bank, Leeds ;

WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,
Royal Herbarium, Kew; Dewsbury ;

W. EAGLE CLARKE, F,L.S., M.B.O.U., GEORGE T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
Museum of Science & Art, Edinbirgh ; Greenfield House, Huddersfield ;

Heh Vives Vace

ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. BARWELL TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.M.S.,
St. John’s College, Cambridge ; 55, Reginald Terrace, Leeds.

Gonfenfs:
PAGE

Lepidopterous Fauna of Lancashire and Cheshire— 7. W. Ellis, L.R.C.P., F.E.S. 33 to 43
Bird-Notes from the Humber District— Yokx Cordeaux, M.B.O.U. .. as : 44
The Museums of the North of England ae bs ie i Re ne ~s “45 to 51
Braithwaite’s British Moss Flora (Review) .. oe oy f ye as SARA fas seit
A Few Notes on the Food and Habits of Slugs and Snails—IW’. 4. Gain, M.C.S. 55 to 59
Bibliography—Geology and Paleontology, 1887 .. oe a 3 i .. 61 to 64
Note—Fungi os ie a be ex as ae Be a 44
Agaricus (Pleurotus) revolutus near Thirsk—F. Addison, M.A.
Note—Fishes oe m3 on ee ae - s ee F,
Burbot off the Cleveland Coast—W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.
Notes+Ornithology .. enor wy od ii a a bs = stg #3
Little Gull and Sclavonian Grebe near Scarborough—Xiley Fortune; Pallas’
Sand-Grouse in Cleveland—7. H. Nelson, M.B.0.U.; Crossbills in Nidderdale
—Fames Ingleby; Notes on Nesting-Sites of the Missel Thrush— Fasmes
Ingleby; Crossbills in the Lake Counties—Rev. H. A. Macpherson, M.A.,
M.B.O.U.
Notes—Mammalia y Pe re of ie “3 AP WF she 4 ie
Scarcity of Lesser Horse-shoe Bat in Nidderdale—¥ames Ingleby ; Wild Cherry
Stones used as Food by the Long-tailed Field-mouse—Rev,. F.C. Atkinson,
» D.C.L.; Whiskered Bat in Derbyshire—Chas. Oldham, M.C.S.
Notes—Coleoptera ie Ay Pi 42 = 5 aye aa wv o
Asphodius tessulatus at Huddersfield—/lorence Mosley ; Coleoptera at Ingleton—
John W, Ellis, L.R.C.P., F.E.S., etc.; Coleoptera in Kingsdale, Mid West
Yorkshire—Yohn W. Ellis, L.R.C.P., F.E.S., etc.
Note—Arachnida Bhs - oH “e Pe P
Parasites on the Water Vole—Fas. Eardley Mason.
Notes and News

52

52

SEN FR RRR tem e et wwe RR RR

“ese wee

~~“) fee tus

\c-

LONDON:
LovELL REEVE & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C,

McCorQuopaLe & Co. LIMITED, CARDINGTON STREET, Euston;
AND
LEEDS: BasINGHALL STREET.

All Communications should be Addressed :—
The Editors of ‘The Naturalist,’
Sunny Bank, Leeds.

PRICE SIXPENCE (by Post, Sevenpence).
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (from the OFFICE only), 5s., post free.

The NATURALIST.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

E. Danzig—Ueber die eruptive Natur gewisser Gneisse sowie des Granulits im

sachsischen Mittelgebirge, 48-page reprint, 8vo, 1888. [Mr. A. Harker.
J. E. Marr and T. Roberts— Lower Paleozoic Rocks of Haverfordwest—16 pp.
reprint, with plate, 8vo, 1885. [Mr. Alfred Harker.

J. A. Phillips—So-called Greenstones of W. Cornwall; J. D. Kendall—Hzematite
in the Silurians: and J. Aitken—Distribution of Drift on opposite sides of
Pennine Chain. 36-page reprint, 8vo, 1876. [Mr. A. Harker.

W. Jerome Harrison—The Paleontographical Society. 4-page reprint, 8vo, 1882.

[Mr. Alfred Harker,

J. J. H. Teall—Chemical and Microscopical Characters of Whin Sill. 18-page

reprint, with plate, S8vo, 1884. [Mr. A. Harker.
J. E. Marr—Cambrian & Silurian Rocks of Scandinavia. 15-page reprint, 8vo,
1882. [Mr. A. Harker.
E. B. Tawney—On Prof. Renevier’s Geol. Nomencl., etc., 10-page reprint with
folding table, 8vo, 1875. Mr. A. Harker.
E. Renevier—On Heim’s work on Formation of Mountains—4-page reprint, 8vo,
1879. {[Mr. A. Harker.
R. Etheridge—Address to Geol. Sect. Brit. Ass. 1882. 28-page reprint, 8vo,
1882. [Mr. A. Harker.
H. Keeping and E. B. Tawney—Beds at Headon Hill and Colwell Bay, Isle of
Wight. 42-page reprint with plate, 8vo, 1881. [Mr. A. Harker.

A. Harker—Physics of Metamorphism. 6-page reprint, 8vo, Jan. 1889. [The Author.
Journal of Microscopy, N.S., vol. 2, part 5, Jan. 1889. [Bailliere & Co. publishers.
Scottish Naturalist, N.S., No. 23, January 1889. [Prof. J. W. H. Trail, Editor.

Prof. McIntosh—The St. Andrew’s Marine Laboratory. 8vo. reprint, 1888, 10 pp.
[Mr. E. E. Prince.

Science Gossip, No. 289, for Jan. 1889. [Messrs. Chatto & Windus, Publishers.
The Midland Naturalist, No. 133, for Jan. 1889. [Birmingham Nat. Hist. Soc.
Research, monthly illust. journ. of science, vol.i, No. 7, Jan. 1889. [A. N.Tate, Ed.
The Wesley Naturalist, No. 23, for Jan. 1889. [The Wesley Scientific Society.
The Young Naturalist, Part 109 for Jan. 1889. [Mr. John E. Robson, Editor.
The Zoologist, 3rd Series, Vol. 13, No. 145, Jan. 1889. [J. E. Harting, Editor.
Psyche : journ.of entom.,vol. 5, Nos. 151-2, Nov.-Dec. 1888. [Camb. Ent.Cl., U.S.A.
Notarisia, Ann. 4, No. 13, Gennaio 1889. [G.B.de Toni e D. Levi-Morenos, Redattori.
Mittheilungen des Ornith. Vereins in Wien, Jahrg. xii, Nr. 12, Dec. 1888. [Verein.

EXCHANGE.

Notices of Exchange inserted free of charge to Subscribers.

Conchology.—For exchange, about 300 specimens of Unio tumidus, U.
pictorum, and Anodonta cygnea, mostly from Yorkshire localities, all labelled and
localised. Wanted, Irish or Continental Unzos or Anodons, or British Unio
pictorum or varieties of Helices, or books or pamphlets on antiquarian subjects.—
GEORGE ROBERTS, Lofthouse, near Wakefield.

Wanted.—Z. glutinosa, L. involuta, L. peregra var. burnetti, and other vars.
of Z. peregra, and many of the Vertigos. Large examples of U. pictorum, 4} in.
in breadth, and many other land and freshwater shells, and a few foreign, in
exchange.—W. A. GAIN, Tuxford, Newark.

Improved Egg Drills (2 sizes) and Metal Blowpipe with instructions 1/3 free.
‘Hints on Egg Collecting and Nesting,’ illustrated, 34d. free. Birds’ Skins,
Eggs (side-blown and in clutches with date), Lepidoptera, Ova, Larve, and Pupz,
Artificial Eyes, and all kinds of Naturalists’ Requisites. Lists, one stamp. All
specimens, &c., sent out ‘on approval.’

J. & W. DAVIS (Naturalists), DARTFORD, Kent.

The cheapest dealer in Birds, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells,
etc., is John Eggleston, Park Place, Sunderland. Lists free,

J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA. 33

Retinia Buoliana, Schiff. Common where firs grow.
Var. (Sp.?) pinicolana, Doub. In the same localities as the
type.
PENTHINA, Tr.

Penthina profundana, F. Recorded only from a_ single
(Lancashire) locality, viz., Hoghton (J.H.T.).
Penthina salicella, L. Not common.

Lanc.—Near Huyton (C.S.G.); one at Penwortham, near
Preston (J.B.H.); Preston (J.H.T.).

Ches.—Patrick Wood, Bromborough (J.F.B.); Woolden
Hall, Glazebrook (J.C.).
Penthina semifasciana, Haw. Recorded from near Fleetwood
(J.B.H.), and from the Crosby sandhills (C.S.G.).

Penthina scriptana, Hiib. = Hartmanniana, L. Mr. Hodgkinson
records the capture of a specimen near the Ferry Hotel,
Windermere. :

Penthina corticana, Hib. Local.

Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.) ; Grange and Silverdale (J.H.T.) ;
Kirkby and Hale (C.S.G.) ; Preston (J.B.H.).

Ches.—Wirral (J.F.B.).
Penthina betuletana, Haw. Local, but common where it occurs.

Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.) ; Grange and Siiverdale (J.H.T.) ;
Kirkby (C.S.G.) ; Preston (J.B.H.).

Ches.—Lindow Common (J.C.); Cheadle district, local
(ELH.C ie Wirral: (7. B:).

Penthina sororculana, Zett. = prelongana, Guen. Not common.
Lanc.—Grange and Silverdale (J.H.T.) ; Preston (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Bidston, a single specimen (J.F.B.); Cheadle Hulme

ec).

Penthina sauciana, Hib. Common on the moors.
Lanc.—Longridge (J.B.H., J.H.T.); near Ribchester,

abundant (J.B.H., Ent., xiii. 105).
Ches.—Cheshire moors, local (H.H.C.); Staley-brushes
(7:C.),

Penthina variegana, Hiib.=cynosbatella, Wilk. Abundant

everywhere.

Penthina pruniana, Hib. Common everywhere.
Feb. 1889. c

34 J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA.

Penthina ochroleucana, Hub. Tolerably common.
Lanc.—Irlam, near Manchester (J.C.); Liverpool district
(C.S.G.); Preston (J.B.H., HaERT.).
Ches.—Wirral (J.F.B.).

Penthina dimidiana, Hib. Not rare on the Lancashire mosses.
Near Middleton (J.C.); Preston (J.B.H.); Risley and Formby
Mosses (C.S.G., E.M.M., ix.176); Simmonswood Moss (C.S.G.).

Penthina oblongana, Haw.=marginana, Haw. Local, and
not common.

Lanc.—Simmonswood Moss, scarce (C.S.G.) ; Windermere
(J.B.H.).
Ches.—Knutsford (J.C.).

Penthina sellana, Hiib. Recorded from Windermere by Mr.
Hodgkinson.

Penthina nigricostana, Haw. Recorded from Brockholes Wood,
near Preston, by Mr. Hodgkinson.

Penthina postremana, Zell. Windermere (J.B.H.) is about the
only British locality for this species.

Penthina mygindana, Schiff.=(Euchromia) fulvipunctana,
Haw. Local, on the moors and mosses.
Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Staley-brushes (J.C., J.B.H.).
Penthina rufana, Scop. Recorded only from Grange (J.B.H.,
J.H.T.).
Penthina striana, Schiff. Local.
Lanc.—Gill brook, near West Derby (C.S.G.); Preston and
Wyreside (J.H.T.).
Ches.—Bidston Marsh (J.F.B., C.S.G.) ; Claughton (J.F.B.).
Penthina (Mixodia) Schulziana, Zell. Common on the
mosses.
Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.); Pilling Moss (J.B.H.); Silverdale
(J.H.T.); Simmonswood Moss (C.S.G.).
Ches.— Knutsford and Rudd Heath (J.C.).
Penthina olivana, Tr.=micana, Froel. Recorded only from
Pilling Moss (J.B.H., J.H.T.).

Penthina (Roxana) arcuella, Clerck. Recorded from a single
locality in each county, viz., Windermere (J.B.H.) and Hooton

(CSG).

Naturalist,

J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA. 35

Penthina rivulana, Scop.=conchana, Hiib. Tolerably common.

Lanc. —Hale marsh, abundant (C.S.G.) ; Lytham, Longridge,
ete..(J- Boe.) ; Preston (J... Tae

Ches.—Bramall, local (H.H.C.); Knutsford (J.C.) ; Wallasey
sandhills (C.S.G.).

Penthina urticana, Hiib. Abundant everywhere.

Penthina lacunana, Dup. Abundant everywhere.

Penthina cespitana, Hib. Local.

Lanc.—Grange (J.B.H.); Preston (J.H.T.).
Ches.—Knutsford (J.C.); Wallasey sandhills (J.F.B., C.S.G.).

Penthina bifasciana, Haw. Rare.

Lanc.—Chat Moss, one specimen (J.C.); Grange (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Hoylake, two specimens (C.S.G.).

Penthina trifoliana, H.S.=ericetana, Westw. Not common.
Lanc.—Liverpool district (C.S.G.); Preston (J.B.H.,J.H.T.).
Ches.—Ledsham (J.F.B.).

Penthina antiquana, Hib. Local and not common.
Lanc.—Preston (J.B.H., J.H.T.).

Ches.—Bidston Marsh (C.S.G.); Wirral, not common (J.F.B.).

ASPIS, Steph.

Aspis Udmanniana, L. Common and generally distributed.

APHELIA, Steph. (BACTRA, St.).

Aphelia lanceolana, Hiib. Generally distributed among rushes.
Aphelia furfurana, Haw. Recorded only from two localities,
both on the Cheshire side of the Mersey, but where the insect

is common:—Bidston Marsh (J.F.B.); Pits near Liscard
(@.5:G., J. WE).

EUDEMIS, Hiib.

Eudemis (Sericoris) littoralis, Curt. Local, on salt-marshes.

Lanc.—Fylde district (J.H.T.) ; Preston and banks of Wyre
(J.B.H.).

Ches.—Puddington Marsh (J.F.B.); Wallasey (J.C.).
LOBESIA, Guen.

Lobesia permixtana, Hiib. =reliquana, Hiib. Recorded only
from North Lancashire :—Grange (J.B.H. in E.M.M., x. 40) and
Windermere (J.B.H.).

Feb. 1889.

36 J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA.

GRAPHOLITHA, Tr.
B. PADISCA, Led.
Grapholitha expallidana, Haw. Recorded only from Grange,
by Mr. Hodgkinson.
Grapholitha Scopoliana, Haw. Scarce.
Lanc.—Grange (J.B.H.); Preston (J.H.T.).
Ches.-—Three specimens at Puddington (J.F.B.).

Grapholitha Hohenwartiana, Tr. Not common.
Lanc.—Grange (J.B.H.); Liverpool district (C.S.G.) ; With-
ington (J.C.).
Ches.—Wirral (J.F.B.).
Grapholitha czcimaculana, Hiib. A _ single specimen is
recorded from Tranmere by J. F. Brockholes.
Grapholitha tedella, Clerck = Hyrciniana, Wilk. Local.
Lanc.—Croxteth Park, near Liverpool (C.S.G.); Grange
(J.H.T.) ; Windermere (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Bidston and Puddington (J.F.B.) ; Knutsford (J.C.).
Grapholitha proximana, H.S.=distinctana, Wilk. Recorded
only from Windermere (J.B.H., and Stainton’s Manual, i. 216).
Grapholitha subocellana, Don.=campoliliana, Tr. Local.
Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.); Liverpool district (C.S.G.) ;
Preston (J.B.H.).
Ches.— Wirral (J.F.B.).
Grapholitha nisella, Clerck. Local.
Lanc.-—Preston (J.B.H., J.H.T.).
Ches.—Puddington, scarce (J.F.B.); Hooton and Spital
(CS:G,):
Grapholitha cinerana, Haw. Recorded from Preston by J. B.
Hodgkinson.
Grapholitha Penkleriana, F. Local.
Lanc.—Preston (J.B.H., J.H.T.).
Ches.——Flaybrick Hill near Birkenhead (C.S.G. . Knutsford
(J.C.).
Grapholitha ophthalmicana, Hib. Local and not common.
Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.);. Longridge (J.B.H., J.H.T.);
near Ribchester (J.B.H., Ent., xii. 105).
Ches.—Tranmere (J.F.B., C.S.G.); Rock Ferry (J.F.B. Be).

Neatiraliae

J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA. i |

Grapholitha solandriana, L. Not very common.
Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.); Longridge (J.B.H.); Preston
(J.H.T.); Liverpool district, among birches (C.S.G.).

_ Ches.—Carrington Moss and Lindow Common (J.C.) ;
Wirral (J.F.B.).

Grapholitha semifuscana, Steph. Recorded from two Lancashire
localities :—the Fylde district (J.H.T.) and Longridge (J.B.H.).
Grapholitha sordidana, Hib. =stabilana, Steph. Local.
Lanc.—Longridge (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Knutsford (J.C.); Wallasey sand-hills (C.S.G.).
Grapholitha bilunana, Haw. Tolerably common.
Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.); Croxteth, near Liverpool (C.S.G.);

Grange (J.H.T.); Levenshulme (H.H.C.); Longridge and
Windermere (J.B.H.).

Ches.—Bidston (J.F.B.); Bramall, common (H.H.C.);
Prenton (C.S.G.).

Grapholitha tetraquetrana, Haw. Local, and scarcely common.
Lanc.—Croxteth (C.S.G.); Longridge (J.B.H., J.H.T.).
Ches. —Wirral (J.F-.B.).
Grapholitha immundana, Haw. Local.
Lanc.—Deysbrook and Walton, near Liverpool (C.S.G.) ;
Longridge and Preston (J.B.H., J.H.T.).
Ches.—Wirral (J.F.B.).

Grapholitha similana, Hiib.= (Halonota) bimaculana, Don.
Somewhat local.

Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.); Longridge (J.B.H.); Preston
(J.H.T.).

Ches.—Cheadle, local (H.H.C.); Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Grapholitha incarnatana, Hib. = (Spilonota) amcenana, Hiib.
A very abundant species on the Wallasey sand-hills; also
recorded from Grange by J. B. Hodgkinson.
Grapholitha (Spilonota) trimaculana, Haw. Common and
generally distributed.
Grapholitha (Spilonota) roszcolana, Doub. Local.
Lanc.—-Barlow Moor and Irlam (J.C.); Preston (J.B.H.,
folelcle
Ches.—Bidston (C.S.G.); Puddington, scarce (J.F.B.).
Grapholitha tripunctana, F. Common and generally distributed.

Grapholitha cynosbana, Guen.=roborana, Tr. Generally
distributed and tolerably common.
Feb. 1889.

38 J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA,

Grapholitha Pflugiana, Haw. =(Halonota) scutulana, Wilk.
Tolerably common.
Lanc.—Liverpool district, among thistles (C.S.G.) ;_ Long-
ridge (J.B.H.); Manchester district, common (J.C.).
Ches.—Formerly at Birkenhead (J.F.B.).
Grapholitha circiana, Zell. Local.
Lanc.—Grange (J.H.T.) and Longridge (J.B.H.).
Ches.— Marple and near Castle Mill (J.C.).
Grapholitha trigeminana, Steph. Local, but common where
it occurs.
Lanc.—Preston (J.H.T.); St. Anne’s-on-the-Sea and banks
of the Wyre (J.B.H.).
Ches.— Birkenhead (C.S.G.) ; Tranmere (J.F.B.).
Grapholitha tetragonana, Steph. Very local.
Lanc.—Brockholes Wood and Salwick (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Wirral (J.F.B.).
Grapholitha Brunnichiana, Froel. Common and _ generally
distributed.
Grapholitha turbidana, Tr. Local, all the localities being in
Lancashire, viz., Agecroft and Stretford (J.C.); Hoghton and
near Preston (J.B.H., J.H.T.); near Stoneyhurst (J.B.H., Ent.,

Xli. 204).
D. SEMASIA, H.S.

Grapholitha citrana, Hib. Lytham (J.B.H. and Stainton’s
Manual, il. 255) is one of the very few British localities for this °
handsome species.

Grapholitha aspidiscana, Hiib. Recorded only from Grange
CiJBuBL MEL. i).

Grapholitha hypericana, Hiib. J.ocal.

Lanc.—Grange (J.B.H. in litt. and E.M.M., vii. 63);
Grange and Whitewell (J.H.T..).

Ches.—Castle Mill (J.C.); Flaybrick Hill (C.S.G.); near
Seacombe (J.F.B.).

Grapholitha nebritana, Tr. =nigricana, Steph. Recorded only
from the Wyre district, from among peas (J.B.H.).

Grapholitha roseticolana, Zell.=Germarana, Wilk. Not
common.

Lanc.—Cleveleys (J.H.T.); Wyre district (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Tranmere, near Birkenhead (J.F.B., C.S.G.).

Naturalist,

J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA. 39

Grapholitha funebrana, Tr. Recorded only from Preston by
_Mr. Hodgkinson.

Grapholitha succedana, Froel.=ulicetana, Haw. Abundant
everywhere.

Grapholitha splendidulana, Guen. Not common.

Lanc.—Preston (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Bidston, scarce (C.S.G.) ; Bromborough (J.W.E.) ;
Cheadle Hulme (H.H.C.); Dunham Park (J.C.).

Grapholitha scopariana, H.S. Recorded from Longridge and
the neighbourhood of Ribchester (J.B.H. in litt. and Ent.,
XVil. 38).

Grapholitha coniferana, Rtz. Among firs on the mosses, etc.
Lanc.—Chat Moss (R. S. Edleston, Zool., 1845, 1220);
Salwick, near Preston (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Bidston and Burton (J.F.B.); Cheshire fir-woods,
especially where they have been burnt (C.S.G.).

Grapholitha Weeberana, Schiff. This species has recently made
its appearance in Mr. Gregson’s garden, where the larve are
feeding in the bark of an old pear-tree. Not recorded from
elsewhere in either county.

Grapholitha rufillana, Wilk. Recorded only from the banks of
the Wyre, near Fleetwood (J.B.H., J.H.T.).

Grapholitha nitidana, Fab. Recorded only from the Preston
distract (J.B: Hj) 7 0.).

Grapholitha compositella, Fab. Recorded from Eastham Wood
by Mr. Gregson.

Grapholitha perlepidana, Haw. Mr. Gregson’s record of the
capture of this species near Hooton is unique so far as our
counties are concerned.

Grapholitha aurana, Fab. Scarce, the localities of its capture
being all in Lancashire, viz., Agecroft and Withington (J.C.) ;
Cleveleys and Preston (J.H.T.) ; Grange (J.B.H.).

CARPOCAPSA, Tr.

Carpocapsa pomonella, L. Not often noticed, though probably
much commoner than it appears to be.
Lanc.—Manchester district (J.C.); Preston (J.B.H.); Silver-
dale (j..H.T.).
No record for Cheshire.
Feb. 1889.

40 J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA.

Carpocapsa splendana, Hib. Local, in oak woods where the
larva feeds on acorns. Both localities from which it is recorded
are in Cheshire :—Dunham Park (J.C.); Eastham Wood (J.F.B.,
J.W.E.).

COPTOLOMA, Led.

Coptoloma janthinana, Dup. Very local, being recorded only
from near Fleetwood (J.B.H.) and Grange (J.B.H., E.M.M., vii.
87) in Lancashire, and from Wallasey (C.S.G.) in Cheshire.

PHTHOROBLASTIS, Led.

Phthoroblastis fimbriana, Haw. Common but local, all the
localities being in Cheshire:—Cheadle district, common
(H.H.C.) ; Staley-brushes and Dunham Park (J.C.).

Phthoroblastis argyrana, Hiib. Local.

Lanc.—Liverpool district (C.S.G.); Preston (J.B.H., J.H.T.).

Ches.— Bidston, occasionally (J. F.B.); Bromborough
(J.W.E.); Knutsford, Dunham Park, and Moss-side near
Bowdon (J.C.).

Phthoroblastis Juliana, Curt, Recorded only from two localities
in Lancashire :—Withington (J.C.) and Silverdale (J.B.H.).

Phthoroblastis populana, F. Locally abundant.

Crosby, near Liverpool (C.S.G.); Lytham (J.B.H., J.H.T.).

Phthoroblastis regiana, Zell. Very local.

Lanc.—Manchester district, among sycamores (J.C.);
Windermere (J. B.H.).
Ches.—Between Poulton and Seacombe (J.F.B.).

Phthoroblastis Rhediella, Clerck. Local.

Lanc.—Cleveleys (J.H.T.); Preston (J.B.H.); Old Swan,
near Liverpool (C.S.G.).
Ches.—Bromborough (J.W.E.) ; Oxton and Upton (C.S.G.);
Prenton (J.F.B.).
TMETOCERA, Led.

Tmetocera (Hedya) ocellana, Fab. Common, but local.
Lanc.—Liverpool district (C.S.G.); Manchester district,
common (J.C.); Preston, common (J.B.H., J.H.T.).

STEGANOPTYCHA, Hiib.

Steganoptycha aceriana, Dup. Very scarce, being recorded
only from St. Anne’s-on-the-Sea (Lancashire), a single specimen
in August 1888 (J.B.H.), and from Egremont (Cheshire) by
Mr. Gregson.

Naturalist,

J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA. 41

Steganoptycha incarnana, Haw. = dealbana, Froel. Very
local.

Lanc.——Preston (J.H.T.).

Ches.—Puddington, scarce (J.F.B.); river-bank between
New Ferry and Bromborough Pool (C.S.G.).

Steganoptycha neglectana, Dup. Local, but common.

Lanc.— Manchester district, common (J.C.); Preston
(jive, jk. 1):

Ches.—Liscard, common (C.S.G.); Wirral (J.F.B.).
Steganoptycha pauperana, Dup. Local, but common.
Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.); Preston (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Bidston Hill, common (J.F.B., C.S.G.).
Steganoptycha nigromaculana, Haw. Somewhat local.
Lanc.—Lytham and banks of the Wyre (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Liscard, common (J.W.E.); Kersall Moor, near

Manchester, rare (R. S. Edleston, Zool., 1845, 1220); Wirral
(J.F.B.).

Steganoptycha ramella, L.= Paykulliana, Wilk. Recorded
only from Windermere (J.B.H.).

Steganoptycha pinicolana, Zell.=(Retinia) occultana, Wilk.
Local, in fir-woods.

Lanc.—Chat Moss (J.C.); Grange (J.H.T.); Longridge
(eb. El, J.T):
Ches.—Claughton (J.F.B.); Prenton (C.S.G.).
Steganoptycha (Peecilochroma) corticana, Hiib. Common
and generally distributed.
Steganoptycha signatana, Doug. Very local.
Lanc.—Scorton, Salwick, and Windermere (J.B.H.) ; Grange
( }-EE.):
Ches.—Delamere Forest (C.S.G., Ent., vi. 453).
Steganoptycha nanana, Tr. Recorded only from Windermere
(jeBaH.).

Steganoptycha ustomaculana, Curt. Local, being recorded
from Staley-brushes (J.C., J.B.H.).
Steganoptycha vacciniana, Zell. Local, but common where it
“OC CULS:
Lanc.—Barton Moss (J.C.); Windermere (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Flaybrick Hill (C.S.G.).
Feb. 1889.

42 J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA.

Steganoptycha fractifasciana, Haw. Very local.

Lanc.—Halewood and Ditton Marsh (C.S.G.); Grange
(J.B.H.).
Ches.—Near Tranmere (J.F.B.).
Steganoptycha quadrana, Hb. Rare, being recorded only from
Newby Bridge, near Windermere (J.B.H.).

Steganoptycha (Hypermesia) augustana, Hiib. Abundant,
but local.

Lanc.—Crosby sand-hills, abundant (C.S.G., J.W.E.); Lytham
and Farrington (J.H.T.); Preston, common (J.B.H.).
Ches.—Heswall (J.W.E.) ; Wallasey (J.C.) ; Wirral (J.F.B.).

Steganoptycha trimaculana, Don. Common and generally
distributed.

Steganoptycha minutana, Hib. Recorded only from Pendleton,
near Manchester (J.C.).

PHOXOPTERYX, Tr.

Phoxopteryx Mitterbacheriana, Schiff. Local, but common
where it occurs.

Lanc.—Pendleton (J.C.); Windermere (J.B.H.); Liverpool
distriet (C:S.G.):
Ches.—Wirral (J.F.B.).

Phoxopteryx obtusana, Haw. Recorded only from Grange
(J.B.H., J.H.T.), from which locality Mr. Hodgkinson informs me
it has been lost for some years.

Phoxopteryx biarcuana, Steph. Local.

Lanc.—Crosby, common (C.S.G.); Grange and Windermere
(j. Bs) Pilling (JH. T.).
Ches.—Wirral (J.F.B.).

Phoxopteryx diminutana, Haw. Recorded from only two
localities in Lancashire :—Pilling (J.H.T.) and Windermere
(J.B.H.); and one in Cheshire :—Bebington, scarce (C.S.G.).

Phoxopteryx uncana, Hiib. Scarce.

Lanc.—Grange and Windermere (J.B.H.); Longridge
(jolt Te):
- Ches.—Bidston and Prenton Hills (C.S.G.).
Phoxopteryx unguicella, L. Local.
Lanc.—Grange and Windermere (J.B.H.).
Ches.— Bidston (J.F.B., C.S.G.); Bramall, local (H.H.C.) ;
Lindow Common (J.C.).

Naturalist,,

J. W. ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE TORTRICINA. 43

Phoxopteryx siculana, Hiib. Local.
Lanc.—Grange (J.B.H.); Simmonswood Moss (C.S.G.).
Ches.—Knutsford (J.C.).
Phoxopteryx comptana, Froel. Recorded by Mr. Gregson as
common on Flaybrick Hill, near Birkenhead.
Phoxopteryx lundana, F. Common everywhere.
Phoxopteryx myrtillana, Tr. Common on the moors.
Lanc.—Chat Moss (H.H.C.); Longridge (J.B.H.); near
Stoneyhurst (J.B.H., Ent., xii. 204).
Ches.—Flaybrick Hill, scarce (C.S.G.); Staley-brushes
tye.)
RHOPOBOTA, Led.
Rhopobota nzvana, Hiib. Common wherever hollies grow.
Var. (sp. ?) geminana, Steph. Common on the moors and
mosses.
DICHRORAMPHA, Guen.

Dichrorampha petiverella, L. Fairly common.

Lanc.—Grange district (J.B.H., J.H.T.).
Ches.--Heswall (J.W.E.) ; Knutsford (J.C.); New Brighton
(C.S.G.) ; Tranmere (J.F.B.).
Dichrorampha alpinana, Tr. Recorded from Grange (J.H.T.)
and from near Rock Ferry (C.S.G.).

Dichrorampha simpliciana, Haw. Recorded by Mr. Gregson

from Croxteth Park, near Liverpool.

Dichrorampha plumbagana, Tr. =tanaceti, Wilk. Local.
Lanc.—Grange and Preston (J.B.H., J.H.T.).
Ches.—Bidston Marsh (C.S.G.); near Crewe (Stainton’s

Manual, ii. 214).

Dichrorampha acuminatana, Zell. Grange (J.B.H., J.H.T.).

Dichrorampha consortana, Wilk. Grange (J.B.H., J.H.T.) ;
near Manchester (Stainton’s Manual, ii. 215).

Dichrorampha plumbana, Scop. = ? (Endopisa) ulicana,
Guen. Recorded only from Grange by Messrs. Hodgkinson
and Threllfall.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Mr. Richard Howse, the curator of the Museum at Newcastle-on-Tyne, has
just published in the Natural History Transactions of Northumberland and
Durham, a valuable ‘Catalogue of Fossil Plants in the Hutton Collection,’
illustrated by seventeen woodcuts. It is prefaced by a history of this celebrated
collection, in which are preserved the type-specimens described in Lindley and
Hutton’s ‘ Fossil Flora,’ all of which are carefully indicated.

Feb. 1889.

44

BIRD-NOTES FROM THE HUMBER DISTRICT.

JOHN CORDEAUX, M.B.0:U.,
Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincolnshire.

Nutcracker (ucifraga caryocatactes), November 6th, 1888. One,
now in the collection of Mr. G. H. Caton Haigh, of Grainsby Hall,
was shot on this date in the parish of Marsh Chapel, on the Lincoln-
shire coast, by Mr. Thomas Sargeant. This is the first recorded
example of the Nutcracker in the county. Two Yorkshire occur-
rences are given in the ‘Handbook of the Vertebrate Fauna of
Yorkshire,’ by Messrs. Clarke and Roebuck. It is probable the
Lincolnshire bird came in with the great flight of Woodcock
(Scolopax rusticula) and other species, during the first week in
November, with a north-east wind.

House Martin (Chelidox urbica). December 4th, 1888. Whitby
South Lighthouse, 10 a.m., W.S.W. (4'!, B.C.M. One seen going
south. Recorded by Mr. John Odgers, in the Migration Schedule
from that station.

Ruff (dachetes pugnax). January 7th, 1889. A very fine
example was obtained on this day at Stonecreek, Sunk Island, on
the Yorkshire side of the Humber. When shot it was feeding in
company with a flock of Stints. I examined this bird, which was
fat, and in very good condition, in the flesh. This, as far as I am
aware, is the first instance in which the Ruff has been recorded in
Great Britain in winter. In Ireland, according to Thompson
(‘Birds of Ireland,’ vol. ui, p. 230), it has been obtained in one
instance as late as November 2ogth.

January 18th, 1889.

NOTE—FUNGI.

Agaricus (Pleurotus) revolutus near Thirsk.—I found several specimens
of this interesting fungus on the upright trunk of a black poplar, which had
been decaying for a number of years. I could find no fungus answering to its
characters in Cooke’s Handbook; but, on consulting Mr. Foggitt, our local
botanical secretary, we found in the second edition of that work now publishing in
‘ Grevillea,’ and also in Stevenson’s Manual, definitions of the above fungus, which
very nearly corresponded to the specimens. As we had still some little hesitation
Mr. Foggitt sent specimens to the Rev. Jno. Stevenson, of Glamis. He kindly
replied, saying—‘ Your plant is what is now accepted as 4g. revolutus Kickx
as distinct from Ag. corticatus Fr. Yours is exactly the plant of Saunders and
Smith’s Ag. corticatus, which = Ag. revolutus, as we interpret them at present.’
Mr. Stevenson further adds—‘I am in doubt whether the distinction between
Ag. corticatus Fr. and Ag. revolutus is a sufficient one. The difference lies
plainly in the gills being perfectly distinct in 4g. revoludus, not anastemosing
behind as in 4g. corticatus Fr.’ I may add that, while no other fungus grows
on the decorticated upright stump, yet on a portion of the trunk which has been
several years on the ground, and therefore level, no other fungus grows except
Firneola auricula-jude.—F¥. ADDISON, M.A., Thirsk, Jan. 9th, 1889.

Naturalist,

45

THE
MUSEUMS OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

THE following particulars of our Northern Museums have been extracted from the
Report which has been prepared by the Provincial Museums Committee of the
British Association, and cannot fail to be extremely valuable to our readers,
who can thus know in the towns specified the locality and special character of the
museum, and further, which is highly important to collectors, those museums
possessing duplicates for exchange. The museums are also classified, and in doing
so the superficial area of the rooms, the size and character of the collections, the
annual cost, the staff, and the number of visitors were taken into consideration.
Annexed is a list of collections of special or local interest, with the museums
in which they are preserved.

COLLECTIONS OF SPECIAL OR LOCAL INTEREST.
GEOLOGY.

Collection of Dr. Grindrod ... ar ..« Carlisle.
ss Prof. Harkness ... ae weld =p
As Clifton Ward... as ... Liverpool, Royal Institute.
Geology of Yorkshire ... a ec .- aor.
ae East Yorkshire... ae ... Scarborough ; Malton.
Fossils of Permian Strata fs Se ... Sunderland.
75 Jurassic, ie oh ... Middlesbrough.
a Goal)y..\. oh 550 soe ... Newcastle Nat. Hist.; Stalybridge.
4 “15, eae ae 506 260 ... Liverpool Free M. ; Chesterfield.
ce Skiddaw Slates (Harrison)... ... Keswick.
55 Telasi ves Bf 20 Ker ... Whitby.
“ Post-glacial Deposits 506 ... Liverpool Free M.
Minerals (Keate Collection) ... “bc ... Giggleswick.
Cave Remains (Victoria Cave) ass a a
ZOOLOGY.
Mammalia, pictorially mounted se ... Liverpool Free M.
Birds, British, nearly complete See ... Leeds; Durham; Sunderland.
- a bt fu ... Scarborough.
», Hancock Collection ... BEE ... Newcastle Nat. Hist. Society.
,, European, Skins aes s6¢ Pree 0) dice
,, Skeletons of extinct Moa ae ... Leeds and Owens College.
Invertebrates, fine collection ... is ... Liverpool Free M.
4p European Coleoptera ... ... Bootle.
#5 Lancashire Insects (Gibson) ... Salford.
aN British Lepidoptera (Cooke) ... Liverpool.
5 Recent Shells ... gis ..» Stockport.
Marine Fauna me bis ... Liverpool College.
Injurious Insects i ole ... Huddersfield.
: ARCHZOLOGY.
Roman, from Eboracum Nea sas i eonk.
re 3, Wilderspool’ ... Be ... Warrington.
ne 20) Slsariumy..: BCE ~ ... Aldborough.
ap me. (Ghester\ <=: Sek Ane ... Chester.
», North of England cots ... Newcastle; Carlisle.
Be e pout Shields... aoe ..-» South Shields.
General, British to Medieval... oe ... Sheffield.
Egyptian a as or ace ... Alnwick.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
General Collection, larg ite ae ... Liverpool Royal Inst. M.
Prehistoric ,, Ba ae aa ... York; Preston; Owens College;
3 ae 5 aoe Bers ... Scarborough.
Indian and Chinese __... ae aap ... Newcastle, Blackgate M.
Anglian Cinerary Urns... ae wo -- « IOLIE.
Musical Instruments. ... At PE ... Manchester, Queen’s Park M,
Bewick Relics ... sais oe aul ..- Newcastle Nat. Hist. M.

Feb. 1889.

46

Town and County.

| Aldborough,
Yorks.

Alnwick, Nrthd.

Bakewell, Derby-
shire

Barnard Castle,
Durham

Berwick-on-
Tweed

Blackburn, Lanc.

Bolton, Lanc.

Bootle, Lanc.

Bradford, Yorks.

Carlisle, Cumb.

Chester, Chesh.

Chesterfield, Der-
byshire

Darwen, Lance.
Derby, Derbysh.

Durham, Durham

Giggleswick,
Yorks.
Halifax, Yorks.

Nameand Locality of Museum.

*M. Isurianum,’ Ald-
borough Manor, near
Boroughbridge

The Castle M., Alnwick
Castle

Bingham’s M., Bath Street

The Bowes M.

Berwick M., High Street

Public Library and M.,
Library Street

The Chadwick M., Park
Road

Free Public Library and
M., Oriel Road

Free Library and Art M.,
Darley Street

Carlisle M., Finkle Street

Grosvenor M., Grosvenor
Road

M. of Chesterfield and Mid.

Counties Institution of

Engineers

Public Library and M.,
Church Street

Derby Free M., Wardwick

University M.

| Giggleswick School M.

M. of Lit. and Phil. Soc.

1879

1835

THE MUSEUMS OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

Name and Address of
Curator, Principal Officer,
or Owner.

A. S. Lawson, Owner,
Aldborough Manor

Duke of Northumberland,
Owner

L. F. Bingham, Owner,
Bakewell

Owen S. Scott, Cur., Bowes
M., Barnard Castle

John Scott, Cur., 103, High
Street

David Geddes, Cur.

W. W. Midgley, Cur.

Butler Wood, Cur., 1, Scott
Street

R.S. Ferguson, M.A., Hon.
Cur., Lowther Street

Robert Newstead, Cur.

Rev. J. M. Mello, M.A.,
ExG.S.,. Hon) Cur

R. Neville, Cur.

W. Crowther, Cur.

i

|
J. Cullingford, Cur., Palace
Green
Rev. G. Style, M.A., Head.
Master |

|
J. W. Davis, F.G.S., Hon. |
Cur. |

Naturalist,

_

, , 4
j Ate ‘
re

THE MUSEUMS OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

General.

Collections.

Local.

Arch. (Egyptian.&c.)
Geo., Zoo., Anth.)

Geo. (White Wat-
son’s coll.), Zoo.,
Shells, Models, &c.

Art (Italian and

Arch.( Roman

| remains, &c.)

1
|
}

Arch. .

Spanish, paintings
pottery, and por-
celain)

Geo. (few), Zoo.
(few), Arch. (few)

Geo., Zoo., Arch.,
Bot.,Anth., Art (in-
dustrial and fine)

Zoo., Geo., Arch.,
Bot,, Tech. Art (in-
dustrial and fine)

Zoo., Geo. (pur-
chased from Royal
Institution, Liver-
pool

Art (industrial and
fine), Geo., Anth.

Zoo., Geo., Arch.,
Anth.

Geo., Zoo.

Geo., Arch.

Geo., Zoo., Arch.,
Anth.

Zoo.,, Geo., Arch.

| Geo., Zoo.
|

Zoo., Geo., Arch. |

Bot.,. Zoo.,
Geo., Arch.

Geo...) 400:
Bot., Arch.,
Anth.

Zoo., Arch.

Geo.

Geo., Zoo.,
Bot., Arch.

Geo., Zoo.,
Bot., Arch.

Bot., Arch.

Geo., Zoo.,
Bot., Arch.

Supported
| by

Owner .

Endow-
ment

Town
Subscrip-
tion and
Fees

Rates

Rates

Rates

Rates

Borough
Fund &
Fees

Fees and
Subscrip-
tions

The In-
stitution
Rates
Rates
The Uni-
versity

The

Local
Society

Feb. 1889.

School |

No. of
Visitors |
weekly.

100

30

6,000

100

| Duplicates
for
Exchange.

Geo., Bird-
skins and
eggs, &c.

Few

47
Terms |
of | Remarks.
Admission.
Free on Private
applica-
tion
Free on op
order
Free —-
Free on| Not yet
applica- | formally
tion opened
1d. daily | Intended
to be
purely
local
Free daily =
” ae
— Not yet
opened
Free daily | Loan from
SHS
2d. daily ==
Free one | Loan from
day; 6d.| S.K.
five days
Free daily _—
” =s,
Pe es
2d. daily | --
| Free --

Id. daily |

48

Town and County,

Name and Locality of Museum.

Halifax, Yorks.

Huddersfield,
Yorks.

” 9

Kendal, Westm.
Keswick, Cumb.

Kirkleatham,
Yorks.
Lancaster, Lancs.

Leeds, Yorks.

Macclesfield,
Chesh.

Malton, Yorks.

Manchester, Lanc

Middlesbrough,
Yorks.

Mr. J. W. Davis’s
Chevinedge

M.,

Beaumont Park M., Wood-
side Road

M. of Technical School
and Mechanics’ Institute

M. of Lit. and Sci. Institu-
tion, Strickland Gate

M.of Local Nat. Hist. Soc.,
Town Hall

Kirkleatham M., Turner
Hospital

Mechanics’ Institute M.

Corporation M., Municipal
Buildings

M. of the Phil.and Lit. Soc.,
Park Row

M. of Yorkshire College,
Medical Dept. Park St.

M. of the Architectural
Soc., Infirmary Buildings

| Free Public M., William

Brown Street

M. of the Royal Institution,
Colquitt Street

Zoological M. of University
College, Ashton Street

School of Art M., Park
Lane

M. of Field Nat. and Sci.
Soc., Yorkersgate

Manchester M., Owens

College

Art M., Ancoats Hall

Queen’s Park M. and Art
Gallery, Queen’s Park

Middlesbrough M., Zetland
Road

Date of
Foun-

dation.

1884

1887

THE MUSEUMS OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

Name and Address of
Curator, Principal Officer,
or Owner.

Jo. We, Davise eee
Owner

S. L. Mosley,
Museum

Owner,
Austin Keen, Secretary
J. Severs, Hon. See:

J. Birkett, Hon.
Market Place

Trustees of Kirkleatham
Estate

George Kelland, Hon. Sec.

Cure;

eaMatess Cura

Prof. L. C, Miall EsGsse
Cur., Yorkshire College

Prof. E. H. Jacob, M.D.,
Cur., Yorkshire College

I. Be ereles ate vine

T. J. Moore, Cur., Museum

E. Doling, Cur., Royal
Institution
Prof. Herdman, D.Sc.,

Cur., University College

S. Chadwick, F.G.S., Hon.
Cur., Mount Pleasant

Prof. W. B. Dawkins, M.A.,
F.R.S., Cur., Owens Col-
lege

Henry Brooke, Cur., An-
coats Hall

C. G. Virgo, Cur., 2, Green
Mount, Queen’s Park

W. Y. Veitch, Hon. Cur., |

37, Grange Road

Naturalist,

Class

G2

|

THE MUSEUMS OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 49
Collections. No. of | Duplicates| T
teauperted Visitors an 4 OF. : Remarks.
General: Teacal® y weekly. | Exchange. | Admission.
Geo. Geo. . Owner .| 20 — |Free on =
applica-
tion
Zoo., Geo. — Owner .| — | Zoo. Id. daily =
Zoo., Industrial Arts — The In- |= — es pas
stitute
Geo., Zoo. Bot. Local 40 | Geo Free daily os
Society
= Geo., Zoo., | LocalSoc.| 40 = Id. daily =
Bot., Arch. | and Fees
Arch., Anth. — The — = Freedaily a5
Owners
Geo., Zoo. — The In-| — — = gad
stitute
Industrial and Fine = Rates 2,500 = Freedaily ae
Arts ,
Z00.,, Géo., Bot., — Local Soc.| 500 | Few .| 1d. daily _
Arch., Anth. and Fees
Pathology, Anatomy — The Col- | oa Free to| For stu-
lege visitors dents
Building appliances -- Exhibitors} — == Freedaily a
Rents
Zoo., Geo., Bot.,|Zoo., Geo. | Rates 7,000 | Geo., Zoo., ie es
Arch., Anth., Art Bot.
Treasures
Geo., Anth., Fine — Local — — Free one pe
Arts Society day
Zoo. a The Col- |} = — Free on a he
lege applica-
tion
Industrial and Fine < School of |} — = Free daily | Loan from
Arts Art Sie.
(Seor, -Zoo:, Bott, as: Local 40 | Geo., Zoo.| Free daily Jae
Arch., Anth. Society
Geo5." 200:% " Bot,, vs The Col- | — _ |Geo..Zoo..| Freethree och
Arch., Anth. lege Bot. days
Industrial and Fine — Subscrip- | 2,000 = Freedaily. obi
Art tions and on
Sundays
2to5
Geary Zoos, Bote. — Rates 2,500 | Few . | Free daily | Loan from
Arch., Anth., In- Sal,
dustrial and Fine
Art
Geo., Zoo., Bot. _- Rates — | Geo : — —

Feb. 1889.

50

Town and County.

Name and Locality of Museum.

Newcastle-on-
Tyne, Northd.

29 2?

Northwich, Ches.

Oldham, Lanc.

Penrith, Cumb.
Preston, Lance.

Richmond, Yorks
Ripon, Yorks.
Salford, Lanc.
Scarborough,
Yorks.
Sheffield, Yorks.
Southport, Lanc.
South Shields,
Durham
Stalybridge, Lanc
Stamford, Linc.
Stockport, Chesh.
Sunderland, Dur-

ham

Tynemouth,
Northumberlnd.

Wakefield, Yorks
Warrington,Lanc
Whitby, Yorks.

York, Yorks.

Castle and Blackgate M. of

.| Free M., Cross Street

the Antiquarian Society |
M. of the Nat. Hist: Soc., |
St. James’, Barras Bridge

The Brunner Free Public
Library and M., Wilton
Street

Free Library M. and Art
Gallery, Union Street

Penrith M.

M. of Naturalists’
Club

M. of the Naturalists’ Club,
Park Street

Royal Free M.and Library,
Peel Park

Field

M. of the Phil. and Arch.
Society

Public M., Weston Park .
Botanic Gardens

Botanic Road
Public M.,

M.,

Free
Road

Park M., Stamford Park

M. of Lit. and Sci. Insti-
tution, St. Peter’s Hill

Vernon Park M., Vernon
Park

Borough M,

Free Library
Howard Street

and M.,

Ocean |

M. of the Naturalists’ Soc.,
Westgate

Warrington M., Bold Street |

M. of the Lit. and Phil. |
Society, The Pier
M. of Yorkshire Phil. Soc. |

Date of

foun-

dation.

1813
1829

1885

1885

1883
1880

1885
1883

1850

1828

1875
1876
1876

1875

1842
1860
1880

1825

1823

|

THE MUSEUMS OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

Name and Address of
Curator, Principal Officer,
or Owner.

Robert Blair, F.S.A., Hon.

Sec., South Shields

Richard Howse, Cur.,
Museum
EF. A. Howe; Cur, Bree
Library
T. W. Hand, Cur., 160;

Windsor Road
J. Stuart, Librarian .

Rev. J. Shortt, Hon. Cur.,
Museum

W. D. Benson, Hon. Cur,

B. M. Smith, Hon. Sec.,
31, Prince’s Road

Major John Plant, F.G.S.,
Cur.

J. H. Phillips, Hon. Sec., |

22, Albemarle Crescent

E. Howarth,
Northumberland Road

W. “Fishy yar;
Gardens
L. Inkster,
Library

W. Bardsley, Cur., Stam-
ford Park

Botanic

Sec., Public

Hi. Mitchell, sCineae
Institution
John Tym, Cur., The
Museum
Robert Cameron, Cur.,

4, St. Bede’s Terrace
G. Tidy, Librarian .

W. Rushforth, Hon. Sec.,
Horbury

Charles Madeley, Cur.,
The Museum
Martin Simpson, Cur.,

Stakesley Vale

H. M. Platnauer, F.G.S.,
Cur., Low Royd, St.
Olave’s Road, York.

FRACS EY

Class

Naturalist

THE MUSEUMS OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 51
Collections. No. of | Dupli T :
oliection | ee eet rs gaa ae | Roses |
General: Tcocal: y weekly. | Exchange. | Admission. |
Arch., Anth. Arch., Anth. | Local Soc.} 130 — 6d. & 3d. —
and Fees
Bot., Geo., Zoo.,| Bot., Geo., | Local Soc.! 350 | Geo.,Zoo.| 3d. daily _
Arch., Anth. Zoo. and Fees Bot.
Industrial Art “= =e — — — Loan from
Shee
Geo., Zoo. = Rates — === = —
Geo 5. : é = Rates — = Free daily =
Geo., Zoo., Arch., = Rates 400 = a5 =
Anth.
Geo., Zoo. cad — = = Small <=
charge
Geo:, Zoo., Bot., | Arch. . Local 10 — 2d. daily --
Arch. Society
Geo., Zoo., Bot., | Geo., Zoo., | Rates 7,000 | Given Free daily =
Arch., Anth. Bot., Arch., away
Anth.
(Geo. 400.4.) Bot., = Local Soc.| 6,000 — 3d.. daily =
Arch., Anth, and Fees} in
Sumr
Geo., Zoo., RBot., = Rates 2,000 | Geo Free daily —
Arch., Anth.
Geo.,7,200;,! Bot: ,-| Zoo. - | Bot. Gar- | 2,500 — | 4d. daily | With the
| Arch., Anth. dens Co. gardens
Geo.) Z00,, Arch. | Arch... Rates 1,000 } Arch. Free daily —
Geo., Bot. Geo | Endow- — — 3 =
, mentand)
Rate
Geo., Bot., Zoo., = Local 50 = 6d. daily —
Arch, Society
Geo., Zoo., Art = Rates 600 —~ Free daily | Loan from
So. ke
Geo., Bot., Zoo., | Geo. . Rates 1,800 | Geo., 3 —_
Arch., Anth. Shells
Geo., Zoo., Bot., aaa Rates 200 — Free one —
Arch. day
Geo., Zoo., Bot. == Local — _— — Openonly
Society onspecial
occasions
| Geo... ‘Zoo,, Bot.;-) Aren.. . | Rates .| 600 | Shells Freethree | Loan from!
Arch., Anth., Art | days eae Soa
Geo., Zoo., Bot., Geo., Zoo. . LocalSoc.| 30 | — | 6d. daily a
| Arch. | and Fees | | |
_Geo., Zoo., Bot., Geo., Arch. , Local ' 500 Geo. | 1s, daily / =
| Arch., Anth. _ Society

Feb. 188.

52

NOTE—FISHES.

Burbot off the Cleveland Coast.—On the 26th December, 1888, Mr. T. H.
Nelson sent me a fish which he stated to be very rare at Redcar, and not known
to the fishermen. I saw at once it was a Burbot (Lota vulgarzs), and in this deter-
mination I was confirmed by Mr. Edward E. Prince, B.A., who has paid much
attention to the British food-fishes, and to whom I showed it the same day.
Mr. Nelson has since informed me that it was caught on the day he sent it off, at
sea, about a mile off the Point of Huntcliff. The fishermen at Redcar told him
they had never seen a fish like it before. It was caught on a mussel-bait. Being
the first time I have heard of this—a river-fish—being caught at sea, I should be
glad to learn if similar instances are known.—W. DENISON ROEBUCK, Sunny

Bank, Leeds, January Ist, 1889.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Little Gull and Sclavonian Grebe near Scarborough.—I have had sent
to me a Little Gull (Zarws mznuwtus) in immature plumage, shot at Gristhorpe Bay
on December 18th last. It was killed during very thick fog. A Sclavonian Grebe
(Podiceps auritus) was obtained on the shore near Scarborough on December 6th.
It was killed by some boys in a pool.—RILEY FORTUNE, Harrogate, Jan. 10th.

Pallas’ Sand-Grouse in Cleveland.—Two very fine examples of Sand-
Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus), male and female, were shot on the Kirkleatham
Estate, near Redcar, about the 13th Nov. Both birds were in good condition and
weighed a little over 10 0z. each. Their crops contained wheat and buckwheat.
—T. H. Netson, Apsley House, Redcar, 31st Dec. 1888.

Crossbills in Nidderdale.—Mr. J. Charlton, Pateley Bridge, told me that he
saw six Crossbills (Loxza curvirostra) in Harefield Wood, the second week in
July. <A few days after he saw a number more. This, I think, is the first record
forsummer. They are seen almost every winter in Nidderdale, flying from one side
of the valley to the other, to the larch woods.—JAMES INGLEBY, Eavestone,

near Ripon, Sep. 15th, 1888.

Notes on Nesting-Sites of the Missel Thrush.—In reference to Messrs.
Butterfield’s and Lees’ notes on the unusual nesting-site of the Missel Thrush
(Turdus visctvorus), 1 think it is a not uncommon habit and does not arise from
the superabundance of birds. They are not numerous in this part, but last year I
found a Missel Thrush’s nest on the ledge of a rock on Brimham Moor, with four
eggs in, and there is no lack of trees around Brimham Rocks. I have seen Missel
Thrushes’ nests on the top of walls, one within 200 yds. off a clump of trees.
I do not know where the protection is.to a nest on the top of a wall or the face of
rock.—JAMES INGLEBY, Eavestone, Sep. 15th, 1888.

Crossbills in the Lake Counties.—I was pleased to see the note of my
friend Mr. Slater, on the Crossbill. If I infer the locality correctly, it is one
in which Crossbills nested many years ago. I do not think that Crossbills are
ever entirely absent from the fir-woods of the North-West of England, but their
appearances in large numbers occur only at considerable intervals. Thus, the
seasons 1838-9 and 1855-6 were remarkable for the abundance of Loxza curvirostra
in the Lake counties; and the year 1887-8 inclusive has proved prolific in the
same way. From Grange, Barrow, Millom, Kendal, Milnthorpe, Appleby, and
Penrith the same reports reached me; had I cared to make special inquiries,
I should have heard of them in many other places. The most interesting fact in
this visitation is that brought to light by my young friend, Mr. Edward Tandy, of
Penrith, who dissected a number of these finches, and obtained an adult female
in red plumage, the red being as bright as in an ordinary male. Mr. Tandy also
examined the mandibles, and came to the same conclusion as Mr. Slater, which
I can thoroughly endorse from my own experience.—H. A. MACPHERSON,
Carlisle, 2nd January, 1889.
Naturalist,

53

BRAITHWAITE’S BRITISH MOSS-FLORA.
British Moss-Flora. By R. BRAITHWAITE, M.D., F.L.S., etc. Vol. ii, pt. xi.

AFTER a very long interval (Part ro was issued in June 1887) we
have again the pleasure of welcoming another instalment of this
important publication—one which in all respects keeps up to the
high standard attained from the very first issue. The present number
commences a new volume (Vol. ii), and contains the first portion of
the Grimmiacez, with descriptions and plates of some forty-four
species. The author has, as we think wisely, followed Muller,
Mitten, and Lindberg in uniting Racomitrium with Grimmia, as the
linear crenulate leaf-cells, which have always been considered as the
chief distinguishing character of the former, are not infrequently
found in many species of the latter. The genus Grimmia is divided
by the learned author into four sections, viz.:—

1— Schistidium, containing the usual three species.

2—Eu-Grimmia, 22 species. In this section G. zzcurva Schwaeg.
(1816) is restored as the original name for what has been usually
called G. contorta; G. torqguata Hornsch. replaces the more recent
specific name forta ; funalis of Schwaegrichten (1811) replaces spzra/is
of Wilson’s Bry. Brit.; whilst the /wmalis of Bry. Eur. = Schudizit of
Bry. Brit., is referred to an older name of decipiens, so named by
Schultz under Zvichostomum (1817); Donid is very properly substituted
for Doniana; Ungert (1865) Juratz. becomes a/pestris Schleich.
(1827); commutata Hueb. is referred to ovata of Web. and Mohr.,
and the ovata of most modern authors is the ovalzs of Hed. (1792),
and is so referred ; Racomitrium sudeticum, Bry. Eur. and Bry. Brit.,
takes its place here as Gr. microcarpa (Gmel.) Lindb. ; leucophea
becomes campestris Bruch, MSS., 1820.

In Section 3, Dryptodon, we have G. atrata, unicolor, elliptica
(Turn.) Arn. = (fac. eddipticum, Bry. Eur. et Brit.) and patens.

Section 4, called Z7ichostomum Hed., includes the remaining
species of Racomitrium ; R. protensum becomes G. aguatica (Brid.)
1798? Mull.; 2. heterostichum var. gracilescens becomes G. obtusa
(Sm.) 1816, var. B alopecurum becomes G. affinis (Schleich.) Lindab. ;
R. microcarpon becomes G. ramulosa Lindb.—a doubtful native ; this
seems a departure from the author’s usual plan of adopting the oldest
name; 2. /anuginosum becomes G. hypnoides L. (Sp. Plant. 1753).

Coscinodon cribrosus Hedw., Coniston, 1867, Staveley near Kendal
(Binstead, 1886), and Glyphomitrium Daviesit follow in order, whilst
Ptychomitrium polyphyllum Auct. is referred to Glyphomitrium under
same specific name, and Camfpylostelium saxicola is included as
Gl. saxicola. Anectangium Hed., 1801, is adopted as a generic
Feb. 1889.

54 NOTES—MAMMALIA.

name for the two species of Zygodon Auct., viz., lapponicum and
Mougeotit. We here indicate the chief changes in nomenclature
without expressing any opinion as to the advisability of them.
At the same time we must say that with most of them we entirely
agree, though for a time they may cause some little confusion
amongst students, but the same might have been said of Bry. Eur.,
and of Wilson’s Bry. Brit., when first issued. Of the letter-press,
descriptions, synonymy, and plates we can only accord them un-
qualified praise, as being everything that could be desired.—C. P.H.

NOTES-—-MAMMALIA.

Scarcity of Lesser Horse-shoe Bat in Nidderdale.—In March last I went
to Ned Hole to see if there were any Bats of the Lesser Horse-shoe species
(Rhinolophus hipposideros) and saw three suspended from the roof. There has
been a great number taken at one time or another. There is a stock left; some
were in the rocks to breed from or they would have been exterminated.—JAMES
INGLEBY, Eavestone, Sep. 15th, 1888.

Wild Cherry Stones used as Food by the Long-tailed Field-mouse.—
Having found occasion to visit the principal hamlet in my parish some three weeks
ago, instead of coming home by the road as usual, I diverged in such a direction
as to take me along a moor bank, and above a wood which clothes some part of
it, my path lying 750 ft. or soabove thesea. As I was threading my way between
the sparse growth of ling which partly covered the bank, my attention was
attracted by a group of whitish objects of somewhat oval form, which were well
thrown up to view, inasmuch as they lay mainly on the black soil of the bank in
an interspace between the neighbouring tufts of moor growth. Taking some of
them up, I found they were the stones of the small black wild-cherry, or gean,
several trees of which kind have grown in the vicinity as long as I have known it.
These had all been gnawed with sharp teeth at the germ-end, so as to admit of the
extraction of the kernel. Hard and thick as the stones were the trouble and toil
of dealing with them thus must have been very great. I counted over 140 of
these stones, and had no doubt I could have added largely still to that number if
I had had time to hunt up those that had been carried down the slope by little
streamlets in wet weather. Just above the main group was a mouse-hole, which
I had no doubt gave admission to the domicile of a Long-tailed Field-mouse
(AZus sylvaticus). The nearest cherry-tree stood a long forty yards away.
Probably the gathering and bringing home of only the stones I saw had cost the
little collectors not less than five miles of going and coming, and that over and
above the work of getting through the stony shell which sheltered the minute
particle of food comprised in the kernel. But the length of the journeys taken,
and the apparently unlikely places to which these little creatures, I suppose in the
quest for food, actually push their advances, have long seemed to me worth a
moment’s notice. There is a ridge of over a thousand feet high lying between one
of my chapels-of-ease and my residence. I have seen the traces of the Long-
tailed Field-mouse, on the highest part of the ridge, winter after winter, when the
snow was in a fitting state to receive and record the impressions made by their feet
and tail. But I have not noted the tracks of the other mice, or voles, in the same
way. These occur with us, but much more sparingly ; though I have occasionally
caught a short-tailed mouse (Avvcola agrest?s) in a trap set in my cellar. As to
their long-tailed brethren, scores of them in heavy winters have been caught under
the same circumstances. Adjoining my garden on the east is a pasture-field. In
it I counted, last year, thirty-one small clumps of crocuses in bloom, all of them
resulting from the plundering propensities of the long-tails. They are very
beautiful, but very mischievous ; and where the gamekeeper and the gun-licensed
bird-butcher work their sweet will on kestrel and hawk, owl, weasel and ‘clubster,’
t is a case of paradise for the mice as compared with what it was some thirty-five
or forty years ago.—]. C. ATKINSON, Danby-in-Cleveland, Jan. 5th, 1889.

Naturalist,

a5

A FEW NOTESZON THE
FOOD AND HABITS OF SLUGS AND SNAILS.

W. A. GAIN, M.C.S.,

Tuxford near Newark, Nottinghamshire.

AT present I am feeding a number of colonies of slugs and snails,
taking notes of their food and habits, and I have noted a few rather
interesting facts.

I find Amalia gagates takes eighty-three per cent. of the different
kinds of food offered. This is nearly equalled by A. marginata.
A. gagates is very hardy, breeds freely in confinement, and lives buried
in the earth except when feeding. One would expect this slug to be
plentiful and universally distributed, but such is not the case.

Limax arborum refuses foliage of all kinds ; it will eat the stalks
of lettuce and cabbage but not the leaves; these, with the exception
of cooked potatoes and onions, are the only foods I have yet succeeded
in getting it to take. As it refuses the mosses, lichens, and fungi
growing On wood, as well as insects, I am at a loss to account for its
habit of ascending trees.

Limax flavus takes the foliage of holly only; its chief food appears
to be fungi; it also eats the stalks of cabbage and lettuce, potato
(tubers) raw and cooked, turnips white and swede, and other roots,
and fruits ; cream is decidedly its favourite food, which it will get if
not well protected in the cellars which it frequents. It is said to
eat meat, but this appears to be a mistake.

Since writing the above, my examples of this species have
developed a liking for foliage in a small degree, having taken, during
the last three weeks, bean, bryony (ryonta dioica), Campanula
latifolia, two species of spurge, pea, and the common ragwort.

Limax maximus is a very dainty feeder, preferring fungi to all
other foods, and seems to be harmless in the garden. Cannibalism
occurred with this species. I found one of my three examples two-
thirds eaten, the tail left clean cut off, reminding one of that portion
of a fish on a fishmonger’s stall; that this was not through starvation
was proved by the fact that during the night a large meal of Boletus
edulis had been eaten, some part of which remained ; on two other
occasions I have found the unfortunate third slug, deprived of its
slime and a portion of its skin, in a dying condition.

Limax agrestis took forty-seven per cent. of the articles of food

offered, a much less proportion than I expected.
Feb. 1889.

56 GAIN: FOOD AND HABITS OF SLUGS AND SNAILS.

Of the Avions I find A. ater by far the most greedy feeder,
taking seventy-two per cent. of the foods given it; it is also
occasionally guilty of cannibalism, the larger captives gnawing off
the skin of the smaller. A. 4oréensts is rather sickly in confinement and
very frequent additions are required to keep the colonies up to their
original numbers; this species took sixty per cent. of the foods
offered. A. bourguignati ate exactly one-half of the foods given ;
this slug thrives and breeds freely in confinement.

Some of the slugs can sustain long fasts without any apparent
inconvenience. imax arborum has remained without eating for
five weeks, though food which it will take has been offered, and
L. flavus has fasted for nearly as long. One of the latter
deposited sixteen eggs beneath a stone placed in its cage; these
are seven millimetres in length, oval, with a small point at each
end as if they had been connected by a filament which had been
broken; they are white, and when first seen were as transparent and
bright as a drop of water. The eggs were deposited on July roth,
and about half hatched on the 15th of August; the young, of a
pale-yellow colour and almost transparent, attained a length of
1z mm. when fully extended.

Limax arborum has a curious habit of excavating a. grave-like
trench its own length, with perpendicular sides about an inch in
depth, in which it lies ; either the original excavator or his companion
has occupied the trench on two occasions subsequent to its formation.
On examination I have failed to discover eggs either in the trench or
in the surrounding earth.

Among the /e/ices experimented with, HW. ardustorum is by far
the most voracious, taking sixty-one per cent. of the foods given, and
eating largely ; of those neglected only two were taken by any other
ffelix among those experimented with.

Flelix nemoralis and A. hortensis agree in their choice of foods in
ninety-one cases out of a hundred. Taking this fact with the general
resemblance of the two species it has occurred to me that perhaps
we have here a case of comparatively recent development of two
species from an original ancestor, or of one from the other. After
three years’ trial I have failed to get these two species to breed
together. Though I have succeeded in breeding both, they obstinately
refuse to cross.

A fine example of 477on subfuscus, received from Mr. Roebuck on
the 27th August, deposited, Sept. 5th, about thirty eggs on the surface
of the earth, glued together in a mass, each egg 24 mm. in diameter,
milky-white and translucent ; these became yellowish in a week or
ten days. On the 23rd September this slug deposited a second cluster

Naturalist,

GAIN: FOOD AND HABITS OF SLUGS AND SNAILS. 57

of about seventy eggs within half-an-inch of the first ; the animal had
been isolated. It is probable that a single impregnation, which
generally takes place in June or July, is sufficient to fertilise two, or
perhaps more, batches of eggs deposited at intervals during the
period the animals are active.

This explains a circumstance which has hitherto greatly puzzled
me. I will first give the life of a Helix aspersa, from the egg to its
death, presumably from old age.

Some eggs were accidentally introduced with earth placed in a
flower-pot in which I kept some H&. cantiana; the eggs hatched
about August 1882. Three attained a diameter of three-eighths of
an inch before winter, and one lived through the winter, fed on colt’s-
foot and cabbage. On the 5th October, 1883, it was just one inch
in diameter, lip not formed, though there was a slight thickening of
the rim of the shell. July 1884—shell finished ; diameter, including
a very well finished lip, one inch and an eighth. May 3rd, 1885—
left winter-quarters and became active; soon after, I introduced a
companion with which I saw it in company on August 5th. On the
gth it deposited eggs in the soil; shell nearly covered the whole day.
September roth—some small shells beneath the surface. On the
17th the young were feeding; on the 24th two of the clutch had
increased in size, the remainder died off. In the middle of May
1886 the largest of the young had attained a size of eleven-sixteenths
of an inch. On the 13th October, 1887, the old snail was found
dead, having lived five years and two months.

The circumstance to which I alluded is this:—Soon after the
eggs were hatched in September 1885, I removed the companion
which I had introduced, leaving the snail with a 4. pomatia, some
ff, nemoralis, etc. Early the following summer a large brood
appeared, which I hoped were a cross between ¥/. asfersa and
ff. pomatia, and of course I watched them with great interest—only
to find they were pure HY. aspersa. Now I have no doubt these were
the product of the first conjunction which I witnessed, but whether
the eggs were deposited the following summer, or remained unhatched
during the winter, or hatched and remained beneath the soil, cannot
now be determined. That the last-named might have occurred is
probable, as very small Hedices, etc., are to be found hybernating
plentifully under leaves in woods.

In the summer of 1885 I received four full-grown examples of
Hf, pomatia. Saw a pair in copulation on 15th July. On the 6th of
August I found the young, about the size of peas, an inch below the
surface of the sandy soil placed in a moderately large box, fitted
with a glazed cover, in which the animals were kept. On the 17th
Feb. 1889.

58 GAIN : FOOD AND HABITS OF SLUGS AND SNAILS.

they had not appeared on the surface, and could have taken no food,
but they had increased from barely 8 m.m. in diameter to nearly
9 mm. These probably died during the winter, though it is
reasonable to suppose they mzght have lived through it. In the
following August (18th) I found young and eggs—the latter hatched
on the 25th, and on 21st September the young shells measured from
9°5 to 30 mm. in diameter. From Oct. roth, 1885, to Jan. 19th,
1886, the box was placed in the garden, as I doubted whether the
animals would form solid epiphragms if kept within doors. I now
know that this course was unnecessary. When removed to the
house, three of the H. pomatia were visible—two above the surface
with hard white chalky epiphragms just zwz¢izz the mouth of the
shell, and one, partly buried, mouth downwards, had a thin, bulging,
slightly-flexible epiphragm moulded to the irregular surface of the
hollow in which the shell was partially buried. All had within
a quantity of fluid resembling fine chalk mixed into a thin paste
with water. The dart of those dissected was too fragile for
preservation, consisting of a tender transparent material, alter
nating with opaque white portions. The following winter they
passed within the house, hybernating among leaves placed in the
box—one, mouth upwards, with a firm convex epiphragm, the edge
flush with the mouth of the shell; the other, on its side, had
cast the first epiphragm and formed another—thin, tumid, and
irregular.

I have noticed the noise made by this species when feeding ; the
crunching sound as they munch the crisp lettuce-leaves can be
heard at some distance from their box.

I should like to record a curious circumstance which occurred in
1883. I had found three immature examples of 4. zemoralis with
very transparent shells of a lilac colour. I fed them on coltsfoot and
nettles till they came to maturity, and when, after pouring boiling-
water on them, I extracted the animals, I found them of a bright
yellow colour, except the brown tips of the tails, and the heads,
which were nearly white.

As illustrating the very small changes which may influence the
abundance or scarcity of a snail in any locality, I may mention that
in 1883 I discovered a colony of &. sertcea occupying a portion of a
hedge-bottom twenty yards in length; it was by far the most plentiful
snail in this part, associated with H. nemoralis, H. hortensts, H. hispida,
HT. rotundata, Z. cellarius, Z. nitidulus and its var. helmiz, and
Cochlocopa lubrica. All the other species extended beyond the
twenty-yards’ limit, but very few HZ. sericea were found outside, and
I have never found more than one or two ata time in any other

Naturalist,

OLDHAM: WHISKERED BAT IN DERBYSHIRE. 59

part of the district, and only in one other locality. Up to last year
I have been in the habit of going and taking as many as I wanted
just when required. Then the hedge was trimmed, but not
excessively, and the bottom does not appear to have been interfered
with. But though the species is still to be found in its old quarters,
a long and careful search is required to obtain even half-a-dozen
examples. Whether the snails will die out or again become plentiful
remains to be seen.

Having been engaged in carefully noting the plants, etc., eaten
and rejected by different species of slugs, /e/ices, etc., I find that
these animals are fully on the feed only during the months June,
July, and August ; they certainly take food before and after the time
specified, but in such a fitful kind of way that I consider all negative
results obtained at these times as valueless.

As since writing the above I have received a letter asking for
particulars of my method of keeping slugs and snails for prolonged
observation, and it occurs to me that perhaps a few hints as to the
plan I have found most convenient might be of use to others
desirous of making similar observations. I take a common flower-
pot, put in a few pieces of broken pottery for drainage, and half fill
with light garden mould; then put in a few dead leaves to cover about
a third of the surface, and flat stones—pieces of roofing-slate are the
best—to cover another third, leaving the remaining surface bare.
For slugs and all except the smaller He/ices,the pots should not be
less than seven or eight inches across the top. These pots should
stand in saucers and be kept well watered. When rearing the young,
I sink a small bottle in the earth to contain water for the purpose of
keeping the food fresh. When the food is changed frequently, as is
the case when experimenting on the diet of the various species,
the bottle is unnecessary. Over the pot I place a square of fine
perforated zinc, with the corners bent down to keep it in place, and
a stone on the top to keep it steady. I have a couple of boxes
covered with glazed frames for lids, in which to keep 4. pomatia and
a few foreign things.

NOTE—MAMMALTIA.

Whiskered Bat in Derbyshire.—On New Year’s Day I took a male
Whiskered Bat ( Vesfertzlio mystacinus) in Lathkill Dale, near Bakewell. It was
hanging, asleep, in a damp place, its fur being quite wet, in a tunnel connected
with some disused lead-mines. The bats of this species which I have taken in the
copper workings at Alderley Edge, Cheshire, have frequently been a hundred

_ yards or more from the mouth of the tunnel, but the Lathkill example was within
a few feet of the entrance, sleeping in broad daylight, in fact I found it before I
had lighted my candle.—CuHas. OLDHAM, Sale, Jan. 3rd, 1889.

Feb. 1880.

a

60

NOTES—COLEOPTERA.

Aphodius tessulatus at Huddersfield.—It may be of interest to record that
we have found this somewhat rare beetle in some numbers in cows’ dung in the
fields near here, but it is very local—FLORENCE MosLey, Beaumont Park
Museum, Huddersfield, Jan. 2nd, 1889.

Coleoptera at Ingleton.—During a few hours spent in the delightful neigh-
bourhood of Ingleton during last June, when engaged in arranging an excursion
for the Liverpool Naturalists’ Field Club, I found the following beetles—the record
of which may be useful as a contribution towards the insect fauna of the West
Riding of Yorkshire.

Bembidium mwonticola

Ef tebiale
Nebria gyllenhalit :
sitet —— Among shingle on the bank of the
Stenus guttula River Doe.

Geodromicus nigrita
Trogophleus arcuatus

Lusphalerum primule
Serzcosomus brunimeus
Dolopius marginatus
Telephorus nigricans
ie hemorrhoidalis 4
oy pallidus
Strophosomus corylt

Beaten from shrubs, etc., in the
woods.

Corymobites pectinicornis, on heather.

Haltica ericet?, abundant on heather on the (so called) Cuckoo Island.
—JOuHN W. ELLIs, 3, Brougham Terrace, Liverpool, Dec. 23rd, 1888.

Coleoptera in Kingsdale, Mid West Yorkshire.—As a further contri-
bution towards the fauna of the West Riding of Yorkshire, I send you the
following list (extracted from my diary) of the very few coleoptera I was able to
obtain by sweeping during a walk, on September 29th, 1886, from Dent to
Ingleton, by way of Kingsdale.

Pterostichus strenuus. Stenus picipes
Philonthus decorwus Lathrimeum unicolor
Tachinus collares Liosomus ovatulus
ZTachyporus tersius Sciaphilus muricatus
Stenus tnipressus Chrysomela staphylea
Stenus brunnipes Phedon tumidulum.

Stenus nitediusculus
—JouN W. ELLIs, 3, Brougham Terrace, Liverpool, Dec. 23rd, 1888.

NOTE—ARACHNIDA.

Parasites on the Water Vole.—On the 28th October last, my cat brought in
a fine adult male Arvicola amphibia just killed and warm. While handling it a
large number of small objects were noticed to leave the skin and wander on the fur
as if wishful to escape. A lens showed them to be acari. Some were killed with
hot water and sent to Dr. C. F. George, of Kirton-in-Lindsey. He considers the
mite to be a Lelaps—possibly Lelaps hilaris Koch, but living specimens are
wanted to clear up the question. In the January number of ‘Science Gossip’
(p. 6) he describes and figures them as new, under the name of Le/aps arvolica.
A bit of moistened blotting-paper should be put with such things when they are
sent. They then often keep alive a long time.—JAs. EARDLEY MASON,
The Sycamores, Alford, January 2nd, 1889.

Naturalist,

Z|
/

61
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England.

GEOLOGY AND PALAONTOLOGY, 1887.

We are again indebted to Messrs. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., and
Alfred Harker, M.A., F.G.S., for the geological bibliography; to
both gentlemen for contributing the titles and abstracts, and to the
former for arranging and preparing the material for the printer.
Titles are cited of such papers published in previous years as have
escaped notice in former instalments of the bibliography, including
papers which have appeared in Zhe Waturalist itself.

ANON. [not signed]. East Yorkshire.
A Post-glacial Forest in Hull [This section is in a brick-yard on the west
of Hull, about a mile from the Humber, and one-and-half miles from the
river Hull ; section—warp, 12 ft. or 13 ft.; then a forest bed, the surface of
which is a greenish sandy clay, with pebbles and stones ; about 1 ft. below
comes 8 ft. of red clay, with pebbles of stone, chalk, etc.; below this, quick-
sand ; roots of the trees standing where they grew: they are oak and Scotch
fir, mostly the latter]. Sci. Goss., Sep. 1886, p. 214.
ANON. [Editors of Naturalist. ] West Yorkshire.
[The Clayton Fossil (St/gmaria ficoides) is now at Owens College, Manchester].
Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 348.
ANON. [not signed]. Yorkshire.
Formation of a Yorkshire Boulder Committee. Nat., Jan. 1887, pp.
17-18; Nat. World, Feb. 1887, iv. 31-32.
ANON. [not signed]. West Yorkshire.
Yorkshire Waterfalls and Caves: [a brief illustrated account of Scaleber
Force near Settle, Thornton Force, Wethercote, Easegill Force, and Yordas
and Ingleborough Caves]. Yorkshire Notes and Queries, April 1887, Pt. vii.
pp- 133-138.
Anon. [Editorial]. Yorkshire generally, Durham.
Locbeoraperly Boulder Committee ; brief note on its proceedings and work].
Nat., July 1887, p. 224.
ANON. [not signed]. Durham.
Dedication of a Boulder Stone [cn Jubilee Day; a large boulder in the
village of Sadberge dedicated with fitting honours]. Nat., Aug. 1887, p. 244.
ANON, [not signed]. Durham.
A Jubilee Boulder [an extract from Dr. Crosskey’s report upon ‘ Erratic
Blocks’ to the British Association, with a brief account of the proceedings
respecting a boulder in a Durham village upon Jubilee Day]. Sci. Goss.,
Oct. 1887, p. 239.
S. A. ADAMSON. South Yorkshire.
Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire Naturalists at Anston Stones [April 3oth,
1885 ; the district explored was in the neighbourhood of Kiveton Park and Shire
Oaks Collieries, both of which were visited; at Harthill, the quicksands at the
base of the Permian formation examined ; at Whitwell, in a disused quarry
of the Magnesian Limestone, some good specimens of the peculiar-toothed
structure found in this rock obtained; the long-renowned Magnesian
Lgmestone quarries of Steetly also visited]. Nat., June 1885, pp. 261-262.
Feb. 1889.

62 BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALHZONTOLOGY, 1887.

S. A. ADAMSON. West Yorkshire.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Boroughbridge [May 25th, 1885 ;
in the erratic drift on the way to Boroughbridge were observed boulders of
mountain limestone, chert and galliard with strize; whilst the local drift
contained fragments of Permian rocks and New Red Sandstone; the
gritstone monoliths, known as the Devil’s Arrows, at Roecliffe, also visited].
Nat., July 1885, p. 281.

S. A. ADAMSON. East Yorkshire.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Pocklington [June 24th, 1885;
outcrops of the Red Chalk noted in ascending the hill near Warter Priory ;
in the Warter brickyard, a section showing—although somewhat obscured by
slips—the Grey and White Chalk, below which the Red Chalk, and again
beneath Lower Lias beds of the zone of Ammonztes bucklandi]. Nat., Aug.
1885, pp. 308-309.

S. A. ADAMSON. North-East Yorkshire.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Whitby [Aug. 3rd, 1885 ; the fault near
Whitby Pier pointed out, having a downthrow to the west of about I50 ft. ;
in the drift some stratified patches of compact ferruginous sand noted, and
immediately underlying was a breccia of angular and sub-angular fragments
chiefly derived from the Lias; an outcrop of the ‘Dogger’ in the Sandsend
Road was examined; proceeding along the base of the cliffs to Kettleness
the beds of the zones of Azmonztes communis, A. serpentinus, A. annulatus,
and A. spinatus examined]. Nat., Oct. 1885, pp. 349-350.

S. A. ADAMSON. West Yorkshire.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Blubberhouses [Sept. 26th, 1885 ;
evidence of the anticlinal, which is a continuation of the one from Skipton,
seen in the gorge on the Kex Gill Road; the characteristic weathering of
the gritstones noted and described; in a small quarry, a bed of calcareous
grit overlaid by black micaceous shale, in the latter some scales of Acrolepis
obtained ; the escarpment of the Kinder Scout Grits above Redshaw Gill
visited and similarity between these rocks and those at Brimham observed].
Nat., Nov. 1885, p. 381.

S. A. ADAMSON. South Yorkshire.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Askern [May 2oth, 1886; quarries

of Lower Magnesian Limestone near Barnsdale, and of Upper Magnesian
Limestone near Sutton visited]. Nat., June 1886, p. 190.

S, A. ADAMSON and E. M. CoLe. East Yorkshire.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Flamborough Head [June 14th, 1886 ;
fine section near Bridlington seen showing the upper and lower purple and
basement clays; further on a bed of inter-glacial clay and those beds of sand
and gravel and laminated clay known as the ‘Sewerby Gravels’ noted ; the
ancient chalk cliff running inland from the coast pointed out; at Selwick’s
Bay, a mass of blue Speeton Clay, with characteristic fossils, was seen
stranded on the top of the chalk; along the coast the effects of the erosion
of the chalk cliffs by the waves were observed ; near Scale Nab, Kempton,
the extraordinary contortions of the chalk in the cliffs were pointed out].
Nat., July 1886, pp. 217-218, with list of fossils obtained.

S. A. ADAMSON. West Yorkshire.

Remarkable Geological Discovery at Clayton [near Bradford; preliminary
notes upon the first specimen of Stzgmarza ficotdes found in Messrs. Murgat-
royd’s quarry]. Nat., Aug. 1886, p. 252.

S. A. ADAMSON. West Yorkshire.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union in Upper Nidderdale [July 17th, 1886;
near Lofthouse the river Nidd observed issuing from its underground course,
into which it entered at Goydon Pot Hole about two miles above; the
Blayshaw Gill investigated, a fine example of a fault seen, good sections of
encrinital limestone and black shales examined ; the ravine of How Stean
visited, with Prof. Green’s observations thereon]. Nat., Aug. 1886, 254-255.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALZONTOLOGY, 1887. 63

S. A. ADAMSON. North-East Yorkshire.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Pickering [August 2nd, 1886; in
walking from Levisham to Saltersgate, sections of the Kelloways Rock,
Oxford Clay and Lower Calcareous Grit noted, with remarks on denudation ;
the Hole of Horcum, an inlier of the Kelloways Rock visited and described ;
general view of the Tabular Hills obtained from this point; the quarries in
the Middle Oolites near Pickering visited, and list of fossils obtained given].
Nat., Sept. 1886, pp. 274-275.
S. A. ADAMSON. West Yorkshire.
The Fossil Tree ct Clayton [near Bradford: detailed measurements of
the roots of the first specimen of Stigmaria ficotdes discovered in Messrs.
Murgatroyd’s quarry]. Nat., Sep. 1886, p. 284.
S. A. ADAMSON. West Yorkshire.
Discovery of Carboniferous Vegetation at Bradford [details of the speci-
mens of Stigmaria ficotdes found in Darley Street, Bradford]. Nat., Oct.
1886, p. 309.
S. A. ADAMSON. West Yorkshire.
Discovery of the base of another large Fossil Tree [at Clayton near
Bradford ; details of the Stigmarian roots discovered in Messrs. Briggs -and
Shepherd’s quarry]. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 336.
S. A. ADAMSON. West Yorkshire.
The Hitchingstone, Keighley Moor [This celebrated stone, reported in 1874
to the British Association as an erratic, examined by the members of the
Leeds Geological Association ; conclusion arrived at—that it is not a true
erratic, but that it is a portion of the strata of Rough Rock which originally
covered these moors]. Nat., Nov. 1886, pp. 333-336.
S. A. ADAMSON. West Yorkshire.
Notes on the Discovery of a large Fossil Tree in the Lower Coal-
measures at Clayton, near Bradford [see Nat. for 1886]. Brit. Assoc. Rep.
for 1886, pp. 628-629.
S. A. ADAMSON. West Yorkshire.
Exposure of a Fault at Apperley [exposed in the alterations at the railway
station, and the same as shown on the Geol. Survey Map as passing nearly S. W.
by N.E. through Apperley Station to Buckstones]. Nat., Jan. 1887, p. 18.
S. A. ADAMSON. West Yorkshire.
Discovery of a Fossil Tree at Ilkley [brief account of the discovery of

a large fossil tree in the ‘ Third Grits’ of the Millstone Grit series]. Nat.,
March 1887, p. 71.

[S. A. ADAMSON, Hon. Sec. ] Yorkshire generally.
The Yorkshire Boulder Committee’s Schedule [reprinted in full, with list
of the Committee]. Nat., May 1887, pp. 141-142.
S. A. ADAMSON. North-East Yorkshire.
Amongst the Yorkshire Oolites [account of a field-excursion from Malton to
Settrington and North Grimston, also a visit to the Malton Museum]. WNat.,
June 1887, pp. 177-180.
S. A. ADAMSON. West Yorkshire.
On some Sections exposed in making the Skipton and Ilkley Railway
[giving particulars of the several sections exposed in the cuttings, thirteen in
number ; also alluding to the Haw Bank, Skibeden, Draughton, Wheelam
Rock, and Hambleton Quarries, with details of dip, etc.]. Proc. York. Geol.
and Pol. Soc., vol. ix. Pt. iii. pp. 363-369; and Nat., July 1887, pp. 202-208.
S. A. ADAMSON. North-East Yorkshire.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Saltburn [30th May, 1887; zones of
Ammonites communis, A. serpentinus, A. annulatus, A. spinatus, and A. mar-
garitatus (upper part) examined ; the ironstone at Port Mulgrave described ;
fossils obtained—Pecten cegquivalvis, Protocardium. truncatum, Dentalium
___elongatum, Ammonites ferrugineus, etc.]. Nat., July 1887, pp. 221-224.
Feb. 1889.

64 BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALHZONTOLOGY, 1887.

S. A. ADAMSON. North-East Yorkshire.

Yorkshire Naturalists at Gormire Lake and Thirkleby Park [2oth July,
1887; Hood Hill and Roulston Scar of the Hambleton Hills visited and
stratification described; Gormire Lake and its vicinity investigated, and
theories for the origin of the lake brought forward ; fossils obtained— 7erebra-
tula maxillata, Holectypus depressus, Belemnites abbreviatus, Grythea
bilobata, etc.]. Nat., Aug. 1887, pp. 239-241.

S. A. ADAMSON. West Yorkshire.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Sedbergh [1st August, 1887; the
oldest stratified rocks in Yorkshire examined ; the Lower Silurian, the Riggs,
Frostrow Fells, Helm Knot, and Helm Gill visited ; in the latter an exposure
of the Coniston limestone seen, also black mica trap from the dykes in the
vicinity ; in the Rawthey valley good exposures noted of the Conglomerate
or basement bed of the Carboniferous series; fossils obtained—Gyrafrolites
several species), Orthoceratites, Trilobites, Orthis, Strophomena, Athyris,
Favosites, Halysites, Encrinites, etc.]. Nat., Sep. 1887, pp. 282-284.

S. A. A[pamson]. Northern Counties generally. _
Geological Papers relating to the North of England, read at the Man-
chester Meeting of the British Association [enumerated]. Nat., Oct.
1887, pp. 292-294.
S. A. ADAMSON. Yorkshire.
Reports of Field Excursions [Malton—North Grimston quarries described,
also the Malton Museum; Skipton and Ilkley Railway—general geology of
this new railway given, including accounts of the Hambleton, Haw Bank,
Skibeden and Wheelam Rock Quarries, the Craven anticlinals, and the Yore-
dale Rocks and Boulder Clay ; Kettleness to Staithes—account of the geology
along the coast; Leyburn—Keld Head Lead-mines with section, Lady
Algitha Cave, and the Harmby Quarries described ; Thirkleby and Gormire—
general geology of district, including stratification of Hood Hilland Roulston
Scar ; Sedbergh—Account of geology from Sedbergh to Helm Gill ; Ingleton
(Dale Beck)—glacial drift of Ingleton described, also the Tow Scarr and
Twistleton faults, the trap dykes of Ingleton and the Skirwith Quarries ;
Hatfield Chase—gravel-pit near Lindholme visited, also account of warping
the land]. Trans. Leeds Geol. Assoc., Part 3 (1886-7), pp. 127-153.

MATTHEW BaILeEy. East Yorkshire.
The Rocks at Flamborough [in Selwick’s Bay, are called Adam and Eve].
Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 347.
J. E. BEDFORD. Isle of Man.
Notes on Flint-flake Implements found in the Isle of Man [giving details of
some sections of gravel and sand on the hill-side opposite to Peel Castle].
Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Pol. Soc., vol. ix., Part iil. pp. 369-371.
J. E. BEDFORD. Yorks., Derbysh., Lancs., Notts.
Effects of Denudation [geology of Yorkshire from Holderness to Craven
briefly described and the power of denudation in effecting great changes in
the physical contour of the district ; the Craven fault and the Ingleton coal-
field also alluded to]. Proc. Leeds Geol. Assoc., Part 3 (1886-7), pp. 110-113.

J. F. BLAKE." North East Yorkshire.

On a New Specimen of Solaster Murchisoni from the Yorkshire Lias
[this example of a polyradial starfish is from the Capricornus zone at
Huntcliff]. Geol. Mag., Dec. 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. pp. 529-531 and plate xv.

G. S. BOULGER. Northumberland.

Excursion to Northumberland [Account of an excursion of the Geologists’
Association in August 1886; bibliography given]. Proc. Geol. Assoc.,
vol. ix. (1887), pp. 582-596.

Naturalist,

i
HA
|
Hi
y

A HN

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

CONDUCTED BY

WM: DENISON R@EBU.CK,: FS.
Sunny Bank, Leeds;

WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF

for 1s. 6d. (

“2 J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,
s Royal Herbarium, Kew; Dewsbury ;
s W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.0.U., GEORGE T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
a Museum of Science & Art, Edinburgh ; Greenfield House, Huddersfield ;
>
ne] ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. BARWELL TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.M.S.,
¢
| St. John’s College, Cambridge ; 55, Reginald Terrace, Leeds.
2 S Rik
oO
cS Gonfents: aren
: Bibliography—Geology and Palzontology, 1887 .. iy a if Me .. 65 to 77
y A Yorkshire Bird new to the European Avifauna—IV. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S.,
le M.B.0.U. rr es I once a Ria SBI 79
N Geranium macrorhizum and Carex gibsoni in West Yorkshire — Arthur ;
& Bennett, F.L.S. ee at a y ai 3 Ss a ae a 80
S Ornithological Notes from Redcar and Tees Mouth in 1887 and 1888—7, H.

Nelson, M.B.O.U. as i, at a He a ie as vc .. 8r to 86
i Additions to the Alge of West Yorkshire— Ji’, West, F.L.S. os sis -. 87 to 96
= Notes—Ornithology .. 78 & 79

Ruff and Goshawk near Whitby in Winter 1888-9— Thos. Stephenson; Sand-
Grouse near York—William Hewett; Pallas’ Sand-Grouse near Skegness—
Fas. Eardley Mason; Sand-Grouse in Cleveland—T. H. Nelson, M.B.O.U.;
Hawfinch near York—William Hewett; Black-throated Diver near Alford,
Lincolnshire— Fas. Eardley Mason: Wintering of the Ruff—Rev, H. 4.
Macpherson, M.A., 1.B.0.U., and W. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., M.B.O.U.

Note—Cryptogamic Botany... .._.. . ee Ses aera Ae Bere 86
Physcomitrella patens in Derbyshire.
Notes and News oF ae se ba o- Se as ay ae ¥ “e 78
LONDON:

(it by post 14d. extra).

LOVELL REEVE & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C.,

McCorQuoDaALe & Co. LIMITED, CARDING'TON STREET, Euston ;
AND
LEEDS: BASINGHALL STREET.

All Communications should be Addressed :—
The Editors of ‘The Naturalist,’
Sunny Bank, Leeds.

PRICE SIXPENCE (by Post, Sevenpence).
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (from the OFFICE only), 5s., post free.

The NATURALIST.

BOOKS RECEIVED.
Abel Chapman—Bird-Life of the Borders, 8vo, cloth, 1889, pp. 286.
; _ [Gurney & Jackson, Publishers.
Alex. Somerville—Dredging-off Portincross, Ayrshire, 8vo reprint, pp. 5, Jan. 1889.

[Author.
T. Mellard Reade—Physical Theories of the Earth in Relation to Mountain
Formation, 8vo reprint, pp. 6, Feb. 1889. ~ [ Author.

Yorkshire Geol. and Polytechnic Soc.—Proc, vol. 11, part 1, 1889, [The Society.
Nat. Hist. Trans. of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne,

Vol. 10, part 1, 1888. [Society.
The Selborne Mag., Vol. 2, Nos. 13, Jan., and 14, Feb. 1889. [Elliot Stock, Pub.
West American Scientist, Vol. 5, No. 3,-Nov. 1888. [T. D. A. Cockerell.

J. W. Ellis—The Coleopterous Fauna of the Liverpool District—8vo reprint, 1889.
Philadelphia Academy of Nat. Sci.— Proc. 1888, part 2, Mch.-Sep. [The Academy.
Nat. Hist. Journ., No. 108, Feb. 15, 1889. [J. E. Clark & others, Editors, York.
Manchester Geological Society—Trans., vol 20, parts 2 & 3, 1888-9. [The Society.
Revue Bryologique, 16° Année, 1889, No. 1. [M. T. Husnot, redacteur, Cahan.
New York Microsc. Soc.—Journ., vol. 5, No. 1, January, 1889. [Society.
Journal of Conchology, vol. 6, No. 1, Jan. 1889. [Conchological Society.
Science Gossip, No. 290, for Feb. 1889. [Messrs. Chatto & Windus, Publishers.
The Midland Naturalist, No. 134, for Feb. 1889. [Birmingham Nat. Hist. Soc.
Research, monthly illust. journ. of science, vol. 1, No. 8, Feb. 1889. [A. N. Tate, Ed.
The Wesley Naturalist, No. 24, for Feb. 1889, [The Wesley Scientific Society.
The Young Naturalist, Part 110 for Feb. 1889. [Mr. John E. Robson, Editor.
The Zoologist, 3rd Series, Vol. 13, No. 146, Feb. 1889. [J. E. Harting, Editor.
Psyche: journ. of entom., vol. 5, No. 153, Jan. 1889. [Camb. Ent. Cl., U.S.A.

EXCHANGE.
_ Notices of Exchange inserted free of charge to Subscribers.

Wanted.—Living examples of Zimax levis and L. tenellus, British Land
and Freshwater Shells in exchange.—W. A. GAIN, Tuxford, Newark.

Books for Sale or Exchange. — Mrs. Merrifield’s Natural History of
Brighton and Vicinity, 1860, 228 pages, 8vo, cloth, 3/-, post free; Gloyne on
Geographical Distribution of Land Shells, 1877, 8vo, sewed, 40 pages, 2/-;
Pidgeon on the Marine Conchology of Torbay, 1875, 8vo, sewed, 22 pages, I/-.
Foreign or British conchological works desired in exchange. Address—X.Y.Z.,
c/o Editors of ‘ Naturalist.’

Lepidoptera.—Duplicates, well set and in good condition: Zygena lonicere
(bred), Agrotis segetum, Hadena oleracea. Desiderata: Other insects. —
W. HEWETT, 3, Wilton Terrace, Fulford Road, York.

Shells.—Duplicates: Bulimus: acutus and vars. strigata and bizona; vars.
submaritima and major of Helix virgata, Limnea stagnalts (very fine), LZ. glabra,
Planorbis contortus ;and marine shells. Desiderata; Other shells.—W. HEWETr?r.

Birds’ Eggs.—Duplicates (side blown): Waterhen, Partridge, Missel Thrush,
Starling, Thrush, etc. Desiderata: Other eggs, curiosities, etc.—W. HEWE?T.

Change of Address.—J. W. CarTER, from 14, Valley Street, to 30, Lincoln
Terrace, Lincoln Road, Bradford.

aaa
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.—ENTOMOLOGICAL
SECTION.—tThe President and Secretaries of the Section will be pleased to
receive the names and addresses of those members specially interesting themselves
in this branch. The object in view is to circulate a fairly complete list amongst
the members of this section, and thereby to facilitate the exchange of information,
and also, if sufficient encouragement is given, to publish (in the Annual Report of
the Section) at the close of the season a list of Yorkshire Occurrences of Insects.
Address the President:—Mr. N. F. DoBREE, The New Walk, Beverley ;

Or the Hon. Secretaries:—Mr. J. H. ROWNTREE, Westwood, Scarborough ;
Mr. W. E. Brapby, I, Queen Street, Barnsley.

ee

Improved Egg Drills (2 sizes) and Metal Blowpipe with instructions 1/3 free.
‘Hints on Egg Collecting and Nesting,’ illustrated, 33d. free. Birds’ Skins,
Eggs (side-blown and in clutches with date), Lepidoptera, Ova, Larve, and Pupe,
Artificial Eyes, and all kinds of Naturalists’ Requisites. Lists, one stamp. All
specimens, &c., sent out ‘on approval.’

J. & W. DAVIS (Naturalists), DARTFORD, Kent.

The cheapest dealer in Birds, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells,
etc.. is John Eggleston, Park Place, Sunderland. Lists free,

se

BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALHONTOLOGY, 1887. 65

G. S. BOULGER. Derbyshire.
The Geology of the South Derbyshire and East Leicestershire Coal-
fields. Sections of Coal-Measures in East Derbyshire, South Derbyshire,
and Leicestershire. Trans. Chesterfield Mid. Count. Inst., xv. pp. 327 et
sequ., 1887.

G. S. BRAGGE. Derbyshire.

The Geology of the South Derbyshire and East Leicestershire Coal-
fields. Trans. Chesterfield Mid. Count. Inst., xv. pp. 198 et sequ., 1886.

W. M. Briccs. Westmorland.

Geology. . . . A. Stratigraphy [Piy//ograptus typus from the Skiddaw
Slates]. Wesley Nat., April 1887, i. 50-51.

CHARLES BROWNRIDGE. West Yorkshire.

On the occurrence of Quartzite and other Boulders in the Lower Coal
Measures at Wortley near Leeds [boulders obtained in the ‘ Black
Bed’ Pit of Messrs. Ingham & Sons; four described; the largest, a coarse
gritstone embedded in the ‘bend’ or clayey shales overlying the coal ;
the three smallest are quartzites and were embedded in the ‘ Black Bed’
coal itself; analyses of the quartzites by Prof. Bonney, F.R.S., are given].
Trans. Leeds Geol. Ass., Part 3, 1886-7, pp. 113-115. Sci. Goss., June 1887,
p- 140. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Pol. Soc., vol. ix. part iii. pp. 405-407.

WILLIAM CaSH. West Yorkshire.
Paleontology [illustrated by descriptions of fossil plants (Lepzdodendron

selaginoides, etc.) and mollusks (Aviculopecten papyraceus, etc.) from the
Halifax Hard Bed Coal]. Wesley Nat., April 1887, i., 58-60.

WILLIAM CasH. West Yorkshire.

Paleontology [Calamostachys binneyana Schimper, Halifax Hard Bed).
Wesley Nat., June 1887, i. 116.

WILLIAM CASH. West Yorkshire.
On the Fossil Fructifications of the Yorkshire Coal Measures. No. 1.
Calamostachys [Hard Bed or Ganister Coal described, also the order of
superposition of the Ganister group; measured section of beds included
between the Elland Flagrock and the Rough Rock given; typical section
in Lower Coal Measures, Beacon Hill, Halifax, detailed at length; the
genus Calamostachys fully discussed in detail; Bibliography of the subject
annexed]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Pol. Soc., vol. ix. Part iii. (1887) pp.
435-439 with 8 plates.

S. CHADWICK. East Yorkshire.

Asteracanthus ornatissimus in the Middle Oolites near Malton [the only
authenticated specimen that has ever been found so low down in the Middle
Oolites before in England]. Nat., April 1886, p. 102.

Wo. CHEETHAM. Westmorland.
A visit to Shap [route described, also the quarries at Wasdale Head ;
attention drawn to the inclusion of other rocks in this granite; dispersion
of Shap boulders alluded to]. Trans. Leeds Geol. Assoc., Part 3 (1886-7),

Ppp. 107-110.

J. E. CLARK. Cumberland.
Slate Ripple Marks on Skiddaw [explained]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Sep. 15th,

LOS jig Xs La:
Tueo. D. A. COCKERELL. Northumberland, Derbyshire, Yorkshire,
South Lancashire, Durham.

Palzontological Notes from the British Museum Collections [Specimens
of fossil Fishes (four), Mollusca (22), and Echinodermata (two species) noted,
with localities]. Nat., March 1886, p. 81.

March 1889. E

66 BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY, 1887.

E. MAULE COLE. North-East Yorkshire.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Helmsley [4th August, 1884; at
Sproxton Quarry the Coral Rag and Coralline Oolite examined ; fossils
obtained— 7hamnastrea, Thecosmilia, Cidaris florigemma, Trigonia, Lima,
Chemnitzia, etc.; the Middle Calcareous Grit at the ‘ Windy Pits’ visited].
Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 41.

E. MAULE COLE. East Yorkshire.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Spurn Point [3rd September, 1884:
from the shingle, specimens of encrinital limestone, gneiss, black Scandi-
navian flints, Liassic fossils, Silurian schist, granite, trap, etc., obtained].
Nat., Nov. 1884, p. 93.

E. M. COLE. East Yorkshire.
On the frequent occurrence of Whinstone Erratics at Flamborough
[after giving details of a number of Whinstone Erratics in the immediate
vicinity of Flamborough, discussing their probable origin, and the path by
which they have travelled]. Nat., Oct. 1887, pp. 289-290.

E, MAULE COLE. East Yorkshire.
Note on Dry Valleys in the Chalk [admitting that glacial conditions were a
vera causa in promoting the denudation of the Wolds, but still adhering to the
opinion that the main agent is rainfall, acting not so much mechanically

as chemically]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Pol. Soc., vol. ix. part iii (1887),

PP: 339-343-
W. G. COLLINGWOOD. Westmorland and Furness.

On Lake-Basins of the Neighbourhood of Windermere [the following
questions dealt with: 1. Problem of the conditions of Basin formation.
2. Minor basins, anticlinal. 3. Ditto, synclinal. 4. Compound Basins.
5. Analogy of structure in the Alps. 6. Structural relations of Windermere.
7. Laws conditioning the origin of Basins. 8. Basins in Faults. 9. Share
of glacial action in the creation of Basins. References throughout to various
localities in the Lake District]. Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Ass., No. 10
(1884-85), pp. 1-10, with woodcuts.

JoHN CORDEAUX. East Yorkshire.

The Spurn [notes of mammalian remains in Holderness gravels; and as to

appearance of black flints in chalk boulders south of Hornsea, which boulders
must therefore be of Norse origin]. Nat., Aug. 1884, pp. 1-8.

JOHN CORDEAUX. Linc. N. and S.
Lincolnshire [the geological strata of the county briefly reviewed and enume-
rated, with references to papers read before the Geological Society upon the
Rhetic Beds, near Gainsborough; Glacial and Post Glacial Strata of
Lincolnshire ; Neocomian Strata, Lias and Oolite of Lincolnshire; Southern
extension of the Hessle Boulder Clay, etc. ; the Barnack Ragstone also
described]. Nat., Jan. 1886, pp. I-15.

H. W. CROSSKEY. Yorkshire, Westmorland, etc.

Fourteenth Report of the Committee, consisting of . . . [12 names]...
appointed for the purpose of recording .. . Erratic Blocks...
[notices of the boulders on limestone pedestals, near Kendal and Settle,
and of the occurrence of Lake District boulders between Shiffnal and Tong].
Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1886, pp. 223, 224.

J. R. Dakyns and C, Fox-STRANGWAYS. East Yorkshire,

The Geology of the Country around Driffield. (Explanation of Quarter-
Sheet, 94 N.W. ;) (New Series, Sheet 64.) [The rocks of this area include
the Middle and Upper Oolites and the Cretaceous, besides Glacial and Post-
Glacial deposits; there is a chapter on the physical structure of the district,
and an index]. Mem. Geol. Sury. England and Wales, 24 pp., London, 1886,

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALEHONTOLOGY, 1887. 67

J. R. Daxyns, C, Fox-STRANGWaAys, and A. G. CAMERON. East Yorkshire.

The Geology of the Country between York and Hull. (Explanation of
Quarter-Sheets, 93 S.E., 94S. W., and part of 86.) [The rocks composing
this district include from the Bunter Sandstone to the Upper Chalk, the beds
between the Oxford and Kimeridge Clays, however, being absent; there
are also thick superficial deposits of varied character, both east and west of
the Wolds; an appendix gives particulars of many well-sections ; another
a bibliography of the district; there is also an index]. Mem. Geol. Surv.
England and Wales, 54 pp., London, 1886.

W. H. DALTON. Nottinghamshire.

The Collingham or Scarle Boring [giving details of this boring, which reaches

a depth of 2,032 feet, touching the Coal Measure Shales]. Geol. Mag.,
Jan. 1887 ; dec. iii. vol. iv. p. 48.

J. W. Davis. West Yorkshire.
On the Exploration of the Raygill Fissure in Lothersdale, Yorkshire
[reporting the progress of the excavation since 1883]. Brit. Assoc. Rep. for
1886, pp. 469-470.
W. Boyp DAWkINs and M. STIRRUP. South Lancashire.
Physiography and Geology [in Handbook of Manchester, prepared by the
local committee for the members of the British Association at the Manchester
Meeting, 1887, pp. 19-26; this is a short description of the physical features
of the district and of the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic rocks and the
Boulder-drift]. 12mo., Manchester 1887.

C. E. DE RANCE. Cheshire.
Twelfth Report of the Committee, consisting of . . [20 dag!
- appointed for the purpose of investigating the Circulation o

Underground Waters . . . [Details of boring through New Red
Sandstone near Birkenhead]. Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1886, p. 236.

C. E. DE RANCE. Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire.
The Collingham or Scarle Boring [in reply to Mr. Dalton; the writer
also states that an artesian boring at Gainsborough has penetrated the Keuper
Marls and reached the Sandstone at a depth of 725 ft.]. Geol. Mag., March
1887 ; dec. iii. vol. iv. p. 140.

N. F. DOBREE. East Yorkshire.
Mammalian Remains [Rhinoceros and Elephant] at Kelsey Hill, Holderness.
Nat., Nov. 1885, p. 378.
N. F. Dopree, Lincolnshire.
Large Ammonite at Hessle [22 in. diam. by 65 circumf.]. Nat., Nov. 1885,
p- 378.
[Miss] J. DonaLp. Yorksh., Westmorld., Cumberld., Northumberld.
Notes upon some Carboniferous Species of Murchisonia in our Public
Museums [describing and figuring a number of specimens from Bolland,
Settle, Kendal, King Water, etc., including four new species named J/.
pyramidata, zonata, spherulata, and tenuissima). Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., vol. xliii. pp. 617-631 and plate xxiv.
[EpIvoR OF SCIENCE GOssIP]}, ? Lanc.
The Meteorite at Little Lever [the so-called meteorite, reported in a

Manchester paper, is nothing but a fragment of ordinary mottled sandstone
shale]. Sci. Goss., March 1887, p. 70.

D. EmsLeron. Durham, Westmorld., North Yorkshire, North Lincolnshire.

A Catalogue of the Place-names in Teesdale [many of which are founded
on the physical features of the district]. Nat. Hist. Trans. of North., Durh.,
and Newc., vol. ix., part i (1887), pp. i-xvili and 1-223.

March 1889.

68 BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALZONTOLOGY, 1887.

L. FLETCHER. Cheshire.

On Crystals of Cuprite and Cerussite resulting from the slow alterations
of buried coins [the crystals, associated with the usual blue and green
carbonates of copper, were found on Roman coins in a soil of disintegrated
red sandstone and clay at Chester]. Mineralog. Mag., vol. vii. pp. 187-188.

W. FLIGHT. North East Yorkshire.

A Chapter in the History of Meteorites [giving description of the
meteorite, weighing 34 lb., which fell at Pennyman’s Siding, Middlesbrough,
March 14th, 1881 ; it is an olivine-bronzite rock with 9 per cent. of nickeliferous
iron: pp. 218, 219]. 8vo, xii..+ 221 pp., London, 1887.

C. Fox-STRANGWays, A. G. CAMERON, and G. Barrow. North Yorkshire.

The Geology of the Country around Northallerton and Thirsk (Explana-
tion of Quarter-sheets 96 N. W. and 96 S.W.; New Series, Sheets 42 and 52)
{dealing with the Carboniferous, Permian, Trias, Lias, and Lower, Middle, and
Upper Oolites, the first two being but little developed in the area of the maps;
there is also a chapter on Physical Structure, Faults, etc., besides one on the
Superficial Deposits ; also two appendices—one giving well-sections, another
bibliographical—and an index]. Mem. Geol. Surv. England and Wales,
75 pp-, London, 1886.

R. GASCOYNE. Yorkshire, Notts.

On the Eastern Extension of the Leeds and Nottingham Coal-field.
Trans. Midl. Inst. of Mining, Civ., and Mech. Eng., vol. x. pp. 250 et sequ.

J. G. GoopcHILp, Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire.

Ice Work in Edenside and some of the adjoining parts of North
Western England [a valuable summary of lectures upon glacial geology
given 1880-1887, and, after the introduction, dealing with ice and glaciation,
the origin of our drift deposits, the results of ice action upon the surface,
post-glacial denudation ; illustrated by diagrams and woodcuts]. Trans.
Cumb. and Westm. Assoc., No. xii (1886-87, pub. 1887), pp. 111-167.

A. H. GREEN, C. LE NEVE Foster, and J. R. DAkyns. Derbyshire.

The Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and
Millstone Grit of North Derbyshire (Parts of Sheets 88 S.E., 81 N.E.,
72 N.E., 82 N.W., 82 S.W., and 71 N.W.), 2nd ed., with additions by
A. H. Green and A. Strahan [besides a full treatment of the Carboniferous
Rocks, there are chapters on the Post-Pliocene Deposits, etc., and an account
of the various mines; the list of fossils by Mr. R. Etheridge is greatly
enlarged by Messrs. G. Sharman and E. T. Newton, and another appendix
by Mr. W. Whitaker gives a list of 293 works referring to the district].
Mem. Geol. Surv. England and Wales, 212 pp., London, 1887.

W. S. GRESLEY. West Yorkshire.

A Fossil Tree [Stigmaria ficotdes] at Clayton, Yorkshire [described and
figured]. Midl. Nat., Sept. 1886, ix. pp. 229-232 and plate i.
W. S. GRESLEY. Derbyshire.
Re ‘Explosive Slickensides’ (supplementing Mr. Strahan’s paper by descrip-
tion of similar * explosions’ in coal-mines]. Geol. Mag., Nov. 1887, dec. iii.
vol. iv. pp. 522-523.
W. S. GRESLEY. Derbyshire.
Notes on the Formation of Coal-seams, as suggested by evidence
collected chiefly in the Leicestershire and South Derbyshire Coal-field
[showing reasons for rejecting the theory that coal-seams were formed
of plants that grew upon the spot]. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlill.
pp. 671-674; Abstr. Proc. Geol. Soc., June 23rd, 1887; Geol. Mag., Aug.,
dec. ili. vol. iv. p. 375.
W. Hampton and H. Wattis Kew. North Lincolnshire.
The ‘Blue Stone’ Boulder, Louth, Lincolnshire [is a sub-angular
boulder of a blue-black colour, about 32 in. in height and about 145 in. in
girth; it is a slightly altered dolerite]. Nat., Aug. 1887, pp. 225-226.

Naturalist,

Po.

BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALHONTOLOGY, 1887. 69

C. D. HARDCASTLE. Derbyshire.
An Inaugural Address [giving section of High Tor]. Trans. Leeds. Geol.
Assoc., Part 3 (1886-7), pp. 126-128.
ALFRED HARKER. East Yorkshire.
The Oolites of the Cave District [a comprehensive account of the Jurassic
strata which strike N. N.W. from the Humber in the neighbourhood of Brough
to near Market Weighton; section of the ‘ Town Quarry’ at North Newbald
given, with fossils obtained ; section of the Kellaways Rock with overlying
Oxford Clay in cutting of Hull and Barnsley Railway described; the clay
exposed in the railway near Weedley, by its aspect and the Belemnites it
yielded, thought to be Neocomian; the lacustrine deposit at Bielbecks noted].
Nat., May 1885, pp. 229-232.
ALFRED HARKER. West Yorkshire.
Joints cutting through Pebbles [The conglomerate at the base of the Mountain
Limestone in North-West Yorkshire is intersected by joints, which cut quite
cleanly through the included pebbles, even those of quartz. Localities for
observation : mouth of Crummock Dale, just below Norber Brow, and higher
up the dale at Crummock Beck Head]. Nat., April 1886, p. 102.
ALFRED FIARKER. West Yorkshire.
Jointing in the Mountain Limestone of the Austwick District [a résumé
of observations in the neighbourhood of Austwick near Settle]. Nat., April
1886, p. 102.
WG. Hey. East Yorkshire.
Flamborough Head [a good and detailed explanation of the denudation of
the chalk cliffs by the action of the sea, with special reference to ‘ blow
holes’ and ‘creux’]. ' Nat., June 1886, pp. 161-162.
W. E. HIDDEN. North-East Yorkshire.
On the Mazapil Meteoric-Iron [compared with the meteorite which fell at
Wold Cottage, near Scarborough, in 1795]. Amer. Journ. Sci., 3rd ser.,
vol. xxxili. pp. 221-226 [224], 1887.
G. J. HINDE. North and West Yorkshire.
On the Character of the Beds of Chert in the Carboniferous Limestone
of Yorkshire [which occur in the limestones of the Yoredale Series near
Harrogate and Richmond ; the writer finds them to be composed of spicules
of siliceous sponges]. Nature, April 21st, 1887, vol. xxxv. p. 582.
G. J. HINDE. Yorkshire.
On the Organic Origin of the Chert in the Carboniferous Limestone
Series of Ireland, and its similarity to that in the corresponding strata in
North Wales and Yorkshire [showing that the chert is due to the siliceous
parts of sponges]. Geol. Mag., Oct. 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. pp. 435-446;
and Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1887, pp. 688-692.
T. V. H[o_mEs]. Cumberland.
Purple-grey Carboniferous Rocks and the Whitehaven Sandstone [a
criticism of Mr. J. D. Kendall’s paper upon the same subject, in Part ix, pp.
113-117]. Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Assoc., No. xi (1885-86—pub. 1886),
pp. 146-148.
T. McK. HUGHEs. Westmorland.
On Bilobites [describing tracks similar to Cvwséana found in sandstone in the
Mountain Limestone series ; the author regarding them as burrows]. Brit.
Assoc. Rep. for 1886, p. 653.
T. McK. HuGHEs. West Yorkshire.
Bursting Rock Surfaces [the author describes some curious phenomena at
Dent Head quarries and Ribble Head tunnel; in cutting the tunnel a thin
layer of hard rock was left as a floor over the underlying shale; the shale,
yielding to the superincumbent weight at the sides, exerted a powerful force
on the overlying thin bed, so that pieces of the latter burst off with a loud
noise]. Geol. Mag., Nov. 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. pp. 511-512.
March 1889.

70 BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALA ONTOLOGY, 1887.

E. HULL. Yorkshire.
Dr. Hinde on the Origin of Carboniferous Chert [remarks on Dr. Hinde’s
paper]. Geol. Mag., Nov. 1887, dec. iii, vol. iv, pp. 525-526.

S. Hype. Derbyshire.

Peakland and the Baths and Climate of Buxton [containing a few

geological notes, with description of Poole’s Cavern, etc.]. 1I2mo, Man-
chester, 1887.

ELIJAH JACKSON. Yorkshire.
Recent Discoveries of Fossil Trees [at Clayton near Bradford, and in
Darley Street, Bradford]. Wesley Nat., April 1887, i. 40 and plate [coarse].

O. W. JEFFS. South Lancs., Cheshire.
A Buried Valley [at about 300 yds. from the Liverpool side, the upper part
of the Mersey Tunnel intersected for about 100 yds.a gorge filled with boulder
clay and erratics ; the clay is hard and of the usual type of lower boulder
clay, elsewhere found resting on the Triassic sandstone; well-rounded
boulders of granite, greenstone, etc., taken out of the clay]. Nat., April
1885, p. 212.

T. RUPERT JONES, and two others. Westmorland, Yorkshire.
[Palzozoic Phyllopoda, being the] Fourth Report of the Committee, con-
sisting of Mr. R. Etheridge, Dr. H. Woodward, and Prof. T. Rupert Jones
(secretary), on the Fossil Phyllopoda of the Palzeozoic Rocks [discussing fossils
from the Lower Wenlock rock of Helm Knot, Dent, the Wenlock beds of
Kirkby Lonsdale, and the Upper Ludlow beds, Benson Knot near Kendal ;
Ceratiocarzs papilio and C. stygta are both tabulated with a query for Benson
Knot, and C. zxornata, C. ruthveniana, C. solenoides, C. gobtiformis, C. peror-
nata, and Emmelozoe elliptica are definitely tabulated for the same place;
while for Kirkby Lonsdale the only species cited is C. valida, and for Helm
Knot C. /eptodactylus}. Brit. Assoc. Rep., Birm. 1886 [pub. 1887], pp. 229-234.

A. J. JUKES-BROWNE. North Lincolnshire.

Note on a Bed of Red Chalk in the Lower Chalk of Suffolk [identifying

it with the lower of the two red bands in the chalk near Louth, which are
described]. Geol. Mag., Jan. 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. pp. 24-28.

A. J. JUKES-BROWNE. East Lincolnshire.
The Geology of Part of East Lincolnshire, including the Country near
the Towns of Louth, Alford, and Spilsby (Explanation of Sheet 84)
[After a general description of the district, and an account of the lowest
formation—the Kimeridge Clay, the author gives a very complete description

of the Lower and Middle Chalk, and of the Glacial and Post-glacial deposits ;

a chapter is also devoted to the physical features (hills and valleys), and
another to the economic products and water-supply ; appendices give the
particulars of well-sections and lists of fossils,while an index completes

the work]. Mem. Geol. Surv. England and Wales, 181 pp., London, 1887.

P. QuIN KEGAN. Westmorland.
Glacial Action near Grasmere [drawing attention to moraine heaps in the
upper part of Ennerdale, around Greenside Reservoir, in Greenup Valley,
and all over the summit of the Stake Pass, etc.]. Sci. Goss., Sep. 1886,

p. 212.

P. Q. KEEGAN. Cumberland, Westmorland.

The Minerals and Flowers of the English Lake District [giving localities
for a number of minerals]. Sci. Goss., Jan. 1887, pp. 1-4.

J. D. KENDALL. Cumberland.

On the best locality for Coal beneath the Permian Rocks of North-West
Cumberland [a criticism of a paper by Mr. T. V. Holmes upon the same
subject]. Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Assoc., No. x (1884-85, pub. 1885),
pp. 109-113.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALZONTOLOGY, 1887. 71

J. D. KENDALL. Yorkshire, Lincolnshire.
The Iron Ores of the English Secondary Rocks [title only given in list
for 1886 ; after showing that the amount of iron-ores raised from Secondary
rocks has increased about nine-fold in thirty years, and now constitutes 56 per
cent. of the total output, and giving a short bibliography of the subject, the
author proceeds to describe in detail the most important sources of iron-ores in
the Secondary strata ; these include in the Lower Lias (A. semzcostatus zone)
the Frodingham bed in North Lincolnshire ; from the Middle Lias the Cleve-
land ironstone, the Main Seam being in the A. sfixatus zone, the Bottom
Seam in that of 4. margaritatus ; the deposit at Caythorpe in South Lincoln-
shire is also Middle Lias; in the Lower Oolites come the Top Seam of
Cleveland and the magnetic iron-stone of Rosedale in that district, also the
ore near Lincoln; to the Lower Cretaceous belong the iron-ores of Claxby in
North Lincolnshire, with Pectex cénctus; the concluding part of the paper
discusses the origin of these ores, the carbonate of iron being supposed to
have replaced carbonate of lime in ordinary limestones]. Trans. N. of Eng.
Inst. Mining and Mech. Eng., vol. xxxv. pp. 105-157 and plates x-xxii. 1886.

P. F. KENDALL. North of England generally.
The Carboniferous Volcanoes of Great Britain [intrusions of lava in
Newcastle coal-field described ; toadstone of Derbyshire alluded to, also
the columnar structure of baked mud in Tideswell Dale]. Trans. Manch.
Geol. Soc. (1886-7), vol. xix. parts vi. and vii. pp. 133-151.

H. WALLIs Kew. North Lincolnshire.
Another Post-glacial Ravine and its inhabitants [commencing with a few
words on its formation and aspect]. Nat. World, March 1886, iii. 41.

G. H. KINAHAN. Yorkshire.

Chert in Irish Carboniferous Rocks [remarks on Dr. Hinde’s paper].
Geol. Mag., Nov. 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. pp. 521-522.

F. H. KNow Ton. Yorkshire, Lancashire.
A Monograph on Stigmaria (review) [Prof. Williamson has collected
specimens of Stigmarvia ficotdes, with the structure exquisitely preserved, in

the districts round Oldham and Halifax]. Bot. Gazette, Feb. 1888, xiii. 43.

L. G. DE Koninck and Max. LOHEsT. Yorkshire.
Notice sur le parallélisme entre le calcaire carbonifere du nord-ouest de

l Angleterre et celui de la Belgique [abstract of paper ;_ see Bibliog. 1886].
Neu. Jahrb. f. Min. Geol. u. Palaont. 1887, Bd. ii. Ref. p. 117.

Lewis L. Kropr. East Yorkshire.
Spurn Head [calling attention to the old map by Saxton (1577) as showing
very distinctly the form of Spurn Head]. Nat., Sep. 1886, p. 279.

G. W. LAMPLuGH. East Yorkshire.
Mammaliferous Gravel at Elloughton, in the Humber Valley [the locality
is Mill Hill, 1 m. N. of the Humber ; a new excavation showed 5 ft. of
yellow sand with a mammoth’s tusk, etc., surmounted by 9 ft. of rough stony
gravel with local boulders]. Nature, June 15th, 1887, vol. xxxvi. p. 153.

G. W. LAMPLUGH. East Yorkshire.
Ona Mammaliferous Gravel at Elloughton in the Humber Valley [account
of a pit excavated into the top of a small isolated hill known as Mill Hill, with
measured section; the fauna of the pit, thus far determined, are L/ephas
primigenius and Equus sp.]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Pol. Soc., vol. ix.
part iii. (1887), pp. 407-411.

G. W. LaMpPLuGH. East Yorkshire.
On the larger boulders of Flamborough Head. Part I. [the more
important boulders upon the beach between Bridlington Quay and Danes’
Dyke are enumerated, with position, description, geological age, shape and
size ; a percentage analysis of the character of the blocks is also included},
Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Pol. Soc., vol. ix. part ili. (1887), pp. 339-343-
March 1889.

72 BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALA ONTOLOGY, 1887.

G. W. LAMPLUGH. East Yorkshire.
Report on the buried Cliff at Sewerby, near Bridlington [this valuable
report is divided thus :—Introduction ; an ancient shore ; the old sea-beach ;
the old land-surface; the blown sands; the fossils; age of the beds; con-
cluding notes]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Pol. Soc., vol. ix. part iii. (1887),
pp. 381-392, with plate.
R. Law and J. HORSFALL. West Yorkshire.
On the Discovery of Carboniferous Fossils in a Conglomerate at
Moughton Fell, near Settle, Yorkshire [giving section and list of fossils ;
abstract of paper read at Brit. Assoc. Meeting at Manchester]. Geol. Mag.,
Jan. 1887, dec. iii. vol. v. p. 30; Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1887, p. 690.
G. A. LEBoUR. West Yorkshire.
Note on a Deposit of Lacustrine Marl in West Yorkshire [occupying the
bottom of the Crummock Valley between Moughton Fell and Norber; the
mar] was pure white, like crumbly chalk, and was almost entirely made up of
fresh-water shells, chiefly of the genera Limca and Cyc/as ; a thin layer of
peaty vegetable matter divides the white mar]]. Nat., Aug. 1884, pp. 16-17.
G. A. LEBouR. Durham.
Note on an Abnormal Deposit of Drift Coal in North Durham [at a small
sandpit near the working-shaft of St. Andrew’s Colliery, worked for a fine
brown sand which rests upon boulder clay, is a much false-bedded mass of
sand and gravel of various degrees of coarseness ; on one side of this sand-pit
was a bed of rolled coal of more than two feet in thickness, dipping steadily
S.E.; the coal pebbles contained were exceptional in size and unlike any
coal-measure coal known in the district; analysis of coal given :—-Volatile
matter 17°0, Red Ash 17°4, Fixed Carbon 65°6]. Nat.,Mch. 1885, pp. 179-180.
G. A. LEBoUR. Durham and North-East Yorkshire.
On the Stratigraphical Position of the Salt Measures of South Durham
[abstract of paper read before British Association, 1886 ; gives classification
of strata from base of Permian to Rheetic ; the salt measures are considered
to represent probably the Upper Permian or Rauchwacke of Germany]. Geol.
Mag., Jan. 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. p. 39. Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1886, p. 673.
G. A. LEBOUR. Northumberland, Durham, N.E. York.
Outlines of the Geology of Northumberland and Durham [the geological
formations are treated in order from above downwards; special attention
is given to the Carboniferous system, chapters being devoted to the Coal
Measures, the Ganister and Millstone Grit series, the Bernician rocks, and
the Tuedian series; the small inliers of Silurian beds in Northumberland
and Teesdale are described; the Igneous rocks of the district are duly
noticed, including the dykes, the Whin Sill, and the granites and felsites of
the Cheviots: extensive lists of Carboniferous fossils are given]. 8vo, cloth,
156 pp. and 5 plates, including maps of Northumberland and Durham, and
part of Cleveland; see Review in Nat., Sep. 1887, p. 288.
G. A. LEBOUR. Northumberland and Durham.
Sketch of the Geology of Northumberland [describing the physical features of
the county, the inliers of Silurian, the Cheviot ‘ porphyrites,’ the whole
Carboniferous system, with the Whin Sill, the Permians of Durham, and the
superficial deposits; a map and sections are given]. Proc. Geol. Assoc.,
vol. ix. pp. 555-575, 1887.
H. CArVILL LEwIs. Northern Counties.
Comparative Studies upon the Glaciation of North America, Great
Britain and Ireland [abstract of paper read before Brit. Assoc. 1886; see
Bibliography for 1886]. Geol. Mag., January 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. pp.
28-32. Brit. Assoc. Report for 1886, pp. 632-635.
H. CarVILL LEwIs. Northern Counties.
On some important Extra-Morainic Lakes in Central England ‘
[the author supposes that the North Sea Glacier dammed back the drainage
of the Humber, forming a lake which extended westward to the Pennines and

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALHONTOLOGY, 1887. 73

southward nearly to London; it deposited the great chalky boulder clay ;
smaller lakes were caused by the Aire glacier, and the Irish Sea glacier
caused many on the west side of the Pennine chain; abstract of paper read
before British Association, at Manchester]. Geol. Mag., Nov. 1887 ; dec. iii.
vol. iv. pp. 515-5173 Sci. Goss., Nov. 1887, p. 262; and Rep. Brit. Assoc.
for 1887, pp. 692-693.
k. Lorruousr. Durham and N.E. Yorkshire.
The River Tees: its Marshes and their Fauna [giving a brief account of
the geology of the basin of the River Tees. including the shell-beds at Canoe
Point, near to Greatham Fleet, and some particulars as to the salt industry].
Nat., Jan. 1887, pp. 1-16.

J. Maptson. Lancashire or Yorkshire.

[Actinocrinus and Productus punctatus from Clitheroe exhibited to Birming-
ham Microscopists’ and Naturalists’ Union]. Midl, Nat., May 1886, ix. 143.

J. E. Marr. Yorkshire.

The Lower Palzozoic Rocks near Settle [a supplementary paper tracing

the succession of these rocks and giving lists of fossils; the author correlates

the strata with those of the Lake District, and points out how they exhibit

an approach in lithological character and fossil contents to their Swedish

equivalents]. Geol. Mag., Jan. 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. pp. 35-38 ; Brit. Assoc.
Rep. for 1886, pp. 663, 664.

J. E. Marr. Yorkshire, etc.
The Work of Ice-Sheets [comparing the glacial phenomena of the Pennine
district with the effects produced by the great Greenland ice-sheet of the
present day]. Geol. Mag., April 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. pp. 151-155.
A. T. METCALFE. Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire.
Rain and Rivers as Geological Agents, with a brief explanation of the
Recent Discovery that the Trent formerly flowed from Newark via Lincoln
into the Wash [and discussing the course of Derbyshire streams]. Trans.
and 34th Report of Nottingham Nat. Soc. for 1886, pp. 35-40.

ea Ce MaiALY, West Yorkshire.
On a Megalichthys from the Yorkshire Coal-field [this example discovered
at Mr. F. B. Ellison’s colliery near Idle, in the roof of the Halifax Hard
Bed ; it measures 3 ft. 8 in. in length, of which the head includes Io ins.
and the tail about a foot ; it is now in the museum of the Leeds Philosophical
Society]. Nat., Jan. 1885, pp. 121-124, with woodcuts and a plate.

HUGH MILLER. Northumberland.
The Geology of the Country around Otterburn and Elsdon (explanation
of Quarter-sheet 108 S.E.; New Series, Sheet 8.) [Silurian beds occupy
two or three square miles in Redesdale; the Old Red Sandstone rocks are
mainly volcanic (“porphyrites’); the remainder of the strata belong to the
Carboniferous; these are fully described; succeeding chapters deal with
Faults, Paleontology, Igneous Rocks, Glaciation, Post-Glacial Deposits,
Physical History of the District, and Economic Geology; three appendices
give respectively a list of publications on the district, a glossary of local terms,
and an account of borings]. Mem. Geol. Surv. England and Wales, 147 pp.,
London, 1887.
HvuGH MILLER. Northumberland.

On the Classification of the Carboniferous Limestone Series : Northum-
brian Type [upholding Tate’s against Lebour’s classification ; paper read at
Brit. Assoc. Meeting, 1886]. Geol. Mag., March 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv.
pp. 117-120; Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1886, pp. 674-676.

W. H. S. Monck. Westmorland.

The Date of the Ice Age [referring to Borrowdale and Easedale Tarn, citing
the unimportant amount of denudation since the Glacial period in argument
that that time cannot be put so far back as Dr. Croll’s 200,000 years]. Geol.

___ Mag., Nov. 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. pp. 523-524.
March 1889.

14 BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALHONTOLOGY, 1887.

E. T. NEwTOoN, P. B. Bropie, and E. WILson. Nottinghamshire.
On the Remains of Fishes from the Keuper of Warwick and Nottingham.
{the specimens from near Nottingham, much broken and crushed, seem to
be Semzonotus, and others to belong to the Palconzscide ; abstract in Proc.
Geol. Soc., May 25th, 1887 ; Geol. Mag., July, dec. iii. vol. iv. pp. 326-327].
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xliii. pp. 537-543 and Plate xxiii. Ann. and
Mag. N. H., Aug. 1887, 5th Ser. xx. pp. 139-140.
H. A. NICHOLSON and J. E. Marr. Cumberland.
On the occurrence of a New Fossiliferous Horizon in the Ordovician
Series of the Lake-District [certain shales and mudstones exposed in
Drygill near Caldbeck Fells were found to contain a fauna of trilobites and
brachiopods, which are supposed ‘to indicate a position about the horizon of
the Llandeilo Limestone or slightly higher; these beds are regarded by the
authors as part of the Borrowdale Series, which has hitherto yielded no
fossils]. Geol. Mag., Aug. 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. pp. 339-344.
H. FRANKLIN PARSONS. Derbyshire.
Waterfall on Kinderscout, Derbyshire [a general description of the Hill of
Kinderscout in the Peak of Derbyshire; in the centre of the western edge is
a cascade about 50 ft. in height]. Nat., Oct. 1886, p. 310.
S. R. PATTISON. Yorkshire.

The Coral Reefs of England [noticing the Mountain Limestone reefs of
Yorkshire (p. 422), and the Corallian rocks of the same county (p. 495)]-
Leisure Hour, June and July, 1887, pp. 420-423, 493-496.

HORACE PEARCE. Westmorland.

Glacial Action near Grasmere [great number and size of glacial moraines
near the outlet of Easdale Tarn observed]. Sci. Goss., Aug. 1886, p. 189.

H. M. PLATNAUER. N.E. Yorkshire.

On the occurrence of Strophalodus Rigauxi (Sauv.) in the Yorkshire
Cornbrash. Ann. Rep. Yorksh. Philosoph. Soc. for 1886, p. 36.

J. POSTLETHWAITE. Cumberland.

Trilobites of the Skiddaw Slates [dividing the specimens found into I.
Trilobites having the thoracic portion of the axal furrows more or less curved,
caudal shield doubtful or altogether absent. 2. Forms having the thoracic
portion of the axal furrows more or less curved, and a well-developed caudal
shield. 3. Those having the axal furrows straight, except the outward curve
near the margin of the carapace, and the rounded posterior extremity of the
axis, a caudal shield being present. Numerous localities given]. Trans. Cumb.
and Westm. Ass., part x (1884-85, pub. 1885), pp. 71-80, with plates ii. and iv.

J. POSTLETHWAITE. Cumberland, Cheshire.

The Mineral Springs near Keswick [describing chalybeate spring at Woodend
Mine, near Threlkeld, and saline springs at Brandley Mine and at Saltwell
Park; an analysis given of the Brandley spring]. Trans. Cumb. and
Westm. Ass., No. xi (1885-86, pub. 1886), pp. 142-145.

HERBERT PRODHAM. Durham.

Drift Coal in Durham [in making the railway from Scotswood to Benfieldside,
a cutting was necessary nearly opposite Gibside, and was some 60 ft. deep in
the deepest part; about two-thirds of this was dry sand resting upon hard
boulder clay; in the sandy portion were ‘discontinuous, wedge-shaped,
current-bedded patches of coal’]. Nat., April 1885, p. 213.

J. RADCLIFFE. South Lancashire.

Quartzite Boulders and Grooves in the Roger Mine at Dukinfield [the
boulders vary from 166 to 4 lb. in weight, and consist of quartzose grit and
quartzite, resembling some of the pebbles in the Bunter conglomerate, and
like the quartzites of Loch Maree]. Abstr. in Proc. Geol. Soc., March 23rd,
1887; Geol. Mag., May 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. p. 238.

CHARLES RICKETTS. Cheshire.

The Boulder-Clay of Cheshire [abstract of a paper read before the
Geological Society, May 27th]. Knowledge, June 13th, 1885, p. 502.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALZONTOLOGY, 1887. vas

H. RosENBUSCH. North of England generally.
Mikroskopische Buiaeccanhie der Massigen Gesteine, 2nd ed. [this
new edition of a much-valued standard work on the microscopical study of
rocks is almost entirely re-written, and contains much new matter; among
North of England rocks we notice references to and descriptions of the
following (the nomenclature being that adopted by the author) : augite-granitite
of the Cheviots; chiastolite- slate around the Skiddaw granite; diabases
[dolerites] of Westmorland, with the leucophyre of Swirrel Edge; salite-
diabase of the Whin Sill [enstatite-dolerite, Teall]; hornblende-picrite of
Little Knott [Bonney]; augite-minettes and kersantites of the Kendal and
Sedbergh district [Bonney and Houghton]; granophyres of Armboth dyke
and Mosedale, the latter with augite; porphyrites of the Cheviots [including
Teall’s hypersthene-andesites]; labrador-porphyrites near Penrith, Eycott
Hill, Alston, and» Langley Ford (Cheviots) [dolerites]; tholeiite dykes of
Hett, Hebburn, Tynemouth, and Morpeth, the last being an olivine-tholeiite ;
and the olivine-free basalt of the Cleveland dyke [augite-andesite of Teall] ].
877 pp. and 6 plates, 8vo, Stuttgart.

H. G. SEELEY. N.E. Yorkshire.

On the Mode of Development of the Young in Plesiosaurus [abstract of
paper read before Brit. Assoc. at Manchester; the author describes a speci-
men from the Lias of Whitby, showing apparently four foetal Plesiosauri, the
flesh mineralised with phosphate of lime]. Geol. Mag., Dec. 1887, dec. iii.
vol. iv, pp. 562-563.

H. W. SCHNEIDER. Furness.

On the Hematite Iron Mines of Low Furness [descriptive of various
mines in this district, the stratification, mode of working, and also a history
of the rise and progress of the Hematite Iron industry]. Trans. Cumb. and
Westm. Assoc., part x (1884-85, pub. 1885), pp. 99-108 and litho. map.

J. SHIPMAN. Nottinghamshire.
Some Traces of the Ancient Beach of the Lower Keuper at Castle
Donington [in Leicestershire, with references to Notts., and a woodcut section
of the cutting]. Trans. and 34th Rep. of Nottingham Nat. Soc. for 1886
[pub. 1887], pp. 61-65 ; and Nat., Feb. 1887, pp. 33-38.
J. SPENCER. Lancashire.
On Boulders found in Seams of Coal [these boulders of foreign rocks are
referred by the author to transport by floating ice. Abstr. in Proc. Geol. Soc.,
June 23rd, 1887; Geol. Mag., Aug., dec. iii. vol. iv. pp. 377, 378]. Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xliii. pp. 734, 735; and Sci. Goss., Aug. 1887, p. 189.
HENRY STOLTERFOTH. West Yorkshire.
Microscopic Examination of Crummach Lake Deposit [contains about
95 per cent. of Carbonate of Lime, which was dissolved out with hydrochloric
acid; the remainder was treated for diatoms, with result nil; it consisted,
on examination by the microscope without chemical treatment, of fragments

of freshwater shells and fine amorphous grains of limestone]. Nat., Oct.
1884, p. 66.

A. STRAHAN. Derbyshire.

On Explosive Slickensides [in the lead-mines of Derbyshire some slicken-
sided veins fly into fragments with violence when touched by the miner’s pick ;
the author suggests that the spars are ina state of strain, similar to that of
Rupert’s drops]. Geol. Mag., Sep. 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. pp. 400-408.

THOMAS TATE. West Yorkshire.

Yorkshire Petrology, Introduction and Part I (The Lamprophyres)
[general remarks upon the Igneous Rocks of Yorkshire; after explanation
of the term ‘lamprophyre’ proceeds to detail sections of Mica-syenite
with Hornblende, Orthoclase felspar, Biotite mica, Magnetite, etc., obtained
at Ingleton]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Pol. Soc., vol. ix. part iii. (1887) pp.
372-381, with 3 plates.

March 1889.

76 BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY, 1887.

J. EE Pear. Northumberland.

Petrographical Notes on some of the Igneous Rocks of Northumberland

[a résumé of the author’s investigations on these rocks, including the plagio-

clase-augite dykes (Tynemouth, Morpeth, Acklington, High Green, etc.), the

Whin Sill, the Old Red Sandstone andesites and porphyrites of the Cheviots,

and the augite-granites and quartz-felsite dykes of the same district]. Proc.
Geol. Assoc., vol. ix. pp. 575-581, 1887.

J. STANLEY TUTE. West Yorkshire.

Note on the occurrence of Lingula in the Millstone Grit Series, West of

Ripon [in a bed of black shale exposed in making reservoirs on Lumley Moor,

for Ripon Waterworks, were discovered examples of Lingula credneri, or

L. mytiloides, the first recorded from the Millstone Grit of this district].
Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Pol. Soc., vol. ix. part iii. (1887), p. 425.

W. Y. VEITCH. North-East Yorkshire.
Fossils in the Yorkshire Lias [C/ometes clevelandicus, Pleuromya navicula,
Tsts liassica, described in Proc. Yorksh. Geol. and Poly. Soc.]. Nat. World,
May 1886, ii. 98.
GEORGE R. VINE. Northern Counties generally.
Micro-Palzontology ;of the Northern Carboniferous Shales [divided
into (1) Introduction, Foraminifera, etc. ; (2) Polyzoa of the Redesdale Shales,
Northumberland ; (3) Ostracoda, Monticulipora and Miscellaneous Forms,
Redesdale Shales ; (4) Polyzoa, Entomostraca, Gasteropoda and Miscellaneous
Organisms of the Skelly Gate Shales, Northumberland; (5) Upper Carbon-
iferous Shales, Northumberland, Yoredale, Fourstones, ‘Ingrow,’ Lowick,
Polyzoa and Entomostraca; (6) Carboniferous Shales, Northumberland and
North Lancashire, etc., Scaur Limestone and Yoredale Rocks, Foraminifera,
&c.]. Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 37, &c.; Oct. 1884, pp. 61-66; Dec. 1884, pp.
97-103; April 1885, pp. 207-212; Sep. 1885, pp. 313-320; Nov. 1885,
pp: 367-378.
G. R. VINE. North Lincolnshire.
Fossil Polyzoa in Lincolnshire [in the Neocomian Clays of Donington-on-
Bain; either new or allied to foreign examples of Aztalophora gracilis
(Ceriopora gracilis) Goldfuss]. Nat. Jan. 1887, p. 18.
G. R. VINE. Lincolnshire.
Notes on a Species of Entalophora from the Neocomian Clay of Lincoln-
shire. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1887, (5) vol. xix. pp. 17-18; and
Nat., Jan. 1887, p. 18 (see preceding title).
F. FIELDER WALTON. East Yorkshire.
Geology of the District between Market Weighton and the Humber [a
brief account of the narrow band of Liassic and Oolitic beds which is exposed
on the west side of the wolds from Market Weighton to the Humber].
24 pp., 8vo, Hull, 1886. Reviewed by E. M. C[ole]. in Nat., March 1887,
p. 88.
T. Warp. Cheshire.
The History and Cause of the Subsidences at Northwich and its
Neighbourhood, in the Salt District of Cheshire [these destructive
subsidences are caused by the removal of the salt, which is pumped off in the
form of brine]. Geol. Mag., Nov. 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. pp. 517, 5185
Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., 1886-7, parts vi. and vil. pp. 152-172.
WILLIAM WEST. Westmorland.
Glacial Action near Grasmere [a note recommending geologists to study the
moraines of Upper Langdale and Borrowdale]. Sci. Goss., Sep. 1886, p. 212.
W. H. WHEELER. South Lincolnshire.
Post-tertiary Deposits at Boston [in the excavations being made for the new
dock and out-fall of the river, below the alluvium were beds of peat and sand
containing remains of large trees; below this again, a thick layer of boulder

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALAONTOLOGY, 1887. 77

clay, largely interspersed with chalk, which gave it a grey appearance ;
succeeding this, another boulder clay of a lead colour, or nearly black, con-
taining large numbers of ice-scratched blocks]. Nat., March 1887, p. 71.

W. C. WILLIAMSON. West Yorkshire.

On the Organisation of the Fossil Plants of the Coal-measures. Aefer-

angium ttlieotdes (Will.) and Kaloxylon hooker? [describing new specimens
from Halifax]. Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xlii. pp. 8-10.

W. C. WILLIAMSON. South Lancashire.
On the true Fructification of the Carboniferous Calamites [specimens
recently found near Oldham prove the Calamites to be true spore-bearing
cryptogams, and so allied to the equisetums]. Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xlii.

pp. 389, 390; Proc. Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc., Feb. 22nd, 1887, xxvi. 95.

W. C. WILLIAMSON. West Yorkshire.
On recent Researches among the Carboniferous Plants of Halifax [giving
a number of interesting results obtained from some fine specimens in the
Lower Carboniferous of Halifax ; refers also to the Stigmaria described by

S. A. Adamson]. Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1886, pp. 654-655.

W. C. WILLIAMSON. West Yorkshire and South Lancashire.
A Monograph on the Morphology and Histology of Stigmaria ficoides
[containing allusions to specimens from the Yorkshire and Lancashire coal-
fields, with a photograph (pl. xv) of the S¢evzarza discovered at Clayton
near Bradford]. Palseontographical Soc., vol. for 1886 (pub. 1887), pp. i-iv.
I-62, pl. i-xv.

W. C. WILLIAMSON. South Lancashire.

[Exhibition of Schizopteris anomala LBrongn., remarkably fine, from

Bardsley Colliery, Ashton-under-Lyne; details and comparisons given].
Proc. Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc., Dec. Ist, 1885, xxv. 77-78.

E. WILSON. Lincolnshire.

British Liassic Gasteropoda [describing and figuring A/oxodonta lindecolina,

a new species from the Upper Lias, Oxynotus zone, at Lincoln]. Geol. Mag.,
May 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. pp. 201, 202.

THos. WINDER. Derbyshire.
Poole’s Cavern, Buxton [account of discovery, on Jan. 8th, 1887, of human
remains, pottery, etc.]. Nat. World, Feb. 1887, iv. 4o.

H. B. Woopwarp. Northern Counties in general.
The Geology of England and Wales, with Notes on the Physical
Features of the Country : 8vo, xv and 670 pp. and map: London, 1887 ;
2nd ed. [This much-enlarged edition, with more than a hundred sections
and illustrations, is a very complete geological guide to England and Wales;
the northern counties receive a large share of attention; the correlation -of
the Lower Palzozoics of the Lake District is carefully handled ; the coal-fields
are noticed in order; the Permian and Trias are mapped together, with the
usual discussion of their mutual relations ; the Jurassic and Cretaceous systems
are treated at length; and the Glacial deposits of Lancashire, Yorkshire, and
Lincolnshire of course receive full notice. Reviewed by A. H[arker]. in Nat.,
Oct. 1887, pp. 300-302].

H. Woopwarpb. West Yorkshire.
On Some Spined Myriapods from the Carboniferous Series of England
[mentions (p. 9) and figures a fragmentary specimen from the Carboniferous
Limestone of Grassington]. Geol. Mag., Jan. 1887, dec. iii. vol. iv. pp. 1-10
and pl. i.
JOHN YOUNG. Derbyshire.
[Elaterite, or flexible bitumen, a hydrocarbon mineral found in fissures in the
carboniferous limestone at Castleton, Derbyshire]. Young Nat., Oct. 1887,
Vill. 200.
March 1889.

78 NOTES AND NEWS.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Ruff and Goshawk near Whitby in Winter 1888-9.—A Ruff (Machetes
pugnax), which for some time had frequented the neighbourhood of Ruswarp, was
last seen on the 2nd December, 1888. A male Goshawk (Astur palumbarius)
was shot by one of the keepers at Keldy Castle, near Levisham, on the 14th ult. ;
it is a fine mature specimen, and has been preserved by Mr. J. H. Wilson of
Whitby.—THos. STEPHENSON, Whitby, 20th February, 1889.

Sand-Grouse near York.—I have to record the occurrence of three Sand-
Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus Pallas), two females and one male having come into
my possession. One of the females was found dead in a fallow field near here,
and the other two were shot in June last year. I have had the pleasure of
personally examining some sixty specimens. The majority of these birds were in
more or less bad plumage, some evidently well advanced in moult and were
chiefly females, of which latter there seems to have been the greatest quantity.
The sixty Sand-Grouse seen by me had all been shot in Yorkshire during 1888.
—WILLIAM HEWETT, 3, Wilton Terrace, Fulford Road, York, Feb. Ist, 1889.

Pallas’ Sand-Grouse near Skegness.—The following extract from the
‘Lincoln, Rutland, and Stamford Mercury’ newspaper of 18th January, 1889,
recording an occurrence of Syrrhaptes paradoxus, will be of interest :—‘ During
the past few days Mr. Grimstead, taxidermist, Skegness, has had three Sand-
Grouse brought to him for setting-up. The birds in question were shot near
Ingoldmells.’ This is a parish bordering the German Ocean, about four miles
north of Skegness.—JAS. EARDLEY Mason, Alford, 18th January, 1889.

Sand-Grouse in Cleveland.—Three more Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus)
have been killed near Redcar. One, a female, was shot from a flock of seven on
the South Gare Breakwater at the Tees Mouth, on the 14th February. Another
female was killed at the same place on the following day ; and a third example, a
male, was picked up on the sands on the 16th. It had an old wound in the side—
the cause of death, was very poor in body, and the flesh was quite putrid. Both
the female birds were in good condition. —T. H. NELSON, Redcar, 25th Feb., 1889.

NOTES AND NEWS.

The Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., President of the Geological Section of the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and Mr. S. Chadwick, one of the Secretaries of that
Section, have lately been elected Fellows of the Geological Society of London.

ee

Mr. S. D. Bairstow, F.L.S., of Port Elizabeth in the Cape Colony, has
devoted himself with his characteristic energy to good and useful work in that
district, and his Yorkshire friends will be pleased to know that through his
instrumentality at the Cape and that of Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod in England,
considerable light has been thrown upon the history and the method of destruction
of Zeerya purchasz, a South Australian bug which—having invaded South Africa—
is committing there great ravages on trees and shrubs. A pamphlet on the subject,
which is worked out with Miss Ormerod’s accustomed ability, is now before us.
por

The fifty-sixth Anniversary Meeting of the Entomological Society of
London was held on the 16th January, when the following were elected as
Officers and Council for 1889 :—President, the Right Hon. Lord Walsingham,
M-A., F.R.S.; Treasurer, Mr. Edward Saunders, F.L.S.; Secretaries, Mr.
Herbert Goss, F.L.S., and the Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A., F.L.S.; Librarian,
Mr. Ferdinand Grut, F.L.S.; and as other Members of Council, Mr. Henry W.
Bates, F.R.S.; Captain H. J. Elwes, F.L.S.; Mr. William. H. B. Fletcher,
M.A.: Mr. F. DuCane Godman, M.A., F.R.S.; Prof. Raphael Meldola, F.R.S. ;
Dr. Philip Brooke Mason, F.L.S.; Mr. Osbert Salvin, M.A., F.R.S.; and
Dr. David Sharp, F.L.S.

Naturalist,

79

A YORKSHIRE BIRD
NEW TO THE EUROPEAN AVIFAUNA?

W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., Etc.,
Nat. Hist. Dept., Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh.

AT the meeting of the Zoological Society of London held on the
15th of January last, the Rev. Canon Tristram, F.R.S., made some
remarks on a specimen of Lymberiza cioides Brandt, which was
‘believed’ to have been obtained at Flamborough in October 1887.
This is a most interesting scrap of news for ornithologists, and it is
much to be hoped that full particulars concerning the occurrence of
this feathered stranger to Europe may be forthcoming. £. cioides
appears to be arare bird in collections, and even the British Museum
can only boast of a few specimens. It is an inhabitant of Siberia
and Mongolia; so that, as a visitor to Europe and to our own shores,
it cannot be regarded as a much greater waif from its accustomed
habitat than Zurdus varius, T. atrigularis, Phylloscopus superciliosus,
Syrrhaptes paradoxus, Bernicla ruficollis, or a few other casuals of
Eastern Palzearctic origin which every now and then unaccountably
elect to wander ‘westward ho,’ even unto Britain.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Hawfinch near York.—I have to record the occurrence of the Hawfinch
( Coccothraustes vulgaris), a male specimen of which was brought me alive on the
19th January, having been captured near York. I may add that it is a very rare
bird in this neighbourhood.—WILLIAM HEWETT, 3, Wilton Terrace, Fulford
Road, York, February Ist, 1889.

Black-throated Diver near Alford, Lincolnshire.—In the first week of
May 1888, a Black-throated Diver (Colymbus arcticus L.) was shot at Hogsthorpe
near Alford. It is in the possession of William Boulton, surgeon, of the former
place, and is apparently a bird of the previous year. I heard of it at the time,
but did not see it until to-day.—Jas. EARDLEY MAson, Alford, 23rd Jan., 1889.

Wintering of the Ruff.—Mr. Cordeaux’s interesting note on the occurrence
of Machetes pugnax in mid-winter induced me to turn up one or two references.
Who first recorded the wintering of the Ruff in Britain is at present unknown to
me. Certainly. Mr. Booth drew attention to the fact in 1876, when he published
his Catalogue of Birds (cf. Catalogue, p. 144). In the Zoologist (1879, p. 134),
Mr. Mansell-Pleydell recorded a Reeve snared in Dorset in December ; Gunn,
the Norwich bird-stuffer, recorded another example shot in Suffolk in January
(Zool., 1885, p. 54). The fact also received notice in Saunders’ edition of Yarrell.
If Mr. Cordeaux investigates the point, I think he would find other and earlier
records. These may suffice in the meantime. Personally, I always associate
Ruffs with August and September, in which months we find that a few visit our
salt-marshes every year. The London markets often expose Ruffs for sale in
October, and in 1886 I handled eight Ruffs in winter dress, which were sent in to
Leadenhall on the 26th of October. But I do not think that many Ruffs prolong
their stay with us after September.—H. A. MACPHERSON, Carlisle, Jan. 31st, 1889.

I saw a male JZ. pugnax exposed for sale in the flesh in the Leeds market in
January 1877. Mr. Cordeaux informs me that a Ruff was obtained near Withernsea
on January 20th last—a second Yorkshire winter specimen for this season.—
W. E. CLARKE.

March 1889.

80

GERANIUM MACRORHIZUM
AND CAREX GIBSONI IN WEST YORKSHIRE.

ARTHUR BENNETT, F.L.S.

In the lately-published excellent ‘ Flora of West Yorkshire,’ Mr. F. A.
Lees has recorded the first-named plant under the name of G. xodosum,
with a note—‘ no further information.’ As the history of this plant
may help to show how ambiguities, etc., get into Floras, I will give
it as concisely as possible. In the first volume of ‘ The Phytologist,’
p- 525, Mr. H. C. Watson enquires whether Mr. S. Gibson is the
Mr. Gibson connected with whose name Geranium nodosum appears
in the New Botanist’s Guide. At p. 556 Mr. Gibson replies—‘ If the
Geranium in question be any Geranium which I sent to Mr. Bowman,
it will be G. pyrenatcum, and the locality would be Washerlane,
near Halifax. At p. 588 Mr. Watson replies that the plant
may be xodosum, but certainly is not pyrenatcum. Lastly,
Mr. H. C. Watson in Comp. Cybele Brit., p. 495, remarks—
‘Geranium macrorhizum? Prov. 13. Washerlane, near Halifax.
Mr. S. Gibson. Ambiguity.’ He mentions the record in N. B. Guide
and Phytologist, and remarks—‘ The specimen is a mere scrap, the
top of a flowering stem or branch, and assuredly wide away from
G pyrenaicum. It may, perchance, be the old garden-flower above
named; the fragment itself perhaps picked in a garden. But
‘Washerlane’ might be examined by a resident botanist.’

[Watson’s herbarium is now at Kew, and the specimen of
Geranium in question clearly belongs to G. macrorhizum. There
were two well-known botanical Mr. Bowmans. This is R. B. Bowman
of Newcastle.—J].G.B. ]

Carex gibsoni Bab. was first described in the Annals of Nat.
Hist., ii, p. 168, t. 5. In the second edition of his ‘ Manual,’ Prof.
Babington remarks, p. 362: ‘ This very remarkable plant may,as seems
generally suspected, be an abnormal form of some species (perhaps
C. acuta, as suggested by Dr. Boott), but after a careful re-examina-
tion of it, I am unable to refer it to any one.’ On a specimen in
Borrer’s herbarium at Kew, Dr. Boott has written—‘I am glad I have
seen this; it must be a form of C. goodenovit or cespitosa (stricta G.).
It will not do to establish a species on such specimens. It is curious
as a variety, I should say of C. goodenovit.’ The fruit and glumes
are remarkably long; the latter are whitish or yellowish at the tips.
I think there is no doubt it comes under C. geodenoviz.

Naturalist,

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES
FROM REDCAR AND TEES MOUTH
For 1887 and 1888.

T.. H.| NELSON; MEE -O2U.;
Redcar.

IN continuation of my notes for 1886, I now beg to forward the result
of my observations during the past two seasons. The most noticeable
features of 1887 were the great abundance of waders, principally
Pigmy Curlews (Zvinga subarguata), Little Stints (Z. minuta),
Knots (Z. canutus), and Grey Plovers (Sguatarola helvetica) in the
early autumn, and, later, the unusual numbers of Long-tailed Ducks
(Harelda glacialis) which frequented the sea off Redcar and the
Tees mouth. With regard to Pigmy Curlews and Little Stints, they
appear to have been noticed in many different places; correspon-
dents of mine who were shooting on the coasts of Wales, Northum-
berland, South Yorkshire, and Norfolk, all commented on the large
numbers of these small shore-birds which were met with; while as
for Long-tailed Ducks, the natural history columns of the ‘ Field’
and the pages of the ‘ Zoologist’ testify that this usually uncommon
sea-duck has been noticed by different observers all round our
coasts.

April 12th, 1887.—A white Guillemot (Zomuvia trotle) was seen at
sea by several of the fishermen; another Guillemot, with a white head,
probably the same bird, was reported on the 28th; on the same
day many Gannets (Sw/a bdassana), in pairs, were flying S.E.
15th.—The first clutch of Ringed Plover’s (4gialitis hiaticula) eggs,
and on the 18th the first Redshank’s (Zo¢anus calidrts) eggs, were
found on the neighbouring marshes. During April and May
several Manx Shearwaters (Pujinus anglorum), Great Northern and
Red-throated Divers (Colymbus glactalts and C. septentrionalis), and
large bodies of Razorbills (Alca ‘torda), Guillemots (Zomvia trotle),
and Puffins (Fratercula arctica) were observed at sea. A pair of
Sheldrakes (Zadorna cornuta) frequented the sands E. of Redcar all
the spring, and I saw four at the Tees mouth in May. If undisturbed
there is no doubt they would breed in some favourable spot on the
sand-hills.

May 7th.—Mussell, the Middlesbrough taxidermist, had a female
Peregrine (Falco peregrinus), and a female Hen Harrier (Circus
cyaneus), which had been trapped at Egton Bridge, near Whitby, at
March 1889. F

82 NELSON : ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM REDCAR,

the latter end of April. 13th.—A Whimbrel (Wumenius phaeopus)
passed to the N.W. in the early morning, and on the 14th another
was heard whistling overhead. The first flock of Terns was noticed
on the 17th. On the 24th I saw two Sanderlings (Calidris arenaria)
in summer plumage, on the East sands; and on the oth of Junea
large flock of birds, including Sanderlings, Knots (Zvinga canutus),
Turnstones (Strepsilas interpres), Grey Plovers (Sguatarola helvetica),
etc., was observed at 3.0a.m. No doubt these birds, as also the
Whimbrels before mentioned, would be on the way North ‘to their
breeding-grounds.

June 8th.— Fifteen Geese passed to the N.W. Twelve Sheldrakes
(Zadorna cornuta) were seen at sea the next day.

July 14th.—The migration from the North commenced; twelve
Whimbrels were observed on Salt Scar; on the 26th the first
Turnstones were seen on the same place, and the first Knots on the
27th.

August 1st.—About twenty Manx Shearwaters and three or four
immature Gannets were seen in the offing, On the 2nd, adult
Sanderlings, in faded plumage, were plentiful in the estuary; two
small flocks of Lesser Terns (Sterma minuta) were also seen.
3rd.— Mr. Emerson saw three Manx Shearwaters, and shot one,
about two miles off Redcar. In the Tees Bay, in the afternoon, a
Black Tern (Hydrochelidon nigra) was flying in company with a flock
of the commoner species. On the 4th Mr. W. Pyman shot a Manx
Shearwater, and saw several others, off Redcar. 13th.—Several
Shearwaters, one being P. major or P. griseus, were noticed at sea.
The first Godwits (Zzmosa lapponica) appeared at the Tees mouth.
16th.—Skuas (either Stercorarius catarrhactes or S. pomatorhinus)
and Shearwaters were reported from the fishing-grounds. I shot a
Lesser Tern (Sterna minuta) and a Pigmy Curlew (Z: subarquata)
at the Tees mouth. Eight Grey Plovers, with black breasts, were on
the sands E. of the breakwater. s19th.—N.E. wind, light, dull.
Several flocks of Duck (Aas boschas) and Teal (Querquedula crecca)
passed in the early morning. I secured two more Pigmy Curlews,
from a flock of about twenty, as they flew over the Scars to the
East of Redcar; and the next day shot another at the same place.
21st.—A large flock of Oystercatchers (H@matopus ostralegus) flew
past to the N.W. 23rd.—Terns were abundant at sea; nearly all
were Sterna fluviatilis. I also noticed a dark-plumaged Richardson’s
Skua (Stercorarius crepidatus). 24th.—I saw several Richardson’s
Skuas, and obtained one, the adult dark variety. Both Common and
Arctic Terns were numerous, the latter species (.S. macrura) pre-
dominating. In the early part of September Richardson’s Skuas

Naturalist,

NELSON : ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM REDCAR. 83

were in great numbers in the Tees Bay, pursuing the Terns and
small Gulls. At this time both Little Stints and Pigmy Curlews
abounded at the Tees mouth, several examples of each being
shot.

September 6th.—S.W. gale, fine. A ‘rush’ of shore-birds took
place ; Godwits, Whimbrels, Grey Plovers, Pigmy Curlews, Little
Stints, etc. On the 13th, with a N. gale and rain, there was another
great migratory flight, consisting of Duck, Teal, Grey Plovers, God-
wits, Dunlins (Z7zzga alpina), Knots, and Oystercatchers, as also a
few Pigmy Curlews. On the 16th shore-birds were more numerous
than they have been for several years past. To use a local expres-
sion, ‘the Tees was full of Grey Plovers.’ Several more Pigmy
Curlews and Little Stints were shot. On the 17th the first flight of
migrant Larks (4/auda arvensis) passed over, and the next day the
first Snow Bunting (Plectrophanes nivalis) was seen in the early
morning on the E. sands. 2oth.—N. wind, moderate, dull. A flock
of about thirty Richardson’s Skuas flew high overhead to the N.W.,
making a continuous screaming call. The first Shore Larks ( Ofocorys
alpestris) and several Snow Buntings passed to the N.W. 22nd.—Fine
and calm. I was out at sea and shot an adult drake Common Scoter
(Gdemia nigra) from a large flock, and also an adult Sandwich Tern
(Sterna cantiaca)—this is a late date on which to see this latter bird.
A Great Northern and two Red-throated Divers (Colymbus glactalis
and C. septentrionalis) flew past to the S.E. The next day I went
off again, and saw two Manx Shearwaters, one of which I secured ;
Mussell tells me it is the finest specimen he has ever preserved.
I also procured two immature Gannets and two immature Richardson’s
Skuas, there being several of each observed. 25th.—N.W., light,
fine. The first- Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) passed to the W.
28th.— At sea I noticed four Great Northern Divers flying to
the S.E., and two Glaucous Gulls (Larus glaucus) going to the
N.W.

October t1st.-—N. wind, moderate, dull to rain. A great rush of
Ducks, principally Widgeon (Mareca penelope). Fifty or sixty large
flocks passed; seven which were shot were all immature birds.
During the first week in October many Skuas, chiefly Pomatorhine
(Stercorarius pomatorhinus), were observed at sea in small flocks ; the
majority were adult white-breasted birds. Numbers of Gannets were
also seen three or four miles off. On the 4th the first Goldcrest
(Regulus cristatus) appeared on the sand-hills. 6th.—I observed a
flock of twelve immature Pomatorhine Skuas and a Sandwich
Tern out at sea. Two Skuas were shot from a steamer this day.
7th.—A Goosander (Mergus merganser) passed to the N,W.
March 1880,

84 NELSON : ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM REDCAR.

gth.—N.E. gale, very stormy. The first Woodcock (Scolopax
rusticola) and Short-eared Owl (Aso accifitrinus) came over.
18th.—Thirty or forty Pomatorhine Skuas, one only being adult,
passed to the N.W. Three Velvet Scoters (@demia fusca) flew
past; one was shot, and proved to be an immature male. Two
Fulmar Petrels (Au/marus glacialis), one a fine adult male, were
picked up alive on the beach, having been driven ashore by the
storm. On the 12th twenty-eight Geese passed to the N.W. On
the 13th a Long-tailed Duck (Hare/da glacialis) and two immature
Pomatorhine Skuas were shot, and an immature Ringed Guillemot
was picked up alive along the E. sands. The storm continued until
he 16th and after it abated Mr. Woodhouse and I went off in a
boat in search of Ducks. We found an immense flock of Common
Scoters to the E. of Redcar, and, for several days, had capital sport.
Mr. Woodhouse, Mr. Emerson, and myself in seven days, between
the 18th October and the 19th November, killed and gathered
ninety-three Common and two Velvet Scoters ; a great many of the
wounded birds were lost owing to their diving capabilities and
toughness of skin. The biggest bag made in one day was on the
5th November, when Mr. Emerson and I gathered one Velvet and
twenty-five Common Scoters. Long-tailed Ducks were also very
plentiful throughout the season. Between the 13th October and the
end of February at least forty examples have been killed to my
knowledge. I shot two myself—one on the 31st October and
the other on the 17th November, both being young males ; indeed,
all those which I examined were immature birds. From the
middle of October to the middle of November there was a
constant stream of migration, in varying numbers, of Larks,
Hooded Crows (Corvus cornix), Peewits (Vanellus vulgaris), and
various small birds, such as Chaffinches (Fringilla celebs), Black-
birds (Turdus merula), Redbreasts (Ertthacus rubecula), with a few
Short-eared Owls and Woodcock. On several days, towards the end
of October, Larks, Hooded Crows and Peewits passed incessantly,
from daylight to the middle of the afternoon. Oct. r9th.—The last
Terns were observed flying towards the S.E. 25th.—A male Ring-
ouzel (Zurdus torguatus) was shot in Bilsdale. 31st.—I saw four
Redwings (7: ¢/tacus) passing in a S.W. direction.

November 9th.—I was at the Tees mouth in a boat, and shot a
male Red-throated Diver (Colymbus septentrionalis), with most of the
red feathers on the throat remaining. 12th.—A Great Spotted Wood-
pecker (Dendrocopus major) was observed in some gardens in front
of Fishermen’s Square. 16th.—A large flock of about five hundred
Geese was reported by the fishermen who had been some four or five

Naturalist,

NELSON: ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM REDCAR. 85

miles off. I saw an immense flock of Peewits cross over from sea-
ward. 17th.—A Bean Goose (Axser segetum) was shot near Marske.
22nd.—A few Purple Sandpipers (Z7inga striata) were observed at
the Tees mouth, and two were shot. 24th.—Several small bodies
of Wood Pigeons (Columba palumbus) crossed over from the sea to
the S.W.

December 2nd.—N.W., light, fine. A large flight of Snow Buntings
passed in the early morning, flying to the N.W. 7th.—A Glaucous
Gull (Zarus gdaucus) remained on the sands in front of the house
nearly all the morning. gth.—A flock of about 120 ‘Grey’ Geese
passed high overhead to the S.W. 26th.—Two small herds of Swans,
containing six and eight respectively, were seen at sea.

January 18th, 1888.—Whilst one of the fishermen was setting his
lines near Coatham Pier, a Manx Shearwater (Pugjinus anglorum)
remained for a considerable time close to the boat, and showed no
alarm until it approached almost within oar’s length.

February.—Longtailed Ducks (Hareida glacialis) were still
numerous. A male was shot in the Tees on the 14th; two others
on the 2oth; and a flock of about forty was constantly seen off
Redcar.

During the stormy weather towards the end of February, a great
many Common and Black-headed Gulls (Larus canus and L. ridi-
bundus) were shot. Large flocks of Fieldfares (Zurdus jpilaris),
Redwings (Z. zzacus), Golden Plovers (Charadrius pluvialis), and
Stockdoves (Co/umba enas) were driven from their inland resorts,
by the heavy snows and frosts, to the open ground in the vicinity
of the coast, which had been clear from snow all the winter. The
Fieldfares and Redwings soon lost condition, and grew very bold
in search of food. Fourteen Stockdoves were killed at one shot
while feeding amongst some cabbages in a field between Redcar
and Marske.

March r5th.— Weather stormy, N.E. gale and heavy rain.
A Brent Goose (Lernicla brenta) was shot on the sands near Redcar
Pier. I purchased a very fine adult Velvet Scoter drake (4demia
Jusca) from a fisherman, who had found it dead on Coatham Sands.
Another equally good specimen was picked up on the 31st; these
two are the only adult drakes of this species which have come under
my observation here in the course of fifteen years, and it is rather
strange that they should have occurred within a fortnight of each
other.

April 1st.—Several Wheatears (Saxicola ewnanthe) were flitting
about on the Redcar sand-hills. 3rd.—Seventeen Grey Geese passed
overhead, flying eastward.

March 1889.

86 PHYSCOMITRELLA PATENS IN DERBYSHIRE.

July 1st.—A male adult Sandwich Tern (Sterna cantiaca) was
picked up on Coatham Sands, where, on the same date, I found a
Fulmar Petrel (Fa/marus glactalis), washed up at high-water mark.
28th.—Whimbrels (Wumentus pheopus) and Turnstones (Strepsilas
interpres) appeared at the Tees mouth.

August.—The usual shore-birds were in the Tees estuary
Godwits, a few Grey Plovers, Lesser Terns, Knots, Sanderlings,
and so forth. 28th.—I shot an immature Rutf (Zachetes pugnax),
which was flying in company with a flock of Sanderlings (Caldris
arenaria).

September 30th.—N.E. gale. Six Pomatorhine Skuas (Sterco-
rarius pomatorhinus) flew past to the N.W. They were all adults,
with white breasts, the long tail feathers being plainly discernible
from my window.

October 15th.—The Middlesbrough taxidermist received a male
Eider (Somateria mollissima), immature, which had been shot in the
Tees. 17th.—A very fine adult Long-tailed Drake (Harelda glacialts)
was shot off Redcar.

November 2nd, 3rd and 4th.—A great flight of Ducks and
Woodcock took place. Wind N.E., blowing a gale, with rain.
6th.—A Scaup Drake (Fu/igu/a marila) was shot on the sands within
a few yards of the Esplanade. 8th.—Another splendid example of
the Long-tailed Drake was killed in the Tees estuary by a fisherman,
from whom I purchased it. g9th.—I shot an immature Red-breasted
Merganser (Mergus serrator) on Coatham sands. Some time about
the middle of December, Mr. Emerson found the remains of an adult
Little Gull (Larus minutus) near the old Lifeboat House. About the
same date a female Great Northern Diver (Colymbus glactalis) was
shot near the Tees mouth. 29th.—A Little Grebe (Zachybaptes
fluviatilis) was killed in the Tees estuary.

The season of 1888-9 has been one of the worst I have known
for wild fowl—the mild weather, probably, being the reason why so
few birds have visited us.

January 1889.

NOTE—CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY.

Physcomitrella patens in Derbyshire.—At a meeting of the Manchester
Cryptogamic Society, held December 17th, 1888, Mr. W. H. Pearson in
the chair, Mr. John Whitehead sent specimens of Physcomztrella patens from
Chapel-en-le-Frith for the society’s herbarium. It was interesting to know
that this somewhat rare and pretty little moss had been found in abundance
on the dried-up muddy bed of the lake at Chapel-en-le-Frith during the dry
summer of 1887, by Prof. Barker, late of Owens College. The following gentle-
men were elected officers of the society for the ensuing year :—Dr. B. Carrington,
president ; Mr. G. A. Holt and Mr. Frederick Bower, vice-presidents ; Mr. W. H.
Pearson, librarian ; and Mr. Thomas Rogers, honorary secretary.

Naturalist,

87

ADDITIONS TO THE ALGZ# OF
WEST YORKSHIRE.

WM. WEST, B.S),
Lecturer in Botany and Materia Medica at the Bradford Technical College.

SINCE the issue of the ‘ Flora of West Yorkshire,’ I have examined—
with the valued and critical assistance of my son, G. S. West—a large
number of gatherings of algee, some of which are additional species
to the district, while others are but new localities, though some of the
latter are very interesting. Although I have collected from hundreds
of places, extensive districts are almost entirely unrepresented, and
those that are fairly represented can by no means be said to be
exhausted. Collecting at all periods of the year, many forms are
examined and drawn which cannot possibly be determined; for
example, species of @dogonium, on account of absence of oospheres,
this genus being always easy of recognition in a barren condition
because of the screw-like appearance of the projections caused by
the remains of the earlier cell-walls, by reason of the peculiar
method of growth in length of the -cells by intercalary development.

One point I particularly wish to draw the attention of workers to,
and that is, that they should make careful observations at all times
of the year, and even for several years if possible, with regard to
those forms they find in some easily accessible locality. Observations
of this kind are of great value, as many of those species generally
considered as autonomous are now by many believed to be but
different stages of development of other undoubted species.
Dr. Hansgirg, of Prague, has studied this phase of the subject
attentively and extensively. Students should read his observations, an
excellent précis of which is given by that veteran and industrious
worker, the Rev. Francis Wolle, in his ‘ Fresh-water Algz of the
United States.’ Dr. Braxton Hicks’ paper in the ‘ Quarterly Journal
of Microscopical Science’ for 1861 is well worth reading, and those
students who will take sufficient trouble to examine suitable corners
near upland country paths will find the material necessary for
abundant confirmation of Dr. Hicks’ observations.

In the following list the species new to West Yorkshire are
preceded by an asterisk. Records from gatherings made by others
than myself are followed by the names of the collectors.

The classification followed is that of Cooke’s Fresh-water Algze.
The Allerton mentioned is three miles W.N.W. of Bradford. The
Hawksworth mentioned is five miles N. of Bradford.

March 1889.

88 WEST: ADDITIONS TO THE ALG# OF WEST YORKSHIRE.

Ciass 1.—CHLOROPHYLLOPHYCE.

ORDER 1I1.—COCCOPHYCE#.
Fam. 1.—PALMELLACE.

*Pleurococcus angulosus Meneg. Penyghent; G. S. West.
*Chlorococcum humicolum Rabh. Baildon; W. and G. 5S. West.
*Chlorococcum gigas Grun. Adel Bog; W. and G. S. West.
Gleeocystis ampla Kiitz. Wigton Moor; near Keighley. Baildon;
W. & G. S. West. _Penyghent; G. S. West.
Gleocystis vesiculosa Nig. Near Keighley ; Malham ; Wigton
Moor. Baildon; W. and G. S. West.
Gleocystis rupestris (Lyngb.) Rabh. Near Keighley ; Wigton
Moor. *
*Gleocystis botryoides Kitz. Near Keighley.
*Schizochlamys gelatinosa A.Braun. Cullingworth. Abundant
in a drain ditch, Nab Wood, Bingley.
*Palmella mucosa Kiitz. Keighley; Doncaster; Beamsley
Beacon ; Goole.

*Palmodactylon subramosum Nag. Wigton Moor. This was
in nice condition and exactly agreed both as to form and
dimensions with the excellent figure of Kirchner in ‘Die
Mikroskopische Pflanzenwelt des Stsswassers. 1885.’

Dictyosphezrium ehrenbergianum Nag. Baildon; W. and
G. S. West.
Fam. II.—PROTOCOCCACE.
Scenedesmus acutus Meyen. Hawksworth; W.andG.S. West.
Pediastrum boryanum Turp. Austwick; Hawksworth; Wigton.

Fam. III.— VOLVOCINE.

Chlamydococcus pluvialis A. Braun. Manningham; W. and
G. S. West. This occurred in great quantity in the troughs of
mortar machines after verv heavy rains.

Pandorina morum Ehrenb. Rombald’s Moor; W. and
Gos. West:

*Stephanosphzra pluvialis Cohn. Baildon; W. and G. S. West.

ORDER IJ].—ZYGOPHYCE.
Fam. I.—DESMIDLAZ.
Gonatozygon ralfsii DeBary. Cullingworth ; Wigton Moor.

*Gonatozygon brebissonii DeBary. Cullingworth. Penyghent ;
G. S. West. Adel Bog; W. and G. S. West.

Naturalist,

WEST: ADDITIONS TO THE ALG OF WEST YORKSHIRE. 89

Hyalotheca dissiliens Ralfs. Ingleborough.
Docidium ehrenbergii Ralfs. Cullingworth; Wigton Moor;
near Mirfield.
*Var. granulatum Ralfs. Wigton Moor.

Docidium clavatum Kiitz. Roundhay; W. B. Turner.
*Bambusina brebissonii Kiitz. Ingleborough ; Cullingworth.
*Closterium obtusum bBreb. Cullingworth.

Closterium lunula Ehr. Allerton, very large forms, up to 108 p

broad, occurred in a horse-trough.
Closterium acerosum Ehr. Saltaire; Keighley. Baildon ;
Frizinghall; W. and G. S. West.

Closterium lanceolatum Kiitz. Cullingworth; Heaton ; Aller-
ton ; near Keighley. Rombald’s Moor; Frizinghall; W. and
G. S. West.

*Closterium gracile Breb. Wigton Moor.

Closterium ehrenbergii Meneg. Near Keighley; Baildon.

Rombald’s Moor ; Manningham; W. and G. S. West.

Closterium moniliferum Ehr. Near Cautley Spout. Rombald’s

Moor; W. and G. S. West. Marley; Baildon; Penyghent ;
G. S. West.

*Closterium leibleinii Kiitz. Wigton Moor; Keighley. Baildon;
W. and G. S. West. Frizinghall; G. S. West. Fine typical
examples were obtained at the last place from under the ice in
winter. Near Mirfield.

Closterium dianz Ehr. Wigton Moor. Eldwick; Rombald’s

Moor; Adel Bog; W. and G. S. West.

Closterium venus Kiitz. Wigton Moor. Frizinghall; G. S. West.
Closterium striolatum Ehr. Eldwick; Wigton Moor; Frizing-
hall. Rombald’s Moor; Adel Bog; W. and G. S. West.

Closterium juncidum Ralfs. Wigton Moor.

Closterium lineatum Ehr. Wigton Moor. Baildon; W. and

rc. WW ESE.

*Closterium ralfsii Breb. Cullingworth.

Closterium rostratum Ehr. Cullingworth. Eldwick; W. and

G. S. West. Wigton Moor.

Closterium setaceum Ehr. Wigton Moor.

*Closterium kutzingii Breb. Goole; W. B. Turner.

Closterium acutum Breb. Cullingworth.

*Closterium subulatum (Kittz.). Rombaid’s Moor; W. and
G. S. West.
March 1889.

go WEST: ADDITIONS TO THE ALGA OF WEST YORKSHIRE.

Penium margaritaceum Breb. *Var. punctatum Ralfs.
Wigton Moor; Cullingworth.

Penium digitus Breb. Eldwick. Frizinghall; G. S. West.
Rombald’s Moor; W. and G. S. West.

Penium closterioides Ralfs. Cullingworth.
*Penium navicula Breb. Thornton Moor; W. and G.S. West.
Penium brebissonii Ralfs. Wigton Moor; Cullingworth ;

Ingleborough ; near Keighley. Thornton Moor; Adel Bog ;
W. & G. S. West. Penyghent; G. S. West.

*Penium truncatum Breb. Thornton Moor; Adel Bog ; W. and
G. S. West. Penyghent; G. S. West. Cullingworth.
*Penium mooreanum Arch. Hovwgill Fells; Kildwick. This

Penium was not in zygospore, but the dimensions and form
exactly coincided with that of the barren plant.

Cylindrocystis crassa DeBary. Ingleborough; near Keighley;
Adel Bog; W. and G. S. West. Penyghent; G. S. West.

Tetmemorus brebissonii Ralfs. Cullingworth ; Ingleborough.
Adel Bog; W. and G. S. West.

Tetmemorus granulatus Ralfs. Wigton Moor. Baildon;
W. and G. S. West.

Tetmemorus levis Ralfs. Thornton Moor, abundantly, among
Dicranella squarrosa Schpr.; W. and G. S. West. Near
Hawksworth.

Micrasterias denticulata Breb. Wigton Moor.
Micrasterias papillifera Breb. Cullingworth.
Euastrum ampullaceum Ralfs. Wigton Moor.
Euastrum insigne Hass. Cullingworth ; Wigton Moor.
Euastrum didelta Ralfs. Ingleborough.

*Euastrum cuneatum Jenner. Ingleborough.

Euastrum ansatum Ehr. Wigton Moor. Adel Bog; W. and
G. S. West.

*Euastrum circulare Hass. Cullingworth. Adel Bog; W. and
G. S. West.

*Euastrum sinuosum Lenor. Baildon. Penyghent; G.S. West.
Euastrum pectinatum Breb. Wigton Moor.
Euastrum elegans Breb. Wigton Moor.
Euastrum binale Ralfs.
*Var. elobatum Lund. Penyghent; G. S. West.

*ForRMA minor W. West in Journal of Bot. (Nov. 1888).
Adel Bog ; W. and G. S. West.

Naturalist,

WEST: ADDITIONS TO THE ALG# OF WEST YORKSHIRE. gi

Cosmarium quadratum Ralfs. Cullingworth. Adel Bog;
W. and G. S. West. Penyghent; G. S. West.

Cosmarium plicatum Reinsch. Adel Bog, among Sphagnum
obesum Nees et Hornsch., var. contortum Schultz.; W. and

G. S. West.

*Cosmarium hammeri Reinsch. Baildon.

*Cosmarium anceps Lund. Penyghent; G. S. West.
*Cosmarium variolatum Lund. Baildon; G. S. West.
*Cosmarium cucumis Corda. Near Keighley; Wigton Moor.

Rombald’s Moor; W. and G. S. West. Baildon; Penyghent ;
G.S. West.

Cosmarium pyramidatum Breb. Penyghent; G. S. West.
*Cosmarium pseudopyramidatum Lund. Cullingworth.
*Cosmarium nitidulum DeNot. Cullingworth.

*Cosmarium pseudonitidulum Nordst. Cullingworth.
Cosmarium bioculatum Breb. Rombald’s Moor; Adel Bog;
W. and G. S. West.

Cosmarium tinctum Ralfs. Thornton Moor; Adel Bog;
W. and G. S. West.

Cosmarium meneghinii Breb. Rombald’s Moor; Baildon;
Adel Bog; W. and G. S. West.

*Cosmarium obliquum Nordst. Cullingworth.

Cosmarium crenatum Ralfs. Rombald’s Moor; W. and
G. S. West. Kildwick.

Cosmarium undulatum Corda. Rombald’s Moor; W. and
G..5., West.

*Cosmarium monomazum Lund. Penyghent; G. S. West.

Cosmarium tetraophthalmum Breb. Adel Bog; W. and
Gas: West:

Cosmarium brebissonii Meneg. Adel Bog; W.and G. S. West.
*Cosmarium quadrum Lund. Cullingworth.

*Cosmarium quaternarium Witt. & Nord. Baildon Moor.
*Cosmarium punctulatum Breb. Wigton Moor; Cullingworth;

Ingleborough; moor near Keighley. Thornton Moor; Adel
Bog; W. and G.S. West. Baildon; Penyghent; G. S. West.
Cosmarium botrytis Meneg. Near Keighley ; Sedbergh.
Roundhay; W. B. Turner. Baildon; Adel Bog; Rombald’s
Moor; W. and G. S. West. Penyghent; G. S. West, etc.
Cosmarium broomei Thw. Wigton Moor; Baildon. Adel
Bog; W. and G. S. West.
March 1880.

Q2 WEST: ADDITIONS TO THE ALG OF WEST YORKSHIRE.

*Cosmarium ochthodes Nordst. Cullingworth, both in a pool at
the bog and in a large trough close to the village. Baildon ;
Penyghent ; G. S. West. Wigton Moor.

*Cosmarium kjellmanni Wille. Rombald’s Moor; W. and
G. S. West.

*Cosmarium isthmochondrum Nordst. Cautley Spout; near
Keighley.

Cosmarium moniliforme Ralfs. Leeming ; W. and G. S. West.

Calocylindrus connatus Kirch. Cullingworth.

Calocylindrus cucurbita DeBary. Thornton Moor; Rom-
bald’s Moor; W. and G. S. West. Doncaster.

*Calocylindrus thwaitesii (Ralfs). Cullingworth; Frizinghall.
Thornton Moor; Adel Bog; Rombald’s Moor; W. and
G. S. West. Baildon; Penyghent; G. S. West.

*Calocylindrus attenuatus (Breb.). Arncliffe.

*Calocylindrus debaryi (Archer). Adel Bog; W. and G.S. West.

*Calocylindrus pseudarctoum Nordst. et Wittr. Rombald’s
Moor; W. and G. S. West. This was abundant, together with
Closterium subulatum (Kitz.), in washings of Lulbochete
setigera Ag. and Potamogeton polygonifolius Pour. It exactly
corresponds with Cooke’s figures as regards form, but not as to
dimensions. Measurements:—

Rombald’s Moor Nordstedt’s. Cooke’s
Examples. Figures.

I7 —24 p 17. —21p 29 —323—Length.
13 —I17 p 14 —16p 19g—24 »—Breadth.
124—15hp 13$—I5p I17—2I p— ,, _ of isthmus.
*Xanthidium antilopzum Breb. Wigton Moor.
Arthrodesmus incus Hass. Cullingworth Bog.
*Var. convergens Archer. Cullingworth Bog.
Arthrodesmus convergens Ehr. Wigton Moor. Every living
specimen of this had a gelatinous investment most delicately
striated. Penyghent; G. S, West.
Staurastrum dejectum Meyen. Cullingworth Bog.
*VaR. mucronatum Ralfs. Cullingworth Bog.
*Var. apiculatum Breb. Ingleborough. Adel Bog; W. and
G. S. West.
Staurastrum dickiei Ralfs. Wigton Moor.
*Staurastrum subcruciatum Cooke et Wills. Wigton Moor.
This was very sparingly seen; the form and size agreed exactly
with the figure of Cooke, both in front and end view.

Naturalist,

WEST: ADDITIONS TO THE ALG OF WEST YORKSHIRE, 93

*Staurastrum reinschii Roy. Ingleborough, among Sphagnum
cuspidatum Ehrh. var. plumosum Schpr.

Staurastrum hirsutum Breb. Ingleborough, with the last.
Staurastrum pilosum Nig. Adel Bog; W. and G. S. West.
‘Staurastrum teliferum Ralfs. Wigton Moor.
Staurastrum orbiculare Ralfs. Near Wilsden.

*Staurastrum pygmzum Breb. Near Keighley ; Ingleborough ;
Cullingworth. Rombald’s Moor. Penyghent; G. S. West.
Near Hainworth; T. Hebden.

*Staurastrum muricatum Breb. Abundant in a ditch in Nab
Wood, Bingley. Rombald’s Moor; Adel Bog; W. and
G. S. West. Near Wilsden.

Staurastrum punctulatum Breb. Heaton; Allerton; near
Keighley. Roundhay; W. B. Turner. Rombald’s Moor ;
Adel Bog; W. and G. S. West. Frizinghall; Baildon ; Peny-
ghent ; G. S. West.

*Staurastrum tricorne (Breb.). Cullingworth.

*Var. 2 Ralfs. Cullingworth.

Staurastrum polymorphum Breb. Wigton Moor. Rombald’s
Moor; W. and G. S. West. Penyghent; G. S. West.

Staurastrum gracile Ralfs. Ingleborough.

*Staurastrum margaritaceum Meneg. Ingleborough.

Fam. Il.—Z YGNEMACE.
Sub-Fam. I.—-ZYGNEMEZ.

Zygnema cruciatum (Vauch.). Ingleborough.

*Zygnema stellinum (Vauch.) Kitz. Eldwick. Thornton
Moor; W. and G. S. West.

*Zygnema vaucherii Ag. Var. stagnale Kirch. Baildon;
W. and G. S. West.

Spirogyra crassa Kiitz. Manningham; W. and G, S. West.
Spirogyra porticalis Vauch. Allerton.
*Var. rivularis Hass. Baildon.
Spirogyra condensata Vauch. Near Bradford.
Spirogyra longata Vauch. Frizinghall; Thornton Moor;
W. and G. S. West. Near Keighley ; Grassington.
*Spirogyra tenuissima Hass. Hawksworth—a form up to 21 pu
in thickness, and with cells sixteen or seventeen times as long
as broad.

March 1889.

94 WEST: ADDITIONS TO THE ALG OF WEST YORKSHIRE,

Spirogyra flavescens (Hass.) Cleve. Grassington; Austwick.
Roundhay; W. B. Turner. Rombald’s Moor; Baildon;
W. and G. S. West.

Spirogyra weberi Kiitz. Keighley.
Zygogonium ericetorum DeBary. Var. aquaticum. Keighley.

Sub-Fam. II.—-AZESOCA RPE,
Mesocarpus parvulus (Hass.) DeBary. Wigton Moor, Adel
Bog; Rombald’s Moor; W. and G. S. West,

*Var. angustus Hass. Sedbergh. Adel Bog; Baildon; W. and
G. S. West. Penyghent ; G. S. West.

Mesocarpus scalaris (Hass.) DeBary. Near Keighley ;
Frizinghall. Marley; G. S. West.

*Mesocarpus recurvus Hass. Baildon; W. and G. S. West.
Mesocarpus pleurocarpus DeBary. Penyghent; G. S. West.

Staurospermum gracillimum (Hass.). Rombald’s Moor ;
W. and G. S. West. Penyghent; G. S. West.

Staurospermum viride Kiitz. Austwick.

ORDER IV.—NEMATOPHYCE,

Fam. IIl.—CONFERVACE.A,
Microspora fugacissima Ag. Grassington; Sedbergh ; Ingle-
borough. Rombald’s Moor; Adel Bog; W. and G. S. West.

Microspora floccosa Ag. Near Keighley. Adel Bog; W. and
G. S. West. Penyghent; G. S. West. Nab Wood. Ilkley, etc.

Conferva fontinalis Berk. Adel Bog; Rombald’s Moor;
W. and G. S, West.

Conferva tenerrima Kiitz. Grassington. Penyghent; G. S.West.

Conferva bombycina Ag. Ingleborough; Beamsley Beacon ;
Adel Bog; W. and G. S. West.

Cladophora glomerata Kiitz. Near Keighley. Penyghent;
G. S. West.

Fam. V.—@DOGONIACE.AZ.
*CEdogonium rothii Prings. Near Bradford.

Bulbochete setigera Ag. Yeadon Dam. Rombald’s Moor;
W. and G. S. West.

Fam. VI—ULOTRICHE.

Hormiscia moniliformis Kitz. Ingleborough. Baildon;
W. and G."S: West.

Naturalist,

WEST: ADDITIONS TO THE ALG OF WEST YORKSHIRE, 95

Hormiscia zonata W.&M. Cautley. Baildon; Eldwick;
W. and G. S. West. Penyghent; G. S. West. Roundhay ;
W. B. Turner.

Hormiscia zqualis (Kiitz.) Var. catzniformis Kiitz. Near
Mirfield.

Ulothrix variabilis Kiitz. Horton; W. and G. S. West.
*Ulothrix tenerrima Kiitz. Near Bradford.

Ulothrix radicans Kiitz. Fountain in front of Leeds Town
Hall (in as well as out of the water) ; G. S. West.

Fam. VIII.—CH_& TOPHORACE-E.
Microthamnion vexator Cooke, Allerton; W. and G. S. West.

Crass II.—PHYCOCHROMOPHYCE.
Orver I,—CYSTIPHOR#,
Fam, I.—CHROOCOCCACEA.
Chroococcus turgidus Nag. Ingleborough; Wigton Moor;
Elslack.
Gleeocapsa caldariorum Rabh. Greenhouses at Horton.

*Aphanocapsa grevillei Rabh. Ingleborough; Howgill Fells ;
Cautley. Baildon; G. S. West.

*Microcystis protogenita Rabh. Saltaire.
*Clathrocystis zruginosa Henf. Frizinghall ; W. and G. S. West.
*Ccelospherium kutzingianum Nag. Ingleborough.

ORDER I]L—NEMATOGEN &,
Tribe IL—VOSTOCHINEA,
Fam. 1.—WOSTOCE.Z,

*Nostoc piscinale Kiitz. Near Bradford.
*Nostoc humifusum Carm. Cullingworth.

Cylindrospermum macrospermum Kitz. Halifax; C. P.
Hobkirk.

Fam. II.—ZYNGBYA.
Oscillaria tenerrima Kiitz. Doncaster. Kildwick.
Oscillaria leptotricha Kiitz. Adel Bog; W. and G. S. West.

*Oscillaria tenuis Ag. Var. viridis, Manningham Park; G. S.
West.

Oscillaria muscorum Carm. Adel Bog; Eldwick; W. and
G.S. West. Doncaster.

March 1889.

96 WEST: ADDITIONS TO THE ALG# OF WEST YORKSHIRE.

Oscillaria limosa Ag. Frizinghall ; W. and G. S. West. Peny-
ghent ; G. S. West. Malham.

*Var. Chalybea K. Rombald’s Moor; Hawksworth; W. and
G.. 5. West.

Oscillaria nigra Vauch. Adel Bog; Baildon; W.and G.S. West.
*Oscillaria chalybea Mertons. York; F. Bewlay. This was
sent to me as ‘a pest in a conservatory.’ Near Keighley.

Oscillaria frolichii Kiitz. Baildon; Wigton Moor.

*Lyngbya vulgaris Kirch. Horton Park near Bradford ; W. and
G. S. West.

*Lyngbya papyrina Kirch. Near Bradford.

*Lyngbya turfosa Carm. Doncaster.

Ciass IIl.—RBODOPHYCEA.
Fam. Il.—CHANTRANSTACEA.

Chantransia violacea Kiitz. Horton Park ; W. and G. S. West.
This was very fine among Rhynchostegtum rusciforme B. & S.

Ciass V.—DIATOMOPHYCEZ.
Fam. I.—DIA TOMACE:.

Epithemia turgida Sm. Cautley Spout.

*Epithemia gibba Kiitz. Cullingworth.

*Epithemia argus Kiitz. Near Bradford; Cullingworth.

*Epithemia alpestris Sm. Cullingworth.

Amphora ovalis Kiitz. Marley; Cullingworth; near Keighley.

Cocconeis placentula Ehrenb. Marley.

*Cyclotella kutzingiana Thw. Cullingworth.

Campylodiscus spiralis Sm. Marley.

Surirella biseriata Breb. Saltaire; Marley; G.S. West. Adel
Bog ; Leeming ; etc.; W. and G. S. West.

*Surirella linearis Sm. Marley; Eldwick; Kildwick ; Culling-
worth. Adel Bog; W. and G. S. West.

*Surirella splendida Kiitz. Horton Park; W. and G. S. West.

Surirella ovata Turp. Chellow Dean; W. and G. S. West.
Gooie.

*Surirella angusta Kiitz. Chellow Dean; W. and G. S. West.

*Surirella minuta Breb. Allerton; Marley. Horton Park ;
W. and G. S. West.

*Surirella pinnata Sm. Eldwick. Near Bradford ; Chellow Dean ;
W. and G. S. West. ;

Naturalist,

No. 165. X APRIL 1889.

a V
a
Al “Ml "I fr sti
A

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGL AND.

ST I

CONDUCTED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, paras
Sunny Bank, Leeds;

WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF

a4 up in cloth case tor 1s. 6d. (postage extra),

J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,
Royal Herbarium, Kew; Dewsbury ;
W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEORGE T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
Museum of Science & Art, Edinburgh ; Greenfield House, Huddersfield ;
ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. BARWELL TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.M.S.,
St. John's College, Cambridge ; 55, Reginald Terrace, Leeds.
iS
ia Tee — aaa
°
2 Sonicuies Tie
$ Additions to the Algz of West Yorkshire—Ji’m. West, F.L.S. 5 a .. 97 to 100
= List of Cecidomyidz found near Tadcaster—Francis G. Binnie .. 1or & 102
3 Notes made in 1888 upon Arion ater and some other Slugs- //. If ‘allis me,
wo Ft. S., 6S. Pf .. 103 to 107
¢ The New Red Sandstone and ihe Physiograhy a the Triassic Period:
T. Mellard Reade, C.E., F.G.S.. F.RA.B.A, a He ae ze »+ LO8StO /xrx
Is the Starling Double-brooded ?—F. S. Mitchell, M.B.O.U. .. ra : 7 112
On the Occurrence of Emberiza cioides Brandt in Yorkshire— W. Eagle
Clarke, F.L.S., M.B.0.U. . Sa gi * ¢ Me a - 113
Autumn and Winter Notes from Notts. —F. B. Whitlock ne Se 5 oo MIG OeLrT4
Bibliography—Mammailia, 1886 and 1887 .. a ‘ +s 114 tO 127
Additions to the List of some Hemiptera- Hetorsintara of Gncoinahive= anes
Eardley Mason es iy Ss =: 5 be us 3s ds es 128
Note—Lepidoptera .. iis ; 100
Melanism in Beata, Pecan ante okt. ie FL. S: site. Bue. Se.
Ske te eecie ne 7 ne Ie Ms of 102
A Swarm of Piviekts in Pebaunry ay. T. Soppite.
Notes—Ornithology .. ae a oe ae Fa 3 = a, aA ~ 192

Hawfinches in Northumberland—/H. 7. Archer; Tame Blackbird in the
Newcastle Museum—A.. 7. Archer; Crossbillsin Cheshire—W. /. Beaunront.

LONDON:
LoveLt Reeve & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C,
McCorquopDaLe & Co. LIMITED, CARDINGYON STREET, EUSTON ;

AND
Leeps: BAsINGHALL STREET.

All Communications should be Addressed :—
The Editors of ‘The Naturalist,’
Sunny Bank, Leeds.

PRICE SIXPENCE (by Post, Sevenpence).
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (from the OFFICE only), 5s., post free.

The NATURALIST

ges = - fa
BOOKS RECEIVED.

T. Mellard Reade—Effects of Contraction during the Cooling of Intrusive Masses

of Granite. 8vo reprint, March 1889;'5 pages. . [Author.
T. D. A. Cockerell—The Origin of the Genus Anthocharis. 8vo reprint, 1888,
2 pages. e Yaar. & [The Author.
Hull Lit.and Phil. Society—Annual Report for 1887-8. [The Society.

Guide to the Museum of the Literary and Philosophical Society, Hull. 1860.
8vo.,. pp. 104. eg Sa aie ~ [The Society.
Vannin Lioar, No. 1, January 1889. [Isle of Man Nat. Hist. Society.
Huddersfield Nat. Society’s Monthly Circular, No. 1, Feb, 1889. [The Society.
Robert F. Scharff—Pallas’ Sand-Grouse in Ireland. 8vo. rep., 5 pp. 1888. [Author.
Il Naturalista Siciliano—Anno VIII, N, 4-6, Ott. 1888—Marzo 1889.
[Sign. Enrico Ragusa.
Entomological Soc. of London—Trans. for 1887, 5 parts, 8vo. [Mr. G. T. Porritt.
Ninth Report on the Migration of Birds, for 1887. 8vo, 1889. [Migration Com.
Hessle ; its History, Curiosities, and Antiquities. 8vo,15 pp.,1885. [Mr. A. Harker.
A. Bedwell—The Building Apparatus of Melicerta ringens. 8vo reprint,
IO pages and 2 plates, 1877. [Mr. A. Harker.
W. Waters—Fossil Chilostomatous Bryozoa from Victoria. 8vo reprint,
I2 pages and plate, 1883. {Mr. A. Harker.
. B. Tawney—Review of Kahn’s Die Urzelle. 3-pp. rep., 8vo, 1880. [Mr. A. Harker.
. B. Tawney—Upper Bagshot Sands of Hordwell Cliffs. 16-page reprint, 8vo,
1881. [Mr. A. Harker.
Tawney and H. Keeping—Beds at Headon Hill and Colwell Bay, I, Wight.
6-page reprint, 8vo, 1880. [Mr. A. Harker.
. B. Tawney—Notes on Trias Dykes. 5-page rep., 8vo, 1874. [Mr. A. Harker.
. B. Tawney—Notes on the Lias near Radstock., 23-page reprint, 8vo, 1874.
[Mr. A. Harker.

a

Be >

E. B. Tawney—The Age of the Cannington Park Limestone, etc.. 8-page
reprint, 8vo, 1875. {[Mr. A. Harker.
E. B. Tawney—The Supposed Inferior Oolite at Branch Huish, Radstock.
4-page reprint, 8vo, 1878. [Mr. A. Harker.

Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. 13, No. 8, Aug. 1888. , [F. B. Webster, publisher.
Le Naturaliste, roe Année, No. 43, 15 Dec., 1888. [Emile Deyrolle, directeur.
Societas Entomologica, III Jahrg., No. 23, Marz 1889. _‘ [Herr E. Frey-Gessner.
F. A. Walker—Oniental Entomology, Part II. 35-page reprint, 8vo, no date.

|Mr. G. W. Oldfield.
Nat. Hist. Journ., No. 110, March 15, 1889. [J. E. Clark & others, Editors, York.
Science Gossip, No. 291, for March 1889. [Messrs. Chatto & Windus, publishers.
The Midland Naturalist, No. 135, for March 1889. [Birmingham Nat. Hist. Soc.
Research, monthly illust. journ. of science, vol. 1, No. 9, March 1889. [A. N. Tate, ed.
The Wesley Naturalist, No. 25, for March 1889. [The Wesley Scientific Society.
The Young Naturalist, Part 111, for March 1889. [Mr. John E. Robson, editor.
The Zoologist, 3rd Series, Vol. 13, No. 147, March 1889. []. E. Harting, editor,
Psyche : journ. of entom., Vol. 5, No. 154-5, Feb.-Mar. 1889. [Camb. Ent.Cl.,U.S.A.
Grevillea, quarterly record of Cryptog. Bot., No.83, Mar. 1889. [Dr. M.C. Cooke, ed.
Essex Naturalist, Vol. ii, Nos. 11and 12, Nov. and Dec. 1888. [Essex Field Club.
Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. viii, No. 38, March 1889. [Mineralogical Society.
TheSedberghian, Vol. 9, Nos. 1,2,and 4; Vol. 10, No. 1. [Mr.H. Richardson.

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.—ENTOMOLOGICAL
SECTION.—The President and Secretaries of the Section will be pleased to
receive the names and addresses of those members specially interesting themselves
in this branch. The object in view is to circulate a fairly complete list amongst
the members of this section, and thereby to facilitate the exchange of information,
and also, if sufficient encouragement is given, to publish (in the Annual Report of
the Section) at the close of the season a list of Yorkshire Occurrences of Insects.

Address the President :—Mr. N. F. Dopriee, The New Walk, Beverley;

Or the Hon. Secretaries:—Mr. J. H. ROWNTREE, Westwood, Scarborough ;
Mr. W. E. Brapy, I, Queen Street, Barnsley.

seer nee ——————————————————————————————

Improved Egg Drills (2 sizes) and Metal Blowpipe with instructions 1/3 free.
‘Hints on Egg Collecting and Nesting,’ illustrated, 33d. free. Birds’ Skins,
Eggs (side-blown and in clutches with date), Lepidoptera, Ova, Larvz, and Pupe,
Artificial Eyes, and all kinds of Naturalists’ Requisites. Lists, one stamp. All
specimens, Xc., sent out ‘on approval.’

J. & W. DAVIS (Naturalists), DARTFORD, Kent.

a
The cheapest dealer in Birds, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells,
etc., is John Eggleston, Park Place, underland. Lists free.

WEST: ADDITIONS TO THE ALG OF WEST YORKSHIRE. 97

Cymatopleura elliptica Sm. Hawksworth.

Cymatopleura solea Sm. MHawksworth—a small form, 102 »
in length, agreeing with Smith’s figure of C. apiculata with the
exception of the apicuda.

*Cymatopleura apiculata Sm. Marley. Horton Park; W. and
G. S. West.

*Cymatopleura hibernica Sm. Hawksworth.

Nitzschia sigmoidea Sm. Allerton.

*Nitzschia brebissonii Sm. Gordale.

*Nitzschia tenuis Sm. Allerton. Gordale. Horton Park;
Chellow Dean; W. and G. S. West.

Nitzschia linearis Sm. Gordale; Goole.

Nitzchia amphioxys Sm. Goole. Chellow Dean; W. and
Go. West.

Nitzschia dubia Sm. *Var. 8. Chellow Dean; W. and G. S.
West.

*Nitzschia acicularis Sm. Austwick.
Nitzschia lanceolata Sm. Near Mirfield.
Amphipleura pellucida Breb. Cullingworth.

*Navicula crassinervia Breb. Cullingworth. Adel Bog;
W. and G. S. West.

Navicula cuspidata Kiitz. Elslack.
Navicula lanceolata Sm. Kildwick ; Cullingworth.

Navicula rhomboides (Ehrenb.) Greg. Cullingworth ; Baildon ;
etc.

Navicula rhynchocephala Kiitz. Cullingworth; Chellow
Dean ; W. and G. S. West.

Navicula ovalis Sm. Marley; Cullingworth. Chellow Dean ;
W. and G. S. West.

*Navicula minutula Sm. Cullingworth.

Navicula affinis Ehrenb. Cullingworth; Chellow Dean; Adel
Bog; W. and G. S. West.

Navicula inflata Kiitz. Cullingworth; Kildwick.
*Navicula gibberula Kiitz. Marley.

Navicula amphirhynchus Ehr. Eldwick.
Navicula amphisbzena Bory. Near Bingley.
*Navicula dicephala Kiitz. Kildwick.

*Navicula cryptocephala Kiitz. Bradford; Cullingworth ;
Kildwick ; Baildon; Wigton Moor, etc.

April 1889. G

98 WEST: ADDITIONS TO THE ALG OF WEST YORKSHIRE.

Navicula angustata Sm. Cautley Spout. Chellow Dean;
W. and G. S. West.

Pinnularia major Sm. Eldwick; near Bradford ; etc.
Pinnularia cardinalis Ehr. Doncaster. Adel Bog; W. and
G. S. West
Pinnularia nobilis Ehr. Cullingworth; Baildon ; Austwick ;
Doncaster. Marley; G.‘S. West. Rombald’s Moor; W. and
G. S. West.
Pinnularia viridis Sm. Ilkley. Kildwick, etc.
Pinnularia radiosa Sm. Cautley Spout.
*Pinnularia alpina Sm. Cullingworth.
*Pinnularia stauroneiformis Sm. Eldwick; Wigton Moor.
*Pinnularia gibba Ehrenb. Cullingworth ; Wigton Moor.
Pinnularia mesolepta Sm. Marley; Cullingworth.
*Pinnularia acrospheria Rabenh. Eldwick.
Stauroneis linearis Ehrenb. Marley.
Pleurosigma lacustre Sm. Chellow Dean ; W. and G. S. West.
Pleurosigma spencerii Sm. Manningham ; W. and G.S. West.

*Synedra lunaris Ehrenb. Cullingworth ; Sedbergh; Wigton
Moor. Chellow. Dean ; Baildon; Adel Bog; W. and G. S.
West. Penyghent, etc.; G. S. West.

Synedra ulna Ehrenb. Doncaster. Woolley. Kildwick.
Ilkley, etc. :

Synedra splendens Kg. Austwick ; Sedbergh; Elslack ; Don-
caster; Goole; Marley.

*Synedra oxyrhynchus Kiitz. Cullingworth.

*Cocconema cistula Ehrenb. Rombald’s Moor; W. and G. S.
West. Cautley Spout.

Cocconema parvum Sm. Wigton Moor.
Gomphonema acuminatum Ehrb. Sedbergh; Wigton Moor.
Gomphonema capitatum Ehrb. Near Mirfield ; Cullingworth.
Gomphonema tenellum Kitz. Marley.
Gomphonema curvatum Kitz. Horton Park; W. and G. S.
West.
*Gomphonema ventricosum Greg. Cautley Spout.
Meridion circulare Ag. Elslack. Woolley. Howgill Fells.
Saltaire; Marley; etc.; G. S. West.
*Himantidium arcus Sm. Cullingworth ; Cautley Spout.
*Himantidium majus Sm. Cullingworth.

Naturalist,

WEST: ADDITIONS TO THE ALGA OF WEST YORKSHIRE. 99

*Himantidium soleirolii Kutz. Kildwick.

Himantidium undulatum Sm. Cullingworth.

Himantidium gracile Ehrenb. Elslack. Cullingworth. Leeming;
Marley ; Adel Bog; W. and G. S. West.

Himantidium pectinale K. Cullingworth.

*Odontidium mesodon Kiitz. Horton Park; W. and G. S.
West.

*Odontidium mutabile Sm. Marsden; Howgill Fells; Culling-
worth.

Odontidium hyemale Kiitz. Howsgill Fells.
Fragilaria capucina Sm. Adel Bog; W. and G. S. West.
Sedbergh, etc.

*Achnanthes exilis Kitz. Cautley Spout. This occurred in
immense quantities, the s¢/fzfes being attached to the s/cpztes
of Gemphonema geminatum Ag. and G. ventricosum Greg.

Diatoma elongatum Ag. Doncaster.

Tabellaria ventricosa Kg. Cullingworth; Wigton Moor.
Leeming ; Rombald’s Moor, &c.; W. and G. S. West.

Tabellaria flocculosa Kiitz. Cullingworth. Frequent all over
our millstone grit district.

Tabellaria fenestrata Kiitz. Cullingworth.
Melosira orichalcea Kiitz. In plenty near Marsden.
Melosira varians Greg. Woolley; Bingley ; Steeton.
*Melosira nivalis Sm. Gilstead.
*“Melosira granulata Pritch. Chellow Dean; W. and G. S. West.
Asterionella formosa Hass. Chellow Dean; W. and G. S.West.

An asterisk has been prefixed in error to Staurastrum dejectum
Meyen Var. apiculatum Breb.

The above list comprises too species and 11 varieties and forms
additional to those already recorded for the riding.

In the ‘ Flora of West Yorkshire’ one diatom has (I think) been
numbered twice, ‘ Arustulia olivacea Kitz.’ in the Addenda being
already recorded as ‘ Gomphonema olivaceum Ehrenb.’; therefore 381
1s the correct number of species of Algze recorded in the ‘ Flora,’
and not 382. With these additions the total number will now
reach 481 species and 26 varieties and forms.

Cosmarium orthostichum (Lund) has also by a mistake been
entered in the ‘ Flora’ under S/aurastrum.

April 1889.

100 MELANISM IN BOARMIA REPANDATA.

Mr. I. Robinson, of The Wash, Hertford, thinks there may be
two other species. He has examined the gathering from Cautley
Spout near Sedbergh, and remarks :—‘ Synedra amphicephala Kitz.
S. famelica Kitz., many. The two last-named are small forms
and difficult to identify, as the figures given in different works do not
quite closely agree. The latter forms are very numerous. . . I have
not found it noticed as a British species, but O’Meara gives several
habitats in Ireland for Syxedra amphicephala Kitz. ; his figure of it,
however, appears to be identical with Van Heurck’s for S. famelica
Kiitz., so I cannot feel very positive as to the identification.’ If
these two turn out to be the above-named species, they also will be
additional. Mr. Robinson also remarks :—‘ Gomphonema_ ventrit-
cosum Greg. There are many sporangial valves of this species
which are considerably larger than the normal forms; these latter
are figured by Van Heurck (xxv. 15), and are named G. ventricosum
var. ornata Grun. ‘They are, however, most clearly sporangial forms,
as I found several sporangia with the valves in situ before the
material was treated with acid. I do not know whether they have
been observed before, but I have seen no notice of them.’

[The above list contains manyrare and extremely critical species,
certain of which are so like commoner plants that very nice discretion
has to be exercised in their diagnosis, e.g., Pentum mooreanum, Cos-
marium guadrum, C. guaternarium, and C. ochthodes, etc., and above
all, C. obliguum, the latter being one of the rarest Desmids yet
known. As to classification, the anomalies of chlorophyll arrange-
ment are such that, in our present state of knowledge, it would
perhaps be better to ‘lump’ all the forms intermediate between
Cosmarium and Penium under Nageli’s genus Dysphinctium, rele-
gating those with perfectly cylindrical bodies and obsolete zsthmz to
Penium. On this we would remark that the proposals of continental
botanists do not meet the anomalies referred to, and we think it
better to classify purely by affinity of form, until our knowledge is
vastly expanded. ‘The observations of Archer in the Q. J. Mic. Sci.,
1866, pp. 71 and 121, may be taken as dealing with the crucial
points of these distinctions, and, to this date, Archer’s remarks have
not been controverted.— W.B. T. ]

NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA.

Melanism in Boarmia repandata.—At the February meeting of the
Entomological Society of London, Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited several melanic
specimens of this insect from Huddersfield, and—for comparison—two specimens
from the Hebrides. Mr. R. M‘Lachlan remarked that melanism appeared to be
more prevalent in Yorkshire and the north midlands than in the more northern
latitudes of the United Kingdom.—H. Goss, Sec. Ent. Soc. Lond.

Naturalist,

Io!

LIST @e
CECIDOMYIDZ FOUND NEAR TADCASTER.

FRANCIS G. BINNIE.

THE arrangement here followed is that of Dr. Schiner’s ‘ Catalogus

Systematicus Dipterorum Europe,’ 1864. The chief interest in

these minute gall-midges is to be found in their economy and pro-

ductions rather than in the perfect insects themselves. The name
of each species is followed, therefore, by an indication of its food-
plant, and the gall is briefly characterised.

Diplosis tritici, the well-known wheat-midge, is the only species
in this list which is not a gall-maker, but lives free, often causing
considerable injury.

Cecidomyia rosaria Lw. Gall found on various willows ; terminal
compact cluster of leaves, with central cell containing a single
larva. Newton Kyme; Stutton.

Cecidomyia persicarie L. On Polygonum persicaria. Margin
of leaf rolled, swollen, and reddish. Stutton.

Cecidomyia salicina Schrk. On Salix alba. End of shoot
arrested and somewhat twisted. Newton Kyme; Stutton.
Cecidomyia onobrychidis Bremi. On Vicia cracca. Folded

fleshy leaflets. Near Catterton.

Cecidomyia marginemtorquens Bremi. On Salix viminalis.
Margin of leaf folded. Willow-garth, Stutton.

Cecidomyia crategi Winn. On Crategus oxyacantha. End of
shoot arrested, forming a tuft of leaves. Common; Tad-
caster, etc.

Cecidomyia veronice Bremi. On Veronica chamedrys. Terminal,
forming woolly globular heads. Everywhere; ‘Tadcaster,
Spofforth, etc.

Cecidomyia galeobdolontis Winn. On Gadleobdolon luteum.
Axillary woolly gall. Boston Spa.

Cecidomyia urtic# Perris. On Urtica dioica. Irregular swellings
of mid-rib and principal veins of leaf. Common; Tadcaster, etc.

Cecidomyia ulmariz Bremi. On Spir@a ulmaria. Leaf-gall,
hemispherical above, produced into a cone beneath. Every-
where.

Cecidomyia bursaria Bremi. On Wefeta glechoma. Oblong-
cylindric hairy gall on upper surface of leaf. Boston Spa;

Stutton.
April 1889.

102 NOTES—DIPTERA AND ORNITHOLOGY.

Cecidomyia rosarum Hardy. On Rosa canina. Folded incrassated
leaflet. Near Kirkby Overblow.

Cecidomyia corrugans F.Lw. On WSeracleum sphondylium.
Lobes of leaf puckered and prevented from expanding. Near
Catterton (about a mile and a half N.E. of Tadcaster).

Cecidomyia pilosellz Binn. On Hieracium pilosella. Margin.
of leaf involutely rolled. Near Great Alm’s Cliff.

Diplosis botularia Winn. On Fraxinus excelsior. Fleshy fold
along midrib of leaf. Boston Spa.

Diplosis tritici Kirby. Living free in the heads of wheat.
Tadcaster.

Hormomyia piligera Lw. On Fagus sylvatica. Cylindrico-
conical hairy gall on upper surface of leaf. Tadcaster.

Hormomyia capreze Winn. On Salix caprea. Swellings on
midrib and principal veins of leaf, hemispherical above, conical
below. Kirkby Overblow.

NOTE—DIPTERA.

A Swarm of Diptera in February. —During a country walk in the neighbour-
hood of Idle, on February 17th, I witnessed a somewhat remarkable phenomenon.
Along the highway, extending for two field lengths, was an immense number of
small flies, about half the size of the ‘house-fly.’ At this particular point, but
nowhere else, they were in countless numbers, both on the pavement and on the
walls ; indeed, I never at any time saw more insects together. Apparently they
were all one species, and many of them were infested with a small parasite. A few
days previously manure had been spread on the fields, from which I imagined the
flies had been brought forth by the unusually warm sunshine which prevailed.
However, I secured a few examples, and forwarded them to Mr. R. H. Meade,
of Bradford, a well-known authority on this class of insects, who says :—‘ The little
flies have all emerged from the manure, as you supposed, and are specimens of the
common Sorborus equinus Fallen. The larve feed on horse-dung, and I have
often noticed that the manure spread on fields was full of pupe. It is not usual
for them to hatch in such numbers quite so early in the year, but i have
frequently seen a good many of the flies out in mild weather in the winter and
early spring. —H. T. Soppirr, 3, Rosemount, Bolton, Bradford, March 16th, 1889.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Hawfinches in Northumberland.—The Hawfinch (Coccothraustes vulgaris)
is still increasing in numbers in the North, several having been shot last week up
the valley of the Tyne.-—H. T. ArcHER, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Feb. 14th, 1889.

Tame Blackbird in the Newcastle Museum.—A female Blackbird ( Z27dzs
meruda) has taken up her abode in one of the curator’s rooms in our museum, and
although the window is constantly open she only occasionally flies out, but returns
before long. In the same room is a live Kestrel, of which the Blackbird has not
the least fear.—H. T. ARCHER, Newcastle-on-Tyne, February 14th, 1889.

Crossbills in Cheshire.—On Jan. 22nd, I saw and watched for some time
a flock of about twenty Crossbills (Zoxza curvvirostra); they were feeding on
the larches in a plantation bordering Vale Royal New Park, on the outskirts of
the Delamere Forest district, and were very tame.—W. I. BEAUMONT, Knutsford,
March 6th, 1880.

Naturalist,

103

NOTES MADE IN 1888 UPON
mRION ATER AND SOR OTHER SLUGS.

H. WALLIS KEW, #.E:S:, .M.C.S.,
Stroud Green, London.

THE following is a summary of the writer’s notes in 1888 relating
to the slugs. A brown specimen of Avion afer was kept in captivity
from May to October, notes being taken as to the substances upon
which it fed, etc., and a few other slugs were kept for shorter periods.
They were stored in a dark cupboard, in small glass jars. Pieces of
linen were stretched over the mouths of the jars, on which a few
drops of water were placed once or twice a day. The slugs often
cleaned the glass, as Limneez do in aquaria, and they gnawed holes
in the linen, and more than once escaped from the jars.

Mr. Roebuck, the Conchological Society’s recorder, has obligingly
examined and reported upon consignments of living slugs sent to him
from time to time, and it has been thought well to affix the mark ! to
indicate that the slug referred to, or in the case of collective state-
ments one specimen at least, has been seen by him.

ARION ATER.

This slug appears to creep out and feed during the day more
frequently than the other common slugs, with the exception, possibly,
of Limax agrestis.* In the Lincolnshire marshes and fens in August
black specimens were frequently seen wandering about by the road-
and drain-sides, and the following notes as to their food were made :—

At Tetney, about 2 p.m.: one feeding on leaf of Sonchus asper:
cloudy.

At Bourn, about 3 p.m.: one feeding on wart-cress (Sewebzera) :
cloudy.

At Gosberton, between g and 10 a.m.: considerable numbers
crawling in a ditch; one feeding upon a small fungus, another upon
a daisy leaf: cloudy.

At Quadring, about noon: a number moving by the sides of the
drains ; one eating a hole into a leaf of Plantago major : bright, a
heavy shower in the early morning.

In moist places amongst /uncus, Ranunculus flammula, and
Mentha aquatica in Grisel-bottom, Burwell Wood, Lincolnshire, fine
adults of the brown form (v. dxuznea !) crawl about or remain at rest
generally unconcealed all day long. They exhibit but little colour

* See Mr. Daniel’s observations on the diurnal habits of Zzmax cinereo-niger in
the forests in the neighbourhood of Heidelberg. Quart. Journ. of Conch., i. 112.
April 1889.

104 KEW: NOTES ON ARION ATER AND OTHER SLUGS.

variation ; some few are slightly paler than the rest, and occasionally
one may be seen with a yellow foot-fringe.

Near Wood Green, Middlesex, about midday, in September, a
red specimen, not quite full grown, was seen crawling upon a path
with the sun brightly shining upon it.*

By the Muswell Hill Road, Highgate, I have noted this species
feeding, at night, on cabbage-leaves, and on a leaf of elder, which
happened to be lying on the ground.

An adult of the v. drvunnea was kept in captivity, as mentioned
above, from May to October, during which time twenty-six substances
were eaten, and one, namely, damp paper, was refused. A specimen
of the v. rufa !, however, taken in a wood in Lincolnshire, when turned
out upon a. newspaper, after two days’ confinement without food,
commenced at once to eat the paper, making a number of small
holes as it crawled along. The dead bodies of Avion subfuscus,
A. hortensis, Limax maximus, L. flavus, and L. agrestis, a dead Unio,t
freshly-turned pupze of Adzmonia tanaceti, a small part of the abdomen
of a dragon-fly (Dip/ax striolata), leaves of lettuce, Scabiosa succisa,
and Solanum nigrum, flowers of FPedicularis sylvatica, Ranunculus
flammuia, R. acris, R. repens, and R. bulbosus, and the lichens
Evernia prunastri and Ramalina farinacea were readily fed upon.
Polypodium vulgare, sea-holly (Eryngium maritimum), and berries of
Arum maculatum were taken in small quantities, and with evident
reluctance, as also was Pears’ soap. On one occasion an apple was
given to the slug, into which it made two small holes, and by means
of these in the course of five days it scooped out about a third of the
substance of the fruit. The hispid nature of Pecris echiordes did not
serve as a protection against the slug. Part of a freshly-gathered
plant was given to it in September, and beginning where a small part
of the epidermis had been torn away, it ate freely of the stem, and

* In a brick-field at Donington-on-Bain, in April 1886, two adults of
Arion ater were seen crawling in the sunshine.

+ There is a widely spread popular impression that slugs feed exclusively on
vegetable substances. That this is not the fact has, of course, long been well
known. Lister, in his ‘ Historie Animalium Angliz,’ 1678, mentions having
seen Limax agrestis feasting on the viscera of a beetle, and since the time of
Lister many observers have published notes on the promiscuous feeding of these
creatures, A7zow ater being noted as feeding upon a dead mouse, beef, the dead
bodies of snails and slugs, earth-worms, poisonous fungi, etc., etc., and it has also
been known to swallow inorganic matter, presumably for the sake of the fragments
of organic substances obtainable with it. A specimen devoured sand, just taken
from the beach, which contained fragments of animal matter rendering it luminous
when trodden on in the dark, until its feeces were composed of pure sand, united
together by a little mucus. See note by Dr. Gray, Ann. of Nat. Hist., 1839.

Naturalist,

KEW: NOTES ON ARION ATER AND OTHER SLUGS. 105

on the two following days parts of the leaves were eaten. The
poisonous fungus Russula emetica, of which Dr. Cooke kindly sent
me a number of specimens, was eaten with impunity.* Bread was
devoured greedily, and once the slug took it from my hand.

On the 17th July the slug gnawed a roundish hole, about 5} mm.
in diameter, in the linen covering the mouth of the jar, through
which it tried to escape, but appeared to be unable to do so. A new
piece of linen was supplied, but on 2gth July another hole, about
8 mm. in diameter, was made, through which the slug crawled out of
the jar; and it escaped again in September, at a time when it had
not been well supplied with suitable food, through a hole 5 or
6 mm. in diameter.

Sixty-two eggs were deposited in September. On the morning of
the 23rd, thirteen or fourteen had been laid. The deposition was

continued during the day, and completed the same night, the slug

having crawled away from the eggs by the following morning.

The feeces were frequently eaten, even when there was a good
supply of food in the jar. They vary much in colour, as was noticed
by Lister, according to the food. When the slug was feeding on
fresh foliage, they were dark green ; on flowers of Ranunculus, deep
yellow; on apple, amber-coloured ; on berries of Avum, scarlet ; on
Ramatina, pale greyish ; on bread, yellowish white.

My friend Mr. G. K. Gude informs me that a specimen of this
species, kept by him, devoured slime, detached from its own body,
when offered to it.

From the peculiar twitching movement exhibited by Avion ater
when handled or annoyed, it would appear that it is one of the most
irritable of our slugs.

ARION SUBFUSCUS.
By the sides of the Muswell Hill Road, near Highgate Woods,

* Lister, in the ‘ Historia Animalium Angliz,’ mentions that certain slugs

delight in d¢ting fungi; and in a note, dated 1672, which forms part of his

‘Letters and divers other mixt discourses in Natural Philosophy,’ he relates
having seen certain odd mushroms, full of juice not to be endured upon the
tongue, much eaten by the ‘grey meadow naked snail.’ And see the writings of
M. Recluz (Revue Zoologique, 1841, 10, p. 307), and many others.

+ These from Muswell Hill were decidedly amongst the largest examples of
A. subfuscus that have come under my observation. One of them was—although
banded—extremely like Avion ater in size, foot-fringe, and in the well-known
irritability when handled or disturbed, so like that it was for precaution’s
sake submitted to Mr. Ashford, who by dissection proved it to be true
A. subfuscus.—W.D.R.

April 1889.

106 KEW: NOTES ON ARION ATER AND OTHER SLUGS.

When searching at night, with a lantern, one may find them in large
numbers, crawling on the paths by the road-sides, and in Churchyard
Bottom Wood. The form cévereofusca | slightly exceeds rufofusca !
in numbers.* In July one was seen feeding upon a crushed slug of
its own species, and in September another was noticed eating a
cabbage-leaf. On one occasion three were found under a large piece
of paper, upon which, judging from the colour of the faeces, they had
been feeding. In June I saw this species ! devour slime left from'the
caudal gland of Avion ater.

In June, July, and August specimens were kept in captivity.
They ate bread, dead Amalia marginata, and leaves of lettuce freely,
and also leaves of Solanum dulcamara when decomposing. A fungus
(Phallus impudicus) popularly known as the ‘ stinkhorn,’ was put into
a jar in which three slugs were kept on 8th August, and was eaten
voraciously during the night ; by the morning of the roth, however,
all three slugs were dead. Death was caused, I imagine, not by the
poison contained in the fungus, but by its very powerful and fetid
smell. More than once my slugs died when bad smells were given
off by decomposing matter, which was allowed to remain too long in
the jars.

The animals spent much time in following each other about, the
head of one being upon the tip of the tail of the other, but copulation
was not actually observed.

AMALIA MARGINATA.

An adult of this species, which was kept for a short time, in
August, fed on dead larvee of Luchelia gacobee. Six larve, just killed
in boiling water, were given to it, three of which were devoured
within two hours. It was not, however, till fifteen days later that
the sixth was consumed.

LIMAX FLAVUS.

A large specimen, taken on a wall at Hampstead, on r4th June,
was kept for a short time, nothing being given it for food except
a piece of lump sugar. I never saw the slug gnaw the sugar, and it
gradually decreased in bulk, and became darker in colour, and died
in nine days. When dead it was of a very dark colour. On putting
it into water the dried slime was dissolved, and the dead slug became
surrounded by a solution of the dvigh¢est yellow colour.

* Other slugs I have taken by the Muswell Hill Road are Avon ater, vars.
plumbea!, brunnea', and rufa!, A. hortensis, Amalia marginata!, Limax
agrestis !, and L. maximus, vars. fasciata! and mullert.

Naturalist,.

z

KEW: NOTES ON ARION ATER AND OTHER SLUGS. 107

LIMAX AGRESTIS.

A field slug was in the jar with the Azion ater referred to
above from 17th June to 4th July. It was not preyed upon by
the Avion, although I saw the latter attack it. It was noticed
feeding with the Avion on a dead Limax flavus, and on leaves
of lettuce.

This slug will, it appears, bite as a means of defence. On
stopping, with my finger, the escape of one which was being attacked
from behind by a large Avion, it attempted to bite fiercely, and the
rasping of its odontophore was distinctly felt. Avion subfuscus,
Limax maximus, and possibly all the slugs, will rasp the skin if the
fingers are held to them when they are feeding, and they will continue
to do so for a considerable time, but in no case have I found the
skin to be abraded.*

Between g and 10 p.m., on 11th September, in a wood at High-
gate, I observed a pair of field slugs in copulation, on twigs near the
ground.

LIMAX MAXIMUS.

This species fed freely upon bread, and it also ate Russula emetica,
though somewhat sparingly. Ripe berries of Solanum dulcamara
were refused. A red specimen of Avion ater, about halfgrown, was
in the jar with a fine adult Lemax maximus vy. mulleri thirty-three
days, and although they were without food more than halt the time,
the Avion was not preyed upon. It was frequently attacked by
the Zimax, and was denuded of its slime, and numerous small
pieces of skin were gnawed off both from the body and mantle.
Many slugs delight in pulling off and devouring the slime of their
fellows. In June, after a search in Hampstead Lane, I turned out
the contents of a collecting-box upon a newspaper, and the slugs
attacked each other fiercely, pulling off slime, but not inflicting
wounds. ‘The box contained a large specimen of Lémax maximus
v. mulleri!, a smaller one of v. fasciata!, and two adults of
L. flavus!+ No attempt was made by the slugs to defend
themselves against the attacks, not even by the large mudlert
when attacked by the smaller /asczafa, but they effected their
escape by crawling away, as it appeared to me, at an increased
speed.

+ Other slugs I have taken in Hampstead Lane during the year are :—
Testacella scutulum'!, Arion hortensis!, Amalia gagates v. plumbea!, Amalia
marginata!, and Limax agrestis.

April 1889.

108

THE NEW RED SANDSTONE
AND THE

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF #312 TRIASSIC PERIO“:

T. MELLARD READE, C.E,, F.G.S., F.R.1.B.A.,

Park Corner, Blundellsands, near Liverpool.

Peruaps there are few rocks that at first sight appear less interesting
than the Triassic Sandstones, yet to the physical geologist the
monotonous uniformity of their constitution constitutes their interest.
It is certainly tantalising to traverse hundreds of square miles of
country and find the only variation in the constitution of the rocks
to be in the colour, size, and form of their constituent grains, and
the presence or absence of quartzite pebbles. But when we
come to reflect upon the cause of this wide-spread similarity, our
difficulties, and therefore our intelligent interest begins. The
Triassic Sandstones of Lancashire and Cheshire contain extremely
few derived fragments of the rocks of the basin in which they lie.
A few Carboniferous pebbles and an occasional derived Carboniferous
Limestone fossil are all that can be found to reward a careful searcher.

The vast bulk of the grains of which all the sandstones are
composed are of quartz, and the nature of a particular stone is due
to variations in their size and in their comparative angularity or
roundness. In some cases, as in the Upper Bunter at Runcorn, the
rock may be described as composed of microscopic pebbles, so
perfectly rounded are they; the intense red colouration being due
to a coating of ferric oxide. The grains seem to be simply in contact,
and there must be very little cementing silica, as the rock crumbles
to pieces in the hand, the grains running like small shot. The
Upper Bunter of Ness Cliff in Shropshire is in general appearance
and brilliancy of colour the same rock, but an examination with the
microscope shows that the grains are smaller and angular. This
stone is used for building purposes. The Bunter of Bridgenorth in
Shropshire is like that of Runcorn. These ‘millet seed’ grains,
though distinguishing the Upper and Lower Bunter, are not confined
to them. When, however, we come to examine the true building-
stones of the Trias, such as the Keuper of Storeton in Cheshire and
of the great quarries of Grinshill in Shropshire, or the Bunter of
Woolton, Everton, Pex Hill, and innumerable other places where
building-stone is quarried, we find that the rock glistens and sparkles
in the sun. An examination with the microscope shows that this is
due to a crystal growth upon the individual grains, presenting true
reflecting surfaces. This deposition of secondary quartz has been
pointed out by Bonney, Sorby, J. A. Phillips, G. H. Morton, and

Naturalist,

MELLARD READE: THE NEW RED SANDSTONE. 109g

others, though I ain not aware that it has been noticed before as
specially characterising the building-stones. In fact it may be said
that the value of the building-stone is in direct relation to this
deposition of silica. Some of the sandstones are very soft when
quarried, but stand the weather remarkably well, as may be seen in the
stone of the Town Hall and many other buildings in Liverpool, and
the excellent examples in Shrewsbury of Grinshill stone. Such is the
fame of these quarries, that the good people of Shrewsbury seem to
think all building-stone comes from Grinshill! As I have already
said, the bulk of the grains are of quartz, but there is also felspar
present, and occasionally mica. The stone varies very much in
quality, as it does in most sandstone quarries, the defect of the Store-
ton stone being the frequent presence of galls of grey marl. The
development of the crystals of quartz is doubtless due to the porosity
of the stone, which while allowing the circulation of water, also
gives interstitial space for the pyramidal growths on the grains.
Some of the best of these building-stones, I have proved by
experiment, will hold as much as three quarts of water to the cubic
foot*; and it is this capacity for absorption that makes the Triassic
Sandstones such excellent water-bearing reservoirs. These details,

familiar to those who live on the Triassic areas, are interesting in
themselves; but they are doubly so when we try to picture how
their characteristics came about. How, indeed, can we account for
the enormous development of siliceous sands, to the exclusion of
materials of the rocks of the basins in which they lie; for local frag-
ments would seem to be principally confined to the conglomerate beds,
such as are to be found in great development at Bridgenorth? If
the quartz grains are derived from the degradation of granite rocks,
what has become of the other constituents of the granite? It is true
there are occasional beds of marl intercalated in the sandstones, but
it is only in the upper part of the Trias that any great development
of marl occurs, and in this are found the salt-beds for which Cheshire
is so distinguished.

The distribution of sediment by water is dependent upon the
size of the grains and the velocity of the currents; hence it would
seem that very uniform conditions must have prevailed over a large
area for a lengthened space of time during the laying-down of the
Triassic Sandstones. It appears to me that these conditions could
not very well obtain in a lake, for lakes as a rule are distinguished
for the fineness of the sediment laid down in their deeper parts; and
one would also expect to find calcareous beds and fine-grained mud-

* Experiments on the Circulation of Water in Sandstone.—Proc. of Liverpool
Geol. Soc., 1883-4.
April 1889.

IIo MELLARD READE: THE NEW RED SANDSTONE.

stones, none of which are to be met with in the great mass of the
Triassic Sandstones. On the other hand, river action, as suggested
by Prof. Bonney, presents difficulties, owing to the wide expansion
of the deposits and the absence of any indications in the rocks of
the former existence of definite river channels. When we consider
that the Bunter Sandstones at Bootle proved to be over 1,200 ft.
thick, and presented only the usual variations in the beds passed
through by the boring tool, it also becomes evident that the lower
beds, if fluviatile, could not have been laid down in water of that
depth. The difficulty might be met by assuming a synclinal sinking
to be proceeding pari passu with the accretion of the beds in the
river valley; but what evidence is there of such a movement having
taken place? Again, the shape and extension of the area of
deposit now existing, which is only a remnant of what has been,
does not lend itself to this explanation. The Triassic Sandstones
envelope, or rather surround, the Pennine chain, and are to be found
also in the Vale of Clwyd, flanked on either side by Silurian hills.
They exist even in Ireland, and doubtless are in considerable
development in the basin of the Irish Sea. If the deposit had taken
place in a large lake, we should surely find greater variations and
replacements of beds than what are met with in the rocks. The
shallow deposits might be sand; the deeper, marl; but this is not
the arrangement met with, the marls of the Trias occupying the
summit of the series, the sandstones the base. The subject is sur-
rounded with difficulties ; there are no fossils to tell us whether the
waters at first were fresh or saline, nor can we point with any certainty
to the locality from which the quartzite pebbles have been derived.
The uniformity of the deposits, their extent, and the prevalence of
current-bedding, incline me to think that the Bunter Sandstones
have been laid down in a tidal sea; in which case it must have been
connected with the open ocean, otherwise a tidal wave of sufficient
magnitude to create such wide-spread current-bedding could not have
been originated. On the coming-in of the Keuper a different set of
conditions obtain; we have the well-known reptilian foot-prints in
the Lower Keuper Sandstones at Storeton and Lymn, telling
eloquently, with ripple marks, of shelving shores; and these are
succeeded by a vast thickness of marls, also full of ripple-marks,
pseudomorphs of chloride of sodium, and finally beds of salt,
together with gypseous deposits. Doubtless, all these latter were laid
down in a lake or lakes. The presence of ferric oxide as a coating
to the grains of the sandstones has been considered evidence of their
fresh-water origin ; but it would appear from microscopic examina-
tion that the infiltration of this mineral has been posterior to the

Naturalist,

MELLARD READE: THE NEW RED SANDSTONE. III

development of the siliceous cement which holds the grains together,
and it might, considering the well-known porosity of the sandstone,
have been introduced after the formation of the lake.

Much more remains to be done before the physiography of the
Triassic period can be graphically reproduced. Those who are
interested in the question will find a very good résumé of the various
views held by eminent geologists on the subject—which, however,
can so far be looked upon only as very sketchy suggestions—in
Mr. Jukes Brown’s ‘ Building of the British Isles.’

I am not aware that tidal action has been invoked by any
geologist, before this was written, to account for the current-bedding
of the Bunter Sandstones. Wind and fluviatile action have been
suggested, and possibly the current-bedding in parts of the Trias may
be due to these causes. When, however, we consider the extra-
ordinary thickness, especially about Liverpool, of the Bunter Sand-
stones, as proved in very numerous well-borings of which I have
many records, the presence of large pebbles, and the absence of all
indications of shore-lines or land-surfaces, it is difficult not to
believe that most of the sand has been accumulated in areas where it
has constantly been covered with water. If this be so, there is no
agent I know of capable of creating currents at the required depths
other than tidal action. That the tides act at enormous depths
I have elsewhere shown*; while at the same time the area of water
simultaneously affected is great. On the other hand, river action is
shallow and local, and the channels would have to change their
courses frequently, and cover an enormous area of a shape uncommon
in fluviatile deposits, to lay down sedimentary masses like the Bunter
Sandstone.

Of such a phenomenon we find no indications in the rocks
themselves. A tidal sea, fed with sand by rivers from a granitic and
quartzite area and bordered by sand-dunes and large tracts of sand-
covered country, encroached upon by the waters from time to time,
seems to me, so far as my present knowledge extends, the most
feasible sort of physical conditions for producing such beds as we
find put together in the Bunter. ‘These ideas are, however, put
forward simply as suggestions to be considered together with those of
other geologists already published and discussed. We need much
more information than is at present available before the question can
be thoroughly thrashed out. In the meantime I thought it might be
of some interest to indicate these provisional views.

* See ‘ Tidal Action as a Geological Cause ’—Proc. of Liverpool Geol. Soc.,
1873-4; and ‘ Tidal Action as an Agent of Geological Change’—Phil. Mag.,
May 1888.

April 1889.

112

IS THE STARLING DOUBLE-BROODED ?

F. S. MITCHELL, M.B.O.U.,
Clitheroe; Author of ‘The Birds of Lancashire.’

THERE is considerable difference of opinion as to whether the
Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) brings up one or more broods in a season,
and as the habits of such a common bird ought to be thoroughly
well known and agreed upon, and the season now approaches when
the matter may be tested, I suggest that those who believe it to be
double-brooded should take steps to prove they are right.

It is obvious that the onus is on this party, otherwise those who,
like myself, believe in only one brood, would have to prove a
negative.

It is, of course,-possible that in different parts of the country, and
with a greater or less proportion of nesting holes, habits may be
different, but I do not think this likely.

In my own neighbourhood, where every possible hole is occupied,
I do not know any case of a second tenancy in the same season,
whether by the original pair or any other, and in the considerable
number which for years have come under my daily observation, it is
certain that only one brood is reared.

This, I think, goes a long way to prove my position, for, with
such a scarcity of sites, a pair of birds would hardly give up a
comfortable berth, and go into the wide world to seek another, but
would be sure to bring up the second lot in the same place. It
should be understood that the first brood has been brought up in
its entirety, or almost in its entirety, and that no accident has
happened to disturb the joys of the family education, for almost any
species of bird, under circumstances of this sort, will hasten to have
a second trial.

Everyone must feel an interest in the Starling, with its plumed
beauty, its bustling, business-like habits, its fund of energy, its quaint
attitudes, and its mimicry of almost all its feathered companions.
Yet, I must say, it goes too far for me when I see it putting difficulties
in the way of the Woodpecker—for instance, by occupying its nesting-
hole ; and though the latter ought to be easily master, the self-con-
fidence of our energetic friend may carry the day, as the same quality
does under so many conditions, avian and other.

[The Editors of Zhe Vaturalist will be pleased to insert suitable
notes bearing upon this point. |

Naturalist,

113

ON THE ‘OCCURRENCE OF
EMBERIZA CIOIDES Brandt IN YORKSHIRE.

W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., Erc.,
Nat. Hist. Dept., Museum of Sctence and Art, Edinburgh.

Ir affords me much gratification to be able, through the kindness of
Mr. R. W. Chase, in whose fine collection the bird now is, to give the
desired—and it may be added most satisfactory—particulars con-
cerning the occurrence of this new European species in Yorkshire.

Mr. Chase writes me thus :—‘ In June last, when visiting Bempton
Cliffs, I called upon Mr. Matthew Bailey at Flamborough, and from
amongst his birds I selected two—the one a Pied Sparrow, the other
a bird not known to me as British (I rather thought it a variety of
Emberiza scheniclus), but which Mr. Bailey assured me he had
stuffed from the flesh, and that it had been obtained near Flam-
borough Head. Later on he confirmed this statement by letter,
giving the date as November 1886, saying it was obtained by
a fisherman on the beach south of the Headland. I sent the bird to
Durham, and Canon Tristram kindly identified it as Emdbertza ctotdes.
He communicated the occurrence, with the foregoing facts, at a
meeting of the Zoological Society, January 15th, 1889, and at the
request of Dr. Sclater, it has again been sent to the Society. I may
add that Prof. Newton has also seen the bird.’

AUTUMN AND WINTER NOTES FROM NOTTS.

F. B. WHITLOCK,
Attenborough.

THE open winter of 1888-9, though not marked by an abundance of
birds, has, however, produced a fair number of species. I extract
the following notes from my diary :—

1888. September r1th.—A Wood Sandpiper (Zo¢anus glareola)
was sent to me in the flesh, killed on the Trent below Nottingham. It
appears to be an adult bird. 16th.—Saw the last of the Common
Sandpipers (Z7ingoides hypoleucus), also the first (pair) Grey Wagtails
(Motacilla melanope).

October 6th.—Saw a few Swallows (A/irundo rustica). 8th.-—
First Redwings (Zurdus itliacus). 11th.—Surprised a Brent Goose
(Bernicla brenta) feeding in a shallow part of the Trent. 18th to
24th.—Saw one or two Tufted Ducks (/ugula cristata), Redwings,

April 1889. H

II4 WHITLOCK: AUTUMN AND WINTER NOTES FROM NOTTS.

and Missel Thrushes (Zurdus viscivorus), common. No Fieldfares
(Turdus pilaris) or Hooded Crows (Corvus cornix) seen yet. A few
Grey Wagtails.

November 7th.—First flock of Fieldfares ; Carrion Crows (Corvus
corone), common. ‘The gales in November—notably the S.W. gale
lasting from 19th to 26th—brought inland several interesting birds.
In addition to the Manx Shearwater already recorded in Zhe
Naturalist, a Grey Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius) was caught in
a yard at Radford, and I myself saw a small flock of these birds
flying over the Trent. I also saw a Dunlin (Z7inga alpina). Two
Petrels were seen at Awsworth, one of which was shot ; it proved to
be the Fork-tailed species (Procellaria leucorrhoa). J bought several
Jack Snipe (Gadllinago gallinu/a) in our market that had been shot
near Nottingham.

December 1st to 7th.—The Hooded Crows arrived ; they have
been unusually common this winter. A few Goldcrests (Regulus
cristatus) arrived about the same time. 13th.—A Water Rail (Radlus
aquaticus) trapped and sent to me. 26th.—Saw an odd Golden
Plover (Charadrius pluvialis) and a few Snipe (Gadlinago celestis),
Lapwings (Vanellus vulgaris) abundant.

1889. January 1st to 16th.—A few Grey Wagtails on the drains,
with an occasional Kingfisher (4/cedo ispida). I was shown a Spotted
Crake (Porsana maruetta), one of a pair killed below Nottingham
during the last autumn. Goosander (Mergus merganser) killed
on the Trent on the 8th; adult male. A few Golden Plover
about. 17th to 31st.—Saw Mallards (Anas boscas), Teal (Querque-
dula crecca), and an odd Tufted Duck ; also a Dunlin and a flock of
Waders (? Knots, Zringa canutus). Small birds scarce, except Larks,
which were very common. A few Little Grebes (Podiceps fluviatilis)
on the Trent and tributaries.

February 2nd.—Bought a Ring Dove (Columba palumbus) ; the
crop contained 1ro2 beech-nuts. 7th.—Saw thirteen Teal, two Tufted
Ducks, two Wigeon (Mareca penelope), and a few Mallards on the
Trent. 8th to 22nd.—Small birds more numerous by the Trent.
Reed Buntings (Zmberiza scheniclus) and Meadow Pipits (Anthus
pratensis) the most common. Flushed a Sandpiper with white upper-
tail coverts from a drain, probably a Green Sandpiper (/edodromas
ochropus). 24th to 28th.—Saw a few Grey Wagtails and a solitary
Coot (Fulica atra); also a fine Peregrine Falcon (Falco pere-
grinus). Meadow Pipits and Reed Buntings very common.

In addition to the above notes, I can record a Sand-Grouse
(Syrrhaptes paradoxus), killed on the roth November at Cropwell
Bishop. I had the pleasure of examining this bird.

Naturalist,

115
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and records published with respect to the Natural History and
- Physical Features of the North of England.

' MAMMALIA, 1886 and 1887.

THE present instalment includes not only titles for the years specified,
but also those published in Zhe Maturadist itself for the two pre-
ceding years 1884 and 1885; these were designedly omitted from
former instalments of the bibliography, but it is now felt desirable to
include for the future all titles, from our own as well as from other
journals.

As before, the purely sporting and hunting notes, which occupy
so large a space in the ‘ Field’ and similar journals, find no place in
our bibliography, save in those exceptional instances which involve
a natural history fact of interest.

ANON. [Editor of Naturalist]. Lincolnshire.
[Exportation of Stoats (JJ/ustela erminca) and Weasels (.1/. vu/garis) from
Lincolnshire to New Zealand ; commented on]. Nat., Jan. 1885, p. 143.
Anon. [signed E. G. B.]. Northumberland South.
_ Weasel [Vustela vulgaris] swimming [across Tyne, Sep. 9th, 1885]. Field,
Sep. roth, 1885, p. 423. ay '
Anon. [signed J. A.]. Cheviotland.
Memoir of the late John Towlerton Leather, Esq., F.S.A., of Leventhorpe
and Middleton Hall [gives an anecdote of the capture of a Badger (Meles
taxus) in Detchnant Wood]. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club for 1885 [pub. 1886],
x1. 220.
Anon. [signed R. H. H.]. Yorkshire.
Foxes [Vulpes vulgaris] chasing Hare [(Zepus exropfers); in Yorkshire].
Field, Jan. 16th, 1886, p. 84.
ANON. [not signed]. Lanc. W.
A Man Attacked by Otters [(Zu¢ra vulgaris), two in number, at Catshawy
Wyresdale]. Land and Water, Feb. 13th, 1886, p. 150; and Nat. Hist.
Journ., April 15th, 1886, x. 62.
Axon. [not signed]. Derbyshire.
Derby Naturalists’ Society [record of a pair of Otters (Lutra vulgaris) shot
near Derby]. Young Nat., April 1886, vii, 78.
ANON. [signed ‘Gyrfalco’]. Lincolnshire.
Bats flying in the Daytime [in Lincolnshire, 12th March, 1886, ‘a common
bat’). Land and Water, April 3rd, 1886, p. 324.
Anon. [signed ‘ Kentdale,’ probably J. Watson]. Westmorland.
’ Kendal Otter Hounds.—_Wanton Destruction of Otters [(Zu/ra vulgaris)
in Westmorland]. Land and Water, April 17th, 1886, p. 365.
ANon. [not signed]. Cumberland, Westmorland.
Otter Hunting and Otter Hound Packs [statistics of the packs kept;
these include the Carlisle, the West Cumberland (Cockermouth), the Egre-

April 1889.

116 BIBLIOGRAPHY : MAMMALIA, 1886 AND 1887.

mont (Egremont near Carnforth), and the Kendal packs; some details are
also given as to the scarcity or abundance of Otters (Zutra vulgarts) in the
several districts]. Field, May 15th, 1886, p. 618.

ANoN. [signed W., probably John Watson]. Cumb., Westm., Furness, Lanc. W.
The Kendal Otter Hounds [with records of Otters (Zztra vulgarts) on the»
Lune and the Wenning, at Coniston Lake, at Windermere, at Levens Bridge
near Kendal, at Thirlmere and Blea Tarn, on the Duddon, in Eskdale, near.
Penrith, in the Eden, and near Grange]. Field, June 12th, 1886, p. 773;
July roth, 1886, p. 78; June 11th, 1887, p. 804; July 2nd, 1887, p. 44;
Aug. 2oth, 1887, p. 321; and Oct. Ist, 1887, p. 519.

ANON, [signed ‘ Hemp,’ ‘ Cockermouth,’ ‘ Gaylad,’ and ‘ Derwent’]. Cumb.
The West Cumberland Otter Hounds [on the river Ellen, at Netherhall,
Derwent Bridge, &c. ; at Ouse Bridge and at Thirlmere Lake, several
Otters ; on the Cocker and near Cockermouth ; in the rivers Derwent and
Marron, Bassenthwaite Lake, etc.]. Field, June 26th, 1886, p. 857;
July roth, 1886, p. 78; Sep. 4th, 1886, p. 347; and July 3oth, 1887,

p- 175.

ANON. [not signed]. Westmld., Cumbld., York Mid W.
Important Discovery of the Remains of Extinct Animals [in Caverns in
Westmorland and Cumberland, and (probably) Yorkshire; the remains
found included human bones and those of Bos primogens [sic] and B.
longifrons, grisly (?), brown and cave bears, wolf, wild boar, wild cat, badger,
horse, several weasels, fox, red and fallow deer, and—most important of all,
a large and perfect skull of the beaver discovered at Sedbergh, just on the
border of Yorkshire and Westmorland]. North Eastern Daily Mail; rep.
Nat. World, July 1886, iii. 139.

Anon. [signed ‘ York’]. Yorkshire.
The Mole [7a/pa europa), its Merits and Demerits [summing up that ‘ we
cannot afford to grow moles in any part of Yorkshire’]. Field, Sep. 11th,
1886, p. 413.
Awon. [not signed]. Isle of Man.

Accounts of the Calf Island in 1708 [including an item as follows: ‘The
Rabbets of s¢ Isle this year being 180 cupp!" at 24 per cupp!!
OI: 10:00]. Manx Note Book, No. 8, Oct. 1886, vol. 2, p. 190.

ANON. [not signed]. Linc. S.

Otters [Zutra vulyaris|—An Appeal to Masters of Hounds [to hunt the
Welland at Stamford and Deeping St. James, and its tributary the Gnash,
infested with Otters, which, within living memory, have never been so
numerous]. Field, Oct. 16th, 1886, p. 555.

ANON. [par. from ‘ Times ’]. York S.E.

The Mammoth [Z/ephas primigenius] in Yorkshire [a large tusk, 10 ft. long,
found in the sand and gravel-pit on Castle Hill, Elloughton]. Field, May
28th, 1887, p. 756.

ANoNn. [signed ‘ The Veteran ’]. Lanc. S., York Mid W.
Capt. Yate’s Otter Hounds [at Harracksford, Bradford, Grindleton, and
Sawley]. Field, June 11th, 1887, p. 804.
Anon, [signed ‘ Falcon’]. Northumb. S.
Otter Hunting in North Tyne [at Falstone, Bellingham, etc.]. Field,
July 9th, 1887, p. 52.
Anon. [signed ‘ L. T.’]. Durham.

Otter Hunting in the Wear [at Witton, Wolsingham, Chester-le-Street, and
Durham]. Field, July 9th, 1887, p. 52.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : MAMMALIA, 1886 AND 1887. pi by)

Anon. [not signed]. York S.W.
Ackworth Reports.—Natural History Society [albino Lepus cuniculus,
Bulldog Bat (what is this?) at Stapleton Park, and Cyvossopus fodiens at
Ackworth]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Sep. 15th, 1887, xi. 128.
ANON. [not signed]. York S.W.
Penistone Harriers [the oldest pack known, dating anterior to A.D. 1260;
historical details given]. Field, Sep. 24th, 1887, p. 485.
E. ANNE. Northumberland S.
The Marten [JJartes sylvestris] in Northumberland [on the North Tyne,
July 1871]. Nat., Sep. 1886, p. 278.
J. W. AsHToN. Cheshire.
Rat [Mus decumanus] attacking Hedgehog [Zrinaceus europeus; at
Bodenhall, July 16th, 1886: the hedgehog was half-grown and the rat an
old doe suckling young]. Field, July 24th, 1886, p. 123.
JAMEs BACKHOUSE, junr. York N.W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Hawes [28th June, 1884: Mole ( Za/pa
europea) noted swimming in Whitfield Gill stream]. Nat., Aug. 1884, p. 18.
JAMEs BACKHOUSE, junr, York Mid W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Boroughbridge [May 25th, 1885 :
Vulpeswulgaris noted}. WNat., July 1885, p. 279.
JAMEs BACKHOUSE, junr. York Mid W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Blubberhouses [Sep. 26th, 1885 ;
Field Vole (Arvicola agrestis) noted]. Nat., Nov. 1885, p. 379.
JAMES BACKHOUSE, junr. York N.E.
Yorkshire Naturalists at Gormire Lake and Thirkleby Park [with note
on a Badger (J/éles ¢axus) caught at Kirkby Knowle, near Thirsk]. WNat.,
Aug. 1887, p. 237.
EpwaArD T. BALDWIN. Furness.
Badger [Meles taxus] in North Lancashire [between Broughton-in-Furness
and Foxfield]. Nat., Aug. 1886, p. 238.
HENRY BENSON. Westmorland and Furness.
Hedgehog [Z7inaceus europeus] attacking Chickens [at Windermere].
Zool., Nov. 1886, x. 457.
THOMAS Birks. York S.E., Linc. N.
Grampus (Orca gladiator) in the Humber [captured on Whiston Ness, Nov.
Ist, 1885 ; specimen now in British Museum]. Nat., Dec. 1885, p. 386.
W. G. BLATCH and A. C. HORNER. Notts.
[Squirrels (Scéurus vulgaris) and Fallow Deer (Cervus dama) in Sherwood
Forest, casually mentioned in an account of a beetle-hunting excursion].
Ent. Mo. Mag., Feb. 1887, xxiii. 213.
Wo. E. Brapy. York S.W.
Badger [J/eles ¢axus] near Barnsley [a male, 35 lbs, taken at Wortley, April
22nd, 1884]. Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 34.
WILLIAM D. BRAITHWAITE, Secretary. York S.W.

Ackworth School Natural History Society [many Badgers (J/eles taxus)
now (April 18th) breeding in Brockendale]. Nat. Hist. Journ., May 16th,
1887, xi. 80.

W. D. BRAITHWAITE, Secretary. York S.W.

Ackworth Natural History Society [a fine female Badger (J/é/es ta.xus)

procured from Camp’s Mount, near Askern]. Nat, Hist. Journ., June 15th,
1887, xi. 106.

April 1889.

118 BIBLIOGRAPHY : MAMMALIA, 1886 AND 1887.

T. W. BReEwIs. York S.W.
Captures of the Badger (de/es ¢axus) in Yorkshire [four instances from
Earl Fitzwilliam’s estate in South Yorkshire]. Nat., Aug. 1886, p. 238.
THOMAS BUNKER. York S.W.
Fishes [also Porpoises and Bottle-noses] observed near Goole [none of
the cetacea captured]. Nat., Oct. 1886, p. 309. ;
Tuomas BUNKER. York S.E., York S.W.
Capture of a Rudolphi’s Rorqual (Bal/enoptera borealis) at Goole [on

Sep. 5th, 1884; details given of capture and description and measurements
of the specimen]. Nat., Nov. 1884, pp. 87-88.

DipTon Burn. Westmorland, Cumberland, York N.W.

Discovery of the Remains of Extinct Animals in Westmorland [and

Cumberland, also at Sedbergh: remains of numerous extinct cave mammals,

Bos primtgenius and B. longifrons, brown and cave bears, wolf, boar, cat,

badger, horse, weasels, deer, and human bones and implements; large and
perfect skull of beaver at Sedbergh]. Sci. Goss., July 1886, p. 166.

THOMAS CARTER. York Mid W.
Movements of Grouse in Hard Weather [and an editorial note speaks of

Hares ( Lepus timidus) and Rabbits (Z. cezcu/us) dying in great numbers in
Wharfedale]. Zool., March 1886, x. 108.

J. E. Ciark. York N.E.

Rabbits [Zepzs cuniculus] in Distress [damaging trees and bushes by gnawing,
after heavy snow, near Byland Abbey]. N. H. J., June 15th, 1886, x. 104.

H. CLARKE. Isle of Man.

[Long-eared Bat (/Veco/ws aur7tus) shot at Bride in Sep. 1885. exhibited to
the Isle of Man Nat. Hist. and Antiqu. Soc., with a reference to Kermode’s
statement in Manx Note Book, i. 121, that he had not seen one taken on the
island]. Manx Note Book, No. 5, Jan. 1886, vol. 2, p. 48.

W. Eacie CLARKE. York N.E.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Helmsley [Aug. 4th, 1884; Water
Vole (Arvicola amphibia) caught in Beckdale]. Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 41.’
W. C. CLARKSON. York Mid W.
Lesser Horse-Shoe Bat [Ricnolophus hipposideros| in Nidderdale [near
Pateley Bridge, Sep. 23rd, 1886]. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 339.
T. D. A. CocKERELL. Cheshire.
A September Walk through ... Cheshire . . . [Scturus valgarts noted
at Congleton, Sep. 11th, 1885]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 57.
ALFRED HENEAGE COCKS. Off Yorkshire Coast.
The Fin-whale Fishery of 1886 on the Lapland Coast [‘the last Whale
I met with was only about fifty miles from the Yorkshire coast . . . on the
morning of October roth. On the fishing-ground known to trawlers as the
“*Great Silver Pits” (20 to 4o fathoms). . . a small whale—perhaps a Lesser
Rorqual [ Balanoptera —]—was steadily breakfasting on the fish,’ etc. ].
Zool., June 1887, xi. 210.

R. BARRINGTON COOKE. York N.E..
Polecats [Mustela putor7us| in Yorkshire [five seen, 25th and 26th June,
1887, on the banks of Jugger Howe Beck, an upper tributary of the Derwent,
Fylingdales Moor ; details given]. Field, July 9th, 1887, p. 50.
JounN CoRDFAUX. York S.E,
The Spurn [with notes of mammalian bones (os longifrons, B. primigentus,
Cervus elaphus, C. megaceros, Sus scrofa, Rhinoceros, Trichecus, etc.) in the
Holderness gravels]. Nat., Aug. 1884, p. 2.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : MAMMALIA, 1886 AND 1887. LIg

JoHN CoRDEAUX. York N.E., Durham.

[Large Seal—surmised to be Halichzrus gryphus—at Tees mouth, 18th
Nov. 1883]. Migration Report for 1883; rep. Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 43.

JouN CoRDEAUX. Linc. N.
Wild Cat [7e/is catus] in Lincolnshire [shot in March 1883, at Bullington
Wood near Wragby, a wood in which the Marten (AZartes sylvestris) occurs
almost every year, and in which A/wste/a putortus is common]. Nat., Sep.
1884, pp. 33-34.
Joun CorDEAvx. York S.E.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Spurn Point [3rd September, 1884 ;
Sorex vulgaris and Erinaceus noted]. Nat., Nov. 1884, p. 92.
JoHN CORDEAUX. Linc. N., Linc. S., York S.W.
Lincolnshire [with notes of Bos primigentus fossil at Grimsby; Cervus elaphus,
Bos longifrons, Canis lupus, Sus scrofa, Felis catus fossil at Aylesby; of
Cervus elaphus, an original herd, at Grimsthorpe Park ; of Fels catus near
Wragby, MJartes, Mustela putorius, Lutra, Meles, Fhoca vitulina, Halicharus
egryphus, Myoxus, Arvicola riparia, Sorex minutus, Crossopus, and Physeter
bidens ; and to the great herds of Cervus elaphus at Hatfield Levels]. Nat.,
Jan. 1886, pp. 7-9.

JOHN CoRDEAUX. Linc. N.

Some Footprints in the Snow [as observed at Great Cotes, Lincs., of A/ms

sylvaticus, Arvicola agrestis, A. amphibia, Sorex, Mustela erminea, M, vulgaris,

M. putoria, Canis vulpes, Lepus europeus, Erinaceus, Talpa, and Lefw;
cuniculus|, Nat., March 1887, pp. 72-74.

R. D. DARBISHIRE. Linc. N.
Note on the Fishes [and Marine Mammals] of Grimsby about 1300
[extract from the ‘ Lay of Havelok the Dane’; references made to Whales or
Grampuses, Seals, Porpoises (Phocwna communis)]. Nat., Oct. 1884, p. 60.

W. DuckworrTu. Cumberland.
Porpoise [Phocena communis ; caught at Skinburness on Solway, May 6th,
1886 ; measurements and weight given]. Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Ass.,

No. xi. 1885-86 (pub. 1886), p. 150.

J. N. Durty. Linc. N.
Badger [Ales taxus] in Lincolnshire [at Housham and Somerby]. Nat.,
April 1886, p. 113.

J. J. DUNNINGTON-JEFFERSON. York S.E.
Curious Accident to a Hare [(Zefws timidus), near York ; broke its neck by
running against a flock of sheep]. Field, Oct. 30th, 1886, p. 653.

D. EMBLETON, Durham, Northumberland S.

Black Rat [ws rattus] at Newcastle [historical particulars of its occurrence
in Northumberland and Durham]. Nat., Jan. 1885, p. 128.

D. EMBLETON. Durham, Westmorland, York N.W.
A Catalogue of the Place-names in Teesdale [including some derived from
the Cow, the Ox, the Stot, the Hart. the Buck, the Hind, the Roe, the Ewe,
the Lamb. the Fox, the Badger, the Beaver, the Hare, Swine, and the Coney ;
see pp. xiil. 9, 10, I1. 18 (Ox), 22 ( Badger). 47 (Hart), 49 (Ewe), 53 (Swine),
58 (Hind), 62 (Boar), 68 (Fox), 76 (Badger, Fox), 77 (Hare), 96 (Lamb),
97 (Wether, Hind), 99 (Badger), 99, tor (Swine), rox (Hart), r1ro
(Badger), 113 (Deer), 124 (Cow, Sheep, and Stot), 128 (Hare), 139, I4I
(Hart), 151 (Coney or Rabbit), 153 (Beaver), 153 (Buck), 153 (Horse), 153
(Hind), 159 (Badger), 177 (Stot), 185 (Hare, Hart), 186 (Fox), 193 (Wether),
203 (Fox), 203 (Hare), 207 (Boar), 207 (Beaver), 214 (Fox)]. Nat. Hist.
Trans. of Northd., Durh. and Newe., vol. ix. part i. (1887), pp. i-xviil.
and 1-223.

April 1880.

120 BIBLIOGRAPHY ; MAMMALIA, 1886 AND 1887.

Epwb. ELMHIRST, Linc. N.
The Hen Harrier in Lincolnshire Sixty Years Ago [on the waste lands or
commons between Market Rasen and Caistor about 1824-5; in which were
abundance of all kinds of game and vermin, Foxes ( Vz/pes vulgaris), Badgers
(Meles taxus), Polecats (Mustela putorius), Stoats (MZ. erminea), Weasels
(M. vulgaris), Rats (Mus decumanus), and Hedgehogs (Zrinaceus europaeus)
being enumerated ; and particular note made of a quite white Badger taken
at Claxby, and exhibited at the famous Exeter Change Menagerie some 60
years ago]. Field, Nov. 27th, 1886, p. 800.
J. W. Linn.zxus M. TristRAM FAWCETT, Northumberland S.
Badgers [J/e/es taxus] in Northumberland [at Low Staples, May 1885].
Nat., April 1886, p. 112.
J. W. Linn.zus M. TRISTRAM FAWCETT. Durham.
Badgers [J/eles taxus] in Durham [five occurrences quoted, with dates].
Nat., April 1886, p. 112.
J. W. Linnzus M. TRISTRAM FAWCETT. Durham.
Captures of Otters [Zura vulgaris] in County Durham [in two Weardale
localities]. Nat., April 1886, p. 113.
FRANCIS R. FITZGERALD. York Mid W.
Pied Variety of the Short-tailed Field Vole [(dvuicola agrestis) at
Harrogate, July 1886]. Zool., Dec. 1886, x. 485.
THOMAS Forp. York N.W.
Singular adventure with a Stoat [(MJustela erminea), which had seized a
hooked trout in Crackpot Beck, Swaledale]. Field, Nov. 7th, 1885, p. 671.
RILEY FORTUNE. York Mid W.

[Variety of Field Vole (no doubt Arvicola agrestis), pied with white and
grey, on Killinghall Moor, Yorkshire]. Garner, 1886, p. 14.
LEONARD GAUNT. York S.E.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Pocklington [24th June, 1885;
Whiskered Bat (Vesfertilio mystacinus) noted]. Nat., Aug. 1885, p. 308.
LEONARD GAUNT. York S.W.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Askern [20th May, 1886; 7a/pa and
Crossopus noted]. Nat., June 1886, p. 189.

G, H. CaTon Halcu. Linc. N.
Notes on Bats in North Lincolnshire [which are five in number—Scofo-
philus noctula, common; S. pipistrellus, abundant ; Vespertilio nattereri,
once seen; V7. daudentoni?, local rather than rare; and Plecotus auritus,
common; notes on occurrence and habits given; Bardastellus and V.
mystacinus indicated as likely to be found]. Zool., April 1887, xi. 142-144.

ALLAN B. HALL. York N.E.

Notes from Thirsk [Otters (Zutra vulgaris) in Codbeck]. Nat. Hist. Journ.,
Feb. 15th, 1887, xi. 16. [Badger (A/e/es faxus) caught in a steel trap].
Nat. Hist. Journ., May 16th, 1887, xi. 85.

C. C. HANSON. York S.W.

Foumarts [Mustela putorius| near Huddersfield [on Marsden moors, Feb.
and March, 1884]. Nat., April 1886, p. 113.

JAMES Harpy. Northumberland S. and Cheviotland.

Report of Meetings of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, for the year
1885. . . . Rothbury [24th June; the Jast Wolf (Camis lupus) of the dis-
trict slain at a place now called Wolf's Fauld or Wolf’s Holes]. Proc.
Berw. Nat. Club for 1885 [pub. 1886], xi. 36.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY: MAMMALIA, 1886 AND 1887. 127

JamEs Harpy. Northumberland S.
Report of Meetings of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club for the year
1885. . . . Haughton Castle, Simonburn Church, and Chipchase
Castle, North Tyne [30th July; horns of Cervus elaphus dredged from the
Tyne near Dunston in 1875]. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club for 1885 [pub. 1886],

xi. 63.

JOHN HARRISON. York N.E.

[The (probably) last Yorkshire Marten-Cat (J/artes sylvestris).] Nat. Hist.
Journ., April 15th, 1887, xi. 60.

J. E. HartTINe. York S.E., Notts., Durham, Northumberland S.

Beavers [Castor filer] and their ways [Beverley, Yorkshire, and Bevercotes,
Notts., referred to as place-name evidence of former occurrence in Britain
(p- 273) ; laws and customs instituted for Newcastle-on-Tyne by Henry I.,
and confirmed by subsequent royal charters, specified among the exports from
the Tyne the skins of Foxes (Vulpes vulgaris), Martens (artes sylvestris),
Sables [probably Polecats (1/ustela putorius))|, Beavers, Goats (Capra hircus),
and Squirrels (Sczerus vetlgaris) (p. 282)]. Zool., July 1886, x. 273 and 282.

]. E. HARTING. Northumberland, Linc. N.

The Origin of the Domestic Cat [(/¢/és catus); in which the example shot
in 1853 at Eslington, Northumberland, is considered as the last genuine
Wild Cat seen in England, the Lincolnshire example of 1883 (Bullington
Wood) being regarded as a reversion from the domestic to the wild type].
Field, Nov. 27th, 1886, p. 800.

J. E. HARTING. York Mid W.
Irish Deer [Megaceros hibernicus ; with a foot-note alluding incidentally to its
having been found at Cowthorpe in Yorkshire]. Field, Dec. 18th, 1886,

p- 884.

J. E. Harrine, York N.W., Durham.

Remarks on British Bats [of which generic tables are given; reference
made to Northallerton being the northernmost station for the Noctule
(Vesperugo noctula), and to the Cleadon specimen in the Newcastle Museum
ascribed to V. serotinus being probably V. xoctula]. Zool., May 1887, xi.
161-171.

J. E. HarTING. Yorkshire, Durham.

Northern Limit of the Range of the Noctule [Vesferugo noctula] in Great
Britain [giving in full Messrs. T. Southwell’s and W. Denison Roebuck’s
reasons for believing the Newcastle Museum specimen of the ‘ Serotine’ from
Cleadon to be a Noctule ; copious extracts from ‘ The Naturalist ’ as to other
Durham occurrences]. Zool., July 1887, xi. 260-262.

J. E. HarrIne. Northumbld., Cumbld., Yorksh., Lancsh., Derbysh.

On the Bank Vole, Arvicola glareolus (Schreber) [including a summary of
what is known of its distribution in Britain, records. being cited for
Northumberland, Cumberland, Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Derbyshire ; and
one from Allonby, Cumberland, is figured on the plate]. Zool., Oct. 1887,
xi, 361-371, and plate v.

J]. E. HarTING. York N.W., York Mid W., York S.W., Linc. N.

The Mole, Talpa europza (Linn.) [reference made to its being observed on
the top of Ingleborough, Yorkshire, and on the highest point of the Lincoln-
shire North Wolds; to Mr. George Roberts’ observations on the soils it
frequents ; to its swimming the Yorkshire Greta ; and to albinoes in Nidder-
dale and elsewhere]. Zool., Dec. 1887, xi. 441-448, and plate vi.

J. F. Hirts [, Secretary]. York N.E.

York, Bootham, Natural History Club [Polecat (A/ustela putorius), queried,
Sandsend near Whitby]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Sep. 15th, 1887, xi. 132.

April 1889.

122 BIBLIOGRAPHY : MAMMALIA, 1.886 AND 1887.

WILLIAM Hopecson. Cumberland, Westmorland, Furness, Yorkshire.
The Hill Naturalist [a full and popularly written account—in systematic
order—of the Mammals of the Lake hills; Fel7s catus, Sciurus, Mus
sylvaticus, Arvicola agrestis, A. amphibia, Mus decumanus, Lepus vulgaris,
L. cuntculus, Talpa, Cervus elaphus, Vulpes, Mustela vulgaris, M. ermunea,
M. putorius, Martes, Meles, Erinaceus, Lutra, Sorex vulgaris, and S. fodiens
are noted]. Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Assoc., No. xi (1885-6, pub. 1886),
pp. 27-39. ;
J. HopkIN and T. SOUTHWELL. Linc. N.
Sperm Whale [Piyseter macrocephalus] stranded at Grimsby in 1563
[account extracted from the Harleian MSS. by Mr. Hopkin ; commented on
by Mr. Southwell ; this is the earliest known British occurrence]. Nat., May
1885, p. 228.

RoperT J. Howarn. Lance. S.

The past Winter and the Rabbits [(Zefus cusiculus), which were severely
punished ' by the protracted severity of the winter in the Blackburn district].
Zool., June 1886, x. 241.

W. R. Hucues [Secretary, and ten others]. Cheviotland, Cheshire, Lanc. S.

_ [Report] on the Present Condition of the Existing Herds of British
Wild White Cattle [(2os ¢awrus); dealing with the Chillingham, Lyme
Park, and Somerford (near Congleton) herds, with casual notices of the
descendants of the Middleton herd; the Lyme herd ceased to exist about four
years ago, but otherwise the report does not deal with extinct herds]. Brit.
Assoc. Rep. ; and Zool., Nov. 1887, xi. 401-414.

PETER INCHBALD. York Mid W.

The Whiskered Bat [Jesfertel/o mystactnus] in Nidderdale [captured near
Pateley Bridge, June roth, 1887, by Wm. Storey]. Field, June 18th, 1887,
p. 882.

PETER INCHBALD. York Mid W.

[Long-eared] Bat [P%ecotus auritus) capturing moths [at Harrogate ;
method described]. Field, July 23rd, 1887, p. 149.

JAMES INGLEBY. York Mid W.
Whiskered Bat (Vesferti/io mystacinus) at Warsill, near Pateley Bridge
[a large colony]. Nat., April 1885, p. 202.

JAS. INGLEBY. York Mid W.

Weasel [JJustela vulgavis|’s Method of Carrying its Young [described ;

locality not stated, presumably Eavestone near Ripon]. Nat., March 1886,
priG7

W. B. JACQUES. Lanc. W.

Curious Death of a Rabbit [(Zepus cunzculus) at Goosnargh, Lancs.; neck
broken in running]. Field, Oct. 30th, 1886, p. 653.

J. M. JEFFcoTT. Isle of Man.
‘The Seven Sleepers,’ according to Manx tradition [included the
Craitnag or Bat (Vespertilio pipistrellus, etc.), the, Doallag or Dormouse
(Myoxus avellanarius),and the Graynoge or Hedgehog (Zrénaceus europaeus) ;
etymologies given]. Nat., Aug. 1884, pp. 14-15.

J. E. Kesatt. Derbyshire, Notts., York Mid W., Cheshire.

The Distribution in Great Britain of the Lesser Horse-shoe Bat
[(RAtnolophus hipposideros) ; collected records for Derbyshire, Notts., York-
shire, and Cheshire, which are the only northern counties for which it has
been noted]. Zool., March 1887, xi. 89-93.

. Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : MAMMALIA, 1886 AND 1887. 123

H. WALLIs Kew. Linc. N. |
Otter [Lutra vulgar?s] near Louth, Lincolnshire [one, caught at Maltby
Springs, April 3rd, 1885]. Nat., Dec. 1885, p. 393.
H. Wattis Kew. ° Linc. N.
Field Notes [eight hedgehogs (Z77aceus europeus) in Muckton Wood, and
twenty-six weasels (A/zste/a vitlgar?s) and three stoats (AZ erminea) in
Burwell Wood, all killed by keepers]. Nat. World, Jan. 1886, p. 2.
H. Wats Kew. Linc. N.
Another Post-glacial Ravine (Hubbard’s Valley, near Louth) and its
inhabitants [the Noctule (Vesperigo noctula) noted]. Nat. World, March
1886, iii. 41.
H. Watts Kew. Linc. N.
In the Woods [near Louth] in Summer [Stoats (AZustela erminea), Weasels
(MZ, vulgaris), Hedgehogs (E77aceus europeus) on ‘keeper’s trees’ noted].
Nat. World, July 1886, iii. 121-124.
E. P. KNUBLEY. ~ York Mid W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union in Upper Nidderdale [in 1886; Jus
sylvaticus and Arvicola riparia noted]. Nat., Aug. 1886, p. 253.
oa LCE. ? Notts.
Rat’s Teeth [one with the upper incisors curved and 13 inch long ; note dated
from Nottingham]. Sci. Goss., Sep. 1886, p. 214.
R. B. L[FE]. Westmorland.
Otters [Lutra vulgaris] frequenting a Salmon Pool [on the Kent in
Westmorland]. Field, June 5th, 1886, p. 733.
R. B. L[FE]. Cumberland, Westmorland, Furness.

Otter Hunting during 1886 [description of the Otter-hound packs, prefaced
by interesting reminiscences, anecdotes, and extract from a churchwarden’s
accounts]. Field, Oct. 30th, 1886, p. 626.

R. B. L[EE]. Cumberland.

Extraordinary Run with a Single Hound [after a Fox (V2/fes vulgar?s)
on some of the roughest and wildest ground near Buttermere, including the
summit of High Style (2643 ft. alt.), 11th November, 1887]. Field, Nov.
26th, 1887, p. 804, and Dec. roth, p. 880.

F, ARNOLD LFEEs. York N.W.
Badgers [ Mles taxus] and Red Deer [Cervus e/aphus|in Upper Wensleydale

[two Badgers let off in Fossdale are still there ; a semi-wild Deer is ranging
the moorlands]. Nat., May 1885, p. 228.

T. Lister. York S.W.

Notes from Barnsley [a pair of Otters (Zutra vulgaris) in the Dearne].
Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, 1886, x. 106.

R. LorrHouseE. York N.E.

Records of Captures of Badgers [AMJéeles taxus] in Yorkshire [eight
instances of various dates for Cleveland localities given]. Nat., April 1886,

p. 113.
R. LorrHousE. York N.E., Durham.
The River Tees: its Marshes and their Fauna [remains of Bos primigenius,
of Mastodon, Deer, etc., dredged in the river; particulars as to the former
occurrence and extinction of Poca vitulina and P. griphus ;, Phocena com-
munis, Lutra vulgaris, Arvicola amphibia, Mus decumanus, MM. rattus, Lepus
timidus, Mus sylvaticus, Arvicola agrestis, Sorex tetragonurus, S. fodiens,
S. remifer, Mustela vilgarts, and Za/pa also noted]. Nat., Jan. 1887, pp 1-16.

April 1889.

124 BIBLIOGRAPHY : MAMMALIA, 1886 AND 1887.

H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
The Habits of the Greater Horse-Shoe Bat [with incidental mention that
six species of Bats have occurred in Cumberland, of which Barbastellus—
obtained at Carlisle by T. C. Heysham, and now in F. Bond’s collection—
is the most interesting]. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 337.
H. A. MacpHERSON and W. DuckWorRTH. Cumberland, Westmorland.
Zoological Record for Cumberland, 1886 [including detailed notes on the
occurrence of a colony of Vesfertilio natterevi at Castletown, the establish-
ment of a few Roe Deer (Cafreolus caprea) at Wigton, mortality among the
Red Deer (Cerwis elaphius) of Martindale, occurrences of the Pine Marten
(Martes sylvestris), and, at Thirlmere, of the Badger (J/e/es taxus), and notes
upon the Cumbrian Bats, viz.— V. watterert, V. mystacinus, V. daubentonii,
Plecotus, Barbastellus, and Vesperugo pipistrellus|. Trans. Cumb. and
Westm. Assoc., part xii (1886-87, pub. 1887), pp. 43-45.

H. A. MACPHERSON, Cumberland.
The Roe-deer [Cafreolus cafrea] in Cumberland [a limited number
established near Wigton (not Netherby) in the north of the county; editor
of Zoologist adds that the species was abundant in Cumberland in the reign
of Charles I., when thirty-one of them were transported from Naworth
Woods to Wimbledon Park; an account is given at pp. 47-48 of Harting’s
‘Essays on Sport and Natural History’]. Cumb. Assoc. Trans., 1887, p. 443
reprinted in Zool., Oct. 1887, p. 382.
Rk. MORTON MIDDLETON, Jun. Durham.
Black Rat [J/us rattws] at West Hartlepool [ March oth, 1885, ina ship-yard].
Nat., May 1885, p. 228.
F, O. Morris. ? York S.E.
Circular Notes . . . No. 1.—The Rook and the Fox [(l/fes vulgaris);
anecdote of fox mobbed by rooks—presumably at Nunburnholme]. Land
and Water, April 17th, 1886, p. 374.
C. T. Musson. Notts.
Mussels Eaten by Animals and Birds [at various places in Notts; attributed
to Rats or Water-Voles, species not stated]. Nat., March 1885, p. 181.
T. H. NELson. Durham, York N.E.
Effects of Heavy Snow upon Grouse [and upon Hares (Lefus ¢émidus) in
Lower Teesdale]. Zool., March 1886, x. 108.
T. H. NELson. York N.E.
Badgers [.J/e/es ¢axus] in North Yorkshire [several were turned out on the
Hutton Hall Estate near Guisborough a few years ago; possibly some
recorded captures may have been herefrom]. Nat., May 1886, p. 143.
T. H. NELSON. Durham.
Otters [Zutra vulgaris] in Durham [on the Wear and its tributary the
Bedburn in 1884]. WNat., June 1886, p. 173.
T. H. NELson. Durham.
Noctule [Vesperugo noctula) in Durham [near Bishop Auckland in 1885].
Nat., June 1886, p. 173.
T. H. NELSON. York N.E,
Badgers [J/eles taxus] in North Yorkshire [four captured at Ingleby, Cleve-
land, May 1886]. Nat., Aug. 1886, p. 238.
T. H. NELson. Cheviotland.
A Naturalist’s Ramble on the Farne Islands [with passing references to
Phoca vitulina and Lepus cuniculus), Nat., April 1887, pp. 116-128.
T. H. NELSON. Cheviotland.

A Visit to Chillingham Park [and a full account of the famous White Cattle
there, with woodcut ; the park also contains Red and Fallow Deer (Cerwus
elaphus and C. dama)]. Nat., Aug. 1887, pp. 229-234.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY ; MAMMALIA, 1886 AND 1887. 125

CHAS, OLDHAM. Lance. S.
Freshwater Shells Eaten by Rats [(supposed to be Mus decumanus) at
Birch, near Manchester]. Nat., July 1885, p. 274.
J. PARKER, Derbyshire.
' Strength of the Mole [( Za/fa europa); in the writer’s house-cellar (at The
Cross, Repton) the tiles.were thrown up in one corner, and by the side was
a mound of earth; a trap was set, and a mole of extraordinary size caught].
Field, Dec. 6th, 1884, p. 771.
Rp. PAVER-CRow. York Mid W.
Large [124 0z.] Stoat [J/ustela erminea] near Boroughbridge. Nat., April
1886, p. I13.
A. E. PEASE, York N.E.
The Cleveland Hounds as a Trencher-Fed Pack [a book published by
Longmans ; see Review in Field, Jan. 15th, 1887, pp. 68-69].
T. N. PosTLETHWAITE. Cumberland.
Deep drop for a Weasel [(AZustela vulgaris) ; one jumped 30 or 40 feet into
water, and then swam across; Cumberland]. Nat., Jan. 1885, p. 128.
A. W. PRICE. Northumberland S.
Squirrel [Scirus vulgaris] attacked by a Small Bird [at Riding Mill on Tyne].
Nat., April 1885, p. 202.
T. MELLARD READE. Lanc. S.
An Ingenious Rat [Mus decumanus]’s Nest [in Dale Street, Liverpool ;
description given]. Nat., Jan. 1887, p. 21.
GEORGE ROBERTS. York S.W., York Mid W., York N.W., York N.E.
Records of Captures of Badgers [J/¢/es taxus] in Yorkshire [a synoptic list
of twelve recorded instances, with references]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 36.
GEORGE ROBERTS. York S.W., York N.W., York Mid W., York N.E.
Additional [six] Records of Captures of the Badger (d/e/es taxus) in
Yorkshire [synoptically given, with references]. Nat., March 1886, p. 67.
JouN E. Rosson. Durham.
Variety of the Common Hare [(Zepus t¢mtidus) ; shot in Castle Eden Dene ;
light silver-grey]. Young Nat., Nov. 1886, vii. 234.
W. DENISON ROEBUCK. Durham.

The Noctule Bat [Vesperugo noctula] in Co. Durham [a specimen in the
Newcastle Museum, taken 1836, near Cleadon, is labelled ‘ Vespertilio
serotinus’], Nat., April 1885, p. 202.

Wm. DENISON ROEBUCK. Cheshire.

Whiskered Bat [Jespertilio mystacinus] in Cheshire [found at Fernilee
(misprinted Fermlee) near Whaley Bridge, by C. Oldham, 30th May, 1885].
Nat., April 1886, p, 113.

Wm. DENISON ROEBUCK, Durham.

Noctule [Vesperugo noctula| in County Durham [newspaper paragraph as to
its occurrence in Winston Lane near Barnard Castle]. Nat., April 1886,
p= 13.

York Mid W.
W. DENISON RogEBUCK, W. EAGLE CLARKE, and WILLIAM STOREY.

Upper Nidderdale and its Fauna. . . . Mammals [an annotated list
of 30 species]. Nat., July 1886, pp. 195-197.
H. Harvey Simpson. Cheshire.

Weasels [Justela vulgaris] preying upon Moles [(7Za/pa europea) near
Bowdon]. Field, May Ist, 1886, p. 570.

April 1889.

126 BIBLIOGRAPHY : MAMMALIA, 1886 AND 1887.

M. M. Simpson. Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lanc. S.

A Sportsman of the Last Century [i.e. Sir Ashton Lever, in whose game
accounts for 1751 are mentioned leverets and hares (Zefus ewropeus) taken or
killed .at Mottram, on the Derbyshire side, at Knutsford, in Outerton, and in
Alkrington, Tonge, and Foxdenton]. Land and Water, March 6th, 1886,

p. 236.
H. H. SLATER. Durham, Northumberland.
The Bank Vole [.47v7co/a g/arcolus] in Durham [and South Northumberland ;
about Durham city—in the writer’s school days—the Bank Vole occurred,
but was decidedly rare as compared with the Field Vole (4. agrestis)]. Zool.,
Dec. 1887, xi. 462-463.
T. SOUTHWELL. Northumberland S., Durham,
Black Rat [Jus rattus] at Newcastle [captured July 1884; reference made
to its known occurrence at Stockton-on-Tees]. Nat., Nov. 1884, p. 88.
THos. SOUTHWELL and Wm. EAGLE CLARKE. York S.E., Linc. N.
On the Occurrence of Sowerby’s Whale (J/esoplodon bidens) on the
Yorkshire Coast [just inside Spurn Head, Sep. 11th, 1885: the first
specimen on record for England]. Nat., Dec. 1885, pp. 385-386; and Zool.,
Feb. 1886, p. 70.
Tuomas SOUTHWELL. Linc. N.
Balenoptera musculus at Skegness [April 3rd, 1887; particulars and
description given]. Nat., May 1887, pp. 139-140.
T. SOUTHWELL. Linc. N.
Common Rorqual [Balenoptera musculus) at Skegness [young female
stranded, April 3rd ; measurements given]. Zool., May 1887, xi. 190-191.
T. SOUTHWELL. Durham, Yorkshire.
The supposed Serotine in the Newcastle Museum [stating that it is really
a Noctule (Vesperugo noctula), and referring to Mr. Roebuck’s Yorkshire
experience]. Zool., June 1887, xi. 234.
R. STANDEN. Lanc. W.
Badgers [J/e/es taxus| in North Lancashire [at Whittingham, near Preston,
a family captured, May 1884]. Nat., Jan. 1885, p. 128.
ROBERT STANDEN. Lanc. W.
Former occurrence of Badgers [.J/e/es ta.xus] in North Lancashire [mostly
antiquarian matter]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 36.
F. V. STARKEY. Cheshire.
Large Otter [Zuéra vulgaris) in Cheshire [in the brook at Wrenbury;
length 483 in., weight 30 lb.]. Field, Feb. 2oth, 1886, p. 243.
THOMAS STEPHENSON. York N.E.
Porpoise [Phocena communis] near Whitby [caught on a hook, May 24th,
1886]. Nat., Sep. 1886, p. 278.
THOMAS STEPHENSON, York N.E.
Whitby Notes.—Mammalia [a skull in the Museum is labelled De/phinus
(Hyperoddon) bidentatus; this was stranded at Whitby many years ago;
Phocena communis caught at Whitby, 29th September, 1886]. Nat., Nov.
1886, p. 339.
WILLIAM STOREY. York Mid W.
Albino Mole [7a/fa europea] in Nidderdale [taken at Brimham]. Nat.,
Nov. 1884, p. 88.
Wma. Srorey. York Mid W.

Capture of a Badger [.J/e/es taxus] in Nidderdale [at Brimham rocks ; the
only occurrence in the dale for forty years]. Nat., April 1885, p. 202.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : MAMMALIA, 1886 AND 1887. 127

W. STOREY. York Mid W.
Badgers [.l/e/es ¢axus] in Nidderdale [female taken alive in 1849]. Nat.,
May 1885, p. 228.
WILLIAM STOREY. York Mid W.
Red Deer [Cervus elaphus] in Nidderdale [a pair in Harefield Woods,
June 1885; doubtless escaped from Studley; in 1880, 1881, 1882, and 1884,
kids seen in Sawley Woods, near Studley]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 36.
Wo. STOREY. York N.W., York Mid W.
Albino Moles [7a/fa europea] in Coverdale and Nidderdale [at Cover
Head and at Angram]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 36.
WM. STOREY. York Mid W.
Cannibalism in the Long-eared Bat [(Plecotws awvitus) at Pateley Bridge].
Nat., Jan. 1887, p. 21.
R. A. SUMMERFIELD. York Mid W.
Badgers [.l/e/es taxvus] at Stainley near Ripon [two specimens, winter of
1883-4]. Nat., May 1885, p. 228.
J. THompson. Cumberland or Westmorland.
The Marten Cat [J/artes sylvestris] in Cumberland [two trapped at Martin-
dale ‘last week’; is not this in Westmorland ?]. Field, Oct. 30th, 1886, 633.
J. E. WALKER. Cumberland.
‘Rats [Wus decumanizs] and Music [at Wigton School, Cumberland ; account
of effects produced on the animals]. Nat. Hist. Journ., March 15th, 1887,
x15 37s
JouHN Warson. Westmorland.
Discovery of Fossil Remains in Westmorland [after sundry historical
and bibliographical references—among others, to the last British Wild Boar
(Sus scrofa ferus) having been killed at Over Staveley in Westmorland—an
account of results of exploration of caves in the mountain limestone near
Kendal; the species represented are Roe deer (Cervus capreolus), Red deer
(C. elaphus), Fox (Canis vulpes), Marten (Martes sylvestris), Wild Boar
(Sus scrofa ferus), Badger (Meles taxis), and others—ruminants and carnivora
-—and domestic animals ; in another cave were Wolf (Cavs lupus), Boar,
Deer, etc.]. Field, June 13th, 1885, p. 792.
Joun Watson. Cumberland.
[Churchwardens’ accounts for Crosthwaite, Cumberland, 1762 ; containing
references to Candis vulpes, Mustela martes, Felis catus, and Mustela
pitorius). Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 346.
JOHN WATSON. Westmorland.
Westmorland Heronries [with an incidental note of divicola amphibia being
fed on by the herons]. Field, Jan. 22nd, 1887, p. 109.
JOHN WarsoNn. Cumberland, Westmorland.
' The Extinct Animals of the Lake District [as known from cave-exploration
and historical evidence ; notes concerning Ursus (two species), Sus scrofa,
Canis lupus, Cervus elaphus, C. dama, C. capreolus, Castor fiber, Felis cats,
Bos taurus, B. longifrons, B. primigenius, Mustela, Megaceros hibernicus,
Equus caballus, Meles taxus, and Martes). Nat., Feb. 1887, pp. 39-45.
J. WHITAKER. Notts.
A Pied Hare [(Zefus timidus) at Rainworth near Mansfield, shot Jan.
1887]. Zool., June 1887, xi. 233.
Wa. YELLOWLEY. Northumberland S., Cheviotland.

The Marten [Martes sylvestris] in Northumberland [at West Chirton near
North Shields, and at Harehope, Alnwick; details of the occurrences].
Nat., Aug. 1886, p. 238.

April 1889,

128

ADDITIONS TO THE
LIST OF SOME HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA
OF LINCOLNSHIRE.

JAMES EARDLEY MASON,
The Sycamores, Alford.

SINcE my list appeared in Zhe Naturalist of October last, I have
ascertained the occurrence in the Alford district of the following
additional species.
LYGAID#,
Gastrodes ferrugineus L. Well; abundant on Scotch fir
(Pinus sylvestris), roth and 2oth October, 1888.

CAPSIDZ.

Teratocoris saundersi D. & S. Mablethorpe; sandhills, one
male, 18th August, 1888.

Phytocoris pini Kirsch. Well; one, 23rd August, 1888.

Calocoris striatus L. Well Vale; hawthorn, two adult and
many immature, 25th June, 1888.

Calocoris roseomaculatus DeGeer. Well ; Rest-harrow (Oxonts
arvensis), one, 16th August, 1888.

Chlamydatus ambulans Fall. Well ; several, 23rd August, 1888.

Dicyphus stachydis Reut. Well; some on Lychnis diurna in
June, in company with D. globulifer, and abundant on Stachys
sylvatica in August and October.

Dicyphus epilobii Reut. Well; two on Zpvlobium hirsutum,
18th October, 1888.

Harpocera thoracica Fall. Well Vale; one female, 16th June,
13388.

Psallus roseus Fall. Well; one, 23rd August, 1888. Authorpe,
two, 7th July, 1888.

The Dicyphi and the Prytocoris pint have been verified by
Mr. Edward Saunders.

It may be worth recording that on the 23rd August, 1888, I took
two of the rare Dicyphus constrictus on the very spot where, in
September, 1886, the first two English specimens fell to my net.
The food-plant will be found to be Zychnts diurna or Stachys sylvatica,
in all probability, perhaps both.

13th March, 1889.

Naturalist,

No. 166. MAY 1889.

(i

wine i
|

ith, a

mm
A Hit

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

CONDUCTED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS,
Sunny Bank, Leeds;

WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF

J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,
Royal Herbarium, Kew; Dewsbury ;

W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEORGE T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
Museum of Science & Art, Edinburgh ; Greenfield House, Huddersfield ;

ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. BARWELL TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.M.S.,
St. John’s College, Cambridge ; 55, Reginald Terrace, Leeds.

Gonfenfs:
Ornithological Notes from N.E. Lincolnshire and Holderness—Jokx Cordeaux,
M.B.O.U. AS 3 , : ae ee +» 429 & 130
The Succession of the Silurian Rocks of inggleten atid the ineludéd Trap-
Dykes of most interest—Rodert B. Balderston .. a3 an a ARE to ree
Up Buckden Pike with the Aneroid—W7. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.
Notes—Ornithology ..

Is the Starling double- heeded Sohn Wa Flamborough Bird Notes—
Matthew Bailey.

Note—Mollusca 5
Slugs in South ane ae Wine: De tL SOn Rastaick. F. En S.
Note—Mammalia
Extracts from Koaresrhice teeh wardens’ Acdaunts 25 Grafton ‘Meine:
Notes and News “ee “s a aa a: “f 38 3 Fir
Bibliography—Birds, 1886. ie e ey Ae fF ie vs ae sy E45ato

PAGE

LONDON:
LovELL REEVE & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C,

McCoreuopaLe & Co. LIMITED, CARDINGTON STREET, EUSTON ;
AND
Lreeps: BASINGHALL STREET.

All Communications should be Addressed :—
The Editors of ‘The Naturalist,’
Sunny Bank, Leeds.

PRICE SIXPENCE (by Post, Sevenpence).
a ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (from the OFFICE only), 5s., post free.

ee

The NATURALIST. ©

TARIFF OF CHARGES FOR REPRINTS.

50 copies. 100 copies. 200 copies.
4 pages = as 4/6 BS a 7/- wi te 9/6
8 pages eid fs 5/6 ae 8/6 a8 poate) A fea

I2 pages UE = 7/- Bi ee. DT/- we ree Co)
16 pages 3 ae 8/6 Mees. 13/6 se we 18/-
Covers charged extra as below—

Plain Covers... br -/9 Be ie 1/6 te ve 2/6
Printed Covers ae 2/- Bs ae 3/- zat ox 4/6

BOOKS RECEIVED.
W. West—List of Desmids from Massachusetts. 6-page reprint, with plates, Svo.
1888. [The Author.
Albert C. Seward—On Calamites undulatus. 2-page reprint, with plate, 8vo.
g 1888. [Mr. Harker.
Alfred Harker—On Local Thickening of Dykes, etc. 2-pp.rep., 8vo. 1889.[ Author.

Internat. Geol. Congress.—Reports on Classification and Nomenclature. 15-page
reprint, 8vo. 1888. [Mr. Harker.

T. D. A. Cockerell—Larva of Gnophela vermiculata G. & K. 8-page reprint,

8vo. 1888. [The Author.
T. D. A. Cockerell—On the Citation of Localities. 3-page rep., 8vo. 1889. [Author.
Leeds Geol. Association—Transactions, Part 4, 1888. [The Association.
Nat. Hist. Journ., No. 111, April 15, 1889. [J. E. Clark & others, Editors, York.
Science Gossip, No. 292, for April 1889. [Messrs. Chatto & Windus, publishers.
The Midland Naturalist, No. 136, for April 1889. [Birmingham Nat. Hist. Soc.
Research, monthly illust. journ. of science,vol. 1, No. 10, April 1889. [A.N. Tate, ed.
The Wesley Naturalist, No. 26, for April 1889. [The Wesley Scientific Society.
The Young Naturalist, Part 112, for April 1889. | [Mr. John E. Robson, editor.
The Zoologist, 3rd Series, Vol. 13, No. 148, April 1889. _[J. E. Harting, editor.

Manchester Geological Society—Trans., vol 20, part 4, 1889. [The Society.
Revue Bryologique, 16° Année, 1889, No. 2. [M. T. Husnot, redacteur, Cahan.
New York Microsc. Soc.—Journ., vol. 5, No. 2, April 1889. [The Society.

Journal of Microscopy, N.S., vol. 2, part 6, April 1889. [Bailliere & Co. publishers.
Scottish Naturalist, N.S., No. 24, April 1889. [Prof. J. W. H. Trail, Editor.
Yorkshire Notes and Queries, part 15, April 1889. —_‘[J. Horsfall Turner, editor.

British Association—Report of 1888 Meeting (Bath). [The Association.
Liverpool Nat. Field Club—Proceedings for 1888. 8vo. [The Club.
EXCHANGE.

Notices of Exchange inserted free of charge to Subscribers.

Books for Sale or. Exchange. —Mrs. Merrifield’s Natural History of
Brighton and Vicinity, 1860, 228 pages, 8vo, cloth, 3/-, post free; Gloyne on
Geographical Distribution of Land Shells, 1877, 8vo, sewed, 40 pages, 2/-;
Pidgeon on the Marine Conchology of Torbay, 1875, 8vo, sewed, 22 pages, 1/-.
Foreign or British conchological works or back numbers of ‘The Naturalist’
(Hobkirk and Porritt’s Series) desired in exchange. Address—X.Y.Z., c/o Editors
of ‘ Naturalist.’

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.—ENTOMOLOGICAL
SECTION.—The President and Secretaries of the Section will be pleased to
receive the names and addresses of those members specially interesting themselves
in this branch. The object in view is to circulate a fairly complete list amongst
the members of this section, and thereby to facilitate the exchange of information,
and also, if sufficient encouragement is given, to publish (in the Annual Report of
the Section) at the close of the season a list of Yorkshire Occurrences of Insects.

Address the President :—Mr. N. F. Doprer, The New Walk, Beverley ;

Or the Hon. Secretaries:—Mr. J. H. ROWNTREE, Westwood, Scarborough $

Mr. W. E. BRADY, I, Queen Street, Barnsley.

——— EEE

Improved Egg Drills (2 sizes) and Metal Blowpipe with instructions 1/3 free.
‘Hints on Egg Collecting and Nesting,’ illustrated, 33d. free. Birds’ Skins,
Eggs (side-blown and in clutches with date), Lepidoptera, Ova, Larve, and Pup,
Artificial Eyes, and all kinds of Naturalists’ Requisites. Lists, one stamp. All
specimens, &c., sent out ‘on approval.’

J. & W. DAVIS (Naturalists), DARTFORD, Kent.

The cheapest dealer in Birds, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells,
etc., is John Eggleston, Park Place, Sunderland. Lists free,

¥
es

129

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES
FROM N.E. LINCOLNSHIRE AND HOLDERNESS.

JOHN CORDEAUX, M.B.O.U.,
Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincolnshire.

Pochard (/uligula ferina). On the lake at Croxby I saw, on
January 26th, about one hundred Wild Duck (Anas doschas) and
twelve Pochard swimming in somewhat close order. All these
were males, nine of them in full plumage, and three young males
of the previous summer in transition. There was not a single
female Pochard anywhere visible on the water.

Ruff (Machetes pugnax). One was shot at Hollym near Withern-
sea, about January zoth, and taken to Mr. Philip Loten, of
Easington. This makes the second obtained in Holderness
during the winter of 1888-9.

Common Sheldrake (Zadorna cornuta). Mr. Haigh informs me
that a flock of about two hundred have for some weeks lately
frequented the coast near Grainthorpe Haven.

Snipe (Gadlinago celestis). February 12th. A white Snipe has been
seen lately in this parish, once at very close quarters, when
feeding on the narrow belt of ooze on the side of a drain.

Snow-Bunting (Plectrophanes nivalis). Some small flocks on the
coast in March, continuing to the middle of the month. The
contrasting black and white of the plumage makes them now
very conspicuous in their short flights along the shore.

Bittern (Botaurus stellaris). On Tuesday, March roth, one was
surprised and taken alive as it attempted to rise from a reedy
drain in Humberstone Marshes, by Mr. S. D. Newton, of
Grimsby. It was kept in captivity until the Saturday, when it
escaped, and on the following Tuesday was recaptured by two
Ordnance surveyors in the Cemetery at Cleethorpes, making no
efforts to escape at the time. Another is recorded in ‘The Field’
for March 16th, as lately shot on Broomfleet Island on the
Humber.

Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaples paradoxus). In the last week in February
a flock numbering about one hundred was seen in the parish of
Summercotes, on the coast, and I am told that, notwithstanding
the ‘Sand-Grouse Protection Act,’ two were shot.

Scaup (/iwligula marila). A considerable flock off the coast in this
parish, apparently equally males and females.

May 1889.

130 ORNITHOLOGICAL AND MOLLUSCAN NOTES.

Golden Plover (Charadrius pluvialis). March 30th. Two flocks
in the marsh; with a glass I could see that there were many
black-breasted birds amongst them, and others in transition,
scarcely one that was not more or less marked with black.

Jack Snipe (Limnocryptes gallinula). On April 6th I flushed one
from a small patch of turnips in this parish.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Is the Starling double-brooded ?—In regard to this interesting subject,
I can vouch for the following facts:—In 1866 I knew of a nest of the Starling
(Sturnus vulgaris) which contained a family of young just ready for taking wing,
and a batch of eggs partially incubated at the same time. In 1888 I knew of two
nests that twice contained young. In 1885 I noticed a curious circumstance in
regard to the breeding of the Rook (Corvus frugilegus). In one Rook’s nest
I found three eggs about two-thirds sat, and four fresh-laid eggs.—JOHN WARD,
Lofthouse, April 21st, 1889.

Flamborough Bird Notes.—An Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) was shot at
Flamborough last November by a farmer’s son. The same gentleman also in
December shot the Red-legged Partridge (Caccabis rufa)—two very rare
occurrences. On March 30th and 3ist, quantities of Hooded Crows (Corvus
cornix) were seen to leave our shores, with the wind very much in their favour:
April 5th, I observed quantities had to put back on account of the stormy weather
and a strong head wind. I also observed from the South Landing, a flock of Wild
Geese, ten in number, making towards the point of the Headland; I took them
to be the White-fronted species (Anser albifrons). The light-keeper informs me
of several flocks of the Canadian Geese passing the Headland. The wind con-
tinues to blow from the east, hazy with a slight fog—just the sort of weather that
generally brings over the summer migrants. Several have already arrived; two
Redstarts (Ruticilla phenicurus) seen in my garden this morning (April 6th).
Since April 6th several Woodcocks (Scolopax rusticola) have been seen on the
Headland ; no doubt they will take their departure the first opportunity. April
oth—the Great Shrike (Zanzus excubitor), which when discovered had three mice
fastened ona thorn. April 8th, the Wheatear (Saxzcola enanthe), and April 13th
the Ring Ouzel ( Zurdus torguatus) observed. —MATTHEW BAILEY, Flamborough,
April 15th, 1889.

With reference to the Woodcock, one was picked up under the telegraph wire
at Spurn Head on the 16th of April. Mr. Loten informs me that it was a much
lighter coloured bird than the autumn immigrants.—W. E. CLARKE.

NOTE—MOLLUSCA AND COLEOPTERA.

Slugs, &c., in South Lincolnshire.—On the 28th December, Mr. Joseph Burtt
Davy, mindful of the fact that but little is known as to South Lincolnshire mollusca,
sent me a few slugs. There were a couple of small specimens of Zzmax devis and
a very juvenile 4A7zon subfuscus from under a piece of wood in a hedge-bottom
at Fulbeck Grange ; a few typical Limax agrest/s and abundance of var. sylvatica
under stones at Fulbeck Grange; and an adult example of var. reticulata ona
clod of earth in a wheat-field at Caythorpe Lowfields—all taken on the 26th Dec.
He also sent bleached examples of Zimna@a ovata and of Helzx nemoralis var.
libellula 00342, picked out of the rejectamenta of the Brant at Fulbeck Grange.
He also sent a couple of beetles from Fulbeck Grange, which the Rev. W. G:
Hey identifies as of the excessively common species Calathus melanocephalus
and Zachyporus chrysomelinus.

On the 8th of January, his cousin, Mr. Theodore Burtt, of Brandon Lodge,
Grantham, sent me several slugs he found there under a log of wood on the 3rd.
One was an adult and characteristic specimen of the beautiful var. ferussacz of
Limax maximus, and with it were several young ones of the same species and a
typical Z. agrestis.—W. DENISON ROEBUCK, Leeds, Jan. r5th, 1889.

Naturalist,

az

131
THE SUCCESSION OF THE SILURIAN ROCKS

OF INGLETON AND THE
INCLUDED TRAP-DYKES OF MOST INTEREST.

ROBERT R. BALDERSTON.

For a long period it has been supposed that only two trap-dykes of
any great interest and thickness are to be observed in the Silurian
rocks of Ingleton, although allusion has been made by various
authorities to a ‘large series of trap-rocks’ as being found, of vast
vast thickness, amongst the Green Slates of this district, but whether
these were regarded as dykes, intrusions, lava-flows or volcanic
ejectamenta redeposited along with beds that were plainly composed
of sedimentary ash, has been a point very vaguely demonstrated.

As the result of a considerable amount of labour recently spent
in the examination of the beds in question, I have drawn up a list
of those rocks which appear to me more or less clearly entitled to
be regarded unequivocally as igneous intrusions or eruptive, whilst
associating those other rocks, which have until recently been classified
as ‘a great series of trap-rocks,’ with the sédimentary division.
This has been done owing partly to a study of the questionable series
in relation to their mineralogical appearance and constitution, and in
part to their physical relation to the slates and ash-beds with which
they are associated. To this group of rocks, which is harder and
often more massive than the typical slate, I shall refer under the
term ‘Galliard, a name of local application, and one not likely to
give a too definite and perhaps erroneous description as would the
words ‘grit,’ or ‘trap.’ The galliards have been described—and
more particularly group 6 of my appended series—as ‘massive
felspathic trap of great thickness, and intersected by numerous bands
of quartz,’ they have been also further correlated with the interbedded
felstones of the Lake District; a close examination, however, dis-
closes that these rocks are not so massive as has been supposed :—

1. That in many places they are distinctly notable for slaty
cleavage, but have a crystalline character.

. That in a still greater number there is only a partially-
obliterated slaty cleavage, the crystalline or coarser element
having only partiy invaded the cleavage planes.

3. That where the more massive character is conspicuous, the

bedding planes very frequently divide the rock regularly,
and in correspondence with the coincident cleavage, into

thin or thick slabs, or occasionally, in rarer instances, large
well-defined blocks.
May 1889.

to

132 BALDERSTON : THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF INGLETON.

4. That the quartz bands and veins usually seen in the galliards,
and less frequently in the slates, pass in any direction and
irregularly along the course of faultage, shrinkage, and other
cracks indiscriminately, but that the quartz bands of the
true trap-dykes of the Green Slate series run in parallel
lines, at regular intervals, across the faces of such dykes, as
the result of a single uniform cause, shrinkage or cooling
and filling of the consequent cracks.

It may still further be remembered, that had any great bulk of
the galliard element been thrown up in the form of dykes, we should
naturally be led to infer that the thickness of the stratified series
would not so nearly correspond on each side of the fold, as it
evidently does. A few may have been lava-flows or intrusions inter-
bedded prior to contortion, so as to have participated in the
subsequent folding. As a whole, the galliards, in many respects,
differ essentially from most of the genuine dykes found here, but do
so in a less degree when compared with the undoubted felstones, a
class to which they more nearly approximate, and one which was
perhaps ejected nearer the time of the deposition of the beds amongst
which they are found.

Among the twelve dykes described, three, if not four varieties of
trap may be recognised, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, forming one group, with
the first slightly divergent from the other two. The next group
consists of 5 and 8, the constituents and appearance of these
rocks allying them to the darker hued and less acid division
of the Helmsgill dykes, which possibly have too great a proportion
of orthoclase to be regarded as true kersantites. The third group
is comprised by the series described as number g, and this possibly
may be a very compact and much altered kersantite, but at some
points there is a considerable presence of quartz as a porphyritic or
accidental constituent, and on the whole exact identification is
difficult. The last division comprises Nos. 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, and 12,
which are felstones, slightly hornblendic and containing a little mica,
more especially on, or near the surfaces of joints. The sub-marine
lava-flows belonging to No. 4, differ little from the Great Dyke itself,
but may be regarded as felstone rhyolite, the four beds being almost
synchronous and evidently due to one eruption.

The total number of exposures of the Traps of the subjoined
list is more than fifty-five, and of these, nearly half belong to the
Great Black Dyke, which has not yet been described.

The Galliards, or ‘sub-aerial traps’ of Ingleton Dale, I have
grouped among the sedimentary rocks, whatever may have been the

origin of their ingredients, and my doing this may be regarded as
Naturalist,

a

BALDERSTON : THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF INGLETON. 133

due to the satisfactory identification of the succession and repetition
of these beds on each side of the centre of the fold, and the physical
features of the beds themselves. The thickness of the main
divisions so closely corresponds as to be sufficiently conclusive,
whilst that of the constituent and repeated beds of special character
is rather remarkable and not a very pleasant and satisfactory
argument for the support of the trap theory. Certain difficulties
necessarily present themselves to one working out these results, as
the galliards are not such a homogeneous series as may have been
supposed; beds of green slate and felspathic ash are included,
galliard gradually passing into slate and ash, thus showing along the
outcrop of the same beds different stages of metamorphosis, whilst
in the centre group of purple, purple-black and iron-stained slates,
thin metalliferous veins, associated with chloritic vein-stuff, and all
the attendant features of thin extinction-dykes may be occasionally
observed as more characteristic of this group than of the Green
Slates and galliards. There, however, the most prominent object is
the large mass of Syenitic Gneiss, variously designated ‘ Basalt,’
‘Conglomerate and Grits,’ ‘ Quartz-Diorite,’ etc., as the fancy of the
observer may have suggested, sufficient to stagger the field-geologist
at the very outset. Yet this rock was never ejected from a deep
centre, either as dyke or lava-flow, as is proved by the physical
condition and arrangement of its constituents. We observe bands
of slate running through it for a greater or less distance undisturbed,
thinner and more isolated bands similarly unchanged either in strike .
or dip ; finally, thin slabs, pieces, particles, maintaining their original
relation to the green and other slates of the valley, and without
definite signs of fusion in what must have been a veritable sea of
molten matter, were the eruptive nature of the rock to be granted.
Neither can we detect on the margins of this mass a sufficiency
of evidence in the form of ramifications, extinction-dykes, meta-
morphosis of the adjacent slates, etc., to justify the conclusion that
it is igneous and not itself metamorphic. In the included slate
bands themselves, isolated and coarse-grained nuclei similar to the
surrounding rock may be obtained, and every stage and degree of
change are to be seen in various situations.

In the face, then, of physical impossibilities and so much
evidence against an igneous origin, we are constrained to reject
this hypothesis, as well as the proposed alternative attributing a
conglomeratic origin to the rock, for either assumption leads to
absurdity, and the only decision left to us is, that the rock in question
was once part of the slate group, the oldest of the series and most
metamorphosed, without any very decided tendency to a schistose
May 1889.

134 BALDERSTON : THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF INGLETON.

individualisation of constituents. Further than this I will not go,
except to suggest that these purple and iron-stained slates and gneiss,
which form the natural base of the Green Slates of the Lower
Llandeilo period, belong to the Arenig group. An older date we
cannot at present assign to the series without disproving the existence
of the fauna alleged to be found in its upper division, though there
are serious grounds for doubt.

The thickness of the Lower Silurians of this district is practically
identical with the width of outcrop, as the dark, calcareous, and
green slates are bedded almost vertically, their cleavage, which is
commonly and correctly regarded as almost, or for the most part,
coincident with the bedding, being frequently actually vertical, and
always at such a high average inclination that the deduction from the
measurement of the width of outcrop to obtain the actual thickness
of the beds is so small as, for all practical purposes, to be
absolutely nil.

The stratification of the Lower Silurians in no way directly
corresponds with that of the Upper division, a very marked uncon-
formability existing between the two series, and if at any point there
should happen to be an appearance of conformability, this is merely
due to the rolling nature of the bedding of the upper group, a
feature not observed in the underlying series, in which the folding of
the beds was complete previous to the Upper Silurian epoch. This
point appears to have escaped the attention of the field geologist, and
the dilemma to which its non-recognition leads has obviously been
avoided or explained by the suggestion of a fault at every place
where the relations of the two series are exposed, and appear
to be otherwise irreconcilable. Such a conclusion, if true, forms a
very easy solution of the question, and one not taxing the brain with
much thought as to how the various formations were originally
related.

UNCONFORMABILITY.
Middle Liandetlos. Upper Silurians.

Dip 72° to S.W. Nearly level... ...) Dowgill and
Strike of Cleavage to N. Wie Topyeuby N..... Soc Brackenbottom.
Dip 70° to S.S.W. .... ...| 60° to N.E. ae Se SWWihaies

4 84° to S.W. a3 Nearly level... ..- Ingleton.

S70, tonsa approximate Nearly level at point ¢ of |) Helmsgill.

overlap ao sc

All fad of trap-dykes ...| Dykes absent.

It is plain, however, that an indented sea-coast with somewhat
abrupt estuaries, such as the fjords of Norway, but on a smaller
scale, existed in the district along the flanks of the Upper Silurian

Naturalist,

BALDERSTON : THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF INGLETON. 135

sea, and that the Upper Silurian conglomerate and tricleaved mud-
stones were first laid down in this area, which was often more
channelled and therefore deeper at the points where the softer and
more perishable Middle Llandeilo calcareous shales occurred.
Fossil, though somewhat indistinct, remains are to be found in the
mudstones and shales first laid down in such localities as the base of
the Upper Silurians. Existing sections through the coast-line or
across the estuaries and valleys of the period have in several cases
been described as “great faults,” and the incorrect diagnosis has,
perhaps, been strengthened by some slight dislocation of the
formations in such localities, areas of greatest weakness and least
cohesion. It is easy to judge what geological conditions would
ensue on, what we may allow might be an uncommon example, the
submersion of something much less stupendous than the Sogne
Fjord of Norway.

To me the evidence is unsurmountable that the Lower Silurians
run under the Upper division as moderately uniform and distinct folds,
almost vertical, but with a slight inclination to the S.W., never to the
N.E.; to me these folds appear altogether independent of those of
the Upper series, which may be observed overlying the subjacent
beds almost horizontally as at Easegili and Pecca, or, elsewhere,
dipping at high angles to various parts of the compass in a manner
not observed in the rocks below, the successive folds of which
can be clearly identified, notwithstanding the few and distant
exposures before us. Who will be so bold as to allege any similar
uniformity in the upper series? We advise those who are sceptical
on the subject to which we have drawn their attention, to once
more study the physical features of Wharfe, Helmsgill, Easegill,
Pecca, Crummach, Coombe, and Barkin Beck, Dowgill Bottom, etc.,
from every standpoint and think out the problem for themselves.

DETAILED ACCOUNT OF] THE TRAP-DYKES,

No. 1.—Iron-grey Dyke. (i) In the Twiss valley, less than 6 ft.
from the Tow Scar Fault, and there having a width of 24 ft. to 27 ft.,
and a divergent branch 12 ft. wide, cutting through and dislocating
No. 2. (ii) By the Skirwith road, separated from the fault by about
75 ft. of dark, calcareous, cleaved slates, and here only 74 ft. wide.
Externally much decomposed in the former position. Iron-grey to
black-green is the characteristic colour of the sound rock. The pale-
grey variety is more compact ; there are only two exposures. Its line
is evidently flexuous, a fact proved by its not appearing in the Doe or
intermediate positions, where it has, perhaps, been for some distance

faulted downwards. This dyke may be regarded as a mica-syenite,
May 1889.

eo

THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF INGLETON.

BALDERSTON

136

‘aspo 9uo nyIs Ul preryrs 09
‘NYS Ul S9z¥IS

‘(pesodxa you ozl
qaed ysour oy} 1OJ JeYM 410) preyed oS

pesodxs you yonui ‘sajye[g oz
*y90I poi9j]U
‘ayf{qU sy[eq eiyeog Lz

3 mm"

yw ‘ZI “ON

ozl

Od jnoqe ‘souvivadde poiaqye
® 1 0 uveddesy jo speq pue ‘spsq ysy fs fore or
“A N 07 sansodxe azsyqany ON
$gt
sy
W007 BEEN |

“ACS OL “HN WOU
‘A104 40 @WI'T “AN NI NOISSHOONS

oh AIDS 26L ** UW 20q
sor“ purg ajdind e pue user ‘4 Og tomes es “* useid ‘sprerpesy
(iy) {or * @iqvop) s3y4qy Aeg 39H (My Le 8 ON “4h ALLA IID PUL
og **a3r]S pue AAOALYS fd *“*97e]s ouIOS Aq pamoyoy ‘Aais ss
6 ; “* -ystuse1g a tz shosoworur ‘yao1a yoedui09 a
(G4) je Gi alan ** £913 JO]OIA os (C19) sal Were ee 29 ; Adis wieM §§
(s4 0° ystfai3 ae olz aniq ysthai3 Jo usa13 of
Come ais *paureis 19s1v09 g
(1) lass p pu uaeid ‘sprer[es (1) fo) go ‘+ yse Aje[s pue sprees

‘@AWIS Suoye pamol[oy) SAIWAS GUVITIVO—'9 an0xy

z se WE Zon ‘axAq au04spa yy asay3 U uy
Roz, es a es % 28 *& a AE ae saqz[s users ‘Arsen() Wwe, (11) |
5 2s ae vy oS ris a a us ae saqejs Araaiys pue yse oiyiedsyaq
9 a Bt < a3 ee 9 ‘ON ‘exAq cue] pur ‘S ‘ON ‘ayAC 9LIG
EO mere zie oe “@ dnoig oy Bursuojaq sdeyied) S9zvIS peaza[oy yse oiyjedsjag (1)
gt BC gle sie S80 Nii ‘ayAqr auojs[ay Jean
*(SUIOY) Sozzapunz 7 4amo7T—'L anouy
SL e oe c ; : : Sig peq eiuyep e Ajprey
{es ‘ON anh yeas ou kq Saree “WISE: PoxepueT ‘guoysouly =3ov[q-Aevin) (11)

gt "7 ssouyoiyg odesaae ‘€ 39 z ‘1 ‘son’ saxkqT

e ‘3 os a ** guoye ‘saze[s paava[d ‘snosivojed “9
16z pue 10S- 's ** spueq uty} ‘spaq yse yqim ‘iaddq -v

( —!S9}¥]S paata[o ‘snosivojeo *yoRIq-an|q (1)
‘20 “WMIDAS

‘(sopzapunlT 4ppryy) SNVINNTIS WAMOT—'s anoryg

“ALVUANOTONOD GNV ALITIGVNYOANOOND

ais ) oe oe “ a S$ jnoqe ‘aseq perelooaq yas fsaqyoAyr oulieu anog (11)
(- An ar: ap ae ; spueq ueveddery
‘( P2ppaqsezUt S10 1O DUO YIM ‘snorajTTIssoy AJOUN}sIpul ‘souO}Spni Yoe]q ‘paava[or4y yo (1)
*(g dnoiyg uo
‘IQUULUL P2JeIO|SIp & ur ynq ‘A][eEJUOZIIOY ysowye Buld4]) SNVINATIS WAdadN—6 anouy

‘aN OL “M’S WOU
‘104 ‘TVNITOILNV JO AWIT ‘M’S NI NOISSADONS

Naturalist,

137

*9YLYS 91 0} sopsuv zYySI1 ye ou] 9]SuIs
e uo ‘ayqissod se ivy se ‘uaye} Udy dnoiz qepnoaed yoee jo spaq pajzeade1 dy} UT UONweA sBeIZAL 9y} UeYyy Is}VoIs ‘sdeyiod ‘st ‘do19yno jo oury 10 ‘ax143s
ay} Suoje paces speq oy} JO JoJOvABYO UT UONeIUBA 94} O1aYyM ‘g dnord ul uses aq Au AdAans siy} ul paouatiedxa sonjnoyjip 9y3 Jo ajduirxa uy—‘aALON

‘ABMe par[ney "yy 7zz,—pasodxa jou £ dnosy jo yavg fO0L‘S Sea'Si sce Die ae = as Z dnoassy yo doy 03 [e}07,
|

*so7e[s ajdind ay} JO auUIOS PsAOUIot |

Sy Karas , $=3 § .. .. oe oe + .- .- o. ssouyory? [[Ny “yy gge'x
aguesiat aon tates 2 Sa bg = "89=% { ‘sstoug) o1y1uaAg aatsseur Yat ‘sazejs yst[dind pue yIvp ‘paurezs-uo ‘ystuaer14
D1dYT, “SSIoUy) aAISSeUE YJIM ‘saqeIS : a
ysydind puv x1ep ‘paureys-uosr ‘ystuseig, g9 Salads ALVIS—? anor
(9) xs Ke 2 er spree 91g 91g Szg ig fey Oe =: Hab a va Bp i ny uIYyIIM YystuserS ‘Aysni ‘spreyyeg (1)

“SHIMUS GUAVITIVO—? dnouy

(1) ns * “ Saqyv[G Us2IN) OZO'IT | oOzo‘r ozo'r oro‘r"* RS a a 43 a ae oF ye < a: Saqe]g usc1n (1)

| ‘SHIMAS ALVIS—'E anoyy

THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF INGLETON.

*paeyy[eg, of | gtz te on oe on pe a ale a oe We 8s 7 sprenye iW
: “2312S Sr S€Z || 969 obz a oe a 5 Ae yi a Te or oF 38 P ae oe
*aqe[S jAed ut sdeysiod ‘preyyes. SsS or *° ze dg ae 2g oe a 4H oa He ae “* sprees) (1)
am ‘saqe]g of | ; :
7, ‘spree Ser ‘SHINAS GUVITIVO—? anouy
S aon ashes ae
} |
2 (1A pur 1A) -- .. oa saqz[S 06 99 - oe .. air - oa o. oe oa . a + o- sair[S (ua)
I or on + paeyypes AWeIS age | ze on .. .- oo + +. we +. . .. . ynoqu ‘sprees (ta)
a fic oe fo saqig g 99 °° = vs ey ae Mi sls ae or x v B ** saqe x
+... ee - aykqryneg z £9) Bow cc Je oF 4h & x at oe By. re E 5c nee tn)
x Fuassit ‘AVME payne saye[S zzz | For’: || Por sr S61 °°" es kM ay a yi oy St 7 eS *2 a ae sais (att)
Q (a1) oe on .. ** paenyes iz 66 <i wa are oe .- ait we “e “s ae ave oe sprery[es (11)
- * ee Saze[S S6r Czé o* o. oe oe oo. -* oe +. oe . oe soqeIS uso15 ()
os as spierjes) Sor | a Be hd *~ 2 “a vA a x “* gBeisav ‘ayAq ssoid usei4)
preyed Aye[s 10 sayejg ofE
‘SUIMAS ALVIS—'S daory

May 188o.

138 BALDERSTON : THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF INGLETON.

being composed of :—orthoclase of red and pale tints; perhaps a little
greenish oligoclase; black and brown biotites; dark green horn-
blende; occasional large crystals of quartz; pyrites; a few amygdaloid
nodules ; and having in one place two zeolitic bands running through
it. Its extreme points of exposure are 1584 yards apart.

No. 2.—Lower Violet or Orange Dyke. (i) In the Twiss, 8 ft.
wide, and 6 in. from No. 1. (ii) In the Doe, 5 ft. wide and 168 ft.
from the Tow Scar Fault ; (iii) by the Skirwith Road 4 an inch from
No. 1. In the first position it is for the most part much decomposed ;
in the second altered at one end; in the third fairly fresh. The
colour varies from orange, through purplish in the Doe, to violet
and violet-grey in the two other exposures. Its line is apparently
nearly straight, though slightly running across the bedding so as to
get nearer the south to the S.E. This dyke is a granitic trap,
approaching minette, and is composed of :—orthoclase of red and pale
tints; hornblende, black to green; biotite, black to brown; quartz,
more than No. 1; idocrase, of a yellowish green tint; foliated,
micaceous pseudomorphs, after schorl; chalcedonic nodules; pyrites;
and beautifully crystallised enclosures of granitel. Its extreme points
of exposure are 1,584 yards apart.

No. 3.—Red or Upper Violet Dyke. (i) In the Twiss, 18 ft. wide,
and running 36 ft. to 45 ft. from No. 2, but their respective points
of exposure, where best examined, are about 54 yds. distant from
each other. (ii) In the Doe; width 13 ft. and 18 ft. from No. 2.
(ili) In the Skirwith Road, where I regard it as confluent with
No. 2; 93 ft. wide, and 4 in. from No. 1. In the first position, in
deep water, the condition of the trap is good, but the extinction-
dyke section a short distance from the stream, is hardly recognisable ;
in the second position, very good; and in the third, fairly fresh.
In the Twiss the colour is violet-grey, but the pale grey, compact
variety is also seen here ; in the Doe the tints are orange, to purplish
red; and by the Skirwith Road, violet to pale red. The line of
exposure is similar to that of No. 2, which may be regarded as an
almost parallel branch of this the greater dyke. The description of
trap is therefore the same, although in the Doe section of this dyke
the chalcedonic nodules are not notably present ; but the enclosures
of granitel are abundant and of schistose, hornblendic gneiss less
common. ‘The extreme points of exposure are 1,639 yds. in the
cleaved black slates and calcareous-ash slate series.

No. 4.—The Great Felstone Dyke and its four Rhyolites.
(i) In Pecca Hill, three exposures. (ii) In the Twiss below,
apparently less than 36 ft. wide, with some 170 ft. of cleaved black
slates and dark limestone between it and No. 3. The width of the

Naturalis

BALDERSTON : THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF INGLETON. 139

dyke up the hill seems to be quite as great. (iii) In the Doe, 36 ft.
wide, with 180 ft. of same series between it and No. 3. (iv) In
Easegill, 40 yds. from the second bend of the stream above the Foss.
This dyke generally has the appearance of a fine freestone, of dirty
yellowish-brown colour; in some stages of change it has a granular
character, and when blasted is white, with a pale bluish tint; it is
extremely altered everywhere, but shows its character best in its lava-
flow in Easegill, and fairly in the dyke sections, where I have
recently blasted the rock both in the Twiss and Doe valleys. The
line of exposure is decidedly flexuous or devious, as compared with
the felspathic ash, dark limestone, and black cleaved slates in which
it is found. In the top of Pecca Hill it is not more than go ft. from
the Green Slates ; in the river just below it is as much as 270 ft. from
the same slates; in the Doe valley the distance is 240 ft.; whilst at
Easegill it amounts to not less than 462 ft., and probably 150 ft.
more. This dyke is evidently a much-decomposed felstone,
consisting of minute granular quartz, pale felspar, hardly dis-
tinguishable hornblende, thin scales of black or pale mica, pyrites,
and infiltrations through cracks from the black slates, leaving dark
stains and patches. The extreme points of exposure are 1} miles.
Rhyolites.—At Easegill, at the base of the tricleaved mudstones
which fill a depression in the Upper Silurian sea, are four submarine
layers of felstone rhyolite, with a total thickness of about 5 ft., and
three thin bands and films of indurated mudstone sediment between.
The under surface of the lowest flow has a decidedly brecciated
appearance. Some portions of the beds are identical in constitution
and degree of change with the Great Dyke itself, but one section
yields a compact whitish-grey exposure. Near the top of Pecca Hill
the Great Dyke also spreads out into similar lava-flows, separated by
shale, and there is not the slightest doubt that this little section
of Upper Silurians rests directly and almost horizontally on the
practically vertical, black-cleaved slates.

No. 5.—The Black Dyke. (i) Three exposures south of the
Slate Quarries of the Doe. (ii) One south of Skirwith. The width
varies from 6 ft. to 3 ft. Three of the exposures, with the exception
of the crust, are sound, but the one to the N.W. is much jointed and
decomposed, and except at this point there seems to be little varia-
tion in the character of the rock. The line of exposure near the
Doe, where there are 93 ft. of ash between it and No. 4, is nearly
straight, but to the S.E. it seems to have worked nearer to the
S. Western edge of the ash bed. This dyke is a divergent granitic
trap, approaching very closely kersantite, but has too much ortho-
clase present. Constituents: orthoclase, red and pale; oligoclase,
May 1889.

140 BALDERSTON : THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF INGLETON.

green, a little; hornblende, green; mica, black, pale green, and
silvery; idocrase, some; schorl pseudomorphs, a few; quartz,
seldom observed. The extreme points of exposure are 748 yds.
apart.

No. 6.—The Lane Dyke. One exposure only, and this in and
close to Twistleton Lane, and on the exact prolongation to N.W. of
No. 5, but is evidently a branch of No. 4; it much resembles the
Upper Dyke at Coombe near Dent; width, 21 in. ; altered and
weathering quickly; bluish white, weathering yellow. Constituents:
pale grey felspar; hornblende, almost indistinguishable; mica,
black and pale, small; quartz, occasional clusters ; a few stains,
suspiciously like those of No. 4; texture very compact. Exposure
not more than to yds.

No. 7.—The Quarry Felstone Dyke. (i) At Pecca Slate Quarry,
here about a foot thick.. (ii) In the Slate Quarry, N.W. of the Doe,
and here 2 ft. thick ; other exposures undoubtedly in the same series
of slates, besides minor and thinner bands, which are, no doubt,
branches from the main outburst; 331 ft. of slate and ash between
position (ii) and dyke No.5. The condition of the trap is moderately
fresh, but the compactness varies ; the line of exposure seems to vary
little, but in the Doe quarry has evidently crossed to a point a little
nearer the N. Eastern edge of the slates. Constituents: composed
of a slightly granular to compact mixture of quartz; pale to warm
tinted; felspar; small scales of mica; and a little hornblende.
Extreme points of exposure named, 968 yds.

No. 8.—TheGreat Black Dyke; has twenty-one or more exposures ;
near the Skirwith Road, or to the S.E., 555 ft. of Galliards and a little
slate intervene between it and the line of No. 7; in Doe Gill
the amount is about 630 ft.; and in the Twiss 770 ft., where it has
actually run into Group 5 of the stratified series, which is a great
Green Slate series. (i) At Thornton Foss, just below the pool, two
exposures, about 3 ft. wide, and much decomposed; the dyke runs from
this point under Silurian conglomerate to the S.E., for a considerable
distance covered by Scar Limestone, etc. (ii) In the Twistleton
fields and lane again comes to the surface, just within the N. Eastern
edge of the Galliard series, Group 6, where it yields eight exposures
or more, varying from 5 ft. to 1o ft. in width, which, for the most
part, are much decomposed. (11) In the Doe, one long and sharply-
flexed exposure, 1% ft. wide, in good condition, but having much
porphyritic calcspar, and the adjacent beds greatly altered for a con-
siderable distance. In the gully on the opposite side of the stream,
but lower down the river, is a chloritic extinction-dyke that may
belong to this dyke or to No. 9, which both, where last seen near this

Naturalist,

~,
3

situation, converge towards the same point. (iv) In the Skirwith
fields, N. to N.E., are nine exposures, most of which are 4 ft. or
more in width; those to the S.E. are very sound, and of a paler,
smoky to silver-grey colour, of great hardness, and considerable
compactness ; here, too, the dyke bifurcates into two parallel
branches. This dyke approaches kersantite and the darker or less
acid division of the Helmsgill traps, and is not unlike No. 5.
Constituents: orthoclase, red and pale nests; hornblende, green,
minute ; mica, black, pale green and silvery; calcspar, substitution
products of red orthoclase in some situations. Extreme points of
exposure, 1} miles.

No. 9.—The Green Cross Dyke Series. Eleven or twelve
exposures of the four main dykes, with several belonging to minor
branches; 180 ft. of green galliards intervene between (i) at the
point a little above the Breast Springs Foss and dyke No. 8.
(i) 5 ft. to 1} ft. wide; five principal exposures, that showing the
finest section running at a strong angle across the bedding, and
coming obliquely from a high breast of slate in the upper quarries
of the Doe belonging to Group 5 of the stratified series ; here it is
regularly jointed, nearly horizontally, into large cubical blocks, the
joints being occupied by thick bands (mainly quartz, but with a little
felspar, calcite and chloritic matter), which die away quickly in
fusiform extensions in the slate on each side. (ii) 4 ft. to 2 ft. wide,
seen best a few feet from (i), close to the river Doe, at a point a little
below the quarry, and, perhaps, more notable for reddish-brown iron
decomposition products. Both these dykes rise alongside each
other to a great height, gradually approximating as they get nearer
the top of the rocks to the S.E. of the river. (ili) About 150 ft.
above the quarries another band crosses the river. (iv) 210 ft. further
a fourth dyke of the same series may be seen in a gully on the N.W.
side of the river; this also is crossed by parallel but oblique bands
of quartz, and thus regularly jointed. Besides the foregoing, there
are several thin branches, and the whole may be regarded as one
series springing from a double central dyke, running strongly across
the bedding, and giving off branches in a plumose manner along the
lines of stratification. There are slight variations in compactness,
amount of substitution products, porphyritic calcspar, apatite, rusty
stains and chloritic matter. The rock is much altered everywhere,
and its shrinkage blocks and green colouring matter are prominent
features. Its constituents are: hornblende, green; quartz, not
unfrequently porphyritic, or as a substitution product in some
places ; calcspar ; apatite, clusters; ferrous and chloritic products ;
micaceous matter, black and altered; felspars, probably triclinic.

May 1889.

BALDERSTON : THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF INGLETON. I4I

142 NOTE—MAMMALIA.

The extreme points of exposure of (i) are about 176 yds. apart, and
of (11) 55 yds.

No. 10.---Foss Foot Traps. At the base of Thornton Foss, very
little below the horizon of No. 9, are several trap-bands, forming a
network with thin layers of felspathic ash, one of the ash beds
curiously running through a layer of the trap. These appear to be
felstones, but are more or less altered.

No. 11.—The Dale Fault Dyke is about 2 ft. wide, and 8,408 ft.
from No. 9. (i) A good exposure in the Dale Fault Gully on the
N. Western side of the valley. (ii) Another in the river at the lower
end of Seata, where it is considerably contorted. This is a felstone
dyke in better condition than No. 4. Constituents: quartz, reaching
js in. in size; mica, black 3% in., white ;; in.; felspar, pale 3’) in. ;
hornblende, a little, minute ; pyrites. Extreme points of exposure,
4oo yds.

No. 12.—-The Seata Falls Dyke. Width, including much altered
rock to N.E., 27 ft.; 1,581 ft. of slates and galliards intervene
between this trap and No. 11. The exposure, which is not more
than 1o yds. in length, is situated at the foot of the Seata rapids.
Like Nos. 4 and 11, this felstone trap is much altered, but at one
point the original character is apparent; the band is, perhaps,
identical with several of a somewhat similar nature in the N.E.
portion of the black cleaved slates of the Lower Silurians, near Norber
in Crummach Dale. Constituents: quartz, reaching ;4; in.; mica,
3. in, broad ; felspar, z:in. ; hornblende, pale greenish ; pyrites.

NOTE—MAMMALIA.

Extracts from Lancashire Churchwardens’ Accounts.— The following
items, extracted from various parish accounts of the 17th and 18th centuries, may
prove of some interest :—

Rochdale: Churchwarden’s Accounts, 1640.

Pd for two Hedghoggs ... ity ie Bc co oo 06%
The same, 1642.
P4 for 3 Fox heades_... Bee 3 Sts (ele) rele)
The Accts of Mark Nield, Churchwarden for ye Township of Oldham, 1734.
Disburs’d -
for 8 Hedge hogs ... ths oe sist Olay aest
The Accts. of James Butterworth, Churchwarden for ye Township of Ryton.
Disbursed
for 8 Hedge hogs ... sed se sce Oo; iare:
The accounts of Sam] Smethurst, Churchwarden for Chaderton, 1735.
Disburs’d
Hedge Hog... OUMG6l eee

The accounts of Miles Greaves, Churchwarden of ye Township of Crompton,
for ye year of our Lord 1735.
Disbursed
Hedge Hog... sf a a sae Op Oe ee
I imagine that in the last two cases the 6 is a misprint for o, in the reprint from
which I have taken them, as twopence appears to have been the market value of
a Hedgehog about Oldham a century and a half ago.—J. GRAFTON MILNE,
Albert Square, Bowdon, 13th April, 1889.

Naturalist,

143

NOTES AND NEWS.

Among the ‘fifteen’ selected this year for the honour of F.R.S. is Prof. T.
McKenny Hughes, of Cambridge, author of many papers on the geology of York-
shire and Westmorland, and President of the Chester Natural History Society.

ex

Our reprinting from the British Association Report the particulars of the
Museums of the North of England, which appeared in our February number, has
been the means of eliciting information as to a couple of museums of the first rank
which have, by some strange mischance or other, escaped the attention of the
British Association Committee.

Poo
One of them is the very extensive museum at the Hull Royal Institution,
belonging to the Literary and Philosophical Society of that town, which dates
from the year 1823, and includes collections in ethnography and all branches
of natural science. The printed guide (of about 100 pages) is now before us, but
unfortunately dates so far back as 1860. The museum is open to the public on
Saturdays, and at any other time by introduction.
oo a a
The other is the Nottingham Museum, the property of the Corporation of that
town, of which Mr. J. W. Carr, B.A., is the curator, and which—-as we are
informed—contains one of the best invertebrate collections in the provinces.
a
By the appointment of Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A., to the Head-mastership
of the Grammar School at Penistone, the ranks of Yorkshire conchologists —not
too numerous—receive a notable addition. The nephew of the famed authors of
‘The Genera of Mollusca,’ Mr. Adams is himself known as a successful investigator
and as author of a manual of the British land and freshwater mollusca which is
not beyond the reach of most collectors.
hk
We are very pleased to learn that the Rev. W. H. Painter (of Knypersley,
near Congleton) expects to publish his Flora of Derbyshire before very long, and
we hope that the requisite number of subscribers will be forthcoming. The author
has been engaged on its preparation for many years, and proposes to write it on
practically the same model as Mr. Baker’s ‘ Flora of the Lake District.’ He will
include in the work an introductory chapter on the geology and the botanical
bibliography of the county.

por

The appointment of Keeper of the Manchester Museum has been conferred
upon Mr. W. E. Hoyle, M.A., M.R.C.S., M.C.S., who was formerly identified
with the staff of the ‘Challenger’ office at Edinburgh, and whose papers on
Cephalopoda are well known. Mr. J. Ray Hardy, whose ability and energy are
so highly appreciated and well known in Manchester, remains as sub-keeper.
a

Much useful material is contained in Part IV. of the Transactions of the
Leeds Geological Association, which includes abstracts of papers read and accounts
of excursions made during 1888. The inaugural address of the President,
Mr. J. E. Bedford, F.G.S. (whose portrait is given as a frontispiece), deals with
the ‘ Oil-fields of America and Russia.” Mr. W. Cheetham contributes a paper
entitled ‘From the Millstone Grits to the Silurians,’ and abstracts are given of
papers by Messrs. G. W. Lamplugh, B. Holgate, F.G.S.,and Prof. Green, F.R.S.
The excursions—chronicled by the energetic Secretary, Mr.S. A. Adamson, F.G.S.
—are eleven in number, four of which were excursions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union. The Association has, however, struck out a special line, which must be
commended to geologists as a good example, viz., the organising of a series of
excursions for the study of a particular subject. The subject chosen is the rather
neglected one of the Yorkshire Permians, and two excursions among these rocks
were made last year under the guidance of Mr. Holgate. The Association resumed
operations in the field on March 31st, with a third Permian excursion, from Gar-
forth to Newthorpe. At the ordinary meeting for March, Mr. C. D. Hardcastle
read a detailed and instructive paper on‘ The Physical Features of the Ingleton
District,’ a full report of which appears in the Leeds newspapers.

May 1889.

144
UP BUCKDEN PIKE WITH THE ANEROID.

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S.

Nor very much, if any, direct observation of the altitudes to which
mollusca ascend the Yorkshire hills appears to have been made; so
that a transcript of the notes made during an ascent of the Wharfe-
dale face of Buckden Pike by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke and myself on
the 29th of May, 1886, may be of use as a direct record of observed
facts. We started from the inn at Buckden (about 700 ft. alt.) and
took the road which goes obliquely northwards through Rakes
Wood, a scanty coppice clothing the lower slopes of the mountain.
Under the plentiful blocks of scar limestone, up to goo ft. in height,
we found Arion ater, Limax agrestis, and Arion bourguignati.
We also detected Zonites cellarius (fine), Vitrina pellucida, Zua
lubrica, and Clausitlia rugosa. At 1,000 ft. we found Azzon ater,
at 1,030 ft. plenty of typical Lzmax agrestis, and one at 1,080 ft.
At 1,100 ft. a light-coloured example of Arion bourguignati, and
on the scars of limestone which line the footpath at 1,150 ft. we
found Helix hispida, Pupa umbilicata, and Helix rupestris. Just
above Rakes Wood the mountain pasture is reached through a gate
at 1,200 ft. Here we found Balea perversa, Helix rupestris, and
Hi. hispida, a single Arion bourguignati, and numerous typical Limax
agrestis. One small specimen of the latter, a single dead Zonites
cellarius, and plenty of Helix rupestris, with H. hispida and Pupa
umbilicata, were found on scars of limestone at 1,280 ft. A range of
scars at 1,450 ft. produced numerous Claustlia dubia and Helix
hispida, and another, at 1,800 ft, the highest on that side of the Pike,
produced a dead Zonttes cellarius, Pupa umbilicata, and numerous
Helix rupestris, and a few darkish examples of Zzmax arborum (type).
At 1,850 ft. several Z. agrestis occurred under stones in the corner of
an enclosure, and at 2,o10 ft. we found our last mollusc, A7i07 ater,
crawling on the coarse grass. A short time Jater the summit of the
Pike, 2,302 ft. in height, was reached, when the aneroid, on being con-
sulted, registered to within a very few feet of the true height. Time
did not permit of our working down the Wensleydale slope of the
Pike until we reached a steep precipice overhanging the head of
Coverdale, where, at about 1,500 ft., we collected a couple of speci-
mens of Helix arbustorum var. alpestris, several each of Clausilia
rugosa, Cl. dubia, and Helix rupestris, and one each of Helix hispida
and Zonites crystallinus, and noticed numerous Limax agrestis and
Arion bourguignatt. These observations are only scanty, and it is
much to be wished that numerous others should be made of the same
character, so that we may learn the actual vertical range of the mollusca.

Naturalist,

145

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England.

BIRDS, 1886.

THE present instalment includes, in addition to the titles for 1886,
such as have been overlooked for 1884 and 1885, and also those of
papers published in the first two volumes of this journal which had
been designedly omitted in former instalments. The present one
‘thus brings the bibliography down to date in the complete form
which it is designed to assume for the future.

A word or two here will not be out of place in explanation of
the plan adopted in giving the gist of each article. Important
articles are dealt with very briefly, and long lists are summarised in
a statement of the total number of species dealt with. With regard
to short notes, however, and those dealing with but a limited number
of species, it seems essential to enumerate a// the species mentioned,
whether common or not, as the province of this series of biblio-
graphies is not so much to indicate such articles as are important as
it is to aim at completeness, and to give withal such indication of
the contents of each note as will enable the reader to form his own
judgment as to its importance.

Sporting notes do not find a place here, unless involving a
natural history fact of interest; and it will here suffice to refer
readers to the columns of the ‘ Field,’ ‘ Land and Water,’ and other
sporting papers, for information as to bags of grouse and other game.

The scientific names used are in accordance with the B,O.U.
list of British Birds, with spelling corrected to accord with the law
of priority in nomenclature.

Anon. [Editor of Naturalist]. York N.W., York S.E., York N.E., York S.W.
[Duck Decoys in Yorkshire enumerated]. Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 44.
Anon. [signed J. W.]. Northumberland S.
Pied Flycatcher [J/uscicapa atricapilla] breeding in Northumberland [at
Ridley Hall, Bardon Mill]. Field, June 13th, 1885, p. 792.
Anon. [Editor of Naturalist]. York S.E.

The Yorkshire [Spurn] Example of the Rustic Bunting [(Zder7za
rustica); is now in the York Museum]. Nat., Nov. 1885, p. 364.

ANON. [not signed]. Isle of Man.
The [Manx] Legend of the Lhondoo and the Ushag-Reaisht, or the
Blackbird and the Mountain-Plover [ 727dus merula and ——-——?]. Manx

Note-Book, No. 5, Jan. 1886, ii. 37.
May 1889. K

146 : BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1886.

ANON. [not signed]. York S.E.

[Notes made by the Hull Field Naturalists’ Society ; Locwstella nevia noted,
abnormal number of eggs of Parus ceruleus and Erithacus rubecula, and
unusual numbers of Hudromias morinellus|. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 63.

ANON. [not signed]. York Mid W.

Grouse [Zagopus scoticus| driven from the Moors [to near Ilkley, Arthington,
and even Harewood, by severity of weather]. Land and Water, Feb. 6th,
1886, p. 138.

ANON. [not signed]. York N.W.

Grouse [Lagopus scoticus] in Yorkshire [affected by the severe weather in
Wensleydale]. Land and Water, Feb. 13th, 1886, p. 162.

ANON. [signed ‘A Yorkshire Sportsman’].
York N.W., York S.W., Durham, Lanc. S.

The Exodus of Grouse [Lagopfus scoticus| from the Yorkshire moors [con-
firmatory of James Carter’s records; also stating that on moors between
Burnley and Halifax, artificial feeding prevented the exodus]. Field, Feb.
13th, 1886, p. 208.

Anon. [signed ‘ M.E.C.’]. Lanc. W.

Early Throstle [ 7urdus musicus nesting Feb. 11th, 1886, at Hillam, Cocker-
ham, Lancashire]. Nat. Hist. Journ., March 15th, 1886, x. 43.

ANON. [signed ‘J. O. J. P. (Thornleigh, Chester)’. Cheshire.

Occurrence of the Blackcap [.Sy/v2a atricapil/a] in March [on the 13th, near
Thornleigh, Chester]. Field, March 20th, 1886, p. 361.

ANON. [signed ‘ Avis’). Notts.

Redshank [7Zotanus calidris| breeding in Notts. [four nests in one small
grass-field by the Trent near Newark: Editor adds a quotation from Sterland
and Whitaker’s book]. Field, April 24th, 1886, p. 528.
Anon. [signed ‘C.M.V.’]. Linc. S.
A curious instance of protective sagacity . . . [in nidification of a pair
of Swans (Cygnus olor) at Washingboro’ near Lincoln]. Sci. Goss, May
1886, p. 119.
Anon. [not signed]. incase
Wild Animals paid for by Churchwardens in Bucks [and at Wigtoft,
Lincolnshire, where between 1512 and 1519, occurs the item ‘ Payd to Robt.
Baddenelle for stopping caudows out, 0. 0. 4.’—i.e., for stopping Jackdaws
(Corvus monedula) out of the church]. Zool., June 1886, x. 252.
ANON. [newspaper paragraph]. Cumberland.

Great Destruction of Migrants in Cumberland by hunger and cold
[particularizing Azrundo rustica and Cottle riparia]. Nat. Hist. Journ.,
June 15th, 1886, x. 108.

Anon. [signed ‘ F.R.’]. York Mid W.

Sparrow [Passer domesticus] in a Sunday School [at Beamsley, Yorkshire,
Sunday, 15th August, 1886]. Nat. World, Sep. 1886, iii. 166.

ANoNn. [signed ‘J.S.M.’]. York S.E.

Late Stay of Swifts [(CyAse/us afus); several flying about the cliffs above
Filey Brig, September 13th, 1886]. Field, Sep. 18th, 1886, p. 441.

ANON. [not signed]. Isle of Man.

Accounts of the Calf Island in 1708 [including an item as follows: The
Puffins [Avatercula arctica] of ye sd Isle this year being 2618 birds
at Id... ...13: 05: 05]. Manx Note-Book, No. 8, Oct. 1886, vol. 2, p. 190.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886. 147

Anon. [signed ‘ W. W.’]. Isle of Man.

Snipe Shooting in the Isle of Man [recording large bags of Snipe (Gad/z-
nago célestis), and the presence of Jack Snipe (G. gad/inula) and of Woodcock
(Scolopax rusticola) in plenty, etc.]. Field, Dec. 25th, 1886, p. 919.

JOHN AITCHISON. Cheviotland.
On the Occurrence and Migration of Birds in the Belford District, for
1885 [notes referring to a very large number of species, including some
rarities and an albino]. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club for 1885 [pub. 1886], xi.
246-247.
FREDK. J. ALDER. Linc. N.

Corncrake [Cvex pratensis] in November [on the 23rd, shot at Worlaby near
Louth]. Field, Nov. 27th, 1886, p. 800.

H. T. ARCHER. Cheviotland.

Peregrine Falcon [Falco peregrinus] in Northumberland [a fine female shot,
Simonside Hills, Cheviot]. Nat., Oct. 1884, p. 58.

H. T. ARCHER. Northumberland.

Early Appearance of the Snow-Bunting [Plectrophanes nivalis] in North-
umberland [15th Sep., 1884]. Nat., Oct. 1884, p. 58.

H. T. ARCHER. Northumberland S.
Spotted Eagle [Aguz/a nevia] in Northumberland [at Cresswell, shot 31st

Oct., 1885; identified as 4. mevia by John Hancock; but see article by
J. H. Gurney]. Nat., Dec. 1885, p. 387.

H. T. ARCHER. ? Northumberland S. or ? Durham.

Hawks [Accipiter nisus, Tinnunculus alaudarius, and Falco esalon| mobbed
by Small Birds [wagtails, etc.] Nat., June 1886, p. 181.

H. T. ARCHER. ? Northumberland S.

Jackdaw [Corvus monedula] and Young Birds [eating a nestling Sparrow
(Passer domesticus) ; presumably at Newcastle]. Nat., July 1886, p. 215.

H. T. ARCHER. Northumberland S.

Birds deserting their Nests [at Newcastle-on-Tyne Zurdus merula, T.

musicus, Accentor modularis, and Erithacus; and on the Northumbrian

moors 7. wésctvorus, T. musicus, T. meritla, Cinclus aquaticus, Lagopus

scoticus. Numentus arquata, Gallinago celestis, and Vanellus vulgaris, some

of which were deserted ; blame cast on Corvus corone and Larus fuscus).
Nat., July 1886, p. 215.

J. J. ARMISTEAD. Cumberland.
Notes on Some of the Birds occurring in the Solway District [being a
full list—with annotations—of 176 species]. Nat., Aug. 1885, pp. 293-298 ;

and March 1886, pp. 69-78.

J. RHODES ASHWORTH. Notts.

Emberiza melanocephala in Nottinghamshire [second English occurrence ;
shot in June or July 1884, between Radcliffe and Bingham]. Zool., Feb,
1886, x. 73.

JAMES BACKHOUSE, junr. York N.W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Hawes [28th June, 1884; C7nclus,
Motacilla melanope, Lagopus scoticus, Numenius arquata, Charadrius pluvialis,
Ruticilla phanicurus, Pratincola rubetra, Turdus torquatus, Sylvia curruca,
and 7ringoides hypoleucos noted]. Nat., Aug. 1884, p. 18.
J. BACKHOUSE, Jun. York N.E.
Little Gull [Larus minutus] at Whitby [July 15th, 1884, in company with
Rissa tridactyla), Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 32.
May 1889.

148 _ BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886.

J. BacKHOUSE, Jun. York Mid W.

Curious Nesting-place [at Holgate, York] for a Reed Bunting [(2mderiza
schaniclus); nest built against stem of Austrian pine]. Nat., Oct. 1884, p. 58.

J. BACKHOUSE, Junr. York Mid W.

Capture of a Bittern [ Botawrus stellav?s| in Yorkshire [one killed Dec. 1884,
at Grimston Park, near Tadcaster]. Nat., Feb. 1885, p. 149.

JAMES BACKHOUSE, junr. ‘York Mid W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union of Boroughbridge [25th May, 1885 ;
Garrulus, Accipiter nisus, Fulica, Columba enas, Ruticilla phanicurus,
Turdus torquatus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Sitta, and Saxicola wnanthe
noted]. Nat., July 1885, p. 279.

JAMES BACKHOUSE, junr. York N.E.
_The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Whitby [3rd Aug., 1885; Columba
livia, C. enas, Dendrocopus major, Anthus obscurus, Tinnunculus, Ardea
cinerea, Larus ridibundus, L. argentatus, and Phalacrocorax carbo noted].
Nat., Oct. 1885, p. 348.

JAMEs BACKHOUSE, Jun. Durham, Westmorland, York N.W.

Notes on the Avi-Fauna of Upper Teesdale [being a detailed and fully

annotated list of 117 species, prefaced by a brief topographical introduction].
Nat., Oct. and Noy. 1885, pp. 353-364.

JAMES BACKHOUSE, junr. York Mid W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Blubberhouses [26th Sep., 1885 ;
Phylloscopus trochilus, Turdus torguatus, Totanus canescens, Anas boschas,
Anser, Clangula glaucion, Querquedula crecca, Carduelis, and Agialitis
hiaticula noted]. Nat., Nov. 1885, p. 379.

J. BACKHOUSE, jun. York.

[Pied] Variety of the Fieldfare [(Zzrdus pz/aris) near York; description
given]. Zool., Feb. 1886, x. 72.

J. BACKHOUSE, junr. York Mid W.

Swallows and the late Storm [of May 1886; great destruction by cold and
starvation near York of Azrundo and Chelidon). Nat., July 1886, p. 214.

JAMEs BACKHOUSE, junr. York Mid W.

Thrush [Zurdus musicus] laying in a Blackbird [Z7. meru/a]’s Nest [at
Holgate, York]. Late Stay of the Redwing [(7- z/zacus); to May 4th,
1886, at Holgate, York]. Nat., July 1886, p. 215.

JAMES BACKHOUSE, junr. York S.E.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Flamborough Head [14th June,

1886; Zzrdius musicus, 7. merula, T. viscivorus, LErithacus, Corvus
frugilegus, C. monedula, C. cornix, Passer domesticus, Alauda arvensis,
Ligurinus, Emberiza citrinella, BE. miliaria, Anthus pratensis, A. obscurus,
Sturnus, Accentor modularis, Troglodytes, Columba livia, Larus argentatus,
L. canus, Rissa, Fratercula, Alca torda, Lomvia trotle, Motacilla lugubris,
Phylloscopus trochtlus, P. rufus, Sylvia atricapilla, Hirundo, Chelidon,
Cypselus, Cottle, Muscicapa grisola, Acrocephalus phragmitis, Anthus
trivialis, Cuculus, and Crex; some were nesting]. Nat., July 1886, p. 216.

JAMES BACKHOUSE, Jun. York S.W., S.E., N.E., and Mid W.

A Yorkshire specimen of Sturnus unicolor, and other uncommon Birds,
in a York collection [the S. zicolor shot near Howden, 1840; Loxvia
curvirostra at Sand Hutton, Sledmere, and Stockton-on-Forest in 1866;
Lanius collurto at Melbourne ; Pastor roseus at Dunnington, 1850; Ufzpa
epops near Selby, 1858 ; Porzana maruetta, Foss Islands, 1848; Syrrhaptes
paradoxus, Stockton-on-Forest and Haworth Moor, 1863; CGdenenus
scolopax, near York; Gallinago major, Everingham Park; and Larus
minutus, Bridlington, 1868]. Nat., Oct. 1886, pp. 307-308.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886. 149

J. BACKHOUSE, Jun. Westmorland, Durham.

Notes on the British Shrikes and their European Allies [Zavius collurio
breeds occasionally as far N. as Westmorlandand Durham’. Nat. Hist. Journ.,
Oct. 15th, 1886, x. 137-141.

MATTHEW BAILEY. York S.E.
Flamborough Bird Notes [respecting Mirundinide, Motacille, Ruticilla
phenicurus, Saxicola enanthe,two splendid examples of /yzx, Lomvia trotle,
fratercula, Alca torda, Sterne, Stercorarit, Sula, and Puffini). Nat., Nov.
1885, p. 364.
MATTHEW BAILey. York S.E.
Flamborough Bird Notes [anent A7zrundo, Corvus cornix, Regulus cristatus,
Turdus torguatus, Scolopax rusticola, Larus minutus, and Procellaria

pelagica]. Nat., Jan. 1886, p. 18.

MATTHEW BAILEY. York S.E.

Birds at Flamborough [Colymdus arcticus, Uria grylle, and Larus glaucus).
Nat., March 1886, p. 78.

MATTHEW BAILEY. York S.E.
The Shore Lark [(Ofocorys alpestris) shot at Flamborough in Jan. 1886;
two were shot out of a flock in Feb. 1865; abundance at Flamborough of
Columbia livia, Turdus pilaris, T. tliacus, Vanellus, Charadrius pluvialis,

Sturnus, Alauda, Turdus musicus, and T. merula). Land and Water,
March 6th, 1886, p. 228.

MATTHEW BAaILey. York S.E.
Arrivals and Departures of Birds in the North [at Flamborough ; dates
given forMotacilla lugubris, M. melanope, Corvus cornix,Anser brachyrhynchus,

and Querquediula circia]. Land and Water, April 3rd, 1886, p. 324.
MATTHEW BAILEY. York S.E.
Flamborough Bird Notes [arrival of Motactlla lugubris and M. melanope ;
departure of Corvus corntx; non-arrival of Aivundo; occurrence of Anser

brachyrhynchus and Querguedula circia (Garganey) ; and arrival of Saxzcola
enanthe and Sylvia curruca|. Nat., May 1886, p. 150.

M. BaILey. York S.E.
Sea Birds and the Fish Supply [speaking of the immense numbers of sea
birds, their great destruction of fish, the absirdity of closing the shooting on
March Ist, and the food-value of the sea-birds]. Land and Water, May 8th,
1886, p. 441.

M[ATTHEW]. K[AILEy]. York S.E.
Arrivals of Summer Visitants at Flamborough [in 1886: Saxicola enanthe,
April 2nd; Sylvia curruca, April 11th; Atvundo rustica, April 24th;
Ruticilla phenicurus and Muscicapa atricapilla, April 26th). Land and Water,
May 8th, 1886, p. 441.
MATTHEW BalILey. York S.E.
Arrival of Summer Birds at Flamborough [Airundo rustica, Ruticilla
phenicurus, Muscicapa atricapilla, and Turtur communis noted, with dates,
April 24th to May 11th]. Nat., June 1886, p. 188.
MATTHEW BAILEY. York S.E.
Flamborough Bird Notes [anent the departure of Mirundo rustica, Saxicola
enanthe, and Motacilla lugubris}. Nat., Oct. 1886, p. 308.
MATTHEW BalILey. York S.E.

Flamborough Bird-notes [arrival of Scolopax rusticola, Regulus cristatus,
and Corvus cornix ; abundance of sea-birds—Pufinus anglorum, P. griseus,
Stercorarii, Sula, Lomvia trotle, Alca torda, Larus minutus, Sternt, Uria
grylle (one), and Rissa in thousands]. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 340.

May 1889.

150 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886.

MATTHEW BAILEY. York S.E.
Variety of the Kittiwake [(22ssa tridacty/a); shot at Flamborough Head,
23rd Oct., 1886; Editorial suggestion that it agrees fairly well, from Bailey’s
description, with a stage of plumage of Pagophila eburnea]. Nat., Dec.

1886, p. 374.
E. T. BALDWIN. Lanc. W.

Quail [Coternix communis] in North Lancashire [at Pilling, one seen Oct.
16th, 1885]. Nat., Jan. 1886, p. 17.

EpWARD T. BALDWIN. Furness, York Mid W.
Grouse [Lagofus scoticus] and the [severe] Weather [a Caithness instance

quoted ; also reference to light-coloured Grouse at Holker, Furness]. Nat.,
March 1886, p. 68.

FRANsS. BARTHOLOMEW. Lines S
Rooks [ Corvus frugilegus| building in January [1886, at Waddington Heath,
Lincoln ; snowing same day]. Field, Jan. 30th, 1886, p. 132.

JoserH BEANLAND. Yorkshire.

Cuckoo [ Cuculus canorus] in Skylark 4auda arvensis|’s Nest [at Cookridge,
near Leeds]. Nat. World, Aug. 1886, iii. 153.

WILLIAM E. BECKWITH. Lincolnshire and Yorkshire.

The Green Sandpiper [(/e/odromas ochropus); Lincolnshire and Yorkshire

observations quoted to show that this is a winter rather than a transient
visitant to Britain]. Field, March 13th, 1886, p. 314.

F. BESANT. Linc. S.

A Nest of the Long-tailed Titmouse [(Acredz/a rosea) described, presumably
at Sibsey Vicarage near Boston]. Zool., Dec. 1886, x. 485-486.

F. BESANT. Limes S:

Swallow [A7rundo rustica?] nesting in a Tree [at Sibsey Vicarage near
Boston]. Zool., Dec. 1886, x. 486.

GEORGE BOLAM. Cheviotland.

Occurrence in Northumberland [at Berwick] of the Red-breasted

Flycatcher [(J/uscicapa parva), 5th Oct., 1883, young male; described].
Nat., Aug. 1884, p. 9.

GEORGE BOLAM. Cheviotland, Northumberland S.

Ornithological Notes [from North Northumberland, etc.; Agucla nevia
Gmel. at Cresswell; winter capture of 7urdus torguatus; Otocorys alpestris
at Berwick, 12th December, 1885; /2/marus glactalis at Alnmouth, 20th
February, 1886; Procellarta leucorrhoa at Branxton, December 1885, and
at Swalwell-on-Tyne in March 1886; Plegad?s falcinellus at Mindrum, 25th
August, 1885 ; Somateria spectabilis at the Farne Islands; extension of range
of Turtur communis; Bernicla leucopsis at Holy Island, winter of 1885-6;
and nesting of A/uscicapa luctuosa at Alnwick and elsewhere]. Proc. Berw.
Nat. Club for 1885 [pub. 1886], xi. 258-263.

B. B. H[AwortTuH]. B[looryH]. York S.E.
Reed Warbler [Acrocephalus streperus| nesting at a distance from water
[and in one instance in a yew, Io ft. high, at Hullbank, Inver Hull, East
Yorkshire ; interesting details and editorial corroboration]. Field, June
27th, 1885, p. 843.

B. B. HawortH Booru. York S.E.

Cat and Kingfisher [(A/cedo spida); the cat brought in for her kittens
a live Kingfisher ; Editor suggests she caught it in a hole; locality doubtless
Hullbank, Inver Hull, but not further indicated than ‘East Yorkshire’).
Field, Oct. 23rd, 1886, p. 609.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886. I51

F. Boyes. York S.E.

Brent Geese [(Bericla brenta) ; citing East Riding experience in criticising
a point in Mr. Chapman’s article]. Field, Dec. 11th, 1886, p. 856.

W. D. BRAITHWAITE, Secretary. York S.W.

Ackworth School Natural History Society [with notes of Zanius collurio
at Ackworth, and of Podzceps cristatus, Tachybaptes fluviatilis, and Fuligula
jJerina at Hemsworth Dam]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Nov. 15th, 1886, x. 169.

T. W. Brewis. York S.W.

Late Brood of Swallows [(A7zrundo rustica) at Ravenfield, rear Rotherham,
Oct. roth, 1885]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 48.

S[TANLEY]. Brice. York Mid W.

Northern Spring Migration of Birds [an account of flocks (supposed of
Ducks or Plovers) heard passing over Keighley, 27th April, 1886]. Nat.
World, June 1886, iii. 119.

W. FITZHERBERT BROCKHOLES, Lanc. W.

Effects of Sudden Cold upon Summer Birds [at St. Michael’s-on-Wyre
and Garstang; great destruction of Wzrundo, Chelidon, Cottle, Cypselius, and
Crex during the cold snap of mid-May 1886]. Zool., June 1886, x. 248.

MonrtTacu BROWNE. Derbyshire, Lanc. S., Linc. S.

Notes on the Vertebrate Animals of Leicestershire [with records of
Plegadis falcinellus for Derby; several Ectopistes migratorius killed near
Liverpool the same year that one was killed in Leicestershire; to which
Editor remarks, probably escaped from some dealer or from the docks ;
records for Belvoir (which may be considered as also for South Lincolnshire)
of Zurdus visctvorus (p. 333); Daulias luscinia (338); Phylloscopus
trochilus (416); Acredula caudata rosea (419); Certhia and Carduelts (462) ;
Coccothraustes valgaris (463); Fringilla calebs (464); Linota cannabina and
Pyrrhula europea (465); Corvus cornix (17); C. frugilegus with white wings
(18); Caprimulous (20); Dendrocopus major (21); Asto brachyotus (161);
Pernts (164); Falco esalon (166); Ardea cinerea (197); Bernicla canadensis
and Anas boschas (200); Querguedula crecca, Fuligula cristata and Clangula
glaucton (201); Columba enas (234); Coturnix (235); Charadrius pluvialis
(327); Sterna fluviatilis (409); Podiceps cristatus (413); and Yachybaptes
Jiuviatilis (414); and a record of Limosa lapponica at Swarkstone, Derbyshire
(p- 331)]. Zool., Sep. 1885, pp. 333 and 338; Nov., pp. 416 and 419;
Dec., pp. 462 to 465; Jan. 1886, pp. 17, 18, 20, 21; April, pp. 161, 164,
166; May, pp. 197, 198, 200, 201; June, pp. 234-235; Aug., pp. 327 and
331; and Oct.. pp. 409, 413, and 414.

THOMAS BUNKER. York S.W.

Nesting of the Twite [Zivota flavirostvis| on Thorne Waste [in April 1884;
a few details given]. Nat., Aug. 1884, p. 9.

ARNOLD E. BUTLER. ? York N.E.

[A Tail-less and Pied Sparrow (/asser domesticus) seen in York]. Nat.
Hist. Journ., May 15th, 1886, x. 80.

E. P. P. BUTTERFIELD. Furness, York S.W.

Ornithological Notes from Windermere and Bingley [young Svo/ofax
rusticola at Windermere, and Coccothraustes vulgaris at Manywells]. Nat.,
Oct. 1884, p. 58.

A. W. Byron. Notts.

Woodcock Shooting in Nottinghamshire [in a wood called Cuckney Hay,
sixteen Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) were shot on the 17th Dec., 1886].
Field, Dec. 25th, 1886, p. 919.

May 1889.

152 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1886.

W. J. CAIN. Isle of Man.
Manx Rhyme about the Cuckoo [(Cwcelus canorus) with English transla-
tion]. Manx Note-Book, No. 6, April 1886, vol. 2, p. 94.
W. J. CAIN [translator]. Isle of Man.
Manx Ballad. Ushag Veg Ruy[=Little Red Bird of the Black Turf Ground;
given in Manx, with an English translation in verse]. Manx Note-Book,
No. 7, July 1886, vol. 2, pp. 128-129.
J. CAMBRIDGE, Durham.
The Iceland Gull [Larus /eucopterus] at Hartlepool [a young bird shot
Oct. 18th, 1886]. Young Nat., Nov. 1886, vii. 234.
JAMES CARTER. York N.W.
Blackbird [ 7urdus merula] and Thrush [ 7. muszcus] nesting on the ground
[giving the writer’s experience at Masham ; a Robin (Zrithacus rubecula) ’s
nest with five clear white eggs—quite spotless—also recorded]. Field, June
13th, 1885, p. 792.
JAMES CARTER. York N.W. and Mid W.
The Grouse [ZLagopfus scoticus] on the Yorkshire Moors [driven down into
the valleys about Masham and in Wensleydale about the end of January by
severe weather]. Field, Feb. 6th, 1886, p. 171.

JAMES CARTER. York N.W. and Mid W.
Effects of Snow in Yorkshire [on bird-life ; great havoc made by the eleven
weeks’ severe weather]. Field, March 2oth, 1886, p. 361.
J. CARTER. York N.W. and Mid W.
Arrival of Summer Birds [at Masham: Saxicola enanthe, 31st March;
Phylloscopus rufus, 24th March; /. trochilus, April 2nd; Sylvia atricapilla,
April 1st; Cottle, March 21st; Aérundo, April 11th]. Field, April 17th,
1886, p. 477. [Pratincola rubetra, April 24; Muscicapa atricapilla, April
25th; and 77ingoides hypoleucos, April 24th]. Fieid, May Ist, 1886, p. 570.
JAMES CARTER. York N.W.
Occurrence of Gannet [.Sz/a bassana] inland [at Swinton Park near Masham,
October 3rd, 1886, a young male about two years old; arrival noted also of
Corvus corntx at Masham, on October 4th]. Field, Oct. 9th, 1886, p. 518.
JAMES CARTER. York N.W.
Notes from [Masham in] North [West] Yorkshire [Woodcock (Scolopax
rusticola), Oct. 8th and 16th; Redwings (7Zzzdus zliacuws) arrived Oct. 9th,
1886]. Field, Oct. 23rd, 1886, p. 609.
THOMAS CARTER. : York N.W.
Green Sandpiper [Helodromas ochropus| at Masham [several seen; dates
given for three years]. Nat., Oct. 1884, p. 58.
THOMAS CARTER. York N.W.
Breeding of the Hawfinch [Coccothraustes vulgaris} in North Yorkshire
[at Masham and at Swinton Park]. Nat., Nov. 1884, p. 9I.
T. CARTER. York N.W.
Goosanders [Mergus merganser| at Masham, Yorkshire [3rd Jan. 1885, four
seen on the Yore; also Azas boschas, Clangula glaucion, and Querquedula
crecca]. Nat., July 1885, p. 269.
T. CARTER. York N.W.
Arrival of Summer Birds [at Masham: Cofz/e riparia, March 2tst]. Field,
March 27th, 1886, p. 400.
T. CARTER. York N.W.
Notes from [Masham in] North Yorkshire [chronicling severe weather in
mid-May and great destruction of birds, particularly Swallows (Azrundo
rustica), Martins (Chelidon urbica), and Sand Martins (Cofz/e riparéa) ; notes

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886. 153

upon Swifts (Cyfselus apus), Wood-wren (Phylloscopus sibilatrix), Spotted
Flycatcher (Afuscicapa grisola), Willow-wrens (Phylloscopus trochilus), Grouse
(Lagopus scoticus), and Black-headed Gulls (Larus ridibundus) are also given].
Field, May 22nd, 1886, p. 648.

T. CARTER. York N.W.

The [severe] Weather [of May 1886] and the Swallows [Hirundo,
Chelidon, Cotile, also Cypselus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, P. trochilus, and
Muscicapa grisola, and occurrence of Larus ridibundus, at Masham]. Nat.,
June 1886, p. 182.

THOMAS CARTER. York N.W.

Notes from [Masham in] North Yorkshire [Nesting of Z7zthacus, Gallinago
calestis, Accentor, Fringilla celebs, and Syrnium aluco, all sitting on less than
the usual complement of eggs; supposed breeding of Green Sandpiper
(Helodromas ochropus); increase in numbers of Columba anas; nesting of
Gallinula chloropus, Cuculus, Motacilla lugubris, Fringilla celebs,and Turdus
merula; T. pilaris seen May 8th; Hzrundo suffering from inclemency)].
Zool., July 1886, x. 297-298.

THOMAS CARTER. York N.W. and Mid. W.

Marfield Pond, Masham, and its Bird-Life [Spatula clypeata reared young
in 1869; Geese, Gallinula, Tachybaptes, Fulica, Totanus calidris, Tringa
alpina, Helodromas, Procellaria pelagica, Ardea cinerea, Numenius arquata,
Charadrius pluvialis, Larus ridibundus, L.argentatus, L. fuscus, Limnocryptes,
Scolopax rusticola, Gallinago calestis, Rallus aquaticus, Bernicla brenta,
Fuligula cristata, Cygnus bewicki, Mergus serrator, Fuligula ferina, Anas
boschas, Edemia nigra, Rissa tridactyla, Hematopus, Mareca, Querquedula
crecca, Clangula glaucion, Fuligula marila, Caprimulgus, Pyrrhocorax
graculus and Corvus frugilegus noted; many likely to not again resort, as
the pond is now drained]. Nat., Aug. 1886, pp. 231-234.

JAMES M. CHADWICK. Lanc. S.
Night-jar [Caprimulgus europeus] at Eccles [unusual in a noisy town].
Nat., June 1885, p. 251.
S. CHADWICK. York N.E.
Curious Site for a Wren [77voglodytes parvulus|’s Nest [at Rillington
Station ; in an ash-pit, in 1882, 1883, and 1884]. Nat., Jan. 1885, p. 126.
J. CHALONER. York Mid W.
Land-rail [Rallus agquaticus] near Tadcaster in December [1884, at
Healaugh ; unusual at this time of year]. Nat., Feb. 1885, p. 149.
J. CHALONER. York Mid W.

Little Auk (J/ergulus alle) near Tadcaster in July [1885, at Newton
Kyme, one picked up, apparently dead some days; editorial note appended
that its occurrence during the breeding season is very remarkable, indeed
unprecedented for Britain]. Nat., Aug. 1885, p. 299.

J. CHALONER, York Mid W.

Grouse [ZLagopus scoticus] and the Weather [much affected by unusual
inclemency in Feb. 1886, at Walton near Boston Spa, Yorkshire]. Nat.,
March 1886, p. 68.

ABEL CHAPMAN. Cheviotland and Northumberland S.

The Ornithology of Upper Coquetdale [notes on Falco peregrinus, Turdus
torquatus, Phylloscopus stbilatrix, Motacilla melanope, Linota flavirostris,
Columba enas, Totanus calidris, Agialitts hiaticula, Mergus serrator, and
Clangula glaucion, supplementary to John Cordeaux’s notes]. Nat., Feb.
1885, pp. 150-151.

May 1889.

154 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1886.

ABEL CHAPMAN. Durham.

Wood Pigeons [(Colwmba palumbus); detailed notes on their habits, move-
ments, and migration ; also on the increasing numbers and habits, ete., of the
Stock-dove (C. @zas); all the notes refer apparently to county Durham].
Field, April 17th, 1886, pp. 476-477.

ABEL CHAPMAN. Durham.

Little Gull [Zarvas mznutus| in County Durham [shot on Whitburn Sands
near Sunderland, Aug. 28th, 1886; description given, from which Editor of
Zool. suggests the possibility of its being a young Xema sabzniz). Nat.,
Oct. 1886, p. 308; and Zool., Nov. 1886, x. 457.

A. C[HAPMAN]. Northumberland S., Durham.

Brent Geese [(Berzicla brenta); a full and detailed account of their habits,
dates of arrival, etc., etc., on the Northumbrian and Durham coasts]. Field,
Nov. 27th, 1886, pp. 770-771.

A. C[HAPMAN]. Northumberland S., Durham.

Wildfowl of the North-East Coast: their haunts and habits [described
at length; the species referred to are Bernicla brenta, Anas boschas, Mareca
penelope, Querquedula crecca, Fuligula marila, Clangula glaucion, Mergi,
Limose, Tringa canutus, Hematopus ostralegus, Larus sidibundus, L. glaucus,
Podiceps, Phalacrocorax carbo, etc.}. Field, Dec. 25th, 1886, p. 918.

ALFRED CRAWHALL CHAPMAN. Northumberland S., Cheviotland, Durham.

Ornithological Notes from the Northumberland Coast [notes on both
Limose, Calidris, Strepsilas, Squatarola, Tringa striata, T. canutus, T. sub-
arquata, T. minuta, T. temminckt, T. alpina, both Nemeniz, Totanus
calidris, T. glareola, 7. fuscus, T. canescens, Machetes, both Phalaroft,
Stercorarius crepidatus, Helodromas ochropus, Mareca, Bernicla brenta,
Hematopus, Ardea cinerea, A2gialitis hiaticula, Anas boschas, Querquedula
crecca, Gallinago calestis, Tringoides hypoleucos, Charadrius pluvialrs,
Tadorna cornuta, Somateria mollissima, Spatula, Gedemia, Stercorarius
parasiticus, Larus canus, L. fuscus, L. ridibundus, Mergus serrator, Colymbus
arcticus, C. septentrionalis, Rissa, Sterna cantiaca, S. macrura, S. fluviatilis,
S. dougalli, S. minuta, Sula, Phalacocorax carbo, Lomvia troile, and
Puffinus—their movements and habits]. Nat., Feb. 1886, pp. 37-44.

ALFRED CRAWHALL CHAPMAN. Durham.

Notes on the Cuckoo [(Cucwulus canorus) a young one, in the dull red and
barred plumage, killed against the Souter Point (electric) Lighthouse, at
2a.m., on August 6th, 1885; giving thus evidence as to when it moults].
Zool., June 1886, x. 244; and Nat., Aug. 1886, pp. 237-238.

ALFRED CRAWHALL CHAPMAN. Northumberland.

The Pied Flycatcher [Juscicapa atricapilia] in Northumberland [notes on
habits and nidification ; place unstated]. Nat., Nov. 1886, pp. 341-342.

ALFRED C,. CHAPMAN. Cheviotland.

Lesser White-fronted Goose [Amser erythropus L.] on the Coast of
Northumberland [shot near Holy Island, 16th Sep., 1886; full measure-
ments, comparative descriptions, and account of the capture given]. Field,
Dec. 11th, 1886, p. 872.

Epwpb. CHAPMAN. York N.W.

Occurrence of the Hawfinch [Coccothraustes vulgaris] in Wensleydale [at
Wensley Hall, where it breeds]. Nat., March 1886, p. 84.

E. CHAPMAN. York N.W.

List of Wensleydale Birds [135 species mentioned, with localities, etc.].
Nat., June 1886, pp. 183-188.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886. 155

E. CHAPMAN. York N.W.

Little Grebe [ Zachyhaptes fluviatil’s] in Wensleydale [an addition to the
writer’s Wensleydale list]. Nat., Sep. 1886, p. 277.

R. W. CHASE. Cheviotland.

King Eider [Somateria spectabilis] at the Farnes [an adult male shot April

25th, 1885, males having been noticed for several years, but not obtained ;
previous occurrence on Noy. 13th, 1873 noted]. Zool., Feb. 1886, x. 76.
R. W. CHASE. York N.W., Linc. N., Northumberland S., Cheviotland.
[Birds exhibited to] Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical
Society [Cizclus aguaticus, Richmond, Yorkshire, August 8th, 1884 (variety
with white feathers in wings and tail); C. melanogaster, Humber Bank,
Lincolnshire, Oct 24th, 1885; Sterna macrura and S. fluviatilis in the down
from Farne Islands; Locwuste//a nevia, nest from Blaydon, June oth, 1886].
Mid]. Nat., 1886, p. 310.
R. MILLER CHRISTY. York N.E.

Variation in size of the Water Rail [(2a//us aguaticus); illustrated in part
by measurements of Easingwold and York examples]. Zool., Sep. 1886, 368.

WILLIAM EAGLE CLARKE. York Mid W.
Additions to the Avifauna of Washburndale [viz. Zzzota cannabina, Larus
ridibundus, and L. canus; and a note on Clangula glaucion). Nat., Aug.
1884, p. 19.
Wma. EAGLE CLARKE. Durham, Northumberland S.
Breeding of the Hawfinch [Coccothraustes vulgaris] in Durham and
Northumberland [in 1884, at Winlaton and at Riding-Mill-on-Tyne]. Nat.,
Aug. 1884, p. 19.

W. EAGLE CLARKE. York N.E.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Helmsley [4th August, 1884: Pied

Flycatcher (A/uscicapa atricapilla) and Nuthatch (Sz¢ta cesta) noted in con-
siderable numbers]. Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 41.

Won. EAGLE CLARKE. York Mid W.

Variety of the Crow (Corvus corone) [described as of a brindled appearance ;
shot near Settle, Oct. 27th or 28th, 1885]. Nat., Jan. 1885, p. 18.

I. of Man, Linc. S.and N., Chesh., Notts., Lanc. S., Cumbld.,
Won. EAGLE CLARKE. York N.W., Mid W., S.W., and S.E.
Observations of the Arrival of Summer Visitant Birds in the North of
England in 1885 [for numerous localities for Zurdus torguatus, Saxicola
enanthe, Pratincola rubetra, Ruticilla phenicurus, Daulias luscinia, Sylvia
cinerea, S. curruca, S. atricapilla, S. hortensts, Phylloscopus rufus, P. tro-
chilus, P. stbilatrix, Acrocephalus streperus, A. phragmitis, Locustella nevia,
Motacilla rait, Anthus trivialis, Muscicapa grisola, M. atricapilla, Hirundo
rustica, Chelidon, Cotile, Cypselus, Cuculus, Turtur communis, Crex pratensis,
Tringoides hypoleucos, and Sterna minuta]. Nat., June 1885, pp. 247-251.

W. EAGLE CLARKE. York Mid W.

[The Avifauna of Washburndale includes Mareca, Clangula glaucion,
gialitis hiaticula, Totanus calidris, 7. canescens, Hematopus, Phalacrocorax
carbo, Sterna macrura, Larus canus, and L. ridibundus, species attracted by
the Leeds Corporation Reservoirs]. Nat., Nov. 1885, p. 380.

Wn. EAGLE CLARKE. York S.E.

Occurrence of the Desert Chat (Saxicola deserti) in Yorkshire [one shot
between Easington and Kilnsea, October 17th, 1885; first English, second
British; specimen]. Nat., Dec. 1885, p. 387.

W. EAGLE CLARKE. York Mid W.

Grouse [Lagofus scoticus] and the [severe] weather [near Leeds; reasons
assigned for the phenomenon]. Nat., March 1886, p. 68.

May 1889.

156 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886,

W. EAGLE CLARKE [signed ‘ Eds.’] York Mid W.

The [severe] weather [of May 1886] and the Swallows [Hirundo, Cheli-
don, and Cotile, also Cypselus]. Nat., June 1886, p. 182.

W. EAGLE CLARKE . . . and WILLIAM STOREY. York Mid W.

Upper Nidderdale and its Fauna . . . Birds [an annotated list of
123 species, of which 62 are residents, 28 summer, II winter, and 23 casual,
visitants]. Nat., July 1886, pp. 197-204.

W. E. C[LaRKE]. York Mid W.

Greenshank [ Zotanus canescens] in [Washburndale, five observed Sep. 26th
and 27th, 1886]. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 340.

T. D. A. COCKERELL, Lanc. S., Cheshire.

A September Walk through Lancashire, Cheshire, and Staffordshire [Sep.
oth to 11th, 1885; AZotactlla lugubris and Hirundo rustica between Rainhill
and Warrington; the A/ofaci//a also in Cheshire: Vanedlus near Knutsford].
Nat., Feb. 1886, pp. 56-57.

OHN CORDEAUX. York S.E.
J

The Spurn [noting rarities (Zmberiza rustica, Turdus varius, Cyanecula),
migrants (Puffinus anglorum, Turdus iliacus, T. torquatus, Pernis apivorus,
Scolopax rusticola, Regulus cristatus, Limosa lapponica, Linota flavirostris,
Tringa canutus, Squatarola), and breeding birds (Sterna minuta, ‘gialitis
hiaticula, Anthus, Linota, Cuculus,and Tadorna)}. Nat., Aug. 1884, pp. 1-8.

JOHN CORDEAUX. Linc. N.

Wild Cat [and Kite (AZ/vus ictinus\] in Lincolnshire [Bullington Wood,
near Wragby, was the last Lincolnshire haunt of the Kite; a pair nested in
1870]. Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 34.

JouHN CORDEAUX. York S.E.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Spurn Point [3rd Sep., 1884—-
Saxicola ananthe, Phylloscopus trochilus, Acrocephalus phragmitis, Capri-
mulous europeus, both Numenzi, Calidris, Strepsilas, Tringa canutus, Larus
marinus, L. fuscus, L. argentatus, L. ridibundus, L. canus, Rissa, Sterna
macrura, S. fluviatilis, S. minuta, Phalacrocorax carbo, Pastor roseus, —
Totanus glareola, T. canescens, Squatarola helvetica, and Tringa alpina
noted]. Nat., Nov. 1884, p. 92.

JoHN CORDEAUX. Cheviotland, Northumberland S.

Ornithological Notes from Upper Coquetdale [a list of all the species
observed—53 in number—in the summer of 1884; localities, local names,
etc., given]. Nat., Dec. 1884, pp. 105-110.

JOHN CORDEAUX. York S.E., Linc. N.

Ornithological Notes from the East Coast in the Spring of 1885 [large
arrival of A/uscicapa atricapilla and Ruticilla phanicurus at Flamborough
and Spurn ; a Stercorarius catarrhactes at Flamborough ; trips of Audromias
morinellus in Cotes marshes and near Spurn; Lomvda trotle, Alca torda,
Fratercula, Rissa, Columba livia, C. anas, Larus argentatus, Phalacrocorax
carbo at Flamborough Cliffs; Corvus corone and Tinnunculus’ in Cotes
marshes]. Nat., July 1885, pp. 267-269.

JOHN CorDEAUX. Linc. N. and S.

Lincolnshire [with mention of Fudlica, Botaurus stellaris, Acrocephalus
phragmitis, A. streperus, Milvus, Buteo, Anas boschas, Asio brachyotus, Anser,
Phaltacrocorax, Podiceps, Colymbus, Grus, Platalea, Ciconia, Recurvirostra,
Limosa egocephala, Machetes, Circus eruginosus, Hierofalco gyrfalco, Eudro-
mias morinellus, Hematopus, Sterna macrura, S. fluviatilis, S. minuta,
egialitis hiaticula, Tadoryna cornuta, Circus cyaneus, Porzana maruetta,
Gallinago celestis, Totanus calidris, Falco subbuteo, Alauda arvensis, Emberiza
citrinella, Fringilla celebs, Turdus merula, T. musicus, T. iliacus, Plectro-

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886. 157

phanes, Passer montanus, Linota cannabina, L. flavirostris, Corvus cornix,
Tringa canutus, Sguatarola, Spatula, Querguedula crecca, T. alpina,
Gdicnemus, Tachybaptes fluviatilis, Larus ridibundus). Nat., Jan. 1886, 1-15.

JoHN CorDEAUX . . . [and] . . . MicHAeL Drayton. Linc. N. and S.
The Birds of the Lincolnshire Fens and Wolds in 1612 [Michael
Drayton’s verse describing the ornithological glories of Lincolnshire are
annotated by J. Cordeaux; reference is made to Avas boschas, Querquedula
crecca, Mergus merganser, Mareca, Clangula glaucion, Mergus albellus,
Fulica, Gallinula, Cinclus, Rallus aquaticus, Tachybaptes, Fratercula,
Cygnus ferus, Grus, Ardea cinerea, Gallinago calestis, Totanus calidris,
Botaurus stellaris, Anseres, Lart, Hematopus, Numenius arquata, Phalacro-
corax carbo, Pandion, Charadrius pluvialis, Squatarola, Coturnix, Crex,
Vanellus, Limosa lapponica, L. egocephala, Tringa alpina, T. canutus,
Eudromias, and Otis tarda]. Nat., Dec. 1886, pp. 363-368.

JOHN CorDEAUX. Linc. N.

Tree Sparrow [Passer montanus] in North Lincolnshire [Nov. 13th, 1886,
in large numbers at Great Cotes; notes on habits]. Nat., Dec. 1886, p. 368.

Cheshire, Lancs., Cumberland, Northumberland,
J. CorDEAUX and W. EAGLE CLARKE. Yorkshire, Isle of Man, Lincs.
[Seventh] Report on the Migration of Birds in the Spring and Autumn
of 1885 [with much detailed information; reviewed in Nat., Sep. 1886,
p. 282; also in Zool., Nov. 1886, pp. 460-464 (excerpts given)]. Seventh
Report (Vol. II., No. 2—Edinburgh: Printed by M‘Farlane & Erskine, . . .
1886, 8vo, 174 pages and map.
A. N. Curzon. Cheshire.
Hen Harrier [Crrcus cyaneus] in Cheshire [shot early in Nov. 1886. on the
Wild Boar Clough Moors, near Macclesfield ; pronounced by H. Saunders to
be a young female]. Field, Dec. 18th, 1886, p. 884.
W. C. Dawson. York Mid W.
_ Arrival of Summer Birds [at Otley, Feb. 29th{sic], Sand Martin (Cofz/e
riparia)|. Field, April 3rd, 1886, p. 428.
F. W. Dickinson. York S.W.
Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire Naturalists at Anston Stones [3oth
‘April, 1885; Dazlias luscinia, Ruticilla phanicurus, Pratincola rubetra,
Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Sylvia atricapilla, Acrocephalus phragmitis, Locustella
nevia, Motacilla rati, Cuculus, Cypselus, Turtur, Crex, Larus ridibundus,
Coccothraustes vulgaris, Emberiza schanicius, Garrulus, Alcedo, Gallinuta,
Fulica, and Anas boschas noted]. Nat., June 1885, p. 260.
James D1ixon. Durham.
The Great Northern Diver [Colymbus glacialis| at Hartlepool [captured
in mid-December 1885]. Young Nat., Jan. 1886, vii. 16.
T. DuckworTH. Cumberland.
Our Summer Visitants [the Grasshopper Warbler (Loczstella nevia), Redstart
(Rutictlla phanicurus), Wood Warbler (Phylloscopus stbilatrix), Tree Pipit
(Anthus trivialis), and Spotted Flycatcher (Afuscicapa grisola) are noticed at
length ; localities in the English Lake-district are given, with remarks on

local names, habits, etc.].. Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Assoc., No. x
(1884-85, pub. 1885), pp. 29-42.
W. Duckwor?TH. Cumberland.
[Nesting of the Blackheaded and Lesser Blackheaded Gulls (Larus
vidtbundus and —————?) in Cumberland]. Trans. Cumb. and Westm.
Assoc., No. x (1884-85, pub. 1885), pp. 44 and 56.
W. Duckwortru. Cumberland, Westmorland.

Destruction of Swallows [in Cumberland and Westmorland, caused by the
‘cold snap’ of May 1886, affecting Cypselus, Hirundo, Chelidon, and Cotile}.
Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Assoc., No. xi (1885-86, pub. 1886), pp. 148-149.

May 1889

158 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1886.

Joun N. Durty. Notts.

Varieties of Common Birds [all near Tuxford ; an albino nestling Green
finch (Ligurinus chloris) at Moorhouse; white Sand Martin (Cofzle riparia);
white Sparrow (Passer domesticus); pied Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) ; white-
headed Ring-Ouzel (Zzrdus torguatus); Wheatear (Saxicola enanthe) the
colour of a Gull’s back; and an almost-white Pheasant chick (Phaszanus
colchicus)]. Field, Oct. 23rd, 1886, p. 609.

J aNwDurry: Notts.
Albino [Greenfinch (Zigurinus chloris), nestling, found at Moorhouse near
Tuxford ; reported on by Robert Service]. Nat. World, Nov. 1886, iii. 217.
J. J. DUNNINGTON-JEFFERSON. York: S.E.
[Unusual number (22) of Magpies (Pica caudata) on the wing together,
Oct. 18th, 1886, near York]. Field, Oct. 30th, 1886, p. 653.
Ep[ITor OF ZOOLOGIST]. York S.E.
Rooks [Corvus frugilegus] nesting on Chimney-tops [and on house-tops at
Kingston-on-Hull in 1846]. Zool., Sep. 1886, x. 365.
Ep[ITor OF FIELD]. Linc. N.
Gannet [Sz/a bassana] inland [at Brigg, Lincs., five in a turnip-field]. Field,
October 16th, 1886, p. 555.
Eps.,,N; H.J. York S.W.
Ackworth Reports [of curious nestings of Zvoglodytes parvulus, Erithacus
rubecula, and Muscicapa grisola). Nat. Hist. Journ., Nov. 15th, 1886, x. 167.
Epwp. E_MuIrstT. Linc. N.

The Hen Harrier [Circus cyaneus] in Lincolnshire sixty years ago
[nesting in great numbers on the commons in the parish of Middle Rasen
about 1824-1825; full and detailed particulars given; provincially named
‘ gorse-hawk’; other birds mentioned as of 1824 and 1825 are /hasianus,
Perdix cinerea, Scolopax rusticola, Gallinago calestis, Crex pratensis,
Querquedula crecca, ‘Vlovers,’ Corvus cornix, Pica caudata, Garrulus
glandarius, Milvus ictinus, ‘ Buzzards,’ Acctpiter nisus, Falco subbuteo,
F. esalon, and Tinnunculus alaudarius). Field, Nov. 27th, 1886, p. 800.

Joun Emmet. York Mid W.
Curious death of a Swift [(Cypselus apis); killed against telegraph wire ;
near Boston Spa?]. Nat., Aug. 1885, p. 299.
JOHN EMMET. York Mid W.
Hawfinch [Coccothraustes vulgaris] and Water Rail [Radius aguaticus] near
Boston Spa, Yorkshire [a hen of the former caught at Healaugh, May 11th,
1885 ; latter bred at Boston Spa in 1884 and 1885]. Nat., Aug. 1885, p. 299.
JOHN EMMET. York N.E. and Mid W., Cumbd., Westmd.
Swallows and the late Storm [of May 1886 ; great destruction of Hzrundo,
Chelidon, Cottle, and Cypselus at Malton, Newton Kyme, Bassenthwaite,
Appleby, Windermere, Mexborough, etc.]. Nat., July 1886, p. 214.
Joun EMMETT. York Mid W.
The Hawfinch [Coccothraustes vulgaris] Nesting at Boston Spa [in 1886].
Nat., Sep. 1886, p. 277.
THOMAS FORD. Lincs.
Late Stay of Swifts [(Cypselus apus), at Caistor, Lincs., Sep. roth, 1886 ;
usually all gone by end of August ; only once seen previously after Sep. Ist].
Field, Sep. 18th, 1886, p. 441.
RILEY ForTUNE. Northumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire.
Abnormal Nesting Sites [Long-tailed Tit (dcredula rosea) in deserted
squirrel’s-drey, Robin (Zrithacus rubecula) in a workman’s breakfast-can ;

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1886. 159

Waterhen (Gad/inula chloropus) in trees, once in fir-tree—all in Northumber-
land; Wren (7voglodytes vulgaris) in a lantern, Westmorland; and in
Yorkshire a Wheatear (Saxicola ananthe) built only two or three feet below
the nest of a Peregrine (Falco peregrinus)]. Field, May 24th, 1886, p. 123.

R. FORTUNE. York N.W.

Swallow [House Martin—Chelidon urbica|’s Nest on the Face of a Clock
[at Sedbergh Station, where they have built for some years]. Field, July roth,
1886, p. 74.

RILEY FORTUNE. York Mid W., Durham.

Curious Nests of a Spotted Flycatcher [Vuscicapa grisola] and Missel
Thrush [(Zzrdus visctvorus): the first, a nest made of bookbinder’s paper-
cuttings, at Harrogate; the second of sheep’s wool, on the edge of Muggles-
wick Moor, co. Durham]. Field, Aug. 14th, 1886, p. 274.

RILEY FORTUNE. York Mid W. and N.E., Cheviotland.

The Turtle Dove [ Zurtur communis] in Yorkshire [and Northumberland ;

at Weeton near Harrogate, near Guisborough, nesting near Alnwick, and
seen at Chathill]. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 342.

W. W. Fow er. Linc. N.

Thick-knee [(Edicnemus scolopax| and Temminck’s Stint [7Z7znga tem-

minckii| in Lincolnshire [at Gainsborough and Lincoln respectively]. Nat.,
Sep. 1884, p. 32.

Hi. EY Fox. Cheviotland.

Destruction of Bird-life at the Farne Islands [deprecatory of the Farne
Islands Association and its action]. Nat., Dec. 1884, p. III.

SAMUEL C. Fox. Notts.

Egyptian Nightjar [notice of the stone put up where the Mansfield example
of Caprimuleus egyptiacus was shot]. Nat. World, June 1886, iii. 117.

RALPH PAYNE-GALLWEY. York Mid W.

Former Occurrence of Black Game [ 72trao fetrix] on the Blubberhouses
Moors [extract from the Game-book for 1798, showing that it occurred in
the boyhood of the then keeper]. Nat., Nov. 1885, p. 364.

RALPH P. GALLWEY. York N.E.
Wigeon [A/areca penelope) Nesting [in confinement] in Yorkshire [at

Vhirkleby Park, Thirsk, four pairs of pinioned birds]. Field, July 31st, 1886,
p. 197; Zool., Oct. 1886, x. 416.

R. P. GALLWEY. Not Linc. S.

Duck Decoys [the one (Crowland) mentioned by Dr. Parsons is zof in
Lincolnshire, but in Northamptonshire]. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 340.

Westmld., Derbysh., Lanc. S., Linc. N. and S.,

RALPH PAYNE-GALLWEY. Notts., York N.W., N.E., and S.E.

The Book of Duck Decoys: their Construction, Management, and History

[a complete history of Decoys and Decoying, with full instructions in the

craft and for the construction of the Decoy ; a concise history of all known

decoys, with many interesting particulars of their careers, is furnished,

arranged under counties]. London: John Van Voorst, Paternoster Row,

MDCCCLXXXVI. [quarto (small), pp. xx. 214, 32 illustrations]. Reviewed by

W. E. Clarke in Nat., Sep. 1886, pp. 280-281 [the list of north-country
dlecoys extracted].

LEONARD GAUNT. York S.E.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Pocklington [24th June, 1885:
Ruticilla, Pratincola rubetra, Phylloscopus rufus, P. trochilus, P. sibilatrix,
Sylvia ciner.a, Acrocephalus phragmitis, Muscicapa grisola, Anthus trivialis,

A. pratensis, Hirundo, Chelidon, Cypselus, Crex, Erithacus, Turdus visei-
vorus, T. mustcus, 7. merula, Troglodytes, /'arus major, P. caruleus,

May 188o.

160 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1886.

Motactlla lugubris, Accentor, Pyrrhula, Ligurinus, Linota rufescens,
L. cannabina, Fringilla celebs, Passer domesticus, Emberiza miliaria,
£. citrinella, Sturnus, Corvus monedula, C. frugilegus, C. coroné, Certhia,
Alauda arvensis, Columba palumbus, Syrnium aluco, Phasianus, Perdix
cinerea, Ardea cinerea, Vanellus, Gallinula, and Anas boschas]. Nat., Aug.

1885, p. 308.

LEONARD GAUNT. York S.W.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Askern [20th May, 1886; Phyllos-
copus trochilus, Ruticilla phanicurus, Anthus trivialis, Hirundo, Chelidon,
Cotile, Cypselus, Phylloscopus rufus, Acrocephalus phragmitis, Sylvia cinerea,
Muscicapa grisola, Pratincola rubetra, Corvus frugilegus, C. corone, Sturnus,
Turdus merula, T. musicus, T. viscivorus, Parus major, P. ceruleus, Trog-
lodytes, Accentor modularis, Erithacus, Carduelis, Fringilla celebs, Emberiza
citrinella, Passer domesticus, Alauda arvensis, Anthus pratensis, Motacilla
lugubris, and a Larus, species not stated, noted; also that Zachybaptes had
occurred this year, and that 7urdus mustcus was nesting on the ground].
Nat., June 1886, p. 189.

[?] W. Granam [signed ‘ W.G. (Eden, Cumberland)’ ]. Cumberland.
Mortality amongst Swallows [at Eden, Cumberland ; species not stated].
Land and Water, May 15th, 1886, p. 463.
[Miss] C. H. Greer. Cheviotland.
Curious Nesting Place of the Great Tit [Parus major; in a letter-box
at Norham Castle]. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club for 1885 (pub. 1886), xi. 245.
J. H. Gurney. Northumberland S.
Notes on the Two Spotted Eagles inhabiting the European Continent
[the Northumberland Spotted Eagle (Cresswell, Oct. 1885] is referred to
Aguila clanga Pall.|. Nat., Feb. 1886, pp. 45-47.
J. H. Gurney, Jun. Linc. S.
Little Auk (J/ergudus alle) occurring in July [1872, on board a ship in the
Wash]. Nat., Oct. 1885, p. 344.
J. H. Gurney, Jun. York N.E.
Sparrowhawk [Accipiter nésus] and Viper [in York, killing each other].
Nat., Jan. 1886, p. 17; rep. Nat. Hist. Journ., Feb. 15th, 1886, x. 19.
J. H. Gurney, jun. York S.E.
A Suggested Explanation of the Occurrence of the Sardinian Starling
(Sturnus unicolor) in England [at York]. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 340.
G. H. Caton HaiGu. | ine ae
Occurrence of the Green Sandpiper [e/odromas ochropus] in winter [as
observed in North Lincolnshire]. Field, Feb. 6th, 1886, p. 172.
ALLAN B. HALL. ; Yorkshire.
Thirsk. Bird Notes [concerning the nesting of Vavellus vulgaris, Cinclus
aguaticus, Syrnium aluco, Cuculus canorus, Corvus corone, Ardea cinerea,
Gallinago calestis, Accipiter nisus, Cotile riparia, and Ruticilla phenicurus).
Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, 1886, x. 106.
C. C. Hanson. York S.W.
Ornithological Notes from West Yorkshire [Little Auk (Mergzlus alle)
picked up, Outlane near Stainland, 21st Nov. 1884; male Grey Shrike
(Lantus excubitor) shot, Wike near Brighouse, 22nd Nov. 1884; three
Redbreasted Mergansers (A/ergus serrator) shot near Kirkheaton, 2nd Dec.

1884]. Nat., Jan. 1885, p. 127.
C. C. HANSON. York S.W.

Eagle Owl near Huddersfield [at Fixby, Jan. Ist, 1885; referred to Bzbo
virginianus ; note added from J. H. Gurney that the information given is not
sufficient for specific determination]. Nat., April 1886, p. 114.

Naturalist.

JUNE 1889.

MONTHLY

JOURNAL OF

NATURAL ‘HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGL AND.

CONDUCTED BY

5 WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS,

r 3 Sunny Bank, Leeds ; “
a WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF
c J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,
E Royal Herbarium, Kew ; Dewsbury ;
ee W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEORGE TT. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
2 Museum of Science & Art, Edinburgh ; Greenfield House, Huddersfield ;
ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. BARWELL TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.M.S.,
St. John’s College, Cambridge ; 55, Reginald Terrace, Leeds.
7 .
Confents: 6,
Notes upon the Botany of Derbyshire—Xev. W. H. Painter .. ee oe o 177
At the Foot of the Wolds—S. A. Adanisou, V.G.S, es 179
Notes on Fungi: with List of Species collected chiefly in East Voushice :
Walter W. Strickland ne = “a aie es = is aie .. 183 to 192
Bibliography—Birds, 1886 .. ore a of r ‘3 ue ae + .. 161 to 175
Notes—Ornithology .. a ve 3 . 176 & 182

Black Redstart at Senshi Shagki ¥. Packhowdl Sun., FZ. Si; Mt. B. 0. Us: citer;
» &c., on the Pickering Moors—//erbert Prodham; ki borough Bird-
Notes—Matthew Bailey ; Nightingale at Ripley, Yorkshire—Riley Fortune;
Nightingale at Staveley, near Boroughbridge—ZRev. EL. P. Knubley, M.A.,
M.B.O.U.; Goldfinch near Ripon—Xev. R.A. Summerfield, B.A.; Turtle-
Dove and Nightingale near Goole— 7homas Bunker; Ornithological Notes
from Easington, near Spurn—/. W’, Loten; Missel-Thrush and Waterhen
near Hull—Yokn Stears.

Note—Botany .. a" “i ~ we es ad 182
From Oxlip to PiiaresesS: gE tects, F. E. S,

Notes and News <2 as ap AF ‘a ps Re ak a! “se .. 175 & 178

LONDON:

‘LovELt Reeve & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E,C,
McCorquopaLe & Co.-Limirep, CARDINGTON STREET, EUSTON};
AND
Leeps: BASINGHALL STREET.

All Communications should be Addressed :—
Fhe Editors of ‘The Naturalist,’
Sunny Bank, Leeds.

1 RICE SIXPENCE (by Post, Sevenpence). |
; ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION. (from the OFFICE only), 5s., post free.

The NATURALIST.

Authors’ Reprints.—15 copies’ e Naturalist are given to authors
of papers exceeding 3 pages. Keprints may be had at the following rates, if the
order is given on returning proof: 50 cong +4 pp. 4/6; 8 pp. 5/65 32 pp. U-3
16 pp. 8/6; 100 copies, 4 pp. 7/-; 8 PP 8/6 3 12 pp. 11/-; 16 pp. 13/6; 200 copies,
4 pp. 9/6; 8 pp. 11/-; 12 pp. 16/-; 16 pp. 18 18, Covers charged extra—Plain
Covers, 5° copies, -/9; 100 copies, 1/65. 200 copies, 2/6; Printed Ore 50
copies, 2/- 3 100 copies, 3/- ; 200 eo ;

BOOKS RE EIVED.

Yorkshire Phil. Soc.—Annual Report for 1888, 8vo, 78 pages. [The Ba,
Urban A. Smith—Report on Maintenance of Main Roads in Co. Hertford, 8vo,
18 pages. > [Author.
Manchester Geological Society—-Trans., vol 20, parts 5-7, 1889. [The Society.

Miller Christy—Birdsnesting and Bird-Skinning, $m. 8vo., cl., 138 pp.
ET. "Unwin, publisher.
H. G, Seeley—Fresh-water Fishes of Europe, 8vo., cl.., 444 pp. [Cassell & Co.,
publishers.

C. B, Plowright—British Uredinez and Ustilaginez, 8vo., cl., 348 pp.
[Kegan, Paul, Trench & Co., publishers.

F. Sissons—Beauties of Sherwood Forest, 2nd Ed., 1888, 8vo, 146 pp.
[Sissons & Sons, publishers.
The Zoologist, 3rd Serigs, Vol. 13, No. 149, May 1889. ___[J. E. Harting, editor.
Watson Bot. Exch. Club—Fifth Ann. Rep., 1888- 89. [The Club.
H. Saunders—Illust. Man. Brit. Birds, Pts.8-14, Nov.’88, May’89. [Gurney & Jackson.
J. E. Marr—(1) On some well- defined Life-zones in the low er part of the Silurian
of the Lake-District, 1878; (2) Cambrian and Silurian Beds of Dee Valley
. compared with Lake District, 1880; (3) Pre-Devonian Rocks of Bohemia,
1880; (4) Classification of Cambrian and Silurian Rocks, 1881; (5) Some
Sections in the Lower Paleozoic Rocks of Craven, 1881; (6) Cambrian and
Silurian Rocks of Scandinavia, 1882; (7) Lower Palzozoic Rocks of
Haverfordwest, 1885; (8) Lower Palzozoic Rocks near Settle, 1887 ;
(9) The Work of Ice-Sheets, 1887; (10) Glacial Deposits of Sudbury, 1887;
(11) Homotaxis, 1887 ; (12) Superimposed Drainage of the English Lake-
District, 1889—8vo, v.d. [The Author—per A. Harker.
Nat. Hist. Journ., No. 112, May 15, 1889. _ [J. E. Clark & others, Editors, York.
Science Gossip,.No. 293, for May 1889. — [Messrs. Chatto & Windus, publishers,
The Midland Naturalist, No. 137, for May 1889. [Birmingham Nat. Hist. Soc.
Research, monthly illust, journ. of science, vol. 1, No. 11, May 1889. [A.N.Tate, ed.
The Wesley Naturalist, No. 27, for May 1889. [The Wesley Scientific Society.
The Young Naturalist, Part 113, for May 1889. [Mr. John E. Robson, editor.
Revue Bryologique, 16° Année, 1889, No. 3. [M. T. Husnot, redacteur, Cahan,
Psyche: journ. ofentom., Vol. 5, No. 156, April 1889. [Camb. Ent. Cl., U.S.A.

West American Scientist, Vol. 6, No. 42, April 1889. [l. D. A. Cockerell.
Journal of Conchology, Vol. 6, No. 2, a 1889. [Conchological Society.
Hertfordshire N. H. Soc. —Trans. , Vol. 5, Part 4, April 1880. [Society.

Notarisia, Ann. 4, No. 14, Aprile 1889. [G.B.deToni e D. Levi-Morenos, Redattori.
Il Naturalista Siciliano, ann. 8, n. 7-8, Ap.-Magg. ‘89. [Sign. Enrico Ragusa.

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.—ENTOMOLOGICAL
SECTION.—The President and Secretaries of the Section will be pleased to
receive the names and addresses:of those members specially interesting themselves
in this branch. The object in view is to circulate a fairly complete list amongst
the members of this section, and thereby to facilitate the exchange of information,
and also, if sufficient encouragement is given, to publish (in the Annual Report of
the Section) at the close of the season a list of Yorkshire Occurrences of Insects.

Address the President :—Mr. N. F. DOBRER, The New Walk, Beverley ;

Or the Hon. Secretaries:—Mr. J. H. ROWNTREE, Westwood, Scarborough ; :

Mr. W. E. BRADY, I, Queen Street, Barnsley.

Improved Egg Drills (2 sizes) and Metal Blowpipe with instructions 1/3 free.
‘Hints on Egg Collecting and Nesting,’ illustrated, 33d. free. Birds’ Skins,
Eggs (side-blown and in clutches with date), Lepidoptera, Ova, Larve, and Pup,
Artificial Eyes, and all kinds of Naturalists’ Requisites. Lists, one stamp. All
specimens, &c., sent ie on approval.’

& W. DAVIS (Naturalists), DARTFORD, Kent.

ER mm a re a
The cheapest dealer in Birds, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells,
etc,, is John Eggleston, Park Place, underland. Lists free,

ee es ee, ee ee ee ey ee Pe

BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1886. 161

JAMEs HARDY. Northumberland S., Cheviotland.
Report of Meetings of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, for the year
1885. . .. Rothbury [24th June; /ringdlla calebs, Lagopus scoticus, Anthus
pratensis, Muscicapa atricapilla (Alnwick), Pratincola rubetra, Saxicola
e@nanthe, Linota cannabina, Emberiza militaria, Muscicapa grisola, Phyllos-
copus trochilus, Acrocephalus phragmitis, Turdus musicus, T. merula, Cuculus
canorus, Columba palumbus, Sturnus vulgaris, Motacilla lugubris, Ruticilla
phenicurus, Crex pratensis, Charadrius pluvialis, Numenius arquata, Turdus
visctvorus, Larus ridibundus (breeding-places cited), Alauda arvensis,
Hirundo rustica, Chelidon urbica, and Cottle riparia, all noted casually].
Proc. Berw. Nat. Club for 1885 [pub. 1886], xi. 31-50.

James Harpy. Northumberland S., Durham.

Report of Meetings of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club for the year
1885. . . . Haughton Castle, Simonburn Church, and Chipchase
Castle, North Tyne [30th July; Cypselus apus noted (p. 59); Columba
enas nesting at Dunston]. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club for 1885 [pub. 1886], xi. 63.

J(aMeEs]. H[arpy]. York Mid W. and S.W,
Memoir of the late John Towlerton Leather, Esq., F.S.A., of Leven-
thorpe [with mention of two Rookeries at Leventhorpe, one of which the
Rooks are deserting for Swillington]. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club for 1885
[pub. 1886], xi. 228.
R. P, HARPER. York N.E.
Tengmalm’s Owl [Wyctala tengmalm] in Yorkshire [two near Scarborough
and one on Ayton Moor ; particulars given]. Zool., May 1886, x. 214.
R. P. HARPER. York N.E.
Fearlessness of the Spotted Flycatcher [(J/uscicapa grisola), a pair of
which have built in the most frequented situation at the Spa, Scarborough].
Zool., Sep. 1886, x. 366.
JAMEs J. HARRISON. York S.E.

Brent Geese [Sernicla brenta] coming Inland [a pair of old ones shot on
the carrs at Brandesburton near Hull, eight miles from the sea, on 13th Nov.,
1885]. Zool., May 1886, x. 215.

JOHN HARRISON. York Mid W.
Common Buzzard [Buteo vulgaris] Nesting in Confinement [at Wilstrop
Hall near York; a full and interesting account]. Nat. Hist. Journ., June
15th, 1886, x. 105.
J..E. HarTINc. Durham, York N.E. and S.E., Cumberland,
Wild Swans [(Cygnus ferus); gives dates on which observed at Light-
houses and Light-vessels, Teesmouth, Spurn, Bridlington, Redcar, and
Monkhill, Carlisle]. Field, Feb. 20th, 1886, p. 243.
J. E. HarTING. Linc. N.
On the Former Nesting of the Spoonbill in Middlesex [with a reference
to its being mentioned (as the ‘Shoveler’) by Drayton in 1622, among the
notable birds of the Isle of Axholme]. Zool., March 1886, x. 88.
ALFRED HEATH. York N.E.
Destruction of Swallows [(Airundo rustica, Chelidon urbica, and Cotile
riparia) at Rounton Grange, near Northallerton, from the severity of the
weather]. Land and Water, May 22nd, 1886, p. 486.
RICHARD HILL. York N.E.
Grouse [Lagopus scoticus] perching on a Tree [near Sinnington, N.E.
Yorkshire]. Field, Feb. 6th, 1886, p. 172.
W. Hopcson. Cumberland.
Curlews [Numenius arguata] in the Solway District [moving across to
their breeding-grounds, March 1885]. Nat., Aug. 1885, p. 299.

June 1889. L

162 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1886.

WILLIAM Hopcson. Cumberland, Westmorland, Furness.
The Hill Naturalist [; a popular account of the ‘ feathered occupants of the
hills,’ the species being taken in systematic order]. Trans. Cumb. and
Westm. Assoc., No. xi (1885-6, pub. 1886), pp. 19-27.
WILLIAM Hopeson [signed ‘ Little Rod’. Cumberland.
Arrivals and Departures of Birds in the North [at Carlisle and Flimby ;
Hirundo rustica(March 25th), Saxicola enanthe(March 28th), and Phylloscopus
trochilus' March 28th) ; early dates]. Land & Water, Ap. 3rd, 1886, p. 324.
A. S. HUTCHINSON. Derbyshire.
Occurrence of the Green Sandpiper [He/odromas ochropus| in Winter
[one shot early in February 1886 near Burton-on-Trent. ‘The Wood Sand-
piper ( Zotanus glareola) also shot near the waterworks reservoir, Breadsall
near Derby, Sep. 1885]. Field, Feb. 20th, 1886, p. 243.
PETER INCHBALD. Yorkshire.
Wheatear [Saxzcola enanthe] disgorging pellets [a caged bird]. Field,
March 27th, 1886, p. 400.
P. INCHBALD. York Mid W.
Arrival of Summer Birds [at Harrogate—Phy/loscopus rufus, March 28th;
P. trochilus, April 7th; Ruticilla phenicurus, April 15th; Anthus trivialis,
April 14th; Cofz/e, April 11th; Azrundo, April 12th; Pratincola rubetra,
April 25th; Sylvza cinerea. April 25th; S. curruca, April 27th, and Crex
pratensis, April 27th, 1886]. Field, April 3rd, roth, 17th, and May Ist,
1886, pp. 428, 459, 477, and 570.
PETER INCHBALD. York Mid W.
Appearance of the Redwings [7Zwurdus cliacus] in Yorkshire [a flock at
Harrogate, roth Oct., 1886]. Field, Oct. 16th, 1886, p. 555.

J. INGLEBY. York Mid W.

Curious Site for Missel Thrush [ Zurdus visctvorus|’s Nest [in May 1875,
in Gateup Gill, and in Nidderdale]. Nat., Aug. 1885, p. 299.

W. JARDINE. Cumberland.

Local Superstitions [anent the Cuckoo (Czculus canorus), etc.], Trans.
Cumb. and Westm. Assoc., No. xi (1885-86, pub. 1886), p. 44

J. M. JEFFcoT?. Isle of Man.

‘The Seven Sleepers,’ according to Manx Tradition [included the
Cooag=Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), the Cloghan-ny-cleigh=Stonechat (i.e.
Wheatear, Saxzcola wnanthe), and the Gollan-geayee=Swallow (Airundo
rustica); etymologies, etc., given]. Nat., Aug. 1884, pp. 14-15.

WILLIAM JEFFERY. Lanc. S. or W?
The Knot [(77iwga canutus) near Preston]. Sci. Goss., Jan. 1886, p. 23.
P. Q. KEEGAN. Cumberland.

Scarcity of Partridges [(Perdix cinerea) in Cumberland]. Sci. Goss., Dec.
1886, p. 282.
H. WALLIS KEw. Linc. N.

Field Notes [on 6th May a nest of Tree-creeper (Certhia familiaris) found
near Louth, and Heronry in Muckton Wood visited]. Nat. World, Jan. 1886,
pp. I-2.
H. WaLtiis Kew. Linc. N.
A Postglacial Ravine [at Welton Vale near Louth: breeding of the
Moorhen (Gadlz2u/a chloropus) and of several common birds referred to, and
occurrence of Heron (47dea cinerea) noted]. Nat. World, Feb. 1886, iii. 21-22.
H. WaLtis Kew. Linc. N.
Another Postglacial Ravine [Hubbard’s Valley near Louth] and its
inhabitants [Hedge-Sparrow (Accentor modularis) feeding on Triphena
pronuba, Blackcap (Curruca atricapilla),and eighteen other birds referred to].
Nat. World, March 1886, iii. 41.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886. 163

H. WALLIS Kew. Linc. N.

Shells of the Ponds and Streams [with a note of the? Hooded Crow

(Corvus cornix) feeding near Louth on Anodons, which it has been seen to

pick out of the river and break against the branches of trees]. Nat. World,
April 1886, iii. 61.

H. WALLIS Kew. Linc. N.

In the Woods in April [3rd, 1885; near Louth; traps for catching Jays
(Garrulus glandarius) noted]. Sci. Goss., April 1886, p. 79.

H. WALLIS KEw. Linc. N.

Missel Thrush (7urdus viscivorus) [in Welton Vale, near Alford, re-laying
after destruction of eggs]. Nat., April 1885, p. 201.

H. WALLIs Kew. Linc. N.

In the Woods [near Louth] in Summer [Accifiter nisus, Tinnunculus,
Garrulus, Pica, Corvi, on keeper’s trees; and Heronry referred to]. Nat.
World, July 1886, ili. 121-124.

H. WALLIs Kew. Linc. N.

On the Lincolnshire Wolds [at Donington-on-Bain; Cottle, Cucilus,
Accipiter nisus, Corvus frugiegus, and nest of 7urdus musicus noted).
Nat. World, Aug. 1886, il. 141-143.

H. WALLIs Kew. Linc. N.

Evenings in Spring [near Louth; Daw/ias /uscinia noted as comparatively
scarce]. Nat. World, Sep. 1886, iii. 162.

H. WALLIs KEw. Linc. N.

Notes from the Greensand [at Donington-on-Bain; nesting colony of
Sand-Martins (Cottle riparia)}. Nat. World, Nov. 1886, ili. 202.

J. R. KEwLery. Lanc. S.

Birds’ Nests [at Gateacre near Liverpool; young 7urdus merula found
choked in nest: nest of 7. mzsicus found filled with water and deserted ;
young Evithacus rubecula found suspended by a horsehair round its leg].
Field, May 29th, 1886, p. 706.

E. P. KNUBLEY. York Mid W.
Occurrence of the Hawfinch (Coccothraustes vulgaris) near Borough-

bridge [at Staveley, roth March, 1886 ; notes also anent 7urdus torquatus
and Saxicola enanthe). Nat., May 1886, p. 150.

E. P. KNUBLEY. York Mid W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union in Upper Nidderdale [July 1886;
Regulus cristatus, Acredula rosea, Certhia, Motacilla melanope, Linota
rufescens, Alcedo, Turdus torquatus, Cinclus, Saxicola enanthe, Ruticilla
phenicurus, Phylloscopus rufus, P. trochilus, P. sibilatrix, Locustella nevia,
Motacilla rai’, Muscicapa atricapilla, Cottle, Chelidon, Hirundo, Cypselus,
Crex, Charadrius pluvialis, Tringoides hypoleucos, and Numenius arquata
noted]. Nat., Aug. 1886, p. 253.

PuiLip W. LAWTON. York S.E.

Occurrence of Tengmalm’s Owl [NVyctala tengmalmi] on the Yorkshire
Coast [shot at Holmpton in Holderness, 18th October, 1884]. Nat.,
Dec. 1884, p. I10.

PHILP W. LawrTon. York S.E.

Dotterel [Zudromias morinellus] at Easington in Holderness [seven seen,
October 11th and 13th; unusual in autumn]. Nat., Dec. 1884, p. I10.

L. LEE. Notts.
Late Swallows [(Mirundo rustica) and Sand-Martins (Cotzle riparia) at
Nottingham]. Sci. Goss., Jan. 1886, p. 23.

June 1880.

.
a

164 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886.

F. A. LEEs. York N.W.

Notes on the Avifauna of Wensleydale— Breeding of Redwing [ 7urdus

tleacus| and Dunlin [(77¢ga alpina); the latter on Dodd Felli, the former

at Gayle; notes on Certhia, Asio brachyotus, Emberiza scheniclus, Coturnix,

Turdus viscitvorus, T. merula, T. musicus, Alcedo (all breeding), Caprimulous,
Crex, and Turdus pilaris]. Nat., Nov. 1885, pp. 364-5.

F. E. LESTER. Cumberland.
Owls’ Pellets [at Penrith; their contents]. N.H.Journ., June 15th, 1886, x. 107.
Bi Bagged Adele. York N.E.

Rooks [Corvus frugilegus| nesting in Church Spires [one at the top of
Heworth Church steeple, York, this year]. Zool., Nov. 1886, x. 457.
W. Lrpscoms. York S.W.
Grouse [Zagofus scoticus| and their Food [on the moors near Walshaw,
Hebden Bridge; /zncus sguarrosus, when seeding, preferred]. Field,
Oct. 16th, 1886, p. 574.

Tuos. LISTER. York S.W.

Birds observed near Barnsley in 1885 [numerous species mentioned].
Field, Feb. 6th, 1886, p. 172.
THoMaAs LISTER. York S.W.
South Yorkshire Bird Notes for 1885 [Czmclus, Motaczlla lugubris, Turdus
musicus, T. visctvorus, T. merula (including pied varieties), Z. fpzlares,
T. iliacus, Alauda arvensis, Parus major, Corvus frugilegus, Saxicola
ananthe, Acrocephalus phragmitis, Motactlla melanope, Chelidon urbica,
Columba enas, Garrulus glandarius, Numenius arguata, Totanus calidris,
Muscicapa atricapilla, Anthus trivialis, A. pratensis, Cypselus apus, Crex
pratensis, Caprimulgus europeus, Hirundo rustica, Coccothraustes vulgaris,
Sturnus, Corvus monedula, Gallinago calestis, ‘Wild Geese,’ Phylloscopus
trochilus, Accipiter nisus, Perdix cinerea (white), Pratincola rubetra, and
Gallinago major]. Nat. Hist. Journ., April 15th, 1886, x. 62-63.
a LiSTER. York S.W.
Arrival of Summer Birds [at Barnsley; Pratincola rvubetra, April 26th,
Crex pratensis, April 19th]. Field, May Ist, 1886, p. 570.
T. LIsTER. York S.W.
Notes from Barnsley [concerning Heron (A7dea cinerea) and white Sparrows
(Passer domesticus)|. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, 1886, x. 106.
J. W. McInvryReE. Notts.
Odd Place for a Nightingale [Dawlias luscinia|’s Nest [in a piece of oak
felled at Sherwood Forest, with a living young bird ; editor suggests it was
a young Robin (Z7ithacus rubecula)). Field, June 26th, 1886, p. 861.

Cumbld., Westmorld., Furness, Durham, York S.E.,

H. A. MACPHERSON and WILLIAM DucKWorRTH. Northbld. S., I. of Man.
The Birds of Cumberland critically studied, including some Notes on
the Birds of Westmorland [with an introduction on physical features,
migration, bibliography, faunistic changes, &c. The list includes 250 species,
being 84 Residents, 81 Periodical Visitants, and 85 Irregular and Accidental
Visitants. Casual references :—migration of J/usc?capa atricapilla at Flam-
borough and Spurn (p. 35); Czvcus céneraceus at Wolsington Park, Durham;
Caccabis rufa having strayed from Yorkshire; Zzmosa lapponica off the
Northumberland coast ; and the breeding of Urza gryil/e in the Isle of Man
(190) ; and several records are for Furness and Lancashire]. Carlisle:
Chas. Thurnam & Sons, 11, English Street.—1886. [8vo—-206 pages—with
coloured map and coloured plate]. Reviewed in detail—with references to
numerous species—in Nat., June 1886, p. 192; Zool., June 1886, x. 260-264 ;

and Field, June 5th, 1886, p. 731.
H. A. MACPHERSON,. Cumberland, Northumberland S.

Smew [Mergus albellus] in Cumberland [near Carlisle, on the Eden; and one
on the Tyne, Dec. 1883]. Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 32.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886. 165

H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
Hawfinch [ Coccothraustes vulgaris] in Cumberland [one seen near Carlisle,
20th April, 1884]. Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 32.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
Garganey [Querquedula circia|in Cumberland [two examples, 1882 and 1884 ;
details given]. Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 32.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Westmorland, Cumberland.
The Pied Flycatcher [J/uscicapa atricapilla] in Westmorland [at Lowther
Castle ; account of their habits as observed 19th May, 1884]. Nat., Jan.
1885, pp. 125-126.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
The Whimbrel [Nzmenzus pheopus] in Cumberland [criticizing adversely a
statement that this bird is rare on the coast of Cumberland in autumn;
instances cited]. Nat., Feb. 1885, p. 149.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
The Hawfinch [Coccothraustes vulgaris} in Cumberland [breeding in
Heysham’s time near Carlisle ; and a male killed near Carlisle in Dec. 1884].
Nat., Feb. 1885, p. 149.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
Wild Fowl in Cumberland [F2/iguda cristata, Clangula glaucion, Anas boschas,
Spatula clypeata, Querguedula crecca and Mareca penelope on a preserved
sheet of water, 31st March and goth April, 1885]. Nat., Aug. 1885, p. 290.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
Solway Bird-notes [additional to J. J. Armistead’s list; Aso brachyotus,
Loxta curvirostra, and Larus marinus breed on the English side, but Larzs
canus does not, and MJuzscicapa atricapilla does not breed within a dozen
miles ; Sterna mznuta ceased to breed in 1882 ; Mr. Armistead’s list includes
Dendrocopus minor by error for major ; Fuligula cristata, Mergus merganser,
and 7ringoides hypoleucos also noted]. Nat., May 1886, p. 150.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
Breeding of the Lesser Redpole [(Z:nota rufescens) ; and brief note on its
habitat in Cumberland]. Zool., July 1886, x. 298.
H. A. MACPHERSON and WILLIAM DUCKWORTH. Cumberland, etc.
Nesting of the Shoveller [.Sfate/a clypeata] in Cumberland [on the salt
marshes of the Solway in 1886; incidental reference made to Yorkshire,
Durham, Northumberland, Notts., Lincolnshire, and Lancashire]. Nat.,
Aug. 1886, pp. 235-236.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
Sparrows [Passer domesticus] and Corn Crops [to which they are destructive
in Cumberland]. Field, Sep. 25th, 1886, p. 451.
James EARDLEY MASON. Linc. N.
Pied Flycatcher [J/uscicapa atricapilla] in North Lincolnshire [at Alford,
May, 1886]. Nat., July 1886, p. 215.
James EARDLEY MASON. Linc. N.
Quail [Coturnix communis] Nesting in Lincolnshire [at Maltby-le-Marsh,
6th July, 1886]. Nat., Sep. 1886, p. 277.
M. O. MATTHEWS. York N.E.
Gannet [Sz/a bassana] Inland [at Crayke, near Easingwold, 2nd Nov. 1886 ;
measurements stated]. Field, Nov. 13th, 1886, p. 723.
R. F. MATTHEWS. Cumberland.
Woodcock [Scolopax rusticola] Nesting near Carlisle [at Bardon Mill in
May 1886]. Field, May 29th, 1886, p. 706.
R. MortToN MIDDLETON. Durham,
[Partial Albinism in Corvus monedula at Castle Eden, co. Durham]. Proc.
Linn. Soc., April 3rd, 1884 [published Oct. 1886], p. 9.

June 1880.

166 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886

F. S. MITCHELL. Lanc. S. and W., Furness.
The Birds of Lancashire [a full and detailed account of the distribution,
faunistic position, local vernacular nomenclature, habits, etc., of the 256
birds (85 Residents, 31 Summer Visitants, 65 Winter Visitants, and 75
Occasional Visitants) which have been recorded for Lancashire inclusive of
Furness, with a brief introduction dealing with physical features, remarks
upon the fauna, on insufficiently-verified species, dates of arrival of migrants,
the bibliography of the subject, and the writer’s sources of information ; the
whole illustrated by a rough map of the county, coloured plates of Lancashire
rarities, illustrations of duck-decoys and other views]. [Illustrated by J. G.
Keulemans, Victor Prout, etc. London: John Van Voorst, Paternoster Row.
MDCCCLXXXV. [Small 8vo, 224 pages and 11 plates]. Reviewed in Nat.,
Aug. 1885, p. 310.
F. S. MITCHELL. York Mid W., Lanc. W.

The Raven [Corvus corax] in Bowland [a pair managed to nest in 1885
and 1886]. Nat., May 1886, p. 129.
F. O. Morris. York S.E.
Circular Notes. . . . No. 1.—The Rook [Corvus frugilegus] and the Fox
[anecdote of fox mobbed by thousands of rooks—presumably at Nunburn-
holme]. Land and Water, April 17th, 1886, p. 374.
R. MorTIMER. York S.E.
Stone Curlews [Caicnemus scolopax] on the Yorkshire Wolds [at Fimber,
Burdale, and Thixendale, it has bred for four years past ; formerly very
common; Note also on Stockdove (Colzmba amas) nesting on the side of a
corn-stack at Wharram]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 48.
S. L. Mosiey. Lanc. S.
British Birds: their Nests and Eggs [Plectrophanes nivalis, thirty captured
on Mr. Gregson’s warren at Crosby]. Young Nat., Feb. 1885, vi. 40.
N. NEAVE. Cheshire.
Sanderling (Calidris arenaria) near Macclesfield]. Nat. Hist. Journ.,
Oct. 15th, 1886, x. 152.
T. H. NELson. Durham,
Grouse [Zagopus scoticus] and the Snowstorm [driven off the Weardale
and other moors, much destruction ensuing]. Field, Feb. 13th, 1886, p. 208.
T. H. NELSON. York N.W., Durham.
Grouse [ZLagopus scoticus] and the [severe] Weather [at Richmond and in
Durham ; large numbers driven off the moors]. Nat., March 1886, p. 68.
T. H. NELson. Durham.
Effects of Heavy Snow upon Grouse [(Zagopus scoticus); driving them
from the Weardale moors down into the low country of Teesdale and near
Bishop Auckland ; suffering also shared by the Cushat (Columba palumbus)].
Zool., March 1886, x. 108.
T. H. NELson. Durham.
The [severe] Weather [of May 1886] and the Swallows [Azrundo and
Cottle, at Bishop Auckland and Durham]. WNat., June 1886, p. 182.
T. H. NELson. Durham, Lake District.
Swallows [Airundo rustica and Cottle riparia] dying of Cold [and Hunger]
in May [1886, in Weardale, at Durham, near Bishop Auckland, and in the
Lake District]. Zool., June 1886, x. 249.
T. H. NELSON. York N.E.
Autumn Migration of Birds on the Yorkshire Coast [at Redcar and Salt-
burn; notes on Regulus cristatus, Turdus pilaris, Alauda arvensis, Vanellus
vulgaris, Scolopax rusticola, Asto brachyotus, Colymbus septentrionalis, Turtur
communis, Falco peregrinus, Sula bassana, Lomvia troile, Alca torda, Sterco-
rarius crepidatus, S. catarractes, S. pomatorhinus, Edemia fusca, Anas boschas,
Mareca penelope, Querquedula crecca, and Corvus cornix]. Field, Oct. 23rd,
1886, p. 610.

Naturalist,

te

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886. 167

FRaANciIs NICHOLSON. Cheshire, Lanc. S.
Breeding of the Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus streperus) in Cheshire [on
several of the meres; a record also quoted for Wigan ; note also given that
the Marsh Warbler (4. Aalustrzs) does mot visit Cheshire]. Nat., March
1885, p. 182.
F. NICHOLSON. Lanc. S.
[Ring-Ouzel ( 7urdus torguatus), Merlin (Falco salon), and Dipper (Cinclus
aguaticus) within 12 or 15 miles of Manchester; skins exhibited]. Proc.
Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc., Sep. 20th, 1886, xxvi. 6.
F. NICHOLSON. Lance. S.
[Fork-tailed Petrel (Procellaria leucorrhoa) shot on the Lancashire coast
between Southport and Formby]. Proc. Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc., Oct.
1ith, 1886, xxvi. 7.
CuHas. F. OAKLEY. York S.W.
The Common Skua (Lestr7s cartarractes [sic]) [one captured, Oct. Ist, 1885,
at Halls Farm, Uppermill, near Oldham ; details given]. Nat. World, Fev.
1886, iii. 39-40.
CHARLES OLDHAM. Cheshire.
Breeding of the Reed Warbler [Acrocephalus streperus] in Cheshire [on the
margins of Pick-mere, near Northwich, May 1884]. Nat., Feb. 1885, p. 149.
CHARLES OLDHAM. , ? Cheshire or Lanc. S.
Swallows and the late Storm [of May 1886; destruction of Cofz/e and
Hirundo by cold and starvation on the Mersey bank]. Nat., July 1886, p. 214.
H. F, Parsons. Linc. S.
Duck Decoys [one at Crowland suggested as additional to Sir R. Payne-
Gallwey’s list]. Nat., Oct. 1886, p. 308.
A. PATERSON. York S.W.
Orange-legged Hobby [72xunculus vespertinus| near Doncaster [shot in
Wadworth Wood, April 1884; fine female]. Nat., Oct. 1884, p. 58.
ADRIAN PEACOCK. York S.W.
The Twite [Zinota flavirostris] near Thorne Waste [nested in Eastoft
parish, 1875]. Nat., Feb. 1885, p. 148.
H. G. PEARSON. Furness.
Young Skylarks [4A/auda arvensis] fed by an Older Nestling [place not
stated ; note dated from Barrow-in-Furness]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 48.
H. G. PEARSON. Furness.
Quail [Coturnix communis] in North Lancashire [at Rampside, 7th Nov.,
1885]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 48.
A. E. PEASE. York N.E.
Grouse [Lagofus scoticus] and their Food [on moors near Hutton Hall,
Guisborough ; 287 Cranberries, besides heather-shoots]. Field, Oct. 23rd,
1886, p. 609.
W. P[ENNEY]. York N.E., Northumberland.
The Little Bittern, or Little Heron (Ardea minuta, Linn.) [enumeration of
British occurrences; the northern ones are—Northumberland, and near
Redcar, 1852]. Land and Water, April 24th, 1886, p. 393.
JOHN PERCIVAL. York N.W.
Nesting of the Quail [Coturnix communis] in Wensleydale [near Carperby,
July 1884; particulars given]. Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 32.
GEo. T. Porrirv. York Mid W.
Curious Nest of Song-Thrush [(7wrdus musicus) at Copgrove Woods near
Boroughbridge, 25th May, 1885; description given]. Nat., July 1885, p. 269.
June 1889.

168 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1886.

G. T. Porritt. York S.W.

Curious place for a Cuckoo [Cuculus caorus]’s Egg [on Thorne Waste,
July 1885, in a slight hollow, but no nest]. Nat., Oct. 1885, p. 344.

T. N. PosTLETHWAITE. Linc. N. or S.
Cuckoo [Cucaulus canorus| Laying in a Pollard Willow [close to Lincoln
city, some vears ago; the nests laid in were either of Passer domesticus or

P. montanus). Nat., Jan. 1885, p. 127.

T. N. PostLETHWAITE. Cumberland.
Ornithological Notes from South Cumberland [i.e., Millom district ; arrival
of Azrundo rustica, Chelidon urbica, Crex pratensis, Cuculus, Phylloscopus
trochilus, Certhia, and Tringotdes hypoleucos ; nesting of Turdus visctvorus,
T. merula, T. musicus, Motacilla raii, Numenius arquata, Gallinago calestis ;
arrival of Pratincola rubicola, P. rubetra, and Saxicola enanthe ; non-arrival of
Caprimulgus ; occurrence of Zadorna cornuza; habits of young Vanellus ;
arrested decrease of Crex; occurrence of Alcedo ispida, Asio otus, Turdus
torguatus ; scarcity of Zroglodytes ; abundance of Coccothraustes chloris; and
breeding of Scolopax rusticola]. Zool., July 1886, x. 300-301.

THOMAS RAINE. York Mid W.

Occurrence of the Great Grey Shrike [Zanzus excubitor] near Leeds
[in the breeding season ; details given]. Nat., Aug. 1885, p. 298.

F. G. S. RAWSON. York S.W.

Birds near Halifax [Gallinula chloropus and Tringoides hypoleucos nesting ;
Alcedo ispida, Motacilla melanope, M. raii, Ruticilla phanicurus, Linota
rufescens, Pratincola rubetra, Muscicapa grisola, Sylvia cinerea, Anthus
pratensis, Saxicola enanthe, Cotile riparia, Crex pratensis, Tinnunculus
alaudarius, Corvus monedula, Passer montanus, Sylvia atricapilla, Alauda
arvensis, Sturnus, Turdus viscivorus, and Gidemia nigra noted]. Nat.,
April 1885, p. 201.

F. G. S. RAWSON. York S.W.

Bird-notes from Thorpe, near Halifax [anent nesting of Passe montanius
and Columba palumbus in 1886]. Nat., Sep. 1886, p. 277.

James T. T. REED. Durham.

[Immense] Flocks of Skylarks [A/auda arvensis] on the Durham Coast

;, [between Ryhope and Seaham, Feb. 6th, 1886]. Nat., March 1886, p. 67.
James T. T. REED. Durham.

Grouse [Lagopfus scoticus] and the [severe] Weather [one picked up near
Seaham, co. Durham, Feb. Ist, 1886]. Nat., March 1886, p. 68.

J. T. T. RFEb. Durham.

Pochard [Fudigula ferina] and Hooded Crow [Corvus corntx] in Durham
[shot near Sunderland, Oct. 7th, 1886]. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 340.

C. T. S. BrrcH REYNARDSON. Linc. S.

Food of [Columba palumbus] the Wood Pigeon [roots of Anemone
nemorosa ; presumably at Holywell Hall,Stamford]. Field, Feb. 13th, 1886,
p- 201.

GEORGE ROBERTS. York S.W.

Winter Nests [at Lofthouse near Wakefield; Sparrow (Passer domesticus),
Wren (Zroglodytes parvulus), and Rook (Corvus frugilegus)|. Zool., Feb.
1886, x. 72.

GEO. ROBERTS. ? York Mid W.

Corn Bunting [Zméeriza miliaria]—Diversity of Eggs [in size; locality
not stated, presumably Lofthouse near Wakefield]. Nat., March 1886, p. 67.

Joun E. Ropson. Durham.

Fulmar Petrels [/marus glacialis] near Hartlepool [two taken, Oct.

1885]. Nat., Jan. 1886, p. 17.

Naturalist,

3

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886. 169

JouNn E. Rosson. Durham.
Variety of the Kestrel [( 7?unculus alaudarius) shot in a Dene near
Hartlepool]. Young Nat., July 1886, vii. 148.
Joun E. Rosson. Durham.
The Little Gull [(Zavzs minztus) shot on Whitburn Sands, near Sunderland,
Aug. 28th, 1886; earliest previous date Sep. 2nd]. Young Nat., Oct. 1886,
Vii. 211.

Joun E. Rosson. Durham.

The Stormy Petrel [Procellaria pelagica] at Hartlepool [several seen ;
one captured]. Young Nat., Nov. 1886, vii. 236.

Joun E. Rosson. Durham.

The Red-throated Diver [Colymbus septentrionalis] at Hartlepool. Young
Nat., Sep. 1887, viii. 180.

A. S. ROWNTREE and others. _ Yorkshire.

[York Bird-notes: Peewit (Vavellus vulgaris), Wild Geese, Rooks (Corvus

Jrugilegus), Blackbirds ( Zzevdus merula), and Thrushes (7. mzsicus) noted].
Nat. Hist. Journ., March 15th, 1886, x. 41.

B. S. ROWNTREE. York Mid W. and N.E.

York [Bird-Notes ; Gannet (Sw/a bassana) between Hessay and Poppleton ;
Siskins (CArysomitris spinus) at Holgate; two piebald Blackbirds ( 7zrdus
merula) shot at Castle Howard]. Nat. Hist. Journ., April 15th, 1886, x. 63.

W. H. ST. QuINTIN. York N.E.
Notes on Wildfowl in Yorkshire [in the park at Scampston Hall, Azas
boschas, Querquedula crecca, Fuligula cristata, F. ferina, F. marila, Clangula
glaucion, Anser cinereus, A. segetum, A. albifrons, A. brachyrhynchus,
Bernicla canadensis, B. brenta, in a state of semi-domestication, some
nesting]. Zool., Feb. 1886, x. 73-74.

W. H. St. QUINTIN. Derbyshire.

Two Cuckoos [Cuculus canorus] fed by one pair of [Pied] Wagtails
[(Motactlla lugubris), in Derbyshire]. Zool., Oct. 1886, x. 415-416.

J. EX SALTER. York N.E.
Scarbro’ Bird Notes [Purple Sandpiper (Z7inga striata), Snow Bunting
(Plectrophanes nivalis), Golden-eye (Clangula glaucton), Common Bunting
(Emberiza miliavia), Sheldrake (7adorna cornuta), and Stonechat (Saxzcola
rubicola)|. Nat. Hist. Journ., March 15th, 1886, x. 44.

W. CEcIL Scott and WALTER Booru. York N.E.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Pickering [Aug. 1886; 77r222culus,
Accipiter nisus, Muscicapa grisola, Cinclus, Turdus visctvorus, T. musicus,
T. merula, Accentor, Erithacus, Rutictlla phanicurus, Pratincola rubicola,
P. rubetra, Acrocephalus phragmitis, Sylvia cinerea, S, curruca, Phylloscopus
sthilatrix, P. trochilus, P. rufus, Troglodytes, Parus major, P. ceruleus,
P. caudatus, Motacilla lugubris, M. melanope, Anthus pratensis, A. trivialis,
Alauda arvensis, Emberiza miliaria, E. citrinella, Fringilla calebs, Passer
domesticus, Ligurinus, Linota cannabina, Pyrrhula, Sturnus, Corvus corone,
C. frugilegus, C. monedula, Pica caudata, Garrulus, Hirundo, Chelidon,
Cottle, Cypselus, Columba palumbus, Phasianus, Lagopus scoticus, Perdix
cinerea, Charadrius pluvialis, Vanellus, Gallinago calestis, Crex, and
Gallinula noted ; three were nesting]. Nat., Sep. 1886, p. 273.

HENRY SEEBOHM. Lance. S.
On the Black-throated Wheatear, Saxicola stapazina, and its allies
[one shot near Bury, Lancashire, spring of 1878]. Zool., May 1886, x. 193-5.

H. SEEBOHM. | Cheviotland.

[Lesser White-fronted Goose (Avser albifrons minutus) shot near Holy
Island ; details given]. Proc. Zool. Soc., Nov. 16th, 1886, p. 420; and
- Field, Nov. 20th, 1886, p. 750.

June 1889.

170 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1886.

RoBERT SERVICE. Cumberland.
Disappearance of the Chough (/yrrhocorax graculus, L.) from the Stewartry
of Kirkcudbright [with a brief reference to its imminent extinction in Cum-
berland also]. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, New Series, vol. i [for
1884-85, pub. 1886], pp. 117-122.

HENRY SIDNEY. York N.E.
A Tame Woodcock [(Scolopax rusticola) at Ingleby near Northallerton ; one

visited a cottage to pick up food daily during the late snow-storm]. Field,
April 3rd, 1886, p. 428.

P. L. SIMMONDs. Lincolnshire, Northumberland, Yorkshire.
The Animal Food Resources of Different Nations, with mention of some
of the Special Dainties of Various People derived from the Animal Kingdom.
{‘ The knot (7ringa canutus) ... come to market chiefly from Lincoln-
shire’ (p. 178). ‘The number of eggs of the gulls—herring gull (Larus
argentatus, L. marinus, L. canus, etc.,—sent to shore from the Fern Islands,
for culinary purposes, is said to be prodigious’ (p. 199). Reference in
detail made to the taking of eggs of Guillemots (U77a trozle and U. gor}
and Razor-bills (4A/ca torda) at Flamborough (p. 199).]_ London: E. and

F. N. Spon . . . 1885 [8vo, cloth, pp. 461].

M. M. Simpson. Derbyshire, Lanc. S., York S.W., Cheshire.
A Sportsman of the Last Century [being a few extracts from an ‘ Account
of Game’ shot by Sir Ashton Lever, of Alkrington Hall, Lancashire, from
1751 to 1755; the localities mentioned are Bleak Stone Edge towards Booth
Deen; Mottram, on the Derbyshire side ; Knutsford in Outerton, Alkrington,
Tonge, Foxdenton, Withington, Birch, and Prestwick Woods ; the birds are
Lagopus scoticus, Caprimulgus, ‘Sandpipes,’ Vanellus, Perdix, ‘ Rail,’
Limnocryptes gallinula, and Scolopax rusticola}. Land and Water, March
6th, 1886, p. 236.

H. H. SLATER. Cheviotland.
A Winter Visit to the Farne Islands [when Phalacrocorax carbo, Somateria
mollissima, Sula bassana, Clangula glaucion, Anas boschas, Tringa striata,
Strepsilas interpres, Tringa alpina, Totanus calidris, Lomvia troile, and
Podiceps griseigena were noted]. Nat., Nov. 1884, pp. 89-91.
Henry H. SLaTeEr. York S.E.
Occurrence of the Barred Warbler (Sy/via Nisoria) on the Coast of
Holderness [a young female, taken 28th Aug., 1884; the first Yorkshire
(second British) example]. Nat., Nov. 1884, p. 91.
THOMAS SOUTHWELL. York N.W.
Whiskered Tern (Aydrochelidon hybrida) in Yorkshire [one, shot 1842, on
the Swale at Hornby Castle ; addition to Yorkshire list ; history of specimen
given]. Nat., Dec. 1885, p. 393.
THOMAS STEPHENSON. York N.E.
Notes from Whitby [on Zachybaptes fluviatilis, Larus leucopterus, L. glaucus,
Fulica atra, and Clangula glaucion]. Nat., April 1885, p. 201.
THOMAS STEPHENSON. York N.E.
Bird-notes from Whitby [Jan. to May 1886; Zotanus calidris, Larus ridi-
bundus, Rallus aquaticus, Muscicapa atricapilla, M. grisola, and Turtur
communis noted]. Nat., Sep. 1886, p. 277.
H. J. SToBarr. York N.E.
Late Stay of Swifts [(Cyfselus apus) ; one seen flying about Saltburn-by-the-
Sea all day on Sep. 12th, 1886, amongst a lot of Chelidon urbica]. Field,
Sep. 18th, 1886, p. 441.
W. STOREY. York Mid W.
Woodcock [Scolopax rusticola] Breeding in Nidderdale [near Pateley
Bridge, July 1884; particulars given]. Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 32.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886. 171

Wo. STOREY. York Mid W.
Albino Birds in Nidderdale [Airundo rustica at Dacre Banks, 31st Aug.,
1884; a pair of the same there in 1882, and Sturnus vulgaris at Pateley
Bridge in 1884]. Nat., Jan. 1885, p. 127.
W. STOREY. York Mid W.
Water-rail [Rallus aguaticus] in Nidderdale [shot on Hardcastie Moor,
Oct. 30th, 1884, and one at Bewerley a few days previously]. Nat., Jan.
1885, p. 127.
Wo. STOREY. York Mid W.
Bird-notes from Nidderdale [Sheldrake (7adorna cornuta) shot out of four,
Pateley, 6th Dec., 1884; Great Grey Shrike (Lamzus excuditor) noted in
Harefield Wood, 27th Dec., 1884, also in 1883; Goldfinches (Carduelis
elegans) near Pateley, noted as having bred in 1882 and 1883]. Nat., Feb.
1885, p. 149.
Wo. STOREY. York Mid W.
Bird-notes from Nidderdale [on Fudieula marila, Loxia curvirostra, and
Helodromas ochropus|. Nat., April 1885, p. 201.
WM. STOREY. York Mid W.
Nidderdale Ornithological Notes [Ampelis garrulus in Bewerley Woods,
Hematopus ostralegus on Greenhow Hill, May 1880, and habits in captivity
of Syrnium aluco]. Nat., Aug. 1885, p. 298.

Wo. STOREY. York Mid W.
Lapwing [Vanellus vulgaris]’s Nest with Five Eggs [twice near Pateley
Bridge]. Nat., Aug. 1885, p. 299.
WILLIAM STOREY. York Mid W.
Lesser Spotted Woodpecker [Dendrocopus minor] and Grasshopper
Warbler [Zocustella nevia] nesting in Nidderdale. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 48.
WILLIAM STOREY. York Mid W.

Light-coloured Grouse [Zagopfus scoticus] in Nidderdale [on Grimwith
Moor, a few years ago; three cream-coloured birds shot, now at the Grouse
Inn at Drygill]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 48.

Wm. STOREY. York Mid W.

Cormorant [Phalacrocorax carbo] and Green Woodpecker [Gecinus viridis]
in Nidderdale [details and dates given]. Nat., May 1886, p. 150.

Wo. STOREY. York Mid W.

Woodcock [Scolopax rusticola], Wryneck [Zynx torguzlla], and Hawfinch
[Coccothraustes vulgaris] in Nidderdale [localities and dates given]. WNat.,
June 1886, p. 188.

Wo. STOREY. York Mid W.

Brent Geese (Bernicla brenta) and Great Grey Shrike (Lanzus excudbitor)
in Nidderdale [details of occurrences given]. Nat., Sep. 1886, p. 278.

Wo. STOREY. York Mid W.

Greenshank [7ofanus canescens] in Nidderdale [near Pateley Bridge, in
Oct. 1886]. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 340.

Wo. STOREY. York Mid W.
Albino Blackbird [7urdus merula] in Nidderdale [‘ telegraphed’ at Pateley,
Oct. 2nd, 1886]. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 340.
Wo. STOREY. York Mid W.
Cream-coloured Skylark [Alauda arvensis] in Nidderdale [on Hayshaw
Moor, Sep. 1oth, 1886]. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 340.
CHARLES STUART. Cheviotland.
The Migration of Birds [in Northumberland and on the Border], with a
few Notes on the Weather of 1885 [M/uscicapa atricapilla nesting in Alnwick
Park, Lagopus scoticus on the wing near Harbottle]. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club
___ for 1885 [pub. 1886], xi. 238 and 240.

June 1889.

172 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1886.

W. E. Stusps [signed ‘ LyuLPuH (Carlisle)’]. Cumberland.
The Eden [inclemency of season exemplified by no fewer than fifty-two
Swallows (Airundo rustica) being picked up dead in Rickerby House
grounds, May 12th and 13th]. Field, May 15th, 1886, p. 629.
R. A. SUMMERFIELD. York Mid W.
Reed Warbler [Acrocephalus streperus] Nesting near Ripon [in 1886;
furthest northern record known]. “Nat., Sep. 1886, p. 277.
Tuos., R. SUMMERSON. Durham.
White-winged Rook [(Corvus frugilegus); seen at Haughton-le-Skerne,
near Darlington, Nov. roth, 1886, amongst a flock of ordinary birds]. Field,
Nov. 20th, 1886, p. 750.
W. E. TESCHEMAKER. York S.E.
Little Gull [Zavas minutus] in Yorkshire [shot near Filey, end of Feb. 1886;
description given]. Land and Water, April roth, 1886, p. 347.
J. THOMPSON.. Westmorland.
Gannets [.Sz/a bassana] inland [on the fells between Martindale and Mardale].
Field, Oct. 30th, 1886, p. 633.
Joun THOMSON. Cheviotland.
Natural History Observations in 1885 [made about Maxton, Roxburgh-
shire, but with a Northumbrian note; 47zzgilla montifringilla in thousands in
farm-yard close to Alnwick, 29th Jan.]. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club for 1885
[pub. 1886], xi. 251.
H. G. TOMLINSON. ? Derbyshire.
Nidification of Ring Ouzel [ 7%7dus torguatus| and Missel Thrush [7. v7s-
c?vorus—presumably near Burton-on-Trent]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 48.
H. G. ToMLINSON. Derbyshire.
How to Form a Rookery [account of successful attempt at The Woodlands,
Burton-on-Trent]. Nat., June 1886, p. 188.
SIGISMUND C. DE TRAFFORD. Lanc. S;
Dotterel [Zudromias morinellus| in Lancashire [at Croston Hall near
Preston ; two shot out of four, May Ist]. Field, May 8th, 1886, p. 607.
JuLian G. Tuck. Cheviotland.
Harlequin Duck [Cosmonetta histrionica] on the Northumberland Coast
[near the Farne Islands, first week of Dec, 1886; a young male; description
given ; Editor refers to Mr. Whitaker’s Filey (1862) specimen as the only
genuine British-killed example in any collection]. Field, Dec. 11th, 1886, p.872.
T. TuLLy, Jun. Cumberland..
White Starling [(Strnus vulgaris), shot Sep. 29th, 1886, near Thurston-
field, Carlisle]. Field, Oct. 23rd, 1886, p. 600.
A. W. WALKER. York S.E.
Little Auk [Jfergulus alle] at Settrington, East Yorkshire [a fine mature
male picked up alive, latter end of Nov. 1884]. Nat., Jan. 1885, p. 127.
F, T. W[ALKER]. York Mid W.
A Sheep’s Eyes eaten out by Crows [near Pateley Bridge]. Nat. Hist.
Journ., March 15th, 1886, x. 43.
RoBERT WALLIS. York S.W.
Late Swallows [(Mzrundo rustica?) at Wakefield, 16th January, 1886].
Nat. Hist. Journ., Feb. 15th, 1886, x. 19.
{Lorp] WALSINGHAM. York Mid W.

Additions to the Avifauna of Washburndale [viz., Hematopus ostralegus
and Sterna arctica]. Nat., Aug. 1884, p. 19.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886. a4

Lorp WALSINGHAM and SIR RALPH PAYNE-GALLWEY.

North of England in general.
Shooting .. . [vol. i.] Field and Covert [and vo]. ii.] Moor and Marsh
[profusely illustrated, and containing various incidental references to the
natural history of Zagopus scoticus, Perdix cinerea, Phasianus colchicus,
Scolopax rusticola, Gallinago calestis, Anser segetum, A. brachyrhynchus,
Fuligula cristata, Clangula glaucion, Somateria mollissima, Edemia nigra,
and Mareca penelope; two vols. of the Badminton Library, 8vo.] 1886.
Reviewed at length in Field, Aug. 28th, 1886, pp. 312-313 ; and [by John
Cordeaux, with additional notes anent Lagopfus scoticus in Yorkshire, the
former occurrence of Zetrao urogallus in Durham, and Scolopax rusticola in

Lincolnshire] in Nat., Jan. 1887, pp. 23-32.

H. SNOWDEN WARD. Cheshire.
Migratory Birds and their old haunts [quoting observations made at Wal-
lasey on the notes uttered by Cucu/us canorus]. Sci. Goss., Oct. 1886, p. 239.
J[oHN]. W[atson]. Cumberland, Westmorland.
Mortality amongst Swallows [ Azrundo, Chelidon, and Cotz/e] in the Lake
District [very great ; other birds, such as Corvus frugilegus, Ardea cinerea,
Fulica atra, and Gallinula chloropus, also suffering in large numbers].
Field, May 22nd, 1886, p. 648.
JOHN Watson. Northbld. S., Cumbld., Westmld., Furness.
Notes on the. Eagles of the Lake District [detailed observations con-
cerning Aguila chrysaétos, Haliaétus albicilla, Aquila clanga, and /andion
haliaétus, and Crosthwaite Churchwardens’ entries as to Eagles, Corvus corax,
Milvus, etc.). Nat., Nov. 1886, pp. 343-346.
W. L. WELLS. Linc. N.
Louth Naturalists’ Society [ornithological report ; nests of A/auda arborea,
Anthus pratensis, Caccabis rufa, and Emberiza scheniclus noted ; Pratincola
rubetra and P. rubicola reported as numerous on the coast sand-hills]. Nat.
World, Aug. 1886, iii. 158.
E. W. WEsT. Derbyshire.
Great Grey Shrike [ZLanius excubitor] in Derbyshire [on the Longshawe
Moors, shot ‘ 29th ult.’ in mistake for a * blue-back ’—local name for Fieldfare
(Turdus pilaris)|. Field, March 2oth, 1886, p. 361.
LEONARD HENRY WEST. York S.E.
A Great Grey Shrike (Zanius excubitor) [recently shot on the Humber
Bank near Brough; a Kingfisher (A/cedo zspida) also shot near the Humber].
Nat. World, Feb. 1886, iii. 37.
J. WHITAKER. Notts.
Great Tit [Parus major] and Bees [at Rainworth Lodge near Mansfield ;
the bees fed on by the birds]. Nat., Aug. 1884, p. 19.
J. WHITAKER. Notts.
Spring Birds near Mansfield [being notes on Phylloscopus rufus, P. trochilus,
Cuculus, Crex, Accentor, Turtur, Sylvia hortensis, and Daulias). Nat.,
Aug. 1884, p. 19.
J. WHITAKER. Notts.
Tufted Duck [ligula cristata] at Rainworth, Notts. [a wounded male not
assuming summer plumage]. Nat., Oct. 1884, p. 58.
J. WHITAKER. Notts.
Puffin [/ratercula arctica] in Notts. [picked up alive at Mansfield Woodhouse,
Noy. 12th, 1884; new to the county avifauna]. Nat., Jan. 1885, p. 127.
J. WHITAKER. Notts.

Woodcocks [Scolopax rusticola] in Notts. [in large flights; large flocks of
_Fieldfares ( 7urdus tliacus) also]. Nat., Feb. 1885, p. 149.

June 1889.

174 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1886.

J. WHITAKER. Notts.

Grey Lag Goose [Anser ferus] in Nottinghamshire [shot at Papplewick
16th February, 1885]. Nat., April 1885, p. 201.

J. WHITAKER. Notts.
Notes from Rainworth, Notts. [on Corvus cornix, Falco peregrinus, and
Parus major|. Nat., April 1885, p. 201.
J. WHITAKER. York N.E.
Little Owls [Athene noctua] in Yorkshire [two near Scarborough]. Nat.,
Sep. 1885, p. 336.
J. WHITAKER. Notts.
The Chiff Chaff [(PAy/oscopus rufus); first heard at Rainworth Lodge
24th March, 1886]. Land and Water, March 27th, 1886, p. 299.
J. WHITAKER. Notts.
Velvet Scoter [Zdemia fusca] in Nottinghamshire [shot on Welbeck Lake,
Nov. 6th, 1884, preserved in the collection at Welbeck Abbey ; first and only
Notts. record]. Zool., April 1886, x. 182,
J. WHITAKER. Notts.
Varieties of Common Birds [White Jays (Garralus glandarius) at Clumber;
White Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) in Notts.; and several Notts. varieties
of Passer domesticus]. Zool., April 1886, x. 182.
J. WHITAKER. Notts.
The Willow Wren [(PAyZoscopus trochilus) arrived 30th March, 1886, at
Rainworth Lodge]. Land and Water, April 3rd, 1886, p. 324.
J. WHITAKER. Notts.

Arrival of Summer Birds [at Mansfield : Phylloscopus rufus, March 24th ;
P. trochilus, March 30th; P. s¢bz/atrix, April 3rd; Saxicola ananthe, April
6th]. Field, April 3rd and April 1oth, 1886, pp. 428 and 459.

J. WHITAKER. Notts.

Early Arrival of the Wood Wren [(PAylloscopus sibilatrix); on the 3rd
April, 1886, at Rainworth Lodge; the Wheatear (Saxicola ananthe) on
the 6th]. Land and Water, April roth, 1886, p. 347.

J. WHITAKER. Notts.

Bittern [Aofaurus stellaris] in Nottinghamshire [three instances cited].
Zool., May 1886, x. 213.

a

. WHITAKER. Notts.
Curious Nesting-place of a Pied Wagtail [(MJotaci//a lugubris); on the
ground in a turnip-field, Notts.]. Zool., July 1886, x. 295.
J. WHITAKER. Notts.
Notes on Notts. Birds [Aofaurus stellaris shot close to Nottingham and
one seen in Bestwood Park; amusing anecdote of Fuligula cristata and
Cygnus olor on a pond at Rainworth]. Nat., Sep. 1886, p. 278.
J. WHITAKER. Notts.

Breeding of the Shoveller [Spatula clyfeata] in Nottinghamshire [at
Rainworth Lodge; particulars of nesting and habits given]. Zool., Sep.

1886, x. 364.
F, B. WHITLOCK. Derbyshire, Notts.
Notes on the Breeding of the Cuckoo [Cucu/us canorus] and Ring
Ouzel [( Zurdus torqguatus) as observed in Derbyshire and Notts.]. Nat.,
Jan. 1886, p. 17.
F, B. WHITLOCK. Derbyshire.
Birds of the Derbyshire Peak [being an annotated list of 68 species
observed by the writer during four or five seasons]. Nat., May 1886, pp. 130-2.

Naturalist,

i

NOTES AND NEWS. 175

F. B. WHITLOCK. Notts.

Dunlins [7yizga a/pina) and Black Tern [Aydrochelidon nigra] near
Nottingham [particulars of occurrences given]. Nat., July 1886, p. 215.

JOHNSON WILKINSON. Derbyshire.

Notes on the Birds of the Derbyshire Peak [supplementary to F. B. Whitlock’s
list; as to Falco peregrinus and Lagopus scoticus]. Nat., June 1886, p. 188.

A. G. WoLLeEy-Dop. Cheshire.

Incubation under Difficulties [of Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) and of
Landrails (Crex pratensis),at Edge Hall, Malpas]. Field, July 24th, 1886, p. 123.

JAMES WooLMAN. Cumberland.

Late Swallows [(Airundo rustica) at Wigton, 7th Nov., 1885]. Nat.
Hist. Journ., Feb. 15th, 1886, x. 19.

F. A. WRATHALL. York N.E.

Ayton Bird Notes [for Feb. and March 1886: Zurdus pilaris, 7. tlacus,
Chrysomitris spinus, Linota rufescens, Motacilla melanope, Charadrius
pluvialis, Corvus frugilegus, Turdus torquatus, T. visctvorus, and 7. musicus).
Nat. Hist. Journ., April 15th, 1886, x. 63.

E. B. WRIGGLESWORTH. Linc. N. or S.

Little Auk [ Mergilus alle]in Lincolnshire [Nov. 1884]. Nat., Jan. 1885, p. 127.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Good service is being done by Mr. Osmund W. Jeffs, of Liverpool, in bringing
before the Local Scientific Societies’ Committee of the British Association the
important question of organizing a uniform system of Geological Photography.
Photography as a means of preserving permanent record of geological sections of
a temporary character, such as those in railway cuttings, quarries, gravel-pits, etc.,
which in the first case are turfed over, and in the others disappear altogether, is of
inestimable value, and it is much to be desired that means of registration and of
securing uniformity of action as proposed by Mr. Jeffs should be provided either
by the British Association or by the leading scientific societies of each county.
> o<—_—_

A striking instance of the value of the photographic camera to geological
science is to be noted in,connection with the Leeds Geological Association and its
visits some years ago to several sections in the Lower Coal Measures at Hunslet
and Newtown, near Leeds. The beds then viewed were those known as the
Beeston bed, the Crow hed, the Black bed, and the Better bed. These were all
exposed in huge excavations made for the purpose of brick-making, and as this
was being actively carried on at the time, the sections were undergoing change
and would be in time rendered inaccessible. Fortunately these sections were all
photographed by Mr. F. W. Branson, F.C.S., and henceforward the Association
possesses a permanent record of these valuable sections.

' ———_ 309 ¢——

Precisely the same thing occurred in the working of the Skipton and Ilkley
Railway, which exposed a number of most interesting sections, which, in due
time, were turfed over and lost to view. Before this was done, however, they had
been photographed by Messrs. Wilson and A. E. Nichols, and so the value of the
sections preserved to as full an extent as was practicable.
>< —_—

The same kind of work has without doubt been extensively done elsewhere in
the north, and in many instances by geologists not specially identified with
scientific societies. 2

If such gentlemen would communicate to the secretaries of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, or, in other counties, to the principal working Society of their
county, proper record would be kept, and information given thereon at> the
Newcastle Meeting of the British Association, when Mr. Jeffs will again bring
forward the subject—this time (we may hope) bringing about a completed scheme
of registration and record. Information sent in for this purpose should state the
date of the picture, name and address of photographer. and locality and compass-
bearings of the sections, with such other details as it may be desirable to add.
June 1889.

176

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Black Redstart at Scarborough.—On Christmas Day, a fine female speci-
men of the Black Redstart (Autzcilla tithys) was shot in Cayton Bay, near Scar-
borough, which has been preserved by Mr. W. J. Clarke, through whose courtesy
I have recently had an opportunity of examining the bird, which I find correctly
identified, and apparently a mature female.—J. BACKHOUSE, Jun., York, May 1889.

Dotterel, etc., on the Pickering Moors.—On May 2nd, when crossing over
the moor between Allerston Warren and Lockton, I saw three Dotterel (Zudromzas
morinellus)—two males and one female. This is a species I have never seen before ;
when I got close to them I had no difficulty in making them out. I see from Yarrell
that their breeding haunts in England are the High Cumberland Fells and perhaps
these were on their migration thither or may be going further north. The Golden
Plover (Charadrius pluvialis) breeds on the Moor and I was looking for their nest
when I came upon the Dotterel. How soon on their arrival do the Ring-Ouzels
(Zurdus torguatus) begin their work of incubation! The first I saw was on the
26th of April, and I don’t think there were any here much sooner, and yet to-day,
May 2nd, I found a nest with four eggs and was told of another nest also with
four.— HERBERT PRODHAM, Allerston, Pickering, 3rd May, 1889.

Flamborough Bird-Notes.—Since I last wrote, several more summer
visitants have arrived on the Headland, including the Whitethroat (Sy/vza
cinerea) and the Cuckoo (Cuczlus canorvus). The first arrival of the Pied Fly-
catcher (AZuscicapa atricapilla) was on Monday morning, May 6th. The other
day the light-keeper’s son brought me ina Whitethroat and Redstart (Azftzcella
phanicurus) which had, no doubt, like several other birds, unfortunately been
killed with flying against the light. Mr. Tom W. Woodcock, farmer, informs me
of his having seen on the Headland a male and female of the Great Shrike (Zazzzs
excubitor). I was also informed of one seen May 3rd. This makes five seen this
season, a number which I consider very extraordinary.—MATTHEW BAILEY,
Flamborough, May 14th, 1889.

Nightingale at Ripley, Yorkshire.—The Nightingale (Daz/éas /uscinia) has
this year favoured the woods of Ripley with its presence. It arrived on May 12th
(a rather late date), and at the time of writing is in splendid song. Two things
are particularly noticeable about the song, one being that at the beginning of many
bars it utters the alarm note of the Willow Wren, and so perfect is this, that for
several times I was deceived and thought there was a Willow Wren in close
proximity. The other is the dragging in now and then of the harsh note of the
Sedge Warbler. It has the ‘water bubble’ note to perfection and several long
drawn-out notes were exquisite in their melody ; they seemed to denote ‘ Eternal
passion, eternal pain.’ One series of notes especially gave one the impression,
while they held him rooted to the spot, that someone had the bird in his hand
and was crushing the life out of its little body. I have often remarked how
eminently suited the particular place where they have settled was for the
Nightingale. It is on the grit. The birds are being strictly watched, I am glad
to say. —RILEY FoRTUNE, Harrogate, May 19th, 1889.

Nightingale at Staveley, near Boroughbridge.—-This locality has once
more been favoured with the presence of a pair of Nightingales (Dazdzas luscinia),
who have taken up their residence in a small wood about one mile from the village
of Staveley. The song was first heard early in May and identified by Mr.
F,. A. Hartley, of Low Hall. Accompanied by a small party, I visited the wood
on Saturday, the 18th of May. We arrived on the ground about nine in the
evening, and though rook-shooting had been continued in the immediate vicinity
until dusk, we were soon rewarded by hearing the unmistakable notes of the
nightingale, at first uttered in a tentative manner, but by degrees becoming more
continuous. As we wended our way homeward, even when more than half-a-mile
distant from its haunt, we could still hear the bird pouring forth its song. We
trust that this pair will not share the fate of those who visited the neighbourhood
of Knaresborough last year. For in that case the farmer on whose land the birds
had taken up their abode shot the male bird, in order to secure his hedges from
the depredations of the crowds who came nightly to hear the songster.—
E. P. KNUBLEY, Staveley Rectory, 21st May, 1889.

Naturalist,

177
NOTES UPON THE BOTANY OF DERBYSHIRE.

Rev. W. H. PAINTER.

THE county of Derby occupies an intermediate position between the
northern and the midland counties. Its flora, therefore, forms a
link between these two great divisions of England.

In this county the three zones of Watson’s agrarian region occur;
the infer-agrarian zone embracing all the low-lying part of the county ;
the mid-agrarian zone ascending from 150 to 350 yards; and the
super-agrarian zone ascending from the limits of the last-mentioned
one to the summits of Kinder Scout (1,981 feet) and Axe Edge
(1,751 feet). Hence on the highest hills we meet with plants
both of the Highland and Scotch types of distribution, Rudus
chamemorus and Arbutus uva-urst for instance, ceasing here in
their march southwards, the former on Axe Edge, and the latter
on Kinder Scout.

From its central position but few plants, either of Watson’s
Germanic or Atlantic types of distribution, occur in the county; the
prevailing ones being those of the British and English types. The
percentage may be taken thus :—Plants of the British type, 66:5 ;
those of the English type, 25°5 ; and the remaining types, 8’o per cent.

The flora of the North-Western part of the county, which is
commonly called the Peak District, is such as might be expected
from its geological character. Here the Carboniferous system in
all its divisions occurs, with thin seams of coal near Whaley Bridge.
The dales for which Derbyshire is famous occur in the Greater Scar
Limestone ; this is surmounted by the Yoredale rocks, which again
are succeeded by the Grit rocks. Hence, in this part of the county
we have most of the plants which might be expected to be found
upon the Limestone, with the exception of Geranium sylvaticum,
which neither my fellow-workers nor myself have met with, though
it is recorded in Topographical Botany.

The Aeracia are represented by . pallidum Fr. (2) H, argenteum
Fr., &. murorum L. pt., Hl. cesium Fr. var. smithit Baker, the true
#7. cesium not having been met with; A. vulgatum Fr. and its vars.
rubescens and nemorosum Back.; H. tridentatum Fr., H. prenan-
thoides Vill., H. umbellatum L., and H. boreale Fr.

The Roses include &. spinosissima L.; FR. involuta Sm. and vars. ;
R. mollis Sm. and var.; 2. tomentosa Sm. and vars.; 2. canina L.,
several varieties according to Mr. Baker’s monograph; and 2.
arvensts L. In the southern part of Derbyshire, 2. rudiginosa L.
and &. micrantha Sm., have been met with.

June 1889. M

178 NOTES AND NEWS.

The Coal-Measures form a district of their own, extending from
a few miles south of Sheffield to near Trent Junction. The flora
of this part of the county is by no means remarkable.

The New Red Sandstone formation prevails in the southern
part of the county, i.e., that part which is bounded on the north by
an imaginary line drawn from Ashbourne to Duffield and thence to
Trent Junction; on the west, by Staffordshire; on the south by
Leicestershire ; on the east by Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire.
But in the south-eastern part of this division there occurs at
Tickenhall an outlier of the Mountain Limestone, with some of the
characteristic plants. In this district the plants peculiar to the infer-
agrarian zone are to be met with, and here the Awdz flourish.

The rivers of the county are for the most part of insignificant
size; the principal ones being the Trent, which forms the boundary
on the S.E., between Derbyshire and Leicestershire and Nottingham-
shire ; the Dove, which runs through Dovedale and forms the county
boundary on the Staffordshire side; the Derwent, the whole course of
which is within the county ; the Wye, the Lathkill, and the Alport,
which run through the principal dales; the Amber, a tributary of
the Derwent ; the Etherow, on the extreme north; the Hope, which
flows through Hope Dale; the Rother, which is near Chesterfield ;
and the Erewash, a tributary of the Trent, and which serves as a
county boundary. But though the rivers are of no great size, their
smallness is compensated for by the beauty of the scenery through
which they flow; that of Dovedale, Ashwood Dale, Chee Dale,
Miller’s Dale, Cressbrook Dale, Monsal Dale, and Lathkill Dale
being peculiar to themselves; the great masses of Limestone which
form the different Tors, such as Chee Tor, Matlock High Tor,
Pickering Tor, and Tissington Spires (the two latter in Dovedale),
adding to their beauty.

Thus it will be seen that if Derbyshire does not possess so rich a
flora as its great northern neighbour, yet the one that is met with is
not to be looked down upon. And what has been done in the
county towards working out its flora from Ray’s time down to the
present shows that much may yet be done. The writer of these
notes will therefore be thankful if fellow-botanists will communicate
to him any facts which they may glean from time to time, and which
may not be mentioned in his forthcoming Flora of Derbyshire.

NOTES AND NEWS.

We learn from Mr. H. M. Platnauer, curator of the York Museum, that he
would be glad if naturalists would assist him with information as to any facts of
import ince bearing upon the subject of Hybridism in the Animal Kingdom.
He is in correspondence on the subject with a French naturalist who takes a

special interest in the subject. Naniliee
aturalist,

179
AT THE FOOT OF THE WOLDS.

S. A. ADAMSON, F.G.S.,

Hon. Sec. of the Leeds Geological Association, of the Yorkshire Boulder Committee,
and of the Geological Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists Union, etc.

THE Easter Monday of 1889 will long be remembered by those
members of the Leeds Geological Association who were present, for
the brilliancy of the weather, the practical character of the work
engaged in, and the congenial manner in which the day was spent.
It was decided that the excursion should be to Brough-on-the-Humber
and vicinity, so that the Post-tertiary gravels and also some of the
Oolitic rocks (the latter of which dip under the Chalk of the Wolds)
could be examined.

The excursion was under the leadership of Mr. B. Holgate, F.G.S.,
and the members had also the utmost kindness shown to them by
Mr. Lyon, of Castle House, the proprietor of the gravel pits which
the party had travelled to see. The Hull Geological Society
had also decided to join the Leeds hammermen, and thus when the
two Societies met upon the platform at Brough there was quite a
formidable array of geologists bent upon learning as much as possible
of the nature and conditions of deposition of the strata at the foot
of the Wolds. Mr. F. F. Walton, F.G.S., the President of the Hull
Geological Society, who has minutely examined every section in the
district, was present, and the information he so freely imparted
during the day added materially to the value of the excursion.

As the train sped on in the beautiful April morning many familiar
scenes were pointed out ; the Newthorpe Quarries, Sherburn Church,
Brayton Barf, and Hambleton Haugh were passed, and soon we were
passing the fine old abbey of Selby. Crossing the Ouse, the
remnants of Wressel Castle on the one side, and the lofty tower of
Howden Church on the other, were noted. The calm broad estuary
of the Humber looked magnificent with the gleaming sunlight thrown
across it, and presently the party, in the best of spirits, alighted at
Brough in the midst of introductions and congratulations. They
passed through the village and ascended the low eminence of Mill
Hill, on the top of which a gravel-pit has been excavated. This
hill is really an Oolitic outlier, capped by Post-Tertiary gravels, and
there is a tract of low-lying ground between it and the Wolds.
Mr. Lyon took charge of the party here, and conducted them to
different parts of the pit, where he informed them that an immense
curved tusk of the mammoth (Z/ephas primigentus) had been

discovered. It was said to have been about 13 ft. in length when
June 1889.

180 ADAMSON: AT THE FOOT OF THE WOLDS.

first uncovered, but unfortunately was in a very friable state and
crumbled into fragments. A mammalian bone had just been bared,
but it was impossible to determine it. However, instructions were
left to avoid, if possible, a repetition of the catastrophe attending
the former.

Mr. Lamplugh gives the following section of this pit :—Top soil,
&c., 24 feet; rough stony gravel, with some sand, and containing
pebbles of flint, sandstone, red chalk, oolitic limestone, and other
local rocks, also a few well-worn erratic pebbles of felstone, quartzite,
&c., besides rolled lumps of clay and thin seams of clay and of
carbonaceous matter, about 9 feet; yellow sand with stony layers,
the stones included similar to those in gravel above, about 5 feet ;
then succeed some hard grey or whitish clays, probably belonging
to estuarine Oolites, but thickness uncertain. In the yellow sand
the mammoth’s tusk was found. There was little to add to the
above enumeration of pebbles found in this gravel by the members,
but a large block of mountain limestone was broken, and many good
examples of Gryphea incurva were obtained from the gravel. Flints,
of course, were predominant. This pit showed splendid examples
of cross-bedding. The varying currents must have been swift, in
fact, almost torrential. Here and there in the upper gravels ‘pipes,’
or roughly-shaped pillars, descending from the top soil, are to be
seen; these have probably been caused by the decomposition of
tree roots and stems, the cavities being filled up by earthy and
calcareous matter, which have since, by percolation of water, become
very compact and hard, so much so, that we were told they could be
left standing as pillars whilst quarrying or digging was going on.
After a lengthened but deeply interesting stay in this pit, Mr. Lyon
conducted the party to ascend the towers of his mansion close by,
named Castle House. This was for the view to be there obtained,
which, as the house stands in a grand position on the summit of

Mill Hill, is very wide and magnificent. In front we were looking —

over the fertile vale of York, with spires and towers of village
churches dotted here and there; a dark pall of smoke indicated the
locality of Goole; then could be seen the confluence of Ouse and
Trent, forming the majestic Humber; very prominent, too, was the
Oolitic escarpment at Whitton, in Lincolnshire; further east the
Chalk Wolds of that county; then, turning round, we had a fine
prospect of our own Yorkshire Wolds. When standing on this
vantage-point, one must think of the scene in bygone centuries, when
probably from this very hill the Roman general would watch the
passage of his legions over the Humber, on their way from Lindum
to Eboracum, for did not the eastern branch of Ermyn Street, coming

Naturalist,

ADAMSON: AT THE FOOT OF THE WOLDS. 181

direct from Lincoln to the Humber shore, continue again on the
north shore at Petuariam or Brough, and proceed to the then
Imperial City of York ?

Leaving the hill, and returning to the Ellerker Road, we entered
a small hollow, where there was an exposure of Oolitic limestone,
described by Mr. Walton as ‘ flaggy, thin, soft, yellow, and irregularly
bedded with numerous fossils.’ Among others have been found
Terebratule, Trigonia, Rhynchonelle, Pinna, Modiola, &c. On the
west of the road, a little further on, we entered the large Brough
Gravel Pit. This had many points in common with the one we had
visited at Mill Hill; the ‘pipes,’ however, were much more
conspicuous and numerous. A large block of quartzite, about 3 ft.
in diameter, with outer surface slightly smoothed, was noted. In
one part of the quarry, about 3 ft. below the surface, the workmen
had disinterred some human bones, accompanied by fragments of
rude pottery, these probably, from the roughness of their make, being
British. Some of the bones were examined, and as far as a hurried
inspection could decide, were said to be portions of the pelvis and
femur of a female. Recently a skull, with teeth in perfect preserva-
tion, was found in this quarry.

Further on a detour was again made from the road and the
‘Cockle Shell’ Quarry visited. This would have been a most
instructive section had it been possible to examine it, but very
unfortunately the quarry was flooded and hence only what may be
termed a bird’s-eye view could be obtained. Mr. Walton explained
that the section we saw above the water level was rubbly oolite, 6 ft. ;
compact limestone, 2 ft. 6 in.; thin, brown rubbly oolite, 2 ft. ;
compact limestone, 3 ft.; rubbly limestone, ro ft. Another small
exposure of the Lower Oolites was subsequently examined, some fields
being crossed for that purpose. This was a good section, and some
fine specimens were obtained of characteristic fossils of the Millepore
Limestone. And now the bags began to be heavy and fatigue felt.
Thus some of the party considered enough field-work had been
done, preferring to walk leisurely through the fine park of
Mr. Christopher Sykes, at Brantinghamthorpe, on the return to
Elloughton. Others, more enthusiastic, pressed manfully over the
fields, passing Ellerker Mill on the way to another quarry. This is
known as the Long Quarry, and certainly repaid a visit; indeed, if
time had allowed, a close and detailed examination would have been
made. The chief feature seemed to be, in this section, a bed
containing a number of nodules or concretions stained on the
surface with iron, but not showing concentric rings when broken.
The topmost bed of limestone was false-bedded in places; then
June 1880.

a

182 ORNITHOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL NOTES.

followed sand with thin seams of limestone, under which came soft
sandstone containing the nodules already alluded to, followed again
by limestone. This section was reluctantly left, but time pressed,
and the fields were crossed to Brantingham. It was a pleasant walk
from thence to Elloughton, where tea was provided at the Half Moon.

After tea Mr. B. Holgate, F.G.S., proposed a vote of thanks to
Mr. Lyon for his unremitting attention and kindness during the
day, and also took an opportunity of expressing the pleasure the ~
Leeds geologists had, had in spending a day with their brethren of
Hull. Mr. Walton, F.G.S., seconded the resolution in similar terms ;
after which Mr. Lyon suitably replied.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Goldfinch near Ripon.—I noted the appearance of a cock Goldfinch
(Carduelis elegans) here on the 2Ist inst. With the exception of a doubtful case
in 1886, I have not previously seen one in this locality—R. A. SUMMERFIELD,
North Stainley Vicarage, Ripon, May 24th, 1889.

Turtle-Dove and Nightingale near Goole.—One of these birds ( Zurtur
communis Selby) was shot at Rawcliffe on the Sth of May, and sent to me for
identification. It proved on dissection to be a male. I regret the fact of its
being killed, but can rejoice at another species being added to our local list of birds.

The Nightingale (Dazlias /uscinza) is reported to be at Rawcliffe again. I hope
it will not be disturbed or killed. —THomMas BuNKER, Goole, May 13th, 1889.

Ornithological Notes from Easington, near Spurn.—April 13th, Ring-
Ouzel (Zurdus torguatus) some seen near Kilnsea; also a Black Redstart
(Ruticilla tithys). Ring-Ouzels were also seen near Easington on the 15th.
May 2nd, Cuckoo (Cuczlus canorus) first heard. May 5th, Wood Sandpiper
(Totanus glareola) seen at Easington. May 11th, Osprey (Pandion haliaétus)
seen at Kilnsea. May 12th, Pied Flycatcher (M/ssczcapa atricapilla) at Easington.
—P. W. Loren, Easington, Hull, May 13th, 1889.

Missel-Thrush and Waterhen near Hull.—A pair of these birds ( 7urdus
visctvorus) have built in the fork of a laburnum in the old burying-ground, in the
very centre of Hull and close to the Railway Dock. On April 2Ist there were two
eggs in the nest, and on the 24th, four, but each egg was pierced with a small hole.

At Roos, on the 24th, a Waterhen (Gad/z22/a chloropus) was sitting on five eggs,
the nest being placed on a branch, over a pond, and about six inches above the
water.—JOHN STEaRs, Hull, May 6th, 1889.

NOTE—BOTANY.

From Oxlip to Primrose.—At the last meeting of the Huddersfield
Naturalists’ Society, Mr. C. Wall exhibited two flowers, indistinguishable from
those of the Common Primrose. Some years ago he obtained a plant of Common
Oxlip, from near Malham, and planted it in his garden. Every year, the flowers
grew more like those of the Common Primrose, until this year, when the flowers
were indistinguishable from those of the latter species. I enclose the two flowers.
—S. L. MosLey, Beaumont Park, Huddersfield, 23rd May, 1889.

[The Yorkshire ‘ Oxlip’ is a hybrid between the Primrose and Cowslip, and
may be traced by gradual transitions into both its parts. It must not be confounded
with P. elatior Jacq., which is a genuine species, abundant in Essex.—J.G.B.]

Naturalist,

183

NOTES ON FUNGI:
WITH, LIST. OF SPECIES COLLECTED
CHIEFLY IN EAST YORKSHIRE.

WALTER W. STRICKLAND,

Richmond, Surrey.

Some little time ago the Editors consented to afford me space
in the pages of Zhe WNaturalist to publish a list of fungi pre-
sented by myself to the British Museum. I have gone carefully
through the specimens and compared them with those in the
classified collection at the South Kensington Natural History
Museum, and I have now the pleasure of forwarding the list, which
I believe is tolerably correct. I wish at the same time to make a
few remarks as to the object with which the collection was originally
made; also to say a word or two about the difficulties with which a
correct identification of species of fungi is beset, and, further to point
out how fascinating is the study of mycology, how much there is yet
to be learnt and how much useful work in this field of natural history
may be done by amateurs provided with a microscope and sufficient
graphic skill to draw tolerably correct sketches of the fructification
and sporidia of the minute, and especially of the asciferous, fungi.
In the first place, then, this collection was originally made for
self-instruction. It therefore contains many extremely common and
widely diffused species, but for the same reason it presents a fair
general scheme of mycology: thus very nearly all the families and
most of the orders are represented in it by fairly typical specimens,
while, on the other hand, some of the groups which particularly
interested me, such for example as the Myxogastres, the Pucciniz,
and the Spheriaceous fungi comprise a considerable number of
specimens. Every species of British Phragmidium (most of these
however are not uncommon) was found, dried, and made a note of,
and also a great number of Puccini@ are recorded. The rare and
curious X¢enodochus carbonarius, growing on the greater burnet, was
found near the fish-ponds at Hildenley. In the case of the agarics,
I have not attempted a systematic catalogue of them; it would have
swelled out the list unnecessarily; I have contented myself with
forwarding the names of some of the more uncommon forms found.
I regret that more time was not devoted to the Polyporei; there are,
however, notes of several curious and scarce forms found at Boynton
and Sledmere.
June 1889.

184 STRICKLAND: NOTES ON FUNGI.

And now a word as to the difficulties in the way of identifying
species. In the case of the Hymenomycetes these difficulties are
rapidly disappearing, thanks to the admirable series of plates in course
of publication by Dr. M. C. Cooke; henceforth it will be an easy
matter to identify British species by comparing them with the plates,
although much, I imagine, has yet to be learnt as to the variability
of the different genera and species. Fungi, so wonderfully rich
in varieties of form, are more than any other large group of
plants parasitic and epiphytal; whole genera of minute fungi are
specifically named from their hosts; consequently, the species would
seem to have been evolved posterior to the evolution of the genus,
and, in many cases, of the species, of the host. What are we to say,
for example; of Ozdium chartarum which is specified as growing
upon paper, or Zasmidium with its predilection for dark cellars and
wine-bins ? We may, I think, infer that very many species of fungi,
unlike the patriarchal diatoms and foraminifera, are of comparatively
recent date, and from their great diversity of form and wide distri-
bution it may also be inferred that, like the higher Phanerogams,
they are liable to considerable variation in the present day. However,
I will return to this subject by-and-bye. It is in the case of the
minute fungi that the difficulties of identification are still rife, and a
feeling of dissatisfaction is apt to be left in the mind after the most
careful examination and comparison. Sometimes the specimen in
the herbarium is found to be destitute of the characteristic fruit, and
a complete comparison with the specimen for identification cannot
therefore be made. Sometimes the specimen for identification is
itself defective. Then again, mycology being a recent branch of
natural history, the series of specimens in the herbarium is by no
means complete, and the student is thrown back upon the technical
descriptions in the handbooks—descriptions which, unless the host
is very specific or the individuality of the species well marked, are
often liable to mislead, from the indefinite pictures which they produce
in the mind. Here it is that the worker may find a useful field for his
labours. What is wanted are good and abundant specimens, with the
date of finding recorded, together with the habitat and the nature of
the host. There should also be a careful sketch of the fructification
as well as a note of the colour of the spores or sporidia. This
sketch should be made of we size of the object under the
object-glass, and the power of the object-glass should also be noted.
No species should be admitted unless the normal fructification is
present. Abnormal fructification should be specially noted, but the
species should be kept separately. Careful sketches of fructification
are particularly needed amongst Ascomycetous fungi; most of all

Naturalist,

-

perhaps among the minute Pezizz and Sphzerie, where the cups and
perithecia are often very minute and very much alike in the different
species. Most of the spores and sporidia have now been measured,
the relative sizes are therefore known, and sketches made under the
same object-glass will show the relative size with sufficient accuracy
for determination, when coupled with the differences in the form of
the asci, paraphyses, and sporidia, together with septation and colour.
Let us suppose a herbarium in which the whole series of Ascomycetous
fungi is complete, each specimen being good and abundant, with a
sketch of the fructification, ascus, paraphyses, and sporidium, the
colour of the latter being noted and the power of the object-glass
used in delineation. The specimen to be identified, I assume, has
been similarly treated. All the elements for a precise determination
will now be present. The relative size of the sporidium can be
observed by comparing it with that of some well-marked species,
such as Spheria pulvis-pyrius, of which the size can be discovered
by reference to the handbooks. The sketch of the fructification can
then very easily be compared with the sketched fructification of the
specimens in the herbarium; this, together with the difference in the
host and the growth and form of the perithecia or, in the case of
the Pezizz, of the cups, will in most cases suffice for a complete
identification and the specimen will fall into its proper place in the
herbarium.

The difficulty of identification may also be looked at from another
point of view. I have already noted that the species of fungi being,
very many of them, parasitic on comparatively recent species of
phanerogams, must be themselves comparatively recent, and that
from the immense variety of forms which characterises this group of
cryptogams, and their wide diffusion, we may infer that they are, like
the host they grow upon, themselves liable to considerable variation,
Here, then, we have the process of species-making going on before
our eyes in comparatively simple organisms, and one may be permitted
to hope that here, if anywhere, some of the causes which are at work
to produce species should be, so to say, caught in the act. To the
evolutionist, therefore, the fungi ought to be a particularly interesting
subject of study. The famous phrase, ‘the survival of the fittest,’
perhaps covers a larger field than was at first consciously realised ;
certainly it means the survival of the fittest to exist, and the survival
of those forms which fit themselves into and thrive within the spare
and hitherto unoccupied holes and corners of the great mansion-
house of mother nature.

We have in fungi a number of highly variable forms built upon a
simple pattern, yet exhibiting an astonishing diversity ; and moreover,
June 188o.

STRICKLAND : NOTES ON FUNGI. 185

186 STRICKLAND: NOTES ON FUNGI.

we have in them a group of organisms which, being parasitic upon
comparatively recent highly-developed phanerogams, must themselves
be comparatively recent species, and consequently specially liable to
variation. This fact of their very general parasitism, and their great
variety of forms, leads me to look at the difficulty of identification
of the species from yet another point of view. What part has the
host to play in the creation of a new species? The answer to this
question is one of very general interest, for we are all parasites of the
earth we live on. Let us take as examples two typical highly-evolved
parasitic fungi. Everyone knows the common autumn toadstool,
which grows so abundantly on all sorts of rotting stumps close to the
ground, or on logs of wood half-buried underneath it, scientifically
known as Agaricus (Armillaria) melleus. It has a dirty-honey-coloured,
somewhat scaly pileus; it is gregarious; has a stringy, straight stem, with
a dingy ring; and seems to flourish indiscriminately on all sorts of hosts.
It is a general and very common type. Now let us turn to its near
relation (own brother, I might say), a fungus, however, of much more
elaborate form and of much rarer occurrence, the beautiful Agaricus
(Armillaria) mucidus, one of the most wonderful of our native agarics.
No one who has once seen it can fail to recognise the slender, dove-
coloured, satiny stem, with its grey, ruffle-like ring, dusted above with
the mealy-white spores ; the ivory-like gills, rounded and wide apart ;
and the dome-like, semi-transparent porcelain pileus, of a colour
between umber and sepia, clothed with its shining glutinous coat.
Now, this much less common, much more specialised, fungus is
almost invariably parasitic upon beech trees ; it is, therefore, difficult
to avoid a suspicion that it is the descendant of some Armillaria of
more catholic tastes, like the extremely common A. me//eus, which
flourished, possibly before beech trees were, indiscriminately upon
various decaying trees, and whose spores afterwards settled on the
decaying branches of beech trees, there throve, and there evolved
another form. I believe it is eaten by Squirrels, but still it is difficult
to believe that the beautiful form of the plant has been evolved
through its greater attractiveness to these animals and to the eyeless
grubs and worms which also feed upon it. There seems to be some
connection between the fall of the sap in trees and the appearance
of certain forms of fungi. Thus the unmistakable Agaricus (Pholiota)
squarrosus appears at the foot of ash trees past their prime, just
as the sap sinks down in autumn. Is, then, the beautiful form
of Agaricus (Armillaria) mucidus due to the quality of the sap
and juices of its host? So that the beautiful form is a by-product or
side manifestation, so to say, of the general health, vigour, and
symmetry produced by the new blood poured into its veins from its

Naturalist,

STRICKLAND: NOTES ON FUNGI. 187

beech-tree host? And if this be so, and we knew how to raise
fungi from their spores, could we evolve Agaricus (Armillaria) mucidus
or a similar form from Agaricus (Armillaria) melleus by sowing the
spores of the latter fungus ona suitable host, and selecting the
seedlings which deviated most from the parent plant in the direction
of the rarer form?

Now let us take the other example, the beautiful and highly
specialised Marasmius hudsoni, decidedly local in the east of
England and certainly one of the most beautiful of our British
species. There are various forms of minute JZarasmit that grow
upon leaves, leaf-stalks, twigs or sticks—but this one, the most
specialised of all in form, is also the most specialised in its habitat.
The pileus and slender stem of this exquisite little fungus are light
ochre, whitey-brown-paper or tan-colour. It differs from all British
Marasmii, however, indeed, so far as I know, from all gilled fungi except
Agaricus (Mycena) epipterygius in certain states, by being covered with
long purple hairs, each hair being crowned with a small purple sphere
of crystal. This singular and beautiful little plant is always or
nearly always found growing upon dead holly-leaves. Here again,
remembering the viscid nature of the holly and the unique appen-
dages of this little fungus, one cannot help suspecting that there is
some connection between the nature of the host and the singularity
of form in the parasite growing upon it. And this suspicion may per-
haps gain confirmation if we reflect upon the fact that the Marasmii
are by nature dry leathery plants, while Agaricus (AZycena) epiplerygius,
like several of the Mycene, is clothed with a glutinous secretion,
and, as I have said above, is the only other fungus I know of which
in Certain states produces similar hairs, each hair being crowned by
a tiny globule of colourless crystal. Before leaving the Marasmu I
may mention the curious variety of Marasmius peronatus I found
in an oak copse near Seamer Beacon, where the pilei of all the
plants found were spathulate and much resembled the fallen oak
leaves round about them; the stem in this curiosity of natural
history being upright, but lateral as regards the aborted pileus. Let
us take another class of fungi, the Myxogastres. Observe the earlier
states, say, of a Stemonitis or a Trichia. Go out on a dewy morning
in autumn and pick up a rotten piece of wood in a damp dingle, and
you will probably find it pubescent from the stroma of some Spheeria:
the fine hairs of the stroma will be crowned with globules of dew.
But look a little further. Here is also a pubescence of black awl-
like hairs, but the dewy globules are opaque white, like specks of
paste. They are, in fact, miniature specimens of Stemonitis or
Trichia and will develop in course of time into spherical peridia,
June 1889.

188 STRICKLAND : NOTES ON FUNGI.

containing a quantity of spiral threads and disc-like spores, or a more
or less rounded or cylindrical capillitium of anastomosing threads
with a mass of spores entangled among the meshes. Now here,
surely, it is not any mysteriously inherited properties in the fungal
protoplasm which are responsible for the characteristic form of the
mature plant, but something much stronger than any law of inheri-
tance—the ever present law of gravity which determines both the
spherical form of the globules of dew and that of the minute paste
specks of the nascent fungus; or again, look at the army of species
of Spheeriz and Pezizz, almost all of them parasitic and very many
of them parasitic upon specific hosts. Let us take two well-marked
species, Spheria moriformis, a small black species (almost all Spheerize
are black or brown) and Spheria acuta. Spheria moriformis grows
on dead wood and has a wrinkled perithecium like a mulberry:
Spheria acuta has a smooth perithecium ending ina sharp but not
attenuated nib like a bullfinch’s. The normal form of the sporidium
in S. moriformis is a long shuttle-shaped cell, rounded at each end and
with a single septum in the middle of it. But occasionally sporidia
of exactly the same shape are found with six or seven septa.
Spheria acuta, on the other hand, has a sporidium of much the same
shape and size as that of S. moriformis, but the common form is 6-7-
septate. There is, however, a less common form of sporidium of
exactly the same shape as the polyseptate one, but with only a single
septum in the middle. The abnormal fruit of .S. acufa is in fact the
same as the normal fruit of S. moriformis; the abnormal fruit of
S. moriformis is the same or nearly the same as the normal fruit of
S.acuta. Does not this lead one to suspect either that the two species
are descended from some form frequenting all sorts of decaying
wood, like Spheria moriformis, Spheria acuta being the more
specialised descendant, or, that when the sporidia of either form are
sown on different hosts under such conditions that they germinate,
the perithecia become Sfheria moriformis on dead wood and
Spheria acuta on decaying nettle-stems? Here again I would ask
what is the exact effect of the host on the form of the fungus
parasitic upon it? Is Spheria acuta nibbed because it is of direct
advantage to it to be nibbed, or is its conical form a by-effect of the
juices of the host upon the parasite which certainly thrives upon
nettle-juice, for it is one of the commonest of British Spheeriee.

Let me take as a final instance one of the minute Pezizz which
grow upon dead wood. And let me first premise that the colour of
the spores and the sporidia, and very frequently of the whole plant
in fungi, is constant enough to be one of the most useful means of
discriminating between species. Thus the great group of agarics are

Naturalist,

STRICKLAND: NOTES ON FUNGI. 189

divided into sub-groups according to the colour of their spores,
which is constant for these several sub-groups; and what can more
strikingly define a species than the verdigris-green of Peziza @ruginosa?

Nature, however, when studied in her living self, is apt to deal
out sharp blows to our species-making. Thus, for example, when
looking up the minute Pezizz I came upon a piece of rotten wood,
stained black in some places by the mycelium of some Valsa or
Diatrype. Over this piece of wood a family of Pezize had spread
itself. They were obviously one and the same family, but where the
wood was stained black they grew as Fesiza cinerea, where it was not
so stained they were Peziza cerea, or some other white-cupped Peziza.
To make the certainty of the specific unity of the family quite com-
plete, the Pezize which grew half on the black-stained, half on the
unstained wood had cups one-half of which was one species and
one-half the other; Fesiza cinerea on the black, Peziza cerea on the
unstained, portion of the host. Here the influence of the host in
forming the species or variety of the parasite seems to be pretty well
demonstrated ; although we see at the same time from this example
how arbitrary some of the specific distinctions we make in our classifi-
cations often really are.

In the above remarks on the difficulties of specific identification,
I have indirectly pointed out how many problems of great and general
interest have yet to be solved in connection with the life-history of
our native fungi. These problems can only be solved by going
direct to nature, by watching her in her living moods, by delineating
accurately what has been observed, and by noting surrounding con-
ditions with the like accuracy. A comparison of the sketches of the
fructification of a few common Spheria growing in their native haunts
by a large number of observers, noting accurately the conditions
under which the fungi were found, the season of the year, the hosts
they grew upon, etc., might produce wholly unexpected results, and
some clear idea might be obtained as to (1) how far our army of
species are true species, (2) whether they are in some cases tempo-
rarily modified by the hosts they grow upon, and (3) how far the
peculiar forms of species are due (a) to inheritance, (4) to the direct
action of mechanical forces, and (c) to the nature of the hosts they
grow upon.

It is in the hope that these desultory remarks may induce some
of my readers to devote their leisure hours to interrogating nature
on these points that I have set them down, persuaded that systematic
observations and systematic sketches of fructification, and especially
of abnormal forms, will materially contribute to the solution of
many of the unguessed riddles connected with cryptogamic botany.

June 1889.

1go STRICKLAND: NOTES ON FUNGI.

ORDER I.—AGARICINI.

Agaricus (Lepiota) procerus Scop. Grindale Plantation.
Autumn.

Agaricus (Lepiota) rachodes Vitt. Meadows by Esk, above Egton.

Agaricus (Lepiota) cristatus Fr. Variety with a definite black
umbo and hemispherical pileus. Oliver’s Mount, Scarborough.

Agaricus (Armillaria) mucidus Fr. The Grove, Boynton.

Agaricus (Pleurotus) ulmarius Bull. On elm, Boynton, near
Botanical Garden.

Agaricus (Pleurotus) ostreatus Jacq. November and Decem-
ber. The Grove, Boynton.

Agaricus (Pleurotus) serotinus Schrad. The Pond Wood,
Boynton.

Agaricus (Pleurotus) septicus Fr. The Pond Wood, Boynton.

Agaricus (Pleurotus) mitis P. Boynton, Pond Wood, Novem-
ber 1885.

Agaricus (Pleurotus) applicatus Batsch. Boynton, Pond Wood,
June 1880.

Agaricus (Mycena) purus P. Grindale Plantation.

Agaricus (Mycena) parabolica A. & S. Grindale Plantation.

Agaricus (Mycena) sanguinolentus A. & S._ Raincliffe, near
Scarborough.

Agaricus (Mycena) iris Berk. Pond Wood, Boynton.

Agaricus (Mycena) (? species). On alder log, in Arncliffe Wood,
October 1880. Saffron and vinous juice.

Agaricus (Mycena) rosella Fr. Boynton.

Agaricus (Mycena) sudorus Fr. Boynton.

Agaricus (Mycena) tenerrimus Berk. Boynton, June 1880.

Agaricus (Pluteus) cervinus Scheff. Pond Wood, Boynton,
October 1885.

Agaricus (Pluteus) chrysophzus Scheff. Near Pond, Boynton,

July 1880.

Agaricus (Leptonia) incanus Fr. Boynton Meadows, July
17th, 1880.

Agaricus (Psalliota) sylvaticus Scheff. The Pond Wood,
Boynton.

Hygrophorus pratensis Fr. The Grove, Boynton.

Hygrophorus russo-coriaceus B. & Mill. The Grove, Boynton,
and cliffs beyond Scawby.

Hygrophorus chlorophanus Fr. The Grove, Boynton.

Hygrophorus (mouse-coloured, probably murinaceus Fr.).
Meadow between Ayton and Scarborough.

Naturalist,

STRICKLAND: NOTES ON FUNGI. IgI

Hygrophorus wynniz B. & Br. The Pond Wood, Boynton.
Winter.

Gomphidius glutinosus Fr. West Lawn, Boynton.

Lactarius deliciosus Fr. Outside fir plantation between Flockton
and Seamer.

Cantharellus infundibuliformis Fr. The Grove, under silver
fir, Boynton. Autumn.

Cantharellus brownii B.& Br. The Grove, Boynton.

Nyctalis parasitica or asterophora Fr. Below Egton Bridge,
Septem ber-October.

Marasmius peronatus Fr. Variety with irregular pileus and
decurrent gills. Oak copse, Seamer Moor, August rs5th, 1880.
Looked on the ground exactly like a withered oak leaf. All
the other specimens found had the same form, and were much
eaten by slugs. Perhaps the regular-formed ones had been
attacked and eaten down.

Marasmius hudsoni Fr. Between Egton and Grosmont,
August 1880.

Marasmius insititius Fr. On dead leaves and twigs, Raincliffe
Wood, near Scarborough.

Panus stypticus Fr Pond Wood, Boynton, November 1886.

ORDER II.—POLYPOREI.

Boletus luridus Scheff. Edge of Pond Wood, under silver fir,
Boynton.

Boletus laricinus Berk. Boynton, near saw-mill, July 1880.

Polyporus leptocephalus Fr. Boynton, Pond Wood, March 1880.

Polyporus nummularius Fr. Sledmere, November 1884.

Polyporus applicatus Fr. January 1880.

Polyporus alligatus Fr. Pond Wood, Boynton.

Polyporus adiposus B. & Br. Pond Wood, Boynton.

Polyporus abietinus Fr. On fir (felled) outside Pond Wood,
Boynton.

Polyporus armeniacus Berk. On bark of felled fir, Boynton.

ORDER III.—HYDNEI.

Hydnum repandum L. Arncliffe Woods, October 1880.

Hydnum zonatum Batsch. Littlebeck, August 1880,

Hydnum auriscalpium L. On fir cones, Grindale Plantation,
near Boynton.

Hydnum ferruginosum Fr. Pond Wood, Boynton, October,

Hydnum alutaceum Fr. Boynton, Pond Wood, March arst,
1880.

Hydnum membranaceum Bull. Pond Wood, Boynton.
June 1889.

192 STRICKLAND: NOTES ON FUNGI.

Radulum orbiculare Fr. On birch, Pond Wood, Boynton,
March 8th, 1880.
OrpDER IV.—AURICULARINI.
Craterellus cornucopioides Fr. Arncliffe Woods, October 1880.
Thelephora palmata Fr. Boynton, Pond Wood, November 1884.
Cyphella (probably capula Fr.). Boynton, Pond Wood, July
24th, 1880. Spores white.

ORDER V.—CLAVARIEI.
Clavaria umbrina Berk. Pond Wood, Boynton, July 2oth, 1880.
Calocera cornea Fr. On oak, Boynton Low Wood, June 1880.
Spores brown.

Typhula erythropus Fr. Raincliffe Wood, near Scarborough.
Typhula phacorrhiza Fr. (? habitat—probably Raincliffe.)

ORDER VI.—TREMELLINI.
Exidia glandulosa Fr. Boynton, The Grove, on oak, March

5th, 1880.
Hirneola auricula-judz Berk. Walcot Hill Top, Lincolnshire.

ORDER VII.—HYPOGCEI.
Melanogaster ambiguus Tul. Hollokill Wood, October 1885.
ORDER IX.—TRICHOGASTRES.
Geaster rufescens Fr. Pond Wood, near Grove, Boynton.
Scleroderma vulgare Fr. Boynton, November 1884.
ORDER X.—MYXOGASTRES.

Reticularia applanata Fr. Boynton, February 1882.

Reticularia umbrina Fr. Boynton, May 14th, 1880.

Reticularia maxima Fr. Boynton.

fEthalium septicum Fr. On pine-stump, above Robin Hood’s
Bay, August 1880.

Ptychogaster albus Corda. Under fir, Boynton Grove, October
1888.

Diderma umbilicatum P. North Wood, Boynton, January 1880.

Diderma cyanescens Fr. North Wood, Boynton, February 8th,
1880.

Didymium nigripes Fr. Boynton, Pond Wood, February 8th,
1880.

Physarum nutans P. North Wood, Boynton, July 22nd, 1880.

Var. aureum Pers. Pond Wood, Boynton, July 24th, on

rotten oak.

Physarum album Fr. Pond Wood, Boynton, February 29th,
1880.

Naturalist,

»)

LMT
A

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF ca

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

CONDUCTED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, ELS,
Sunny Bank, Leeds;

WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF

He _J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,
Royal Herbarium, Kew; Dewsbury ;

' WwW. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M-B.0.U., GEORGE T, PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S
Museum of Science & Art, Edinburgh ; Greenfield House, Huddersfield :

ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. BARWELL TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.M.S.,
; St. John’s College, Cambridge ; 38, Sholebroke Avenue, Leeds.

Contents:

| Notes on Fungi: with List of Species collected chiefly in East Yorkshire--
; Walter W. Strickland (concluded) re aia ae ne ve Af -. 193 to 198
; 7 The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Holmfirth .. ity ¥ cia .. 201 to
_ Notes on North of England Rocks—A//ed Harker, M.A., F.G.S. .. & .. 207 to
it Bibliography—insects: Hemiptera, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888 .. 43 .. 199 &
- Pa Reptiles and Amphibians, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888 .. " (27227 to
7 The Birds of Newcastle-on-Tyne Town Moor—R2. Duncan .. > ct .. 203 to
| Note—Amphibia
‘ Palmate Newt near Hijddersield- Ss, i Mosley, F. E. Ss.
}) Ornithological Note ..
a Nightingale near Alford, Lined Yas. Eovdey as 's. a C.
1} Notes— Moliusca : M3
4 Orange-coloured ‘Afionos ater at Pameeiemn 7 Denn Roebuck, FL; Sis uM. Coss
Limax yg var. albida near Preston— WW, Denison Roebuck; LOLS IS
M.C.S.; Helix fusca an Addition to the Manx Fauna— W. Denzson

Rinkek FLL S., M.C.S.; Shelis at Kilton Castle, Cleveland — Baker
Hudson, M.C.S.

I Notes and News

PAGE

211, 219 &

LONDON:
Lovett. Reeve & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C,

McCorQuopaLe & Co. LIMITED, CARDINGTON STREET, EUSTON ;
AND
Leeds: BasincHaLt. STREET.

All Communications should be Addressed :—
The Editors of ‘The Naturalist,’
Sunny Bank, Leeds.

PRICE SIXPENCE (by Post, Sevenpence).
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (from the OFFICE only). 5s.. post free.

22h

URALIST.

oa)
Raw
rn

The NA

Authors’ Reprints.—15 copies of the Naturalist are given to authors

of papers exceeding 3 pages. Reprints may be had at the following rates, if the
order is given on returning proof: 50 copies, 4 pp. 4/6; 8 pp. 5/6; 12 pp. 7/-;
16 pp. 8/6; 100 copies, 4 pp. 7/- ; 8 pp. 8/6; 12 pp. 11/-; 16 pp. 13/6; 200 copies,
4 pp. 9/6; 8 pp. 11/-; 12 pp. 16/-; 16 pp. 18). Covers charged extra—Plain

Covers, 50 copies, -/9; 100 copies, 1/6; 200 copies, 2/6; Printed Covers, 50°

copies, 2/-; 100 copies, 3/- ; 200 copies, 4/6.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Congres Géologique International, Londres, 1888.—(1) Explications des Excur-

sions, W. Topley, 8vo, 205 pages (with Maps) ; (2) Catalogue de |’Exposition - c

Géologique, 8vo, 54 pages; (3) Supplément au Catalogue, 8vo, 4 pages; (4)
Discours de M. le Prof. J. Prestwich, Président des Congrés, 8vo, 12 pages;
(5) Etudes sur les Schistes Cristallins, 8vo, 127 pages; (6) Résumés des
Rapports des Sous-Comités Américains, 8vo, 30 pages; (7) Den Theilnehmern
an dem vierten internationalen Geologen-Congress in London, 1888, iiberreicht
von J. Lehmann, 8vo, 48 pages ; (8) Reports of the British Sub-Committees
on Classification and Nomenclature, 2nd ed., 8vo, 178 pages. [The Congress.
J. A. Harvie-Brown and T. E. Buckley. — A Vertebrate Fauna of the Outer
Hebrides, 1888. 8vo, cloth, 279 pages. [The Authors.
Hull Lit. and Phil. Society—Ann. Rep. and Trans., 1888-9. [The Society.
Philadelphia Academy of Nat. Sciences—Proc., 1888, Pt. 3, Oct.-Dec. [Academy.
P. F. Lee—First Suppl. Flora of Dewsbury, 8vo. rep. , 16 pages, 1889. (Author.

Yn Lioar Manninagh, No. 2, April 1889. [Isle of Man Nat. Hist. Soc.
S. L. Mosley—British Birds: their Nests and Eggs. 59 parts. [The Author.
Manchester Geological Society—Trans., vol 20, part 8, 1889. [The Society.

Nat. Hist. Journ., No. 113, June 15, 1889. _[J. E. Clark & others, Editors, York.
Science Gossip, No. 294, for June 1889. [Messrs. Chatto & Windus, publishers.
The Midland Naturalist, No. 138, for June 1889. [Birmingham Nat. Hist. Soc.
Research, monthly illust. journ. of science, vol. 1, No. 12, June 1889. [A. N.Tate, ed.
The Wesley Naturalist, No. 28, for June 1889. [The Wesley Scientific Society.
The Young Naturalist, Part 114, for June 1889. [Mr. John E. Robson, editor.
The Zoologist, 3rd Series, Vol. 13, No. 150, June 1889. __[J. E. Harting, editor.
Grevillea, quarterly record of Cryptog. Bot., No. 84, June 1889. [Dr. M.C. Cooke, ed.

Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 8, No. 39, May 1889. [ Mineralogical Society.
TheSedberghian, Vol. 10, No.3, May 1889. [Mr. Hugh Richardson.
The Selborne Mag., Vol. 2, No. 18, June 1889. [Elliot Stock, Publisher,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.—ENTOMOLOGICAL
SECTION.—The President and Secretaries of the Section will be pleased to
receive the names and addresses of those members specially interesting themselves
in this branch. The object in view is to circulate a fairly complete list amongst
the members of this section, and théreby to facilitate the exchange of information,
and also, if sufficient encouragement is given, to publish (in the Annual Report of
the Section) at the close of the season a list of Yorkshire Occurrences of Insects.

Address the President :—Mr. N. F. Dopriee, The New Walk, Beverley ;

Or the Hon. Secretaries:—Mr. J. H. ROWNTREE, Westwood, Scarborough ;

Mr. W. E. Brapy, 1, Queen Street, Barnsley.

The Editors of ‘The Naturalist’ would be pleased to receive offers of suitable
papers for insertion during the next few months.

Improved Egg Drills (2 sizes) and Metal Blowpipe with instructions 1/3 free.
‘Hints on Egg Collecting and Nesting,’ illustrated, 34d. free. Birds’ Skins,
Eggs (side-blown and in clutches with date), Lepidoptera, Ova, Larvze, and Pup,
Artificial Eyes, and all kinds of Naturalists’ Requisites. Lists, one stamp. All
specimens, &c., sent out ‘on approval.’

J. & W. DAVIS (Naturalists), DARTFORD, Kent.

The cheapest dealer in Birds, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells,
etc., is John Eggleston, Park Place, Sunderland. Lists free.

Ny ee

ee

eee eee ee

STRICKLAND: NOTES ON FUNGI. 193

Angioridium sinuosum Grev. Lea, North Lincolnshire. Spores
dimpled, accompanied by numerous spermatia.

Badhamia pallida Berk. The Grove, Boynton, July 1880.

Craterium minutum Fr. Raincliffe Wood, August 15th, 1880.

Stemonitis ferruginea Ehrb. Pond Wood, July rst, 1880.

Stemonitis obtusata Fr. Nursery Gardens, November 15th,
1885.

Enerthenema elegans Bowm. Boynton Pond Wood, November
1884.

Arcyria punicea Fr. Glaisdale, June 27th, 1880.

Arcyria (probably) punicea Fr. On rotten birch, July 24th, 1880.

Arcyria on Zastrea dilatata. Not described in Cooke. Comes
very near Arcyria cinerea. Pond Wood, Boynton, July
24th, 1880.

Arcyria umbrina Schum. Pond Wood, Boynton, February 8th,
1880.

Arcyria nutans Fr. Pond Wood, Boynton.

Trichia rubiformis P. Boynton Botanical Gardens, February.
4th, 1880.

Trichia fallax P. Boynton Pond Wood, February 8th, 1880.

Trichia chrysosperma DC. Boynton North Wood, February
8th, 1880.

Perichzena abietina Fr. Pond Wood, Boynton, January 1880.

ORDER XI.—NIDULARIEI.

Cyathus vernicosus DC. Turnip-field, Walcot, Lincolnshire.

Crucibulum vulgare Tul. Lea, Lincolnshire.

Sphzrobolus stellatus Tode. Low Wood, Boynton, Noy. 1884.

Orper XII.—SPHERONEMEI.
Coniothyrium glomeratum Corda. Spores minute, hyaline,
very numerous.
Phoma samarorum Desm. Boynton.
Sphzropsis geniculata B. & Br. Silver Fir, Boynton, January
8th, 1880.
Spheropsis epitricha B. & Br.
Orper XIII.—MELANCONIEI.
Melanconium magnum Berk. Walnut, May 1880.
Orper XIV.—TORULACEI.

Torula pulveracea Corda. Boynton, Pond Wood, February 8th,
1880.

July 1889. N

194 STRICKLAND: NOTES ON FUNGI.

ORDER XV.—PUCCINIEI.

Xenodochus carbonarius Schl. Fish-ponds, Hildenley.

Phragmidium mucronatum Link. Cliffs above Carnelian Bay,
November 16th, 1879.

Phragmidium acuminatum Fr. Cliffs above Carnelian Bay,
November 16th, 1879.

Phragmidium bulbosum Schl. Jacob’s Ladder, Scarborough,
November 2nd, 1874.

Phragmidium gracile Grev. Raincliffe Woods, August 11th,
1880.

Phragmidium obtusum Link. Oliver's Mount, November 13th,
1879.

Triphragmium ulmariz Link. Cliffs above Carnelian Bay,
November 15th, 1879.

Puccinia arundinis Hedw. Seamer, Willow Garth, November
11th, 1879.

Puccinia striola Link. On sedge, Low Wood, Boynton, May

1884.

Puccinia polygonorum Link.

Puccinia glechomatis DC. .

Puccinia scorodoniz Link. Wood near Scawby, Lincolnshire.

Puccinia betonicz DC. Yorkshire.

Puccinia compositarum Sch. Above Carnelian Bay, November
15th, 1879. Oliver’s Mount, November 14th, 1879.

Puccinia galiorum Link. North Wood, Boynton, November
gth, 1879.

Puccinia calthze Link. Marsh near Throxenby, Scarborough,
August 15th, 1880.

Puccinia lychnidiarum Link. Oliver’s Mount, November 13th,
1879.

Puccinia epilobii DC. Boynton, July and August, 1884.

Puccinia heraclei Grev. Near Egton Bridge (on sweet cicely), 1881.

ORDER XVI.—CAOMACEI.

Ustilago longissima Tul. Pond Wood, Boynton, November
7th, 1879.

Urocystis pompholygodes Schlecht. Pond Wood, Boynton,
November 7th, 1879.

Coleosporium tussilaginis Lev. Pond Wood, Boynton,
November 7th, 1879.

Cystopus candidus Lev. Frodingham, July 1880, on shepherd’s
purse.

Naturalist,

STRICKLAND: NOTES ON FUNGI. 195

Trichobasis sp. On Conium maculatum, Appleby, July 9th, 1880.

Trichobasis geranii B. Near Egton Bridge, August 1881.

Trichobasis polygonorum Berk. Pond Wood, Boynton,
November 7th, 1880.

Trichobasis rubigovera Lev. Appleby, Lincolnshire, July 1880.

Trichobasis suaveolens Lev. Whilton towing-path, July 5th, 1880,

ORDER XVII.—A‘CIDIACEI.

ZEcidium berberidis Pers. Appleby Vicarage Garden, Lincoln-
shire, July 7th, 1880.

ZEcidium urtice DC. Low Wood, Boynton, growing near sedge
covered with Puccinia.

fEcidium compositarum Mart. (Var. tussilaginis). Cliffs,
Filey, November 6th, 1879.

ZEcidium primulz DC. Armcliffe Wood, July 27th, 1880.

ORDER XVIII.—ISARIACEI.

Pachnocybe subulata or albida Berk. Boynton, North
Wood, January 1880. (Agrees with the description of a/bida,
only the spores are minute.)

ORDER XIX.—STILBACEI.

Stilbum tomentosum Schrad. February rs5th, 1880.

Stilbum rigidum P. Boynton Botanical Gardens, February 4th,
1880.

ORDER XX.—DEMATIEI.,

Periconia glaucocephala Corda. Pond Wood, Boynton,
February 188o.

Sporocybe nigrella Berk. On dead sedge, Glaisdale, June 27th,
1880.

Helminthosporium obovatum Berk. Low Wood, Boynton,
February 22nd, 1880.

Helminthosporium oosporon Corda (?). Boynton, February 6th,
1880, on woodbine.

Helminthosporium velutinum Link. Boynton.

Cladosporium herbarum Lk. On a band-box in a wood near
Binsdale.

Cladosporium epiphyllum Nees. On poplar and oak leaves,
Boynton, near pond, January 1880.

OrpER XXI.—MUCEDINES.
Polyactis vera B (?). Boynton.

Nematogonum aurantiacum Desm. Hollokill Wood, October
26th, 1885.
July 1889.

196 STRICKLAND: NOTES ON FUNGI.

OrDER XXIV.—MUCORINI.
Pilobolus crystallinus Tode. Boynton.

ORDER XXVII.—PERISPORIACEI.
Uncinula bicornis Fr. Boynton.

OrvDER XXVIII.—ELVELLACEI.

Morchella esculenta Pers. Dry part of Pond Wood, Boynton.

Helvella lacunosa Afz. Boynton Pond Wood, November 1884.

Helvella ephippium Lev. The Lawn, Walcot, Lincolnshire.

Verpa digitaliformis (?) Pers. Under a hedge, April, Bridlington
Road.

Leotia lubrica Pers. . Littlebeck and Raincliffe, November r1th,
1884.

Peziza cochleata Huds. Onan ash stock near saw-yard, Boynton.
The plant was very large and weighed several pounds.

Peziza leporina Batsch. Littlebeck.

Peziza coccinea Jacq. Boynton, February roth, 1880. Very
large, nearly two inches across.

Peziza scutellata L. Boynton, July rst, 1880.

Peziza stercorea Pers. Boynton, March 14th, 1880.

Peziza virginea Batsch. Boynton, Low Wood, March r4th, 1880.

Peziza villosa Pers. Boynton.

Peziza apala B. & Br. Boynton Low Wood, July 2oth, 1880.

Peziza bicolor (?) Bull. Boynton, Hollokill Wood.

Peziza czxsia Pers. ? (no fruit found). Boynton, February 19th,
1880.

Peziza cinerea Batsch. Boynton, January 1880.

Peziza (?cornea B. & Br.). Grass stems, near Scarborough,
January 1880.

Helotium zruginosum Fr. Pond Wood, Boynton, October.

Patellaria olivacea Batsch. Near third Bridge, Boynton,
January 19th, 1880.

Patellaria alvata or clavispora Cooke. Spores pointed at
both ends.

Ascobolus brunneus Cooke. The Grove, Boynton, February
15th, 1880.

Bulgaria inquinans Fr. On oak, October 16th, 1884.

Stictis versicolor Fr. On sycamore and hornbeam. Boynton,
Low Wood, February roth, 1880.

ORDER XXIX.—TUBERACEI.

Elaphomyces granulatus Fr. Under beech, Hollokill Wood,

Boynton, October 2oth, 1885.

Naturalist,

STRICKLAND: NOTES ON FUNGI. 197

ORDER XXX.—PHACIDIACEI.

Phacidium ilicis Fr. Wassand.

Phacidium pini Schm. Appleby, Lincolnshire, July, 1880.

Phacidium coronatum Fr. Boynton.

Hysterium curvatum Fr.

Hysterium pulicare Pers. Poynton, February 22nd, 1880.

Hysterium herbarum (?). Stalks and capsules of bluebells,
Oliver’s Mount, January 1880.

Hysterium commune Fr. Boynton, near pond, January 1880.

Trochila lauro-cerasi Fr. Whitwell, July 23rd, 1880.

Heterosphezria patella Grev.

ORDER XXXI.—SPH/ERIACEI.

Torrubia militaris Fr. Boynton Grove, September 29th, 1880.

Nectria cinnabarina Fr. Boynton Low Wood, January 1880.

Nectria punicea Schm. Boynton.

Nectria peziza Fr. Boynton, July 19th, 1880, on elder.

Nectria episphzria Fr. Boynton, Pond Wood, February 1880.

Ustulina vulgaris Tul. Boynton.

Hypoxylon concentricum Grev. Boynton, Pond Wood, February
29th, 1880.

Hypoxylon multiforme Fr. On birch, Pond Wood, Boynton,
February roth, 1880.

Hypoxylon rubiginosum Fr. Low Wood, Boynton, January
oth, 1880.

Hypoxylon fuscum Fr. Boynton, November.

Hypoxylon atro-purpureum or multiforme Fr. Grove,
Boynton, February 18th, 1880.

Hypoxylon serpens Fr. Boynton, 1880.

Nummularia bulliardi (?) Tul. Boynton.

Eutypa lata Tul. Boynton, January 4th, 1880.

Eutypa spinosa Tul. Low Wood, Boynton, February rrth, 1880,
on elm.

Dothidea junci Fr. Near Scarborough, January 1880.

Dothidea graminis Fr. Kirkham Hill, July.

Dothidea ribesia Pers. Boynton, April 1880.

Diatrype aspera Fr. Pond Wood, Boynton, February 8th, 1880.

Diatrype corniculata B. & Br. Low Wood, February roth, 1880.

Valsa prunastri Fr. On sloe, Sands Wood, Boynton, March
8th, 1880.

July 1889.

198 STRICKLAND: NOTES ON FUNGI.

Valsa syngenesia Fr. On elder, Hollokill Wood, Boynton,
February 29th, 1880.

Valsa hypodermia Fr. On wood, near gamekeeper’s ccttage,
Boynton, February 15th, 1880.

Valsa ceratophora Tul. On elm.

Valsa leiphemia Fr. Pond Wood, Boynton, February 15th, 1880.

Cucurbitaria laburni DeNot. The Grove, Boynton, May 12th,
1880.

Cucurbitaria berberidis Gray. Boynton Pond Wood, February
19th, 1880.

_Cucurbitaria cupularis Fr. Boynton, January 7th, 1882.

Spheria aquila Fr. Boynton, February, on rotten elm. :

Spheria hispida Tode. Boynton Low Wood, January rst, 188o..

Spheria mutabilis Pers. On poplar, Boynton, February 8th, 1880.

Sphzria moriformis Tode. Hollokill Wood, Boynton, February

1880.

Spheria spermoides Hoffm. Boynton Pond Wood, February
2gth, 1880.

Spheria pulvis-pyrius Pers. Boynton Low Wood, January 18th,
1880.

Sphezria pulveracea Ehr. Boynton, February 1882.

Spheria vilis Fr. Boynton Pond Wood, January 17th, 1880.

Spheria (culmifraga ?) Fr. Boynton, May 1880.

Spheria ampullacea Cooke. Boynton Pond Wood, February
8th, 1880.

Spheria scirpicola (?) DC.

Spheria (probably) scirpicola Var. graminis DC. Near Scar-
borough.

Sphzria sabuletorum B. & Br.

Spheria fuscella B. & Br. Boynton, Kilham Lane, March 1880.

Sphzria herbarum Pers. Spores brown. On _ furze, near
Bridlington Quay, February 6th, 1880.

Spheria lunarie B.& Br. Near Scarborough, January 1880.

Sphzria acuta Moug. Boynton, North Wood, January 1880.

Spheria doliolum Pers. Boynton.

Sphzria setacea Pers. Boynton, February 14th, 1880.

Stigmatea robertiani Fr. Boynton Botanical Gardens, March
1st, 1880.

Stigmatea polygonorum Fr. Boynton, May 14th, 1880.

Stigmatea sp. On L7/odbium, Boynton, Pond Wood, July 1880.

Naturalist,

299

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England.

INSECTS: HESRIPILERA,
1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888.

ALFRED BELL. Furness.

Post-glacial Insects [a list of recorded forms, including Czmex, sp., from
Ulverstone]. Ent., Jan. 1888, p. 2.

EDWARD A. BUTLER. Cumberland.

Pond Life: Insects [Gerr7s rufoscutellata found at Carlisle (p. 16)]. Small
8vo, cl., 128 pp. (‘ Young Collector’ series: Swan, Sonnenschein & Co.), 1886.

JOHN CoRDEAUX. York S.E.

Food of Crossbills [shot July 14th and 15th, at Kilnsea ; stomachs crammed
with nymphs of Phzlenus spumarius|. Nat., Sep. 1888, p. 276.

J: W. Douctas. Cheshire.
Notes on Some British Coccide (No. 4) [Lecantum hibernaculorum Boisd.,
L. hemisphericum Yarg.-Tozz., and Pulvinaria camellicola Sign., sent by
P. Cameron on hothouse plants from Sale]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Sep. 1886,
xxiii. 77-82. (No. 5) (reprinting Hardy’s note of occurrence of Psewdococcus
fagi Baerensp. in Ravensworth Woods]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Dec. 1886, xxiii. 153.
(No. 9) [Lecantum clypeatum n. sp., the mature form from Mr. P. Cameron,
of Sale, on Bryophyllum calycrinum and Asparagus plumosus|. Ent. Mo.
Mag., Aug. 1888, xxv. 59.
JAMES Epwarps, Cheviotld., Northbld., Lincs., Derbysh., York N.E.
A Synopsis of British Homoptera-Cicadina [the North of England
records are :—Czxius brachycranus Fieb., Gosforth ; Leburnia perspicillata
Boh., Cheviots, one example (Hardy); Z. do/di Scott? near Newcastle-on-
Tyne; Z. melanopachys Scott, Gosforth, October; 7Zrzecphora vulnerata
Illig., very abundant in Lincolnshire and Derbyshire, usually on long grass ;
and Agallia brachyptera Boh., North Cliff, Scarborough, amongst newly-cut
grass, end of June]. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886, pp. 54, 64, 70, 72, 97,

and 128.
W. W. Fow ier. York S.E.
[Derzocoris seticornis at Filey]. Nat., March 1886, p. 66.
W. W. FowLer. ‘ Lincoln.”

[Exhibition of minute Acari (species not stated), which had been doing
injury to fruit-trees near Lincoln, to Ent. Soc. Lond., October 6th, 1886. ]
Zool., Nov. 1886, x. 459, and other journals.

JaMes Harpy. Durham.

Coccus Fagi in the Ravensworth Woods [Aug. 1884]. Proc. Berw.
Nat. Club, vol. x, part ii (1885), p. 607.

James Harpy. Durham.

Aneurus levis (Fab.) at Gibside. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, vol. x, part ii
(1885), p. 608. .

James Harpy. Durham.

Report of Meetings of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club for the year 1885
[Psylliodes affinis, Aphis fabe vel rumicis, A. pruni vel arundinis, A. gale-
opsidis Kalt., A. rosarum, A. rumtcts, A. lythrt, and A. dianthi noted at
Dunston-on-Tyne]. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club for 1885 (pub. 1886), xi. 63-64.

July 1889.

200 BIBLIOGRAPHY : INSECTIS—HEMIPTERA, 1884-5-6-7-8.

WILLIAM HouGHTON. Yorkshire.
On Aphis rumicis, Linn., as a Pest on the Mangel-Wurzel Crops in
Shropshire in the Autumn of 1885 . . . [states incidentally, on the authority
of Mr. Buckton, that this Aphis committed very marked ravages in Yorkshire
in 1854, many hundred acres of turnip-fields being utterly ruined]. Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist., July 1886, Series 5, vol. 18, p. 2.
H. WALLIS Kew. Linc. N.
A Half-Day’s Ramble on the Lincolnshire Coast [at Mablethorpe, April
3rd, 1886; Motonecta glauca and Nepa cinerea noted}. Nat., June 1886, p. 173.
H. WALLIs Kew. Linc. N.
In the Woods [near Louth] in Summer [ 77iecphora sanguinolenta, Corixa
geoffroyt, and Notonecta glauca noted]. Nat. World, July 1886, iii. 121-124.
H. WAL Is Kew. Linc. N.
Triecphora vulnerata Illig. near Louth, Lincolnshire [plentiful at Kenwick
and occurs in other places]. Nat., Oct. 1886, p. 306.
Jas. EARDLEY Mason. Linc. N.
Acanthosoma hzemorrhoidalis washed up on the Coast of Lincolnshire
[at Mumby Chapel some years ago, in great abundance]. Nat., Mch. 1887, p. 66.
Jas. EARDLEY MASON. Linc. N.
Dicyphus constrictus, Boh. [taken at Well near Alford, 29th Sep., 1886,
two ; details given]. Ent. Mo. Mag., July 1888, xxv. 36.
Jas. EARDLEY MASON. Isle of Man.
Hemiptera-Heteroptera in the Isle of Man [near Castletown, Sep. 1887;
26 species enumerated]. Nat., Aug. 1888, p. 244.
James EARDLEY MASON. Linc. N., Linc. S.
A list of Some [122] Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Lincolnshire, with notes
on collecting [an important paper, with full details of locality and date, etc. ].
Nat., Oct. 1888, pp. 287-297 ; and additions, April 1889, p. 128.
J. J. Nixon. ‘ Derbyshire.
Great Capture of Water Beetles [also many Wega cinerea, and one Nofo-
necta glauca, in the mud of a dried-up dyke near Little Eaton]. Young Nat.,
Feb. 1885, vi. 37.
Gro. T. PorRIrT. York S.W.
Triecphora vulnerata in Edlington Wood, Yorkshire [12th June, 1886,
abundant ; named by J. W. Douglas]. Nat., Aug. 1886, p. 251.
GEORGE ROBERTS. Yorkshire.
Topography and Natural History of Lofthouse and its Neighbourhood
[etc.]. Vol. ii. Leeds: printed for the Author, 1885 [viii + 258 pages, 8vo;
references to Coccus cataphractus at p. 109; Frog-hopper (Phzlenus spumarius)
at pp. 133, 137, 145, 147; and to Aphides at p. 145].
ISABEL ROBSON. Durham, York N.E. and S.E.
A Plague of Flies [Aphides? at Stockton and Whitby, and all along the
coast to Hull; information vague]. Young Nat., Dec. 1886, p. 252.
H. T. SIMs. ‘Lincoln.’
Reduvius personatus at Lincoln [one found on a sack in Lincoln in July
1885]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Oct. 1885, xxii. 115.
TUFFEN WEST. York Mid W. or S.W.

Half-an-Hour at the Microscope [Denny’s record of the occurrence (in
Dove-cotes) near Leeds of Cimex columbarius Jen. repeated]. Journ. of
Microscopy and Nat. Sci., Oct. 1884, ili. 251.

Naturalist,

201

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT HOLMFIRTH.

THE 78th Meeting was held at Huddersfield on Whit-Monday, the
roth June, for the investigation of Holmfirth, Bilberry Reservoir,
Ramsden Edge, and Harden Moss.

The barometer having falien from 30°384° on the 5th to
29°634° on the gth, and, as might be expected with a leaden and
ill-boding sky, it was a matter of no small congratulation to the
members to find so good an attendance on this, the first excursion
of the year. Two routes were arranged: the geologists proceeded
to Holmebridge, thence by way of Ramsden Clough and Netherby
Clough to the Reservoir, afterwards returning to Holmfirth; the
second route, taken by the zoologists and botanists, was by way of
Holmebridge to the Reservoir, and at this point the party divided
into their various sections, each one taking its own course and
enjoying the ramble of research in true naturalists’ fashion,
eventually rejoining their geological friends at Holmfirth. The
whole party then journeyed by rail to Huddersfield, where a very
important proceeding took place, viz., the refreshment of the inner
man. It is to be regretted that the threatening aspect of the
weather was the means of preventing the attendance of many lady
friends at the excursion ; the Union was, however, favoured with the
presence of two or three at tea.

After tea and the usual sectional meetings, the general meeting
was held at 6.30, Mr. Chas. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S., President of the
Botanical Section, in the chair.

The minutes of the last meeting having been read and confirmed,
the following societies were admitted into the Union :—Huddersfield
Naturalists’ Society and the Purlwell Wesleyan Field Club, Batley.

Sixteen new members were elected, viz.:—Reg4 G. Alexander,
M.A., M.D., F.L.S., Halifax ; Thos. Atkinson, Whitby ; G. W. Kilner
Crosland, Huddersfield ; J. Percy A. Davis, Halifax ; Wm. Fletcher,
Pickering; A. E. Hall, Sheffield; the Right Rev. Wm. W. How,
D.D., Bishop of Wakefield; Henry Johnson, Barnsley; T. P.
Longster, Malton; J. E. Mason, S.S.C., Alford (Lincs.) ; Thomas
Mitchelson, Pickering; E. Naylor, Bradford ; F. H. Potter, Leeds ;
R. F. Scharff, B.Se., Ph.D., Dublin; W. W. Strickland, Richmond
(Surrey); John Wm. Wheldon, Pickering.

On calling the roll it was found that the undermentioned fifteen
societies were represented :—Clayton-West, Barnsley, Ovenden,
Elland-cum-Greetland, Leeds, Leeds Y.M.C.A., Leeds Geological,
Dewsbury, Halifax Scientific Society, Harrogate, Ellesmere School,

July 1889.

202 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HOLMFIRTH.

Practical N.S., Conchological Society, Huddersfield and Purlwell
Naturalists’ Societies.

On the motion of Mr. J. W. Davis, seconded by Mr. Benjamin
Holgate, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. F. R. Jones
for granting the Union permission to visit Harden Moss, and for
personally pointing out its interesting features; to the various
gentlemen who so kindly led the several parties during the day, and
also to the contributors to the excursion programme.

The Rey. E. P. Knubley, M.A. (or in the event of his inability
to attend, Mr. C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S.), was elected delegate to the
forthcoming meeting of the British Association at Newcastle.

The Secretaryship of the Marine Zoological Committee being
vacant, Mr. J. Percy A. Davis was elected to fill this position.

Time being somewhat short, and some of the sections being
not officially represented, the reports were necessarily curtailed.
More detailed accounts have, however, since been supplied. .

Mr. Edgar R. Waite, secretary of the Vertebrate Section, stated
that on reaching the Reservoir the party separated ; two or three
of the ornithologists tramped round the Reservoir, and were not long
in discovering the origin of its name, the banks being simply one
mass of Bilberries. They then joined some of the other members
who had gone by the road, and proceeded together up Marsden
Clough, down which flows one of the two streams by which the
Reservoir is supplied ; here were found two Ring Ouzels’ nests—
one containing eggs and the other not quite completed; nests of
Blackbirds and Thrushes were also found containing eggs. The
moors were next reached, where about a dozen Ring Ouzels were
seen. The party then made for Harden Moss, from whence they
returned to Holmfirth, having had a very enjoyable ramble, notwith-
standing the unfavourable aspect of the weather, and it was a matter
of agreeable surprise to all that they were able to reach their various
homes without having seen a single drop of rain. The Secretary,
who had compared notes with Mr. S. L. Mosley, reported that 44
birds had been seen, viz., 29 residents and 15 migrants. The
following is a complete list :—Missel Thrush, Song Thrush, Blackbird,
Ring Ouzel, Wheatear, Whinchat, Redstart, Redbreast, Whitethroat,
Willow Warbler, Hedge Accentor, Dipper, Great Tit, Blue Tit, Wren,
Pied Wagtail, Yellow Wagtail, Meadow Pipit, Tree Pipit, Swallow,
Martin, Sand Martin, Greenfinch, House Sparrow, Chaffinch, Linnet,
Redpole, Twite, Corn Bunting, Yellow Bunting, Starling, Magpie,
Jackdaw, Rook, Skylark, Cuckoo, Sparrow Hawk, Kestrel, Ring
Dove, Red Grouse, Corn Crake, Lapwing, Snipe, Sandpiper. The
manmmals were represented by the Rabbit and the Weasel.

Naturalist,

ee

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HOLMFIRTH. 203

For the Conchological Section, in the absence of its secretary,
Mr. John Emmet, F.L.S., who had to leave before the general
meeting, Mr. Roebuck stated that the well-known unfavourable
geological character of the high ground to which the excursion was
restricted had prevented much work in this department of research.
Only three species were reported, viz., Zonzfes cellarius and the two
ubiquitous slugs, Zémax agrestis and Arion bourguignati, the latter,
however, being of interest as a genuine addition to the published
lists for Huddersfield.

With respect to the Entomological Section, Mr. G. T. Porritt,
F.L.S., states that so far as this section is concerned the excursion
was almost an entire failure. Of Neuroptera the only species taken
were Stalis fuliginosa, Nemoura meyert, IV. variegata, and Hemerobtus
Aumutli.

The following lists are supplied by Mr. S. L. Mosley:— The
Lepidoptera noted were Pieris rapa, Fidonia atomaria, on moor,
Emmelesta albulata, Gelechia ericetella, Phoxopteryx myrtillana, larve
of Hybernia progemmaria, Chetmatobia brumata, C. boreata, Oporabia
jitigrammaria, Larentia didymata, Cidaria populata, and Notedonta
camelina, ‘Vhe Coleoptera included WVotiophilus biguttatus, Carabus
catenulatus, Nebria brevicollis, Calathus melanocephalus and var.
nubigena on Harden Moss, terostichus madidus, P. nigrita,
Harpalus latus, Patrobus excavatus, Bembidium littorale, Ocvpus
olens, Xantholinus linearis, Aphodius fimetarius, Phyllobius argen-
tatus, FP. alneti, Hylurgus piniperda (Harden Fir Wood),
Byrrhus pilula (Bilberry Mill), and Lezstus ferrugineus (Harden
Moss); of Diptera: Culex pipiens, Tipula oleracea, T. maculosa,
and two species not determined, Sargus cuprarius (pup found
and since bred), Syrphus ribesit, Syritta pipiens, and Lucila
cesar; of Hymenoptera: Formica fusca, Myrmica rubra, Andrena
cineraria (saw holes in banks, probably made by this species,
which has been taken on these high grounds, and also A. /z/va) ;
Bombus terrestris; and a pendant nest of a Wasp was brought
to the meeting, probably Vespa sylvestris, but the insect had been
squashed, a somewhat unorthodox proceeding at a naturalists’
meeting ; of Hemiptera-Homoptera: Aphis aucuparie, of which a
mountain ash above the reservoir was full.

Mr. P. Fox Lee, Phanerogamic Secretary for the Botanical
Section, who, with the President (Mr. C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S.) and
a large number of botanical members, reported for that section,
stated that a total of 150 observations had been made of the spring
and early summer plants, mostly in flower and fruit. Nothing new
or very remarkable had been noticed, save a few young plants of
July 1889.

204 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HOLMFIRTH.

what it is hoped will turn out under cultivation to be Cystopterts
Jragilis Bernh., a fern recorded for Ramsden Rocks in the neigh-
bourhood. Other noteworthy plants gathered during the day near
Bilberry Reservoir and at Harden Moss being Cardamine amara L..
(very fine specimens of the purple-anthered bitter-cress), Salix
aurita L., Carex preecox Jacq., C. pilulifera \.., Nephrodium filix-mas
var. borrert Newm. (with several forms ranging from the type to the
densely-scaled rachis and bright golden yellow fronds of true dorrert),
LV. oreopteris Desy. (luxuriant and typical), Polypodium phegopteris L.,
and P. dryopteris L.

In the absence of Mr. M. B. Slater, F.L.S., Cryptogamic Secretary
of the Section, Mr. C. P. Hobkirk reported that the following
mosses were found :—Dyuchodontium pellucidum, Dicranella squarrosa,
D. heteromalla, Ceratodon purpureus, Philonotis fontana, Funaria
hygrometrica, Bryum argenteum, Mnium punctatum cum fr., Brachy-
thectum rivulare, Plagiothecium undulatum (all more or less common
species). Hepatics: Diplophvllum albicans, Nardia scalaris, Junger-
mannia barbata (all sterile, the three latter sent to and determined by
Mr. Slater). Algze, determined by C. B. Crawshaw and C. P. Hobkirk:
Conferva tenerrima, Ulothrix tenerrima, U. variabilis, Spirogyra
Jlavescens, and a few scraps of Spirulina tenuissima.

The Secretary of the Geological Section (Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S.)
writes :— The geologists had an unrivalled opportunity of studying the
geology of the wild and romantic moorland district lying south-west
of Holmfirth. The picturesque glens or gorges (locally termed
cloughs), each with its little rivulet draining the lofty watershed of
the eastern flanks of the Pennines, often display on their sides good
sections of those divisions of the Millstone Grit series known as
the Third Grits and the Kinderscout. ‘The party were ably led by
Mr. Joseph Field, of Huddersfield, who has closely studied in detail
the geology of the district; and they further had the advantage of
the well-known experience of Mr. James Spencer, of Halifax. The
temperature of the day was well suited for the arduous ascents which
had perforce to be made here and there, as a cool and bracing wind
prevailed ; the fierceness of the sun’s rays of the previous week was
now neutralised by the grey and leaden clouds which swept slowly
across ; these were, too, in unison with the bleak and rugged scenery
all around.

The party on leaving Holmfirth Station passed through the
devious windings of the narrow streets, pausing at the bridge to note
the level the waters attained on that fateful day in 1852, when the
unrestrained torrents of the Bilberry Reservoir inflicted so much
devastation and death on this peaceful valley. The road was now

Naturalist,

YORKSHiRE NATURALISTS AT HOLMFIRTH. 205

taken from Holmfirth in the direction of Holmebridge, the valley
of the Holme being thickly studded with substantial stone-built
dwellings, and frequently with busy manufactories. It was a gradual
ascent all the way from 460 ft. above sea-level at Holmfirth to 610 ft.
at Holmebridge—on either side lofty grit-capped hills lined the valley.
The party now left the main road and turned on Brownhill Lane on
the way to Ramsden Clough, passing on the way the two reservoirs
recently constructed for the water supply of Batley. All the way the
scenery had become grander and more impressive. They were now
at an elevation of 800 ft., and before them the dark, imposing heights
of Ramsden Edge, Holme Moss, etc., rose steeply to an altitude of
1,600 ft. This bold line of escarpment, in the form of a gigantic
amphitheatre, in its regularity seemed like a colossal wall barring all
further progress. These heights are capped by the Third or Middle
Grits, and as the shales underneath weather away the superincumbent
rock falls off at its jointings, and the escarpment continues to preserve
its characteristic wall-like character. Here and there the mountain
streams cut their way into the escarpments, forming dikes or cloughs,
in which may be seen leaping silvery cascades.

Ramsden Clough is a fine section of the Third Grits series, about
550 ft. in thickness, overlying the Kinderscout Grit. The latter
forms an inlier in the valley, and the lowest bed in the series is quite
a conglomerate. Mr. Field then described the succession of the beds
composing the Third Grits, and recounted the divisions of the same
by the Geological Survey, who for these various sandstones employ
the letters A, B,C,and D. The escarpment of Holme Moss alluded
to is in the Division B. The party descended into Netherby Clough,
fording the small stream on the way, and made the steep ascent of
Netherby Brow to the quaint and isolated village of Holme, which
certainly is ‘far from the madding crowd,’ and, for this reason, would
be an admirable place for developing scientific studies. It stands in
a fine position, about 1,000 ft. above sea-level, and is surrounded by
majestic scenery. Although the tiny village was astir with Whitsun-
tide excitement, yet the Fleece was expansive enough to admit the
party for sorely-needed refreshment. Near the friendly gable of
Mr. Beardsall’s house, for the wind pierced the town-bred natures,
Mr. Field gave a short address upon the geology of the district before
them, explaining the salient points and positions of the beds.

And now to recover lost heat, the way was taken briskly down
Fieldhead Lane to Digley Wood, thence the geologists turned to the
left up the valley, past Bilberry Mill, and were shortly on the bank
of the famous reservoir of that name. It was a beautiful picture,
the placid sheet of water, like burnished silver, right in front the
July 1889.

206 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HOLMFIRTH.

lofty hill of Good Bent, and on the left and right of this hill
respectively were the romantic gorges of Hey Clough and Marsden
Clough, down which flowed the streams supplying the reservoir. It
seemed incredible that this quiet lake should once have been such
a terrible engine of destruction, but it was said that the embankment
was formerly eleven feet higher than it now is. ‘The shales above
the bank of the reservoir were examined, and a thin seam of coal
was seen. At Good Bent is the Kinderscout Conglomerate. They
passed next on Gibriding Lane, and gradually ascended to Green
Gate, where they were at an elevation of 1,100 ft. On the way the
evidences of the fault which extends nearly from Meltham to
Holmebridge were pointed out ; a little to the east of Austonley the
top of the Kinderscout Grit is thrown against a sandstone of the
Middle Grits. <A little detour was made from the road to visit
a quarry in which there is a thin seam of coal in the A sandstone of
the Middle Grits. Some small fossils, probably Stigmarian rootlets,
were here obtained by Mr. Spencer. It is known as the Upper
Meltham or White Rock coal. In the sandstone was noticed a large
concretion with concentric rings.

From the summit of this quarry Mr. Field detailed the scenery
around, and at this point was the grandest and most expansive view
of the day. To the south were the wall-like heights of Holme Moss,
succeeded on the east by a splendid series of step-like escarpments.
On Snailsden Moss, near Cook’s Study, was one formed by the
Second Grits or Flags, to which succeeded those formed by the Soft
Bed Flags, the Forty Yards or Loxley Edge Rock, the Eighty Yards
Rock, and the Elland Flag Rock or Green Moor Rock of the
Huddersfield district. Then the Grenoside Rock, on which the
erection known as Tinker’s Folly is built, was pointed out; also
the Rough Rock below Thurstonland. Turning round, the isolated
height of Castle Hill was very prominent, and West Nab also was well
seen. This lofty hill is capped by the Rough Rock, and, as Mr. Field
stated, there are some remarkable weathered masses of rock strewn
about, no doubt from landslips. The road to Holmfirth—having on
the nght the gorge of Hart Hole Clough, cut into the shales by the
tiny beck—was a most agreeable incline, coming at the close of

the day, dropping from 1,050 ft. at the Ford to 460 ft. at Holmfirth. .

It was felt that a most successful excursion had been made, and
if sections had been few, yet the configuration of the country and
the succession of the beds had been ably described in the field,
and some remarkable examples of denudation pointed out.

A vote of thanks to the chairman brought the proceedings to
a close.—E.R.W.

Naturalist,

207

NOTES ON NORTH OF ENGLAND ROCKS.

ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S.

THE study of rocks in thin sections under the polarising microscope
is, comparatively speaking, a new branch of geology; but it has
already opened out so large a field of research, and yielded results of
such interest, that it must be regarded as one of the most valuable
methods at our disposal for the solution of geological problems.
The great advances made on this line in the last twenty years are
mainly due to the labours of the German petrologists ; but, since
Dr. Sorby first led the way, there have not been wanting in England
zealous workers in this field, and the study is now becoming decidedly
more popular.

The chief obstacles have been the want of a standard work on
the subject in our own language, and the absence of any guide for
the beginner to the petrology of districts in the British Isles. These
needs have been supplied to a great extent by recent literature, and
especially by the publication of Mr. Teall’s ‘British Petrography’ ;
but descriptions of typical rocks from definite and easily accessible
localities may still be of service to students of micro-petrology. The
Northern Counties of England furnish examples of a large variety of
interesting types, a few of which will be described below. We shall
require for most purposes only a microscope provided with a low-
power objective, movable polariser and analyser, and rotating stage.
It will be convenient to describe in most cases particular slides, but
each rock will be so selected that specimens from the same locality
will not be likely to show any important variation from that described.

(i) Porphyritic Granite or Granite-porphyry of Shap Fells, West-
morland.—This rock, with its large pink felspar crystals, is well
known, both as an ornamental building-stone, and as the material of
the famous boulders which have been traced over Stainmoor and
across Yorkshire to the East coast. Since it has dark, but no white,
mica, it may be styled a Biotite-granite.

Under the microscope a section shows a rock of the granitic
type of structure, consisting of felspars, quartz, biotite, sphene, and
magnetite. The felspars are of rather turbid appearance, and most
of them belong to the orthoclase species, either in simple crystals or
twins. These last are clearly shown in polarised light, between
‘crossed Nicols,’ by the two parts of the crystal giving different
polarisation-tints and extinguishing the light at different times as the
July 1889.

208 HARKER: NOTES ON NORTH OF ENGLAND ROCKS.

slide is rotated. Under the same circumstances the longer and
narrower felspars exhibit the finely-banded or striated appearance
characteristic of plagioclase. They belong to an ‘acid’ variety
(oligoclase), as is proved by their low ‘extinction angles’; i.e., if the
bands be set parallel to one of the cross-wires, a small rotation
suffices to bring one or other set of alternate bands to a position of
extinction.

The clear quartz is dotted with minute inclusions, partly arranged
in lines. The abundant flakes of brown mica (biotite) are con-
spicuous by their marked cleavage traces and deep brown colour:
when rotated over the polariser, without the analyser, they show
intense dichroism. The biotite is, however, much affected by
decomposition, which often eats along the cleavage-planes, and
leaves a green chloritic mineral giving very low polarisation-tints,
almost dark, between crossed Nicols. The sphene occurs partly in
rounded granular patches, and partly in small acute parallelogramic
sections: it is light brown, with moderately bright polarisation-tints,
and in ordinary light seems to stand out in relief by virtue of its high
refractive index. The black, opaque magnetite is in irregular patches,
only occasionally showing the outlines due to octahedral crystals.

The sphene and magnetite are the first-formed constituents, then
the biotite, and lastly the quartz and felspars. The orthoclase is
newer than the plagioclase, as is proved by its sometimes enclosing
crystals of the latter. The orthoclase also encloses part of the quartz,
which in that case shows more or less perfect crystal outlines. The
iron-pyrites, often visible in hand-specimens of the rock, is a mineral
of secondary origin.

(ii) Dark patch in the Shap Fell Granite.—These dark patches,
the ‘ heathen’ of the quarrymen, are very common in the Shap rock,
as in some others. They are not sharply marked off from the granite,
and often contain the same pink felspar crystals, showing that the
patches are not included fragments, but parts of the rock separated
out in concretionary fashion at an early stage of the consolidation.
They are invariably of finer texture than the granite, and of more
‘basic’ constitution.

Under the microscope the slices show the same minerals as before,
but in different proportions. The biotite-flakes are more abundant,
though rather smaller: when cut nearly parallel to the basal cleavage
they show the hexagonal outline. | Granular sphene is very plentiful,
besides magnetite, and numerous little colourless needles of apatite.
This last mineral, which is rarer in the proper granite, is the first
product of consolidation. Quartz is present as before, and felspar,
but now the oligoclase seems to preponderate over the orthoclase.

Naturalist,

a ——s

HARKER: NOTES ON NORTH OF ENGLAND ROCKS. 209

(iii) Gretsen of Grainsgill, near Carrock Fell, Cumberland.—
This rock, probably of very local occurrence, is seen in hand-
specimens to consist of silvery white mica and quartz. Owing to the
tendency of the rock to break along the soft, well-cleaved mica-flakes,
these seem to make up a much greater part of the rock than is
actually the case.

In a thin section these two minerals are seen to constitute the
main bulk of the rock, but little feispar being present, and only a few
grains of opaque magnetite. The mica is in thick flakes or in confused
sheaf-like bundles of smaller scales, and is recognised at once by its
marked cleavage traces and bright red and green polarisation-tints.
It is partly moulded by the quartz, and partly wedged in between
the grains of that mineral. The quartz, with dust-like inclusions,
forms irregularly-shaped grains, often enclosing or moulding round
one another.

(iv) Granophyre of Buckbarrow, Cumberland.— This rock is
the ‘syenite’ of some early writers and the ‘chloritic granite’ of
Mr. Clifton Ward, but, although a red granite in general appearance,
its true structure, as revealed by the microscope, is that known as the
granophyric or micro-pegmatitic. ‘The bulk of the slide is seen to
consist of this micro-pegmatite, a minute intergrowth of felspar and
quartz. Over considerable areas of the slide the little wedges of
quartz have a common optical orientation, as is shown by their
simultaneous extinction between crossed Nicols; the same is
true of the felspar intergrown with the quartz. In this granophyric
ground-mass are embedded crystals of felspar, grains of quartz, and
scales of biotite. The felspars are partly orthoclase, but the longer
and narrower crystals by their striation and low extinction-angles are
proved to be an acid variety of plagioclase (albite or oligoclase).
A very beautiful feature of the rock is the evident relation of the
micropegmatite to the felspar crystals about which it has grown.
The felspathic constituent of the micropegmatite is in crystalline
continuity with the felspar crystal nearest to it, and extinguishes in
the same position with it between crossed Nicols. Some of the
felspar crystals (orthoclase) show twinning on the ‘Carlsbad law,’
and in these cases the surrounding micropegmatite divides into
two parts, in crystalline and optical continuity, as regards its
felspathic portion, with the two halves of the twin crystal
respectively.

The rock contains some biotite flakes, but these are all more or
less converted by secondary changes into a green mineral of the
chlorite family. Another secondary mineral is epidote, which
appears in nearly colourless, brilliantly polarising grains, patches,
July 1889. 0

210 HARKER: NOTES ON NORTH OF ENGLAND ROCKS.

and fan-like bundles, formed at the expense of the felspars and in
part of the biotite.

Specimens from different parts of the large intrusive mass of
Ennerdale and Buttermere show various grades of the granophyric
structure, and form a very interesting study. This structure indicates
a simuitaneous crystallisation of quartz and felspar during the final
stage of consolidation of the rock.

(v) Minette from dyke in Knock Beck, near Appleby, Westmorland.
The singular rocks known as mica-traps, belonging to the lamprophyre
family, are peculiarly susceptible to decomposition, and in ordinary
specimens contain a considerable proportion of carbonates of
secondary origin, causing the rock to effervesce briskly when acid is
dropped upon it. The present example shows a dull brown ground
spangled with flakes of brown mica.

Under the microscope these flakes are seen as the most prominent
constituent, cut in various directions by the plane of the section.
The mica belongs to the biotite species, but the greater part of each
flake is partially bleached by discharge of the iron-oxide, only a
narrow border retaining the original vivid brown colour. The strong
dichroism of the mineral is seen best in this marginal zone ; using
the polarising Nicol only, we get an intense brown colour when the
length of the flake is parallel to the shorter diagonal of the Nicol,
and a pale brown for the perpendicular position. The strong cleavage
of the mica shows in a series of fine parallel lines, except when the
flake happens to be cut parallel to the cleavage-planes. A tendency
to parallelism is observable among different flakes in the same part
of the slide, and must be attributed to a certain flowing motion of
the mass after the formation of the mica. The smaller flakes belong,
perhaps, to a rather later stage of consolidation than the large ones.

Magnetite is seen in the slice in opaque black sections, indicating
a very imperfect crystalline grouping. The only other original mineral
to be detected is represented by a few minute colourless prisms of
apatite. The felspar which must have formed the greater part of the
rock is entirely destroyed in the specimen examined, and there
remains only a dusty-looking ground-mass, composed, no doubt, of
minutely granular calcite, kaolin, etc., and interspersed with little
grains of clear quartz, which must be also a secondary product.

(vi) Quarts-Minetle of Sale Fell, near Bassenthwaite, Cumberland.
—This rock is described as ‘minette’ by Mr. Clifton Ward, who in-
vestigated the distribution of its boulders. .In some respects, however,
it differs from the usual type of Lake District minette, which is a
more normal example of the lamprophyre family. The Sale Fell
rock has less mica than these normal mica-traps, and quartz is an

Naturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 211

essential constituent in it, so that its composition is clearly more
‘acid.’ As usual the mica makes a greater show on hand-specimens
than is warranted by its actual quantity.

The microscope shows the following original minerals in order of
crystallisation : apatite, magnetite, biotite, plagioclase, quartz, and
orthoclase. Apatite, as usual in rocks of this family, is fairly abundant:
it forms longish colourless prisms, with characteristic cross-jointing,
and also very fine needles. It gives ‘straight extinction,’ or in other
words, is dark between crossed Nicols when the length of the crystal
is parallel to either of the cross-wires of the microscope. The slides
show some original magnetite in black opaque crystals, doubtless
octahedra. The brown mica (biotite) is for the most part decom-
posing into a green chloritic substance, with a separation of finely
granular secondary magnetite, easily distinguished from the original
crystals of that mineral.

The felspars are much destroyed, but many crystals still show the
fine twin-striation of plagioclase, with low extinction-angles denoting
one of the more acid varieties. Other crystals appear to be ortho-
clase, and it is to be noticed that these latter sometimes mould round
the quartz grains, showing them to be of posterior formation to that
mineral. In some places, again, a micro-pegmatitic intergrowth of
quartz and orthoclase indicates a simultaneous formation of these two
minerals as the final stage of the consolidation of the rock.

Besides feebly polarising green chloritic matter, radiating bundles
of brightly polarising epidote crystals occur among the alteration
products ; and also patches of calcite showing the characteristic
strong cleavage-traces and moderately weak polarisation-tints, the
double refraction of calcite being too great to cause bright colours in
slices of ordinary thickness. Further, some part of the quartz seen
in the rock is of secondary origin, and this’ may sometimes be
seen to have been deposited upon original quartz grains in crystalline
continuity with them.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Mr. William West, F.L.S., of the Bradford Technical College, has a paper on
“Desmids from Massachusetts’ in a recent number of the Royal Microscopical
Society's Journal—with two plates—in which some new species are described.

- = eo

In the ‘Pall Mall Gazette’ for the last day of the old year appeared a
thoroughly sympathetic and appreciative notice of the incalculable service which
Mr. John Hancock has rendered to science in Newcastle-on-Tyne.

———— ore
An appointment of interest to Leeds naturalists is that of Mr. Henry Crowther,
who, while Assistant-Curator at the Leeds Museum, was one of the four con-

chologists who founded the ‘ Conchological Society’ in 1876, to the curatorship of
the Museum at Truro, in Cornwall,

July 1880.

212 NOTES : AMPHIBIA, BIRDS, AND MOLLUSCA.

NOTE—AMPHIBIA.

Palmate Newt near Huddersfield.—This species (J/olge palmata) has been
found commonly in a pond at Dalton by Mr. Sheard. Another specimen was
taken from the pond in Beaumont Park by Master C. Mosley, on the 2nd May.
The most striking point of distinction is that the tail ends abruptly, with a wiry
filament protruding from the end.—S. L. Mos._ey, Huddersfield, June 1889.

NOTE—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Nightingale near Alford, Lincolnshire.—The Nightingale (Dazlias
Zuscinia), which rarely visits the Alford district, has this spring been heard in
unusual numbers. I have heard two, and from the reports brought to me do not
doubt that not less than fiye have taken up their quarters within three miles of
this town. Many persons have walked out to listen to their song ‘in the stilly
night.’—JAs. EARDLEY Mason, The Sycamores, Alford, 1oth June, 1889.

NOTES—MOLLUSCA.

Orange-coloured Arion ater at Durham.—The Rev. H. E. Fox, M.A.,
of Durham city, has sent me a specimen, nearly adult, of this abundant species,
which is of a very unusual colour, uniform bright crange-yellow with its foot-fringe
orange-vermilion, and tentacles dark grey with black bulbs. The colour is very
different from the orange-red of the form found so abundantly in the German
Rhineland, which precludes me from referring the Durham example to the same
variety (7d7a).—W. DENISON ROEBUCK, Leeds, June 17th, 1889.

Limax agrestis var. albida near Preston.—The pure albino variety of
this abundant species is sufficiently uncommon to merit record. My friend,
Mr. W. H. Heathcote of Preston, has sent me a nearly adult specimen, which he
found on the 18th of June on the river-bank at Walton-le-Dale (South Lancs.),
in company with great abundance of the type and of var. sy/vatzca Mogq., and a
single example of var. ¢v7st7s; there were also an Arvon bourguignat? (very small)
and a Limax maximus (very minute and black, markings obsolete)—W. DENISON
RoEBuCK, Leeds, 22nd June, 1889.

Helix fusca an Addition to the Manx Fauna.—-On the 12th of Sep-
tember, 1887, Mr. J. Eardley Mason was kind enough to collect for me, at Athol
Bridge, in the parish of Malew near Castleton, a number of shells. Of these the
most noticeable is He/ix fusca, a species which does not appear to have hitherto
been placed on record for the island; one specimen was sent. There were
also a few examples of Helrx hispida, one of Zonztes cellartus, and several of
Z. nitidulus, etc.

Mr. Mason also collected Azcylus fluviatilis in the Colby stream, Colby Glen,
Arbory parish, on the 15th September of the same year ; and in the Colby Glen,
same day, an adult Helzx aspersa, a few young 1. rufescens, two H. hispida, etc.
Mr. Taylor has seen and verified all the shells.—W. DENISON RoEBUCk, Leeds.

Shells at Kilton Castle, Cleveland.— Taking advantage of a visit from
Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, I easily induced him to accompany me on Easter
Monday, April 22nd, to Kilton Castle, Cleveland. Two or three smart showers
promised well for success, but Kilton does not appear to be so redundant in species
as might be supposed, and even allowing for the season for North-East Yorkshire
collecting hardly being at its best as yet, I was in hopes of securing a better list.
However, that appended is not without interest. The geological formation is
chiefly Lower Oolite, and the castle stands at the summit of a wooded slope
(Larch, of recent planting). Little was to be done away from the fallen masonry
of the ruins, and though lower down the valley we encountered deciduous timber,
yet little success rewarded us there. The following is our list :—Arion hortensts,
A. bourguignati, A. ater, Limax maximus, L. arborum, L. agrestis, L. levts,
Helix aculeata, H. nemoralis, H. hortensis, H. rotundata, H. hispida, H. sericea,
H. pyemea, H. arbustorum, Zonites fuluus, Z. alliarius, Z. purus and v. margart-
tacea, Z. cellarius, Z. nitidulus, Z. erystallinus, Pupa umbilicata, Clausilia
rugosa, C. laminata, Bulimus obscurus, Carychium minimum, Azeca tridens,
Zua lubrica, and Vitrina pellucida. —BAKER Hupson, Redcar, May 1889.

Naturalist,

ans

THE - BIRDS#OF
NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE TOWN MOOR.

R. DUNCAN.
THE following is a list of birds I have either shot or observed on the
Town Moor of Newcastle during a period extending over the last
thirty-five years. Those marked with an asterisk have been shot
by myself.

The Town Moor is an open grassy space, comprising about
1,000 acres, bounding the town on the north and west. Formerly,
before it was so extensively drained, there were numerous sedgy
pools of water, which remained all the year round, and the outskirts
consisted of fine hawthorn hedges and tall trees. These latter and
the pools are nearly all gone, and in consequence many birds which
used annually to resort here, now rarely come or have altogether
disappeared.

The list is interesting as’ showing that, although close to a large
town, many very rare specimens are recorded. Shooting was
formerly permitted on the moor, but has been stopped for some
years past.

*Missel Thrush (Zurdus viscivorus L.). These birds, like the
Starlings, were very plentiful previous to 1878. They then
disappeared for some years, and now only an occasional one is
to be seen.

*Song Thrush (Zurdus musicus \..). Formerly common, and nested
regularly, but is now only occasionally met with.

*Redwing (Zurdus iliacus 1.). Formerly a common winter
visitant. A few may now be observed on their arrival in
October, but they seldom stay long.

*Fieldfare (Zurdus filaris L.). A common winter visitant.
Arrives in October and departs late in Spring. I shot one out
of a flock as late as the 22nd of May in the year 1856.

*Blackbird (Zurdus merula 1.). Formerly a common resident
and bred regularly ; now only a pair or two are to be seen.

*Ring Ouzel (Zurdus torguatus L.). Rare; I have only seen
one specimen—a young bird shot in the autumn of 1866.

*Wheatear (Saxicola enanthe \..). Formerly an abundant
summer visitor; nested regularly; greatly diminished in
numbers of late years.

*Whinchat (Pratincola rubetra \..). The same remark applies.

Stonechat (Pratincola rubicola \..). Formerly not uncommon,
but has now entirely disappeared.

July 1889.

214 DUNCAN: BIRDS OF NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE TOWN MOOR.

*Redstart (Ruticilla phenicurus L.). Not uncommon; young
birds are frequently seen.
Blue-throated Warbler (Cyanecula suecica L.). A rare casual
visitant. One specimen is recorded by Mr. Hancock.
Redbreast (Zrithacus rubecula L.). A common resident.
*Whitethroat (Sy/via cinerea Bechst.). A common summer
visitor.
*Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla L.). Not uncommon, and may |
be still occasionally met with.
*Garden Warbler (Sy/via hortensis Bechst.). A summer visitor,
not uncommon.
*Golden-crested Wren (Regulus cristatus Koch). Not
uncommon in winter.
*Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus rufus Bechst.). A few years ago
quite common ; greatly decreased of late.
*Willow Warbler (PiyZ/oscopus trochilus L.). A common summer
visitor.
*Wood-Wren (Piylloscopus sibilatrix Bechst.). Rare of late
years.
*Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus phragmitis Bechst.). A common
_ summer visitor.
*Grasshopper Warbler (Zocustella nevia Bodd.). Not uncom-
mon, and though seldom seen, its note may still be heard.
*Hedge Accentor (Accentor modularis L.). Resident and
common.
Long-tailed Titmouse (Acredula rosea Blyth). Not uncommon
in winter.
*Great Titmouse (/arus major L.). Formerly a common
resident ; has greatly decreased of late years.
*Cole Titmouse (/arus ater 1.). A resident, but not common.
*Marsh Titmouse (Parus palustris L.). A resident, but not
common.
*Blue Titmouse (Parus ceruleus L.). A resident and common.
*Wren (Zvoglodytes parvulus Koch). A resident and common.
*Pied Wagtail (Moracilla lugubris Temm.). Resident and
common.
*Grey Wagtail (Motacilla melanope Pallas). Not uncommon in
summer ; rarely seen in winter.
*Ray’s Wagtail (MWotacilla raii Bonap.). Not uncommon ;
a few pairs breed annually adjoining the moor.

Naturalist,

di

*Meadow Pipit (Anthus pratensis L.). Resident and very
common.

*Tree Pipit (Axthus trivialis L.). Common in summer.

Richard’s Pipit (Axthus richardi Vieill.). A rare casual
visitant ; one specimen is recorded by Mr. Hancock.

*Rock Pipit (Axthus obscurus Lath.). Occasionally met with
in winter.
Red-backed Shrike (Lantus collurio 1..). A rare casual
visitant. ‘Two specimens are recorded by Mr. Hancock.
*Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola L.). Not uncommon,
although greatly diminished in numbers.

*Swallow (Airundo rustica L.). Formerly common; has con-
siderably decreased of late years.

*Martin (Chelidon urbica L.). ‘The same remark applies.

*Sand Martin (Cofile riparia L.). Not uncommon in autumn.

Goldfinch (Carduelis elegans Stephens). About thirty-five years
ago a few were seen annually in the nurseries adjoining the
moor, but they have now, along with the nurseries, totally
disappeared.

*Chaffinch (/7ingilla celebs L.). Resident and common.

*Brambling (/7ingilla montifringilla L.). A winter visitant,
often in considerable numbers.

*Greenfinch (Ligurinus chloris 1.). A resident and common.

*House Sparrow (Lasser domesticus L.). The same remark
applies.

*Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus L.). Not uncommon, may
often be seen feeding on the roads which cross the moor.

*Linnet (Linota cannadina \..). Common in winter.

*Lesser Redpoll (Zinota dinaria L.). Not uncommon.

*Yellow Bunting (Lmdberiza citrinella L.). A resident and
common.

*Common Bunting (Zmberiza miliaria L.). The same remarks
apply.

*Reed Bunting (Lméeriza scheniclus L.). Formerly common,
and bred regularly ; has greatly decreased of late years.
*Snow Bunting (Plectrophanes nivalis L.). Common in winter,

but in greatly diminished numbers; formerly I have seen
immense flocks. The earliest arrival I have noted is Sep. 27th.
*Starling (Sturnus vulgaris 1..). Very plentiful previous to the
hard winter of 1878-9 ; greatly diminished for some time after.

They are now increasing rapidly.
July 1880.

DUNCAN : BIRDS OF NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE TOWN MOOR. 215

216 DUNCAN: BIRDS OF NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE TOWN MOOR.

*Magpie (Pica rustica Scop.). Has totally disappeared, although
formerly common. ‘The last nest was on the border of the
moor in 1853. The year previous five young birds got off.

*Jackdaw (Corvus monedula L.). Common.

*Carrion Crow (Corvus corone L.). Rapidly disappearing,
although an occasional one may yet be seen.

*Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix L.). Common in winter ;
I think it has increased in numbers of late years.

*Rook (Corvus frugilegus L.). Very plentiful.

*Skylark (Alauda arvensis L.). Resident and common twenty-
eight years ago. I have known seventy to be taken by a lark-
net in two nights. There were also captured at the same time
nine common buntings, two snowflakes, and a woodcock. The
moor was a favourite roosting-place, but owing to the drainage,
the birds have nearly all left.

* Swift (Cypsedus apus L.). A common summer visitor.

Nightjar (Caprimulgus europeus 1..). A summer visitor, not
uncommon.

Kingfisher (Aledo ispida L.). Not uncommon; I have seen
several of late years.

Wryneck (/ynx torquilla \..). Has totally disappeared; the
last I saw was shot in 1859.

*Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus \..). A regular summer visitor.

*Short-eared Owl (Asio brachyotus Forster). Not uncommon ;
generally seen in March and October.

Rough-legged Buzzard (Archibuteo lagopus Gm.). A rare
casual visitant. I saw one on the 25th October, 1876, and
another in November 1888.

*Sparrow-Hawk (4ccipiter nisus L.). Not uncommon, but not
so plentiful as formerly.

Hobby (Falco subbuteo \..). A rare casual visitant. I have had
two specimens, both males—the first shot on the 25th July,
1853, and the second on the r5th August, 1859.

*Merlin (Falco esalon Tunstall). Not uncommon. To be seen
every year in autumn and winter. I have frequently seen this
little falcon attack the Hooded Crow and Rook, and drive
them from the vicinity.

*Kestrel (Zinnunculus alaudarius Gm.). Formerly common;
decreased of late years.

*Heron (Ardea cinerea J..). Not uncommon; I have seen
specimens most frequently in the month of July.

Naturalist,

al

Little Bittern (4/detta minuta L.). An extremely rare visitor.
In April 1859 I saw one alight on a tree, on which it
sat for a short time, and then skimmed off low across the moor
and disappeared. A few days after a specimen was shot in the
garden at Denton Hall, three miles off. This is recorded by
Mr. Hancock.

*Bean Goose (Auser segetum Gmel.). A winter visitant. I shot
a fine specimen as it rose from a pond on the 26th October,
1878. It was a very misty morning.

[The Pink-footed species (Anser brachyrhynchus) is the
Common Wild Goose of the district. ‘The Bean Goose is of
much more uncommon occurrence.—W. E. Clarke. ]

Egyptian Goose (Chenalopex egyptiacus Auct.). Two of these
birds were shot out of a flock of four in 1860. They may have
been escaped birds.

Sheldrake (Zadorna cornuta Gm.). Not uncommon. I know
of several having been shot, and have seen two myself.

*Mallard (Axas boschas L.). A common visitant.

*Teal (Querguedula crecca L.). A common visitant ; young birds
appear regularly in August.

*Shoveller (Spatula clypeata L.). A rare casual visitant. I saw
a pair in 1859, and on the rst August, 1873, I shot a mature
female ; it was in company with another.

*Wigeon (Mareca penelope L.). An occasional winter visitant.

Pochard (fudigula ferina L.). A rare visitant. I saw one
which was shot in 1858.

*Ring Dove (Columba palumbus L.). Common adjoining the
moor. I have often seen immense flights crossing the moor
in winter.

Stock Dove (Columba enas \..). Several have been shot of
late years, and I believe they breed in the vicinity.

*Turtle Dove (Zurtur communis Selby). A rare casual visitant.
I shot one on the r1th November, 1853.

Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus \..). A frequent visitor.

Partridge (Perdix cinerca Lath.) Common. The moor is a
“favourite roosting-place.

Quail (Coturnix communis Bonnat.). Not uncommon; occa-
sionally breeds adjoining the moor.

Red Grouse (Zetrao scoticus \ath.). An accidental visitor.
One was shot in 1859, and several were seen in February 1886.

*Corn-Crake (Crex pratensis Bechst.). A common visitant, and
breeds adjoining the moor.

July 1889.

DUNCAN: BIRDS OF NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE TOWN MOOR. 217

218 DUNCAN: BIRDS OF NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE TOWN MOOR.

*Waterhen (Gadllinula chloropus L.). Formerly common ; only
stragglers to be seen now, owing to the drainage of their
feeding-grounds.

*Golden Plover (Charadrius pluvialis L.). Common in autumn
and winter; young birds generally appear in the latter part of
July.

*Grey Plover (Sguatarola helvetica \..). Not uncommon;
I have seen and shot several, all in first plumage.

*Ringed Plover (gialitis hiaticula L.). I have only once
met with this bird, which I shot.

*Dotterel (Zudromias morinellus \..). A regular spring and
autumn visitant, generally appearing in the first week in May.
I have only three exceptions to note: two were shot on the
21st of April, 1862; six appeared on the 16th of April, 1884,
and one was seen on the 8th of April, 1886. I have often
seen both old and young birds, on their return, in the middle
of August.

*Lapwing (Vanellus vuigaris Bechst.). A resident and common ;
I think they have greatly increased in numbers within the
last few years.

*Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola L.). Not uncommon ; frequently
found in the boundary ditches; I have only once flushed
one on the open moor.

*Common Snipe (Gallinago celestis Frenzel). Common ; some
years they are more numerous than in others; young birds
generally appear in the latter part of July.

*Jack Snipe (Gadlinago gallinula L.). A common autumn and
winter visitant. The earliest arrival I have noted is Sep. 16th.

*Dunlin (Z7inga alpina \..). A common visitor in May, and
the young in July.

Temminck’s Stint (Z7ga temmincki Leisl.). An extremely
rare visitor. One specimen is recorded by Mr. Hancock.

*Curlew Sandpiper (Z7inga subarguata Giild.). An occasional
visitor. I have only shot one specimen in first plumage, on
September 22nd, 1880.

*Ruff (Wachetes pugnax \.). A regular visitant in September.
I have shot several, all in first plumage.

*Common Sandpiper (7Zringoides hypfoleucos L.). Formerly not
uncommon in May, but owing to the ponds they frequented
having been drained, they have disappeared.

*Green Sandpiper (elodromas ochropus L.). A rare visitant.
I have only obtained one specimen, which I shot on the 8th of

Naturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 219

August, 1878; it was in first plumage. I have seen several
others, all in August.

*Wood Sandpiper (Zotanus glareola Gm.). A rare casual
visitant. I have shot two specimens—one on the rst Sep-
tember, 1873, and the other on the 9th September, 1880;
both were in first plumage.

*Redshank (Zotanus calidris L.). Only occasionally met with.
I have seen specimens in July and September. .

*Curlew (Vumenius arquata L.). A common resident; they
frequently breed in the fields adjoining the moor.

*Whimbrel (NMuwmenius pheopus L.). Not uncommon. I have
frequently seen old birds in May, and the young in August.

“Herring Gull (Larus argentatus Gmel.). Not uncommon ;
young birds have been frequently shot.

“Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus L.). Commoner
than the last ; large flights are often seen.

*Common Gull (Larus canus L.). Quite as common as the
last.

*Black-headed Gull (Zarus ridibundus L.). Common; most
frequently seen in July, August, and September.

Little Auk (Mergulus alle 1). Several have been found dead
after severe weather.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Mr. George Roberts has recently published—in the ‘ Yorkshire Post’—his
‘Miscellaneous Rural Notes for 1888,’ being the twenty-seventh year during which
he has carried on his observations on periodical natural phenomena at Lofthouse.
Pook

By an article in the Journal of the Marine Biological Association from the pen
of Prof. McIntosh, we note that Mr. Edward E. Prince, B.A., of Leeds, has of
late years devoted himself with energy and success to the study of the reproduction
and development of the British food-fishes, on which he has published numerous
valuable papers.

SS

Similar subjects have also for some years occupied the attention of Mr. George
Brook, F.L.S., formerly of Huddersfield, and now Lecturer in Comparative
Embryology in the University of Edinburgh, by whom we have been favoured
with copies of his papers on * The Formation of the Germinal Layers in Teleostei,’
1886, ‘Notes on the British species of Zeugopteris’ (of which one, Z. papzllosus,
is described as new), 1887, ‘On the Epiblastic Origin of the Segmental Duct in
Teleostean Fishes and in Birds,’ 1887, and ‘ Notes on the Reproduction of Lost
Parts in the Lobster,’ 1886, all illustrated by plates.
>» <—_

Our old and valued correspondent, Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, has sent us a copy
of a paper published ‘by him in the ‘Canadian Entomologist’ for March 1889 on
‘The Citation of Localities,’ in which he calls attention to the loose and careless
way in which localities are cited for specimens, instancing ‘ Colorado,’ which may
not only refer to any altitude from 4,000 ft. to 14,000 ft., and to anywhere within
an area of no less than 103,948 square miles, but actually includes portions of two
distinct zoo-geographical regions. Mr. Cockerell urges upon collectors—with
ample reason—the importance of accurate detail in matters of this kind.

July 1889.

220

NOTES AND NEWS.

At the anniversary meeting of the Linnean Society this year two Yorkshire
botanists of eminence—Mr. J. Gilbert Baker, F.R.S.,and Robert Braithwaite, M.D.,
—were elected into the Council, and Mr. W. Percy Sladen, F.G.S., was re-elected
Zoological Secretary.

—_ — »>coe-—__—_—_

Among the recent elections to the Fellowship of the Linnean Society we are
pleased to observe the names of Mr. Matthew B. Slater, of Malton, whose work
amongst the North Yorkshire mosses and hepatics is so well known, and
Mr. H. Bendelack Hewetson, F.Z.S., of Leeds, an ex-president of the Leeds
Naturalists’ Club and Scientific Association,
poo

At a recent meeting of the Sheffield Naturalists’ Club, the president (Mr. E.
Howarth, F.R.A.S.) in the chair, Dr. H. C. Sorby gave an account of some most
interesting and valuable researches made on board his yacht ‘Glimpse’ on the
Essex and Suffolk coasts into the habits of certain marine mollusca belonging to
the genera ALya, Scrobicularia, Tellina, Cardium, and Pholas.

a

We have received from our old friend Dr. Robert F. Scharff, whose Leeds and
Bradford friends are pleased to note his promotion last year to the important post
of curator of the natural history department of the Dublin Museum of Science and
Art—in which he succeeded to another gentleman of Leeds relationship (Mr. A.
G. More)—a copy of his recent paper on the occurrence of Pallas’ Sand-Grouse
in Ireland, in which are collected together records of about a hundred specimens.
pore

In a recent number of our spirited Liverpool contemporary ‘ Research,’ we
notice an excellent portrait and an appreciative sketch of the scientific career of
Mr. J. W. Davis, F.S.A., etc., a gentleman well known for the amount of work
he has accomplished for Yorkshire geology, not only as an original investigator,
but also as secretary of the Yorkshire Geologieal and Polytechnic Society and as
one of the authors of ‘ West Yorkshire.’

-—— _ — >0~< — ——_

At recent meetings of the Entomological Society of London, the Rev. C. F.
Thornewill, M.A., of Burton-on-Trent; Mr. N. F. Dobrée, of The New Walk,
Beverley, President of the Entomological Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union; Mr. J. Harrison, of Gawber Road, Barnsley ; and Mr. S. L. Mosley, of
Beaumont Park, Huddersfield, were elected Fellows, thereby strengthening a
Society which, while ranking among the most useful of our learned bodies, has
hitherto been very inadequately supported by students of the branch of science
which it has done so much to promote.

_—__ eee

Mr. John H. Metcalfe, Leyburn, Wensleydale, a member of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, has submitted to the respective Governments a plan for ridding
Australia and New Zealand of the rabbit pest. This is by means of evgot of rye,
a parasitical fungus peculiar to the rye grass and rye cereal, as well as to other
grasses. The consumption of this, it is said, will cause the does to abort, and
ultimately render them darren (?). It was originally intended to have spread the
fungus amongst the native grasses, but as this would be similarly injurious to
cattle and sheep partaking of it, the idea has been modified. The scheme now
proposed is the manufacture of cakes of sweet herbs (such as the rabbits like)
containing the ergot, and spreading them about the runs in curn-growing districts,
in the large tracts of unoccupied Government lands, and in such places not
occupied by cattle and sheep. The rabbit, it will be remembered, was first
introduced into the colonies about twenty years ago, and was then so much of a
novelty that it commanded fancy prices. Now it is swarming in countless
millions, and eating up whole areas; in some districts there is scarcely a blade of
grass, or herbage of any kind, to be seen. The Governments have sanctioned the
introduction of stoats and weasels, which have already arrived in large quantities,
but this it is obvious will prove a remedy worse than the disease. Mr. Metcalfe
will be glad to have the opinion of naturalists respecting his plan.

Naturalist,

221

BIBLIOGRAPHY :

Papers and records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England.

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS,
1885, 1886, 1887, 1888.

THis instalment of about four dozen titles represents for the most
part the casual and incidental references made to animals of this
group by general naturalists, and there is some amount of uncertainty
as to species when the references are to ‘newts.’ The nomenclature,
in default of a recent list of the British species, is not according to
any particular standard.

ANON. [not signed]. Linc. N.
Louth Naturalists’ Society [4u/o calamzta noted as plentiful at Mable-
thorpe]. Nat. World, Aug. 1886, iii. 158.
ANON. [not signed]. York N.E.
Ayton School News [a Chameleon found near Stokesley, Oct. 22nd, creeping
on the top of a hedge]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Noy. 15th, 1886, x. 170.
ANON. [not signed]. York S.W.
Ackworth Reports.—Natural History Society [Pe//as berus and Anguis
Sragilis at Stapleton Park; and Zootoca v7vipara at Went Cutting]. Nat.
Hist. Journ., Sep. 15th, 1887, xi. 128.
ANON. [not signed]. Northumberland S.
List of . .. Donations to the Museum... of the Natural History
Society [of Newcastle-on-Tyne], from June 1877 to August 1887 [1879,
Blind Worm (Azguzs fragilis) from near Bardon Mill (Jas. Armstrong) ].
Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb., Durh,,and Newc., vol. 9, part 2 (1888), p. 276.
James BACKHOUSE, junr. York N.W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Hawes [28th Aug., 1884; Zootoca
vivipara noted at Buttertubs Pass]. Nat., Aug. 1884, p. 18.
JAMES BACKHOUSE, jun. York Mid W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Boroughbridge [25th May, 1885 ;
Smooth Newt (A/olge punctata) noted]. Nat., July 1885, p. 279.
JAMES BACKHOUSE, junr. York S.E.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Flamborough Head [14th June,
1886; Smooth Newt (J/olge punctata) and Great Warty Newt (777tov
cristatus) noted]. Nat., July 1886, p. 215.
W. D. BRAITHWAITE, Secretary. York S.W.
Ackworth Natural History Society [Spawn of Rana temporaria noted
22nd March, 1887]. Nat. Hist. Journ., April 15th, 1887, xi. 58.
WILLIAM D. BRAITHWAITE, Secretary. York S.W.
Ackworth School Natural History Society [Grass Snakes ( 77opidonotus
natry?x) reported on good authority to be common in Womersley and Stapleton
Parks; while Vipers (e/éas berus) abound at Brockendale]. Nat. Hist.
Journ., May 16th, 1887, xi. 80.
JAMES CARTER. York Mid W.
Dimensions of the Adder [(Pe/‘as berus); two killed near Grantley some
years ago, 27 and 25 inches in length]. Field, June rith, 1887, p. 836.

July 1889.

222 BIBLIOGRAPHY: REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS, 1885-6-7-8.

J. ES CEARRS York N.E.
[Spawn of Toad (ufo vulgaris) seen at Kirkdale Cavern, April 24th, in
ribbon-like pieces several vards long; also Slow-worms (dAxguis fragilis)
about 20 inches long]. Nat. Hist. Journ., May 16th, 1887, xi. 82.
J. E. CLARK. Cumberland.
Toads [Bufo vulgaris} by the Thousand [in July 1887 on the Dub Moss,
near Allonby-on-Solway]. Nat. Hist. Journ., April 14th, 1888, xii. 72.
York Mid W.
W. EAGLE CLARKE, W. DENISON ROEBUCK, and WILLIAM STOREY.
Upper Nidderdale and its Fauna... Reptiles and Amphibians [an
annotated list of three reptiles and three amphibians]. Nat., July 1886, p. 204.
JOHN CORDEAUX. : York S.E.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Spurn Point [3rd Sep., 1884;
Zootoca vivipara noted]. Nat., Nov. 1884, p. 92.
JoHN CORDEAUX. Linc. N. and S.
Lincolnshire [with a reference to the numerical decrease of frogs, or ‘ Lincolnshire
nightingales’ (Rana femporaria)|. Nat., Jan. 1886, p. II.
D. EMBLETON. Durham, Westmorland, York N.W.
A Catalogue of the Place-names in Teesdale [including some derived
from the Frog (Rana temporaria), Hagworm, Newt (J/olge punctata, etc.), and
Adder (Pelias berus); see pp. xiii., 33 (‘ Lartington frogs’), 62 (Newt), 76
(Adder), 77, 88, and 195 (Worm or Snake), 87 (Frog), 87, 95 (Hagworm=
Anguis fragilis), 103 (Adder), 203 (Frog), 211 (Adder)]. Nat. Hist. Trans.
of Northd., Durh., and Newc., vol. ix. part i (1887), pp. i-xvilil and 1-223.
J. FLEMING. York S.W., Notts.
The Microscopical Characteristics and Longevity of Frogs and Toads
[discussing an alleged case of a living Toad (Azo wilgarzs) being found in
a block of coal, 320 yards from the surface, West Retford Mine at Tinsley
Park; and a similar case of a frog (Rana feniforaria) at Bubbington
Collieries near Nottingham]. Ann. Rep. Manch. Microsc. Soc. for 1880
(pub. 1887), pp. 54-58; rep. Nat. World, Sep. 1887, iv. 159-161.
JAMFS FLEMING. Cheshire.
Rambles during the Year 1887.—-Bramhall [2nd July; ‘tadpole of newt’
noted in pond]. Ann. Rep. Manch. Microsc. Soc. for 1887 (pub. 1888), p. 65.
LEONARD GAUNT. York SE;
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Pocklington [24th June, 1885;
Zootoca and Pelias noted]. Nat., Aug. 1885, p. 308.
LEONARD GAUNT. York S.W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Askern [20th May, 1886; Rana
temporaria and Bufo vulgaris noted]. Nat., June 1886, p.° 189.
LINN.£US GREENING, ~ Lance. S., Cheshire.
Reptiles of Warrington District [being records for elias berus, Tropido-
notus natrix, Lacerta agilis, Zootoca vivipara, and Anguts fragilis). Nat.,
March 1886, p. 81.
LINN-EUS GREENING. Lanc. W.
Palmated Newt [J/olee falmata] in Lancashire [at Garstang, April 1886].
Zool., June 1886, x. 250.
LINN-EUS GREENING. Lanc. S., Lanc. W., Chesh., York N.E.
Newts near Warrington [all three species recorded with localities in Cheshire
and Lancashire, and one in Yorkshire]. Nat., Aug. 1888, p. 243.
LINNZUS GREENING. Chesh., Lanc. S. and W.

British Frogs and Toads a paper read before the Warrington Field Club
November 18th 1887 [The North of England information is printed in the
‘Naturalist’ for Dec. 1888; see next title]. . . . —Warrington: printed
for private circulation.—1888 [8vo, sewn, 26 pages].

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY: REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS, 1885-6-7-8. 223

LINN-EUS GREENING. Cheshire, Lanc. S., Lanc. W.
The Natterjack Toad in Cheshire and Lancashire [at Wallasey sand-
hills abundant, also at Formby and at Garstang; details of habits and life-
history]. Nat., Dec. 1888, pp. 357-359.
J. H. Gurney, Jun. ‘York.’
Sparrowhawk and Viper [(7e/ias berus) in York, killing each other]. Nat.,
Jan. 1886, p. 17; rep. Nat. Hist. Journ., Feb. 15th, 1886, x. 19.
James Harpy. J Northumberland S.
Report of Meetings of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club for the year
1885... . Rothbury [24th June; Adders (elias berus) plentiful on the
lower spurs of Simonside, but none on the higher peaty ground near the
summit of the ridge]. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club for 1885 [pub. 1886], xi. 41.
G. E. HastInecs. ‘York.’
[Spawn of Frog (Xana temporaria) near York as early as Feb. 21st, 1888].
Nat. Hist. Journ., April 14th, 1888, xii. 68.
G. E. HAsriNcs. York S.W.
A Lizard Hunt [at Went Cutting near Pontefract, April 11th, 1887;
after Zootoca vivipara|. Nat. Hist. Journ., Nov. Ist, 1888, xii. 182.
G. E. HasTINcs. York S.W.
Feeding Toads and Lizards {(Aujfo vulgaris and Zootoca vivipara) ; pre-
sumably at Ackworth]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Nov. 1st, 1888, xii. 182.
G. E. HASTINGs. ? York S.W.
Newt-Tadpoles [as observed no doubt at Ackworth, although place is not
stated ; 7ritonw cristatus and Lissotriton punctatus). Nat. Hist. Journ.,
Nov. Ist, 1888, xii. 183.
G. E. HAsvrincs. ? York S.W.
Tadpoles [in Salt-and-Water ; species not stated, possibly Rana tem-
poraria ; place not stated, no doubt Ackworth School]. Nat. Hist. Journ.,
Nov. Ist, 1888, xi. 184.
G, E. HAsTINGs. ‘York.’
[Last Newt (species not stated), 20th Oct., presumably near York]. Nat.
Hist. Journ., Nov. 15th, 1888, xii. 203.
Joun F. HI ts, Secretary. York N.E.
York, Bootham. Natural History Club [ Vipers (/¢e//as berus) from Strensall].
Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, 1888, xii. 111.
J. A. JACKson. Lanc. W.
Notes on the Black-headed Gull near Garstang [on ‘Gull Moss,’ where
also Pelvas berus occurs]. Nat., May 1887, p. 130.
H. WALLIS Kew. Linc. N.
Field Notes [Frog Tadpoles (Xana ‘emporaria) just emerged from the ova
near Burwell on April 3rd, but many ovum-masses remained unhatched].
Nat. World, Jan. 1886, ii. I.
H. WALLIs Kew. Linc. N.
Another Postglacial Ravine [Hubbard’s Valley near Louth] and its
inhabitants [mentioning Zoofoca vivipara}. Nat. World, March 1886, iii. 42.
H. WALLIS Kew. Linc. N.
In the Woods in April [3rd, 1885; near Louth; tadpoles of Rana tem-
porarta noted]. Sci. Goss., April 1886, p. 78.
H. WaLLIs Kew. Linc. N.
Old Chalk-pits [near Louth; mention made of 7yiton cristatus and Zootoca
vivipara]. Nat. World, May 1886, iii. 81-82.

July 1889.

224 BIBLIOGRAPHY: REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS, 1885-6-7-8.

E. P. KNUBLEY. York Mid W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union in Upper Nidderdale [July 1886;
Anguts fragilis noted]. Nat., Aug. 1886, p. 253.
S. L. Mostey. York S.W.
Annual Report, 1883. . . . Vertebrata [Zovtoca vivipara, Dungeon
Wood]. Trans. Huddersfield Nat. Soc., Part 1 (pub. 1884), p. 7).
S. L. MOSLEY. York S.W.
Annual Report, 1884. . . . Repitilia [record of re-appearance of Azguis
Jragil7s in Beaumont Park, Huddersfield, where it was formerly common but
not seen for many years]. Trans. Huddersfid. Nat. Soc., Part 2 (pub. 1885), p.9.
S. L. MOsLey. York S.W.
Catalogue of Reptiles Found in the Neighbourhood of Huddersfield
[giving localities for 77opidonotus natrix, Anguis fragilis, Lacerta vivipara,
Triton cristatus, T. teniatus, Bufo vulgar a and Rana temporaria; Vipera berus
stated to be absent]. Trans. Huddfid, Nat, Soc., Part 2 (pub. 1885), pp- 31-32.

J. J. Nixon: Derbyshire.
Great Capture of Water Beetles [and anecdote of capture of a ‘ Sand-
lizard’ (possibly a newt) at Little Eaton]. Young Nat., Feb. 1885, vi. 37.
E. F. REYNOLDs. York S.W.
A Red Viper [(/e//as berus) at Stapleton Park, Went Vale, 6th May,
1887 ; much smaller than usual and very red]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Nov. Ist,
1888, xii. 182.
L. RICHARDSON. Cumberland.
The Ascent of Cross Fell, April 26th, 1886 [ova of Rana temporaria
(frog-spawn) noted in a small pond, ‘2000 ft. up’]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Feb.
15th, 1888, pp. 13-14.
L. RICHARDSON. York N.E.
The York School Excursion to Scarbro’, June roth, 1886 [Azgzr's fragrlis
caught near Bee Dale]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Feb. 15th, 1888, p. 14.
CHARLES ROBSON. ? Durham or Northumberland S.
Viviparous Lizard (Zootoca vivzpara) [being notes on a gravid female caught
basking in the sun in a drystone dyke, July 21st, 1885; locality (not stated)
probably near Newcastle-on-Tyne]. Sci. Goss., Dec. 1886, p. 281.
Wma. DENISON ROEBUCK. Lanc. S., York S.E.
The true Sand Lizard [Lacerta agilis] in the North of England [at
Southport, where it is abundant on the sandhills; the Natterjack (Azo
calamita) also occurs there; reference made to the Spurn Zoofoca]. Nat.,
June 1885, p. 258.
W. Cecit Scorr and WALTER Booru. York N.E.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Pickering [Aug. 1886; Rama tem-
poraria, Bufo vulgar?s, and Afolge noted]. Nat., Sep. 1886, p. 273.
M. L. SyKEs. Lane. S.

Rambles during the Year 1887.—Worsley [Aug. 27th; tadpoles of Newt
and Frog (Rana temporaria) |. Ann. Rep. Manch. Microsc. Soc. for 1887

(pub. 1888), p. 68.

W. H. WARNER. Yorkshire, Durham.

The Blindworm (42g27s fragilis) [occurs commonly from Isle of Wight to the

Yorkshire moors ; to which J. E. Robson adds a Durham locality ; a brilliant

copper-coloured example from Yorkshire also mentioned]. Young Nat., Feb.
1885, vi. 28.

W. H. WaRNER. Westmorland, Cumberland.

The Common Frog [gives a quotation from the Rev. Thomas Robinson’s

‘Essay towards a Natural History of Westmoreland and Cumberland ’].

Young Nat., March 1886, vii. 38.

Naturalist,

ae

N

he mh
A

|

1
|
Pel) a J

:
)
t
1
}

'
‘le
}

a

| as, CONDUCTERRB |
al WM: DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS.,
ih i r Sunny Bank, Leeds;
al . WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL mare OF
(u?- j 2
) J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,
FE |
it ; Royal Herbarium, Kew; wsbury ;
mit
fe 4 W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEORGE T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
h ‘ | ; Museum of Science & Art, Edinburgh ; Greenfield House, Huddersfield ;

~ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. BARWELL TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.M.S.,
St. John’s College, Cambridge ; 38, Sholebroke Avenue, Leeds.
Contents: — oe
‘|| Observations at Anston Stones, May 1889—S. L. Mosley F.E.S. .. bis .. 225 & 226
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Robin Hood’s Bay| .. 227 to 232
The eo aea Varieties in the Genus Arctia, ete—Go. 7 rer Porritt, F. Ge S.,
TOES 0 «s 233
Miss Hopley « on British Reptiles and Batrachians Review a . et 234
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Harrogate . Pe ¥. se e 2. 235 to 244
The British Uredinez and Ustilaginez (Review) -. 4 Be rp “y .. 245 & 246
Sherwood Forest and the ‘Dukeries’ (Review) .. 4 ¥ = 2 4 247
Yorkshire Scenes, Lore, and Legends (Review) . a \S eee i$) Pe 248
Bibliography—Birds, 1887 . £ Rs S + - es ei 2, .. 249 to 256
Note—Mollusca 244
Clausilia rugosa yar. dubia with Double Mouth in Wensi ydale—7. A. Lofthouse.
Notes—Ornithology .. 244 & 247
Is the Starling Double-Brooded ?—Eds. ‘Nat. ; ; Hooded Crows “attacking and
devouring Salmon—Ailey Fortune ; Redshanks breeding near York—
E. Maule Cole, M.A., F.G.S.; Curious Nests d Missel Thrush—Riley
Fortune.
Notes—Botany . Se =e a = 246
Alge in Upper Swaledale—W’. West, F.L. S34 Twin-flo ering of Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum—P. Fox Lee.
Note—Reptiles .. 234
e Common Ringed Snake at Huddersfield—Gea. T. orritt, TLS, RE. er
Notes and News * 2% a £ “s us : as os “4 * 234

LON DON:
LOVELL REEVE & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C.
McCorquopaLE & Co. LIMITED, CARDING©rON STREET, EUSTON ;

AND
LeEps: BasINGHALL STRIET.

All Communications should be Addressed:
The Editors of ‘The Najuralist,’
Sunny Bank, Leeds.

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (from the OFFICE only), 5s., post free.

eis -

The NATURALIST.

Authors’ Reprints.—15 copies of the Naturalist are given to authors
of papers exceeding 3 pages. Reprints may be had at the following rates, if the
order is given on returning proof: 50 copies, 4 pp. 4/6; 8 pp. 5/6; 12 pp. 7/-3
16 pp. 8/6; 100 copies, 4 pp. 7/- ; 8 pp- 8/6; ‘12 pp. 11/-; 16 pp. 13/6; 200 copies,
4 pp. 9/6; 8 pp. 11/-; 12 pp. 16/-; 16 pp. 18/-. Covers charged extra—Plain
Covers, 50 copies, -/9; 100 copies, 1/6; 200 copies, 2/6; Printed Covers, 50
copies, 2/-; 100 copies, 3/- ; 200 copies, 4/6.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

W. H. Hudleston.—Report of an Excursion of the Geologists’ Association to the
West Riding of Yorkshire, July 17th and five following days. 8vo. rep., 20 pp.
G. S. Brady and A. M. Norman.—-Monograph of Marine and Freshwater Ostra-
coda of the North Atlantic and of North Western Europe. Section I,
Podocopa. 4to, 208 pp. and 16 plates, 1889. [Royal Dublin Society.
A. C. Haddon.—A Revision of the British Actiniz. Part I, 4to,65 pp. and eight
plates, 1889. [Royal Dublin Society.
A. A. Rambaut.—A New Determination of the Latitude of Dunsink Observatory.
4to, Io pages, 1889. [Royal Dublin Society.

O. Boeddicker.—Observations of the Planet Jupiter. 4to, 1889, 18 pp.
[Royal Dublin Society.
Royal Dublin Soc.—Scient. Preceedings, Vol. 6, Parts 3 to 6, 1888-89, 8vo. [Society.
Hertfordshire Nat. Hist. Soc.—Trans., Vol. 5, Part 5, June 1889. [The Society.
Journal of Microscopy, N.S., Vol. 2, Part 7, July 1889. [Bailli¢re & Co. publishers.
Scottish Naturalist, N.S., No. 25, July 1889. [Prof. J. W. H. Trail, Editor.
Yorkshire Genealogist, Part 16, July 1889. [J. Horsfall Turner, editor.
Science Gossip, No. 295, for July 1889. [Messrs. Chatto & Windus, publishers.
The Midland Naturalist, No. £39, for July 1889. | [Birmingham Nat. Hist. Soc.
Research, monthly illust. journ. of science, No. 13, July 1889. [A.N. Tate, ed.
The Wesley Naturalist, No. 29, for July 1889. [The Wesley Scientific Society.
The Young Naturalist, Part 115, for July 1889. | [Mr. John E. Rohson, editor.
The Zoologist, 3rd Series, Vol. 13, No. 151, July 1889. [J. E. Harting, Editor.
Alfred O. Walker.—-Third Report on the Higher Crustacea of the L.M.B.C,
District—8vo reprint, 19 pages, 1889. [The Author.
John Hopkinson.—Notes on Birds observed in Hertfordshire during the year
1888, 8vo. reprint, 8 pages, 1889. { Author.
W. H. Hudleston.—On the Geological History of Iron-Ores, 8vo reprint,
41 pages and plate, 1889, [The Author.
Botanical Exchange Club.—Report for 1888, 8vo, 46 pages, 1889. [The Club.

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.—ENTOMOLOGICAL
SECTION.—The President and Secretaries of the Section will be pleased to
receive the names and addresses of those members specially interesting themselves
in this branch. The object n view is to circulate a fairly complete list amongst
the members of this section, aid thereby to facilitate the exchange of information,
and also, if sufficient encouragement is given, to publish (in the Annual Report of
the Section) at the close of the season a list of Yorkshire Occurrences of Insects.

Address the President :—Mr. N. F. DoBREE, The New Walk, Beverley ;

Or the Hon. Secretaries:—Mr. J. H. ROWNTREE, Westwood, Scarborough ;

Mr. W. E. Brapy, 1, Queen Street, Barnsley.

The Editors of ‘The Nattralist’ would be pleased to receive offers of suitable
papers for insertion during the next few months.

Improved Egg Drills (2 siies) and Metal Blowpipe with instructions 1/3 free.
‘Hints on Egg Collecting aid Nesting,’ illustrated, 33d. free. Birds’ Skins,
Eggs (side-blown and in clutches with date), Lepidoptera, Ova, Larva, and Pupze,
Artificial Eyes, and all kinds of Naturalists’ Requisites. Lists, one stamp. All
specimens, &c., sent out ‘on zpproval.’

J. & W. DAVIS (Naturalists), DARTFORD, Kent.

The cheapest dealer in Bird:, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells,
etc., is John Eggleston, Park Place, Sunderland. Lists free: -

4
4
3
q

i

NOTE—ALG#.

Cylindrospermum macrospermum near Halifax.—This beautiful Algz is
now in fine condition in Mapledean Clough, Norland, near Halifax. The spore-
cells are to be seen in all stages of development ; also the cilia-like appendages
on the heterocysts. Any member of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union who desires
may have some forwarded on communicating with the writer.—-CHas. CROSSLAND,
4, Coleridge Street, Halifax, July 23rd, 1889.

NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA.

Variation in Arctia mendica at Huddersfield. At the meeting of the
<ntomological Society of London, held July 3rd, 1889, Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited
. remarkable series of Arctia mendica L., bred from a small batch of eggs found
m the same ground at Grimescar, Huddersfield, as the batch from which the
eries he had previously exhibited before the Society was bred. This year he had
wed forty-five specimens, none of which were of the ordinary form of the species :
s in the former case, the eggs were found perfectly wild, and the result this year
vas even more surprising than before. —W. W. Fow Ler, Hon. Sec.

225

OBSERVATIONS AT ANSTON STONES,
May 1889.

S.-L; MOSLEY, F:E.S.,
Hon. Sec. Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society; Author of Various Natural History Works.

Myse tr and daughter spent a couple of days at this place a fortnight
ago. We travelled by road (on tricycle), but by rail Kiveton Park is
the nearest station. The following notes of species observed may be
of use to future visitors :—

BIRDS.

Nightingale (Dawlias luscinia). We heard one singing on the
Sunday morning. We had heard one on a previous visit, and
were told that it is a regular visitor. On both occasions the birds
were on the little copse on the left before reaching the wood.

Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus rufus). Several heard. The Warblers
were very numerous, including most of the ordinary species.

As we came out of the wood in the evening a bird flew up
from a perpendicular hole in the top of the gate post, and I have
no doubt it had a nest there. It was too dark to see what
species it was, and I did not measure the depth of the hole for
fear of breaking the eggs, but I could see no bottom by the aid
of a lighted match. One would think the young would have
some difficulty in making their first flight up a perpendicular
hole not more than three inches in diameter.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Anthocharis cardamines. My daughter saw one specimen,
which, with the exception of ‘ Whites’ and one ‘ Blue,’ was the
only butterfly seen.

Tephrosia biundularia (or crepuscularia). We took extremely
dark forms, and also very pale specimens, on the boles of fir
trees in the fir-wood on the hill to the left of the main wood.
This wood seems a very likely place for Fritillaries.

Abraxas ulmata. We only found two specimens; but last year
when I was there, a little later on, it was flying in extreme
abundance.

Asthena sylvata. On my visit last year this pretty little geometer
was flying commonly.

COLEOPTERA.

Phyllobius alneti, P. oblongus, and Barynotus obscurus
were extremely abundant ; we could pick them from the foliage
at every step. Of

Aug. 1889. Pr

226 MOSLEY: OBSERVATIONS AT ANSTON STONES.

Otiorhynchus ovatus and O. sulcatus we obtained one each.
Pyrochroa serraticornis I have taken on a former occasion.
Chrysomela polita. <A few by sweeping.

PLANTS.

Ranunculus auricomus. It is usually difficult to get this plant
with perfect flowers, but in the wood were many fine plants with
the full number of petals.

Viola odorata. Abundant on the road-sides from Anston to
Dinnington.

Saxifraga granulata. Fairly common in the meadows above the
Vicarage between the footpath and the stream.

Saxifraga tridactylites. Common on the rough limestone
blocks and on the wood wall.

Myosotis sylvatica. Very abundant by the stream-side in the
wood.

Plantago media. One of the commonest meadow plants.

Primula veris. Common and very fine plants.

Paris quadrifolia. Common in the wood. Seemed fond of
growing in clusters under the shade of a young tree. We found
several of the variety with five leaves.

Scolopendrium vulgare. Common on the rough limestone
blocks, but the plants only small.

Asplenium trichomanes. Common on the rocks, but very small
plants ; and one or two small

Asplenium ruta-muraria were also seen.

Melica nutans. This grass is not uncommon in the wood. This
is interesting, as Hooker gives W. England only as the habitat.

FUNGI.

fEcidium ranunculacearum. On Lesser Celandine.
fEcidium dracontii. On Arum maculatum.
fEcidium allii. On Al/ium ursinum.

fEcidium violz. On Viola odorata.

Polycystis viole. On Viola canina.

We also found an orange rust, which we have not been able to
determine, on Myrrhis odorata, and another on Sfirea ulmaria. We
brought away a supply of several of these, and shall be glad to send
specimens to collectors. At the same time we shall be glad of other
species, especially such as attack cultivated crops.

June 9th, 1889.

Naturalist,

227

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT ROBIN HOOD’S BAY.

On Friday, June 21st, the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union held their
79th meeting at Whitby, for the investigation of the Peak, or South
Cheek of Robin Hood’s Bay. A large number of members
assembled from all parts of Yorkshire, attracted, no doubt, partly by
the fine weather and beautiful scenery, but also by the fact that the
excursion was under the leadership of a distinguished ex-President
of the Union, Mr. Wilfrid H. Hudleston, M.A., F.R.S., ete.

Peak Station was reached soon after eleven a.m. Permission had
been given by Mr. A. Marshall, of Raven Hall—a fine mansion
built on the edge of one of the loftiest cliffs in England, 600 ft.—
to see the view from the garden terraces, partly cut out of the cliff
itself. Thither, then, the party first proceeded. ‘The atmosphere
being clear, with a north-east wind, the combination of marine and
moorland scenery was charming in the extreme. According to the
well-known formula (nine-fifths of height in feet equals distance
squared in miles), the visible horizon at sea was over thirty miles
distant, the intermediate space being dotted over with steamers
and craft of all kinds. Opposite, across the Bay, at a distance of
about three miles, the picturesque village of Bay Town, built tier
above tier on the slopes of a preglacial ravine, gleamed red amidst
the surrounding green. ‘To the left stretched the wide expanse of
moorlands, sooner this year than usual to look brilliant with purple
heather.

After enjoying this beautiful view, the party divided. Small
detachments of zoologists and botanists worked the moors above
the Bay, Ramsdale Wood, and Mill Beck Valley, while the geologists
were led by Mr. Hudleston across the railway to the Crag Hall
Quarry, originally excavated for the purpose of extracting alum from
the A. communis zone of the Upper Lias. This zone was shown
to be here 400 ft. above its position at the foot of the Peak Cliff,
in consequence of a fault to that extent, the downthrow being on
the east side. The attenuation of the Dogger (here only 4 ft. thick)
with underlying sandrock, as compared with its great development
at Blea Wyke—viz., Grey Sandstone, 26 ft.; Yellow Sandstone,
25 ft.; Dogger, 33 ft.—was also pointed out. On the way to the
shore, the South Cheek, which consists of beds of the A. margart-
tatus zone of the Middle Lias, was attacked by the hammer-men,
and several fossils obtained. A recent fall of the Peak Cliff had ©
here conveniently placed a number of blocks of the Dogger series,

which were next attacked, with the result that several good casts of
Aug. 1889.

228 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT ROBIN HOOD’S BAY.

Terebratula bilineata and other characteristic fossils were secured.
The party now separated, the members of the Hull Geological
Society and others who had to return to Scarborough accompanying
Mr. Hudleston to Blea Wyke, and subsequently ascending the cliff
to Peak Station ; the rest, including the ladies, who formed a fair
contingent, descending to the scars in Robin Hood’s Bay, under the
leadership of the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., F.G.S., President of
the Geological Section of the Union, and walking to Bay Town,
where they took train for Whitby. En route, Mr. Cole pointed out
the way in which the reefs of the two zones of the Lower Lias,
A. bucklandi and A. oxynotus, repeated themselves on each side of
the Bay, and took the opportunity of explaining the configuration
of the moorlands of North-East Yorkshire, and showing how the
beautiful dales on each side of the anticlinal, stretching from beyond
Burton Head (1,420 ft.) to Peak, had been carved out by the
rainfall, exposing on their sides various beds of the Lias, underneath
amore or less superficial covering of Estuarine Sandstones of the
Inferior Oolite. Some fine blocks of Shap Granite were noticed on
the shore, brought, no doubt, by the Stainmoor Glacier, and it was
pointed out by a gentleman familiar with the Shap quarries that one
very large mass of granite, somewhat finely grained, came from the
outer edge of the Shap granite, whereas the more familiar blocks,
with large crystals of felspar, are derived from the interior of the
granite.

It is not often that the meetings of the Union are held on the
sea-coast, so in framing the programme it was felt that special
opportunities should be given to the Marine Zoology Committee for
pursuing their investigations. In this matter the secretaries were
assisted by Major Woodall, who most kindly placed his steam
yacht and trawl at their disposal. The Secretary of the Com-
mittee, accompanied by three other members, availed themselves
of Major Woodall’s kindness. They left Scarborough soon after
10.30 a.m., and landed at Whitby in time for the tea and meetings.

Owing to the last available train leaving Whitby at 6.5, tea was
served at the early hour of 4 p.m., at the Station Hotel, and after the
meetings of the various sections, the general meeting was held under
the presidency of the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., F.G.S., who, in
the absence of Mr. W. H. Hudleston, kindly filled that office.
The minutes of the last meeting having been taken as read and
approved, the following gentlemen were elected members of the
Union :—Joshua Fountain, Filey ; Thomas Taylor, Whitby ; John A.
Tate, F.C.S., Whitby; and Rev. Egbert Fox-Thomas, Sneaton Castle,

Whitby. The attendance included representatives of the following
Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT ROBIN HOOD’S BAY. 229

fifteen societies :—Wakefield, Leeds (four societies), York, Malton, Hull
(three societies), Halifax, Practical Naturalists’ Society, Harrogate,
Ackworth School, Craven, Scarborough. On the motion of the
Secretaries, Mr. William Fletcher was elected Local Treasurer for
Pickering. On the motion of Mr. J. C. I’Anson, F.5S.A., of Saltburn,
seconded by the Rev. B. Irvin, M.A., Vicar of Saltburn, the following
resolution was unanimously adopted :—‘ That the best thanks of the
Union be given to Sir Charles Strickland, Bart., and Mr. A. Marshall
for permission to visit their estates, to Major Woodall for the use of
his steam yacht, to Mr. W. H. Hudleston, and all who have con-
tributed to the working of the excursion.’

The sectional reports were then taken.

The Rev. E. P. Knubley, who represented the Vertebrate Section,
stated that he appeared to be the only member of that section present.
He reported that he had not seen any objects which called for
special remark. He had observed 27 species of birds, of which
23 were residents and 4 were summer visitants. The following is
the complete list :—Missel Thrush, Song Thrush, Blackbird, Robin,
Whitethroat, Willow Wren, Hedge Accentor, Wren, Pied Wagtail,
Meadow Pipit, Rock Pipit, Swallow, House Martin, Sparrow, Chaf-
finch, Common Bunting, Yellowhammer, Skylark, Starling, Magpie,
Jackdaw, Rook, Kestrel, Rock-dove, Common Gull, and Herring
Gull. The mammals were represented by the Rabbit and the
amphibians by the Frog.

For the Conchological Section, in the absence of all its officers
and other collectors, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., of Leeds,
reported that from the unfavourable character of the geological
formation at the Peak, and in part from the very fine and dry weather,
only seven species of terrestrial mollusca had been noted, viz.,
Arion ater, Limax levis, L. agrestis, Zonites cellarius, Helix nemoralis,
HI. hortensis, and H. arbustorum, none of these being of very special
interest, while of fluviatile species none had been noted.

The Entomological Section was represented by one of its secretaries,
Mr. J. H. Rowntree, ana by Mr. J. Eardley Mason, who reported that
although sallow and mountain ash, together with broom and heather,
among the trees and shrubs, were well searched, and the lower vegeta-
tion diligently swept, and though the soil and mouldering cliffs were
examined, not a single Heteropterous insect was seen; very few
Coleoptera; rather more Diptera were noted, but not a single
aculeate Hymenopteron was observed; not an individual of the
fossorial Hymenoptera appeared, and but three of the phytophagous
section. Of the Homoptera, the ‘cuckoo-spits’ were the only
evidence; while Neuroptera wholly failed to present themselves.
_ Aug. 1889.

230 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT ROBIN HOOD’S BAY.

A single Trichopteron (Limnophilus centralis, named by Mr. Porritt)
was noted and taken. Insectivorous birds were almost absent, and
Spiders, though in some numbers, were a feeble crew. Vanessa cardut
of Lepidoptera was in some numbers; Pieris brassicae, Argynntis selene,
Chortobius pamphilus, Thanaos tages, Strenia clathrata, Coremta propug-
nata, Lomaspilis marginata, and Emmelesia albulata, Rumia, Cabera
pusaria, Melanippe montanata, and Botys fuscalis were also seen.

——

For the Botanical Section its Secretary, Mr. M. B. Slater, F.L.S., -

of Malton, reported as follows :—When travelling along the coast-
line by the train from Scarborough the botanists observed the fine
display of flowers on the railway embankments. ‘The glorious sunny
weather during the month of June had brought out flowers in great
abundance, some of the commonest British plants flowering in large
masses amongst the grasses and other herbage. Amongst them were
noticed, of Leguminose plants, bright yellow and orange Birds-foot
Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), pale lemon Ladies’-finger (Anthyllis
vulneraria), the red and white Clover (Ztfolium perenne and
TI. repens); of Composite, the bright yellow Hawkweed (Crefis
virens) and the white Ox-eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) ;
these, with the addition of an occasional rose-bush, making quite a
gay display and adorning the railway banks like a flower garden.

The botanical members left the train at Fylinghall Station for
their ramble, and a portion of them took Howdale Beck for their
searching ground. ‘The stream springs from the north side of the
Peak Cliff, winding its way down the sloping ground, and emptying
itself into the sea about the middle of the bay. Others of the party
went over some of the higher parts of the district, towards the edge
of the moorland beyond.

When the several members mustered together at the meeting-
place in Whitby and compared notes, it was found that the total
number of plants observed was 156—a good number, considering
the small area of country gone over, and the short time (about three
hours) at disposal. Many of the plants seen were those of general
distribution, of which two good lists are published in the August
and September numbers of Zhe WVaturalist for 1888, which give a

comprehensive idea of the flora of the district. The botanists were ©

enabled to make the following additions to the previous lists, all
having been noticed during the day or by some of the local
observers in previous rambles :—

Corydalis claviculata. Drosera rotundifolia and D. longifolia.
Cochlearia officinalis. Solidago virgaurea.

Lychnis flos-cuculi. Antennaria dioica.

Malva moschata. Erythrea centaurium.

Asperula odorata. Gentiana campestris.

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT ROBIN HOOD’S BAY, 231
Habenaria bifolia. Bromus mollis.
Epipactis palustris. Melica uniflora.
Luzula sylvatica. Anthoxanthum odoratum.
Scirpus pauciflorus. Alopecurus geniculatus.
Eriophorum vaginatum. Polystichum angulare.
Carex remota and C. glauca. Polypodium vulgare.

Some good specimens of the rare Cornus suecica were brought to the
meeting, which had been gathered on the moors at Cross Cliff, where
it is still abundant. This locality is about ten miles or more west of
Robin Hood’s Bay, and is the most southern station for this arctic
plant in the British Isles.

With regard to the Cryptogamia, Mr. Slater remarked that in
open situations, at a low elevation, the sunny dry weather scorches
up the more delicate cryptogams at this season, and many of them
can only be got in good condition during the spring and autumnal
months. The searchers in this section confined themselves to the
moist shady places in Howdale Beck, where the stream had cut its
way in the softer parts into deepish gorges. The following were met
with, which are not included in the list given in Zhe (Vaturalist,
August 1888.

Of Mosses were noted the following :—Dzcranella varia Hedw. (in
old fruit), Ceratodon purpureus \.. (in old fruit), Grimmia apocarpa L.,
Grimmia schultzit Brid. = G. decipiens Lind. (this moss is recorded
from Robin Hood’s Bay, gathered by Mr. Massee, in Part 11 of
Braithwaite’s ‘ British Moss Flora’), Funaria hygrometrica L. (growing
abundantly on damp banks, in fine fruit), iss¢dens taxifolius .L.,
Plagiothectum undulatum L., P. denticulatum L. (a large form of this
moss was got in fine fruit much resembling P. sy/vaticum ; it proved,
however, to be moneecious, the latter being dicecious, and not fruiting
until September), P. borrerianum Spruce (a fine form of this was
gathered, having very distinct short two-nerved leaves; it had no
fruit, but in the axils of the leaves some bundles of gemmiparous
buds, by which the plant increases, as it is rarely found in fruit),
Rhynchostegium ruscifolium Veck, Hypnum palustre L. (the normal
form, also a large variety, having a strong single nerve reaching to
the middle of the leaves, which are also very secund), Bryum
capillare L. (in good fruit), Atrichum undulatum L. (with male
flowers).

Of Hepaticze were detected — Cephalozia lammersiana Hueb.
(some dense-growing patches seen, having the segments of the leaves
unusually broad), Lophocolea cuspidata Limp. (in good fruit),
Scapania purpurascens Hook., Diplophyllum albicans L., Nardia
obovata Nees (some fine tufts met with, having young perianths on

them), /ungermania inflata Huds., and Pellia calycina Tay).
Aug. 1889.

232 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT ROBIN HOOD’S BAY. |

Mr. S. Chadwick, F.G.S., Secretary of the Section, who reported
for the Geological Section, has furnished the following list of speci-
mens collected during the day :—

Rhynchonella obsoleta. Trochus sp.
Rhynchonella jurensis. Neritopsis lzevigatus,
Rhynchonella cynocephala. Isocardia cordata.
Terebratula decipiens var. chadwicki. Cardium striatulum.
Terebratula trilineata. Astarte paupertina.
Terebratula spheroidalis. Trigonia spinulosa.
Thecosmillia sp. Trigonia literata.
Montilvaltia sp. Leda ovum.
Pentacrinus sp. Avicula munsteri.
Natica aducta. Pinna folium.
Natica punctura. Monotis substriatus.
Vermetus compressus. Pleuromya costata.
Chemnitzia vesta. Mya sp.

Alaria hamus. Cucullzea reticulata,
Alaria unicarinata. Ostrea solitaria.
Cerithium beanii. Gervillia tortuosa.
Cerithium vetustum. Cardium acutangulum.
Nerinza cingenda. Gresslya adducta.
Nerita minuta. Gresslya rotundata.
Pleurotomaria granulata. Gresslya intermedia.
Delphinula granata. Astarte elegans.
Monodonta levigata. Pecten sp.

Turritella quadrivittata.

For the Marine Zoology Committee, Mr. Percy Davis, its
Secretary, stated that the report was necessarily very meagre on
account of the time being too short to allow of the minute examina-
tion of the numerous specimens dredged. With the assistance of
the boat’s crew they were enabled to make four hauls with the
ordinary fisherman’s trawl-net, which for that purpose proved
scarcely adequate to their requirements. ‘The section hoped from
that day’s experience to improve their tackle before another season.
He stated that the first haul resulted in the landing of a number of
fish—haddock, plaice, dab, and others, together with a few Echino-
dermata, but, singularly, an entire absence of Polyzoa. The second
haul produced fewer fish, more Crustaceans, together with Polyzoa
and a number of Zoophytes. The third was somewhat similar in
production as the second, the locality being almost the same. The
fourth and last, off Claughton Wyke, resulted somewhat disastrously
to the tackle. In the course of the dredge the trawl struck what
afterwards proved by the numerous anemones brought to the surface
to be a piece of wreckage. Notwithstanding the loss sustained by the
tearing of the net, they succeeded in landing an additional number
of species; these would in due course be named and catalogued.
A vote of thanks to the chairman concluded the proceedings.—E. P.K.

Naturalist,

233

THE ‘RADIATED’ VARIETIES IN THE
GENUS ARCTIA, ETC.

GEQ@: T> PORRITT, 3G:S), iE-S.,
Huddersfield; Author of the ‘ List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera.

AT page 220 of ‘The Naturalist’ for 1888, Mr. John Cordeaux says of
the variety radiata of Arctia lubricipeda, ‘almost exclusively peculiar
to Heligoland . . . met with, but very rarely, in Holland and on the
East coast of England.’ As the former part of this statement is copied
into the current number of the ‘ Entomologist’ (T. D. A. Cockerell,
Entom., xxii, p. 148), it may be as well to correct it before it spreads
further. The form is not at all uncommon about York, and all the
collections of that city I have seen contain it. That of the late
Mr. T. H. Allis, now in the York Museum, contains a long series of
it; and another collector in York, less than a year ago, showed me
in his boxes, I should say, quite two hundred specimens, all bred
from larvee collected when nearly full grown from the gardens, etc.,
in York. The variety occurs in other parts of the county as well, but
York appears to be its head-quarters. The variety of A. menthastri
(var. walker?) also occurs in Yorkshire, but seems to be most plentiful
in Scotland, where of late years it has been got rather freely. And
at Huddersfield there is a corresponding variety of A. mendica.
A batch of eggs found at large in 1887 produced forty-four moths,
only about eight of which approached the ordinary form of the
species (see E.M.M., xxv., p. 39); and from a similar batch of about
fifty eggs, found wild on the same spot last June, I have this year
bred forty-five moths, none of which are of the ordinary type, and
the brood altogether is much more remarkable even than the brood
I reared last year. Some of the females are much blacker, and more
streaked or ‘radiated’ than any vars. radiata or wadlkeri of the
other two species I ever saw.

A small extent of ground at Grimescar, on which both batches of
eggs were found, is the only spot we know at Huddersfield where
mendica is to be taken, and the race there is clearly a very distinct
and extraordinary one.

Mr. Cockerell, too, by suggesting the name odscura for the black-
bordered form of Adraxas grossulariata (Entom., xxii, p. 55) is
evidently unaware that it has for years been known as variety
varleyata.

June 8th, 1889.
Aug. 1889.

234 RINGED SNAKE AT HUDDERSFIELD.

MISS HOPLEY ON BRITISH REPTILES
AND BATRACHIANS.

The Young Collector Series.] British Reptiles and Batrachians. By
CATHERINE 1G. HOPLEY, ./). . London: Swan, Sonnenschein,
Lowry & Co., Paternoster "Square. 1888 [94 pages, small 8vo, cloth].

The number of British species of these two groups is so limited—
especially when the turtles and the dubious species of newts included
in our older manuals are ignored, as in the present case—that a
volume of the ‘Young Collector Series’ gives ample room for much
to be said, and a good deal of information is given by our authoress
of a general nature, the structure and biology of these animals being
entered into with a fair amount of detail, while numerous references
to their habits in confinement betray her liking for pets of this kind.
Beyond this, however, Miss Hopley does not go, and the book is by
no means either a descriptive manual or a work upon natural history
(in the Gilbert White sense) or upon the geographical range of the
animals upon which it treats. The book is of considerable interest,
and is fairly well illustrated by wood-engravings.

NOTES. AND NEWS.

At the annual meeting of the Leeds Geological Association in June last, the
secretary’s report showed that the association continues to advance in a most
gratifying manner. The roll, which stood in 1884 at 30, and at 109 in 1888, now
registers 130 members. There have been eight evening meetings and ten field
excursions, at which the attendance has been highly encouraging. The Fourth
Part of the ‘ Transactions’ has again from its contents received approbation, and
has included a frontispiece in the shape of a portrait of the president. The asso- —
ciation has since the last annual meeting been admitted as a corresponding society of
the British Association. The following gentlemen—Messrs. J. E. Bedford, F.G.S.,
B. Holgate, F.G.S., and Wm. Cheetham—have been appointed, on behalf of the
association, to serve on the local committee for making arrangements for the visit
to Leeds in 1890 of the British Association. The Secretary represented the
association upon the General Committee of the British Association at the Bath
meeting. By the kindness of the directors of the Leeds Mechanics’ Institution, a
new and more suitable room in every respect has been allotted to the association
for its meetings, which is admirably adapted to its requirements. The election of
the executive for the session 1889-90 took place, with the following result:—
President, J. E. Bedford, F.G.S. (re-elected) ; vice-presidents, T. W. Bell,
W. Cheetham, C. D. Hardcastle, B. Holgate, F.G.S. (all re-elected); treasurer,
W. H. Gill (re-elected) ; librarian, C. Brownridge, F.G.S. (re-elected) ; assistant
secretary, A. E. Nichols; council, C. Brownridge, F.G.S., John Ingleby,
E. Hawksworth, W. J. P. Harris, and W. L. Carter, M.A., F.G.S.; and secre-
tary, S. A. Adamson, F.G.S. (sixth time of election).

NOTE—REPTILES.

The Common Ringed Snake at Huddersfield.—Last evening Mrs. Learoyd
of Edgerton, Huddersfield, brought in for me to see a specimen of the Common
Ringed Snake ( 77opidonotus natrix), which her gardener had killed in the garden.
The specimen measured 28 inches, and it was thought had probably come from a
small wood opposite the house, though it had been seen in the garden some time
before it was killed. It is ‘probably considerably over twenty years since a
specimen was seen wild in this district before.—Geo. T. PorRITT, Huddersfield,
24th July, 1889.

Naturalist,

235

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT HARROGATE.

THE eightieth Meeting was held at Harrogate on July 13th for the
investigation of the Crimple Valley, Rudding and Plumpton Parks,
and the geological exploration of Hampsthwaite and Clint. The main
party left Harrogate Station at 11.20, under the leadership of Messrs.
John Naughton and Riley Fortune, in a south-easterly direction for
Crimple, Rudding, and Plumpton, while a second party, chiefly
geological, started from Nidd Bridge Station half-an-hour later in
order to investigate the geology of the district north-west of
Harrogate, passing through Ripley, Clint, and Hampsthwaite. The
detailed accounts of these routes will be found in the report of the
Vertebrate Section so far as regards the first party, and in that of
the Geological Section in respect of the second.

Tea was served in the People’s Hotel, Harrogate, where the
sectional and general meetings were also held.

At 6.30 the general meeting was opened, Mr. Thos. Bunker, of
Goole, President of the Vertebrate Section, occupying the chair.
The minutes of the preceding meeting having been read and
approved, the newly-formed Yeadon Geological Society was admitted
into the Union, and the following eleven new members were
elected :—L. E. Adams, B.A., M.C.S., Penistone ; G. W. Chadwick,
Saltburn-by-the-Sea ; George Edson, Malton; Chas. H. Fletcher,
Scarborough; J. H. Lofthouse, Harrogate; J. R. Mortimer, Driffield;
Frank Perkins, Harrogate; Isaac Pickard, Harrogate; Rev. C. S.
Smith, M.A., Driffield; W. M. Suddaby, Malton; and Richard
Wood, M.D., Driffield.

Sixteen Societies were represented, viz.:—Wakefield, Elland-cum-
Greetland, Bradford, Leeds, Goole, Conchological Society, Leeds
Geological, Dewsbury, Malton, Doncaster, Practical N.S., Harrogate
and District, Ackworth School, Leeds Y.M.C.A., Ellesmere School,
Yeadon.

Mr. Lewis B. Ross, F.C.S., was elected to fill the post of
Honorary Local Treasurer for Driffield.

On the motion of Messrs. John Gerrard (President of the
Wakefield Naturalists’ Society) and John Emmet, F.L.S., of Boston
Spa, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Sir J. Percival Radcliffe,
Bart., the Earl of Harewood, and Mr. Gooderick, for granting
permission for members to visit their respective estates; to Messrs.
Naughton and Fortune for acting as leaders of parties, and to the
various gentlemen who had contributed to the excursion-programme.
Aug. 1889.

236 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HARROGATE.

At this stage of the proceedings Mr. Bunker, having to catch a
train, vacated the chair in favour of the Rev. R. A. Summerfield, B.A.,
Vicar of North Stainley, near Ripon, who called upon the sectional
officers to deliver their respective reports.

For the Vertebrate Section, which was represented on the ground
by its president (Thos. Bunker) and one of its secretaries (Edgar R.
Waite, Leeds), as well as by the Rey. E. P. Knubley, M.A., Mr. Riley
Fortune, and others, Mr. Waite reported that the excursion, so far as
this section was concerned, had not been productive of such good
results as was anticipated, judging from the contributions to the
excursion-programme. All the members attending the excursion,
with the exception of the geologists, left Harrogate Station at 11.20,
Mr. Riley Fortune leading the zoologists, while the botanists were
under the guidance of Mr. Naughton. The united party proceeded
across the Stray, down Paley’s Lane to Hookstone Wood, where they
divided. A Greenfinch’s nest was found, composed for the most
part of rabbit’s fur. Mr. Fortune now led his party through
‘Paradise’ to the Crimple Beck; large numbers of Sand Martins
were breeding in the bank, and their nests were inspected ; some
contained newly-laid eggs and others young birds ready for flight.
Fullwith Mill and the Bleach Works were successively reached, and
after a walk of about four miles the party entered Rudding Park.
Here a Squirrel was seen, and chase was given to a young Sparrow-
hawk, which was discovered sitting on a mass of brushwood; it led
the naturalists by short flights from tree to tree, and finally escaped
into the wood. This little incident caused a delay of about ten
minutes, and Sir Percy Radcliffe’s butler was seen making for the
party. A halt was called, and the members were informed that
although not at home, Sir Percy wished that they should be enter-
tained to lunch. Watches were consulted, and it was found that time
was too short to enable the party to reach Plumpton as was
originally intended, so it was decided to accept Sir Percy’s kind
invitation. Afterwards, a vote of thanks was passed to him for his
hospitality and opportunity given for inspecting the birds and other
objects of natural history in his collection. The mammals seen
during the day were the Mole, Squirrel, Water and Field Voles,
Hare, and Rabbit. Forty-three birds were either seen or heard,
15 being migrants, while 28 were residents. The following is the
complete list:—Missel and Song Thrushes, Blackbird, Whinchat,
Redstart, Redbreast, Whitethroat and Chiffchaff, Willow and Sedge
Warblers, Hedge Accentor, Dipper, Great, Coal, and Blue Tits, Wren,
Pied and Grey Wagtails, Meadow Pipit, Spotted Flycatcher, Swallow,
House and Sand Martins, Greenfinch, Sparrow, Chaffinch, Linnet,

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HARROGATE. 237

Bullfinch, Corn and Yellow Buntings, Starling, Magpie, Jackdaw,,.
Rook, Skylark, Swift, Sparrowhawk, Mallard, Ring Dove, Corn-
crake, Waterhen, Common Snipe, and Sandpiper. Reptiles were
unrepresented, and the only amphibians recorded were the common
Frog and Toad. ‘The following fish were seen in Crimple Beck :-—
Perch, Stickleback, Minnow, and Trout.

The report of the Conchological Section was given by one of its.
secretaries, Mr. John Emmet, F.L.S., of Boston Spa, who stated that
Mr. Roebuck and himself were the only members of the section
present, that no attention had been given to the land shells, but that
the mill-race at Fullwith Mill, and the noble pond in Rudding Park
had been searched; in the former, which is the locality in which
Mr. Fitzgerald had been so fortunate as to find some of the largest
specimens of Planorbis albus on record, that species was abundant,
though no very large specimens turned up; and with it were
numerous Limna@a peregra and Spherium corneum; and at Rudding
Park the two first-named were also abundant, in company with
Limnea auricularia of moderate dimensions. The only slug seen
was Limax agrestis. Mr. Emmet remarked that the Z. auricularia
was an addition to Mr. Fitzgerald’s list as given in the excursion-
circular, although he had himself obtained it in Plumpton Lake
many years ago; he also remarked on his having in former years.
obtained large Anodonta cygnea in the Plumpton Lake.

The Entomological Section was not officially represented, but
Mr. Walter Copley, of Sowerby Bridge, has supplied the following list
of insects :—Satyrus janira, Camptogramma bilineata, Cidaria fulvata,.
Eubolia mensuraria, Tanagra cherophyllata, Hydrecia nictitans,
Xylophasia sublustris, Triphena pronuba, Hydrocampa nymphealis,,
and Scopula lutealis, remarking that more would have no doubt been
obtained, but that the day was not a favourable one for lepidopterists..

The report for the Botanical Section was given by Mr. P. Fox Lee,
of Dewsbury, one of the secretaries of the section, who stated that
very few of the Union’s rambles had been more successful in point.
of number of observations than this one, the total reaching 290 species.
of flowering plants and the higher cryptogams of the list usually in-
cluded with the phanerogamia. Although there was nothing of great
rarity, several new locality records would have to be registered for
the Nidd drainage district of Mid-West Yorkshire as a result of this
meeting. On the previous evening he (Mr. Lee) and a small party of
local botanists had worked along the line of upheaval of the Harrogate
anticlinal, about Birk Crag and the Oak Beck, where they noted
Corydalis claviculata DC. and Rubus sprengelit Weihe in a profusion:
of pink bloom, with other sub-species of the Fruticose section of the:
Aug. 1889.

238 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HARROGATE.

Rubi, trailing over the huge blocks of gritstone forming Birk Crag. Ina
bushy swamp over the beck, a favourite place of the adder, /rss
pseudacorus L. grew breast-high amid a perfect jungle of Carex
paludosa Good., while in opener spots occurred C. hirta L. and
Equisetum palustre LL. Nearer Harrogate the Frog Orchis, Habenaria
viridis Br., was searched out in a field, and the Bristle-stalked Mud-
rush, Scirpus setaceus L., was found fringing a dry ‘fish (!) pond’ in the
vale of the Oak Beck. The latter is a new record for the Nidd
drainage district. At Hookstone Wood, Rudding Park, and in the
Crimple Valley, the best observations were Malva moschata L.,
Echium vulgare L., Typha latifolia lL. (very large typical plants,
with fruiting spikes nearly one foot in length), Brachypodium
_ sylvaticum R. & S., and Lguisetum maximum Lamk. A discussion
was raised at the sectional meeting on the reputed discovery in the
Crimple Valley of Afvosotis palustris var. strigulosa Reich., but as
the specimens were not forthcoming it was corrected to M. cespt-
tosa Schultz. Mr. Lee said that he had examined several plants of
both AZ. palustris and M. cespitosa during the day, and none of them
possessed the characters of var. s¢rigudosa, separating it from palustris,
namely, more copious appressed hairs of the stem (sometimes they
are appressed in true fa/ustrts), all the leaves sessile, and the
flowers relatively smaller, yet having a much larger corolla than calyx
(in cespitosa they are nearly equal), style about equalling the calyx,
and, most delicate test of all, the nutlets keeled in front. In all the
examined specimens put down as cesfifosa the style was much shorter
than the calyx, and the nutlets were not keeled. The last two tests
will always separate Af, palustris, with its var. strigulosa and sub-
species repens, from the distinct species Af. cespitosa. In bright
green shining foliage they all very much resemble each other. It is
stated in F. Arnold Lees’ ‘Flora of West Yorkshire,’ p. 367, that
the var. strigulosa ‘is frequent; away from the lowland marshes
it is the commoner form, and ascends to goo ft.’ Here is a problem
worth working out by those on the spot, if the low altitude does not
already decide the point. As Mf. cesfitosa does not appear in
the ‘Flora of West Yorkshire’ to be recorded for Nidd drainage
district, this will stand as an addition to vice-county 64, Mid-West
York. At Plumpton Rocks, its only known habitat, an unsuc-
cessful search was made for Carex pilultfera var. saxumbra Lees.
C. muricata V.. was found in a meadow near the Lodge. Hereabouts
also occurred Zactuca muralis Fresen., Stlaus pratensis Besser
(addition to Nidd district; not mentioned in ‘The Flora of West
Yorkshire’), Carduus nutans L., Campanula /atifolia L. (fine and
abundant), and Scadtosa columbaria L. (near Grimbald’s Crag.

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HARROGATE. 239

On and about the cliffs on the north bank of the Nidd, between
‘Eugene Aram’s Cave’ and Knaresborough, Viola hirta L., Partetaria
officinalis L., Asplenium ruta-muraria \.., and A. trichomanes L.,
all known to occur here, were gathered. As a fitting conclusion to
the work, and as a happy reminder of this very successful field-day,
the rarest plant met with, Sagina apetala L., was obtained on the
masonry-coping of a wall at Knaresborough Station as we waited for
the Harrogate train, being still another record for the Nidd drainage
district.

Mr. Matthew B. Slater, F.L.S., of Malton, Cryptogamic Secre-
tary of the Section, reported as follows:—Of Mosses the only
Sphagnum seen was S. subsecundum Nees, wet place, Hookstone
Wood; Dicranella heteromalla Hedw., Hookstone Wood, tufts
coming into young fruit; Décranum scoparium L., Hookstone
Wood ; Eucladium verticillatum L.,a dwarf form growing abundantly
under the arches of the bridge at Plumpton Rocks; it was without
fruit, but had female flowers; Eucalypta streptocarpa Hedw., growing
in abundance in the joints of a wall by road-side near to Plumpton ;
sterile, however, and is very rarely found with fruit; Webera nutans
Schreb., in old fruit on heathery banks in Hookstone Wood ;
Polytrichum formosum Hedw., in similar ground with the Wedera ;
Bryum pallens Swartz, by stream-side near Bleach Mills, Crimple
Valley ; Homalothecium sertceum Schpr., growing abundantly on
walls, sterile at this season; Brachythectum rutabulum L., on rocks by
stream in Crimple Valley; lagiothectum denticulatum L. var.
aptychus Spruce, in old fruit; P. uadulatum 1L., without fruit ;
P. borrerianum Spruce, without fruit; Hypnum cupressiforme L.,
without fruit ; A. schreber? Ehrh.—all five gathered in shady places
in Hookstone Wood; and Amdblystegium fluviatile Swartz, gathered
from rocks by stream near Bleach Mills. Of Hepaticze were noted :
Marchantia polymorpha 1., Fegatella conica L., Pellia epiphylla L..,
Scapania purpurascens Hook., male plants—all four from stones by
the stream in Crimple Valley; Zepidozia reptans L. with perianths,
on wet stones; Cephalozia bicuspidata L., with perianths, on wet
stones, growing amongst Lepidozia ; Lophocolea heterophylla Schrad.,
and Diplophyllum albicans L., with perianths, on heathery ground—
all in Hookstone Wood; and /ungermania attenuata Lindenberg,
growing abundantly on Plumpton rocks. At this season, after such
prolonged dry weather, the cellular cryptogams were much dried up ;
some tufts were gathered in going along in their dry state, and have
been since moistened and examined. All the species obtained are
plants of fairly general distribution, but sufficient of the district was

seen to conclude that if the ground gone over was searched by
Aug. 1889.

240 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HARROGATE.

some local student of mosses and hepatics, many additional forms
would be found, and those named in this list would probably be
gathered in fruit at the proper season.

The Geological Section was represented by both its secretaries,
Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., Leeds, and Mr. S. Chadwick, F.G.S.,
Malton, the former of whom reported that the geologists had
examined the locality to the north and north-west, by which means
three important geological formations were seen to advantage, viz.,
the Lower Magnesian Limestone of the Permian system, and the
Millstone Grits and the Yoredale rocks of Carboniferous age.
Accordingly, they proceeded to Nidd Bridge to commence their work.
They had, however, an experience altogether novel in being without
a leader, the gentleman who had promised to undertake this duty
having failed to appear, and so the geologists had at Nidd Bridge to
walk over a district entirely new to them, and by study of maps and
frequent inquiries of passers-by, to do the best they could. This
took time, and at one part of the journey the members lost their
way, and had to retrace their steps, causing about two miles of
additional walking. The programme was ambitious, but faithfully
carried out, yet the delays alluded to made it very late before the
whole party reached Harrogate in the evening.

From Nidd Bridge Station they took the road to Ripley, on the
way examining that remarkable boss of Lower Magnesian Limestone
known as Nidd Rock. It is not only remarkable as being an outlier
of the Permian Rocks, the nearest position of these being some miles
away, but more so as it is almost surrounded by one of these terraces
of river gravel, which were formed of course when the Nidd flowed
at a higher level. This is a very fine example of a river terrace.
Strangwayes, in speaking of these terraces, says that ‘it is a curious
fact connected with them that they all occur just above the 100 con-
tour, which is the maximum elevation of the warp clay ; and it would
appear from this that they were deposited about the same time, and
when the lower portion of the Nidd was under tidal influence as far
as Walshford Bridge.’ The Limestone here was soft, thickly bedded,
and yellowish in colour. ‘The rock, apart from its geology, forms a
very pleasing picture.

They now passed through the quiet and pleasant little town of
Ripley, not having time to bestow more than a passing glance at the
exterior of its ancient castle and church, but taking the road to
Holly Bank Wood on their way to Clint. The scenery along this
road was of a charming character. ‘The visit to Clint was to inspect
a section of the Cayton Gill beds, so inseparably connected with the
name of the Rev. J. S. Tute, Vicar of Markington, who had kindly

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HARROGATE. 241

written informing us of this section, which certainly is a fine one.
It receives its name from the good exposures to be seen in Cayton
Gill, a few miles north of Ripley. Geologically it belongs to the Third
Grits of the Millstone Grits series, and its position is between the
Plompton and the Follifoot Grits. It is a hard calcareous sandstone,
and is highly fossiliferous, the bed being literally one mass of fossils.
There were quantities of Productus semireticulatus, Spirifere, Orthis,
stems of Encrinites, Lellerophon, Aviculopecten, etc., and one member
found. what seemed to be a remnant of Fenestel/a. It was a rich
harvest for the fossil collectors, and bags began to acquire weight.
There are several other good sections in the neighbourhood, par-
_ ticularly in a quarry at Hampsthwaite and in the railway cutting near
the station. And now the contretemps occurred which lost the party
some time. Still, after all, there was the consolation of walking
through leafy lanes and inhaling the perfume of the honeysuckle and
the new-mown hay. After a time, when the spires of Harrogate were
receding from view, and the geologists knew they must be wrong,
‘right about’ was called, they retraced their steps, the fields, the
railway, and the river were crossed in turn, and presently they were
in the pleasantly-situated village of Hampsthwaite.

It was now felt that, after so many miles of walking, some rest
and refreshment were imperative. This was soon found at Miss Haw’s
cosy and comfortable hostelry. After partaking of the im-
promptu fare so well provided, it was felt that, although there was
no appointed leader, and none of the party had traversed the ground
before, yet something should be said by someone as to the geology
passed over and also of the remainder of the route. Accordingly
Mr. Adamson gave an address in the room of the village inn bearing
upon these matters, giving first the stratigraphy of the whole district,
then describing each bed in detail, with localities for sections. He also
spoke upon the unique geology of Harrogate, and described the great
anticlinal to which is due the prosperity of that town. The opinion
was expressed that these remarks were most timely, and had done much
to lessen the difficulty in which they were placed by being leaderless.
In answer to a question it was stated that the rocks now being travelled
over were the Third Grits, the highest in this district of the Millstone
Grits series. Where then were those rocks which it is known occur
between the Permians and the Third Grits, viz., the Coal Measures,
the Rough Rock, &c.? These have been removed by denudation
before the Permians were laid down, and although we had had
conclusive proof of extensive denudation at Nidd Rock, this was a
more remarkable and immeasurably grander example of this familiar
geological agency. After other questions had been asked and

242 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HARROGATE,

replied to, the party invigorated again proceeded on their way,
passing through charming country lanes to Saltergate Hill, and then
to Four Lane Ends. The former hill is capped by the Cayton Gill
beds, and at both places there are quarries of the same; but as the
one at Clint had been so well examined and time was so limited, it
was deemed advisable not to stay.

At Four Lane Ends some of the party thought it best to hurry
direct to Harrogate, but the remainder resolved to carry out the
whole walk at first determined upon, passing over the Saltergate
Beck, which has carved its way through the intermediate shales.
An ascent was then made to the ridge north of Oak Beck, where
there is a section of the Follifoot Grit, the lowest of the Third Grits
in this district, and so named because it is so well exposed on the
edge of Follifoot Moor, south of the Crimple Valley. These grits
also crop out near Harrogate Gasworks, and it will be remembered
that on a former excursion they were noted at Bilton, where the thin
seams of coal occur. It may be stated here that the Plompton Grits,
the uppermost of the Third Grits, had already been noted by the
members during the day, but as these had been previously examined
in many other places, it was thought best to pass over them upon this
occasion.

They now descended into the beautiful valley of the Oak Beck,
where, at the bridge, another halt was called to recline a little on the
fresh greensward and admire the fine wooded scenery of Birk Crag,
the joy of many an artist. Here, too, was some geology done, as an
opportunity was presented of viewing a section of the Kinderscout
Grit, the lowest of the Millstone Grits. These rocks dip sharply at
this place about 43° N.W. The Kinderscout Grit is now pretty well
known to the members from its characteristic pebbles of quartz
included, and generally coarse, massive appearance. They soon
passed over the great fault which forms the boundary of the Yore-
dales, and throws the Harrogate roadstone against the Kinderscout
Grit. They were shortly, too, on the axis of that famous anticlinal
which has attracted all geologists since the days of William Smith,
‘the father of English geology.’ This is the extreme end of the
anticlinal which stretches ‘across from Clitheroe and Skipton more
or less in an easterly direction. As the Government geologists
well say—‘ The Kinderscouts are like a wall on each side of the
anticlinal, and afford a key to the whole structure of the neighbour-
hood.’ As stated above, these rocks dip at Birk Crag about
43° N.W., but on the south side they dip to the Crimple Valley, that
is, in an opposite direction, or S.E., from 43° to 20°. These rocks
bend round to the fault, and at Starbeck dip to the east only about

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HARROGATE, 243

four degrees. ‘ From this it appears that the anticlinal of Harrogate
dies out to the east, and that there is no great anticlinal ridge of
Carboniferous rocks below the Permian and Trias.’

Time rapidly fled, and the party had no leisure to examine the
Boggs Field with its varied medicinal springs, so often described,
and of such vast importance and value; therefore they briefly
examined the section of the Harrogate roadstone in the Cold Bath
Road. The dip is here in a south-easterly direction, about 20°,
but the anticlinal causes it to dip on the opposite side of the little
valley, at a steep angle nearly 60° due north, This illustrates the
magnitude of the disturbance. This roadstone is extremely well
known, and Prof. Phillips considered it to be the equivalent of the
main or twelve-fathom limestone of the Yoredales, but, as the
Government geologists truly say, ‘as it occurs at a considerable
distance from the nearest undoubted Yoredale Rocks, and is only an
inlier here at Harrogate along the line of the anticlinal, it is difficult
rather to fix its exact horizon.’ However, that it is one of the
Yoredale Limestones there is no doubt, from its formation and its
fossil remains. This limestone has been described as an exceedingly
hard silicious rock or a calciferous grit, containing encrinites in great
numbers. All geologists know it from its constant presence on the
stone heaps by the road side.

The remnant of the party were now thoroughly tired, and, more-
over, had missed the ‘ five o’clock tea,’ arriving only just in time to
enable Mr. Adamson to put in a brief report at the general meeting
about seven o’clock. Still it was acknowledged that a valuable and
a charming excursion had been made, the instruction gained quite
neutralising the late arrival, and arousing a desire to see more of this
grand geological field.

For the section of Micro-Zoology and Micro-Botany, its secretary,
Mr. J. M. Kirk, of Doncaster, reported that the water in most of the
ponds examined was too stagnant for the higher forms of life, and
Crimple stream too rapid to yield anything notable in the micro-
scopic line. ‘The following is his list :—

Infusoria. Rotatoria.
Chilodon cucullulus. Hydatina senta.
Dileptus folium. Diglena lacustris.
Loxodes bursaria. Pterodina patina.

Euplotes monostylus.
Vorticella nebulifera.

Stentor miilleri (abundant). Arachnida.

Uvella virescens. Atax histrionicus (Hydrachna
Paramecium aurelia. histrionica),

Uroleptus piscis. Tardigrada.

Aug. 1889.

244 NOTES—MOLLUSCA AND ORNITHOLOGY.
Entomostraca. Diatomacee.
Cypris tristriata. Diatoma vulgare.
Cyclops quadricornis (in young Pinnularia oblonga.
stages only). A Navicula closely resembling the

marine form N. didyma.

Hydrozoa. Desmidiacee.
Cosmarium crenatum.
Tetmemorus granulatus.
: Micrasterias rotata.
Confervoidez. Closterium moniliferum.
Volvox globator (very few). Closterium lunula.

Hydra vulgaris.

A vote of thanks to Messrs. Bunker and Summerfield, proposed
by Mr. Naughton and seconded by Mr. Fortune, for acting as
chairmen, brought the proceedings to a close.—E.R.W.

NOTE—MOLLUSCA.

Clausilia rugosa var. dubia with Double Mouth in Wensleydale.—
I herewith send for inspection a rather curious specimen of Clauszlia rugosa var.
dubia found by my brother on a wall at Aysgarth on the 29th of June this year.
It has two mouths, one each way, and was alive when found. We also obtained
the following shells the same day :—Swectnea putris, Vitrina pellucida, Zonttes
nitidulus, Z. alliarius, Helix arbustorum, H. sericea, H. caperata, H. lapicida,
HI, rufescens, H. rotundata, H. rupestris, Puga umbilicata, Clausilia rugosa var.
dubia, C. laminata, Zua lubrica, Pisidium fontinale, Neritina fluviatilis,
Limnea peregra, and Ancylus fluviatilis, all the water-shells being found in the
river Yore at Aysgarth. In more favourable weather this list might be greatly
augmented, as the district seems a perfect one for shells.—T. A. LoFTHOUSE,
Middlesbrough, July 9th, 1889.

[The specimen sent is a very fine example of the double-mouthed monstrosity,
the two mouths being well-formed. The district is—as Mr. Lofthouse says—
a good one for shells. The Werz¢zna and the Prszdium he records are new records
for Upper Wensleydale.—W.D.R. ].

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Is the Starling Double-Brooded ?—It is hoped that all readers who can throw
light on this subject will favour the Editors with notes for our next (September)
issue. As it will materially add to the interest to publish simultaneously the
records of numerous observers, we hold over three notes already sent in, and we
trust that any who can record facts will respond to this suggestion._-Eps. Nat.

Hooded Crows attacking and devouring Salmon.— The following
interesting particulars have been forwarded to me by my friend Mr. J. Farrah :—
Two pairs of Hooded Crows (Corvus cornix) were disturbed in the act of eating
the body of a Salmon, weighing about 8 lbs., in the shallow waters of the river
Ure at Mickley. This was on December 26th, 1888. Three days later three
pairs of these birds were disturbed in the same act ; this time they had two Salmon
a little smaller than the first-mentioned, and upon examination it was found they
were partly eaten. The method adopted by these birds seemed to be to attack the
fish about the eyes, as in every case mentioned the eyes were missing ; after the
eyes the fleshy part of the back was eaten. All the fish were perfectly fresh, and
there is not the slightest doubt but that they were killed by the Crows. Anyone
knowing the power and rapacity of the birds will hardly be surprised at the
incident, especially as the fish were very much exhausted over their passage up
stream to spawn. Several other Salmon were captured by hand, and, of course,
put back again; one weighed 14 lbs. The exact place where this incident
occurred is near the right bank of the stream, where it runs through the pasture

called the Ings.—RILEY ForTuNE, Harrogate, June 1889. Pah
Naturalist,

245

THE BRITISH UREDINEZ AND
USTILAGINE-.

A Monograph of the British Uredinee and Ustilaginee. By C. B.
PLOWRIGHT, F.L.S. 8 plates. Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. 1889.

STUDENTS of British Mycology have cause to be grateful to the
author of this valuable work for the service he has rendered by
bringing up to date the state of knowledge concerning these two
groups of parasitic fungi. A much-needed want has been supplied, and
no one in this country was more qualified for such an undertaking
than Mr. Plowright, who for the past seven years has specially
devoted himself to studying the morphology and physiology of these
plants. During that period of time we are told in the preface that
he has made between nine hundred and a thousand experimental
cultures, with the object of confirming or otherwise the statements
made by various botanists, as well as to work out the life-history of
those species of which little was known. As a result of his investi-
gations, many new and important facts have been brought to light,
and a wide field has been opened for further research by the botanist
and microscopist. Of all fungi the Uredinez are perhaps the most
popular, every one possessing a microscope being more or less
familiar with some of these pretty objects known as ‘cluster-cups,’ or
the ‘rusts’ or ‘brands’ which are commonly to be met with during
the spring and summer months on the leaves and stalks of various
plants. At one time each spore-form was regarded as a separate
species, but through the researches of Tulasne, De Bary, and other
continental botanists within the past thirty years, it has been proved
that many species so called are but stages in the life-history of other
species. Mr. Plowright has followed in the lines of these botanists,
and has confirmed many of their observations, having also added
no small share to the general stock of knowledge. This mono-
graph is the outcome of his labour, and he is to be congratulated
on producing a work that the student cannot really do without.
It has been found necessary to re-classify the Uredinez, and we believe
that the system adopted, which is that of the late Dr. Winter, will
meet with the approval of all working mycologists. The classifica-
tion and description of species occupies 153 pages, and it is not
difficult to see what an amount of work there remains to be done,
especially with those species affecting the Composite and Umbelli-
feree. Preceding the classification are seven chapters dealing respec-
tively with the ‘ Biology of the Uredinez,’ ‘Mycelium of the Uredinez,’
‘Spermogonia and the so-called Spermatia,’ ‘ cidiospores,’ ‘ Uredo-
spores,’ ‘Teleutospores,’ and ‘Hetercecism.’ Each of these is
creditably done, and may be read with profit by the general reader
Aug. 1889.

246 NOTES—BOTANY.

as well as the student. The chapter on ‘ Hetercecism’ is particularly
interesting, and gives the history of this remarkable phenomenon, also
a list of forty-seven hetercecious species, showing the year in which
the life-history of each was first worked out. Puccinia graminis
heads the list, and was first demonstrated by De Bary in 1864 to be
connected with <£cidium berberidis, and it concludes with Puccinia
trailit, which in 1888 was proved to be genetically connected with
cidium acetose by the author. Many valuable hints are given to
the young student in the chapters dealing with ‘spore culture,’ and
‘the artificial infection of plants,’ and a list of imperfectly-known
species indicates where one has an opportunity of distinguishing
himself.

Thirty pages are devoted to descriptions of the British species of
Ustilagineze, and two excelient chapters on germination of teleuto-
spores and infection of host-plants by Ustilaginez.

The volume also contains a glossary of terms, and three separate
indices, which doubtless will be found useful.

The eight lithographic plates are admirably done, in addition to
which there are several good woodcuts. The quality of the paper
and the printing leave nothing to be desired, but the colour of the
binding is a strange choice. It certainly suggests uredospores, but
is altogether inappropriate for a book of this character, and one
that no doubt will be much handled. However, the work is a
valuable addition to mycological literature, and we have pleasure in
recommending it.—H.T-S.

NOTES—LBOTANY.

Algz in Upper Swaledale.—Last year my friend Mr. W. D. Roebuck
kindly culled some material for me from Birkdale Tarn Moss (in Upper Swaledale),
at an altitude of 1,620 ft. This gathering has yielded the following species, some
of which are not by any means frequent :—Polyedrium gigas Wittr., Ophzocytzunz
cochleare Braun, Pentum brebtssonzi Ralfs, Cylindrocystis diplospora Lund.,
C. crassa D.By., Tetmemorus granulatus Ralfs, Aficrastertas papillifera Bréb.,
Cosmarium obliquum Nord., Calocylindrus cucurbita D.By., Staurastrum avicula
Bréb., S. polymorphum Bréb., S. margaritaceum Meneg., Spzrogyra longata
Vauch., IZtcrospora fugacissima (Ag.), AZ. floccosa Thur., Chroococcus turgidus
Nag., Mavicula rhomboides Ehrenb., WV. afinzs Ehrenb., Pinnilaria viridis
Rabenh., and P. acrospheria Rabenh.—W. Wesv?, Bradford, 8th July, 1889.

Twin-flowering of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.—Mr. A. E. Hall,
of Sheffield, sends an abnormal flowering specimen of the above wild plant of our
meadows and waste places, the Ox-eye Daisy or ‘ Margarets,’ from a field near
Wharncliffe Wood. He says in his note:—‘I enclose a flower of the common
**Moonpenny ” with two flowers on one stalk. I daresay you have had many
sent you, but if not I thought it might be interesting.’ The two composite
heads of florets are exactly at right angles to the slender peduncle, with their
involucres placed back to back. It is interesting to have another English name,
the ‘Moonpenny,’ to the series by which Chrysanthemum leucanthemum is
commonly known in various districts. I have seen a similar abnormal growth of
the common May-weed, Matricaria inodora, but not before of the Chrysanthemum.
—P. Fox LEE, Dewsbury, 18th July, 1889.

Naturalist,

NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY. 247

SHERWOOD FOREST AND THE ‘DUKERIES.’

Sissons’s ‘ Beauties of Sherwood Forest’: a Guide to the ‘ Dukeries’ and
Worksop: with map and copious illustrations. Compiled by F. Sissons.
Worksop: Sissons and Son, 8, Potter Street. London: Hamilton, Adams
and Co. * * 1888 [Small 8vo. 146 pages—price Is. ].

The guide now before us is a well-written and most interesting
book, free from superfluous verbiage and replete with the kind of
information that visitors most wish to possess.

Due attention is paid to the natural beauties which more than
human edifices form the peculiar charm of the district, and the
magnificent and famed Oaks—the ‘ Major,’ the ‘ Parliament,’ the
‘Greendalé,’ and others—are successively treated of, while additional
value is given to the guide by chapters of special interest to readers
of this journal in which the Rey. Hilderic Friend discourses of the
botany of the district and another (unnamed) contributor possessing
intimate knowledge of the subject describes the cave-explorations
which have been carried on at Cresswell Crags under the Superin-
tendance of the Rev. J. Magen Mello.

We wish every success to the Guide, and trust that in future
editions its compiler may be able to include chapters dealing with
the far-famed Entomology of Sherwood, its interesting avifauna, and
the mollusca which inhabit the great lakes at Thoresby and Clumber.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Redshanks breeding near York.—Some ten years ago Mr. E. Warrington
began to ‘flood’ his ings on the banks of the Wharfe, in the parish of Ryther,
opposite Nun Appleton. A few years after, Redshanks ( Zotanus calidris) began
to breed there, probably disturbed in their haunts at Strensall by the recent
military occupation. I saw three pair of these birds last week, in walking from
Ulleskelf Station to Ryther to celebrate my father and mother’s 58th wedding day.
The old birds, whose young ones I saw also, flew round my head with vociferous
cries, their legs, stretched back under the tail, gleamed a reddish colour, and the
expanded wings showed on the upper surface a well-defined white line. This was
not visible when the wings were folded. The birds settled repeatedly on sawn
stumps of willow trees, and also on tender twigs of small trees in the hedgerow.
The birds were in company with a few Green Plovers (Vanellus vulgaris). As
the above is a new habitat for breeding, I send information to 7he Natwralist.—
E. MAULE COLE, Wetwang Vicarage, York,

Curious Nests of Missel Thrush.—On May 14th I found a most curious
nest of the Missel Thrush (72sdus visctvorus) at Birk Crag near Harrogate. It
was composed externally almost entirely of large white feathers, which stuck out
all round, giving it a most conspicuous appearance.

Last year I found a nest of the same species in Barber’s Coppice, built externally
of bookbinders’ cuttings, which blew about with the wind, of course making the
nest easily discernable. A curious fact is that in this same coppice for five years
I have found nests composed for the greater part of these paper shavings.

For the last three years a Missel Thrush, and I presume the same bird, has
built a nest of this material and in exactly the same place every year.—RILEY
FortTuNE, Harrogate, June 1889.

Aug. 1889.

248
YORKSHIRE SCENES, LORE, AND LEGENDS.

Yorkshire: its Scenes, Lore, and Legends; elaborated from a Prize

Essay written for the Bradford Geographical Exhibition, 1887.

By M. Tait. Leeds: E. J. Arnold, 1888.

A well got up and very readable pocket volume, which deals with
a large subject as fully as can be expected in a hundred duodecimo
pages. Its scope is physical, historical, and archzological. The book is
illustrated by a geological map, a map of Roman Yorkshire, a coloured
contour-map of the county, and seven others of the different river-
basins. These maps, compiled by Mr. F. D. King, are clearly drawn,
and seem to be accurate, but the scales should have been given.

The division into river-valleys adopted in the text is a useful one,
but it would have been more convenient to treat the coast separately,
or to divide it into Hull, Derwent, and Esk, rather than to place it
under the heading of the Ouse. It is strange, too, to find Cleveland
and the Wolds under the title ‘The South-West.’

There is a loose statement on p. 3, which might mislead a novice:
‘The weakest parts [of the earth’s crust] are forced up highest, and
when the whole area is raised above sea-level, these highest parts
are mountains and hills.’ There is, probably, no example of an
anticlinal hill in Yorkshire, the elevations being all carved out by
denudation, as’ is implied on the next page, although a few features,
such as Giggleswick Scar and Scarborough Castle Hill, are partly
determined by dislocations. Again, the author is unfortunate (p. 17)
in ascribing any part of the relief of the surface to marine action ;
even if such valleys as Nidderdale were ever ‘fiords,’ they did not
owe their form to the sea, which is a universal leveller.

The general physical features of the county and its legendary
associations are well handled, and illustrated by engravings ; a list is
also given of the chief residential seats of Yorkshire. After some
notes on vegetation and its dependence on the nature of the soil, we
havea sketch of Yorkshire history from pre-Roman times to the Board
School era, with some notes on the rise of the textile industries.

The concluding section on ‘ Races and their Traces’ is interesting.
The author, however, should not confuse natural stones like Austin’s
Stone at Drewton with Christian monuments such as the Rudstone
(rood-stone) near Bridlington. In saying that the Saxon and Danish
irruptions have left few traces of defensive works, it would have been
well to mention Danes’ Dyke at Flamborough, though this may
possibly be of British age.

The book will serve as a useful guide to the lore of the county,
and is more portable than the classical ‘Rivers, Mountains, and
Sea-Coast’ of the great Yorkshire geologist.—A.H.

Naturalist,

249
BIBLIOGRAPHY :

Papers and records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England.

BIRDS, 1887.

THE remarks prefixed to the bibliography for 1886 at p. 145 of the
present volume apply equally to the instalment now published.

ANON. [no signature]. York N.E.
[Kittiwake (white) and Gannet in Yorkshire ; the former (Rzssa) at Flam-
borough ; and the latter (.Sz/a) shot at Crayke]. Nat. World, Jan. 1887, iv. 2.
Anon. [signed ‘ Auceps ’]. York S.E.

Habits of the Pink-footed Goose [Auser brachyrhynchus] in East York-
shire [based on twenty vears’ experience; a full and detailed paper, with
comparative references made to Bean Goose (A. segetum)]. Field, Jan. Ist,
1887, p. 15, Jan. 15th, p. 82, and Jan. 22nd, p. 147.

Isle of Man.

ANON. [two notes, signed ‘The Man with the Straight I’ and ‘ W. W.’].

Snipe Shooting in the Isle of Man [noting the comparative frequency of
Scolopax rusticola, Gallinago calestis, and Perdix cinerea]. Field, Jan. 8th,
1887, p. 42.

ANON. [signed ‘].F.’]. York N.E.

Great Northern Diver [Colyméus glacialis| near Thirsk [shot near Birdforth].
Field, Jan. 8th, 1887, p. 54; and (not signed) Sci. Goss., May 1887, p. 119.

ANON. [signed ‘E. McC. (Guernsey)’]. York S.E.

Birds [Corvus frugilegus?] alighting upon ships at sea [five or six miles
off Flamborough Head]. Field, March 26th, 1887, p. 436.

ANON. [Editorial]. Linc. N.

[Newspaper Science; exquisitely curious account of a rara avis; which
eventually turned out to be Sz/a dassana]. Nat., April 1887, p. 115; and
May, p. 154.

ANON. [signed ‘ High Legh’. Cheshire.

Thrush’s Nest upon a hat-peg [at High Legh, Cheshire, in a cricket-
pavilion ; species of thrush not stated]. Field, May 7th, 1887, p. 622.

ANON. [not signed]. York S.W.

Peregrine Falcon [/alco feregrinus—killed near Retford ; 38 inches across
the wings]. Sci. Goss., June 1887, p. 142.

ANON. [signed ‘J.L.D. (Crathorne, Yarm)’]. York N.E.

Young Woodcock [Scolopax rusticola| in the North Riding [at Crathorne,
Yarm, flushed 24th July, 1887]. Field, July 30th, 1887, p. 199.

Lanc. S., Notts.,
ANON. [Editor of N.H.J.]. York S.W., Mid W., N.E., Cumbld.

Migrant Table, No. 11, 1887 [giving dates of arrival of twenty-six species of
migrants at Mansfield (E. Pickard), Barnsley (T. Lister), Ackworth (Associa-
tion Report), York (numerous observers named), Thirsk (A. B. Hall),
Penketh (Scholars, per J. T. Gumersall), and Upper Solway (F. Carr of
Silloth, and Wigton Association Report)]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Sep. 15th,
1887, xi. 138.

ANON. [not signed]. York S.W.

Ackworth Reports.—Natural History Society [/ringilla montifringilla,
Coccothraustes vulgaris, and Daulias at Stapleton ; ‘Terns,’ Alcedo, Certhia,
Regulus cristatus at Ackworth; and at Brierley Common two eggs of

___ Cuculus in nests of Anthus pratensis]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Sep. 15, 1887, xi. 128.

Aug. 1889.

250 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1887.

ANON. [Editor of Zoologist]. Yorksh., Linc., Northbld.
[Review of] Report on the Migration of Birds in the Spring and
Autumn of 1886 [with notes culled from the reports as to the best points of
migration on the coast, and as to the migration of Ral/us aguaticus, etc. ].
Zool., Oct. 1887, xi. 397-400.

ANON. [signed D.F.C.]. Isle of Man.
The Manx Puffin [Pufinus anglorum; description; from a book on ‘ The
Ancient and Present State of the County Down,’ 1744]. Manx Note Book,

No. 12, Oct. 1887, iii. 190.

Anon. [Editor of Field]. Derbyshire, Lanc. S., York N.E.

Belated Swallows [a general discussion of the subject, with a table, in

which Swallows (species not stated) are recorded for Repton, Oct. 17th

(A. E. Malaher); Southport, one, Oct. 19th (T. C. Barrett); Cliftonfield,

York, Oct. 22nd (A. S. Carnegy), and Willington, Derby (W. A. Biddle)].
Field, Dec. roth, 1887, p. 907.

OLIVER V. APLIN. Linc. N.

Scarcity of Fieldfares [( 7udus prlaris), and absence of Redwings ( 7. z/zacus)
at Freiston Shore, Lincolnshire, in Nov. 1886]. Zool., Feb. 1887, xi. 71.

OLIVER V. APLIN. Linc. N.

Ornithological Notes from Lincolnshire [Freiston] and Norfolk [Nov.
16th and 17th, 1886; during two days at Freiston Shore were noted 77zxga
alpina, T. canutus, -gialitis hiaticula, Numenius arquata, Totanus calidris,
Ardea cinerea, Gallinago calestis, Charadrius pluvialis, Vanellus, Corvus
cornix, C. corone, Anas boschas, Bernicla brenta, Plectrophanes nivalis, Falco
@salon, Linota flavirostris, L. cannabina, Carduelis, Anthus obscurius,
A. pratensis, and Alauda arvensis]. Nat., March 1887, p. 79.

OLIVER V. APLIN. Notts.

Partridges [Perdix cinerea] with White ‘Horse-shoes’ [are often met
with in Notts., teste J. Whitaker]. Zool., March 1887, xi. 108.

OLIVER V. APLIN. York S.E., Notts.
A Visit to Rainworth Lodge [in Aug. 1883 and April 1886; Cygnus

olor, Anas boschas, Sturnus, Accentor modularis, Erithacus, Parus, Mlusci-
capa, Gallinago celestis, Caprimulgus, Fulica, Phylloscopus rufus, Gallinula,
Fuligula cristata, Vanellus, Spatula, Hirundo, Querquedula crecca, Hydro-
chelidon nigra, Buteo vulgaris, Tringa canutus, Sula, Perdix rufa, Saxicola
ananthe, Pratincola rubetra, P. rubicola, Turdus torguatus, Tetrao tetrix,
Tachybaptes, Accipiter nisus, Cuculus, Caprimulgus, Cotile, Turdus pilaris,
Alcedo, Ardea cinerea, Columba palumbus, Clangula glaucion, Fuligula
ferina, F. marila, @demia, Pandion, Botaurus stellaris, Phalaropus fulicarius,
Platalea, Mareca, Caprimulsus egyptiacus, Phasianus, Tetrao urogallus,
Corvus cornix, and Phalacrocorax carbo noted in the grounds; and in the
house specimens of 7Z22snculus verpertinus (Bridlington 1865), Scofs aszo
(Renwick 1875), C7zzclus melanogaster (Southwell), Ardea comata (Notts.
1871), Clangula albeola (Bridlington 1864-5), Cosmonetta histrionica (Filey
1862), Xema sabinzd (Bridlington 1875), Puffinus griseus (Flamborough 1881),
and a number of Varieties]. Nat., July 1887, pp. 193-201.

H. T. ARCHER. Northumberland.

Grey Plover [Sguatarola helvetica] and Greenshank [7Zotanus canescens]

in Northumberland [on the coast, Sep. 7th and Aug. 16th, 1887]. WNat.,
Nov. 1887, p. 348.

JAMES BACKHOUSE, jun. York N.E.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Saltburn [30th May, 1887; birds
noted— 7zrdus merula, 7. mustcus, T. visctvorus, Cinclus, Fringilla celebs,
Ligurinus, Emberiza cttrinella, Accentor modularis, Passer domesticus, Alauda
arvensis, Motactlla lugubris, M. melanope, Acredula caudata, Parus major,

P. ceruleus, P. britannicus, Certhia, Troglodytes, Corvus frugilegus,

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1887. 251

C. monedula, Sturnus, Phasianus, Columba palumbus,'C. anas, Larus
canus, L. argentatus, Rissa, Phalacrocorax carbo, Saxicola ananthe, Pratincola
rubetra, Acrocephalus phragmitis, Sylvia atricapilla, S. cinerea, Phylloscopus
rufus, P. trochilus, P. stbilatrix, Locustella, Anthus trivialis, Hirundo,
Chelidon, Cottle, Cypselus, Muscicapa grisola, Cuculus, and Tringoides].
Nat., July 1887, p. 218.

JAMES BACKHOUSE, jun. York N.E.
Yorkshire Naturalists at Gormire Lake and Thirkleby Park [birds
noted were—Avzdea cinerea, Tringoides, Turdus terquatus, and Cypselus at
Gormire ; account of the Decoy at Thirkleby ; account of the nesting there

of Mareca, Chaulelasmus, Faligula cristata, F. ferina, Tadorna cornuta,
Querquedula crecca, Dafila, and Anas boschas]. Nat., Aug. 1887, pp. 235-244.

JAMES BACKHOUSE, jun. York N.W.

Yorkshire and Westmorland Naturalists at Sedbergh [Aug. Ist, 1887;

Corvus corax, Linota flavirostris, Turdus torquatus, Saxicola enanthe, three
Motacille, Cinclus, and both Pratincole noted]. Nat., Sep. 1887, p. 278.

Jamrs BACKHOUSE, Jun. York S.E.

The Sooty Shearwater [Pujffinas griseus] at Flamborough [23rd Aug.,

1887 ; a pair, adult male and female ; discussion of Yorkshire occurrences ;

and record of occurrences of Puffinus anglorum at Bridlington and at
Dunnington near York]. Nat., Oct. 1887, p. 291.

J. BAcKHOUSE, Jun. York S.E., York N.E., Northumberland S.
The Sooty Shearwater [(P2/finws griseus) occurring at Filey, four shot
26th Aug., 1887 ; and at Newbiggen-by-Sea, Aug. ; Editorial note that the
species occurs almost annually on the Yorkshire coast, at Flamborough
especially]. Nat., Dec. 1887, p. 354.

MATTHEW BAILEY. York S.E.
Flamborough Bird Notes [three notes with same heading; dates of arrival
of Motacilla lugubris, M. raiz, Hirundo, Sylvia curruca, Saxicola ananthe,
Ruticilla phenicurus, Turdus merula, T. musicus, Linota cannabina,
Muscicapa atricapilla, Turdus torguatus, Pratincola rubicola, P. rubetra,
Turtur, Corvus cornix, Plectrophanes nivalis (28th May), Cypselus, Anser
canadensis, and Eudromias morinellus). Nat., Aug. 1887, p. 226.

Mrs. BARKWORTH. York S.E.

Swallows [Airundo rustica] Nesting Indoors upon a Curtain Pole

{at Raywell, Cottingham, near Hull; detailed account given]. Field,
Oct. 8th, 1887, p. 549.

J. BEANLAND. York Mid W.

Canada Goose [Azser canadensis] breeding at Bingley [‘in a wild state’).
Nat. World, Oct. 1887, iv. 175.
EpwarpD F. BECHER. Linc.
Visitors to my Bungalow [with an incidental remark that the late Rev. R.
Sutton, formerly rector of Bilsthorpe, Notts., had in his collection eggs of

the Kite (A@z/vus zctZnus), taken in Lincolnshire]. Trans. and 34th Rep. of
Nottingham Nat. Soc. for 1886 [pub. 1887], p. 60.
W. BECHER. Notts., Chesh., Linc.
Montagu’s Harrier [Circus cineraceus] in Notts. [killed June 1886 at
Boughton, Notts., immature male ; Editor appends note that C. cyameus was
shot early in November 1886, at Wild Boar Clough, near Macclesfield ; and
refers to an article in the ‘ Field’ (Dec. 4th, 1886, for account of its breeding
in Lincolnshire sixty years ago]. Zool., Jan. 1887, xi. 26.
F. JEFFREY BELL. Yorkshire.
The ‘Grouse Disease’ [two Yorkshire specimens of Zagopus scoticus found
dead ona moor showed no sign of disease, and had no other parasite than the
____ ‘common tapeworm ’]. Zool., July 1887, xi. 265.
Aug. 1889.

pre BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1887.

F, JEFFREY BELL. York Mid W.
Grouse Disease [extracts from letter from Lord Walsingham that his moors
in Washburndale have been quite free from the true epidemic caused by
Strongylus pergracilis}. Zool., Aug. 1887, xi. 302.
F. BoyEs. York S.E.
Habits of the Pink-footed Goose [Amser brachyrhynchus] in East
Yorkshire [corroborating the remarks of ‘ Auceps,’ and claiming priority in
pointing out that the Yorkshire Wolds geese were of this species and not the
Bean Goose]. Field, Jan. 8th, 1887, p. 54; and Jan. 22nd, p. IIo.
F. BoyEs. York S.E.

Great Tit [Parus major] killed by Bees [who attacked it when trapped by
the leg ; at Beverley it is very destructive to bees]. Field, Jan. 8th, 1887, p 54.

F. Boyes. York S.E.
Food of Tits [Parus major and P. ceruleus, as observed at Beverley].
Field, Jan. 15th, 1887, p. 82.
F. Boyes. York S.E.
Habits of the Bernicle Goose [(Bernicla J/eucopsis); and its occasional
occurrence in Holderness]. Field, Jan. 22nd, 1887, p. 110.
F. Boyes. York S.E.
The Geese of the Humber District [their habits and distribution, written
in criticism of Mr. Cordeaux’s article ; Azzser brachyrhynchus and A. segetum
dealt with]. Field, Feb. 5th, 1887, pp. 180-181; Feb. 19th, p. 252.
F. Boyes. York S.E.
The Green Sandpiper (elodromas ochropus) ; habits and probable wintering
near Beverley; reference also made to Redshank (7Zofanzs calidris) and
Greenshank (7. cazescens)]. Field, March 12th, 1887, p. 371.
F. Boyes. York S.E. or York S.W.
Breeding of Wild Geese in East Yorks. [somewhere near Goole; five
goslings reared ; species uncertain]. Field, Sep. 17th, 1887, p. 478.
F. Boyes. York S.E.
Solitary Snipe [Ga//inago major| and Greenshank [7otanus canescens] in
East Yorks. [near Beverley; details of capture given]. Field, Sep. 17th,
1887, p. 478.
F. Boyrs. York S.E.
Early Appearance of Wild Geese [(Axser brachyrhynchus?); last week in
Aug. 1887, in Holderness]. Fieid, Sep. 17th, 1887, p. 478.
F. Boyes. York S.E., Linc. N.
A Big Shot [with a quotation and criticism of Howard Saunders’ statement
(Brit. Birds, ed. 4) as to the Dotterell (Aadromias morinellus) frequenting
marshes on the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire coast during the spring migration].
Field, Oct. Ist, 1887, p. 534.
F. BoyEs. York S.E.
Sabine’s Gull [Xema sabiniz] on the Yorkshire Coast [a young one shot
at Flamborough Head on the ‘6th ult.’]. Field, Oct. Ist, 1887, p. 537.
F, Boyes. York S.E.
The Departure of Swallows [begins much earlier than is implied by
P. Inchbald’s note; fully half have left East Yorkshire by the end of August].
Field, Oct. rst, 1887, p. 537.
F, Boyes. York S.E.
Off Flamborough Head [detailed account of a day’s shooting from a boat,
8th Oct., 1887; Zurdus tliacus, Larus argentatus, Sula, Gdemia nigra,
Alca torda, Stercorarius pomatorhinus, S. crepidatus, Rissa, Larus ridi-
bundus, Edemia fusca, Harelda, Regulus cristatus, Fringilla celebs, Linota
cannabina, L. flavirostris, Fringilla montifringilla, Turdus merula, Sturnus,
Phylloscopus rufus, and Hematopus noted]. Field, Oct. 29th, 1887, p. 654.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1887. 253

F. Boyes. York S.E.
Arrival of Woodcocks [(Scolopax rusticola) at Flamborough, Oct. 1st, 1887,.
and later; details as to average times of arrival ; Aszo acctpfztrinus also noted
as sometimes arriving at Spurn as early as the end of September]. Field,,.
Oct. 29th, 1887, p. 679.
F. Boyes. York S.E.
Sooty Shearwaters [Pujfinus griseus] at Flamborough [in autumn 1887 ;.
several shot ; extremely rare on this coast]. Field, Oct. 29th, 1887, p. 679.
F. Boyrs. York S.E.
Solitary Snipes [Ga//inago major] from East Yorkshire [one, adult, near
Burton Agnes, and one, immature, near Pocklington]. Field, Oct. 29th, 1887,
p. 679.
F. Boyes. York S.E., Linc. N., Lanc. W., Cumberland.
The Dotterel [Zudromias morinellus| in Marshes [in Yorkshire, Lincoln-
shire, Lancashire, and Cumberland; rejoinder to Howard Saunders]. Field,
Nov. 12th, 1887, p. 754.
F. Boyes. Yosk.S.E;
Fulmar Petrel [7a/marus glacialis] at Flamborough [Sep. 27th, 1887, a
fine old bird shot]. Field, Nov. 26th, 1887, p. 829.
F. Boyes. York S.E.
Little Gull [Zavws minutus] and pure white Kittiwake [27ssa tridactyla]
at Flamborough [about a dozen of the Little Gull, including two adults].
Field, Nov. 26th, 1887, p. 829.
F. Boyes. York S.E..
Woodcocks [(Scolopax rusticola) and their habits ; criticism of a note by
E. T. Booth]. Field, Nov. 26th, 1887, p. 829.
F. Boyes. York S.E.
Long-tailed Ducks [are/da glacialis] at Flamborough [several shot,
young males and females]. Field, Nov. 26th, 1887, p. 829.
F. Boyes. York S.E., Linc. N.
The Dotterel [£udromias morinellus] in Marshes [in North Lincolnshire,
East Yorkshire ; note in reply to criticism]. Field, Nov. 26th, 1887, p. 829.
W. D. BRAITHWAITE. York S.W.

Ackworth School Natural History Society [Shrikes (Zamzus) near
Ackworth, nesting twelve years ago at Hessle ; combat between 7?7272272culus
alaudarius and Corvus frugilegus near Hemsworth Dam; Airundo rustica
hawking, Oct. 26th, over quarter-inch ice on the mill-dam]. Nat. Hist. Journ.,
Nov. 15th, 1887, xi. 186.

ARTHUR B. BROWNE. York S.W.

The Cuckoo [Cuculus canorus]’s Note in July [heard July 25th, in a wood
between Greno Wood and Wharncliffe Chase; a late date]. Field, July
30th, 1887, p. 199.

ALFRED F. Buxton. Derbyshire.

Note on the Ring Ouzel [(7Zwzdus tovguatus), at Castleton, Derbyshire,
robbing a nest for the sake of eating the eggs]. Zool., Aug. 1887, xi. 305.

M. Carr. ? Cumberland.

Great Northern Diver [Colymébus glacialis] on the Solway [seen April 5th,
1887]. Nat. Hist. Journ., May 16th, 1887, xi. 85.

BasiL CARTER. York N.W.

Late Stay of Swallows [A7rundo and Chelidon] and Swifts [(Cypselus)
at Masham ; dates stated]. Field, Oct. 15th, 1887, p. 600.

JAMES CARTER. York N.W.

Arrival of Sand Martins [(Cof7/e) at Masham; three seen, 23rd March,
1887 ; arrival in 1886 was 2Ist March]. Field, March 26th, 1887, p. 436.

Aug. 1889.

254 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1887.

JAMES CARTER. York N.W.
Notes from [Masham] North Yorkshire [Saxicola enanthe arrived April
1oth ; Zotanus calidris arrived; Sea-gulls passed over; Scolopax rusticola
noted April roth ana 11th]. Field, April 16th, 1887, p. 534.
JAMES CARTER. York N.W.
Reported Arrival of the Cuckoo [Cuciulus canorus| and Flycatcher

[Muscicapa grisola; points out necessity of seeing as well as hearing the
Cuckoo]. Field, April 23rd, 1887, p. 580.

J. CARTER. York N.W.

Arrival of Summer Birds [at Mashasi ; Phylloscopus rufus, April 18th,
£. trochilus, April 19th, Locustella nevia, April 20th, Acrocephalus phragmitis,
May 3rd, Crex, May 4th]. Field, April 23rd, 1887, p- 581, May 7th, p. 622.

JAMES CARTER. York N.W.

The Spotted Flycatcher [(Muscicapa grisola) and the Pied Flycatcher
(IZ. atricapilla) as observed at Masham, where the former nests; the 25th
April is the earliest date on which it has been noted]. Field, May 28th,
1887, p. 726.

JAMES CARTER. York N.W.

Nesting Habits of the Pied Flycatcher [(J/uscécapa atricapilla) in Yorkshire].
Field, June 4th, 1887, p. 765.

JAMES CARTER. York N.W.

Cirl Bunting [Améeriza cirlus] nesting in Yorkshire [at Masham]. Field,
Oct 1st, 16872 p. 537-

Tom CARTER. York N.W.

Gannet [Sz/a bassana] occurring inland near Masham [on the Swinton

estate, 2nd Oct., 1886; Corvus cornix arrived at Masham 4th Oct., Zurdus
éliacus 9th Oct., 1886]. Nat., Feb. 1887, p. 45.
ABEL CHAPMAN. Durham.
Little Gull [Zaras minutus] in co. Durham [maintaining that the specimen
recorded in Zool. 1886, p. 457, is certainly this species in first plumage and
not Xema sabiniz, as suggested in Editorial note to first record]. Zool.,
Jan. 1887, xi. 26.
ABEL CHAPMAN. Northumberland, Durham.
Wildfowl: their haunts and habits [on the English North-East Coast ;
Numenius arquata, Limose, Squatarola, Tadorna cornuta, Fuligula maria,
Clangula glaucion, Mergus, Phalacrocorax, Podiceps, Colymbus, A nas boschas,
Cygnus bewickt, Bernicla brenta, and Mareca noted]. Field, Jan. 22nd,
1887, p. I12.
ABEL CHAPMAN. Northumberland, Durham.
Wildfowl: their haunts and habits [on the English North-East Coast].
Game-Ducks [J/arveca, Anas boschas, Fuligula marila, Clangula glaucion,
Querquedula crecca, Dafila, Chaulelasmus, Querquedula circia, Spatula, and
Tadorna cornuta]. Field, March 12th, 1887, p. 371, and March 26th, p. 435.

ALFRED CRAWHALL CHAPMAN. Lincs., Northumberland, Durham.
On the Habits and Migrations of Wildfowl [voluminous notes of experience
on the coasts of Northumberland and Durham; the species mentioned are
Anas boschas, Fuligula marila, F. cristata, F. ferina, Clangiula glaucion,
Querquedula crecca, Mareca, Mergus serrator, Ml. merganser, Gedemia nigra,
G. fusca, Harelda, Somateria mollissima, Tadorna cornuta, Procellaria
pelagica, Fulmarus glacialis, Bernicla brenta, Dafila, Spatula, Fudlica,
Gallinula, Tachybaptes, Anser albtfrons, A. cinereus, A. segetum, A. brachyr-
hynchus, Bernicla leucopsis, Turdus pilaris, T. tliacus, Plectrophanes
nivalis, Alauda arvensis, Dendrocopus major, Cygnus musicus, Vanellus,
Charadrius pluvialis, Totanus calidris, Hematopus, Larus fer L. marinus,
Numenius arquata, Colymbus glacialis, C. arcticus, C. septentrionalis,
Podiceps auritus, P. nigricollis, P. cristatws, and P. grisetgena, and a Lin-
colnshire example of Colymbus arcticus is noted]. Zool. , Jan. 1887, XI B20

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1887. 255

Rospert W. CHASE. Northumberland.
Harlequin Duck [Cosmonetta histrionica] on the Northumbrian Coast
[stating that the specimen exhibited by H. Saunders to the Zool. Soc. was. not
the one recorded by Mr. Tuck, but the companion bird shot at same time].
Zool., May 1887, xi. 196.
MILLER CHRISTY. York N.E.
The Birds of our Premises: An Account of the Avifauna of the School
Premises [64 acres in extent] at 20, Bootham, York [nearly sixty species
enumerated, with details, a remarkably comprehensive list for an z7ban area;
some of the observations are by E. J. Gibbins]. N.H.J., March 15th, 1887,
xi, 22-27; April 15th, 46-50.
Wma. EAGLE CLARKE. York S.E.
The Geese of the Humber District [criticizing F. Boyes’ notes, and upholding
the claim of Arthur Strickland to priority in respect of the specific identity of
the species frequenting the Yorkshire Wolds]. Field, Feb. 12th, 1887, p
215, and Feb. 26th, p. 297.

W. EaGLe CLARKE. York S.W.

An Old Yorkshire Decoy [on Potterick Carr, Doncaster, the earliest
formed in England; full details and history]. Field, Nov. 26th, 1887,
p. $28.

W. C. CLARKSON. York Mid W.
Great Grey Shrike [Zanzus excudbitor] in Nidderdale [at New York, Jan.
14th, 1887]. Nat., March 1887, p. 83.
ARTHUR COLLINSON. York S.W.
Brief Notes from the Prize Diaries, 1886 [Hzrundo and Cypselus killed at
Walton Hall by the severe weather of May; nest of Chelzdon at Wentbridge,
29th Sep., 1886 ; curious nesting-site of Muscicapa grisola at Ackworth ; nest
of Parus britannicus at Badsworth with 15 eggs; and Rooks (Corvus
Srugilegus) ‘tumbling,’ at Ackworth]. Nat. Hist. Journ., May 16th, 1887,
xi. 78.
E. CoMBER. Cheshire.
Arrival of Summer Birds [at Leighton, Parkgate, Cheshire; Cypselus
and Crex, May 4th]. Field, May 7th, 1887, p. 622.

Cheshire, Lancashire, Cumberland, Yorkshire,

JOHN CoRDFAUX. Lincs., Northmbld., Isle of Man.
Report .... on the Migration of Birds at Lighthouses and Light-
vessels, . . . . [an abstract of the much fuller report ; including notes on

the more important movements and occurrences]. Brit. Assoc. Rep.,
Birmingham, 1886 [pub. 1887], pp. 264-267.

JOHN CoRDEAUX. Linc. N. and S., York S.E.
Bird-Notes from the Humber District [J@/vus tctinus near Somercotes,
Oct. 1886; very light-coloured Buteo velgaris at Blankney, Oct. 2nd, 1886 ;
Phalaropus fulicarius at Bassingham near Lincoln, Oct. 14th, 1886; young
Sula near Kirton-in-Lindsey, Oct. 1886; Zachybaptes at Spurn, Oct. 1886 ;
and Zzrdus torguatus on the Lincolnshire coast, Oct. 1886]. Nat., Jan.
1887, p. 23.

JOHN CORDEAUX. York S.E., Linc. N.
The Geese of the Humber District [detailed observations on their habits,
distribution, etc. ; Azser segetum, A. brachyrhynchus, A. ferus, and A. albi-
rons referred to]. Field, Jan. 29th, 1887, p. 146; and Feb. 12th, p. 215.
JOHN CORDEAUX. EimcaN-
Some Footprints in the Snow [as observed at Great Cotes near
Grimsby, of Gallinula chloropus, Querquedula crecca, Anas boschas, Ardea
cinerea, Scolopax rusticola, Perdix cinerea, Gallinago calestis, Turdus pilaris,
Sturnus, Motacilla melanope, Corvus frugilegus, and Columba palumbus).
Nat., March 1887, pp. 72-74.
Aug. 1889.

256 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1887.

JOHN CORDEAUX. Linc. N.
Distribution of the White-bellied Brent Goose [(Berzicla brenta); being
notes of three shot near Tetney Haven in Jan. 1887, all of the white-bellied
or Atlantic type]. Zool., April 1887, xi. 152.
JoHNn CoRDEAUX. Linc. N.
The Dotterel [Zudromias morinellus] in Marshes [in North Lincolnshire ;
elucidatory note in reply to F. Boyes]. Field, Nov. 26th, 1887, p. 829.
A. N. Curzon. Derbyshire.
Goosander [Jergus merganser] in Derbyshire [fine male shot Dec. 3oth,
1886, at Kedleston, near Derby]. Field, Jan. 22nd, 1887, p. 146.
Haroip Davy. York S.W.
Gull at Sheffield [in Jan. 1887; stated to be Larus marinus]. Nat. Hist.
Journ., Feb. 15th, 1887, xi. 16. [The next number has a note headed
‘Gull (?) (or Cormorant ?) at Sheffield,’ and stating F. O. Morris’s opinion
that the bird was a Cormorant]. Nat. Hist. Journ., March 15th, 1887, xi. 38.
T. E. D[ENHAM]. York S.E.
Robbing the Skouts [i.e. Guillemots (Zomzvza ¢trozle); at Flamborough
Cliffs ; a long description of cliff-climbing for eggs of Guillemots (Z. ¢voz/e',
Razorbills (Alca torda), Puffins (Fratercula arctica), and Kittiwakes (/7zssa
tridactyla) ; other birds are also mentioned, particularly Jackdaws (Corvus
monedula), Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus), Peregrine (falco peregrinus),
and Carrion Crows (Corvus corone)|. Nat. World, April 1887, iv. 65-68 ;
and May 1887, iv. 89-91.
F, W. DIcKINSON. York S.W.
Late Stay of Swift [Cyfselus apus] near Rotherham [16th Sep., 1887].
Nat., Nov. 1887, p. 348.
C. WoLLEY Dop. Cheshire.
Rooks [Corvus frugilegus] expelled by Carrion Crows [(C. corone) at Edge
Hall, Malpas]. Field, April 16th, 1887, p. 534, and April 23rd, p. 580.

J. C. D[onap]. Cumberland.
Curious Site for Blackbird [ 7z7dus merila]’s Nest [at Stanwix near Carlisle,
on a tubular water-spout beneath the eaves of a house]. Field, May 14th,
1887, p. 653.
Tom DucKWorRTH. Cumberland.
Our Summer Visitants. Part III. [Zurdus-torguatus, Saxicola enanthe,
Caprimuleus, Crex, and T7ringoides, treated of in detail as to localities,
habitats, habits, local names, etc.]. Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Assoc.,
No. xii (1886-87, pub. 1887), pp. $7-109.
W. DuckKworTH. Cumberland.
Fearlessness of the Pied Flycatcher [(J/usc?capa atricapilla) ; quotation from
Macpherson and Duckworth’s ‘ Birds of Cumberland’]. Field, June 25th,
1887, p. 922.
D. EMBLETON. Northmbld. S., Durham, York N.W., Westmld.
A Catalogue of the Place-names in Teesdale [including some derived
from the Eagle, Hawk, Buzzard, Raven, Crow, Gander, Heron, Plover,
Grouse, Drake, Pigeon, and Lark ; see pp. xiii, 8, 30, 96 (Raven), 39 (Falcon
Clints), 46 and 47 (Pigeon), 76, 87 (Eagle), 77 (Dow or Cushat), 87 (Lark),
88 (Plover or Peewit), 95 (Buzzard), 95, 115 (Dove), 95 (Heron), 103 (Hawk),
25, 120, and 121 (Grouse), 124 (Hawk), 153 (Crow), 154 and 163 (Raven),
163 (Lark), 167 (Grouse), 167 (Hawk), 168 (Dove), 169 (Raven), 186
(Grouse), 188 (Dove), 205 (Hawk), 210 (Grouse), 210, 218 (Dove)]. Nat.
Hist. Trans. of Northumb., Durham, and Newc., vol. ix. part i (1887),
pp. i-xvill, and 1-223.
A. T. H. Evans. Derbyshire.
Reported Capture of Golden Eagle [really Sea Eagle (Haliaétus albicilla)]
in Derbyshire [see the original record by G. T. Groves, Field, Dec. 3rd,
1887, p. 852]. Field, Dec. 1oth, 1887, p. 907.

Naturalist,

SEPTEMBER 1889.

Hy
mh. TR
A

JOURNAL OF

MONTHLY

CONDUCTED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, ELS,
Sunny Bank, Leeds;

WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF

J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS, P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,

Royal Herbarium, Kew ; Dewsbury ;

W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U.,
Museum of Science & Art, Edinburgh ;

GEORGE T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
Greenfield House, Huddersfield ;

ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S.,
St. John’s College, Cambridge ;

W. BARWELL TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.M.S.,
38, Sholebroke Avenue, Leeds.

Gonfents:

PAGE
Bibliography—Birds. 1887 . oe =A -. 257 t0 270
Plants of Langstrothdale, Mid-West Yorkshire aaieaee Basil Woodd 5 +. 27% to 277
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union in Upper Teesdale .. ES , .. 279 to 288
Note—Geology . > * ie ne 270

Fossil Foot- secinth in the Carboniferous a Northieailiertand. -
Notes—Botany . J a “e a Me wt oa aa 277
Senecio saracenicus in tiple Mid-West Yorkshire—Rev. W. A. Shuffrey,
M.A.; Polypogon monspeliensis near Horbury, South-West Yorkshire—

i Wm. Rushforth.

z Note—Coleoptera.... ae ise af ay 278

: Bembidium nigricorne Gyll. in mevchire— Ww. Barter.

Notes—Lepidoptera .. 278

Deilephila galii at Sowetiy es Walter Coplay: eh ceontig section ‘Thee
at Alford, Lincs —¥as. Eardley Mason, S.S.C.

Note—Cryptogamic Botany a ~ =e a +, 278
Upper Teesdale Mosses—Matthew B. Slater, FL. Ss.

Notes and News

LONDON:
LovELL REEVE & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C,

McCorQuopaALE & Co. LimITED, CARDINGTON STREET, EUSTON;
AND
Leeps: BasinGHALL STREET.

All Communications should be Addressed :—
The Editors of ‘The Naturalist,’
Sunny Bank, Leeds.

PRICE SIXPENCE (by Post, Sevenpence).

‘ ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (from the OFFICE only), 5s., post free.

a:
The NA TURALIST.

Authors’ Reprints.—15 copies 5 the Naturalist are given to authors.
of papers exceeding 3 pages. Reprints may be had at the following rates, ifthe _
order is given on returning proof: 50 copies, 4 pp. 4/6; 8 pp. 5/6; 12 pp. 7/-;
16 pp. 8/6; 100 copies, 4 pp. 7/- ; 8 pp: 8/6; 12 pp. I1/-; 16 pp. 13/6; 200 copies,
4 pp. 9/6; 8 pp. 11/-; 12 pp. 16/-; 16 Pp- 18/-. Covers charged extra—Plain
Covers, 50 copies, 195 100 copies, 1/6; 200 copies, 2188 Printed Covet, 50
copies, 2/- ; 100 copies 3/- 3 200 copies, 4/6.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Journal of Conchology, Vol. 6, No. 3, for July 1889. pane Conchological Society.
Il Naturalista Siciliano, ann. 8, n. 9, Giugno 1889. - _- [Signor Enrico Ragusa.
Revue Bryologique, 16° Année, 1889, No. 4. [M. T. Husnot, redacteur, Cahan.
Psyche: journ. of entom.,Vol.5, No. 157-9, May-July 1889. [Camb. Ent. Cl.,U.S.A.
New York Microscopical Soc.—Journ., vol. 5, No. 3, July 1889. [The Society.
Manchester Geological Society—Trans., vol. 20, parts 9 and 10, 1889. [The Society.
Science Gossip, No. 296, for August 1889. [Messrs. Chatto & Windus, publishers.
The Midland Naturalist, No. 140, for August 1889. [Birmingham Nat. Hist. Soc.
Research, monthly illust. journ. of science, No. 14, August 1889. [A.N.Tate, editor.
The Wesley Naturalist, No. 30, for August 1889. [The Wesley Scientific Society.
The Young Naturalist, Part 116, for August 1889. [Mr. John E. Robson, editor.
The Zoologist, 3rd Series, Vol. 13, No. 152, August 1889. [J. E. Harting, Editor.
Verhandlungen des deutschen wissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Santiago, Heft 6, 1888.

[Verein.
Bristol Naturalists’ Society. — Annual Report for 1888-1889, 8vo.,24 pages. [Society..
Ditto. —Proceedings, New Series, Vol. 6, part 1,(1888-1889), 8vo, 164 pages.[Society.
Westmorland Note-Book and Nat. Hist. Record, Vol. 1, part 6, June 1889. [E. Gill.
W. Gunn and C, T. Clough.—Discovery of Silurian Beds in Teesdale, 8vo. reprint,

no date. [The Authors.
Joseph W. Williams.—Note on a New Species of Ampullaria from the La Plata,
8vo reprint, July 1889, 3 pages. (The Author.
A. M. Norman.—Notes on British Amphipoda, Part 1, 8vo reprint, 16 pp. and
3 pl., 1889. [Author.
A. M. Norman.—On a Crangon, some Schizopoda, and Cumacea new to British

Seas, 8vo reprint, 1887, 15 pp. [Author.

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.—ENTOMOLOGICAL
SECTION.—The President and Secretaries of the Section will be pleased to
receive the names and addresses of those members specially interesting themselves
in this branch. The object in view is to circulate a fairly complete list amongst
the members of this section, and thereby to facilitate the exchange of information,
and also, if sufficient encouragement is given, to publish (in the Annual Report of
the Section) at the close of the season a list of Yorkshire Occurrences of Insects.

Address the President :—Mr. N. F. DosprEr, The New Walk, Beverley ;

Or the Hon. Secretaries:—Mr. J. H. ROWNTREE, Westwood, Scarborough ;

Mr. W. E. Brapy, 1, Queen Street, Barnsley.

The Editors of ‘ The Naturalist’ would be pleased to receive offers of suitable
papers for insertion during the next few months.

Improved Egg Drills (2 sizes) and Metal Blowpipe with instructions 1/3 free.
‘Hints on Egg Collecting and Nesting,’ illustrated, 34d. free. Birds’ Skins,
Eggs (side-blown and in clutches with date), Lepidoptera, Ova, Larvz, and Pupz,
Artificial Eyes, and all kinds of Naturalists’ Requisites. Lists, one stamp. All
specimens, &c., sent out ‘on approval.’

. & W. DAVIS (Naturalists), DARTFORD, Kent.

The cheapest dealer in Birds, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells,
etc., is John Eggleston, Park Place, Sunderland. Lists free.

W. Longley, Entomological Cabinet and Apparatus Maker, 12, White Hart
Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C., maker to the Trade.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1887. 257

F. R. FITZGERALD. York Mid W.

Late Nesting of the Swallow [(Airundo) at Starbeck; latter end of

October, 1884; also of House Martin (Chel¢édox) at Pateley, Oct. 8th, 1886].
Nat. World, Jan. 1887, iv. 19.

F. R. F1ItzGERALD. York Mid W., S.W., and S.E.

Great Spotted Woodpecker [(Devdrocopus major) at Brighouse, at Easington
(an extraordinary migration), Harlow Moor, Goldsborough, Ripley, Plumpton,
and Harewood]. Nat. World, Feb. 1887, iv. 38.

F. R, FIvzGERALD. York Mid W.
Blackbird [Zurdus merula] laying in Thrush[Z7. mzszcus!s Nest [at
Harrogate and in Nidderdale]. Nat., March 1887, p. 78; Zool., May 1887,
xi. 194.
F. R. FITZGERALD. York Mid W.
Albino Birds observed near Harrogate [ Zzrdas merula (pied) at Harlow
Moor for three years ; Passer domesticus (pied) in Harrogate ; dlauda arvensis
(white), shot at Birk Crag, 1884 ; S¢rnus (smoky-white), shot at Harrogate,
1884; and £rithacus (pied) at Oatlands]. Nat., March 1887, p. 78; and
Zool., March 1887, xi. 110.
F. R. FITZGERALD. | York Mid W.
The Hawfinch [Coccothraustes vulgaris] at Harrogate [several instances
given]. Zool., April 1887, xi. 153.
F. R. FIvzGERALD. York Mid W.
House Martins [Chelidon urbica] nesting in October [1886, at Starbeck and
at Pateley Bridge]. Zool., May 1887, xi. 194.
F. R. FITZGERALD. York Mid W.
Great Spotted Woodpecker [Dendrocopus major) and Hawfinch [Cocco-
thraustes vulgar?s| near Harrogate [several occurrences for former, which
breeds at Ripley ; latter noted as breeding at Conyngham Hall ; AZuscicapa
atricapilla also noted, at Harrogate]. Nat., Aug. 1887, p. 226.
THOMAS Forp. Linc. N.
Herons [Ardea cinerea] poaching by moonlight [at Caistor]. Field, March
26th, 1887, p. 436.
THoMAS Forp. Linc. N., York Mid W., Notts.
Late Arrival of Swallows [Airundo rustica] in North Lincolnshire [at
Caistor, only one seen to 5th May, 1887; at Newark-on-Trent a fair number
‘last week,’ and with Cofz/e in Wharfedale a ‘fortnight ago’]. Field,
May 2ist, 1887, p. 702.
THomas Forp. Linc. N.
Stock Dove [Columba enas| nesting in Rabbit’s Hole [at Caistor]. Field,
May 28th, 1887, p. 726.
RILEY FORTUNE. York Mid W.
Gannet [.Sv/a bassana] inland near Harrogate [at Crimple Viaduct, Oct.
1886]. Nat., Feb. 1887, p. 45.
RILEY FORTUNE. York Mid W., Durham, Northmbld., Lancs.
Great Spotted Woodpecker [Dendrocopus major] at Harrogate [Three
species of Woodpecker (D. major, D. minor, and Gecinus viridis) mentioned
as nesting near Harrogate, and Dryocopus martiws as having occurred at
Ripley]. Nat. World, March 1887, iv. 57.
RILEY FORTUNE. York Mid W.
Rare Birds at Harrogate [Coccothraustes vulgaris, Anser brachyrhynchus,
Mergus merganser, and Sula bassana). Nat. World, March 1887, iv. 58.
RILEY FORTUNE. York Mid W.
Hawfinch [Coccothraustes vulgaris] and Pink-footed Geese [Axser
brachyrhynchus| at Harrogate [localities and dates given]. Nat., March
1887, p. 83.
Sept. 1889. R

258 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1887. |

R. FORTUNE. York Mid W.
Arrival of Summer Birds [at Harrogate; Saxicola wnanthe, March 20th;
Cotile, April 17th; Phylloscopus trochtlus, April 2nd; P. rufus, March toth;
Anthus trivialis, April 10th; Sylvia cinerea, April 17th ; Pratincola rubetra,
April 17th; Zurdus torguatus, April 8th; at Ripley near Harrogate, Hirundo,
April 17th; Phylloscopus stbilatrix, April 17th; Ruticilla phenicurus, April
17th; Muscicapa grisola, April 20th; Crex, April 23rd]. Field, April 30th
and May 7th, 1887, pp. 612, 622.
RILEY FORTUNE. York Mid W.
Barn Owl [Strix flammea] feigning Death [at Harrogate; detailed anecdote].
Nat., May 1887, p. 132.
RILEY FORTUNE. Northmbld. S., Durham.
Ornithological Notes from Northumberland and Durham during 1885
[anent A/uscicapa atricapilla, Acrocephalus streperus, Totanus calidris, Cygnus
olor, C. musicus, Fuligula ferina, Scolopax rusticola, Coccothraustes vulgaris,
Pernis, Locustella nevia, and Pica caudata|. Nat., May 1887, pp. 132-133.
RILEY FORTUNE. Northmbld. S. and Cheviotland.
Redshank |[ Zotans calidris] in Northumberland [at North Sunderland, May
1885, and at Hallington Reservoirs]. Nat., May 1887, p. 138.
RILEY FORTUNE. York Mid W.
Great Grey Shrike [Zancus excubitor] near Harrogate [seen on Harlow
Heath, Jan. 12th, 1887]. Nat., May 1887, p. 140.
RILEY FORTUNE. York Mid W.
Bees occupying Birds’ Nests [near Harrogate ; those of Anthus pratensis,
Accentor, Erithacus, and Troglodytes}. Zool., July 1887, xi. 273.
RILEY FORTUNE. Cheviotland.
Long-eared Owl [470 otus] laying in Rook [Corvus frugilegus|’s Nest [in
March 1886, near Barn(? Bam)borough, Northumberland ; the nest contained
three rooks’ eggs and one owl’s]. Zool., Aug. 1887, xi. 304.
RILEY FORTUNE. York Mid W.
Hawfinch [Coccothraustes vulgaris] in Yorkshire [nesting in Nidderdale and
near Harrogate, and yearly becoming more common]. Zool., Aug. 1887, xi.
299.
RILEY FORTUNE. York Mid W.
The Sparrow [Passer domesticus] Question [arguing against the sparrow ; he
is charged with causing great diminution in the numbers of House Martins
( Cheltdon) near Harrogate, the Swallow (/7vzzdo), Sand Martin (Cofz/e), and
Swift (Cypselus) being on the increase]. Nat. World, Sep. 1887, iv. 156-157.
RILEY FORTUNE. York Mid W.
Brent Goose [Bernicla brenta] at Harrogate [seen March 31st, 1887]. Nat.,
Oct. 1887, p. 304.
H. T. FRERE. Cumberland.

Supposed Occurrence formerly of Ptarmigan [Zagopus mutus] in Cumber-
land [stating that in 1841 the Museum at Keswick had a Ptarmigan stated to
have been killed on Skiddaw; editor adds that those on Skiddaw were
introduced from Scotland]. Zool., April 1887, xi. 153.

J. H. Gay. Linc. N.

Young House Martins [Chelidon urbica] in the Nest in October [1887,
at Spilsby, Lincs.; two nests]. Field, Oct. 8th, 1887, p. 540.

F, JAS. GEORGE. Lanc. S.

Cuckoo [whose note contained three syllables, cuck-koo-koo ; at Chorley].

Sci. Goss., July 1887, p. 166.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1887. 259

WILLIAM GREGORY. Notts.
The Song of Spring [of the Yellow Hammer (Zideriza citrinella); and
note of curious nesting-site of the Robin (Z7ithacus rubecula) at West
Bridgford, Notts.]. Nat. World, June 1887, iv. 102-103.
G. T. GROVES. Derbyshire.
Capture of a Golden Eagle [Halcaétus albicit/a in fact] in Derbyshire [at
Barrow-on-Trent near Matlock, shot Noy. 26th, 1887; measurements given,
and particulars of four Derbyshire occurrences of Aguz/a chrysaetos]. Field,
Dec. 3rd, 1887, p. 852. [This bird proved to be a Sea Eagle (Haliaitus
albicilia); see note by A. H. T. Evans, Field, Dec. 1oth, 1887, p. 907; also
next title].
G. T. G[RovEs]. Derbyshire.
Reported Capture of Golden Eagle [really Sea Eagle (Haliaitus albicilla)]
in Derbyshire [additional particulars given]. Field, Dec. 17th, 1887, p. 944.
jJ. H. GuRNeEY, Junr. York S.E.
Little Gulls [Larus minutus] at Flamborough Head [note of one obtained
Aug. 5th, 1886, and discussion of their occurrence so often in this locality].
Nat., Jan. 1887, p. 22.
J. H. GuRNEY, Jun. Furness.
The Green-backed Porphyrio (Porfhyrio chloronotus) [an inquiry as to the
present whereabouts of one shot at Grange in Furness, 25th Sep., 1876].
Zool., May 1887, xi. 195.
J. H. Gurney, Jun. Cheviotland, Linc. S., York N.E.
On the occurrence in England of the Caspian Tern [(Sterna casfia) ;
the eighteen recorded British occurrences recited ; the Northern ones are :—
One, Caythorpe, Lincolnshire, May 17th, 1853, twenty miles from sea (Zool.
1853, 3946); one, Filey, Yorks., Sep. 1874, preserved by Baker of Cam-
bridge, and identified by Prof. Newton (R. A. Willis, Field, Nov. 15th,
1879); and one, Farne Islands, June 6th, 1880, seen by E. Bidwell, but not
obtained]. Zool., Dec. 1887, x1. 457-458.

j. H. GuRNEY, junr. York S.W.
[Pale] Variety of the Grouse [(Zagofus scoticus) at Bolsterstone near
Sheffield, 9th Sep., 1887; variation described]. Nat., Dec. 1887, p. 374.
G. H. Caton HaIcu. Linc. N.
[Pied] Variety of the Wild Duck [(4zas boschas) shot Dec. 10th, 1886, at
Grainsby Hall near Great Grimsby; description given]. Zool., Feb. 1887, xi.69.
G. H. CATON HAIGH. Linc. N.
Habits of the Green Sandpiper [(/e/odromas ochropus), as observed near
Grimsby]. Zool., March 1887, xi. 110.
ALLAN B. HALL. York N.E.
Notes from Thirsk [concerning Gal/inu/a ‘chloropus (frozen into the ice), and
Alcedo]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Feb. 15th, 1887, xi. 16.
ALLAN B. HALL. York N.E.
Thirsk Ornithological Notes [Colymbus glacialis caught ; MWareca, Querque-
dula crecca, and Fringilla montifringilla (Brambling) shot]. Nat. Hist.
Journ., April 15th, 1887, xi. 64.
ALLAN B. HALL. York N.E.
Notes from Thirsk [Bernicla canadensis shot; nests of Gallinago calestis,
Alcedo, and Motacilla melanofe with eggs]. Nat. Hist. Journ., May 16th,
1887, xi. 85.
ALLAN B. HALL. York N.E.
Birds near Thirsk [nests and eggs of Regzlus cristatus, Fulica atra, Gecinus,
Garrulus, Turdus torquatus, Dendrocopus major, Gallinago calestis, Accipiter
nisus, and Tinnunculus alaudarius; Sea-gulls seen, also dxas boschas on
Gormire Lake]. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, 1887, xi. 112.

Sept. 1889

260 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1887.

ALLAN B. HALL. York N.E.

Birds near Thirsk [Falco salon nesting near Kepwick; Carduelzs elegans

nesting near Thirkleby; Gal/inula chloropus remaining under water near
Rievaulx]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Sep. 15th, 1887, xi. 139.

IsAAc HARDING. York S.W.
The Oyster-Catcher (ematopus ostralegus) [taken on Clewes Moors,
near Huddersfield, Aug. Ist, 1883, during thick fog]. Wesl. Nat., April
1887, i. 58.
Isaac HarDING. York Mid W. and S.W.
[Dates of arrival of] Migratory Birds [P%yJloscopus rufus, Saltaire, 2nd
April; Saxicola ananthe, Saltaire, 6th April; Pratincola rubicola, Ikley, ~
7th April ; Sy/vza curruca and S. cinerea, Addingham, 8th April; Pratincola
vubetra, Ukley, 1oth April; Sylvza hortensts, Addingham, 11th April ;
S. atricapilla, Addingham, 13th April; Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Saltaire,
14th April; Acrocephalus streperus, Bradford, 15th April ; Czczas, Skipton,
22nd April; Azrundo, Bradford, 29th April, and Chelzdon, Bradford, 30th
April]. Wesl. Nat., June 1887, i. 113-114.
Isaac HARDING. York Mid W., S.W., and S.E., Derbyshire.
. [Dates of arrival of] Migratory Birds [7Zzrtur communis, Seiby, 10th
May; Caprimulgus europeus, Studley Royal, 11th May; Locustella nevia,
Matlock, 13th May; Cyfselus, Ilkley, 16th May; Phylloscopus sibilatrix,
Poole, 21st May; Coccothraustes vulgaris, Meltham, 25th May, and Crex
pratensis, Low Moor, 30th May]. Wesl. Nat., Tuly 1887, i. 145.
James Harpy. Northumberland S.
Report of Meetings of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, for the
year 1886 [A/auda arvensis, Acrocephalus phragmitis, Phylloscopus trochilus,
Hirundo rustica, Corvus frugilegus, noted at Woodhorn near Morpeth, 26th
May (pp. 336-337); Auscicapa luctuosa nesting near Harbottle (p. 347)].
Proc. Berw. Nat. Club for 1886 (pub. 1887), xi. 336, 337, and 347.
R. P. HARPER. York N.E.
Sooty Shearwater [Pufinaus griseus] at Flamborough [Aug. 27th, 1887 ;

and another referred to as shot near Filey in autumn, 1879, by Sir Wm.
Feilden, Bart., and now in his collection]. Zool., Nov. 1887, x1. 430.
R. P. HARPER. : York N.E. and S.E.
Uncommon Birds near Scarborough [Pufinus anglorum near Filey ;
Larus glaucus on Scalby Ness, etc. ; 77inga minwta, Scalby Ness ; @demza
fusca, Bridlington Bay ; and Zringa maritima noted as very tame]. Zool.,
“Dec. 1887, xi. 467.
J. E. HARTING. Durham, ‘Lake District.’
Swallows in Winter [referring first to destruction of Azrundo and Cofzle
near Bishop’s Auckland and in the Lake District in the severe May of 1886 ;
then to old records of H. xzstica near Wakefield, on Jan. 13th, 1837, and
near Halifax on Feb. 4th, 1862]. Field, Jan. 22nd, 1887, p. 109.
J. E. HarTING. York S.E., Cheviotland.
Troglodytes parvulus a migrant [as noted by the Migration Committee at
Flamborough, Spurn, and Farne; an instance of its occurrence on Riddle-
hamhope Moor, Northumberland, ‘far away from all shelter or cover but
heather]. Zool., Nov. 1887, xi. 431.
. E. HARTING. York S.E. or Linc. N.
Dotterel [Zudromias morinellus] in Marshes [of Humber District, etc. ; in
reply to F. Boyes]. Field, Nov. 19th, 1887, p. 778.
J. E. H[artine]. Cheviotland, Northmbld., York S.E., Linc. N.
Woodcocks [(Scolopax rusticola) and their habits, migration, etc.; -
reference made to Northumberland, Yorkshire, and Lincolnshire experience].
Field, Dec. 31st, 1887, p. 993.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1887. 261

J. A. HarRviE-Brown and T. E. BuckLey. , York S.E.
A Vertebrate Fauna of Sutherland, Caithness, and West Cromarty,
8vo, 1887 [with a foot-note at p. 213 stating that ‘our observations of
migration tend to show that in spring Grey Plovers’ (Sguatarola helvetica)
‘shoot off our coasts at Spurn Point in Yorkshire’).
J. F. HILLs, Secretary. York N.E. and S.E.
York, Bootham. Natural History Club [notes on Mumenius arguata and
Gallinago calestis at TVilmire, Acredula caudata in Nova Scotia Woods ;
Anas boschas, Mareca, and Querguedula crecca on Strensall; Dendrocopus
major at Buttercrambe; Czrcus eruginosus and Accipiter nisus at Skipwith ;
eggs of Alauda arvensis, Corvus corone, Turdus musicus with spots at wrong
end, and Corvus cornix (?)]. Nat. Hist. Journ., May 16th, 1887, xi. 81-82.
j. F. Hixts [, Secretary]. Derbysh., York Mid W. and N.E.
York, Bootham. Natural History Club [Corvus monedula, Lagopus scoticus,
Ruticilla phanicurus, and Regulus cristatus seen at Chatsworth Park, 2nd
May (E. D. Doncaster); young 7z7das viscivorus observed at York as early
as 5th May; Pratincola rubetra seen at York; Sylvia cinerea behaving like
a Tree Creeper at York; young Columba palumbus left nest, 23rd May,
York ; two curious nests of Zzdus musicus at Grimston; nesting of Pica
caudata at Roulston Scar, and of Lznota linaria at Low Kilburn]. Nat.
Hist. Journ., June 15th, 1887, xi. 107-108.
Beh, FARTS, York N.E.
An Addition to our Bootham [York] Birds [the Reed Bunting (Zméeriza
scheniclus) seen May 17th, by G. Hughes]. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th,
1887, xi. III.
Aled Des 6 ry 8 oe York N.E.
York, Bootham. Natural History Club [Dezdrocopus major near Grosmont
(E. D. Doncaster); eggs of Pratincola rubicola and Phylloscopus rufus near
Goathland (N. Neave); of Acrocephalus phragmitis and Afuscicapa (| grisola?)
(B. S. Rowntree); of Phylloscopus trochilus, Sylvia hortensis, Emberiza
schaniclus, Linota (rufescens?), and Cypselus apus (J. F. Hills)]. Nat. Hist.
Journ., Sep. 15th, 1887, xi. 132.
J. F. Hits [, Secretary]. York S.E. and N.E.
York, Bootham. Natural History Club [eggs of Zomvza trove, Flamborough
Head ; eggs of Caprimulgus europeus, Kirkby Moorside (A. S. Rowntree) ;
Ruticilla phenicurus and Carduelis elegans seen near Bootham, York].
Nat. Hist. Journ., Oct. 15th, 1887, xi. 161.

J. F. Hitts, Secretary. York N.E,
York, Bootham. Natural History Club [Removal of the Swans from Hob
Moor ponds ; Azrundo rustica last observed 17th Oct. 1887, at York, by
E. D. Doncaster]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Dec. 15th, 1887, xi. 207.
eek HELE. York N.E.
Birds of Bootham [York; Perdix cinerea added to the list]. Nat. Hist.
Journ., Dec. 15th, 1887, xi. 212.
R..J. Howarp. Lance. S.
[Hybrid between Fuligula cristata and F. ferina, bred in captivity at
Woodfold Park, also on the Blackburn Corporation Park Reservoir: detailed
particulars ; also as to the breeding of /. cristata and F. ferina at the two
parks ; hybrid now in the British Museum]. Proc. Zool. Soc., Dec. 21st,
1886, pp. 550-551 ; Zool., Feb. 1887, xi. 79.
Joun Hourron. York N.E.
Pheasant [Phasianus colchicus] swallowing a Mouse [at Solberge near
Northallerton]. Field, July 30th, 1887, p. 199.

PETER INCHBALD. York Mid W.

Reported Arrival of Summer Birds [at East Newton, Yorkshire, Wirundo,
___ April 7th; at Harrogate, Phy/oscopus rufus, April 11th; Hirundo, April 18th;

Sept. 1889.

262 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1887.

Ruticilla phenicurus, April 18th; Sylva atricapilla, April 21st; Anthus
trivialis, April 21st; Zringoides hypoleucos, April 21st]. Field, April 16th,
1887, p. 534; April 23rd, p. 581; April 30th, p. 612.
PETER INCHBALD. . ? York Mid W.
Pellets disgorged by the Kestrel [(Zvsnunculus alaudarius) contained
remains of field voles and beetles, no feathers; locality not given, but
probably Harrogate]. Field, May 7th, 1887, p. 622.
PETER INCHBALD. York Mid W.
Nightingales [Daw/ias luscinia] in Yorkshire [two pairs nesting at Scriven
Park, Knaresborough ; reference made also to nesting at Harrogate in 1883,
1884, and 1885]. Field, May 14th, 1887, p. 653.
PETER INCHBALD. York S.E. and Mid W.
Partial Albinoism in the Willow Warbler [(PiylJoscopus trochilus),
as observed in 1882 at Sewerby near Bridlington, and in 1887 at Fulwith
Grange, Harrogate; latter case described]. Field, Aug. 6th, 1887, p. 213.
PETER INCHBALD. York S.E.
The Swallow Tribe [Swifts (Cypse/ws) last noted at Hornsea, roth Sep.,
1887; nearly a hundred Azrusdo, Chelidon, and Coti/e noted assembling on
the 17th, subsequently diminishing in numbers]. Field, Sep. 24th, 1887, 486.
PETER INCHBALD. York S.E.
Wheatears [Sax7cola wnanthe} on the Yorkshire Coast [last seen at
Hornsea on the 21st Sep., 1887]. Field, Oct. 1st, 1887, p. 537.
PETER INCHBALD. York S.E.
Fight between Canada Geese [domesticated] and Heron [( Ardea cinerea)
at Hornsea Mere; details given]. Field, Oct. 8th, 1887, p. 549.
PETER INCHBALD. York S.E.
Arrival of the Redwing Thrushes [(7Z2dus cliacus) at Hornsea, 27th
Sep., 1887]. Field, Oct. 15th, 1887, p. 600.
PETER INCHBALD. York S.E.

The Sanderling [Ca/idr7s arenaria] and its Departure [from Hornsea,
Sep. 20th, 1887]. Field, Oct. 22nd, 1887, p. 635.
PETER INCHBALD. York S.E.
Arrival of the Hooded Crow [(Corvus corniéx), at Hornsea, 12th Sep.,
1887]. Field, Oct. 29th, 1887, p. 679.
PETER INCHBALD. York S.E.
Nesting of the House Martin [(Chelédon wrbica) in October 1887, near
Hornsea, East Yorkshire]. Field, Nov. 5th, 1887, p. 711.
PETER INCHBALD. York S.E.
Birds at Hornsea Mere [notes on Fudlica, Gallinula, Podiceps, Mareca,
Fuliguia rufina, Mergus merganser, Buteo vulgaris, Pernts, Pandion, and
Acrocephalus streperus, some of which nest]. Field, Nov. 12th, 1887, p. 754.
PETER INCHBALD. York S.E.
Arrival of Fieldfares [(Zzrdus prlaris) at Hornsea, 9th Nov., 1887; large
flocks on the 12th]. Field, Nov. 26th, 1887,.p. 829.
J. A. JACKSON. Lanc. W., Furness.
Notes on the Black-headed Gull [Larus ridibundus| near Garstang
[where it breeds on ‘ Gull Moss,’ where also occur Lagopus scoticus and
Pratincola rubicola; reference also made to Walney Island as another
breeding-station]. Nat., May 1887, pp. 129-132.
P. Q. K[EEGAN]. Isle of Man, York Mid W.

Tameness of [Herring] Gulls [(Zavs avgentatus) at Port Erin and Ramsey,
Isle of Man; and familiarity of Chaffinches (/7xgi/la calebs) in Bolton
Woods]. Sci. Goss., Oct. 1887, p. 236.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1887. 263

R. N. Kerr. York N.W., Durham, Northmbld. S., Cheviotld., Cumbld.
Notes on the Dipper, Water Ouzel, or Water Crow. (Cinclus aguaticus.)
[writer notes finding nests on Tees and tributaries, on Wear and its rivulets,

on Tyne (Blythe, Wansbeck, Coquet, Till), Tweed, among the Cumberland
mountains, etc., and adduces John Hancock’s Northumbrian experience
against the idea that these birds fed on fish-spawn]. Scott. Nat., Oct. 1887,

pp- 159-162.
H. Wattis Kew. Linc. N.
Bittern [Botaurus stellavis| in Lincolnshire [shot at West Saltfleetby, 7th
Jan., 1887]. Nat., Feb. 1887, p. 45.

H. WALLIS Krew. Linc. N.

Water-rail [Ral/us aguaticus] near Louth, Lincolnshire [on the river Bain,
shot Dec. 21st, 1887]. Nat., March 1887, p. 78.
Jor Kirksy. York Mid W.
Kingfisher [A/cedo ispida] and Sparrowhawk [(Accipiler nisus) at Fell
Beck near Pateley Bridge; anecdote of pursuit of one by the other]. Nat.,
Nov. 1887, p. 348.
E. KLEIN. Cumberland.
Report on the Grouse Disease [based mostly on Ayrshire, but to a small
extent on Cumberland specimens; fungoid origin assigned to the disease].
Field, July 20th, 1887, pp. 133-134 (also see Editorial on p. 131); rep.
Zool., Sep. 1887, xi. 327-337-
B. B. L[E].T[ALr]., Secretary. York N.E. and Mid W., Westmorland.

York, Bootham. Natural History Club [7?2unculus alaudarius carrying
off a weasel ; unusual song of Sturnws vulgaris; occurrence of 7znnunculius
cenchris near Wilstrop; dates of nesting of Corvus frugilegus at the Asylum
Rookery ; A/cedo at Kendal]. Nat. Hist. Journ., April 15th, 1887, xi. 60-61.

L. LASTER: York S.W.

Vertebrate Zoology [of South Yorkshire ; voluminous chronological series
of notes for 1885 and 1886 ; numerous species mentioned]. ‘Trans. Barnsley
Nat. Soc. for 1885-86 [pub. 1887], vol. 5, pp. 7-10.

G. E. LopGE. ‘ Lincolnshire.’

Swifts [Cypselus apus] laying in Martins [Chelidon urbica]’ Nests [outside
a barn in Lincolnshire, about ten years ago; locality not further indicated].
Zool., Nov. 1887, xi. 428.

R. LoFTHOUSE. York N.E., Durham.

The River Tees: its Marshes and their Fauna [with references to the
Coatham Duck Decoy and Wild-fowling on the Tees; to Z7snunculus
alaudarius, Anas boschas, Tadorna cornuta, Mareca, Dajfila, Spatula,
Fuligula ferina, F. marila, Nyroca ferruginea, Querquedula crecca, Q. circia,
Clangula glaucion, Fuligula cristata, Harelda, Edemia nigra, Somateria
mollissima, Mergus merganser, Tachybaptes, Podiceps auritus, P. nigricollis,
Hematopus, A4gialitis hiaticula, Gallinago calestis, Gallinula, Totanus
calidris, T. canescens, T. fuscus, Tringa alpina, T. canutus, T. striata,
Machetes, Phalacrocorax carbo, Numenius pheopus, N. arquata, Eudromias,
Tringa subarquata, T. minuta, Sterna fluviatilis, S. cantiaca, S. macrura,
S. dougalli, Hydrochelidon Jleucoptera, Larus Jleucopterus, L. glaucus,
L. minutus, Pagophila, Ardea cinerea, Squatarola, Strepstlas, Limosa
lapponica, Charadrius pluvialis, Scolopax rusticola, Regulus crestatus, Turdus
tlacus, T. pilaris, T. viscivorus, T. musicus, T. merula, Asio brachyotus,
Corvus cornix, Anser, Cygnus musicus, C. bewicki, C. olor, Plectrophanes
mivalis, Alauda arvensis, Linota cannabina, L. rufescens, Sturnus, Vanellus,
Calumba palumbus, Emberiza schaniclus, Anthus pratensis, Alcedo, Saxicola
enanthe, Porzana maruetta, P. baillont, P. parva, Procellaria pelagica,
Mergulus alle, Gallinago major, Limnocryptes, Recurvirostra, Platalea,
Syrrhaptes, Accipiter nisus, Falco salon, F. tslandus, F. subbuteo, Archibuteo,

_ Milous, Aquila chrysaétos, Merops apiaster, and M. philippinus noted, with
localities and other details]. Nat., Jan. 1887, pp. 1-16.

Sept. 1889.

264 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1887.

H. A. MACPHERSON. Linc. N.

Distribution of the White-bellied Brent Goose [(Bernzcla brenta); refers

to its being recorded for the Lincolnshire sea-board only in the Fourth
edition of ‘ Yarrell’]. Zool., Jan. 1887, xi. 29.

H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.

Cumberland Heronries [are eight in number]. Field, Jan. 22nd, 1887, p. 146.

H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
Habits of the Barnacle [Goose (Berzicla Jleucopsis); in Cumberland].
Field, Jan. 22nd, 1887, p. 146.
H. A. MACPHERSON, Cumberland, Westmorland.
Remarks on Mr. John Watson’s Notes on the Eagles of the Lake
District [discussing observations on Pandion, Aguila chrysaétos, and
Haliaétus albicilla|. Nat., Feb. 1887, p. 46.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland, Westmorland.
The Alleged Existence of Ptarmigan [Zagofus matus] in Cumberland
[absolutely disbelieved ; a note also that a few Capercailzie ( Tetrao urogallus)
once existed in the Skiddaw district]. Zool., April 1887, xi. 153.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
The Song of the Chaffinch [(7A7ingilla calebs); one heard singing lustily
near Carlisle, Sep. roth, 1882]. Zool., Aug. 1887, xi. 299.
H. A. M[ACPHERSON]. Cheviotland.
[Review of] Report on the Migration of Birds in the Spring and
Autumn of 1886 [repetition of records for great migration of A77egilla
calebs, and occurrence of Cosmonetta histrionica at the Farnes, Ardea
purpurea, and the Mediterranean Black-headed Gull on the East Coast).
Nat., Oct. 1887, pp. 302-303.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
The Tufted Duck [Fudigula cristata] on the Solway [account of its dis-
tribution on the Cumberland side of the Solway, with other details]. Zool.,
Oct. 1887, xi. 385.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
Long-tailed Duck [Hare/da glacialis| in Cumberland [in 1834, in 1884,
and again in Oct. 1887, at Silloth]. Zool., Nov. 1887, xi. 432.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
Dotterel [Zudromias morinellus| in Marshes [of Cumberland; in reply to
F. Boyes]. Field, Nov. 19th, 1887, p. 778.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
Long-tailed Duck [Zare/da glactalis} on the Solway [six shot on the
Cumberland coast, Oct. 1oth to 22nd, 1887]. Field, Nov. 19th, 1887, p. 778.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Notts.
Breeding of the Tufted Duck [(/iligula cristata); in Notts. and else-
where]. Zool., Dec. 1887, xi. 465.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland.
The Autumn Migration of Shore Birds [Sgzatarola helvetica, Limosa
lapponica, Tringa minuta, 7. subarquata, unusually abundant on the Solway].
Field, Dec. 3rd, 1887, p. 852.
H. A. MACPHERSON. Cumberland, Northumberland, Yorkshire.
The Distribution of the Goldfinch [Carduelis elegans] in the British
Islands [with notes for Cumberland, Yorkshire, and Northumberland].
Field, Dec. 17th, 1887, p. 944.
H. A. MACPHERSON and W. DucKWORTH. Cumberland.
Zoological Record for Cumberland, 1886 [detailed notes on the breeding
of Cinclus aquaticus, Dendrocopus major, Spatula, Columba livia, Coturnix,

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1887. 265

and Scolopax rusticola; a summary of the nesting season as affecting the
commoner birds ; detailed notes on the migration of 72 species; and summary
of the migration data]. Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Assoc., No. xii.
(1886-87, pub. 1887), pp. 29-48.

C. F. MALLIN. Latics S.

Sea Gulls at Southport [Meissenbach reproduction of Mr. C. F. Mallin’s
photograph]. Nat. World, April 1887, iv. 61 and 63.

W. P. MARSHALL. York S.E., Cheviotland.

An Excursion to Tenby [with incidental reference to breeding of Lomvia

troile at Flamborough, Bempton, and Farne Islands]. Midl. Nat., Jan.
1887, p. 9.

_ WALTER MAYHEW. Lanc. S.

Late Woodcocks [(Scolopax rwusticola) at Euxton Hall, Chorley, Lancs.,
April 9th and 12th, 1887]. Field, April 23rd, 1887, p. 566.

Sir F. A. MILBANK. Durham, York N.W.

Yorkshire [and Durham] Grouse Moors [and the existence of disease

thereon ; the Arkengarthdale, Wemmergill, Swinton, and South Durham
moors referred to]. Field, July 20th, 1887, p. 134.

Joun D. Morrat. Lane. S.

Late Stay of .. . Swifts [(Cypselus apus) at Sefton near Liverpool, one
seen 5th Oct., 1887]. Field, Oct. 15th, 1887, p. 600.

T. H. NELson. York N.E.

Ringed Guillemots [Zomvza trocle, var.] near Redcar [also Z. troi/e and
Alca torda, Jan. 1887]. Nat., March 1887, p. 78.

T. H. NELSon. York N.E.

Ornithological Notes from Redcar in 1886 [noting Botaurus stellaris,
Tadorna cornuta, Sterna cantiaca, Larus minutus, Cygnus olor, Sterna
minuta, Recurvirostra, Turtusr communis, Stercorarius pomatorhinus (near
Northallerton), Falco peregrinus; arrivals of Alauda arvensis, Regulus
cristatus, Turdus merula, T. pilaris, Scolopax rusticola, Asio brachyotus,
and Corvus cornix; Sula, Lomvia troile, Alcea torda, Rissa, Stercorarius
parasiticus, S. catarractes, S. pomatorhinus, Vanellus, Colymbus septen-
trionalis, Sterna fluviatilis, Cedemia fusca, Fuligula marila, Harelda,
Colymbus glacialis, Mergus merganser, Falco esalon, and Otocorys)|. Nat.,
March 1887, pp. 81-83.

T. H. NELSON. Cheviotland.

A Naturalist’s Ramble on the Farne Islands [a fully-detailed account of

the birds breeding in June; Lomvia trotle, Fratercula, Sterna macrura,

S. cantiaca, Larus fuscus, L. argentatus, Somaterta mollissima, S. spectabilis,

Puffinus anglorum, Hematopus, Alca torda, Rissa, Columba livia, Tadorna

cornuta, Ardea cinerea, Sterna minuta, Asio otus, Sterna dougallz, Ster-

corarius crepidatus, Afgialitis hiaticula, Phalacrocorax carbo, P. graculus,

Strepsilas, and Anthus obscurus, fourteen of which were breeding]. Nat.,
April 1887, pp. 116-128.

T. H. NELson. Durham, York N.E.

Autumnal Migration of Birds at Teesmouth [giving the movements of
Alauda arvensis, Regulus cristatus, Turdus merula, T. pilaris, Scolopax
rusticola, Asio brachyotus, Corvus cornix, Sula, Lomvia trotle, Alca torda,
Rissa, Stercorarius crepidatus, S. catarrhactes, S. pomatorhinus, Vanellus,
Colymbus septentrionalis, Cedemia fusca, Fuligula marila, Harelda,
Colymbus glacialis, Mergus merganser, and Otocorys, from Oct. to Dec.,
1886]. Zool., July 1887, xi. 270-271.

T. H. NELSon. Cheviotland.

A Visit to Chillingham Park [with way-side notes as to Lagopus scoticus,
Charadrius pluvialis, and Numenius arqguata on Chatton Moor; a heronry,
Phastanus, Perdix, and Tetrao tetrix in Chillingham Park]. Nat., Aug.
1887, pp. 229-234.

Sept. 1889.

266 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1887.

T. H. NELSON. York N.E.
Arrival of Woodcock [(Scolofax rusticola) at Redcar, Oct. goth, 1887;
Asio brachyotus seen same day]. Field, Oct. 22nd, 1887, p. 613.

T. H. NELSson. : York N.E.
[Domestic] Pigeon [and Redwing (7wrdus c/éacus)| alighting on the
water [both cases at Redcar]. Field, Nov. 19th, 1887, p. 778.

T. H. NELSson. York N.E., York S.W., Northumberland.

Curlew Sandpiper [777xga subarquata] and Little Stint [Z. muta] near
Redcar [and in Northumberland and South Yorkshire; both species in
unusual abundance]. Field, Nov. 26th, 1887, p. 829.

T. H. NELSON. York N.E.
Long-tailed Ducks [Zare/da glacialis}] and Scoters [@demia nigra and
@. fusca] near Redcar [17 ‘long-tails’ and 93 common and two Velvet
Scoters killed, the latter two species from immense flocks]. Field, Nov.
26th, 1887, p. 829.
T. H. NELSON. York N.E.
Scoters [G@demza nigra] as Food [commended and receipt given for successful
cooking ; also additional details of the Redcar occurrences]. Field, Dec. 3rd,
1887, p. 852.
[ALFRED] NEWTON. York N.W. or Mid W.
[Bulweria columbina; details of the recovery by W. Eagle Clarke and
J. Carter of the lost-sight-of Yorkshire specimen which was found dead on
the Ure banks near Tanfield in 1837]. Proc. Zool. Soc., Nov. 15th, 1887,
p- 562; Field, Nov. roth, p. 778; Zool., Dec. 1887, xi. 470; and Nat.,
May 1888, p. 156.
FRANCIS NICHOLSON. Lance. S.
Fork-tailed Petrel [Proce//laria leucorrhoa|] at Formby [near Liverpool,
Oct. 5th, 1885]. Nat., Feb. 1887, p. 46.
T. T. ORMEROD. York S.W.

Great Spotted Woodpecker [(Dezdrocopus major), shot at Elland, Nov.
2oth, 1886]. Nat. World, Jan. 1887, iv. 12.

Geo. PARKIN. York S.W. and ‘ North.’
Greenshank [7Zotfanus canescens] and Storm Petrel [Procellaria felagica]
near Wakefield [in Aug. and in Oct. 1886; also female Phastanus colchicus
in male plumage, from North Yorkshire]. Nat., Feb. 1887, p. 45.
H. J. RoBINSON PEASE. York S.E.
Puffins [/vatercula arctica] in the Humber in February [1887, near Hessle].
Nat., May 1887, p. 138.
J. PIcKIN. Cheshire.
Purple Heron [Ardea purpurea] in Lancashire [i.e., Cheshire; killed near
Alderley Edge, 7th April, 1887; measurements given]. Zool., Nov. 1887,
xl. 432.
HERBERT PRODHAM. York N.E.
An unrecorded occurrence of the Golden Eagle [Aguzla chrysaétos] in
Yorkshire [at Helwath, in Harwood Dale, near Scarborough, winter of
1850-51; now in the collection of Mr. Hill, of Thornton]. Nat., March
1887, p. 84.
WALTER H. S. PYMAN. York N.E.
Occurrence of Common Buzzards [Auzteo vulgaris] near Whitby [a pair
trapped in Mulgrave Woods this winter]. Nat., May 1887, p. 138.
R. Ramsay. Cumberland.

Hooking a Heron [(Ardea cinerea) in the Derwent near Cockermouth, with
trout tackle]. Field, July 2nd, 1887, p. 22.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1887. 267

Cumberland, Cheviotland, Northumberland, Durham,
J. T. T.. REED. York N.E., York N.W.
Local Specimens of Rare Birds in the Museum at Newcastle-on-Tyne
[recording Northumbrian specimens of Haliaétus albicilla, Pandion, Pernis,
Milvus migrans, Circus cineraceus, Falco peregrinus, Astur palumbarius,
Coccystes glandarius, Caprimulgus ruficollis, Phylloscofus superctliosus,
Tringa subarquata, Machetes, Helodromas, Totanus canescens, Ardetta
minuta, Botaurus stellaris, Platalea, Procellaria leucorrhoa, Hydrochelidon
nigra, Cygnus bewicki, Anser albifrons, and Cdemia fusca; Durham
examples of Pernzs, Archibuteo, Circus cineraceus, Tinnunculus vespertinus,
Porzana battlonz, Grus communis, Hydrochelidon nigra, and Alca impennis
(fossil); Yorkshire examples of Pandion, Pernis, Archibuteo, Syrrhaptes,
Helodromas, Totanus canescens, and Hydrochelidon leucoptera ; Cumberland
examples of Archibuteo, Loxia leucoptera, Otis tarda, and Ardetta minuta).
Nat., March 1887, pp. 75-78.

GEo. ROBERTS. York S.W.

Corn Bunting [Zyderzza miliarvia] with Crossed Bill [shot near Lofthouse,
Wakefield, Dec. 1885]. Sci. Goss., March 1887, p. 66.

GEO. ROBERTs. York S.W.
Sea-birds Inland [/yvatercula arctica at Ardsley, Sep. 17th, 1886, and
Procellaria pelagica near Wakefield, Oct. 1886]. Sci. Goss., May 1887, p. 118.

GEO. ROBERTS. York S.W.

Singular Capture of a Kestrel [( Z?7z7222clus alaudarius), which had dashed

on a bird-cage and entangled its feet in the wires, in Kirkgate, Wakefield,
April 18th, 1887]. Sci. Goss., July 1887, p. 166.

CHARLES ROBSON. Northumberland S.

The Red-backed Shrike (Zazzz2s col/urio) in Northumberland [at Harnham,
near Belsay, 1oth June, 1885; Mr. Hancock’s previous records also cited].
Sci. Goss., Jan. 1887, p. 19.
CHARLES ROBSON. Northumberland S.
The Cuckoo [(Cuculus canorus)’s habits, etc., as observed at Elswick near
Newcastle-on-Tyne ; mention made of its laying in the nests of the Meadow
Pipit (Azthus pratenszs)]. Nat. World, March 1887, iv. 47-48.
JouN E. Rosson. Durham.

The Honey Buzzard [Pern7s apivorus| at Hartlepool [captured on a
fishing-boat a few miles out at sea ; references to previous captures]. Young
Nat., July 1887, vii. 148.

WILLIAM Rose. Lage.(S:
Rooks [Corvus frugilegus| killing young Pheasants [(Phastanus colchicus)
at Shaw Hill, near Chorley, Lancs.]. Field, July 9th, 1887, p. 50.
B. S. ROWNTREE. York S.E.
[Ardea cinerea near Pocklington, Sep. 19th, 1887]. Nat. Hist. Journ.,
Oct. 15th, 1887, xi. 163.
Joes) SALTER. York N.E.

Birds near Scarbro’ [Forge Valley, Hayburn Wyke, Filey Bay, Harwood
Dale Moors; from April 15th to 22nd; Scolopax rusticola, Corvus cornix,
Gecinus, a ‘Diver,’ Lagopus scoticus, Numentius arquata, Charadrius
pluvialis, Turdus torquatus, Cinclus, and Motactlla melanope noted]. Nat.
Hist. Journ., June 15th, 1887, xi. 111-112.

J. H. SALTER. York N.E.

Birds near Scarborough [also at Cayton and Robin Hood’s Bay, July 1887 ;
Numenius pheopus, N. arquata, Agialitis hiaticula, Tringa alpina, Strepsilas,
Anthus trivialis, Cuculus, Hematopus, Sterna fluviatilis,and Cypselus noted).
Nat. Hist. Journ., Oct. 15th, 1887, xi. 167.

Sept. 1889.

268 BIBLIOGRAPHY: BIRDS, 1887.

HowarpD SAUNDERS. Cheviotland, York N.E.
[Harlequin Duck (Cosmonetta histrionica), young male, shot 2nd Dec., 1886,
near the Farne Islands, in company with two others (one afterwards obtained) ;
now in coll. R. W. Chase; the only other genuine British example is the one
obtained at Filey in 1862, and now in coll. J. Whitaker]. Proc. Zool. Soc.,
March 15th, 1887, p. 319; Field, March 19th, p. 406; Zool., April, xi. 159.
HoOwArRD SAUNDERS. York S.E., Linc. N., Lanc. W., Lanc. S., Cumbld.
The Dotterel [Zzudromias morinellus| on Marshes [in Yorkshire, Lincoln-
shire, Lancashire, and Cumberland; quotations from various writers in
rebuttal of F, Boyes’ criticisms]. Field, Oct. 22nd, 1887, p. 635.

HOwARD SAUNDERS. Linc. N.
The Dotterel [Zdromias morinellus] in Marshes [note in reply to F. Boyes].
Field, Nov. 26th, 1887, p. 8209.

HowarbD SAUNDERS. York S.E.
On a Little-known State of Plumage of the Arctic Tern (Sterna
macrura Naum.) [remarks based on a specimen obtained by W. Eagle Clarke
at Spurn Head, July 1884]. Nat., Dec. 1887, p. 353.
HowarD SAUNDERS. Cumberland.
[Saxicola isabellina shot Nov. 11th, 1887, near Allonby; first record for
Great Britain or Western Europe; exhibited on behalf of Rev. H. A. Mac-
pherson]. Proc. Zool. Soc., Dec. 6th, 1887, p. 579; Field, Dec. 1oth, p. 907 ;
Zool.,
HENRY SEEBOHM. Derbysh., Northbld., ‘Lake District,’ Cheshire.
The Geographical Distribution of the Family Charadriide, or the
Plovers, Sandpipers, Snipes, and their Allies [the only North of England
references in this elaborate monograph are the two following :—(p. 98) Chara-
drius pPluvial’s is abundant in summer from the grouse-moors of Derbyshire
northwards ; and (p. 426) 77inga alpina, a few pairs are said still to breed
on the Northumberland moors, the mountains of the Lake district, the

Cheshite marshes . . .}]. . . . London: Henry Sotheran & Co..s4
[4to, 524 pages, not dated].
H. SEEBOHM. Cheviotland.

[The Lesser White-fronted Goose (Azser albifrons minutus) shot on Holy
Island, Sep. 1886; first example recorded for Britain of this small form].

Zool., Jan. 1887, xi. 32.
ROBERT SERVICE. Cumberland, Westmorland.
On the Former Existence of Ptarmigan [Zagopus mitus] in South-West
Scotland [also in Cumberland and Westmorland]. Zool., March 1887,
xi. 81-89.
ROBERT SERVICE. Cumberland.
On the Nesting of the Tufted Duck [/w/igu/a cristata] in Kirkcudbrightshire
[and its occurrence in Cumberland casually alluded to]. Zool., Sep. 1887,
Xl. 342-344.
W. W. SHAW. Lanc. W.
Four-legged Rook [( Corvus frugilegus) killed, May 17th, 1887, at Kirkham,
Lancs.]. Field, May 21st, 1887, p. 702.
¢. C2} Smiru; Hon, See: York Mid W.
Craven Naturalists’ Association [with notes of dates of arrival of Swallow
(Aitrundo rustica), Martin (Chelédon urbica), Redstart (Phanicura ruticilla),
‘Willow Warbler (Salécaria phragmitis)’ [sic] and Swift (Cypselus apus) at
Skipton]. Nat. World, June 1887, iv. 113.
THOMAS STEPHENSON. York N.E.
Whitby Bird-notes [anent occurrences in Sept. 1886 of Calidris arenaria,
Totanus calidris, Eudromias, Procellaria pelagica, and Dendrocopus major).
Nat., Feb. 1887, p. 46.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIRDS, 1887. 269

Wo. STOREY. York Mid W.
The Hawfinch [ Coccothraustes vulgaris] in Nidderdale [at Ribston Park, 1887,
Ripley Park, and Bewerley Hall, Pateley Bridge, in ali of which places it
nested]. Field, Sep. 3rd, 1887, p. 391.
W. STOREY. York Mid W.
Extraordinary behaviour of a Kestrel [(7%vuzculus alaudarius) alighting
on a horse’s back to look for a Pipit (Amthws species) it was pursuing ;
Pateley Bridge, April roth, 1887]. Nat., Nov. 1887, p. 348.
W. E. TESCHEMAKER. Isle of Man.
Swallows and Swifts in Captivity [including account of a successful attempt
made with young Azrundo rustica taken from a cave at the Banner Rock, on
the Manx Coast]. The Bazaar, Exchange & Mart, 13th April, 1887;
reprinted in Zool., Oct. 1887, xi. 372-375.
JuLian G. Tuck. Cheviotland.
Harlequin Duck [Cosmonetta histrionica] on the Northumbrian coast
[three shot near the Farne Islands on Dec. 2nd, 1886]. Zool., Feb. 1887, xi. 70.
JuLian G. Tuck. Cheviotland.

Harlequin Duck [Cosmonetta histrionica] on the Northumbrian Coast
[pointing out that two individuals occurred]. Zool., May 1887, xi. 196.

E. W. WaDE. Linc. N.
Land-rail [Crex pratensis] at Barton-on-Humber [on the 6th Dec., 1886,
in very poor condition]. Nat., March 1887, p. 80.
C. WALKER. Notts.
Long-tailed Duck [Harelda glactal’s| near Newark [two, immature, shot
on the Trent, Oct. 29th, 1887]. Field, Nov. 19th, 1887, p. 778.
G. G. WALKER. Derbyshire.
Partridge [ Perdix cinerea] laying in March [1887, at Whitwell, Derbyshire].
Field, March rath, 1887, p. 371.
Joun WarTson. Westmorland, Lanc. S., Cumberland.

Westmorland Heronries [three in number, at Dallam Tower, at Killington
Reservoir, and at Rydal, all described at length; an enumeration is also
given of two Lancashire and six Cumberland heronries ; at Killington a pair
of Accipiter nisus nested in close proximity to the Herons (Ardea cinerea)).
Field, Jan. 22nd, 1887, pp. 109-110.

H. WELCH. Lanc.

Large Carrion Crow [(Corzzs corone), killed lately at Leck Hall, Lancashire;
dimensions given, expanse of wing 3 ft. 10 in., etc.]. Field, April 9th, 1887,
p. 507.

J. WHITAKER. Notts.

Woodcock [Scolopax rusticola] Shooting in Nottinghamshire [statistics of
good bags at Thieves’ Wood near Mansfield, and Newstead Abbey]. Field,
Jan. Ist, 1887, p. 14.

J. WHITAKER. Notts.

Varieties of Common Wild Duck [Avzas boschas] and Peregrine [/ alco
peregrinus| in Notts. [described and localities stated]. Nat., March 1887, 74.

J. WHITAKER. Notts.

Varieties of Common Wild Ducks [(Azas boschas) caught Dec. 1886, in
the decoy at Park Hall]. Zool., March 1887, xi. 111.

J. WHITAKER. Notts.

Reported arrival of Summer Birds jat Mansfield, Notts.; Phy/oscopus rufus,
April sith; Axthus trivialis, April 17th; Motactlla raiz, April 17th ;
Saxicola eananthe, April 17th; Acrocephalus phragmitis, May ist; Turtur
communis, May 4th]. Field, April 16th, 23rd, and May 7th, 1887, pp. 534,
581, and 622.

Sept. 1889.

270 FOSSIL FOOT-PRINTS IN NORTHUMBERLAND.

J. WHITAKER. Notts.

Plumage of the Tufted Duck [(/2/ieula cristata), at Rainworth]. Zool.,
June 1887, xi. 235.

J. WHITAKER. ? Notts.

Plover[? Vanellus vulgaris]’s Nests with five Eggs [two instances given,
no doubt Rainworth examples]. Zool., July 1887, xi. 267.

J. WHITAKER. Notts.

Thrush [Zwrdus musicus|’s Nest without the usual lining [at Rainworth
near Mansfield, Notts.]. Zool., July 1887, xi. 268.

J. WHITAKER. Notts.

Norfolk Plover [Gdicnemus scolopax] nesting in Nottinghamshire [near
Rainworth Lodge, Mansfield]. Zool., July 1837, xi. 269.

J. W. WHITAKER. Notts.

Curious Capture of a Snipe [(Gad/inago calest?s) at Rainworth, Notts. ; boy
caught two young snipe and putting them in a canary-cage, attracted the
mother in after them]. Zool., Sep. 1887, xi. 346.

J. WHITAKER. Notts.
Male Tufted Duck [/izligula cristata] retaining the Breeding-plumage [in
Notts.]. Zool., Nov. 1887, xi. 431.

F. B. WHITLOCK. Linc. N.

Leach’s Petrel [Procellaria Jleucorrhoa] in Lincolnshire [captured near
Skegness, Jan. 6th, 1887]. Nat., May 1887, p. 132.

k. B. WHITLOCK. ? Notts.
Pied Wagtail [MWotactlla lugubris] on Wren[T7roglodytes parvulus|s’ Eggs
[descriptions given ; localities not stated]. Nat., Dec. 1887, p. 374.

THOMAS WINDER. York S.W.

Great Black-backed Gull [(Zavus marinus) on the spire of a Sheffield
Church, Jan. 4th, 1887]. Sci. Goss., Feb. 1887, p. 43.

NOTE—GEOLOG Y.

Fossil Foot-prints in the Carboniferous of Northumberland.—Most
geologists are aware of the abundant occurrence and fine state of preservation of
foot-prints and other mechanical impressions in some of the Lower Carboniferous
sandstones of the Northumberland moors. They were first discovered by Mr.
R. B. Sanderson, of Deanhead, near Otterburn, on whose property the finest
specimens have been obtained. Several examples were named, described, and
figured in 1873 by Mr. T. P. Barkas, F.G.S. (‘Illustrated Guide to the Fish,
Amphibian, Reptilian, and supposed Mammalian Remains of the Northumberland
Carboniferous Strata’). This geologist has since made large collections of the
foot-prints and tracks, some of which may be seen in the British Museum (Natural
History) and the museums of Newcastle-on-Tyne and of the Geological Society
of London. To him we are indebted for the substance of the present note,
intended to guide the would-be collector to the best locality.

The small quarry which has furnished the bulk of the specimens is situated
about three and a half miles north of Otterburn and as far from any public
highway. It can be visited only by the permission of the owner, Mr. Sanderson.
Otterburn is nine miles from Woodburn railway station: a conveyance can be
obtained from the ‘ Murray Arms,’ Otterburn. It is advisable also to drive from
the last-named place to the exposure, for quarrying tools must be taken. Richard
Thompson, of Otterburn, is recommended as guide and assistant. The quarry is
reached by a good private road leading to Deanhead, an ordinary field road to
Davyshields farm-house, and then rather more than a mile of rough moorland.
The sandstones bearing the impressions lie near the base of the Carboniferous
Limestone series, between the Long Syke and Potts Durtrees Limestones, and the
quarry is 900 feet above sea-level. —A. H.

Naturalist,

271

PLANTS 30OF
LANGSTROTHDALE, MID-WEST YORKSHIRE.

TREVOR BASIL WOODD,
Oughtershaw Hall; and Trinity College, Cambridge.

THE following is not a complete list, and some orders (Cyperacez,
for instance) have been scarcely investigated. However, as the
district is so remote, and so rarely visited, it may be interesting,
especially as many plants are found growing at 1,200 ft. to which
the limit of goo ft. is assigned in the ‘Flora of West Yorkshire.’
The elevations have been added in the cases in which they differ
from the ‘Flora.’ Where the locality and range are not stated, the
plants are found at or near Oughtershaw (about 1,200 ft.), or
ascend to the elevations given in the ‘Flora.’ I am told that
Vaccinium oxycoccus has been found at Oughtershaw, but I have
never been able to find it myself, and it cannot be abundant.
I have not observed any difference between the flora of the Green-
field branch-dale and the Oughtershaw or main valley of Langstroth-
dale. Occasional bands of gritstone appear in both valleys, but
there is no slate in either. The draining and planting which has
been carried out during the last thirty years in the Oughtershaw
valley may have raised some of the mid-agrarian plants to a higher
range.

Thalictrum minus var. montanum. Scar-house, Hubberholme.
Thalictrum majus. Buckden Woods.

Anemone nemorosa. Oughtershaw Wood.
Ranunculus aquatilis. Source of river Wharfe.
Ranunculus flammula.

Ranunculus bulbosus.

Ranunculus ficaria. Oughtershaw, 1,200 ft.
Trollius europzus. Oughtershaw, abundant.
Caltha palustris.

Actza spicata. Raisghyll.

[Aconitum napellus. Garden escape; Oughtershaw. |
Nasturtium officinale.

Arabis hirsuta.

Cochlearia officinalis.

Cardamine palustris.

Capsella bursa-pastoris.

Helianthemum vulgare. The Helks, Beckermonds.

Sept. 1889.

272 WOODD: PLANTS OF LANGSTROTHDALE.

Polygala vulgaris var. depressa.

Viola lutea. The Helks.

Viola palustris.

Viola sylvatica.

Drosera rotundifolia. Oughtershaw Moss.

Lychnis flos-cuculi.

Lychnis diurna.

Arenaria verna.

Stellaria holostea.

Stellaria graminea.

Stellaria media. To 1,800 ft.

Hypericum pulchrum.

Hypericum perforatum.

Hypericum quadrangulum.

Linum catharticum.

Geranium sanguineum. Near Kettlewell.

Geranium sylvaticum. 1,250 ft.

Geranium pratense.

Geranium molle.

Geranium dissectum. 1,200 ft.

Geranium lucidum. 1,200 ft.

Geranium robertianum.

Oxalis acetosella.

Ilex aquifolium. Hill-side, 1,000 ft.

Acer pseudo-platanus. 1,800 ft., selfsown, in a pot-hole near
Oughtershaw Tarn.

Ononis arvensis. Kettlewell.

Trifolium repens.

Trifolium medium.

Lathyrus pratensis.

Lotus corniculatus.

Vicia sepium.

Vicia cracca.

Orobus tuberosus.

Prunus padus.

Spirza ulmaria.

Agrimonia eupatoria. Buckden Woods.

Sanguisorba officinalis,

Naturalist,

WOODD: PLANTS OF LANGSTROTHDALE.

Poterium sanguisorba. The Helks.
Alchemilla vulgaris.

Potentilla fragariastrum.

Potentilla tormentilla.

Comarum palustre. Source of river Wharfe.
Fragaria vesca.

Rubus idzus.

273

Rubus fruticosus. Oughtershaw, 1,200 ft.; varieties undetermined.

Rubus saxatilis. The Helks.

Rubus chamzmorus. Abundant near Oughtershaw Tarn.
Geum rivale.

Rosa spinosissima. Kettlewell.

Rosa canina. Varieties undetermined.

Pyrus malus. 1,100 ft. Oughtershaw Wood.

Pyrus aucuparia.

Potentilla anserina. 1,200 ft.

Crategus oxyacantha.

Epilobium angustifolium. The Helks, profusely; also found

in pot-holes near Oughtershaw Tarn.
Epilobium palustre.
Epilobium parviflorum.
Circza lutetiana.
Ribes alpinum. Oughtershaw village.
Sedum villosum. Oughtershaw and Beckermonds.
Sedum acre.
Saxifraga umbrosa. Garden escape; 1,200 ft.
Saxifraga tridactylites.
Saxifraga hypnoides.
Chrysosplenium alternifolium.
Parnassia palustris. Very plentiful.
fEgopodium podagraria. 1,200 ft. Oughtershaw.
Pimpinella saxifraga.

Angelica sylvestris. 1,800 ft. Pot-hole, Oughtershaw Tarn.

Heracleum sphondylium.

Myrrhis odorata.

fEthusa cynapium.

Hedera helix. Beckermonds Scar.

Sambucus nigra. The Helks.

Sept. 1880. Ss

274 WOODD: PLANTS OF LANGSTROTHDALE.

Lonicera periclymenum. Craywood, Hubberholme.

Galium boreale.

Galium cruciatum. 1,200 ft.

Galium verum.

Galium saxatile.

Galium pusillum.

Galium uliginosum.

Galium aparine.

Asperula odorata. 1,150 ft.

Valeriana dioica.

Valeriana officinalis. 1,150 ft.

Scabiosa succisa.

Scabiosa columbaria.

Carduus heterophyllus.

Carduus nutans.

Carduus arvensis.

Centaurea scabiosa. Kettlewell.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.

Achillea millefolium.

Achillea ptarmica.

Senecio vulgaris.

Senecio jacobza.

Bellis perennis.

Solidago virga-aurea.

Tussilago farfara.

Petasites officinalis.

Taraxacum officinale.

Lactuca muralis.

Hieracium aurantiacum. Found in Buckden Woods. [Not
indigenous ; imported like the Vizca.—F. A. Lees. ]

Hieracium sylvaticum.

Centaurea nigra.

Arctium minus.

Matricaria parthenium. 1,200 ft. Oughtershaw.

Lapsana communis.

Campanula latifolia. To 1,200 ft.

Campanula rotundifolia.

Vaccinium vitis-idza.

Naturalist,

WOODD: PLANTS OF LANGSTROTHDALE. 275

~

Vaccinium myrtillus.
Nore.—Though Vaccintum oxycoccus is mentioned in the

‘Flora of West Yorkshire’ as occurring from Oughtershaw
downwards, I have never observed it in this neighbourhood.

Erica tetralix.

Calluna vulgaris.

Pyrola rotundifolia.

Vinca minor. 950 ft. Growing in Buckden Woods ; imported ?

Gentiana amarella.

Gentiana campestris.

Menyanthes trifoliata. Small tarn, Beckermonds, and source of
river Wharfe.

Scrophularia nodosa. Buckden Woods.

Digitalis purpurea. To 1,400 ft. ina gill, and also at 1,800 ft.
in a pot-hole near Oughtershaw Tarn.

Veronica arvensis.

Veronica agrestis.

Veronica beccabunga.

Veronica chamezdrys.

Veronica montana.

Veronica officinalis.

Euphrasia officinalis.

Rhinanthus crista-galli.

Pedicularis sylvatica.

Bartsia odontites.

Mentha hirsuta. Buckden.

Thymus serpyllum.

Origanum vulgare. To 1,200 ft.

Calamintha clinopodium.

Prunella vulgaris.

Stachys betonica.

Stachys sylvatica. To 1,200 ft.

Lamium album. Buckden (?).

Ajuga reptans.

Teucrium scorodonia.

Myosotis repens.

Myosotis sylvatica.

Myosotis czspitosa.

Sept. 18809.

276 WOODD: PLANTS OF LANGSTROTHDALE.

Pinguicula vulgaris.

Primula vulgaris.

Primula farinosa. Abundant.

Primula officinalis. To 1,300 ft.

Lysimachia nemorum. Oughtershaw Wood.

Plantago major.

Plantago lanceolata.

Plantago maritima.

Rumex sanguineus.

Rumex obtusifolius.

Rumex acetosella.

Rumex acetosa.

Polygonum bistorta. To 1,200 ft.

Polygonum convolvulus. To 1,200 ft.

Polygonum aviculare. At 1,200 ft.

Euphorbia peplus.

Mercurialis perennis. At 1,150 ft., in Oughtershaw Wood.

Urtica dioica.

Ulmus montana. To 1,150 ft., Oughtershaw Wood.

Corylus avellana.

Alnus glutinosa. 1,150 ft., Oughtershaw Wood.

Betula alba.

Salix, species?

Potamogeton polygonifolius.

Orchis maculata.

Orchis latifolia.

Habenaria chlorantha. Raisghyll.

Listera ovata. Found at 1,450 ft., in open pasture.

Epipactis palustris. 1,150 ft. Bank near Wharfe, Oughtershaw.

Epipactis latifolia sub-sp. rubiginosa. 1,200 ft. The Helks.
[If not £. media, this may prove to be £. ovalis.—F. A. Lees, }

Note.—The Cyfripedium calceolus still grows in the garden

of the late General Stansfield at Buckden. I think this plant
was brought from Arncliffe.

Paris quadrifolia. At 1,150 ft., Oughtershaw Wood.

Allium ursinum. At 1,100 ft., Oughtershaw Wood.

Hyacinthus non-scriptus, At 1,250 ft., in open meadow.

Narthecium ossifragum.

Naturalist,

NOTES— BOTANY. 277

Pteris aquilina. In Langstrothdale not above 1,100 ft.

Cryptogramme crispa. One specimen on a grit rock on the
Fleet Moss, at 1,800 ft.

Blechnum boreale.

Asplenium ruta-muraria.

Asplenium trichomanes.

Asplenium viride. Pot-holes, 1,800 ft., and elsewhere.

Athyrium filix-foemina. To 1,800 ft., in pot-hole.

Scolopendrium vulgare.

Cystopteris fragilis.

Aspidium aculeatum.

Nephrodium filix-mas.

Nephrodium dilatatum.

Nephrodium oreopteris.

Polypodium vulgare.

Polypodium phegopteris. Buckden Woods.

Polypodium dryopteris. In a gill above Netherghyll Farm,
1,400 ft.

Polypodium robertianum.

Ophioglossum vulgatum. Oughtershaw, 1,170 ft.

Botrychium lunaria. Hill-side above Oughtershaw.

NOTES—BOTANY.

Senecio saracenicus in Littondale, Mid-West Yorkshire.—Last year
I was able to report a station for the Sevecto saracentcus between Hawkswick
and Arncliffe. It was the first notice of this plant in Littondale. Since that time
I have found another station at Halton Gill, 1,000 ft. above the sea-level, and
also a third station, and this time in an old garden half-mile above Halton Gill.
This latter may be the source of the two lower stations, to which seeds-may have
been carried down by the wind or stream. —W. A. SHUFFREY, Arncliffe, Skipton,
2oth August, 1889.

Polypogon monspeliensis near Horbury, South-West Yorkshire.—
A few days ago, whilst botanising on the Dirtcar side of that portion of the river
Calder designated ‘ Lupset Pond,’ between Horbury and Thornes, my attention
was attracted by the luxuriance of the vegetation growing on some sunken boats,
placed to preserve the river-banks. On examining one of these I was fortunate
enough to find a fine tuft of that beautiful and rare grass Polypogon mons-
peliensis Desf., a specimen of which I enclose.—Wm. RuUSHFORTH, Hon. Sec.
Wakefield Naturalists’ Society, Horbury, 15th August, 1889.

[This Casual, although not new to ‘ Calder with Colne’ area, having turned up
at various times and places near Huddersfield, is yet, we believe, new to this
portion of the area. The species has long been known in Britain, being recorded
as Alopecurus maxima anglica in Ray’s ‘Synopsis,’ 396, and in Hudson’s
‘Fl. Anglica,’ 1762, p. 48, as Cynosurus paniceus, as occurring at Drayton and
Portsmouth in ‘Comitatus Southamptoniz,’ and at Purfleet in Essex. It is also
recorded from Kent, Norfolk, Gloucester, Durham, Fife, and Guernsey, and has
been introduced into the littoral region of United States of America from Europe.
(Asa Gray, Manual, p. 612).—C.P.H.]

Sept. 1889.

278

NOTE—COLEOPTERA.

Bembidium nigricorne Gyll. in Yorkshire.—Yesterday (Aug. 16th) I had
the pleasure of taking an example of this elegant little ‘ Bembid’ at Shipley Glen,
at the roots of grass, but did not at the time distinguish it from its common ally
B. lampros Herbst. Itis an addition to the Yorkshire beetle fauna.—J.W. CARTER,
Manningham, Bradford, August 17th, 1889.

NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA.

Deilephila galii at Sowerby Bridge.—On the 12th inst. a fine male
specimen of this insect was brought me; it was taken at rest on a cauliflower in
a garden in this neighbourhood.—WALTER CopLey, Clough Terrace, Sowerby
Bridge, August 24th, 1889.

Acherontia atropos Larve at Alford, Lincs.—Several larvze of the Death’s
Head Moth (Acherontia atrofos) have been found here this month. One, full-fed,

Upper Teesdale Mosses.—In connection with the visit of Yorkshire
naturalists to Upper Teesdale, it will be of considerable interest to give a list of
mosses which have been gathered by Mr. R. Barnes during previous rambles in
Teesdale, and which are new records for the district :—Sphagnum acutifolium Ehrh.
and vars. deflexum Schmp., tere Braith., larzdum Hiieb.; S. sguarrosum var.
teres Schp., S. sebsecundum var. obesum Wils., Didymodon luridus Hornsch.,
D. cylindricus Bruch and var. holt Braith., D. szwosus Wils., Trichostomume
mutabile Bruch, 7. créspulum Bruch, T. littorale Mitt., Barbula recurvifolia Schp.,
Rhacomitrium ellipticum B.& S.—MATTHEW B. SLATER, Malton, Aug. 26th, 1889.

NOTES AND NEWS.

A probable derivation of the word ‘Mushroom’ is tentatively suggested to us by
Mr. Walter W. Strickland, who remarks that it is, however, more probable than
the one the dictionaries give, viz.:—from the French ‘Mousse’ = Moss—which has
nothing to recommend it. If the one he suggests be the true one, it will give a
hint as to how mushrooms came to be an article of diet amongst Europeans. He
believes the word to be compounded of the cant or ‘kennick’ ‘mush,’ an umbrella,
and the gypsey word Rom. Gypsies, who are the relics of a low-caste Indian tribe:
of great antiquity, give evidence of their Asiatic origin by traces of Phallic worship.
Thus they show great respect for the ‘burroder kow’ or ‘ Phallus major.’ Now
the word ‘ Rom,’ pronounced ‘ room,’ which now means a husband, had originally
much the same meaning as ‘ kou,’ which literally means a thorn, and is connected
with the Indian word ‘ram.’ The word ‘mush-room’ would consequently mean
“umbrella-phallus,’ an admirably descriptive name of the fungus in question. If
it be objected that the word ‘ mush’ or ‘mash,’ as written in Borrow’s Lavo-Lil is
‘kennick’ or cant, it may be remarked that Leland has shown many cant words
to be really originally Romany or Gypsey. He further observes that the Hainault
gypsies do not pronounce the word ‘ Mash’ but ‘ Mish.’ ‘ What is Mish?’ said
one of them to him. ‘Mush! that’s a man.’ No; moosh (Czech mtz=man) is a
man,’ was the reply, ‘Mish is an umbrella.’ And, lastly, gypsies are just the
very people most likely to introduce the practice of eating mushrooms. Leland
remarks upon their wonderful faculty for supporting themselves upon the wild
products of nature all the world over ; their acute open-air-bred instincts teaching
them what is wholesome and what is not. It may further be added that the first
eaters of mushrooms must have been strong-minded and not over nice. Who more
likely than a carrion-loying people to have been these primitive mushroom-eaters?
And if, lastly, it be objected that the Romans were great fungus-eaters, he still sees
no difficulty in supposing that it was the Romany who taught them to be so.

Naturalist,

279

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
IN UPPER TEESDALE.

The Union had reason to congratulate itself upon the ground
chosen for the Bank Holiday excursion, the upper reaches of the
Tees valley having long been recognised as classic ground for
the Geologist and Botanist. The exact portion of the valley which
was selected for investigation was the Yorkshire or Southern bank of
the Tees, from Middleton to its junction with the Maize Beck.
No more beautiful spot could have been chosen than the upper
portion of the Tees valley, which Yorkshire shares with the adjacent
counties of Durham and Westmorland. The district is well known
and deservedly attractive, not only to botanists and geologists, but
also to all lovers of wild and picturesque scenery. The Tees fault,
running east and west, and having an upthrow of about eighty
fathoms opposite Middleton, forms the chief geological feature of
Upper Teesdale, and contributes largely to its characteristic scenery.
This fault throws up the basalt, locally known as Whin Sill, both
causing the formation of the waterfalls of Cauldron Snout and High
Force, and forming the bold escarpments of Falcon Clints on the
one side of the river and Cronkley and Holwick Scars on the other,
where vast masses of whin form a bold frontispiece at the base of
Mickle Fell, the highest of the Yorkshire summits, the top of the
western patch of gritstone, which caps it, being 2,596 ft. above the
sea-level. At the head of the valley stands Cross Fell in Cumberland,
a mountain which towers upwards near the edge of the great Pennine
escarpment to the height of 2,900 ft. In departure from the usual
custom this excursion was planned to extend over three days, that is
to say from Saturday, August 3rd, to Monday, August 5th.

The excursion commenced on Saturday, the 3rd of August, on
the arrival of the 11-28 a.m. train at Middleton. The party
drove in wagonettes to Langdon Beck, a distance of about seven
miles. From thence, under the guidance of Mr. J. Backhouse, jun.,
and Mr. Joseph Wearmouth, of Newbiggin, they struck the river
at the nearest point, and following the bank on the Durham side,
passed under the magnificent basalt escarpment called Falcon Clints,
formerly the home of the buzzard, the peregrine, and the raven, but
in these days tenanted but by the feeble kestrel, to Caldron Snout.
At this point they crossed the Tees by a light wooden bridge, which
looked perilously frail above the roaring waters of the fall, and found
themselves in Westmorland. In ten minutes, by crossing Maize
Beck, they arrived in Yorkshire. Here the party was joined by
Sept. 1889.

280 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN UPPER TEESDALE.

Mr. Raine and Mr. J. Pease, who led them alongside Tees and
under Cronkley Scars to the site of the old pencil works. The
determination of the formation here is a bone of contention among
geologists, but whether the beds be shales vitrified by the action of
the basalt or Silurian shales is left for them to decide. The way
then led over Cronkley Bridge to the High Force, where the
members separated to seek their lodgings at Langdon Beck, the
High Force, or at Middleton. Unfortunately rain fell heavily during
the day, and made observation exceedingly difficult. Only seven
species of birds were noted, but few lepidoptera were on the wing,
and the botanists alone of the party were to be congratulated upon
their success.

After tea, Mr. James Backhouse, jun., very kindly conducted a
party of members to a bone-cave a mile or two distant from High
Force, and on the Monday forenoon conducted another party.

For the Sunday no official arrangements had been made, and
members occupied themselves at their own discretion. Fortunately
the weather of Sunday was all that could be desired for personal
comfort, in striking contrast to the downfalls of rain on Saturday
night and Monday morning.

A forenoon of heavy rain on the Monday made the Cauldron
Snout and the High Force appear to the greatest advantage, while
the Tees and all its feeders were running so high as to be nearly, if
not quite unpassable. Maize Beck, which on Saturday was crossed
on the stones, was more than knee-deep on the Monday. The rain
cleared off before noon, and was succeeded by brilliant weather,
which lasted through the day, and the excursion route was carried
out as arranged. The members staying at Middleton were reinforced
by others from High Force, and others who came over for the day
from various parts of Yorkshire, arriving by the 11.28 a.m. train.
The naturalists were fortunate in securing the assistance of Major
Bainbridge, whose intimate acquaintance with the topography and
geology of the surrounding country, and his rich fund of general
information relating to the locality, combined to make him an
invaluable guide to the party. As on the Saturday, the Union had
permission from the Earl of Strathmore to visit his estates. The
first place visited was Messrs. Ord and Maddison’s whinstone
quarries, which are in close proximity to the Middleton station, and
upon which the Leeds Corporation make large demands. These
afforded a fine illustration of the columnar formation of basalt,
though later in the day still better examples were seen in following
the course of the great Tees fault, of which we have already spoken.
The route taken was up the Yorkshire bank of the Tees to the High

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN UPPER TEESDALE. 281

Force, and on the way Major Bainbridge showed at several points
traces of iron on the face of the fault. On reaching Park End
Wood some of the party left the road to explore this relic of the old
Teesdale forest, and the remainder continued on the bank of the
river. ‘They then visited Fairy Dell, ascending to the moor at that
point, and walking along the top of the basalt formation until they
arrived opposite Winch Bridge, where they again made for the river.
The original structure of the Winch Bridge is said to have been the
first suspension bridge erected in Europe. The river was crossed at
Holwick Head Bridge, and the High Force Inn was reached shortly
afterwards. The entire party sat down to an excellently-provided
tea at the inn at four o’clock, which they thoroughly enjoyed after
their long walk.

Time being but short, the meeting was begun at the tea-table,
the usual sectional meetings being perforce dispensed with. The
chair was occupied by the president of the Union, Mr. Henry Eeles
Dresser, F.L.S., F.Z.S., this being his first introduction to the Union
and its members. The minutes were taken as read, after which the
following gentlemen were duly elected members :—Andrew Thos.
Ashwell, Malton; Hubert Dacre, York ; Richard Davison, Driffield ;
Geo. Hodsman, York; John Holtby, Driffield; Abraham Lambert,
Harrogate ; Charles T. Lucy, Pickering; James A. Place, Pickering ;
Eleazer Sherwood, M.D., F.Bot.Soc. Ed., Whitby ; and John Stevenson,
Whitby. The roll being now called, it was found that the following
fourteen societies were represented:—Leeds (three societies), York,
Malton, Cleveland, Harrogate (two), Ackworth, Leyburn, Hull
(two), Huddersfield, and the Practical Naturalists’ Society. On the
proposition of Rev. E. P. Knubley, M.A., seconded by Mr. Charles
Brownridge, F.G.S., Mr. Richard Barnes was appointed Local
Treasurer for Saltburn-by-the-Sea, and Mr. Hugh Richardson for
Sedbergh. On the motion of Mr. R. E. Leach, M.A., F.G.S., of
Hartlepool, and late of Beccles, Suffolk, seconded by Mr. Hugh
Richardson, B.A., of Sedbergh School, the best thanks of the Union
were unanimously voted to Lord Strathmore for permission to visit
his estates, to Major Bainbridge and Messrs. Raine and Wearmouth
for acting as guides, to Mr. James Backhouse, jun., for conducting
some of the members through his bone-cave, and to all who had in
any way contributed to the success of the meeting. Major Bainbridge,
who acknowledged the vote, spoke of the pleasure it had afforded
him to be of any assistance to the Union, and concluded by giving
an interesting account of the geology of the district. It was proposed
by Mr. T. W. Woodhead, of Huddersfield, and seconded by Mr. J. H.
Rowntree, of Scarborough, ‘that Mr. Dresser receive the best thanks

Sept. 1889.

282 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN UPPER TEESDALE.

of the meeting for his conduct in the chair.’ Brief sectional reports
were then called for, and given by Mr. James Backhouse, jun.,
F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., for the Vertebrate Section, by Mr. W. Denison
Roebuck, F.L.S., for the Conchological, by Mr. J. H. Rowntree, of
Scarborough, for the Entomological, by Messrs. T. W. Woodhead, of
Huddersfield, and M. B. Slater, F.L.S., of Malton, for the Botanical,
and by Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., of Leeds, for the Geological
Section. Detailed reports were subsequently supplied by these
gentlemen to the Secretaries of the Union as follows :—

For the Vertebrate Section its senior Secretary, Mr. James
Backhouse, jun., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., reported as follows :—It might
be supposed that in three days a large number of vertebrates would
have been noted on such exceptionally rich ground as Upper
Teesdale presents, but owing partly perhaps to the time of year and
partly to the inclemency of the weather, only 38 species of birds.
were seen (25 residents and 13 migrants) and 2 mainmals,

There was a marked absence of the birds of prey, not one being
seen, in what was once probably as favourite a haunt for the accipitres
as any in Yorkshire. One Raven was sighted, and this species is
reported by Major Bainbridge to breed still below Middleton-in-
Teesdale. Black Grouse, a small flock of Dunlin, Heron, and
Twite were among the scarcest birds met with, and of the latter,
young in first plumage were seen on the Durham side of the Tees.

Mr. Raine, of Howgill, reported that two pairs of the Teal have
nested on the Yorkshire side this season ; one was observed during
the excursion. The Grey Wagtail, of which examples were met with,
is reported by Mr. J. Wearmouth to be a summer visitant only to
Upper Teesdale, arriving in March.

A number of frogs were seen and their great variety of colouring
carefully noted by Rev. E. P. Knubley, who reports that some,
particularly those on the higher ground near to Cauldron Snout,
were very light-coloured, with orange blotches on the under side of
the breast and thighs, whilst others showed. every variety of black
marking upon their backs, from two or three small spots, irregularly
dispersed over a light yellow surface, to large patches which covered
the greater part of the exposed portion of the body.

For the Conchological Section, none of whose officers were able
to be present, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., stated that although
very few species had been observed actually upon the Yorkshire side
of the Tees, yet one was of especial interest, e/ix fusca, of which
Mr. J. E. Mason had found a few in a hazel copse under Holwick
Scars. It had been previously found—years ago—on the Durham
side, near High Force, by Mr. James Backhouse. Limncea peregra

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN UPPER TEESDALE. 283.

was found in a stream at the Pencil Mill, under Cronkley Scar, at
about 1,200 ft. altitude. The other Yorkshire captures were not
numerous. The Durham captures included all the four British
species of Arion, Helix rupesiris, etc.

For the Entomological Section, which was represented by one of
its secretaries, Mr. James H. Rowntree, of Scarborough, Mr. J.
Eardley Mason, of Alford (Lincs.), Mr. A. Pickard, of Wolsingham
(co. Durham) and others, Mr. Rowntree reports the following list of
captures :—LEPIDOPTERA: /veris napi, Vanessa urtica, Larentia
didymata, excessively abundant in some of the streamlet beds, rising
in clouds along with Z. cestata, less commonly, Zhera variata,
Cidaria russata and C.immanata (one or both species, including
some well-marked varieties), on the Durham side; on the ragwort
bloom, Cidaria populata and C. pyraliata, the latter frequent on the
Westmorland Fells approaching High Cup Nick, 2udolia mensuraria,
Chareas graminis, Scopula lutealis, An evening’s sugaring on the
Durham side near to High Force only produced the ubiquitous
Xylophasia polyodon. All the above were in the imago state. Of
larve were noted JVotodonta ziczac, Acronycta menyanthidis (on
willow), and Hadena pist. COoLEopTERA: Carabus nitens(?). Mr.
Pickard reported the capture of the following, all upon the South or
Yorkshire side of the river: Symerinthus populi, Dicranura vinula,
Notodonta dictea, N. ziczac, Hadena pist, Acronycta menthanytais.

Mr. James Eardley Mason, of Alford, who had spent a few days
in the district, and who had paid special attention to the Hemiptera-
Heteroptera, reported that he had found the following species on the
Yorkshire bank of the Tees.

Miris holsatus. Anthocoris nemoralis.
Lygus pabulinus. Salda scotica.

Lygus contaminatus. Salda c-album.
/Etorhinus angulatus. Velia currens.
Orthotylus nassatus.

Psallus ambiguus. Orthoptera.
Plagiognathus viridulus. Forficula auricularia.

Anthocoris nemorum.
None are really rare, but the two Sa/d@ are by no means common
and are curiously distributed, favouring such localities as the Isle of
Wight and Cumberland stream-banks impartially. Fine dry weather
is so essential to anything like good work in the Hemipterous line,
that so brief a list is not to be wondered at under the pluvial circum-
stances of the excursion.

For the Botanical Section, in the absence of its Phanerogamic
Secretary, Mr. T. W. Woodhead, of Huddersfield, reported that no
section had more right to be grateful than this, at the selection of
Sept. 1889.

284 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN UPPER TEESDALE.

Upper Teesdale for the three days’ excursion, and to those who
availed themselves of the opportunity a rich treat was in store. As
to records, some little difficulty was experienced owing to the routes
embracing portions of three counties, but by a careful sifting of notes
they had been able to make.a reliable list of the plants on the
Yorkshire side of the river. As a result of close work and careful
observation, 311 species and 6 varieties were recorded. Unfor-
tunately, the grasses and sedges were almost entirely neglected, or
the number might have been considerably augmented. Beginning at
the lower end of the valley, the first plants of note were met with in
Park End Wood, viz.:—Melampyrum sylvaticum, Parts quadrifolia
(mostly with five or six leaves), and Geranium sylvaticum. The
rocks about Fairy Dell and Holwick Scars gave the typical ferns
and club-mosses, the chief being Cryptogramme crispa, Asplentum
ruta-muraria, trichomanes, and viride (the latter being the more
common form), Cystopteris fragilis, Polypodium phegopteris and
aryopteris, Lycopodium selago and clavatum and Selaginella selaginoides.
It was on touching the river at Winch Bridge that some of the best
plants made their appearance ;_ here everyone was delighted with the
pretty golden flowers of Potentilla fruticosa, now seen at its best and
forming one of the most striking botanical features of the valley ;
good things were met with on every hand, and on following up the
stream to High Force were seen Pyrus aria, Galium boreale and
sylvestre, Solidago virga-aurea var. cambrica, Gnaphalium supinum,
Carduus heterophyllus, Serratula tinctoria var. monticola, Primula
Jarinosa, Polygonum viviparum, Equisetum pratense and variegatum.
Several good Hzeracia were found and of those determined were
tricum, pallidum, and tridentatum. Still further up the valley
towards White Force, Cronkley Scars, and Maize Beck were Viola
lutea var. amena (which seemed to replace the yellow form),
Saxifraga aizotdes, stellaris and leaves of hypnoides, Sedum villosum,
Listera cordata and Habenaria albida. One party, unaware of the
promise to confine themselves to the valley, journeyed by way of
Mickle Fell, Cronkley Fell, and White Force. They were thus
brought into contact with the noted sugar limestone, and their
innocence was rewarded by many good finds, including Dvada
tncana, Helianthemum canum, Alsine verna, Rubus chamemorus,
Dryas octopetala, Saxtifraga hirculus, Epilobium alsinifolium, Pyrola
secunda, Tofieldia palustris, and Lycopodium alpinum.

Mr. J. A. Wheldon, of York, has since supplemented this report
by furnishing the following list of Azeracta which he collected and
have been determined for him by Mr. Hanbury :—Z. angustum Lind,
(=A. crocatum var. angustifolium Fr.); Hf. auratum Fr. (=H.

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN UPPER TEESDALE. 285

rigidum with yellow styles); . rigidum Backh., with dark styles ;
Hi. vulgatum Fr.; H. vulgatum Fr. resembling diaphanoides Lind. ;
Hf. commutatum Backh. (=H. boreale); H. anglicum Fr. ; H. tricum
Fr.; 4. gothicum Fr.; H. murorum 1.

In Cryptogamic Botany, Mr. M. B. Slater, F.L.S., reported that
Mr. R. Barnes, of Saltburn, who had worked at the Mosses during
the three days, had detected the following species :—

Sphagnum acutifolium Ehrh. var. Orthotrichum leiocarpum B. & S.
luridum Hiieb. Tetraplodon mnioides Hedw.
Sphagnum tenellum Ehrh. Bartramia ithyphylla Brid.
Andreza alpina Turn. Bartramia pomiformis L.
Andrezea crassinervis Bruch. Webera cruda Schreb.
Gymnostomum rupestre Schwg. Webera albicans Wahl.
Anzctangium compactum Schl. Bryum alpinum L.
Rhabdoweissia denticulata Brid. Zieria julacea Schpr.
Dicranella rufescens Turn. Diphyscium foliosum L.
Dicranum fuscescens Turn. Fissidens fontanus Wils.
Campylopus atro-virens DeNot. Fissidens decipiens DeNot.
Archidium phascoides Brid. Antitrichia curtipendula L.
Blindia acuta Hedw. Heterocladium heteropterum Bruch.
Didymodon sinuosus Wils. Eurhynchium teesdalii Sm.
Distichium capillaceum L. Plagiothecium pulchellum Hedw.
Encalypta ciliata Hedw. Hypnum uncinatum Hedw.
Grimmia funalis Schwgr. Ptychomitrium polyphyllum B. & S.
Rhacomitrium protensum Braun. Ulota crispula Bruch.
Amphoridium mougeotii B. & S. Amblyodon dealbatus Dicks.
Ulota drummondii Grev. Webera elongata Dicks.
Orthotrichum stramineum Hornsch. Cinclidium stygium Swartz.

This list includes some rare species, although none which have not
been previously recorded.

For the Geological Section, of which both Secretaries,
S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., Leeds, and S. Chadwick, F.G.S., Malton,
were present, the following report is furnished by Mr. Adamson:—

The chief interest to the geologists lay in the inspection of the
famous Whin Sill, so well known from the references to it by
geological writers during the last sixty-five years. The Whin Sill
was described by Sedgwick to have been produced by a lateral
injection of volcanic matter in a state of igneous fusion, or in other
words, to be a tabular mass of basalt or ancient lava injected
horizontally between Carboniferous strata after their deposition
and consolidation. This opinion is shared in by many subsequent
writers, including Topley, Lebour, and others. Whin is the local
name for basalt, but this term is applied in other localities to various
rocks of a hard character. Sill is an expressive term, generally used
in speaking of the flat piece of stone at the foot of a window. It also
gives a fair idea of these tabular beds of basalt, sill-like in their

Sept. 1880.

286 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN UPPER TEESDALE,

appearance, and more or less parallel with the sedimentary rocks
above and below, between which they have been injected. The
Whin Sill can be studied in many parts of Northumberland, Durham,
and Yorkshire, but in no place to greater advantage than between
Middleton-in-Teesdale and Caldron Snout, either in the rugged
scars on each side of the river, or in the sections made by the
denuding process of the mighty waterfalls of High Force and
Caldron Snout. At the latter place the basalt attains its greatest
‘thickness, that is, between 200 ft. and 300 ft., and in the lofty
‘precipices in the vicinity may be seen assuming the columnar
-structure so characteristic of basalt.

At the Middleton station conveyances were obtained, as the
party had to proceed some eight miles further up the dale before
fairly setting to work, passing through the busy little town of
Middleton and the hamlets of Newbiggin and Bow Leys;.a short
halt was made at the High Force Inn, and at Langdon Beck, a few
miles further, they dismounted and crossed over by Widdy Bank to
‘the margin of the river. The scenery had greatly altered as they pro-
-ceeded—from the broad valley, with its sides dotted with white-
washed farmhouses, and here and there fine woods and charming
glens, to a bleak and sterile district, with the river slowly gliding
along under the shadow of dark and gloomy precipices. The path,
too, was excessively rough, reminding one forcibly of the boulder-
-strewn walk under the cliffs some years ago at Kettleness. On the
Yorkshire side were the high basaltic terraces of Cronkley Scars,
‘with masses of débris at their base, and finely displaying the
-columnar structure alluded to. On the Durham side the tremendous
basalt cliffs of Falcon Clints were skirted, and the point was noticed
where the heated basalt had come in contact with the underlying
limestone (the Melmerby Scar limestone) and had metamorphosed
it into a loose granular rock, known generally as ‘sugar limestone.’
The grains of this are highly crystalline, and have hardly any
-cohesion with each other, so ‘that it is difficult to obtain a good
specimen. On the summit of Cronkley Scars the limestone
immediately overlying the basalt, known as the ‘ Tyne-bottom’ lime-
stone, has this granular character from the same cause. Another
stretch of arduous walk brought the party to the limit of their
journey, the waterfall of Caldron Snout, where the waters of the
Tees thunder down jagged terraces of basalt, the foaming cataract
being in grand contrast with the black igneous rock. The party
ascended the broken sides of the ravine, and crossed the frail-looking
plank bridge (nearly 1,500 ft. above the sea-level) into the county
of Westmorland, thence immediately crossing over the Maize Beck,

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN UPPER TEESDALE, 287

this time without the friendly aid of a bridge, into Yorkshire.
Here, where the Maize Beck enters the Tees, is the junction of the
three counties, although the exact spot in the bed of the stream
would be somewhat difficult to fix upon. The way was now taken
along the Yorkshire bank of the river, under the frowning heights of
Cronkley, picking their path slowly over the talus at its base, and ever
and anon pausing to admire the weird grandeur of the scenery around.

Shortly they were upon some beds which have occasioned some
discussion among geologists, the soft shales known as the Pencil
Mill Beds, which were formerly used for the manufacture of slate
pencils. These beds are claimed by Messrs. Gunn & Clough, of
the Geological Survey, to be Silurian, and they argue that the
important fault known as the Great Burtreeford Dyke (which crosses
the river near this point, and also crosses the great Teesdale fault) is
the cause of these lowest beds being brought up. The total
displacement caused by this fault, which crosses over through
Weardale to Allenheads, in Northumberland, is thought to be, near
the Pencil Mill, about 350 feet. ‘To judge from a specimen of this
shale obtained in situ, without knowing the position it was obtained
from, we should certainly pronounce it to be of Silurian age. In
some places veins of quartz run through, and a dyke of igneous rock
crossing the river and passing through this bed was also noted.
This dyke seems different in character from the basalt seen during
the day, and partakes more of the nature of a mica-trap. This point
was the most interesting noticed, and it occasioned some discussion.
From thence Cronkley Bridge was passed, and the return made to
the High Force Inn for rest and refreshment, both grateful to the
party, wet and weary as they were.

On Sunday there was no programme, and members could if they
chose rest after the fatigue of the previous day, or betake them-
selves to study some matter in detail still further, or again, by brisk
walking in the bracing air, add to their stock of health. Some of
the party spent a few quiet hours in the charming and well-wooded
grounds connected with the High Force, and thus were enabled to
examine more closely the majestic waterfall and the surrounding rocks.
At High Force the Tees leaps over the basalt in a direct fall of 72ft.
into a deep pool below. The river was much fuller from the rains of
the previous night, and the scene was impressive beyond description.
The peat-stained waters of the swollen river were hurled with a
deafening roar over the ledge, and from the pool rose spray and foam
almost to the top of the fall. On the sides of the pool the rushing
waters had formed miniature caves in the limestone at the base, and
wherever a chink or crevice occurred in the sides of the ravine there
Sept. 1889.

288 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN UPPER TEESDALE.

some rare and lovely flower was sure to bloom. On the opposite side
of the glen rose to a great height moors covered with the purple
heather, and here and there a patch of the yellow Potentilla or some
other flower equally dear to botanists. The ravine, too, leading to
the fall had been planted on its sides with spruce and silver firs, and
pleasant and well-designed walks intersected the woods, making the
approach easy. As stated, the top bed at the High Force is basalt ;
this overlies a bed of shale, which from contact is highly indurated,
and when struck has quite a metallic ring; under this again is a
thick bed of limestone, locally known as the ‘Jew Limestone.’
This is very fossiliferous, being full of corals and crinoids, and is
very little. altered, if any, by the agency of the basalt.

Monday opened early with heavy rain, which boded ill for the
day’s programme, as a stiff round lay before the members ; happily
this cleared off, and on the arrival of a fresh contingent of members
by the morning train, all were ready to begin. For the day’s work
the geologists had the invaluable leadership of Major Bainbridge,
chief of the many mines belonging to the London Lead Company.
They would have had the benefit of that gentleman’s guidance on
Saturday, but that that day happened to be the monthly pay-day of
the miners, who flocked into Middleton from many and distant parts
of Teesdale and Weardale on that important errand. ‘The full title
of the Lead Company is ‘The Governor and Company for Smelting
Lead with Pit Coal and Sea Coal,’ for which purpose they were
incorporated by Royal Charter in the reign of Queen Anne.
Previous to this charcoal had been used for lead-smelting ‘The
programme commenced with a visit to the ‘ blue granite’ (i.e., basalt)
quarries of Messrs. Ord and Maddison, near Middleton Railway
Station. The Whin Sill is here rapidly thinning out, and disappears
in the bed of the Lune near Longton. The basalt is extensively
quarried for those black ‘setts’ so familiar in the thoroughfares of
Leeds, and of which immense stacks were ready for removal.
Blake’s Stone-breaker was hard at work reducing the stone to chips
for walks and roads, and close by were wagons with the oft-seen
words ‘ Leeds Corporation’ painted thereon, and waiting for a freight.
Mr. Chadwick, whose physique eminently fits him for rapidly striding
over hill and dale, from here made a detour to the Lunedale Whin-
stone Company’s Quarries, about a mile S.E. of the Middleton
Quarries. He reported that the Whin Sill there is about 15 ft.
thick, and is capped by about 5 ft. of blue ferruginous shale, above
this another band of shale about 12 ft. thick, and this again by
about 15 ft. of limestone full of characteristic fossils, as Productus
giganteus, and others. He also visited the Greengates Quarry, about

Naturalist,

1889.

a |)
Ri
SOT ra aD

A
MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NAT URAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGL AND.

CONDUCTED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS,

Sunny Bank, Leeds;

WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF

J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,
Royal Herbarium, Kew ; Dewsbury ;
W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEORGE T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
Museum of Science & Art, Edinburgh ; Greenfield House, Huddersfield ;
ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. BARWELL TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.M.S.,
St. John’s College, Cambridge ; 38, Sholebroke Avenue, Leeds.
Gonfenfs: .
PAGE
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union in Upper Teesdale (concluded) .. .. 289 to 2091
Micro-Fauna and Micro-Flora of Upper Teesdale, September 1889_¥. M. Kirk 292
The Yorkshire Boulder Committee and its Third Year’s Work—S. A.
Adamson, F.G.S... = tf “i om Fs ‘f Ee hie .. 293 to 313
The Two-barred Crossbill: an Addition to the Yorkshire Avifauna —Rev. H. H.
Slater, M.A., F.Z.S., M.BO.U... i a 35 <s ay is ‘ns 314
Bird-Life of the Borders (Review) + “a es es ~ x .. *315 to 320
Notes—Ornithology .. a 291

Flamborough Bird- bide = Martken Railey; Oy Stereatgher within the Homes
¥. W. Harrison.

Notes—Lepidoptera .. j 2Q1

Colias edusa at Malton—G, W. Sater ; "Colias edusa near p trogate Major
Ben. Blaydes Thompson.

Note—Botany .. oS 314
Arenaria gatticn Fines; a Plant New to West Voreibire 2 ster operas:

Note—Mammalia s A fe me a £ 314
Cat Secreting Food— Fas. irsithey Beals, 5.8.0.

Notes—Mollusca cf 320

Variation in Helix samaraite ‘andl H. Ree sie at ¢ Rothwell, Mid- West oekee —
Geo. Roberts, M.C.S.; Some North of England Mollusca—7. D. A.
Cockerell.

Notes and News Ff Bs He de Ja 5 EF ez oy, = 313

LONDON:
Lovett Reeve & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, Covent GARDEN, E.C,
McCorquopaLE & Co. LIMITED, CARDINGTON STREET, EuSToON ;

AND
Leeps: BASINGHALL STREET.

All Communications should be Addressed :—
The Editors of ‘The Naturalist,’
Sunny Bank, Leeds.

PRICE SIXPENCE (by Post, Sevenpence).
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (from the OFFICE only), 5s., post free.

The NATURALIST:

Authors’ Reprints.—1 5 copies of the Naturalist are given to authors
of papers exceeding 3 pages. Reprints may be had at the following rates, if the
order is given on returning proof: 50 copies, 4 pp. 4/6; 8 pp. 5/6; 12 pp. 7/-5
16 pp. 8/6; 100 copies, 4 pp. 7/- ; 8 pp. 8/6; 12 pp. I1/-; 16 pp. 13/63; 200 copies,
4 pp. 9/6; 8 pp. 11/-; 12 pp. 16/-; 16 pp. 18/-. Covers charged extra—Plain
Covers, 50 copies, 195 100 copies, 1/6; 200 copies, 2/6; Printed Covers, 50
copies, 2/- ; 100 copies, 3/- ; 200 copies, 4/6.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Notarisia, Ann. 4, No. 15, Luglio 1889. [G.B.de Toni e D. Levi-Morenos, Redatt ori.
Notarisia, Index Generalis Annorum I—III, (1886—1888). [Redattori.
Essex Naturalist, Vol. iii, Nos. 1—6, Jan.—June 1889. [Essex Field Club.
Grevillea, quarterly record of Cryptog. Bot. , No.85,Sept. 1889. [Dr. M.C. Cooke, ed.
Nat. Hist. Journ., No. 114, Sept. 15, 1889. [J. E. Clark & others, Editors, York.
Yn Lioar Manninagh, No. 3, July 1889, [Isle of Man Nat. Hist. Soc.
Il Naturalista Siciliano, ann. 8,n. 10-11, Luglio-Agosto 1889. [Sig. Enrico Ragusa.
Science Gossip, No. 297, for Sept. 1889. [Messrs. Chatto & Windus, publishers.
The Midland Naturalist, No. 141, for Sept. 1889. [Birmingham Nat. Hist. Soc.
Research, monthly illust. journ. of science, No. 15, Sept. 1889. [A.N.Tate, editor.
The Wesley Naturalist, No. 30, for August 1889. [The Wesley Scientific Society.
The Young Naturalist, Part 117, for Sept. 1889. [Mr. John E. Robson, editor.
The Zoologist, 3rd Series, Vol. 13, No. 153, Sept. 1889. [J. E. Harting, Editor.
Westmorland Note-Book & N. H. Rec., Vol. 1, parts 3-5, Sept. 88—Mch.8g. [E. Gill.
Smithsonian Institution. —Annual Report for 1886, part I. {The Institution.
The Naturalists’ Record.—Vol. 1, No. 1, Sept. 1889. [Mr. E. T. Olver, publisher.
Die Schwalbe, Wien, Nr.13 (7 Ap.89)—Nr. 32 (28 Aug. 1889). [Orn. Vereins in Wien.
The Naturalists’ Guide, Nos. 2 & 3, Aug. 15, & Sept. 1, 1889. [S. L. Mosley, Editor.
W. H. Painter.—A Contribution to the Flora of Derbyshire, 8vo, 1889. [The Author.

eT

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.—ENTOMOLOGICAL
SECTION.—The President and Secretaries of the Section will be pleased to
receive the names and addresses of those members specially interesting themselves
in this branch. The object in view is to circulate a fairly complete list amongst
the members of this section, and thereby to facilitate the exchange of information,
and also, if sufficient encouragement is given, to publish (in the Annual Report of

the Section) at the close of the season a list of Yorkshire Occurrences of Insects. _

Address the President :—Mr. N. F. Doprrer, The New Walk, Beverley ;_
Or the Hon, Secretaries:—Mr. J. H. ROWNTREE, Westwood, Scarborough ;
Mr. W. E. BRApDy, 1, Queen Street, Barnsley.

The Editors of ‘The Naturalist’ would be pleased to receive offers of suitable
papers for insertion during the next few months.

Improved Egg Drills (2 sizes) and Metal Blowpipe with instructions 1/3 free.
‘Hints on Egg Collecting and Nesting,’ illustrated, 34d. free. Birds’ Skins,
Eggs (side-blown and in clutches with date), Lepidoptera, Ova, Larvz, and Pupz,

Artificial Eyes, and all kinds of Naturalists’ Requisites. Lists, one stamp. All.

specimens, &c., sent out ‘on approval.’

J. & W. DAVIS (Naturalists), DARTFORD, Kent:

The cheapest dealer in Birds, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells,
etc., is John Eggleston, Park Place, Sunderland. Lists free.

BUTTERFLIES.
FOR SALE, a fine and rare collection, in first-class order and preservation,

consisting of 1,530 specimens, and comprising about 4,000 insects, principally
Danish. Can be seen in London.

Apply by letter, S., 11, Laurence Pountney Lane, E.C.

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN UPPER TEESDALE. 289

a mile further south. This is about 1,300 ft. above sea-level, at
the top of Kirk Arran, and he reported that the basalt was distinctly
nodular in character, and appeared to be a dyke about 60 ft. wide,
cutting its way through the limestone from west to east; the stone
is darker and denser than that of Middleton, and is said to be very
durable.

The remainder of the party proceeded along the road at the
base of the great basaltic scars, which form such a striking feature
in the landscape on the south side of the Tees, backed again as they
are by still loftier heights of limestone. The cause which thus
materially alters the scenery of this part of the dale is the great
Teesdale fault which throws up the Whin Sill on the Yorkshire side
of the river, whilst on the Durham side it is below the surface.
Thus, as the leader said, the strata on the north side are in their
regular order, but on the south side they are upheaved by the fault
some 500 ft. Some very complicated problems and phenomena
arise from the manner in which this district has been rent and
dislocated by igneous dykes and immense faults. In an old working:
near the road-side we were shown where iron-ore had been worked,
but not in profitable quantities; here was strong evidence of the
fault, as the face of the limestone could be seen. ‘At Park End
Wood—a relic of the old Teesdale Forest—the party divided, and
most of the members visited Fairy Dell, and thence climbed to the
top of the scars for the view to be there obtained. Holwick Scars
were next passed, where the basalt rises in tremendous precipices,
whose vertical sides show remarkably well the columnar structure.
From thence the fields were crossed to view the Winch Bridge—
a seemingly frail structure composed of a few planks of wood hung
across the river, whose waters were turbulent enough just below to
make the position to feel at least novel. Here the Whin Sill appears
in the bed of the river, causing many miniature cascades. The
appearance of the basalt there on the north side of the fault shows
that the dislocation between this point and Holwick Scars is not so
great as was noted earlier on in the day. The party now proceeded
further to Holwick Head Bridge (near which the great fault crosses
the river), over which they crossed and pursued the road to the High
Force Inn, where a hurried tea was despatched, and a still more
hurried meeting held. This was absolutely necessary to enable the
bulk of the party to reach their distant homes the same evening.

Thus terminated a most pleasurable and profitable excursion in
one of the grandest and wildest parts of Yorkshire. Many old
friends had once more met again to interchange views and opinions,
and much too had been seen to think over after returning; the

Oct. 1889. T

290 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN UPPER TEESDALE.

problems presented and the grand geology of the district atford
ample room for further study and examination than they could
possibly give at the time, but still the experience gained will be
an admirable ground-work for another visit. The kindness and
cordiality of the good-hearted dalesmen were conspicuous through-
out the excursion. Messrs. Wearmouth, Raine, and others, in
addition to the leader already alluded to, vied assiduously with
each other in giving ample information and rendering valuable
services —services of a character to be gratefully appreciated by
the members. As the party was scattered throughout the dale, it
is impossible to speak of the whole of the accommodation; but
those geologists who stayed at ‘Ye Cleveland Arms’ in Middleton
will not easily forget the capital cuisine, the careful attention, and
the excellent sleeping quarters—all matters of supreme importance
to hungry and weary hammer-men. ‘There was much discussion
as to the composition of basalt. The following is an analysis of
the Teesdale Whin Sill, made in the laboratory of Dr. Percy. The
specimen was taken from Widdy Bank Fell, on the way to Caldron
Snout :—Silica, 51°47; alumina, 16°48; protoxide of iron, 8°49;
peroxide of iron, 3°61 ; protoxide of manganese, 0°46; lime, 8-22;
magnesia, 5°10 ; potash, 3°28 ; soda, 1°18; iron, 0’08 ; sulphur, 0’o9 ;
water, 1°70.

The great Dr. Adam Sedgwick, whom Yorkshire recognises as
one of the most illustrious of her sons, drew attention to the geology
of High Teesdale more than sixty years ago, and published an
elaborate and learned treatise upon the same. This is now extremely
difficult to consult, and therefore a summary of his exhaustive
observations may be acceptable. _ He says, in regard ‘to the em-
bedded masses of trap (commonly called the Great Whin Sill), it
appears that immediately below Caldron Snout they are not parallel
to the strata between which they are interposed ; that between Force
Garth Hill and Holwick, where the inferior surface of the trap
appears to be nearly parallel to the lower strata, the country is inter-
sected by numerous fractures which have greatly changed the level
of the corresponding parts of the different formations; that a fracture
passes down the valley and produces a great throw which conceals
the trap on the north side of the river; that the trap on the south
side of the valley descends among the strata in the form of a great
wedge which diminishes in thickness from between 200 ft. and 3o0 ft.
to about 12 ft.; that near the apparent termination of the Whin Sill
a mass of trap breaks out on the opposite bank of the Tees, and is
probably prolonged in the form of a dyke, or system of dykes,
through the eastern moorlands.’

Naturalist,

NOTES—BIRDS AND LEPIDOPTERA. 291

The following is the full list of Vertebrata observed during the
excursion :—

Resident Birds. Columba palumbus.
Turdus musicus. ’ Lagopus scoticus.
Turdus merula. Tetrao tetrix.
Erithacus rubecula. Charadrius pluvialis.
Accentor modularis. Vanellus cristatus.

Cinclus aquaticus.
Parus ceruleus.
Motacilla lugubris.
Motacilla melanope.
Anthus pratensis.
Fringilla ccelebs.
Passer domesticus.
Linota cannabina.
Linota flavirostris.
Sturnus vulgaris.
Corvus corone.
Corvus frugilegus.
Corvus corax.
Alauda arvensis.

Migrant Birds.
Turdus torquatus.
Saxicola cenanthe.
Pratincola rubetra.
Ruticilla phoenicurus.
Phylloscopus trochilus.
Hirundo rustica.
Chelidon urbica.
Cotile riparia.
Cypselus apus.
Numenius arquata.
Tringa alpina.
Totanus hypoleucos.

Alcedo ispida. Mammals.
Ardea cinerea. Shrew.
Anas crecca. Mole.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Flamborough Bird-notes.—Several Crossbills (Zoxéa curvirostra) have been
seen at Flamborough during the month of August; I know of two males having
been shot, a very rare occurrence here. August 6th, Little Gull (Larus minutus)
seen some three or four miles N.E. off the Headland; also several Skuas and
Manx Shearwater (Puffinus anglorum), Guillemots (Lomvia trodle), Razorbills
(Alca torda), and Puffins (Fratercula arctica) plentiful up to Aug. 20th ; after that
they took their departure in a southerly direction. In September the cliffs were
deserted, excepting by the Rockdoves (Co/«mbia livia). The other day I observed
several Wheatears (Saxicola wnanthe), Redstarts (Ruticilla phenicurus), and
Swallows (Hirundo rustica) gathering about the Headland, making ready for
their long journey.—MAat?TTHEW BAILEY, Flamborough, September 17th, 1889.

Oystercatcher within the Humber.—On August 29th and 3oth, a pair of
Oystercatchers (Hematopus ostralegus), young birds, were shot on the * fitties’ in
this parish. Although common on the Lincolnshire coast, they are rarely seen
within the Humber, these being the first which have come under my notice for
some length of time.—J..W. Harrison, Goxhill, Lincolnshire, Sept. 4th, 1889.

NOTES—LE PIAGET E RA.
Colias edusa at Malton.—On the 30th August I took a specimen of this

butterfly settled on a gooseberry bush in my firm’s nursery gardens here.—
G. W. SLATER, Malton, 4th September, 1889.

Colias edusa near Harrogate.—On the 5th instant I took two specimens
of Colias edusa (both males) within a mile of this place, and on the 9th my son
took a female of the same species—all good specimens. I believe it is about
twelve years since this insect has been taken here. Mr. Porritt informs me he
has not heard of a capture of it in Yorkshire this year.—BEN. BLAYDES
THOMPSON, Harrogate, 16th September, 1889.

Oct. 1889.

292

MICRO-FAUNA AND MICRO-FLORA
OF UPPER TEESDALE, SEPTEMBER 1889.

Jie” MEST RK,
Doncaster; Secretary to the Section for Micro-Zoology and Micro-Botany,
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

THE gatherings made on the August excursion were unfertile, but
the following occur in samples of water kindly forwarded to me by
Rev. E. P. Knubley, M.A., from Upper Teesdale, on Sept. 24th, 1889.

Yorkshire side: River Tees, goo ft. above sea-level, temp. 48°.

Diatomacee.

Diatoma vulgare.
Gomphonema acuminatum.
Achnanthes longipes.

Desmidiaceze—none.

Rotifera. .

Pterodina patina.

Yorkshire : Stream near Holwick Head Bridge, goo ft., temp. 50°.

Diatomacez.
Pinnularia oblonga.
Pleurosigima attenuatum.
Diatoma vulgare.
Fragilaria capucina.
Epithemia turgida.
Cymbosira agardii.
Cocconema lanceolatum.
Gomphonema acuminatum.
Amphipleura pellucida.
Nitzschia lanceolata.
Nitzschia reversa.
Frustulia saxonica.

Desmidiacez.

Closterium moniliferum.
Closterium lunula.

Yorkshire side: Stream flowing into

Diatomacee.

Diatoma vulgare.
Gomphonema acuminatum.
Cocconema lanceolatum.
Pinnularia oblonga.
Pinnularia viridis.

Desmidiacee.

Cosmarium margaritiferum.
Cosmarium tetraophthalmum.
Tetmemorus granulatus.

Cosmarium margaritiferum.
Cosmarium tetraophthalmum.
Cosmarium pyramidatum.
Cosmarium crenatum.

Infusoria.

Opalina bursaria.
Euroleptus piscis.
Uvella virescens.

Rotatoria.

Diglena lacustris.
Scaridium longicaudum.

Entomostraca.
.Cyclops quadricornis (young).
Tees, 870 ft., temp. 51°.
Closterium acerosum.
Closterium lunula.

Infusoria.
Trachelius lamella.
Kondylostoma patens.
Nassula elegans.

Entomostraca.
Eurycercus lamellatus.

Rotifera.

Pterodina patina.

Yorkshire side : Stream flowing into Tees, 870 ft., temp. 46°.

Rotifera.

Rotifer vulgare.
Euchlanis triquetra.
Notommata hyptopus.

Infusoria.

Ichtydium podura.
Spathidium hyalinum.

Kerona mytilus.
Chilodon cucullulus.

Diatomacee.
Diatoma vulgare.
Desmidiacez.

Cosmarium crenatum.
Clost2rium moniliferum.

Naturalist,

293

THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE
AND ITS THIRD YEAR’S WORK.

S. A. ADAMSON, F.G.S.,
fFlon, Secretary to the Committee.

THE Committee again report with pleasure that an active and
profitable year’s work has been done to further and report observa-
tions upon the Erratic Blocks of Yorkshire. The reports received,
after careful examination by the Committee, have been duly
forwarded to the British Association Boulder Committee, by whom
they have been accepted, and presented at the recent meeting of
the British Association at Newcastle. The bulk of the observations
are the result of personal visits by various members of the Com-
mittee, and it will also be noticed that in two cases accounts are
given of visits to well-known blocks, reported as erratics, but which,
after careful scrutiny, are proved not to possess that claim. The
Committee think it better to include the reports just named, so that
these blocks may not be again reported. It will be again noted
that the North and East Ridings of our county have received more
attention from observers than the West Riding; it is hoped that
during next year (seeing that the meeting of the British Association
is to be held in Leeds) our West Riding friends will bestir them-
selves, and furnish some good reports for presentation. The Boulder
Map of Yorkshire, upon which the position and classification of the
various erratics reported are denoted, now displays the practical
character of the work of the Committee at a glance. The Com-
mittee warmly thank all those valued contributors to their work, and
trust that the valuable nature of the work already accomplished, and
the recognition it has obtained, will prove an incentive to further
efforts to complete, as far as possible, the glacial geology of
Yorkshire.

It may be mentioned that the practical results we have obtained
have incited the geologists of Lancashire and Cheshire to form a
Boulder Committee; in this matter the members of the Yorkshire
Boulder Committee wish their brethren and co-workers every success,
and promise every assistance.

The Secretary (Mr. Adamson, F.G.S., 52, Wellclose Terrace,
Leeds) will be most happy to furnish information as to the work and
objects of the Committee, and also to supply schedules upon which
observations upon erratics may be duly recorded. It is hoped that
Oct. 1889.

294 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

all the societies affiliated with the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union will
recognise the importance of the Committee’s work, and furnish all
particulars respecting erratics in their own districts. This is special
work of a valuable character, and, to be thoroughly and successfully
done, requires the active co-operation of scientists in all parts of the
county.

The reports received and forwarded are now presented.

REPORTS UPON ERRATIC BLOCKS IN THE NORTH AND EAST
RIDINGS OF YORKSHIRE.

SAMUEL CHADWICK, F.G.S.,

Hon. Curator of the Malton Museum; Foint Secretary to the Geological Section

of the Vorkshire Naturalists Union.

Nos. 1 & 2. Strensall, near York 2 pee North Riding.
ag Ons ee eulaxton,, ...\ee ves ae 5 3
Ay oS) Burniston, ,, Scarborough ... An ss
os aes Seamer, ,, ss sie ig -
,, 8to15. Mauston, near Filey . a
at: York 3 5
0 Whitby : $3

., I8to23. Foston-le-Clay
», 24to29. Thornton-le-Clay...

aes ” ”
» 30& 31. Staxton, near Scarborough ae East Riding.
oe 2 332, Llixton,’ <5 Ealey = ae
»> 34&35-. Hunmanby, near Filey ... a a if
SOE Bridlington oe ae $e * 45
sie East Lutton ae “ick se A i,
5) go 39. Driffield ... Bs sof ea A NS
ceo: Reighton ... a4 a oon si al

STRENSALL, NEAR YORK.

1. Inthe village of Strensall, on the East side of the main road,
and forming the corner-stone of a road leading into the farm of
Mr. Hodgson, is a boulder. It is 3 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 1 in. x1 ft. 8 in.;
rounded and oblong; has been moved; no strie or groovings ;
coarse gritty Carboniferous sandstone ; about too ft. above sea-level ;
rests upon sand and clay.

2. In the village of Strensall are about twenty scattered
boulders, varying from 1 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. x 11 in. to 1 ft. x g in. x
8 in.; sub-angular to rounded ; they are generally isolated; they are
chiefly sandstones and whinstones, and upon some of the latter are

Naturalist,

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 295

distinct grooves, 5 in. to 6 in. long, in the direction of their longest
axis ; about roo ft. above sea-level.

Nore.—Below the surface soil in this district there is a great
depth of Boulder Clay which for the last hundred years or more has
been worked for the purpose of marling the land, and during the
excavation the boulders met with were carefully preserved—some for
road metal, the larger and harder ones for corner-stones, mounting-
blocks, cheese-presses, etc. The clay deposit varies considerably,
although that of a dark-blue nature predominates; yet there are
beds of sand and light-red clay in other places.

FLAXTON.

3. Near the sign-post in the centre of the village of Flaxton is
a boulder. It is 3 ft. x 2 ft.6 in. x 1 ft. 9 in.; sub-angular; has
been moved; no striz or groovings; Mountain Limestone ; about
120 ft. above sea-level.

NotEe.—This stone formerly marked the boundary between the
parishes of Foston and Bossall, and was called the ‘ Rambleations
Stone,’ this being a local word signifying an assemblage of people.
A dole of bread was, at stated periods, distributed ; but it is said, to
avoid jealousy or favouritism, it was thrown from this stone amongst
the crowd, leading often to free fights. This custom is now dis-
continued, money being now distributed, and the stone removed.

4. In the village of Flaxton, about a mile S.E. of the railway
station, on Mr. G. Lobley’s estate, is a boulder 4 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. 4 in.
x I ft. 6 in.; sub-angular; no striz or groovings ; Mountain Lime-
stone; has been moved from adjoining land; about 120 ft. above
sea-level; rests on sand and clay.

Norr.—This stone has also been used as a boundary stone
between the parishes of Foston and Bossall.

5. At the north end of the village of Flaxton, in a small grass
field, not far from a pond, and about half-mile S.E. of the
railway station, is a boulder of Mountain Limestone. It is 4 ft. x
3 ft., but is being covered up as it hinders vegetation ; sub-angular ;
has not been moved ; longest axis E. and W., but could not discern
any striz ; about 150 ft. above sea-level ; rests on sand and clay.

Note.—There are several smaller boulders about the village,
but they are being broken up for road metal.

BURNiSTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH.

6. In the parish of Burniston, near Scarborough, on the estate
of Lord Londesborough, and on the N.E. side of the Burniston and
Scalby Road, about halfway betwixt the two villages, is a Shap Fell
Oct. 1889.

296 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

boulder; 3 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. ro in. x 2 ft. above ground; rounded ;
was brought from the field adjoining (tenant, Mr. D. Cockerill) to
its present position ; no groovings or strize ; rests upon Boulder Clay.

Nore.—The district of Burniston and Scalby is undulating in
character, and is overlaid by Boulder Clay and gravel.

SEAMER, NEAR SCARBOROUGH.

7. On East Field Farm, occupied by Mr. Taylor (parish of Seamer,
estate of Lord Londesborough), a little E. of Seamer Station, there
are six boulders in a field close to the house. They vary in size from
2 ft..7 in. x a ft.-8 in. «x. 1.ft. 2ieto 1 ft:'6 im. x Toupee
three of them are hard blue Whinstone, one a fine hard Sandstone,
and the two remaining ones a rough-grained soft Sandstone ; are
about 120 ft. above sea-level; they have recently been brought from
adjoining fields, and show no striz or groovings.

MUSTON, NEAR FILEY.

8. On Mount Pleasant Farm (estate of Darley’s Trustees), in
the parish of Muston and about one and half miles W. of Filey, are
twelve boulders, varying in diameter from 2 ft. to 9 in.; rounded to
sub-angular ; they have been collected from the adjacent land and
brought as foundations for building, etc.; three of these are hard
Sandstone, the remainder Granite and Whinstone.

9. In Mr. Atkinson’s garden at the north end of the village of
Muston is a boulder 1 ft. 5 in. x 1 ft. 7 in. x 1 ft. 5 in. out of ground;
sub-angular ; no striz or groovings; Whinstone; 150 ft. above sea-
level; rests on gravel.

1o. At the north end of the village of Muston, upon an open
space of grass at the junction of the roads leading to Malton, Filey,
and Bridlington, are about twenty boulders, varying in size from
2 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft. to 1 ft. x 1 ft.; generally sub-angular; Whinstone
and Sandstones; no striz or groovings observed ; have been collected
from adjacent land.

rr. At the south end of the village of Muston, at the corner of
the house occupied by Mr. Nellist,is a boulder r ft. 10 in. x 1 ft. 10 in.
x 1 ft. 5 in.; sub-angular; Whinstone; about 150 ft. above sea-
level; no ane or groovings observed.

12. Near the cross roads in Muston village is a footpath, the
boundary stones of which are boulders, varying from 2 ft. x 1 ft. 6 in.
to 1 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft.; rounded and sub-angular; Whinstone, Granite,
and Sandstone; no striz or groovings exposed ; they have been thus
placed beyond the memory of the ‘oldest inhabitant,’ but have been
brought without doubt, like the others, from the adjacent land.

Naturalist,

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 297

13. On Mr. Nellist’s farm, at the south end of Muston village,
is a boulder 4 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. 2 in. out of ground; sub-
angular; is long-shaped, and the direction of its longest axis was
(until recently moved) N. and S.; striae can be seen; about 150 ft.
above sea level; Whinstone.

14. At the north end of Muston village, at the corner of
Mr. Chapman’s house, is a boulder 1 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 3 in.
above ground; rounded ; has been moved ; no striz ; Granite.

15. In the centre of Muston village is a plot of ground which
has been levelled and planted with trees, and upon it are from twenty
to thirty boulders, varying from 4 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. x 1 ft. 6 in.; no
striz or groovings observed ; Sandstone, Whinstone, Limestone, and
Granite.

Note.—The district around Muston is composed of long ridges
of gravel, sand, and clay, running north and south.

YORK.

16. In making a siding for the York Gas Company, Foss
Islands, York (Parish of St. Cuthbert), a boulder was taken out at a
depth of 15 ft. below the surface, 2 ft. 5 in. x 2 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft. 11 in.;
sub-angular; no striae can be seen; Mountain Limestone with
Producti; the excavation would be about the level of the river. It
is now at the east end of the Malton Goods Station.

WHITBY.

17. On the shore in front of the West Cliff Saloon, Whitby, is
a boulder, 4 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft. 2 in.; sub-angular; no striz
or groovings ; Mountain Limestone with fine sections of coral; this
boulder has doubtless fallen from the adjacent Boulder Clay which
overlies the Estuarine deposits, the latter forming here the base of
the cliff. It is covered over at high water.

FOSTON-LE-CLAY.

Nore.—Foston is situated about half-way between York and
Malton, and is about a mile west of the Barton Hill Station of the
North Eastern Railway.

18. On the road side at the east end of Foston-le-Clay Church-
yard (estate of Sir E. Lechmere), is a boulder. It is 3 ft. 9 in. x
3 ft. 4 in.x1 ft. 9 in. out of the ground. Angular, and almost
square at its longest axis; no strize or groovings, the block having
been partially destroyed ; Limestone; about 200 ft. above sea-level ;
is nearly at the top of a long ridge of Boulder Clay running nearly
N. and S.

Oct. 18809. ;

298 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

19. At the east end of a house occupied by Mrs. Ettie, in the
village of Foston, is a boulder. It is 2 ft. ro in. x 1 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft.
out of the ground; angular; has been moved; no striz or groovings ;
Grey Granite; about 150 ft. above sea-level; on the same ridge
as No. 18.

20. On Mr. Barker’s farm in the village of Foston is a boulder.
It is 2 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. out of the ground; rounded; no
striz or groovings; Shap Fell Granite; about 150 ft. above sea-level ;
on the same ridge as No. 18.

21. On the same farm has been constructed a raised footpath
round the fold yard and entirely composed of boulders, probably
too of these (flanking the path) are 1 ft. x 8 in., and 1,000 from
6 in. to 8 in. in diameter. They are rounded to sub-angular, and a
few show their striz in the direction of their longest axis. They
are Sandstones, Limestones, Granites, and Whinstones. This farm
is on the Boulder Clay ridge of Foston.

22. A footpath runs through the village of Foston, constructed
also of boulders collected from the adjacent lands. There are at
least 3,000, ranging from 1 ft. 6 in. to 6 in. in diameter. They are
principally rounded, although a few are angular and sub-angular.
Three-fourths of them are various kinds of sandstone, the remainder
being Mountain and Liassic Limestones, a few Whinstones, and
Red, Grey, and Shap Fell Granites.

Nore.—An aged woman, some eighty years old, remembers in
her girlhood this footpath being constructed by the Rev. Sydney
Smith, who induced the farmers to gather them from the land for
this purpose for 5/- or 6/- per load. She assisted personally to gather
them, and states that at that time (some seventy years ago) the land
was thickly strewed with them. She also stated that at the com-
mencement of the Rev. Sydney Smith’s charge, the cottage houses
in Foston were mainly built of boulders and clay; many of these
hovels were pulled down by the great man’s orders, and replaced
by superior dwellings.

23. On the same farm, and placed in various positions about
the farm buildings, are twenty boulders, varying from 1 ft. ro in. x
1 ft. 5 in..x 1 ft. 4 in. to 1 ft.<9 amex’: ft. x 1 ft.5 they are Tommaed
and sub-angular, and show little traces of any striz; they are chiefly
Sandstone and Limestone, and have all been collected from adjacent
land.

THORNTON-LE-CLAY.

24. Near a house occupied by Mr. Spaven (estate of Mr.
Weatherell) in the village of Thornton-le-Clay is a boulder. It is
2 ft. ro in. x 2 ft. x ro in. out of the ground ; appears to have been

Naturalist,

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 299

originally rounded, but has weathered away ; no strize or groovings ;
Mountain Limestone with casts of Producti and Encrinites ; it rests
on Boulder Clay about 150 ft. above sea-level.

Notre.—This stone was used for mounting purposes in the days
of the grandparents of the present occupants.

25. In front of this house, forming a broad footpath, are about
200 boulders, averaging 8 in. in diameter; they are composed of
Limestone, Whinstone, and Sandstone, the latter predominating ;
they are rounded to sub-angular, but of course, from wear and tear,
no striz or groovings are now visible.

26. In the parish of Thornton-le-Clay is a footpath over a mile
in length; it is paved with boulders varying from 1 ft. 6 in. x 7 in. x
6 in. to 6 in. in diameter. The footpath is about 4 ft. wide, and is
flanked by the larger boulders; they are composed principally of
Carboniferous Sandstone, a few Whinstones, Granites, and Mountain
and Liassic Limestone ; percentage about the following—Granite 1,
Whinstone 3, Mountain and Liassic Limestones 18, Carboniferous
Sandstones 78. Generally speaking, they are rounded from usage,
but a few of the larger are sub-angular.

Note.—This footpath has a certain degree of celebrity, as it was
constructed by the orders of the famous Sydney Smith from stones
collected from adjacent fields. It will be remembered that Sydney
Smith filled the benefice of Foston-le-Clay (the adjoining village)
from 1809 to 1831, and his memory is still green in the neigh-
bourhood.

THORNTON-LE-CLAY.

27. About the centre of the village of Thornton-le-Clay (nearest
Railway Station is Flaxton, N.E. of York) is a boulder forming a
corner-stone in Mr. Danby’s timber yard; 2 ft. 5 in. x 1 ft. 7 in. x
1 ft. 8 in. out of ground ; sub-angular; has been moved to its present
position ; no striz or groovings; Mountain Limestone ; now rests
upon Boulder Clay and Gravel, 150 ft. above sea-level.

28. Group.—In the parish of Thornton-le-Clay, upon farms in
the occupation of Messrs. John Buckton and W. Spaven, and also upon
premises occupied by Mr. Danby, are upwards of 1,100 boulders.
The largest measures 2 ft. x 1 ft. rm in. x ro in., the smallest being
to in. x gin. x 6in. They are principally sub-angular to rounded.
The whole of these have been taken from the adjoining fields, and
are now in heaps for the mending of roads, etc. No striz were
observed. They are chiefly composed of Mountain Limestone,
Carboniferous Sandstone, Lias, Basalt, and Granite. They were
derived from Boulder Clay and Gravel, 150 ft. above sea-level.

Oct. 1889.

300 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

29. At the east end of the viliage of Thornton-le-Clay is a
boulder on the road-side. 1 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft. out of ground ;
sub-angular ; long-shaped ; no strize now visible (it having been used
for years as a mounting-block) ; Mountain Limestone ; about 250 ft.
above sea-level; is the boundary-stone between Thornton-le-Clay
and Foston, and has been, according to tradition, the scene of many
disputes between the inhabitants of the two villages.

Note.—The country around is slightly undulating. Thornton-
le-Clay is built upon a flat broad ridge of Boulder Clay.

STAXTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH.

30. In the centre of the village of Staxton (parish of Willerby),
is a boulder close to the horse-trough. It is 1 ft. ro in. x1 ft. 2 in.
x 1 ft. 5 in.; sub-angular; has been moved; no striz or groovings ;
Carboniferous Sandstone ; it is said to be one of the many blocks
which were carted from the adjoining fields a generation or two ago
for road repairs, corner-posts, cheese-presses, etc.; it rests upon
mixed gravels, 150 ft. above sea-level.

31. At the junction of two roads in the village of Staxton is a
boulder on the estate of Mr. Rivis. It is 2 ft. x2 ft. x1 ft. out of
the ground; rounded; has been moved; no striz or groovings ;
dark blue whinstone; about 120 ft. above sea-level ; was originally
brought from one of the numerous hillocks in the Carrs below,
which are composed of Boulder Clay, sand and gravel.

Nore.—Staxton village is about three miles south of Seamer
Railway Station, near Scarborough, and is built upon the Chalk
rubble or talus, from the Wolds, which form a commanding range
above the village.

FLIXTON, NEAR FILEy.

32. In the village of Flixton (Parish of Folkton) about six miles
N.W. of Filey, is a boulder forming a corner-stone in the garden of
Mr. Coxworth, on the estate of Mr. Wilson, of Malton. It is
2 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft. ro in. X 11 in.; in shape a rounded oblong; has
been moved ; no striz or groovings ; Carboniferous Sandstone ; about
150 ft. above sea-level ; the sub-soil is sand mixed with chert.

33. Group.—In the village of Flixton the following boulders
form a protection around the spring head. ‘This spring is one of
the numerous ones flowing from the Lower Chalk in this vicinity.
1 ft. rr in. x r ft. 4in.x1 ft. 1in. Coarse dark brown Sandstone.

2 ft. 3in. x1 ft. ro in. x rrin. Fine-grained, light red Sandstone.
rit. Qin: Pap Gun. « 1 ft. Mountain Limestone.
i it. Gane xa rm. x 6in. Hard Sandstone.

Naturalist,

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE, gor

Baer in. <1 ft, Tris x g in. Close-grained hard Sandstone.
ef 7in.x 1 ft. 4 in. x 6in. Light red Sandstone.
Day. 2 in. X To in. x 8 in. Whinstone.

They vary from angular to rounded ; the Mountain Limestone block
shows strize in the direction of its longest axis, the others are smoothed
without strize ; tradition states they have been brought from the Carrs.
about a mile below (the Carrs are principally composed of peat bog,
with here and there hillocks of Boulder Clay and Gravel from which
boulders are obtained at the present day); the district is about
120 ft. above sea-level.
HUNMANBY.

34. The corner-stone at the junction of Bridlington Street and
Garton Lane in Hunmanby village is a boulder, 3 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 10 in.
x 1 ft. 9 in.; sub-angular; no striz or groovings observed ; a fine-
grained light-brown Sandstone ; about 100 ft. above sea-level.

35- In the village of Hunmanby are various boulders ; near the
Hall are
OY. ine Dark Red Sandstone.

mae Bink <r It. FIN. x

1 ft. 4in.x 1 ft. 2in.x 1 ft. Coarse gritty Red Sandstone.
iit 51m: x1 ft. pean it: Whinstone.

Efe "6 ini. x 8 in. x 6 in. te

f ft. 2 inex 19 1m. x 4 in. “

rtp. “oO in. x ‘3- ft. a0 In: 4)

itt." g 1,’ II in. X IO In. 5

26. 4.10. x 2 it, 3 in. x 1 ft. 3 ie FS

Eibto inx 2 ff: 6 in X11 in. Ee

Corner of Scarborough and Driffield roads are four boulders, varying
irvom 2° ft. 4 in. x 1 ff, 8 in. x 1 ft. tome g@ in. x 1 Tt. 2:in..x 7 Ins;
these are Sandstones and Whinstones. South of village is a boulder
of Red Sandstone, 1 ft. 11 in. x 1 ft. ro in. x 1 ft. g in.; close by,
one of dark-brown Sandstone, 1 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 7 in. x 8 1in.; they
are principally rounded and sub-angular; could not observe any
striz or groovings ; about 100 ft. above sea-level.

Nore.—Hunmanby is on the east slope of the Yorkshire Wolds
and on the line of fault running nearly N. and S., one half of the
village thus being upon the Speeton or Neocomian clays, the other
part more or less upon the Lower Chalk.

BRIDLINGTON.

36. In the parish of Bridlington, on the estate lately purchased
by the Churchwardens, and occupied by Mr. Taylor, and situated in
Applegarth Lane, about roo yards S.E. of the Priory Church, occur
a number of boulders, viz. :—

Oct. 1889.

2 it.
.gin. x1 ft.gin.x1ft. Rounded. Sandstone.

.3in.x1ft.x 71m. Rounded. Shap Fell Granite.

. 8 in. x 2 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft.6in. Rounded. Sandstone.

OI. 1, tf ig aint it. 5°in: 5 Mountain Limestone.
2 Lt.

it ts

¢

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

.x i ft. roin. x 1ft.4in. Elliptical. Sandstone.
.x1ft.roin.x1ft.1in. Angular. Sandstone (fine grained).
.3in.x 2 ft. 10oin. x 1ft.111in. Rounded. Whinstone.
Ones 2 fteatn. x £4. 4 mm:
ro inex a ft: oun. x © ft. .4 ih. * Sandstone.

.x 1 ft.8in.x1ft. Sub-angular. Whinstone.

.4in. x 1 ft.8in. x1 ft.2in.. Sub-angular. Light red Sandstone.
JOAN 2 ft 730M. x Et 5 ing a Shap Fell Granite.

. II in. x 2 ft. 2in.x 1 ft.7in. Angular. Sandstone.

- fo 1p. 21.3 im xa ih 7 mk
SQ Uh. 0 Tt. Sods x0 GL. 3 my “4 Whinstone.

Treas adie eras ere) OTs 4 Fine-grained, light

) 29

” ”

brown Sandstone.
Il in.x2ft.2im.x1o0in. A flat slab of Dolerite.

Xe fit in. OEE, a Sandstone.
3in.x 1 ft.x 8in. Sub-angular. Sandstone.

They are all exposed on the surface, and have been collected from
adjacent fields ; no striae or groovings are now visible ; about 100 ft.
above sea-level ; the underlying deposits are principally Gravel, but
further details as to the geology of this district will be found in

Mr.

Lamplugh’s memorrs.

East LuUTTOoN.

37- In the village of East Lutton, on the Yorkshire Wolds,

there is a boulder in the stackyard of Mr. Pexton (estate of Mr.
T. J, Bell). It is 2 ft. 2 ft. xd 2 in. ; .subangular:, has oeem
moved ; there are traces of striz and four or five groovings (about

1

4 in. deep) across its shortest axis; hard blue Whinstone; it was

formerly on the side of Park Lane in this village, but has been
the object of litigation between successive road surveyors, until
removed to its present harmless position.

Nore.—FEast Lutton is at the bottom of a wide deep valley, the

Chalk hills rising to a height of nearly 600 ft. on each side.

DRIFFIELD.

38. In the Roman Catholic Church-yard in the town of

Driffield, is a boulder. It is 2 ft moan. 2 ft. 6 in. x1 ft. 4 m, out
of the ground; sub-angular; has been moved ; no strize or groovings ;
hard blue Whinstone.

Naturalist,

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 303

Nore.—It is said that a gentleman who lived formerly in the
house next to the church, had it placed there as a stepping-stone,
and obtained it from the clay excavated in the construction of the
Driffield Canal.

39. On Mr. Holby’s estate, about 150 yds. E. of Driffield
Parish Church are a number of boulders. Twelve of these average
1 ft. x 1o in. x 8 in.; sub-angular to rounded; their composition being
Mountain and Liassic Limestones, Red Granite, Whinstone, and
Carboniferous Sandstone, the latter having the largest percentage ;
no striz or groovings were observed ; they have been derived from
the Boulder Clay, which overlies the Upper Chalk in this district.

Note.—This Boulder Clay has a wide difference in composition
and texture, and occurs in patches; some is of a hard, tough blue
nature, whilst others are light-red to cream-coloured, with a large
percentage of sand, and a sprinkling throughout of rounded chalk
pebbles and angular flints. The latter species of clay are covered
with about 5 ft. of gravel.

REIGHTON, NEAR FILEy,

40. On the farm occupied by Mr. Beauvais, about half a mile
from the coast, is a boulder. It is 2 ft. 6in. x 1 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 6 in.
out of ground; sub-angular ; no strize; dark blue Whinstone; about
50 ft. above sea-level; was taken out of a bed of Boulder Clay
overlying gravel in the neighbourhood.

REPORTS UPON BOULDERS NEAR TANFIELD.

Rev. R. A. SUMMERFIELD, B.A.,
Vicar of North Stainley.

In parish of West Tanfield, on left bank of River Ure, longitude
I° 33 55”, latitude 54° 11’ 47”, is a large boulder, 12 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft.
x1 ft. g in. above ground; triangular; it has never been moved
by man, its longest axis is N.N.E.—S.S.W., it is highly polished, with
a few slight striz on the sides in the direction of longest axis ;
Mountain Limestone containing numerous specimens of Producti
and Turbinolia ; it is embedded in gravel, which I removed to the
depth of 18 in. without finding the base of the boulder.

On a little green outside the village of Thornborough is a
boulder, longitude 1° 33’ 10’, latitude 54° 12’ 41”, 3 ft. 9 in.x
2 ft. 5 in. x 1 ft. 16 in.; subangular; with rounded ends; was
removed to its present position about 50 years ago, from a field in
the vicinity; top and sides smooth but not striated; fine Gritstone.
Oct. 1889.

304 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

THE ‘GREYSTONE,’ MANFIELD (N. RIDING).

Wook. K. STOGKUE-C.S., F.1.C.,
Public Analyst for the County of Durham.

This boulder is in the parish of Manfield, Stanwick Estate, and
on the Greystone Farm (so called after the boulder), the nearest
town being Darlington. 12 ft: 1 in. x 5 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft..4 in.;
sub-angular; longest axis N.N.W.—S.S.E.; its surface weathered
to such an extent as to render character of markings very doubtful ;
Felspathic Trap ; specific gravity, 2°66. Its analysis gives :—

Silica me ne aes Bh ahs aa wee 59°87
Alumina ... tas aie ee oa oe wise 16°17
Protoxide of Iron Spe onc haeS Be re 3°60
Peroxide of Iron e4 Ha, ay be oe 1°83
Protoxide of Manganese’ r - eer ae 0°43
Lime oc ‘foc ee Be boe So¢ ae 4°57
Magnesia ... aed 73 see abe se ste assy
Potash... aod ae ae Soe wit SCE 1°48
Soda nee 28e see oe oor So: oe 2°73
Carbonic Acid and Water ws oe ia a Se 6°50

100°53

Although well known as the ‘ Greystone,’ no legend is known to be
connected with it. It is isolated and entirely exposed on the bank
of a small rivulet. It rests upon Boulder Clay.

NESWICK, NEAR DRIFFIELD.
Rev. E. M. COLE, M.A., F.G.S.,
Wetwang; President of the Geological Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists Union.

The following boulders are at Neswick, in the parish of Bainton,
East Riding :—

No. 1 was found in a field 250 yds. E. of Bracken Road and
distant from Neswick Farm about one-third of a mile. It interfered
with ploughing, hence dug out; attempts have been made to break
it up, and three barrow-loads of the block were removed by
hammers ; the present size is 4 ft. x 3 ft.x 1 ft.6 in. It is very
compact ; one side has a joint face ; edges sharp; rest rounded.

No. 2 is 2 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft.4in. Rectangular; surfaces
fairly flat.

No. 3 is*rft-'6 In. x 1 ft. (6 Temepe tat.

Naturalist,

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 305

No. 4 is 2 ft. x 2 ft. x 1 ft.; the two latter were excavated in the
railway-cutting passing through the same field.

All the above are Basalt.

There is also a block of siliceous Limestone 1 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. x 1 ft.

REPORTS UPON ERRATICS ON THE WEST OF THE
YORKSHIRE PENNINES (SOUTH-WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE).

WM. WATTS, F.G.S.,

Piethorn, Rochdale; Engineer to the Oldham Corporation Waterworks.

THE STRINESDALE VALLEY.
GROUPS OF BOULDERS.

There is a large variety of boulders intermixed with Boulder
Clay and the upper gravels. Silurian grits predominate, then the
Syrenites from the Lake District; also Mountain Limestone,
cyuartzites and trap. Along with these are local grits, mostly
ganister, all of which are much rounded, especially the smaller ones,
and many are striated. The Erratics are not large, 2 ft. x2 ft. x
1 ft. 6 in. being a fair average. They are well rounded, a few are
sub-angular, but I have not found any quite angular. Some are
striated on one side. The pebbles are numerous, almost legion,
foreign and local, making a splendid gravel but for some black shale
intermixed.

Nore.—As you ascend this valley, the right hand is in the
South-West Riding of Yorkshire. The hills rise to an altitude of
nearly 1,200 ft. above sea-level. The area examined lies between
the 740 ft. and 830 ft. Ordnance datum. Character of strata
Lower Coal Measure Shales. Physical features. — Gently sloping
valleys and rounded hills.

THE DENSHAW VALLEY.

I found a number of boulders at New Year’s Bridge, 940 ft.
above sea-level. They averaged 2 ft. 6 in.x 1 ft. 9 in. x1 ft. 6 in.,
and consisted of Syenites and Diorites. I have found no traces of
striz on any of the boulders, which are all rounded, except one or
two. I found no isolated boulders.

Notes. —This valley is carved in the Third Grits of the Millstone
Grit series. The hills nse to an elevation of 1,500 to 1,600 ft. above
sea-level. The valley in the main is deep and tortuous, and the
hills mostly saddle-backed.

Oct. 1889 U

306 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

Vegetation dwarfish and scanty; very few trees exist ; the winds
are too strong and the climatic conditions generally are too severe
for tree growth ; besides, the soil is scanty and wet.

Boulder Clay is absent above the 850 ft. Ordnance datum.
Gravel is also absent, and no sand worth the name is met with.
Pebbles are few. Valley alluvium coarse and scanty.

The Yoredale shales crop out at Rag Stones and Reddycon
Dean ; at the latter place the shales are very carbonaceous and much
faulted.

Area examined between the 850 ft. and 1,268 ft. Ordnance datum.

THE CaASTEBSHAW VALLEY.
GROUPS OF BOULDERS.

Few boulders have as yet turned up. Those which have been
gathered are small Syenites about 12 in. square, and Silurian Grits ;
the Syenites are round, but the Silurian Grits are angular, one
specimen (1 ft. 8 in.x1 ft. 3 in.x 8 in.) having very sharp anglegs;
small Eskdale Granites turn up occasionally, much worn as usual.
One specimen of Silurian Grit in my possession is nicely striated
and smoothed.

ISOLATED BOULDER.

Near Water’s Mill an Erratic lies in the middle of a small field.
4 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.; hornblendic trap; elongated and sub-angular ;
longer axis trends S.W.; upper face only exposed.

Nortes.—This valley is carved in the Yoredale Shales. The
surrounding hills are capped with Kinderscout Grit. Grey Shales,
fully 250 ft. thick, lie between the Kinderscout and the hard and
somewhat massive ‘Bakestone’ shale which is unchanged in
character for more than 50 ft. without coming to its base. The hills
at the top of the valley rise to 1,300 ft. above the sea. The hills at
the bottom end of the valley are mamillated. The slopes are
gentle.

This valley is recent, and conclusive evidence of a former lake
exists, which had a large area. Boulder Clay none; local clay and
loam, an ample supply ; coarse gravel in the centre of the valley, at
one place 14 ft. thick. Sand about 3 ft. thick, both fresh-water and
partially lacustrine. A few pebbles.

Area examined between 700 ft. and 1,200 ft. Ordnance datum.

The following were exhibited before the Geological Section of
the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, on their examination of the Castle-
shaw Valley :—

Naturalist,

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 307

SPECIMENS OF ERRATIC BOULDERS FOUND QN THE
DRAINAGE AREAS OF THE OLDHAM CORPORATION WATER-
WORKS (BORDERS OF YORKSHIRE AND LANCASHIRE).

No. | SPECIES OF BOULDERS.

I Micaceous Granite—two Micas. (Criffel, South of Scotland.)
2 Coarse-grained Granite. (Eskdale, Cumberland.)
3 Gryphzea incurva—Lias (found at Piethorn).
4 Syenite.
5 Quartz rock.
6. | Medium-grained Syenite—Mica Syenite.
7. | Schist filled with segregated Quartz.
8 Hornblendic rock. Diorite.
9 Purple, iron-stained, siliceous breccia. (Borrowdale.)
fe) Syenitic quartz—felsite. (Lake district.)
I Porphyritic augite—andesite—Dacite.
2 Altered, fine-grained, micaceous Granite—-Mica or hornblende, altered.
3 Fine-grained Granite. (Probably Lake).
14. | Augitic basic igneous rock—altered. (Borrowdale.)
free. Porphyritic andesite.
16. | CQuartz—felsite. (Lake district.)

Le le ae

17. Permian nodule (containing Schizodus).

18. | Fine-grained Syenite. (Buttermere.)

19. Siliceous rock—ferruginous. (Borrowdale.)

20. | Siliceous Hornstone—Rhyolitic Series. (Coniston.)
21. | Fine-grained porphyritic Andesite. (Borrowdale.)
22. | Fine-grained greywacke.

23. | Altered carboniferous shale—Ferruginous.

24. | Quartz—felsite. Hornblendic.

25. | Crushed igneous rock. Serpentinous.
26. | Compact felstone. Slightly porphyritic.
27. | Volcanic conglomerate.

28. Syenite from Ennerdale.

29. | Ennerdale Granite, passing into Greenstone.
30. Upper Silurian Grit.

br. Lower Silurian Grit.

32. | Felstone.

33. | Passage rock between Syenite and Greenstone.
34. | Greenstone of the Lake district.

35- | Fine sedimentary Limestone.

36. | Porous Trap.

37. | Bunter Sandstone. Pebble beds.

38. | Ganister nodule. Polished.

39. Iron ore.

\

Nore.—With the exception of 3, 5, and 17, the first 25 specimens are
those named by Prof. Lapworth. The others have been named by
D. Mackintosh, F.G.S., W. Shone, F.G.S., and myself.

Oct. 1889.

308 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

THE BOULDERS OF ROBIN HOOD’S BAY.
REPORT No. 1—INLAND BOULDERS.

S. CHADWICK, F.G.S., anp C. BROWNRIDGE, F.G.S.

Group No. 1.—On each side of the principal street running
through the village of Baytown are the following boulders, which
have been removed from the adjacent Boulder Clay resting on the
Lower Lias. Twenty-four of Whinstone varying from 2 ft. 7 in. x
I ft. 9 in.x1 ft. 2 in. to’r ft. 15 in.x 11} in.x7 in.; sub-angular.
Two of Sandstone (possibly Moor Grit), 1 ft. 1 in. x1 ft. x 10 in.
and 2 ft. 1 in. x1 ft. x 1 ft. 5 in.; sub-angular. One of Gritstone,
1 ft. 9 in. x1 ft. 5 in. xg in.; rounded. Three of Mountain Lime-
stone, 1 ft. 7 ing xa ft.\4 Im. x; gi in., 1 ft,.0 in, * aie ee
Io in., 2 ft. 2 in.x1 ft. 8 in.x Io in.; all sub-angular; one of
Dolerite, 2 ft. 2 in.x 11 in.x1 ft. 10 in. ; rounded.

Group No. 2.—Lying in the bed of the stream that passes
through the village are three boulders, 2 ft. 8 in.x 2 ft. 1 in. x
1 ft. 6 in. ; Sandstone (possibly Moor Grit); sub-angular. 4 ft. 1 in.
x 2 ft. 6 in.x I ft. 2 in.; Felstone; rounded to sub-angular.
1 ft. ro in. x1 ft. 6 in. x8 in.; Sandstone or Quartzite ; rounded.

Group No. 3.—Lying in the valley of Mill Beck, about half a
mile south of the village are four boulders, 1 ft. 3 in. x1 ft.x 12 in.;
Sandstone (possibly Moor Grit) sub-angular. 3 ft. 4 in. 2 ft.x 1 ft.;
Sandstone (possibly Moor Grit); rounded. 1 ft. 7 in.x 1 ft. 2 in. x
9 in.; Gneiss or Gneissose Granite; sub-angular. 3 ft. 6 in.x
2 ft. 8 in.x 2 ft. 2 in.; Whinstone; sub-angular.

The boulders of the second and third group have been exposed
by the washing away of the Boulder Clay, and in some cases have
evidently rolled down from slightly higher elevations to their present
positions. Specimens of the above boulders have been submitted
to and determined by Prof. Green, F.R.S., Oxford.

REPORT UPON SHAP GRANITE BOULDERS AT
MARTON-CUM-GRAFTON.

Rev. E. P. KNUBLEY, M.A.,
Rector cf Staveley; Foint Hon. Secretary to Yorkshire Naturalists Union.

At Marton-cum-Grafton, three miles S.E. by S. from Borough-
bridge are two Shap Granite Boulders.

No. 1 measures 3 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 1 in. x 2 ft.6 in. Greatest girth,
g ft. 9 in.

Naturalist,

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 309

No. 2 measures 2 ft. 53 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.x 1 ft. 8:in. Greatest
girth, 8 ft.

Both are rounded. No grooves or striations. They have been
moved from a narrow lane leading to Scruddle Dyke Pond, at the
bottom of the village, to the Vicarage gardens. ‘Their former
position is about 100 ft. above sea-level. There are long ridges of
gravel in the parish.

Note.—Shap Fells are sixty-four miles N.W. of Marton.

REPORTS UPON BOULDERS AT STAVELEY, ARKENDALE, AND
CLARO HILL.

Rev. E. P. KNUBLEY, M.A.,

Rector of Staveiey; Foint Hon. Secretary to the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

At Staveley, which is three miles S.W. of Boroughbridge, and
100 ft. above sea-level, there are on either side of the church ridges
of gravel, which run parallel to the Ure on the one hand and the
Nidd on the other. The gravel, which covers about ten acres,
consists for the most part of rounded Sandstone, interspersed with a
small proportion of Carboniferous Limestone, ranging from the size
of asmall pebble to a block 2 fe 5 im. x 2 ft. x 2 ft. The
smaller of these are rounded and polished, the larger sub-angular.
The latter show numerous fine striations, which run parallel with the
longer axis. The lower Wensleydale series to which the larger
rocks belong is about 25 miles to the N.W. I have found one piece
of Shap Granite which was round, and about a foot long.

At Arkendale, which lies four miles due south of Boroughbridge,
and about 180 ft. above sea-level, there are several erratic blocks of
Carboniferous Limestone. The largest of these, which lies by the
road-side, within 20 ft. of the east end of the church, is 3 ft. 8 in. x
3 ft. 2 in. x2 ft. 6 in., and is sub-angular.

Claro Hill, the mound from which the wapentake is named, is
composed entirely of glacial drift of the same character as that found
at Staveley, except that the pebbles of Mountain Limestone are more
numerous and more polished. ‘This mound, which is rather more
than four miles south of Boroughbridge, is situated at the angle
formed by the junction of the road from Clareton with that which
runs from Wetherby to Boroughbridge. The summit is about 230 ft.
above sea-level. The largest boulder at Claro Hill is of Mountain
Limestone, sub-angular, and is about 4 ft. square.

Oct. 1889.

310 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

REPORTS UPON YORKSHIRE COAST BOULDERS.

WM. GREGSON,
Baldersby, Thirsk; Local Secretary, Vorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society.

On the West Cliff Sands, Whitby, is a boulder of Shap Fell Granite.
No striz ; sub-angular ; 4 ft. x 2 ft. x 2 ft. 3 in. Is on the shore.

In Runswick Bay, north of Whitby, are four boulders, three of
which are composed of Shap Fell Granite, the fourth being of Grey
Granite. They are on the shore, are rounded, without any striz,
are about 4 ft. across each way, and rest upon Middle Lias.

THE SOUTHBURN BOULDER.

ROBERT MORTIMER,

Fimber.

At Southburn, near Driffield, is a boulder; lat. 53° 57’ 45”,
long. 0° 29’ 47”; Whinstone; 4 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 5 in. x 1 ft. 3 in.
Longest axis E. and W. About too ft. above sea-level. Is near a
chalk-pit a short distance from the new railway between Driffield
and Market Weighton; has not been moved; is on Boulder Clay
resting upon Upper Chalk.

HARTON (NEAR SOUTH SHIELDS), CO. DURHAM.

Rev. ARTHUR WATTS, F.G.S., Etc.,
Vice-Principal of Bede College, Durham.

In the village of Harton, near South Shields, are the following
boulders :—

No. 1. At the Ship Inn, nearly opposite the church, 3 ft. 8 in. x
2 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. 8 in.; greatest circumference (just above ground),
ro ft. 3 in.; sub-angular, but rounded on top by attrition; has not
been moved; no striz or groovings.

No. 2. The ‘Preaching Stone,’ opposite the Hall, 3 ft. 1 in. x
2 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. 2 in.; greatest circumference, 9g ft. 9 in.; sub-
angular, but rounded on top; no striz or groovings; has not been
moved.

Naturalist,

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 311

No. 3. In the Back Lane, near the ‘Duck Pond,’ 1 ft. ro in. x
1 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft.; no striz or groovings; has not been moved.

No. 4. In the field on W. side of ‘White Horse Farm’; dimen-
sions cannot now be given, as it has been sunk by the farmer to
escape the plough. It was too heavy to remove, and too hard to
break.

There are many smaller ones in walls or on road-sides, scattered
over the parish, varying from the size of No. 3 downwards. They
are all of Basalt or Whinstone, locally called ‘ blue stone’; the nearest
dyke is about three miles north, near Tynemouth and Cullercoats ;
the size of the largest suggests they may have travelled from the
‘Great Whin Sill.’ Harton is from 50 ft. to 60 ft. above sea-level.
They are seen only when on the surface, but the plough frequently
reveals them, and draining still more frequently, so that they occupy
the whole of the clay deposit which covers this area to a thickness
which varies greatly in different localities.

THE HADDOCKSTONES, NEAR RIPON.

The attention of the Committee has been called by the Rev. J.
Stanley Tute, B.A., Vicar of Markington, to a group of remarkable
blocks, which gave the name to the farm of Haddockstones, four
miles S.W. of Ripon. The word ‘ Haddock’ is a local name for a
shock of corn. The Chairman and other members of the
Committee, accompanied by Mr. Tute, visited the farm on June rst.
The blocks are of sufficient size to be visible at a distance of several
fields, and lie along a low escarpment of the same rock as that from
which they are derived, viz., a Sandstone in the Third Grit Series.
Few of the blocks are undisturbed, and their planes of stratification
rarely coincide with the bedding of the rock beneath. Some exhibit
apparently modern surfaces, as if pieces had been removed by
wedges. From the position of these blocks along an outcrop of
precisely similar sandstones, the Committee consider it likely that
they are merely weathered fragments, nearly in situ, and concur with
Mr. Tute that they cannot be claimed as erratics.

THE ‘ FOURSTONES, NEAR BENTHAM.

The ‘Fourstones’ was reported by Mr. Balderston, of Ingleton,
to the Yorkshire Boulder Committee, in 1887, as an erratic block,
but there were several points of similarity between this block and
the ‘ Hitchingstone,’ as the latter had been erroneously reported to
the British Association, in 1874, by a private individual, as an erratic,
whereas it was demonstrated in 1887 that it is not one, it was
deemed desirable that the ‘Fourstones’ should be closely examined
before a report was forwarded.

Oct. 1889.

;
3i2 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

Mr. C. D. Hardcastle, Vice-Chairman of the Yorkshire Boulder
Committee, has visited it and thus reports :—

The so-called ‘ Fourstones’ boulder forms a prominent feature in
the landscape for some distance in every direction. It stands on the
open moor, about two miles south of High Bentham, and within
a few hundred yards of Fourstones farmhouse, a shooting box
belonging to the Fosters, of Hornby Castle.

The stone is of irregular form, about 10 yds. x6 yds. in extreme
length and width, 29 yds. to 30 yds. in circuit, and nearly 4 yds.
high. It is a moderately fine sandstone grit, similar to the stone
quarried in several places about Bentham. It appears to be in or
near its original position, and at first sight gives the impression of
having been tilted, weathered grooves, apparently along bedding lines
crossing the top at the southern end with an inclination towards the
south or south-west, but this perhaps may be from false bedding.

In composition it is the same as the stone beneath it, as
evidenced by an exposed portion in a hollow about 18 yds. distant,
generally filled with water.

The ‘Fourstones’ is evidently a relic of denudation and there is
no probability of its having travelled.

THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE

(As appointed at the last Annual Meeting of the Union, Sheffield,
November 1888) consists of the following Members :—

Prof. L. C. MIALL, F.L.S., F.G.S., Leeds, Chazrmaz.

C. D. HARDCASTLE, Leeds, Vice-Chazrman.

J. E. BeprorD, F.G.S., Leeds.

C. BROWNRIDGE, F.G.S., Leeds.

S. CHADWICK, F.G.S., Malton.

Rev. E. MAULE COLE, M.A., F.G.S., Wetwang.

J. W. Davis, F.S.A., F.G.S., Halifax.

Prof. GREEN, M.A., F.R.S., Oxford.

Wm. GREGSON, Baldersby.

B. HoueaTE, F.G.S., Leeds.

Wo. Horne, F.G.S., Leyburn.

JAS. SPENCER, Halifax.

T. TaTE, F.G.S., Leeds.

T. W. WoopaLL, F.G.S., Scarborough.

Rev. H. W. Crosskry, LL.D., F.G.S., Birmingham (Hon. Member).
S. A. ADAMSON, F.G.S., 52, Wellclose Terrace, Leeds, Hon. Sec.

The Reports of the Committee’s work have been given in the
following articles in Zhe Waturalist :—
‘The Yorkshire Boulder Committee and its First Year’s Work.’—
S. A. ADAMSON, F.G.S. (Nat., Jan. 1888, pp. 17-24).
‘The Yorkshire Boulder Committee and its Second Year’s Work.’—
S. A. ADAMSON, F.G.S. (Nat., Nov. 1888, pp. 332-348).

Naturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 313

The following is a copy of a circular issued by the Committee
last June :—
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.

THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

DEAR SIR,
The above Committee was appointed by the Yorkshire Naturalists’

Union in 1886, ‘to receive reports and conduct observations relative to the
Erratic Blocks of Yorkshire, including particulars as to their position, height
above the sea, lithological character, size and origin, and to work upon the same
lines generally as the Boulder Committee of the British Association, to whom
annual reports will be presented.’

The endeavours of the Committee have been successful beyond anticipation,
great numbers of hitherto unrecorded erratics having been reported upon from all
parts of Yorkshire, and the reports duly presented to the British Association, and
printed in Zhe Naturalist.

The duties of the Committee would, however, be lightened if, in their
determination of specimens of rocks sent in, they had a small collection of typical
rocks to aid them in their decision. These specimens should be collected from
centres of glacial dispersion, or from districts which have been subjected to
glacier action. They should not be weathered, and should measure roughly
4in. x 3 in. x 2in. They should be collected specially, to obtain characteristic
types, as cabinet specimens would not secure complete authenticity.

If you can assist the Committee by forwarding to the Secretary any specimens
you may have the opportunity of obtaining, your kindness will be warmly
appreciated, and a good service will also have been rendered to boulder investiga-
tion in general.

I am, dear Sir,
Yours faithfully,
52, WELLCLOSE TERRACE, SAML. A. ADAMSON,
LEEDS, June 1889. fon. Sec.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Our attention has been called by Mr. S. A. Stewart to a slip of the pen in our
review of his ‘ Flora of North-East Ireland,’ in which ‘ Prushus’ was quoted as a
local name of that district for Sonchus (instead of Stuapis) arvensis.

oo

In the August number of the Geological Magazine is a paper by Mr. A. Smith
Woodward on ‘Paleontology in the Malton Museum.’ The author speaks
highly of the value of the collections, chiefly due to the energy of Mr. S. Chadwick,
making special mention of the fossil fish-remains.
poo

Ichthyological science has suffered a serious loss by the decease of Surgeon-
General Francis Day, C.I.E., F.L.S., ete., the well-known author of that
admirable work on British Fishes which is now the recognised monograph for
British students. He died at Cheltenham on the roth July, after a long and
painful illness. He was a voluminous writer in our natural history periodicals,
and the readers of our own journal will remember several most interesting articles
in it from his pen.

Oct. 1889.

314

THE TWO-BARRED CROSSBILL:
AN ADDITION TO THE YORKSHIRE AVIFAUNA.

Rev. HENRY H. SLATER, M.A., F.Z.S.,
Member of the British Ornithologists Union; Vicar of Irchester, Northamptonshire.

I BELIEVE I have the pleasure, for the second time, of adding a new
bird to the Yorkshire list. A Crossbill was shot near Easington in
Holderness on August 12th of the present year, and was brought to
Mr. Philip Loten. Being much injured by shot, it was not pre-
served ; but a wing was put on one side, and shown to me later in
the month. I naturally recognised it as belonging to one of the
white-winged Crossbills, and Mr. Loten recollected that the mandible
left on the specimen (the other was shot away) was longer and
slenderer than that of a Common Crossbill, and was laterally
flattened. I have carefully compared it with the wings of my own
specimens, and come to the conclusion that the bird was a young
example of the Two-barred Crossbill (Zoxza dzfasciata C. L. Brehm).
The wing measures 3°5 in., and is exactly similar in size and colours
to that of a specimen in my possession, obtained at Archangel by
F. Carl Craemers. My American examples (7. deucoptera Gm.) are
uniformly shorter in wing measurements, and the nearest in point of
age is 3°3, the largest (an adult male) 3°35; in L. d2zfasciata, 3°5 to
3°72 (old male).

[I am informed that this species has occurred in some numbers
at Heligoland during the autumn, but I regret I have no further
information on this interesting fact.—W.E.C. |

NOTE—BOTANY.

Arenaria gothica Fries, a Plant New to West Yorkshire. —On the
12th June last, whilst botanising at Ribblehead, in West Yorkshire, this plant was
discovered by me, growing there very luxuriantly and in some profusion, and it
has since (September 11th) been again found by Mr. F. Arnold Lees, who has
greatly interested himself in determining its identification, this having been made
by Mr. Arthur Bennett, F.L.S., of Croydon, who has carefully compared it with
specimens sent to him from Gothland by Prof. Nilsson. I hope to send for
The Naturalist a further fuller account shortly.— ListTER ROTHERAY, Skipton,
23rd September, 1889.

NOTE—MAMMALTIA.

Cat Secreting Food.— Yesterday my cat, barely two years old, brought
from a neighbour’s garden five small roach, which had been thrown away as unfit
for food. For these she scraped a hole under a bay-tree, and having deposited
them in it, covered them with earth and dead leaves. In this she was assisted by
her kitten of three months old. I have never before seen, neither heard nor
read of, the domestic cat thus following the provident habit of the dog. I may
remark that I do not keep a dog.—JAs. EARDLEY Mason, The Sycamores,
Alford, Lincs., 17th August, 1889.

Naturalist, _

315
BIRD-LIFE OF THE BORDEPS.

Bird-Life of the Borders. By Apset CHAPMAN. Gurney and Jackson.

In ‘ Bird-Life of the Borders’ we have another of those charming
volumes which relate the experiences and observations of the sports-
man and naturalist. Many years of wandering on the hills, moors,
and mosses of the Borderland, and wild-fowl shooting on the bleak
and exposed north-east coast of Northumberland, have given
Mr. Chapman ample opportunity of noting the wild creatures
resident and migratory still to be found in one of the best faunal
areas in Great Britain, and he has—unlike so many who go through
the world with their eyes shut—evidently made use of his chances,
the result being these pleasant and original chapters, written in the
best style, and the perusal of which must be delightful to every true
lover of nature.

The late Bishop Wilberforce in one of his admirable essays has
said that ‘a good practical naturalist must be a good observer, and
how many qualities are required to make up a good observer!
Attention, patience, quickness to seize separate facts, discrimination
to keep them unconfused, readiness to combine them, and rapidity
and yet slowness of deduction; above all, perfect fidelity, which
can be seduced neither by the enticements of a favourite theory, nor
by the temptation to see a little more than actually happens in some
passing drama.’ These qualities our author seems to combine in a
high degree. Mr. Chapman defines the district of which he writes
as ‘the mountain-region which remains unaltered by the hand of
man—the land “in God’s own holding”—bounded by the line
where the shepherd’s crook supplants the plough ; and heather and
bracken, whinstone, and black-faced sheep replace corn, cattle, and
cultivation ; where the Pheasant gives way to the Grouse, and the
Ring-ousel dispossesses the Blackbird; the region of peat dis-
tinguished from soil, of flower, moss and crag, of tumbling burn and
lonely moorland, clad in all the pristine beauty of creation.’

In many pleasant chapters the author conducts us through the
natural sequences of bird-life in the hills, from the arrival of Golden
Plovers early in the year, to the dull dark days of December, when
the great tide of autumnal migration has run itself down, and the
actors in it have settled into permanent winter quarters.

In February, the Golden Plover and the Curlew return, there
is the vernal influx of Skylarks, varying in date according to
the character of the season, and a few Pied Wagtails also put in an
appearance. Early in March, the Mallard and Teal return, and
Ravens have commenced nesting. ‘Titlarks appear on the moors
and there is a visible accession to the numbers of the Grey Wagtail ;
Oct. 1889.

316 CHAPMAN’S BIRD-LIFE OF THE BORDERS,

Stock Doves also arrive, and the close of the month brings the
Wheatear, Ring-Ousel, Redshank, and Brown-headed Gull. Also
then, or early in April, the ‘ Plover’s-mate ’—the familiar little Dunlin
of the sea-shore.

In April the Blackcock commences that strange love-song,
‘crooning,’ ‘bubbling,’ and ‘sneezing,’ his wings trailing, neck
swollen, and tail expanded, surrounded by his harem of some half-
dozen Greyhens, careless and inattentive to their lord’s extraordinary
demonstrations. April .z2oth is the date when the graceful little
Sandpiper is due on the hill-streams ; and from the middle of April
to the middle of May, the Chats and Willow Wrens, Landrail and
Nightjars, have reached their summer quarters, and the last of the
spring migrants has come in.

In the pleasant months of Summer, during the heat of the day,
birds in the hill country appear to haunt the vicinity of water, and
the ornithologist cannot do better than, fly-rod in hand, wander up
one of those many streams which make Cheviot literally a land of
running waters. We have in this way noted seventeen species in
a walk of a few miles, more or less characteristic birds of the hills.
Perhaps the most constant attendant on the angler is the Dipper.
Unquiet as the stream he haunts, now crouched on some half
submerged block of whinstone, then darting ahead as quickly to
alight, his white apron flashing like a patch of creamy foam, but he
is never to be driven far beyond his range, and soon we see him
shooting back to his own particular territory. Nowhere too, have
we found the Common Sandpiper more abundant than on Cheviot
streams, and the plaintive weet, wheet, of the lively little bird is
certainly the most familiar of the sounds which greet the ear above
the tumble and rush of foam-specked waters. Should we leave the
main stream to wander up any of the tributary burns we are tolerably
certain to disturb a squatting brood of Wild Duck, or raise the
startled black game from the brake.

Yet not altogether intent on the bird-life of the hills, we ought,
if lucky, to be filling the basket with some of the bonniest, most
sport-giving trout in all England. If tired of fishing we, for a time,
lay aside gad and creel to climb the nearest fell, first waist-deep in
acres of bracken, and then over stone-strewed slopes where wild
thyme and mountain-pansy push through the short sweet grass, we
shall come out on the higher level into a world of great hill-tops—
lonely as a dead planet, and swept by the shadows of fleeting cloud.
Indications of bird-life are few in this upland wilderness. The
chack, chack of a flitting Wheatear, or the feeble trill of the ‘ moss-
off wheeple of the Whaups, the plaint of Golden

Naturalist,

Zl

CHAPMAN’S BIRD-LIFE OF THE BORDERS. 307

Plover, a note high-pitched, clear, but withal inexpressibly melan-
choly, yet altogether in harmony with the natural surroundings of
bleak moor and grey shingle. r

At page 44 Mr. Chapman refers to the Grasshopper Warbler as
occurring at Silksworth (in Durham) in 1882, but fails to mention it
as a visitor to the Northumberland fells. We have heard its peculiar
trilling notes from the last patch of cultivation far up in the hills.
Mr. Howard Saunders also, in his ‘ Manual of British Birds’ says
‘the moist shoulders or dips near the summits of some of our
highest hills, such as the Cheviots, are situations to which it seems
to be partial; Northumberland and Durham being two of the
counties in which it is especially abundant in summer.’

A great movement has taken place amongst the Curlew and
Golden Plover between the middle of July and August 12th, the
former, except a few lingerers in the moorland district, having almost
entirely disappeared, and the great majority of the local-bred Golden
Plover have departed for the south. Mr. Chapman has never
observed a Redshank or Common Sandpiper remaining inland so
late as the 12th. The Gulls are also gone, except a few stragglers.

The arrival of the autumnal migrants, although not nearly so
pronounced as on the coast, takes place so early as to overlap the
departure of the summer birds, but in the Fell district at first it is
marked by only such stray occurrences as in the case of the
Whimbrel and Arctic Skua. Of the strictly sea-crossing birds the
earliest arrival is usually the Jack-snipe, in October, and occasionally
in the latter part of September. By the middle of October, the
winter visitors begin to pour in, Woodcock, Grey Crow, Fieldfare,
and Redwing. In 1880, on October 23rd, Mr. Chapman witnessed
an extraordinary immigration of Fieldfares.

‘While lying waiting for a ‘‘ drive” of some ducks on the edge of
a lough, suddenly several thousands of Fieldfares appeared, flying
south-west, and quite low, over the heather, many passing within a
foot of my head as I lay concealed. They uttered, continually, a
peculiar low single pipe, quite different to any note I ever heard
Fieldfares make before or since. For some days after this the Fells
were “grey” with them, sitting about on bare (burnt) places,
especially on stones.’

The Ring-Ousel departs with the fall of the leaf, and Mr.
Chapman has seen a single straggler so late as November 13th.

The method of ‘carting to moor game’ late in the season, that is,
stalking them on the open moor with the help of a cart and horse,
often, under favourable conditions, affords excellent sport, but
requires much patience and careful management. The whole

Oct. 1889.

318 CHAPMAN’S BIRD-LIFE OF THE BORDERS.

process is graphically described in chapter XIV, and will be quite
new to most of our readers.

Space will not permit us to say more, much as we should like to
have done, of the Borderlands—for it is fair and of pleasant memory
—rich in historic interest beyond any part of Great Britain. It has
been our good fortune to see it under many phases—in sunshine and
storm, under the mystery of midnight, when the restful hills sleep
outlined in darkest shadow, and the breadth of heaven glows with
the pure soft light of a myriad stars. But Cheviot—and when we
say Cheviot we mean the whole range of hill country of which
Cheviot Peak and Carter Fell reign twin monarchs—has other
moods than those which woo the fancy of a summer tourist, when
in the latter autumn the grey curtains of the storm-cloud lower to
sweep each giant slope in drowning sheets of ice-cold rain, changing
the burns into roaring impassable torrents, or buried deep in polar
snows, choking the hollows and gaps between the hills to an immense
depth, or piled in hopeless drift against the low walls of the
shepherd’s cot.

In the second part of the book we are taken from the hill
districts and transported to the ‘slakes,’ ‘tidal sand-flats,’ and
‘sand-bars’ of the north-east coast, haunts of innumerable wild-fowl.
Thousands of acres of these ‘slakes’ or mud-flats are covered with
a luxuriant growth of sea-grass (Zostera marina); here thousands of
geese feed by day and ducks by night. The bird population of the
sands, which are of immense extent, are chiefly Waders, either
residents for the season or such as are in transit ; Godwits, Curlew,
Whimbrel, Knot, Grey Plover, Turnstone, Sanderlings, Sea-pyots,
Redshanks, in innumerable numbers; with a sprinkling of scarcer
visitors, as the Ruff, Greenshank, and Curlew Sandpiper. The great
chattering flights of Godwit are always wild, and cannot be
approached on foot; these, and the Knot, mostly frequent the
mud-flats. Regarding the former, Mr. Chapman remarks :—‘ The
Godwit is one of the most abundant of our winter wild-fowl, and
may always be found, thousands strong, in the roughest and hardest
winters, and most protracted frosts.’ This is remarkable when we
consider that in districts further south it 1s recognised only as a bird
of double passage—spring and autumn. ‘The thousands of young
birds, which, in August and September, for a few weeks, frequent the
flat shores of the Humber and Lincolnshire coast, in due course
pass south; and although in severe winters a few are sometimes
found scattered along our coast, these are probably wanderers from
some other locality arriving long after their fellows have passed
southward.

Naturalist,

CHAPMAN’S BIRD-LIFE OF THE BORDERS. 319

The migration of Birds, and their geographical distribution, is a
subject to which Mr. Chapman returns again and again, illustrating
his remarks by a diagram showing, what he terms, the ‘ overlapping
zone’ of those species which are seen in the district throughout the
year, and whose summer and winter range may thus be said to overlap.
We are in accord with him in his remark that the Golden Plovers,
which nest on the Northumberland moors, leave the district at the
end of the season, and that their place is taken by others of the
species coming from some distant locality. We are aware, however,
that this view is not shared by some ornithologists. Mr. Seebohm,
for instance, writes:* ‘It not unfrequently happens that the breeding-
range of a species overlaps its winter range. Under these circum-
stances it is probably a rule, with scarcely an exception, that the birds
breeding in the overlapping part are residents, who never migrate at all.’

In condemning the various theories of speculative naturalists
attempting to account for the periodical phenomena in connection
with migration, Mr. Chapman ventures to propound a theory of his
own. Assuming, in the first place, that the original centre of
dispersal of all life throughout the world was the North Polar
region, he would attribute the great migratory tendency to the north
to an innate perennial instinct which still continues to draw vast
numbers of the feathered tribes towards the fount which was
originally the universal home of all. Without attempting in this
place to enter into the subject, we can only say that migration, using
the word in the widest sense, cannot possibly be explained by any
one theory or set of facts; it is a complex, many-sided and deeply-
involved movement, arising from a great diversity of causes and
effects, acting and re-acting on each other, but all working to the
same end. One author dwells too much on the passage of birds
from north to south and the reverse, as if these lines were absolutely
the only ones followed. Recent observations show that land birds,
which come to winter in these islands, arrive normally by an east to
west route, and often from points south of east, and more rarely
from those north of east. In the Spring also many of our summer
visitors, notably the Wheatear, follow these same lines. In fact, the
fly-lines followed by various species are infinite, and frequently
inexplicable, crossing each other at all angles, and leading in
directions which, with our limited knowledge, appear to contradict
all preconceived opinion.

The illustrations are a pleasant feature of this book. Fifty-four
pen-and-ink drawings, reproduced by photo-zincography, intended,

* The Geographical Distribution of the Family Charadriide, p. 37.
Oct. 1889.

320 NOTES—MOLLUSCA.

as the author says in the preface, ‘as character-sketches rather than
as portraits, and having no pretensions to scientific accuracy or
artistic merit.’ We must take exception to this depreciatory remark by
saying that not only do they show special merit, but the subjects
delineated, we can testify, are absolutely accurate in detail, such as
could only be executed by one who was intimately acquainted with
the birds in their haunts. When all are good alike it is invidious
to make a distinction, but we would particularly draw attention to
the black-breasted Golden Plover on the fell-side, at page 40; the
group of startled Black Game on the moor-dyke; punting amongst
the ice-floes on the coast, at page 168; the long line of Brent Geese
on the feed, at page 200—note the life-like attitude of the birds
when feeding, with the reflection of their darker parts in the sloppy
ooze. The sketch of Grey Geese on the sand-bar (‘full sea’) also
is admirable—in long-extended rank within the wash of the tide,
suggestive of a regiment on parade standing at ease.

In concluding these remarks on Mr. Chapman’s pleasant volume
we trust we have said enough to induce our readers to become
acquainted with it and judge for themselves, and we feel quite
certain the perusal will afford them much’ satisfaction.—J.C.

NOTES—MOLLUSCA.

Variation in Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis at Rothwell, Mid-
West Yorks.—On July 21st I collected a number of Helix mnemoralzs and
H. hortensis from a bank on the Leeds and Pontefract road near Rothwell, the
reds and yellows being about equal. The species were intermixed. The . zemovalis
included fine polished specimens of var. rzbel/a 00000 and 02345, var. pelzveria
00000 and 00300, and var. /ze//ula 00000, one of which has a pale-pink inner
and outer lip. The Aortenszs include var. /tea 00000, and var. coalzta Moq.—
a common variety here, but uncommon in zemoralis—and the type. All have
the spire raised.—GrEo. ROBERTS, Lofthouse, August 12th, 1889.

Some North of England Mollusca.—Looking over an old note-book I find
a few unpublished records which are possibly worth saving from oblivion; they all
refer to specimens examined by myself. Physa hypnorum var. intermedia Locard,
Cumberland (Smith): this is an abbreviated form of the species; I never heard
exactly where the specimens were found, they were sent to my brother.
Syndosmya prismatica, Seaton Carew, one example (Rev. J. W. Pattison). Helix
nemoralis V. rubella 0534455, rubellaO::4: , and rubella 00305, Kiveton Park,
Yorks. (Rev. H. Friend). A. xemoralis var. “ibellula 003,0, Beeston, Cheshire
(Rev. H. Friend). Paludina fasciata (=vivi~ara Auctt.) var. producta Pascal,
314 mill. long, near Wakefield (G. Roberts). Lzmax agrestis v. obscura Mogq.,
Wakefield (Wilcock). Heltx caperata var. alternata Ckll., Stanley (G. Roberts).
H. nemoralis v. libellula 0,(34);, Lofthouse (G. Roberts). A. xemoralis v.
libellulo-rubella 00000, apex of shell yellow, body whorl pink ; and var. /zbe//u/o-
vubella 00300 with variation in the colour of the animal, the exposed portion of
mantle being yellow instead of grey, Lofthouse (G. Roberts). A. hortenszs v.
lilacina 00000, with five erosion-bands: from G. Roberts, locality not stated.
T. D. A. COCKERELL, West Cliff, Custer Co., Colorado, July 16th, 1889.

Naturalist,

ope ae ee re Deen

No. 172. NOVEMBER 1889.

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NOR TH OF ENGL AND.

CONDUCTED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, FLS.
Sunny Bank, Leeds;
WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF

J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S
Royal Herbarium, Kew ; Dewsbury ;

W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEORGE T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
Museum of Science & Art, Edinburgh ; Greenfield House, Huddersfield ;

ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. BARWELL TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.M.S.,
St. John’s College, Cambridge ; 38, Sholebroke Avenue, Leeds.

Contents:

Piants of the Infer-Arctic Zone on ingleborougg baits men vehent— 7: G. ede
BTS 5 els. : 321 & 322
Fowler's British Coleoptera—(R-7 evie =" i 323 & 324
Notes on the Birds of Central Ryedale, North- east Yorkshire—Cihristopher Ww.
Smith . ; 325 to 333
The Date of the Occurrence of ‘Emberiza cioides at Flamborough—1. Eagie
Clarke, F.L.S., M.B.0.U. is 334
The Discovery of Arenaria gothica in West Yorkshire—Z ister Rophersy .. 335 & 336
On the Varieties of Arenaria ciliata—¥. C. Baker, F.R.S., F.L.S. .. if .. 337 to 339
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Kirkham Abbey Bad Acklam Brow... 340 to 344
The British Association at Newcastle—Rev. /. P. Knubley, M.A.. V.B.0.U. .. 345 to 352
Notes—Botany .. y ss = “A vt me 322
Spirza Filipendula i in . Upper Airedale— 7. OW, Edmondson ; Mosses at Robin
Hood’s Bay—A/. B. Slater, F.L.S.
Note—Mammalia a!
Seal at F lamborough- “Matthew Bailey.
Notes—Fishes ..
Anchovies at Whitby- Thos. Stephenson ; Destruction of young ‘Trout in the
river Costa—IlV’. Barwell Turner, F.C.S., FRM.
Notes—Ornithology .. - is as
Late Breeding of the Nightjar—/. ‘Knig ght Horsfield, M.B.O.U.; Richardson's
Skua at “Settle—Edgar R. Waite: Spotted Crake at Harrogate—R tley
Fortune; Flamborough Bird-notes—/ Matthew Railey : Wasp-Nest Destroyed
by Great Tits—Rev. £. P. Kuubley, M.A., M.B.0.U.
Note—Algeze :
Cy lindrospermum macrospermum 1 near Halifax—Chas. Crossland.
Notes—Lepidoptera ae
Colias edusa near Scarborough — a H. Burtt; Colias edusa near Lincoln - —
W, Fe bt Smith ; Variation in Arctia mendica at Huddersfield —
UW". W. Fowler; Acherontia atropos in Notts.—W. A. Gain.
Notes and Nha % f Py rs es x. ae a ne re ~» gag &isas

LONDON:
LoveLL REEVE & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C,

McCorqQuopaLe & Co. LIMITED, CARDINGTON STREET, EUSTON;
AND
Leeps: BasinGHALt STREET.

PAGE

All Communications should be Addressed :—
The Editors of ‘The Naturalist,’
Sunny Bank, Leeds.

PRICE SIXPENCE (by Post, Sevenpence).
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (from the OFFICE only), 5s., post free.

es oy

The NATURALIST. —

Pook:

Authors’ Reprints.—15 copies of the Naturalist are given to authors
of papers exceeding 3 pages. Reprints may be had at the following rates, if the
order is given on returning proof: 50 copies, 4 pp. 4/6; 8 pp. 5/6; 12 pp. 7/-;
16 pp. 8/6; 100 copies, 4 pp. 7/- ; 8 pp. 8/6; 12 pp. 11/-; 16 pp. 13/6; 200 copies,
4-pp. 9/6; 8 pp. 11/-; 12 pp. 16/-; 16 pp. 18/-. Covers charged extra—Plain
Covers, 50 copies, -/9; 100 copies, 1/6; 200 copies, 2/6; Printed Covers, 50 —
copies, 2/- ; 100 copies, 3/- ; 200 copies, 4/6.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

O. V. Aplin. —The Birds of Oxfordshire, 8vo, cloth, 1889. [Delegates of Cl. Press.
Canon Fowler.—Coleoptera of British Islands. Vols. 2 & 3, 8vo, cloth, 1888-1889.

[L. Reeve & Co., publishers.
J. G. Baker.—Handbk. of the Bromeliacez, 8vo, cloth, 1889. [G. Bell & Son, pub. -
. E. A. Ormerod.—Notes and Descriptions of a few Injurious Farm and Fruit Insects

of South Africa, 8vo, cloth, 1889. [Mr. S. D. Bairstow.
Westgarth Forster.—Treatise on a Section of the Strata from Newcastle-upon-
Tyne to Cross Fell, etc., 8vo, cloth, 1883. {Major Bainbridge.

Wm. Jones.—Glimpses of Animal Life, 8vo, cloth, 1889. [Elliot Stock, publisher,
Flora of Teesdale, from Crossfell downwards to the Greta, 8vo, sewn, 1883.
[Rev. E. P. Kuubley.

J. E. Marr.—The Earth History of the Remote Past, etc., 8vo rep., 1886. [Author.
A. Harker.—On ‘ Eyes’ of Pyrites and other minerals in Slate, 8vo reprint, 1889.
[The Author.

W. H. Fowler.—Pres. Address to Brit. Assoc., 1889, 8vo reprint. [Mr. A. Harker.
T. G. Bonney.—(1) Effects of Pressure on Crystalline Limestones, 8vo reprint, 1889 ;
(2) Alleged Occurrence of Fossils in the Crystalline Schists of the Lepontine
Alps, 8vo reprint, 1889. [Mx. A. Harker.

A. S. Woodward.— Some new and little known Jurassic Fishes, 8vo reprint, 1889.
[Mr. A. Harker.

W. Whitaker.—A Deep Channel of Drift in the Valley of the Cam, Essex,
8vo reprint, 1889. [Mr. A. Harker.

J. J. H. Teall.—On the Amygdaloids of the Tynemouth Dyke, 8vo reprint, 1889.
[Mr. A. Harker.

Wm. Topley.—Report of Committee on Erosion of Sea-coasts of England and
Wales, 8vo reprint, 1886. {[Mr. A. Harker.
West American Scientist, Vol. 6, No. 47, Sept. 1889. ~ [T. D. A. Cockerell.
Journal of Microscopy, N.S., Vol. 2, Part 8, Oct. 1889. ° [ Bailliere & Co. publishers.
Scottish Naturalist, N.S., No. 26, Oct. 1889. [Prof. J. W. H. Trail, Editor.
Yorkshire Notes and Queries, Part 17, Oct. 1889. [J. Horsfall Turner, editor.
Revue Bryologique, 16° Année, 1889, No. 5. [M. T. Husnot, redacteur, Cahan.
Nat. Hist. Journ., No. 115, Oct. 15, 1889. __[J. E. Clark & others, Editors, York.
Science Gossip, No. 298, for Oct. 1889. [ Messrs, Chatto & Windus, publishers.
The Midland Naturalist, No. 142, for Oct. 1889. [Birmingham Nat. Hist. Soc.
Research, monthly illust. journ. of science, No. 16, Oct. 1889. [A.N.Tate, editor.
The Wesley Naturalist, No. 31, for Oct. 1889. [The Wesley Scientific Society.
The Young Naturalist, Part 118, for Oct. 1889. [Mr. John E. Robson, editor.
The Zoologist, 3rd Series, Vol. 13, No. 154, Oct. 1889. [J. E. Harting, Editor.
Philadelphia Acad. of Nat. Sci.—Proc., 1889, part 1, Jan.- April. [The Academy.

Addresses wanted.—The Editors of the Watwralist would be glad to learn
the present addresses of the following gentlemen, :—
Mr. John Aitchison (formerly of Belford, Northumberland).
Mr. T. E. Denham (formerly of Rotherham and afterwards of Huddersfield).
Rev. Isaac Harding (Wesleyan minister, last at Mere Beck, Long Preston).
Rev. Adrian Peacock (formerly of Barkingside, Ilford, Essex).

Improved Egg Drills (2 sizes) and Metal Blowpipe with instructions 1/3 free.
‘Hints on Egg Collecting and Nesting,’ illustrated, 33d. free. Birds’ Skins,
Eggs (side-blown and in clutches with date), Lepidoptera, Ova, Larvee, and Pupe,
Artificial Eyes, and all kinds of Naturalists’ Requisites. Lists, one stamp. All
specimens, &c., sent out ‘on approval.’

J. & W. DAVIS (Naturalists), DARTFORD, Kent.

The cheapest dealer in Birds, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells,
etc., is John Eggleston, Park Place, Sunderland. Lists free.

321

PLANTS OF THE INFER-ARCTIC ZONE ON
INGLEBOROUGH AND PENYGHENT.

J. G. BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S.,

Royal Herbarium, Kew; Ex-President of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

DuRING a visit to Settle in September, I made a list of plants noted
on Ingleborough and Penyghent within the bounds of the Infer-
arctic zone, at 2,000 ft. and upwards, which it may be worth while to

place on record.

Ingleborough, on the gritstone ridge, at 2,300 to nearly 2,400 ft.

Ranunculus repens.
Draba verna.
Cerastium triviale. |
Sagina procumbens.
Stellaria media.
Oxalis Acetosella.
Saxifraga hypnoides.
Galium saxatile.
Senecio vulgaris.
Vaccinium Myrtillus.
Euphrasia officinalis.

Rumex Acetosella.

Juncus squarrosus.

Luzula campestris.

Carex flava ? (not in flower).
Aira czespitosa.

Agrostis vulgaris.

Poa annua.

Festuca ovina.

Nardus stricta.

Lycopodium Selago.

Ingleborough, on the Main Limestone cliffs, 2,200 to 2,300 ft.

Cardamine pratensis.
Viola sylvatica.
Arenaria verna.
Trifolium repens.
Alchemilla vulgaris.
Potentilla Tormentilla.
Saxifraga oppositifolia.
Sedum Rhodiola.
Scabiosa Columbaria.
Galium sylvestre.
Taraxacum officinale.

Campanula rotundifolia.

Thymus Serpyllum.

Rumex Acetosa.

Carex stellulata.

Sesleria czerulea.

Poa pratensis.

Cystopteris fragilis, both type and
var. dentata.

Asplenium viride.

Lastrea Filix-mas.

Lastrea dilatata var. collina.

Ingleborough ; springs below the Main Limestone scars, 2,200 ft.

Montia fontana.
Achillea Millefolium.
Juncus effusus.

Scirpus czespitosus.
Cynosurus cristatus.

Penyghent, on the Gritstone ridge, at from 2,100 to nearly 2,300 ft.

Potentilla Tormentilla.

Galium saxatile.

Calluna vulgaris.

Vaccinium Myrtillus.

Empetrum nigrum.

Juncus squarrosus.

Eriophorum angustifolium.
Nov. 1889.

Carex sp. ?
Scirpus czespitosus.
Aira czespitosa.
Aira flexuosa.
Festuca ovina.
Nardus stricta.

Ww

322 NOTES—BOTANY AND MAMMALIA.

Penyghent, on the Main Limestone scars of the western side, at
2,100 to 2,200 ft.

Ranunculus repens. Carduus arvensis.

Draba incana. Bellis perennis.

Arabis hirsuta. Achillea Millefolium.
Arenaria verna. Campanula rotundifolia.
Cerastium triviale. Euphrasia officinalis.
Geranium lucidum. Veronica officinalis.
Geranium Robertianum. Veronica Chameedrys.
Oxalis Acetosella. Thymus Serpyllum.
Trifolium repens. Rumex Acetosa.

Lotus corniculatus. Rumex Acetosella.
Alchemilla vulgaris. Urtica dioica.

Saxifraga hypnoides. Sesleria czerulea.
Saxifraga oppositifolia. Poa annua,

Pimpinella Saxifraga. Cystopteris fragilis.
Scabiosa Columbaria. Asplenium Trichomanes.
Galium sylvestre. Asplenium Ruta-muraria.

Hieracium czesium.
Penyghent ; springs below the Main Limestone, at 2,100 ft.

Stellaria uliginosa. Juncus effusus.
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium. Carex ovalis.
Epilobium palustre. Anthoxanthum odoratum,

Apargia autumnalis.

NOTES—BOTANY.

Spirea Filipendula in Upper Airedale.—About the beginning of Sep-
tember my attention was drawn by Miss Tranter, of Gargrave, to some plants
which she had gathered near Eshton. Among them I found Sfzvea Filipendula
and Eupatorium cannabinum ; the former grows rather plentifully in pastures on
Scarnber, a hill near Eshton, and is a new record for the Aire drainage district ;
the latter occurs in a wood near Winterburn, in which Carduus heterophyllus and
Polypodium Phegopteris are also to be found. Ina field near St. Helen’s Well at
Eshton, Parnassia palustrisand Gentiana A marella were found growing in profusion.

In Wharfedale in 1885, I gathered Spzvea Filifendula at the bottom of Dibb
Scar near Grassington, and Polemonium ceruleum, Draba incana, and Thalictrum
minus var. montanum on the sides of the Scar.

The above are all new localities for the plants mentioned. —T. W. EDMONDSON,
Pembroke College, Cambridge, October 14th, 1889.

Mosses at Robin Hood’s Bay.—I have two additions to make to the list
given in Waturalist, August 1888.

Grimmia decipiens Lindb. (Braithwaite’s Moss Flora) (= Grimmia schultzit
(Wils. Bry. Brit.)) is recorded from Robin Hood’s Bay, where it was gathered by
Mr. George Massee.

Bryum alpinum L. var. meridionale Schmp. was gathered at the base of the
Peak Cliff in September 1888, and is the first record for this variety in North
Yorkshire. The only other locality recorded for it in Britain, so far as I am
aware, is from maritime rocks at Penzance, West Cornwall, where it was collected
by the late Mr. Curnow.—M. B. SLATER, Malton, July 1889.

NOTE—MAMMALIA.

Seal at Flamborough.—On the 4th October we gave chase to a Seal; it was
a very exciting chase indeed; I got one shot at him, but he, being a very large and
lively example, escaped.—MATTHEW BaILEY, Flamborough, October 7th, 1889.

Naturalist,

323

FOWLER'S BRITISH COLEOPTERA.

‘The Coleoptera of the British Islands. A Descriptive Account of the
Families, Genera, and Species Indigenous to Great Britain and
Ireland, with notes as to Localities, Habitats, etc. By the Rev. Canon

Fow er, M.A.,F.L.S., . . . London: L. Reeve and Co., 5, Henrietta
Street, Covent Garden. 1888. Vol. II (Staphylinidz), and Vol. III
(Clavicornia).

Students of British Coleoptera who had made good use of the
first volume of Canon Fowler’s work on this subject, will have hailed
with immense satisfaction the publication of the next two volumes.
It was indeed high time that the study of so attractive a group of
insects should be presented in a correspondingly attractive form, and
I think there can be no question that British Coleopterists will
rapidly increase in numbers now that they can obtain such an
excellent work on British Beetles at such a reasonable price. It is a
lamentable fact that hitherto works of this character have seldom had
a sufficient sale to save their authors from pecuniary loss, but surely
the growth of science, and our increasing love of nature, will, before
long, create a larger demand for books, which, instead of giving a
few hours’ amusement, become, by intelligent use, life-long friends
and companions.

The second volume of Fowler’s British Coleoptera has now been
published for some little time. It embraces a group of insects which
had been very much neglected by early Coleopterists, the Staphylinide,
of which the ‘ Devil’s Coachman’ may be selected as a familiar
example. As the book has been seldom out of my hands for many
days together during the past year, I feel I have some right to give
an opinion upon its merits, and I unhesitatingly pronounce it most
admirable in every respect. In arrangement and description it is
singularly lucid, and while keeping to a style decidedly concise and
strictly scientific, the author has, nevertheless, succeeded in giving
his book a life and colour which save it from the skeleton-like
character, so general in similar works. A beginner could hardly do
better than take up a genus like Philonthus, Quedius, or Stenus,
(insects that occur in every haystack or pile of garden rubbish), and
work them out by the admirable table and descriptions given in this
volume. The Staphylinide contain some very difficult groups,—
groups which no book ever will make easy. The amount of patient
study, however, which our author has bestowed on the most trouble-
some genera, is amazing, (especially in the case of one who is so
much engaged in other duties), and in struggling with an undeter-
minable Homalota or Oxypoda, I am sure the student in his most
despairing moments will sooner direct his abuse against the hand of
Nov. 1889.

324 NOTES—FISHES.

Dame Nature, than against her most conscientious and painstaking
interpreter.

The third volume of the British Coleoptera deals with the
Clavicornia—a somewhat artificial and unsatisfactory division, as at
present understood and constituted. ‘The most familiar insects
described in this volume are the Ladybirds and the Carrion-beetles,
but many of the groups are obscure and difficult, from the minute size
of the insects. The Z7ichopterygide can only be worked with the
microscope. ‘This volume appears, nevertheless, to be characterised
by the same painstaking work as its predecessors, and there can be
no doubt that the completion of the whole book will inaugurate
a new era ‘in the study of the British Coleoptera.—W. C. Hey.

NOTES—FISHES.

Anchovies at Whitby.—On the gth instant, two fishes, caught off Whitby
in the herring nets, were shown to me for identification, which I have no
hesitation in stating were Anchovies (Zzgvazdlzs encrastcholus). Unfortunately,
they had not been taken proper care of, and the scales and skin were much
abraded ; nevertheless, I am quite satisfied from the head, lower jaw, etc., that
they are what I have pronounced them to be. The fisherman (Freeman) who
caught them, said he had taken above a dozen this season.—THOS. STEPHENSON,
Whitby, October 11th, 1889.

Destruction of young Trout in the river Costa.—On the 29th of April
Mr. Chadwick, of Malton, sent through Mr. Roebuck a large bottle labelled
‘Brown dust from the River Costa; it kills the young Trout wholesale by clogging
the gills—J. W. Wheldon.’ In his letter he wrote that Mr. Wheldon, who is a
pisciculturist at Pickering, said that at that time of year and later it kills all the
young trout, but that afterwards the larger fish feed upon it. It is also fed upon
by Zzmnee and other mollusks.

On examining the sample of water from the river Costa, with the muddy ‘deposit,’
I found nothing but what one would expect, viz., crustacean and infusorial debris,
fragments of the pseudo-mucoroids (Leptothrix, Hypheothrix, etc.),and of Conferve
and Monostroma. I met with nothing in Mr. Wheldon’s sample like a Saprolegnia,
or other vegetable, which I could imagine as ‘ killing the young trout wholesale by
clogging the gills,’ as described by Mr. Wheldon. Absence led me to neglect the
sample for some days, but it was protected from dust, and preserved in a shallow
glass dish exposed to the direct sunlight. On my return I found it covered on the
surface with a ¢hick pellicle of what turned out to be simply ferric oxide (Fe,Os),
with flakes of the same in large quantity lying upon the muddy sediment. I much
regret not having estimated the gaavtity of the oxide in the given bulk ; but it is
very large, and proves the water to be highly charged with iron. Of animal
physiology I know little, but I know that lung- (and gill-) action in animals exerts
a ‘reducing action,’ chemically speaking. This being so, and iron in soluble con-
dition existent in the water, I would ask—Is it not possible that the gill-action in
the little trout #¢7ghz¢ reduce the iron from the soluble form to that of insoluble
oxide, and thus clog the delicate membranes of the gills? Might not the gill-cilia,
or blades, well developed in an old fish, be so weak in the juvenile trout as to be
unable to throw off the accumulation? The first stage of the action would
probably be the reduction of soluble ferric carbonate to simple oxide ; the second
change would convert the FeO into Fe.O, by the oxidising action of the gills.
Mr. Wheldon speaks of ‘ brown dust,’ surely this may be the ferric oxide alluded
to. It is quite possible that one of the little known semi-mucoroid Algze (Fungi?)
may have been the cause, but I am inclined to think my theory as to the iron is
correct. —W. BARWELL TURNER, Leeds.

Naturalist,

325

NOTES ON
THE BIRDS OF CENTRAL RYEDALE,
NORTH-EAST YORKSHIRE.

CHRISTOPHER W. SMITH,
Harome, near Helmsley.

RYEDALE extends from the north-west to the south-east, a distance
of 24 or 26 miles; and from the north-east to the south-west, about
18 or 20 miles. As a whole it is a highly picturesque district of
moorland hills and deep vales, watered by the river Rye and its
tributaries, the Dove, Riccal, Hodge, and several smailer streams.
That portion of it to which I have applied the name of ‘Central
Ryedale’ is the district immediately surrounding the village of
Harome, which is situated in a position nearly equi-distant from the
north-western and the south-eastern extremities of the vale. Central
Ryedale is a purely agricultural district, the fields and hedge-rows of
which are well studded with trees, and interspersed with beautiful
woods and plantations. It is bounded on the north, west, and
south by heather-covered hills; while through its centre flows the
river Rye, which is a favourite haunt of several species of water-
loving birds. In the following paper I have endeavoured, as briefly
and plainly as possible, to give an account of those species of birds
which have been observed in the so-called ‘Central Ryedale.’ Asa
rule I have confined my notes to the birds which have come under
my own observation. Those of which I have received information
from others are indicated by the prefix of an asterisk.

Turdus viscivorus L. Missel Thrush. (Local name, Golden
Thrush). This species is resident ; fairly numerous ; and breeds
regularly in the district.

Turdus musicus L. Song Thrush. (Local name, Throstle).
Resident ; fairly numerous; breeds regularly; increasing in
numbers.

Turdus iliacus L. Redwing. A regular winter visitor, some-
times in considerable numbers.

Turdus pilaris L. Fieldfare. (Local name, Felfer). A regular
winter visitant, generally in large numbers.

Turdus merula L. Blackbird. Resident; numerous; and
breeds regularly.

Turdus torquatus L. Ring Ouzel. A regular summer
visitor to the moorlands from six to twelve miles distant from
here.

Nov. 1889.

326 SMITH: NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CENTRAL RYEDALE.

Saxicola cenanthe (L.). Wheatear. An occasional visitor,
generally in March and April, when migrating to the higher
ground where it breeds.

Pratincola rubetra (L.). Whinchat. (Local name, Hay Bird).

A regular summer visitant ; fairly numerous ; breeds regularly.

Pratincola rubicola (L.). Stonechat. Rarely observed here,
but is fairly numerous in a certain valley seven or eight miles.

westward, where it breeds.

Ruticilla phcenicurus (L.). Redstart. (Local name, Jenny

Red Tail). A regular summer visitant; fairly numerous; breeds.

Erithacus rubecula (L.). Redbreast. (Local name, Robin).

Resident ; fairly abundant; breeds.
Sylvia cinerea (Bechst.). Whitethroat. (Local name, Peggy
Whitethroat). A common summer visitor ; numerous ; breeds..
Sylvia curruca (L.). Lesser Whitethroat. (Local name,
Mealy-mouth). A regular summer visitor; not numerous ;
breeds.

Sylvia atricapilla (L.). Blackcap. A regular summer visitor,.

but not numerous. Has been seen in winter.

Sylvia hortensis (Bechst.). Garden Warbler. A regular

summer visitor ; fairly numerous ; breeds regularly.

Regulus cristatus Koch. Goldcrest.. Probably resident in

small numbers; but is most frequently seen in the winter
season.

Phylloscopus rufus (Bechst.). Chiffchaff. A regular summer

visitor ; not numerous; breeds.

Phylloscopus trochilus (L.). Willow Warbler. A regular

summer visitor ; numerous; breeds regularly.

Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechst.). Wood Warbler. A regular

summer visitor ; not numerous ; breeds regularly.

Acrocephalus phragmitis (Bechst.). Sedge Warbler. One

of the most numerous of our summer visitors ; breeds regularly.

Locustella nzvia (Bodd.). Grasshopper Warbler. A very

irregular summer visitor ; never numerous ; and some years
not observed.

Accentor modularis (L.). Hedge Sparrow. (Local name,

Cuddy). Resident; numerous; and breeds regularly.

Cinclus aquaticus Bechst. Dipper. Resident ; not numerous ;
breeds.

Acredula rosea (Blyth). British Longtailed Titmouse.

(Local name, Tom Piper). Resident; sparingly distributed ;
breeds regularly.

Naturalist,

SMITH: NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CENTRAL RYEDALE. 327

Parus major L. Great Titmouse. (Local name, Blackcap).
Resident ; not numerous ; breeds.

Parus britannicus Sharpe & Dresser. British Cole Titmouse.
Probably resident, but not known to breed; generally seen in
winter.

Parus palustris L. Marsh Titmouse. An occasional winter
visitor ; very rare.

Parus ceruleus L. Blue Titmouse. (Local name, Billy
Biter). Resident ; fairly numerous; breeds regularly.

Troglodytes parvulus Koch. Wren. (Local name, Tom Tit).
Resident ; moderately numerous ; breeds.

Motacilla lugubris Temm. Pied Wagtail. Resident; fairly
numerous ; breeds.

Motacilla melanope Pallas. Grey Wagtail. Probably resi-
dent, but very thinly distributed.
Motacilla raii (Bp.). Yellow Wagtail. A regular summer

visitor ; not numerous ; breeds.

Anthus pratensis (L.). Meadow Pipit. (Local name,
Titlark). Resident; fairly abundant; breeds regularly.
Anthus trivialis (L.). Tree Pipit. (Local name, Titlark).

A common summer visitant ; numerous ; breeds.

*Oriolus galbula L. Golden Oriole. One sazd to have been
observed in the spring of 1887, but, unfortunately, was not
positively identified.

*Lanius collurio L. Red-backed Shrike. A bird seen here
in 1882 by Thomas Haigh, gamekeeper to Earl Feversham,
was probably, from the description he gave of it, this species,
but was not further identified.

Muscicapa grisola L. Spotted Flycatcher. (Local name,
Bee Bird). A regular summer visitant ; numerous ; breeds.

Muscicapa atricapilla L. Pied Flycatcher. A summer
visitant ; not numerous; breeds in the woods around Dun-
combe Park.

Hirundo rustica L. Swallow. A regular summer visitor ;
much less numerous than formerly; breeds.

Chelidon urbica (L.). Martin. A regular summer visitor ;
less numerous than formerly ; breeds.

Cotyle riparia (L.). Sand Martin. (Local name, Bank
Swallow). A regular summer visitant; very numerous ; breeds
in the banks of the Rye, etc.

Certhia familiaris L. Tree Creeper. Resident; not

numerous ; most frequently seen in winter; breeds.
Nov. 1889.

328 SMITH: NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CENTRAL RYEDALE.

Carduelis elegans Steph. Goldfinch. (Local name, Redcap).
Resident ; less numerous than formerly ; breeds.

Chrysomitris spinus (L.). Siskin. Fairly numerous in winter.
It is reported to have nested here in 1880, but I have since
found that the statement is incorrect.

Ligurinus chloris (L.). Greenfinch. (Local name, Green
Linnet). Resident; very numerous ; breeds.

Coccothraustes vulgaris Pall. Hawfinch. Has been met
with occasionally, but is not common. It is said to breed
near Duncombe Park.

Passer domesticus 1. House Sparrow. Resident; very
numerous ; breeds.

Passer montanus L. Tree Sparrow. Is occasionally
observed, but less frequently than formerly; breeds here.

Fringilla celebs L. Chaffinch. (Local name, Bullspink).
Resident ; very numerous ; nests throughout the district.

Linota cannabina (L.). Linnet. (Local name, Grey Linnet).
Resident ; fairly numerous, especially in winter ; breeds.

Linota rufescens (Vieill.). Lesser Redpoll. (Local name,
Rose Linnet). Resident and breeding, but not numerous ;
most so in winter.

Linota flavirostris (L.). Twite. Has been observed on the
moors eight or ten miles distant, northward.

Pyrrhula europza Vieill. Bullfinch. Resident; fairlynumerous ;
breeds in the district.

*Pinicola enucleator (L.). Pine Grosbeak. Reported to
have been observed at Helmsley in 1860 or 1861.

*Loxia curvirostra L. Crossbill. Large numbers of this
species were observed at Helmsley in 1860 or 1861.

Emberiza miliaria L. Corn Bunting. Resident; less
numerous than formerly; breeds.

Emberiza citrinella L. Yellow Hammer. (Local name,
Goldspink). Resident ; very numerous.

Emberiza scheniclus L. Reed Bunting. (Local names,
Reed Sparrow and Blackcap). Resident ; fairly numerous ;
nests near the Rye, Riccal, etc.

Plectrophanes nivalis (L.). Snow Bunting. An occasional
winter visitant.

Sturnus vulgaris L. Starling. (Local name, Jippy). Resident;
very numerous ; breeds regularly in the district. One observed
this summer (1888) having a white breast.

Naturalist,

SMITH : NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CENTRAL RYEDALE. 329

Garrulus glandarius (L.). Jay. Resident and fly numerous ;
breeds in the surrounding woods, ete.

Pica rustica (Scop.). Magpie. Resident; less numerous than
formerly ; breeds in the district.

Corvus monedula L. Jackdaw.. Resident; very numerous ;
nests in the ruins of Helmsley Castle, Rievaulx and Byland
Abbeys, and in some quarries in the district.

Corvus corone lL. Carrion Crow. (Local name, Dowp).
Resident; less numerous than formerly ; nests in the surround-
ing woods.

Corvus cornix L. Hooded Crow. (Local name, Grey
Crow). A regular winter visitor ; not numerous.

Corvus frugilegus L. Rook. (Local name, Crow). Resident;
exceedingly numerous ; breeds in the district.

Alauda arvensis L. Sky Lark. Resident ; fairly numerous ;
breeds regularly.

Alauda arborea L. Wood Lark. Resident, but not numerous.

Cypselus apus (L.). Swift. (Localname, Collier). A regular
summer visitant ; less numerous than formerly.

Caprimulgus europzus L. Nightjar. A regular summer
visitant ; not numerous ; breeds in the district.

Dendrocopus major (L.). Great Spotted Woodpecker.
Resident ; fairly numerous ; breeds regularly.

*Dendrocopus minor (L.). Lesser Spotted Woodpecker.
Resident, but very sparingly distributed.

Gecinus viridis (L.). Green Woodpecker. Resident ;
numerous in some localities ; breeds regularly.

*Tynx torquilla L. Wryneck. Has been observed here, but
is scarce now.

Alcedo ispida L. Kingfisher. Resident; generally but
sparingly distributed ; breeds.

Cuculus canorus L. Cuckoo. A regular summer visitor ;
not very numerous.

Strix flammea L. Barn Owl. (Local name, White Owl).
Resident ; but, as with all the other Owls, etc., is far less
numerous than formerly ; breeds.

Asio otus (L.). Long-eared Owl. (Local name, Horned
Owl). Resident; not so numerous as formerly ; breeds.

Asio accipitrinus Pall. Short-eared Owl. (Local name,
Horned Owl). Occasionally to be met with in winter, but is
now very rare.

Nov. 1889.

330 SMITH: NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CENTRAL RYEDALE.

Syrnium aluco (L.). Tawny Owl. Resident; not so
numerous as formerly ; breeds.

“Circus cyaneus (L.). Hen Harrier. (Local name, Blue
Hawk). Formerly known in the district ; not observed now.

*“Buteo vulgaris Leach. Buzzard. Is said to inhabit the
moorlands near Hawnby, seven or eight miles westward; but
is probably only a casual visitor.

Accipiter nisus (L.). Sparrow Hawk. Resident; fairly
numerous ; breeds regularly.

Milvus ictinus Savign. Kite. (Local name, Glead). Formerly
met with here ; but has not been seen of late years.

*“Elanoides furcatus (L.). Swallow-tailed Kite. Said to
have been killed near Helmsley, in 1859; a statement which
I should hesitate to accept without some further proof.
[I have proof that this specimen was not procured in the
district, nor in Britain.—W.E.C. |
Falco peregrinus Tunst. Peregrine Falcon. (Local name,
Perry Hawk). Very rarely observed now, though formerly
fairly numerous. An immature female was picked up, dead,
in a field here, in March 1888. Certain marks on its legs led
me to think it had escaped from captivity.
Falco zsalon Tunst. Merlin. Is still to be met with in the
district ; especially on the moorlands.

Tinnunculus alaudarius (Gmel.). Kestrel. Resident; fairly
numerous ; breeds in the neighbouring woods, etc.

Ardea cinerea L. Heron. (Local name, Heronsue). Resident;
fairly numerous ; breeds in the district.

Anser segetum (Gmel.). Bean Goose.
Anser brachyrhynchus Baill. Pink-footed Goose.

Flocks of Geese passing northwards are often observed
about October. From the difference in their size, I should
judge that both the above species are seen; but as I have
had no opportunity of examining them, I cannot be certain.
Have been known to remain in the neighbourhood several
days together. A large flock, going northward, passed here
April 26th, 1888.

Cygnus musicus Bechst. Whooper Swan. Several were
observed near the Rye about Christmas, 1876, and some others.
in 1880. A Swan, described as being of a brown colour, and

therefore a young bird, passed over here, going towards the
Rye, August 28th, 1888.

Naturalist,

SMITH: NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CENTRAL RYEDALE. 331

Tadorna cornuta (S. G. Gmel.). Common Sheldrake. An
occasional winter visitant to the Rye. Last observed in the
winter of 1886-7, when they were more numerous than usual.

Mareca penelope (L.). Wigeon. A very rare visitant ; the
only instance known to me being that of two young birds, in
July and August 1861. They remained in the Rye four or five
weeks. Both came into my possession.

Anas boschas L. Mallard. (Local name, Wild Duck). Resi-
dent ; fairly numerous; breeds regularly in the district.

Querquedula circia (L.). Garganey. A rare visitant. A pair
shot in 1885, about three miles from here, are now in the
possession of Mr. Peacock, of Muscoates.

Querquedula crecca (L.). Common Teal. Resident ; much
less numerous than formerly.

Fuligula ferina (L.). Pochard. An occasional visitor. A flock
of eight or ten was observed in the Rye in 1860, the river being
flooded at the time. They remained some days. One, probably
a wounded bird which had strayed from the rest, was captured
alive near this village.

Columba palumbus L. Ringdove. (Local names, Wood
Pigeon and Cow Scot). Resident; exceedingly numerous,
especially in winter, when they may be counted by thousands ;
breeds.

Columba cenas L. Stockdove. (Local name, same as those of
the Ringdove, with which it is often confounded). Resident, and
breeding regularly ; but is most numerously observed in winter.

Columba livia Bonnat. Rockdove. (Local name, Rock
Pigeon). Resident; not numerous; a few nesting regularly.

[I have always to much doubt the breeding of the true
C. Zivia inland, and have never been able to obtain a specimen
from such localities.—W.E.C. ]

Phasianus colchicus L. Pheasant. Resident; very numerous,
and breeding regularly.

Perdix cinerea Lath. Partridge. Resident; numerous, and
breeding regularly.

Coturnix communis Bonnat. Quail. Is met with occasionally ;
single birds being sometimes seen in company with Partridges.
A few have been shot.

Lagopus scoticus (Lath.). Red Grouse. Resident ;
numerous, and breeding regularly on the surrounding moors.

Rallus aquaticus L. Water Rail. Frequently observed in
winter ; possibly a few remain to nest.

Nov. 1880.

332 SMITH: NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CENTRAL RYEDALE.

Crex pratensis Bechst. Corn Crake. (Local name, Corndrake).
A regular summer visitant ; fairly numerous ; breeds.
Gallinula chloropus (L.). Moor Hen. (Local name, Water
Hen). Resident; fairly numerous ; nests regularly.
Fulica atra (L.). Coot. Has been observed here years ago;
is seldom seen now.
CEdicnemus scolopax (S.G.Gmel.). Stone Curlew. A casual
visitor. ast seen here in April and May, 1883, when three
birds remained on Harome Common two or three weeks.
Charadrius pluvialis L. -Golden Plover. A regular winter
visitor ; sometimes numerous.
Squatarola helvetica (L.). Grey Plover. An occasional
visitor in winter, and on migration.
Vanellus vulgaris Bechst. Lapwing. (Local name, Tewitt).
Resident ; very numerous ; nests regularly.
Scolopax rusticola L. Woodcock. A regular visitor in
autumn and winter; but not numerous.
Gallinago celestis (Frenz.). Common Snipe. Common in
autumn and winter, and has been observed in summer.
Limnocryptes gallinula (L.).. Jack Snipe. A winter
visitant ; less numerous than formerly.
Tringoides hypoleucos (L.). Common Sandpiper. A
summer visitant ; fairly numerous ; nests regularly.
Helodromas ochropus (L.). Green Sandpiper. A regular
visitant in spring and autumn, but not numerous. I obtained
two specimens in August 1888, which are now in the possession
of Mr. James Backhouse, jun.
Numenius arquata (L.). Curlew. A casual visitant. One
killed at Shaw Moor Farm, Harome, in 1883.
Sterna fluviatilis Naum. Common Tern. An occasional
visitor to the Rye. Less numerous than formerly.
Rissa tridactyla (L.). Kittiwake. Formerly a frequent visitor ;
seldom seen now; four passed over here August r5th, 1888.
Larus argentatus Gmel. Herring Gull.
Larus canus L. Common Gull.

Both these species regularly visit this locality in the early
spring; sometimes in considerable numbers. About ten or
eleven years ago some hundreds frequented the fields near the
Rye and the Riccal, remaining in the neighbourhood for two
or three weeks.

Larus ridibundus L. Black-headed Gull. A _ regular
spring visitant, but not numerous.

Naturalist,

NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY. 333

Colymbus glacialis L. Great Northern Diver. A specimen
in an exhausted condition was captured near here in 1852.
The only live one I have seen.

Podiceps griseigena (Bodd.). Red-necked Grebe. A speci-
men was captured in a farm-yard at Owldray, four miles from
here, in 1880, and is now, I believe, in the possession of
Mr. Strickland, of that place.

Tachybaptes fluviatilis (Tunst.). Little Grebe. (Local name,
Dipper Duck). A regular winter visitant to the rivers and
ponds in the district, but not numerous.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY.

Late Breeding of the Nightjar.—On September 2nd, when grouse-driving
in the Thornthwaite district, I found the young of the Nightjar (Caprimuleus
europeus), apparently from twelve to fourteen days old. Upon the same tract of
moorland, several of the breeding-places of this bird have been noted during the
late season, and as they were left undisturbed there is reason for believing above
to be a second brood.—H. KNiGHt HoRSFIELD, Headingley, Leeds, Oct. 1889.

Richardson’s Skua at Settle.—One of these birds (Stercorarius crepidatus)
was shot by Mr. T. B. Charlesworth at Settle on the 26th September, and
forwarded to me for identification. It was in its second year’s plumage, and on
dissection I found it to be a male. The bird had, no doubt, been driven into
West Yorkshire by the strong winds which prevailed at the time. —EpGar R.
WAITE, The Museum, Leeds, 11th October, 1889.

Spotted Crake at Harrogate.—-A fine Spotted Crake (Porzana maruetta)
was shot in a Snipe-bog near here, on the 26th September. The Redshanks
(Zotanus calidris), which I have previousiy noted as breeding here, have again
nested successfully this year.—RILEyY FORTUNE, Harrogate, October 2nd, 18809.

Flamborough Bird-notes.—The Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopus major),
arrived here September 22nd, one seen near the Coastguard Station; a second
seen on the same date in what is known as the South Sea Plantation; I have also
been informed of another being captured by Mrs. Creyke’s gardener, Marton Hall,
near Flamborough. October Ist, first arrival of Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola).
October 2nd, observed Stormy Petrel (Procellaria pelagica), near to the Smithic
Buoy; also Fulmar Petrel (/2dmarus glactalis). October 3rd, shot immature
Little Gull (Lavas minutus). The other day I shot a splendid specimen of the
Velvet Scoter (@demza fusca). I had a very fine specimen of Sabine’s Gull
(Xema sabinzi), brought in to preserve, immature, shot by George Emmerson,
fisherman.—MATTHEW BaILey, Flamborough, October 7th, 1889.

Wasp-Nest Destroyed by Great Tits.—The following interesting account
of the demolition of a wasps’ nest by Great Tits (Pars major) is communicated
by Mr. Charles Elmhirst, of Farnham Lodge near Knaresborough :—‘ The wasps’
nest was built between a black-currant bush and a wall. It was found on the
8th of July, when the bush was cut back, and at that time there were a great many
wasps about. The nest was about six inches through, about three feet high (above
the ground), and was nearly round. As soon as it was exposed in front the Great
Tits found it. They at once commenced to catch the wasps, and on the 16th
there was not one left. They then attacked the nest by means of two holes which
they made on the shoulder, and whenever anyone went near they found one, two,
or three of them feeding on the grubs, or perched upon the trees in the neigh-
bourhood of the nest. On the I9th the nest was empty.’—E. P. KNuBLey,
Staveley Rectory, Leeds, August 23rd, 1889.

Nov. 1889.

334

THE DATE OF THE OCCURRENCE
OF EMBERIZA CIOIDES AT FLAMBOROUGH.

W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S.,
Natural History Department, Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh}; etc.

In the Appendix to his ‘Manual of British Birds,’ just issued, we
note, under the head of Brandt’s Siberian Bunting (p. 733), that
Mr. Saunders follows Canon Tristram (P.Z.S., 1889, p. 6; ‘ Ibis,’
1889, p. 293) as his authority for the date of the occurrence of this
bird at Flamborough. We, too, following the same authority,
quoted October 1887 in our preliminary notice of this species in
The Naturalist (1889, p. 79); but Mr. Chase, on seeing our note,
made an important communication, in which he not only furnished
our readers with the most complete account of the occurrence that
has yet appeared, but, on the authority of Mr. Matthew Bailey, who
received the bird in the flesh, (and from whom Mr. Chase obtained
it) fixed the date as November 1886 ((Vaturalist, 1889, p. 113).
Recognising the source and nature of this communication, we think
it is not too much to claim for it due consideration, even if it is
denied the official status we attach to it. Under these circumstances
we read, with some surprise, Mr. Saunders’ concluding sentence:
“As a mere detail, it may be mentioned that in Zhe Naturalist for
1889 (p. 113) the date of capture is given as November 1886.’

This note is published in the hope that Mr. Bailey, who alone
can afford the information, will remove the doubt which appears to
rest upon the date of occurrence of the latest addition to the British
and, it is believed, European avifauna.

NOTES AND NEWS.

A new work on European Birds, which from its plan is calculated to be of great
service to ornithologists, is announced for publication by subscription during the
autumn or early spring. It is to be from the pen of Mr. James Backhouse, jun.,
F.Z.S., etc., and will be entitled ‘ A Handbook of European Birds for the use of
Field Naturalists and Collectors.’ Intended mainly for a handy reference-volume,
it is to consist of a series of short general descriptions and brief notes as to distri-
bution and habitat. It is to be 7/6 (plain cloth) or 10/6 (limp calf with flaps for
pocket use) to subscribers, the prices being raised immediately on publication.
a

Local paleontologists will be specially interested in the forthcoming ‘ Catalogue
of British Fossil Vertebrata’ by Messrs. A. Smith Woodward and C. D. Sherborn
(London: Dulau & Co.). References are given to the original specimen and
description of each British species, as well as its geological horizon and localities.
The authors, whose names are a guarantee of thoroughness, have not only con-
sulted the publications of all provincial societies, but visited most of the public and
private museums, and such valuable collections as those at York and Newcastle-
on-Tyne figure largely in the records of type-specimens. The work, consisting
of about 350 pages, will be published at 12s. 6d.; subscription price (before
Ist December), 10s. 6d.

Naturalist,

335

THE DISCOVERY OF
ARENARIA GOTHICA IN WEST YORKSHIRE.

LISTER ROTHERAY,
Skipton.

As stated in the October Watura/ist this plant was discovered by me
at Ribblehead, in West Yorkshire, on the 12th June last. It was
growing in a made road near to the railway bank, but distant from
the latter about twelve to fourteen yards, and very near to the centre
of the roadway, among the road-metal, which consisted of limestone
intermixed with a slaty kind of stone. When first noticed, I was
searching and scanning the roadway and rail bank alternately as I
walked along, when suddenly my eye was attracted to a patch or
two of small bushy plants with large white petals for their size, which
were directly in front of me, and also at my feet. From its habit of
growth, and bushy appearance, I at once knew that it was a new
discovery to me; and on plucking one of the plants and examining it
with my pocket lens, I at first concluded that it was some rare
species of Sagina, quite new to me. Gathering, therefore, a few of
the larger specimens and putting them carefully in my vasculum, I
left the place to search for other treasures.

On my arrival home later in the evening, I made a closer
examination of the plant, and found, to my intense surprise, that it
was not a Sagiva but an Avenarta—a genus distinguished from the
former by its having a lesser number of styles. This being the case,
the question arose in my mind, what species of Avenaria it could be.
From its bushy habit of growth, its succulent stems with short
internodes and its short ~but broad and fleshy pointed leaves, as well
as its showy white flowers, I knew that it was neither 4. serfyd/ifolia,
A. verna, nor A. trinervis, all of which I had gathered beforetime
In this dilemma, I had recourse to Bentham’s and Hooker’s Hand-
books of the British Flora, and after comparing my examination of the
plant’s characteristics with those of Arenaria ciliata therein
described, I at once concluded that my find was none other than
that plant, to which I thought it exactly agreed, with the exception
that the veins on the sepals were not so prominently ribbed, nor the
leaves so blunt or obtuse as figured in the illustrations.

In the belief that the species could not be other than A. céliata,
I, on the 15th of June, gave a specimen of the plant to Mr. H. T.
Soppitt of Bradford, from whom, a few days afterwards, I received
a letter announcing his and Mr. West’s inability to name the plant,

336 ROTHERAY : ARENARIA GOTHICA IN WEST YORKSHIRE.

and urging me to send a specimen to Mr. J. Gilbert Baker of Kew
Herbarium. A specimen was accordingly sent, and in a few days
Mr. Baker wrote, saying that he put the plant under Arenaria
norvegica, but that it differed from the Shetland form of that species
in its looser habit and narrower leaves. He added, however, that
they had plants of the same form as mine from Iceland, gathered
there by Prof. Babington in 1846. At Mr. Baker’s suggestion, I also
sent a specimen plant to Prof. Babington, who concurred with
Mr. Baker in calling it 4. xorvegica, saying that the only difference
was in the longer internodes and laxer habit of growth. A few days
later I despatched another specimen to Mr. F. Arnold Lees, Leeds,
and he also was of the same opinion as Messrs. Baker and Babington,
only he said that ‘its leaves were more pointed and less succulent,
and with longer internodes than usual. It is, too, less smooth, more
rough, like a form of 4. serpyllifolia, but the capsules are larger.
It may be really an altered form of A. norvegica.’ A little later,
however, Mr. Lees seems to have mistrusted or suspected the
correctness of his first determination of the plant as A. norvegica,
and sent two specimens to Mr. W. Whitwell, with a request to submit
them to Mr. Arthur Bennett of Croydon. After looking at the
plants for some time, during which Mr. Bennett and Mr. Whitwell
talked much about them, the former also seemed at first to think
they were true A. zorvegica, nor did he hit upon the true determina-
tion until he compared them with specimens of A. gothica sent him
from Sweden by Prof. Nilsson, the confirmation of this being also
witnessed by Mr. Whitwell, who avers that the correspondence of
both plants to each other was at once apparent and complete.

Such is a concise history of the discovery and determination
of the plant so far as I have been able to obtain it from those to
whom the specimens have been submitted. Whether or not it is
a native of the habitat and place in which it was discovered by me
is a question into which I shail not enter, but leave for further
investigation and consideration to those more competent to deal with
the subject than I am; and to whatever rank the plant may be
ultimately relegated, I sheers trust that its position and place will
be strictly guarded from being made public by those who know of it,
in order that the plant may grow and flourish and be protected from
being annihilated as many others have been. It is a point of no
small distinction to have in West Yorkshire a plant new to the
district, but the distinction is greatly enhanced when it is considered
that the plant in question is not only new to West Yorkshire, but
also to the British Flora, a circumstance which renders it all the
more worthy of protection by all lovers of plant-life.

Naturalist,

337

9 ON THE
VARIETIES OF ARENARIA CILIATA.

J..G.. BAKER, F.Rispeest.s.,
Royal Herbarium, Kew; Ex-President of the Vorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

ARENARIA CILIATA Linn. appears to have been first noticed by Tourne-
fort in his ‘Institutiones’ (p. 243) in the year 1700, under the name of
‘ Arenaria alpina serpyllifolio multicaulis et multiflora.’ Gay notes
that his typical specimen so labelled is still preserved in the herbarium
of the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. When Linnezus planned out in
detail the binomial nomenclature in 1753 (Species Plantarum, ed. 1,
'p. 425) he gave it the very appropriate name of Avenarta ciliata, and
this name has been maintained for the type by all succeeding
authors up to the present day. The typical form has a wide range
of distribution. It extends from Greenland, Spitzbergen, and Nova
Zembla, southward by way of the Jura, Alps, Pyrenees, and Car-
pathians, to Central Spain, North Italy, and Transylvania. In the
mountains of Central Europe it reaches an altitude of 8,000 ft.

The typical form may be described as follows :—<A. ci/ia‘a Linn.
Perennial; stems densely tufted, pubescent, 1-3 in. long, spreading;
leaves oblong or oblanceolate, acute, sessile, narrowed to the base,
1-6 in. long, moderately firm in texture, strongly ciliated in the
lower half of the margin; flowers 1-5 to a stem, on short erect
terminal pedicels; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, } in. long, strongly
three-nerved, ciliated on the edge towards the base ; petals oblanceo-
late, white, a little longer than the sepals; expanded flower 4 in.
diam. ; capsule a little longer than the calyx, dehiscing down to the
base into five lanceolate horny valves; seeds copious, brown,
reniform, rugose.

Figures will be found in ‘Flora Danica,’ tab. 346; English
Botany, tab. 1745; ed. 3, tab. 238; and Reichenbach’s Icones,
tab. 346; and dried specimens in Fries’ Herb. Norm., and several
other published sets of specimens. The plant figured as c#/tafa in
Sibthorp and Smith’s ‘ Flora Greca,’ tab. 438, is a distinct species,
now called A. cretica Spreng. ‘Flora Danica,’ tab. 1269, cited by
Pritzel for A: ciliata, is not the typical form, but 4. norvegica.
A. multicaulis Wulfen in Jacq. Collect. 1, tab. 17, fig. 1 (A. ciliata
var. frigida Koch) is simply a condensed alpine form of ct/zafa, with
narrower closer leaves than in the type, and short usually one-
flowered stems. It is very curious that, although A. ctliata is so
widely spread on the continent, it is absent from Britain, and yet
re-appears on the mountains of Ireland. It was discovered by
Nov. 1889. z

338 BAKER: ON THE VARIETIES OF ARENARIA CILIATA.

_ Dr. Mackay in 1807 on the high limestone ridges of Ben Bulben in
county Sligo, and has since been gathered by Dr. Moore, Mr. Thiselton
Dyer, and many other botanists. It furnishes a unique instance of
a common arctic-alpine plant that behaves in this fashion.

A. aliata var. ? fugax Gren. and Godr. Fl. France, 1, p. 259.
Of course, like the other widely-spread arctic-alpine species, A. ciliata
varies greatly according to situation and elevation, becoming more
dwarf and condensed in high latitudes and at high altitudes, laxer,
with broader leaves and more numerous flowers at lower altitudes.

A plant which grows at the Lac du Joux, in the Jura, has been
much discussed. It was first brought into notice by J. Gay, whose
specimens, gathered in 1840, are now before me. From typical
ciliata, as above described, it differs by its annual or biennial root,
lax stems attaining a length of half a foot, broader, more spread-out,
less distinctly ciliated leaves, and more acute sepals. By Grenier
and Godron it is described as a doubtful variety of 4. ct/iata, under
the name of fugax, and by Grenier in the Bulletin of the Botanical
Society of France, 1869, p. Ixi, it is referred to A. gothica Fries.

Grenier (loc. cit.) writes about it as follows :—‘ Everyone admits
that A. ciliata is perennial. Now, I believe I can affirm that the
plant of the lake of Pont is annual. The examination of the root
and the complete absence of shoots destined to produce flowering
stems another year, separate it clearly from A. ciliata, of which it
has by no means the habit. It has as much the character of an
annual plant as A. serpyllifolia, which grows along with it.’

We have at Kew recent specimens of the same plant from the
same station, received from M. Favrat and Barbey, under the name
of A. ciliata var. laxior = A. gothica Gren. non Fries, but in point
of fact it approximates to the Scandinavian go¢hica very closely.

A, norvegica Gunner, FI. Norveg. ii, 144.—A. norvegica was
characterised as a species by Bishop Gunner as far back as the year
1772. It has not nearly such a wide range of distribution as c/a/a,
being restricted on the continent to Norway and Lapland. As
represented by Fries in Herb. Norm., v. 35, it has a perennial root,
oblanceolate leaves with a glabrous surface and margin, 1-2-headed
short densely-tufted flowering stems, oblong sub-acute glabrous sepals
and petals but little longer than the calyx. The well-known Shetland
plant, figured Engl. Bot., tab. 2852 (ed. iii, tab. 237), quite agrees
with the Herbarium Normale examples. We have it also from
Inch-na-damph in Sutherlandshire, and it is said to have been
gathered in Orkney. We have it also from Spitzbergen, gathered
by Sabine, and from Iceland, gathered by Babington and Sir George
Mackenzie. The Iceland specimens are laxer and taller than the

Naturalist,

CYLINDROSPERMUM MACROSPERMUM NEAR HALIFAX. 339

ordinary form, and I see Nyman cites ‘A. gothica Payk. Hb.
Island.’ under A. ciliata. The plant figured in ‘Flora Danica,’
tab. 1269, is very weak and lax. The English Botany figure is much
more typical and satisfactory.

A. gothica Fries, Novit. Mant. alt., p. 33; Herb. Norm., v. 34;
Fl. Danica Suppl., tab. 15. This was first noticed by Wahlenberg
in 1824 as a variety of c//ata, and was first characterised as a species
by Fries in 1839, who dealt with it as an endemic Gothland species.
It bears the same relation to xorvegica that fugax bears to ciliata.
It has an annual root, many ascending stems 2-3 in. long, spaced-out
oblong acute leaves, glabrous or faintly ciliated on the edge,
1-4 flowers to a stem, oblong acute sepals, petals and capsule
scarcely longer than the calyx. The figure in ‘ Flora Danica’ above
cited is excellent and characteristic.

I visited the Ribblehead station the second week in September,
and found the plant easily from Mr. Rotheray’s direction. Some of
the specimens I cannot distinguish from the Scandinavian gothica ;
others agree more nearly with the Scandinavian and Shetland
norvegica. ‘The plant occupies a small area by the side of a road,
which not long ago has been copiously mended with limestone. It
is associated with Arenaria serpyllifolia and Tussilago Farfara, and
the station is about 600 ft. above sea-level. The locality, standing
alone, is not satisfactory as regards the nativeness of the plant, and I
expect, confidently, that on further search it will be found upon the
limestone cliffs of the neighbouring mountains. Ingleborough,
Penyghent, and Whernside are all three within a few miles of
Ribblehead, and there are vast areas of limestone scars and lime-
stone pavement within a circuit of twenty miles.

To my mind, all the forms which I have enumerated are mere
varieties of one and the same species. From a botanico-geographical
point of view, the whole series of facts is most interesting, especially
the erratic way in which a widely-spread arctic-alpine species is
dispersed in Britain, and the way in which a perennial is modified
into an annual to suit altered circumstances of station. Taking
ciliata as the type, we may regard /rigida and xnorvegica as high
alpine or boreal, and fugax and gothica as low-land forms.

NOTE—ALGA.

Cylindrospermum macrospermum near Halifax.—This beautiful Algze is
now in fine condition in Mapledean Clough, Norland, near Halifax. The spore-
cells are to be seen in all stages of development; also the cilia-like appendages
on the heterocysts. Any member of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union who desires
may have some forwarded on communicating with the writer. —CHAs. CROSSLAND,
4, Coleridge Street, Halifax, July 23rd, 1889.

Nov. 1889.

340
THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT KIRKHAM ABBEY AND ACKLAM BROW.

Tue Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union brought their excursion programme
for 1889 to a close on Wednesday, September 4th, when they paid a
visit to the beautiful valley of the Derwent. The ground was chosen
with a view to bringing all the forces of the Union into play, and lay
entirely in the East Riding. The members from Leeds and the
West were up betimes, reaching Kirkham Station soon after nine |
o'clock. At half-past ten they were joined by the members of the
Malton Society and others. The first move was made to Kirkham
Abbey, which according to Mr. Fowler Jones, was built and endowed
by Walter L’Espec in memory of his only son, killed while out riding
at Firby. .The archway in the gatehouse, in the Early Decorative
period, is a charming piece of work. On the face of it are carved
the arms of Clare, Plantagenet, Roos, and Vaux, the bearings of Clare,
Earl of Gloucester. After a further examination of the ruins, the
Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A.,F.G.S., with whom was Mr. Alfred Harker,
M.A., F.G.S., and about a dozen other geologists, proceeded to
Acklam Brow, whence, notwithstanding the haze, an extensive
view of the surrounding country was obtained. From maak se the
geologists returned by carriage to Malton.

A second party, consisting mainly of conchologists and botanists,
wandered down the river-bank to Howsham Woods, permission having
been granted by Sir Charles Strickland. Here the immense number
and varied colouring of the numerous species of fungi formed a chief
attraction. After ranging the woods, and making them disclose their
hidden treasures, the party ascended the hill to the Lady Ashes on
Spy Hill, where a short halt was called, and a glorious view obtained.
To the left, down by the river-side, lay the Elizabethan pile known
as Howsham Hall, while on the horizon, almost lost in the dim
distance, were seen the two towers of York Minster. On the opposite
side of the valley the grey tower of Crambe Church rose among the
trees, and a little to the right the white spire of Whitwell, and, on
the outskirts of the Castle Howard park, the monument erected to
the memory of George, Earl of Carlisle, caught the eye. The way
now lay through the pretty village of Westow, and thence to Huttons
Ambo Station. Here they were joined by a third party, who, under
the guidance of Mr. T. P. Longster, of Malton, had investigated
Firby Wood, thanks to the kindness of Mr. E. C. Taylor. The
united parties reached Malton by train soon after four o’clock, and
thoroughly enjoyed the tea provided at the Crown Hotel.

At a quarter-past five an adjournment was made to the rooms of

the Literary Society, which had been kindly placed at the disposal of
Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT KIRKHAM ABBEY. 341

the Union. Here, after the sectional meetings had taken place, the
general meeting was held, under the chairmanship of the Rev. W. C.
Hey, M.A., York. The minutes of the previous meeting were taken
as read, and confirmed. The following new members, who had been
duly proposed and seconded, were elected: —J. J. Marshall, Market
Weighton ; J. D. Taylor, Halifax ; James Downe, Malton ; Rev. Wm.
Spiers, M.A., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., etc., Hull, one of the editors of the
“Wesley Naturalist’; William Stonehouse, Whitby ; John T. Stewart,
Scarborough ; and Miss Ada Maria Spiers, Sheffield. The following ten
Societies were represented at the meeting :—Liversedge, Bradford,
Leeds (three societies), York, Malton, Doncaster, Practical
Naturalists’ Society, Harrogate, and Hull Geological Society.
Mr. Robert Cook then proposed a motion, calling upon the mem-
bers of the Union to give their best thanks to Mrs. St. Quintin for
the kind permission which she had given them to visit Kirkham
Abbey; to Sir Charles Strickland, who had allowed them to range
Howsham Woods; and to Mr. E. C. Taylor, for permitting them to
investigate Firby Woods. ‘They were also indebted to the
Rev. E. Maule Cole, Mr. A. H. Taylor, and Mr. T. P. Longster for
their services as guides, and to the several gentlemen who had made
contributions to the programme. ‘Their thanks were also due to the
members of the Malton Literary Institution for the use of their
rooms. The vote of thanks having been seconded by Mr. W. Dixon
of Hull, and put to the meeting, was carried unanimously.

For the Vertebrate Section, its secretary, Mr. James Back-
house, jun., F.Z.S., of York, reported that twenty-three birds (nine-
teen residents and four migrants), four mammals, two amphibians,
and a fish had been reported, the list being as follows :—

Resident Birds. Columba palumbus.
Turdus musicus. Gallinula chloropus.
Turdus merula. Migrants.

Erithacus rubecula. Phylloscopus collybita.

Accentor modularis. Phylloscopus sibilatrix.
Motacilla lugubris. Hirundo rustica.
Troglodytes parvulus. Cotile riparia.

Parus czeruleus.

Parus britannicus. vt Mammals.
: : Shrew.
Linota rufescens.
: my as Mole.
Certhia familiaris. .
Fring} Rabbit.
ringilla ccelebs. H
Pyrrhula europea. “ng
Emberiza citrinella. Amphibia.
Alcedo ispida. Frog.
Corvus corone. Newt.
Corvus monedula. Fish.
Garrulus glandarius. Pike.

Nov. 1889.

342 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT KIRKHAM ABBEY,

For the Conchological Section the report was given by Mr. A. H.
Taylor, of Malton, as follows:—Walking alongside the Derwent
from Kirkham Abbey to Howsham Woods were found Limnea peregra,
Planorbis vortex, and Pl. complanatus in a weedy pond near the
river. In Howsham Woods diligent search was made for Helix
fusca ; the members were compensated for want of success in this
direction by finding Zimax arborum—a species new to the East
Riding. There were also found here:—the four Avions, Limax
maximus, L. agrestis, Succinea putris, Vitrina pellucida, Zonites
cellarius, Z. alliarius, Z. nitidulus, and Z. crystallinus, Helix nemoralts,
Hi. arbustorum, H. sericea, H. rotundata with var. alba, and H. hispida,
Clausilia rugosa and C. laminata, and Zua lubrica. In a roadside
pond near Westow Limnea palustris turned up, and in returning by
the river Derwent were fished up Spherium corneum, Pistdium
pusillum, Bithinia tentaculata, and Ancylus lacustris. Vitrina
pellucida was also amongst the day’s spoils, making a total of
thirty species (including the variety), besides some finds by the
Acklam Brow party, of which no report was furnished to the Section.

The Entomological Section was not represented, and no report
was given, but the occurrence of several common insects was noted,
such as Dyticus marginalis, Polyommatus alexts, etc.

For the Botanical Section Mr. H. T. Soppitt, of Bradford,
reported that about 180 specimens of flowering plants were noted,
amongst which were :—

Actzea spicata, (found in Firby Linaria minor.
Woods, by Mr. Edwin Stoks, Lysimachia vulgaris.
of Leeds). Verbascum thapsus.
Nasturtium amphibium. Rumex hydrolapathum.
Geranium pyrenaicum. Parnassia palustris.
Myriophyllum verticillatum. Poa compressus.
Hottonia palustris. Carex muricata.

Utricularia vulgaris.

No attention whatever was paid to Mosses, Hepaticz, Lichens,
or Algze, but of Fungi about 70 species were observed, including
many that are generally distributed and common. Paxillus involutus
was conspicuous by its absence. Amongst the less common species.
were the following :—

Agaricus (Lepiota) procerus Scop. Russula granulata Cke.
Agaricus (Lepiota) rachodes Vitt. Puccinia sessilis Schneid.

(abundant in Firby Woods). Puccinia baryi B. & Br.
Agaricus (Mycena) acicula Scheeff. Chlorosplenium zeruginosum (Flo. Dan.)
Agaricus (Mycena) luteo-albus Bolb. Lachnea hemispherica Wigg. (Several
Agaricus (Pholiota) pumilus Fr. pretty specimens of which were
Agaricus (Inocybe) obscurus. found in Howsham Wood by Mr. W.
Agaricus (Inocybe) fastigiata. Denison Roebuck. )

Lactarius pallidus Fr.

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT KIRKHAM ABBEY. 343

For the Section of Micro-Zoology and Micro-Botany, its
secretary, Mr. J. M. Kirk, of Doncaster, reported that the organisms
found between Kirkham Abbey and Huttons Ambo, in the small
streams, were as follows :—

Rotatoria. Fpistilis anastatica.
Floscularia ornata. Dileptus folium.
Stephanoceros eichornii. Amphileptus fasciola.
Pterodina patina. Chilodon cucullulus.
Lindia torulosa. Arcella vulgaris.
Diglena lacustris. Chzetomonas globulus.
Melicerta ringens. Carchesium polypinum.
Rotifer vulgare. Uvella virescens.
Hydatina senta. Crustacea.
Megalotracha flavicans. Gammarus pulex.

Infusoria. Entomostraca.
Vaginicola crystallina. Cyclops quadricornis.
Trochilia sigmoides. Diatomacee.

Loxodes bursaria.

Pinnularia (various).
Scyphidia rugosa.

Desmidiacez.
Chetonarus larus. é
Paramecium aurelia. Closterium lunula.
Vorticella microstoma. Confervoidee.
Nassula elegans. Volvox globator (spores).
Epipyxis utriculus. Gonium pectorale.

For the Geological Section, its president and leader, the
Rey. E. Maule Cole, M.A., F.G.S., conducted a party of ladies and
gentlemen, in the first instance, to the quarries at Westow, where the
Millepore, or Whitwell Limestone of the Lower Oolites has been
largely quarried on both sides of the road to Pocklington. The
limestone was found to be intensely oolitic in structure, most of the
grains being globular or oval, but a few curiously elongated. The
blocks, as usual, were blue-hearted inside, very similar to the beds at
North Cave, the outer drab-coloured coating, several inches thick,
being due to oxydation. Several fossils were obtained, amongst them
a Gervillia, Lima, Pecten lens and fibrosus(?) small Phasianella,
Tsocardia, and Cardium, the so-called ‘Millepore’ not being found.
Crossing the Abbey Lands of Lower Lias, the party next proceeded
to a spur of the Oolites, running from Gally Gap to Leavening.
The latter village stands on a terrace of Lower Calcareous Grit, resting
on Oxford Clay, and supported by Kellaways Rock, which is visible
just below the village on the left. Above the village a beautiful
limpid stream of water was seen, issuing from the base of the Chalk,
and it was pointed out by the leader that similar streams are frequent
all round the outer margin of the Wolds, whilst on the inner or
Eastern side, only two are to be found, viz., at Duggleby, and at
Nov. 1889.

344 NOTES AND NEWS.

Thixendale. A move was next made to the scene of the landslip on
Leavening Brow, where there is an exposure of Red Chalk, with
a trace of Neocomian (6 in.) below. The latter is, doubtless, not in
situ, but is easily recognised as the bed described by Mr. W. Hill,
(Q.Y.G.S., No. 175), ‘yellowish-brown sandy material, with quartz,
and dark-coloured oolitic grains and nodules of Ironstone showing
oolitic structure.’ Mr. Cole then led the way to the top of Woonig
Nab, between Leavening and Acklam, whence a magnificent view,
described in the circular, may be seen under favourable conditions.
Unfortunately, on the present occasion, there was a thick haze, which
quite concealed the glories of the scene. Ascending to the top of
the Wolds (751 ft.) several large tumuli and entrenchments were
pointed out and briefly described, and then a move was made across
the fields, to show the characteristic features of the scenery produced
by the geological formation in the shape of Nabs. The base of the
Chalk is at this point 500 ft. above sea-level. On the sides of the
Wolds, facing north, terraces of Lower Calcareous Grit are to be seen,
exactly similar to the Nabs which appear on the Northern slopes of
the Tabular Hills. The top of each nab, or projecting spur, is com-
posed of Lower Calcareous Grit, the sides of Oxford Clay; and the
base of Kellaways Sand Rock. On one of these nabs, the site of an
ancient castle of the Fossards, built more than 700 years ago, was
pointed out; no trace, however, of this now remains. After a very
enjoyable walk, the party returned to Leavening, and thence, in
carriages, to Malton.

A hearty vote of thanks to the chairman, proposed by Mr. J. M.
Kirk, of Doncaster, and seconded by Mr. T. J. Blanche, Secretary of
the Malton Natural History Society, concluded the meeting.—E.P.K.

2 NOTES AND NEWS.

There is a serious erratum in the note on the derivation of mushroom at p. 278
of our September number. The word ‘kori’ (thorn) was printed ‘kot,’ which
latter does not exist in the gypsey tongue.

In the September number of our Liverpool contemporary ‘ Research,’ our
valued friend, Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., has an interesting and remarkably
well-illustrated article on the ‘Geology of Scarborough and District,’ being the
fifth of a series of articles on the scientific aspects of health resorts.

ee ae

Referring to the notice of the ‘ Fourstones’ at Bentham, given at p. 311 of
our current volume, Mr. R. R. Balderston (whose opinion coincides with that
expressed by Mr. Hardcastle), writes to disclaim having reported it as an
Erratic, although he had entered it under the heading ‘Isolated Boulder’ in
a printed schedule furnished by the Boulder Committee.

i

The forthcoming issue of a new bird-book is announced. It is to be entitled
‘ British Water Birds, an introduction to their Study,’ and is from the pen of our
old contributor, Rev. H. A. Macpherson, M.A., of Carlisle. It is to be illustrated
by plates drawn by Mr. F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, and special attention will be
paid to descriptions of the young and nestling birds.

Naturalist,

345
THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT NEWCASTLE.

Rey. E. P. KNUBLEY, M.A., M.B.O.U.,

Rector of Staveley; Delegate representing the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union on the
General Committee of the Association.

To the Executive Council of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

GENTLEMEN,—There is, happily, no lack of material on which to
base a report of the British Association Meeting in Newcastle in so
far as its proceedings affect Yorkshire.

Four societies in the county were represented officially, viz. :—
Leeds Geological Association, in the person of Mr. S. A. Adamson,
F.G.S.; Malton Field Naturalists’ and Scientific Society, by Mr. M. B,
Slater, F.L.S.; Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society, by
Mr. J. W. Davis, F.G.S. (though only in name, for he was not present) ;
and the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union by your Delegate. In addition
to the above, the following Yorkshiremen served on one or other of the
Sectional Committees :—J. G. Baker, F.R.S., F.L.S.; Sir I. Lowthian
meu Bart., ~D:C:L.,;' F.R.S.,: F.C.S. ee iBrook; FiL.S:'; “PreiAZ
Denny, F.LS.; T. Fairley, F.R.SaC) P. Hobkirk,” FILS. ;
Prof. A.\Lupton, M. Inst. C.E., F.G.SaeS: Lupton, M.A. : Prof. L.
C. Miall, F.G.S. ; Canon Isaac Taylor, D.D.; Prof. W.C. Williamson,
LL.D., F.R.S.; and J. W. Woodall, M.A., F.G.S.

Every member of the General Committee was presented with
three handbooks. In that which treated of the ‘Geology and
Natural History of Northumberland and Durham,’ we could not fail
to be pleased with the tribute which was paid in the introduction to
‘the very useful yearly Bibliographical lists, relating to North
Country Natural History and Geology which Zhe Naturalist has
contained of late years.’

The first conference of delegates of Corresponding Societies was
held on Thursday, September 12th, under the presidency of Mr. F.
Galton, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S.; the Corresponding Societies’
Committee being further represented by Prof. Lebour, F.G.S.,
secretary ; Mr. W. Whitaker, B.A., @oR-S., F.G.S.,-and Mr." W.
Topley, F.R.S., F.G.S., A:1.C.E.

The Chairman said it must be satisfactory to the delegates that,
by the utility of their proceedings, and the business-like way in
which such proceedings were conducted, they were gradually growing
into an important and integral part of the British Association. He
thought it would be better for them to follow the precedent of last
Nov. 1889.

346 KNUBLEY: THE BRITiSH ASSOCIATION.

year, and that he should begin by moving that the report of the
Corresponding Societies’ Committee to the General Committee
should be taken as read. ‘This was carried.

This report contained the following paper by Professor Bayley
_ Balfour, which is too valuable to omit or condense.

LIFE-HISTORIES OF NATIVE Puants. ‘Suggestions for those
studying the Life-histories of British Flowering Plants :—

‘zt. Seeds should be collected, and opportunity may be taken at
the time of collection to note how they are disseminated in nature—
whether the fruit opens or not, whether they have appendages for
promoting transport by animals or otherwise, whether they have
colour or other features of attraction, etc.

‘2. The seeds being sown, their germination should be watched;
its rapidity and manner noted. The variations and differences
between albuminous and ex-albuminous seeds are worthy of special
note. The movement of the parts of the embryo in germination
until it acquires its fixed position are also deserving of study.
Further, the form of the parts of the embryo is various and
instructive.

‘3. The development of the seedling into the adult can be
readily watched in annuals and biennials and smaller perennials.
The succession of leaves after the cotyledons should be noted, and
the forms which the leaves assume, and their positions and spread.
The relative succession of buds in or adjacent to the axils of the
later leaves and of the cotyledons should be observed, as also the
ultimate fate of the buds developed. ‘This will give a clue to the
branching of the main axis of the plant upon which its whole form
and habit depend.

‘4. An important point to look at in the development is the
amount, character, and position of any clothing of hairs the seedling
may possess.

‘5. The development of the underground part of the seedling
must not be neglected. The continuance of the primary root and
its branching or its replacement by adventitious roots are points for
particular attention, and also the formation upon it of any
excrescences or buds. A sufficient number of seedlings must be
grown to allow of proper study of these features.

‘6. The form of branching of the stem and leaves may be
studied in the mature plant, which may be gathered wild. The
formation of false axes should be specially looked for, and the
complex relations often resulting from branching, may be worked out
upon the young top of a mature plant. It is not necessary to wait
for the maturing of the seedling, but reference back to the seedling

Naturalist,

KNUBLEY : THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 347

will show whether any observed relations are of late or early
development in the life-history.

‘7. In the case of perennials, the mode of perenniation is an
interesting feature for observation, as well as the methods of
vegetative propagation. In some cases the two processes are merged
in one. Properly to understand perenniation the perenniating
portions must be examined at all periods of the resting season, as
well as when they are starting anew into vegetative activity.
Seedlings of perenniating plants watched during two or three seasons,
will give a clue towards elucidation of the development.

‘8. When the seedlings begin to form flowers the relation of the
flower-shoots to the vegetative organs should be noted, and especially
their sequence with reference to vegetative shoots. The succession
of the flowers should be noted, as of course should be their structure
and their adaptations to proper pollination. Many seedlings will
not, of course, flower for years, and the sequence of flowers in such
plants—and, indeed, in all cases—may be well traced in the mature
plant growing wild.

‘g. After flowering and pollination, the development of fruit
must be studied. The parts concerned in forming fruit, the adapta-
tions to scattering of the fruit or seed, are points to be precisely
noted.

‘to. The presence and position of any nectar-secreting structures,
outside as well as inside the flower, are of much significance, and
they should be carefully studied.

‘rr. In connection with every point observed of structure and
development, the observer should ask himself—Why is this? What
is this for? and endeavour to obtain some answer to the query.

‘y2. A series of observations upon a specific plant made by a
careful observer will enable him or her to draw up a complete history
of its life, such as is hardly to be found recorded at the present day.

‘I may add, as a corollary, that an interesting field for observa-
tion, which local societies might do good work in, is that of the
relation of plants to animals as food-plants. Some are discarded by
browsing animals, others are preferred, and there are degrees of
favouritism. Is there any principle of selection ?’

The Chairman next invited the delegates to make statements
respecting the work done by the committees appointed last year, or
in connection with other subjects referred to in the report.

A CaTALOGUE oF ANCIENT MOoNuMENTs.—Mr. W. Gray,
M.R.I.A., said that at the request of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field
Club, he had prepared a catalogue of the monuments and settle-
ments of the counties of Antrim and Down, and he had prepared
Nov. 1889.

348 KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION.

maps on which they were marked in accordance with the recognised
code of signals adopted by the International Congress on Archeology
a few years ago.

Mr. John Evans, F.R.S., said the Society of Antiquaries had
undertaken an archeological survey of the country, and they
intended to publish maps showing all the pre-historic monuments
and remains.

GEOLOGICAL PHOTOGRAPHS.—Your delegate, speaking on behalf
of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, referred to the Boulder Com-
mittee, which had this year submitted some fifty reports to the
British Association ; to the Yorkshire Fossil Flora Committee, which
worked on the same lines as the British Association Committee ; to
the lately-formed Sea-Coast Erosion Committee, and to the Marine-
Zoology Committee; and then proposed the formation of a
Committee to arrange for a collection of photographs illustrating
the geological features of each county of the United Kingdom.
This gave rise to a long discussion, in which Mr. John Evans,
Mr. Adamson, Rev. H. H. Winwood, The Dempster Gill, Mr. W.
Grey, and Mr. Jeffs, the originator of this movement, took part. As
the Chairman held that such a resolution could not be- brought
before that meeting, it was informally agreed to bring the matter
before the Committee of the Geological Section.

GEOLOGICAL REcoRD.—Mr. W. Topley appealed to the Pees.
to bring the publication of the Geological Records before their
respective Societies, and urge them to give it greater pecuniary
support.

EarTH TREMORS.—Professor Lebour spoke of the work of the
Earth Tremors Committee, and said that the spot selected for the
instruments was too near the sea, and not suitable for the experiments.
They were having a new set of instruments made, and placed in
another position. They were just ready for observation, but no
observation had yet been made. In reply to questions he said that
two instruments would be placed underground and two on the
surface, so that for the first time the observations would be taken
simultaneously. The readings were automatic, and taken con-
tinuously. This concluded the business.

On Monday, the 16th, twenty-five of the delegates and their
friends dined at the County Hotel, Mr. W. Topley occupying the
chair.

The second Conference took place on Tuesday, the 17th, under
the presidency of Mr. W. Topley. After the minutes of the
preceding meeting had been read by Prof. Lebour, the following
subjects were brought before the Conference :—

Naturalist,

KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 349

TEMPERATURE VARIATION IN LAKES, RIVERS, AND ESTUARIES.
—Dr. H. R. Mill, of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, drew
attention to the report of the Committee on the Surface Temperature
of Rivers and Estuaries, and said he should be glad if the delegates
present representing societies which had not yet seen their way to
take up the work of making observations on the waters in their own
neighbourhood, would endeavour to find out some of their members
who would be able and willing to make such observations. If they
would communicate with him, instructions would be immediately
sent out for setting the observations a-going.

Mr. J. Brown, of the Belfast Natural History Society, thought
the work might be taken up by the rainfall observers.

Mr. A. S. Reid, M.A., said that the East Kent Natural History
Society had taken up the work.

UNDERGROUND Warters.—Mr. De Rance said that the Com-
mittee was appointed to inquire into the water obtained from the
New Red Sandstone and Permian formations, as a source of water-
supply to towns. A series of questions had been drawn up, which
practically grasped the whole subject, and they would be supplied to
those provincial secretaries who might desire to have them.

Erratic Biocks.—Dr. Crosskey, in presenting his seventeenth
Report to the Geological Section, stated that care should be taken
to note the point of origin of the boulders, their elevation and
distribution, and whether they ever occurred in relation to shell-beds,
and said that their position should eventually be marked on contour
maps. He held up the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union as an example
for other counties to follow. In answer to Mr. W. Grey, Mr. De
Rance said it was important that the boulders of Ireland should be
recorded in the same manner as they were in England, and suggested
that a Committee might be formed in Ireland, which would eventually
be amalgamated with the present English Committee.

Sea-Coast Erosion.—Mr. W. Topley asked local societies to
note how far the rate of erosion had been accelerated by artificial
means, such as by the removal of shingle, the erection of buildings,
or by sea-walls constructed on false principles. He asked them to
consult old plans, documents, and deeds, and suggested that local
observers might take measurements from some known spot to the
sea, and in a year or two take other observations, and by this means
ascertain the amount of erosion which was taking place.

GEOLOGICAL PHOTOGRAPHS.—Prof. Lebour said that the recom-
mendation which had been sent from their last meeting had been
received with the greatest unanimity by the Committee of the
Geological Section. They had appointed a Committee for making
Nov. 1889.

350 KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION,

a Geological Photographic Survey of the United Kingdom, with
Prof. Geikie as chairman and Mr. O. W. Jeffs as secretary.
Mr. Adamson was also on this Committee. This was a matter in
which local societies could render valuable aid, for it required some
person on the spot to take photographs of fleeting sections, such as
those exposed in railway cuttings. It was intended to keep a
register of all photographs which were accepted by the Committee.

The Committee of the Biological Section was represented by
your delegate, who was authorised to bring two subjects before the
Meeting.

DISAPPEARANCE OF NaTIVE PLants.—The work of this Com-
mittee had been restricted hitherto to Scotland, and the attention of
its correspondents had been confined to complete or threatened
extinction. They found that injudicious actions of botanists them-
selves and of botanical exchange clubs had been a potent factor in
the changes which had taken place, and that the ‘dealer’ and
‘collector’ figured largely, especially in connection with the dis-
appearance of ferns. They felt, however, that neither local dealers
nor their customers were, as a rule, amenable to any ordinary
appeal, or to sentimental considerations, and would suggest, there-
fore, that the local Natural History Societies or Field Clubs should
keep careful guard over any rare plants to be found within their
respective spheres of action, and by appeal to the owner, or in other
preferable way, should endeavour to effect their preservation.

INVERTEBRATE FAUNA AND CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF THE
FRESH-WATERS OF THE BRITISH ISLES.—This was a new Committee,
with Canon Norman as chairman and Prof. J. C. Ewart as secretary.
Its object was to make a systematic investigation of the minute
animal and vegetable life of our inland waters. There was an
immense amount of latent microscopical energy in the country,
which this Committee might be the means of calling forth and
directing. Observers were requested to note the physical features
of the stream or lake which they studied, and to take the temperature
at different periods of the year, and in the case of lakes, at various
depths.

HanbDBooxs To Museums.—Mr. John Brown (Belfast) thought
it would be useful if the local societies would draw up notes on
some of the more interesting objects in their museums, that visitors
might know at once what were the chief features to which they
should direct their attention.

GEOGRAPHY.—Signor J. Batalha-Reis, delegate from the Lisbon
Geographical Society, spoke of the good scientific results which

might follow from a conference of the Geographical Societies of the
Naturalist,

KNUBLEY : THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 351

world, for geography included all the sections of the British
Association.

Mininc InstiTuTEs.— Prof. Lebour said the Committee on
Explosives was now in full working order. They had taken up the
work of examining the properties of so-called flameless explosives,
the main object of which was a philanthropic one. They wished to
avoid the possibility of a flame being projected from a blown-out
shot in an atmosphere laden with flying particles of dust. If coal-
dust was there, it would carry an explosive further than it would
otherwise go, and change what might be a comparatively trifling
accident into a catastrophe of a very destructive character. There
was another Committee, consisting of the Mining Institutions of the
North of England, of the Midlands, and of South Wales, which had
joined together for the purpose of carrying out a series of experi-
ments with fans. The reports of that joint committee were of very
great value to engineers, not only connected with mines, but with
other works requiring artificial ventilation. They would be exceed-
ingly glad to receive any hints or information which would tend to
the better securing of the objects he had mentioned.

Tumvuti.—Dr. Garson, who represented the Anthropological
Section, requested that before any burrow or tumulus were opened,
a paper containing a series of directions should be obtained from
the Anthropological Institute, Hanover Square, London, in order
that no object of interest should be overlooked.

Status OF DELEGATES.—Prof. Lebour proposed a resolution to
the effect that the relation of delegates to the Sectional Committees,
as at present constituted, was unsatisfactory, and should be recon-
sidered by the Corresponding Societies’ Committee. Your delegate
seconded the motion, which was carried, and the proceedings closed.

At the meeting of the General Committee, held on Monday, the
16th, it was agreed that the next meeting of the Association should
commence at Leeds, on Wednesday, the 3rd of September, 1890,
under the presidency of Sir F. A. Abel, C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S.

The Report of the Committee on the Migration of Birds, of which
Mr. John Cordeaux is secretary, which was appointed at Bath to make
a digest of the observations on Migration of Birds at Lighthouses and
Lightvessels, which have been carried on during the past nine years,
was read in the Biological Section by your delegate. The Committee
reported that one of their number, Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, had under-
taken to prepare the digest of the observations. They felt that no
apology was necessary for the non-completion of the digest this year,
and they respectfully solicited their re-appointment with the same
object as before.

Nov. 1889.

352 NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA.

The following papers, which are of interest to Yorkshire
naturalists, were read in their respective sections :—
J. G. Baker.—The Occurrence of Avenaria norvegica in Yorkshire.

R. TrppeMaN.—On Concurrent Faulting and Deposit (Craven, —

Yorkshire), with a note on Carboniferous Reefs.

G. W. LampLucH.—Report on an Ancient Sea Beach near
Bridlington.

Dr. H. W. Crosskry.—Report on Erratic Blocks (this Report
contained particulars of about fifty erratics supplied by the Yorkshire
Boulder Committee).

G. W. LampLucH.—Note on a new locality for the Arctic Shell-
beds of the Basement Boulder Clay on the Yorkshire Coast.

Many of the subjects touched upon in the above report are
beyond the scope of our Union, but there are others in which we
are well qualified to render assistance. We have already four
Committees working in harmony with the British Association, and
the writer hopes that the Council will, at the annual meeting at Hull,
recommend the formation of three more Yorkshire Committees :—

1. To collect information as to the Disappearance of Native
Plants from their Local Habitats.

2. To investigate the Invertebrate Fauna and Cryptogamic
Flora of the Fresh Waters.

3. To make a Photographic Geological Survey of the County.

September 26th, 1889. —————————

NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA.

Colias edusa near Scarborough.—I have to record the capture of a very
good specimen of the Clouded Yellow Butterfly, on 15th Sept., in Mr. W.
Rowntree’s garden at Westwood, Scarborough.—A. H. BurTT, 47, Newborough,
Scarborough, Oct. 24th, 1889.

Colias edusa near Lincoln.—Seeing notices in your pages of Colias edusa
having been caught in Yorkshire, I may mention that on the 29th of August
I caught one near Lincoln, a male. It was a small but-good specimen. On the
following day I saw another, not a quarter of a mile away from where the first was
caught, but was not fortunate enough to catch it. Since then, although I visited
the spot once or twice, I have not seen another one.—W. HAWKER SMITH,
95, Adelaide Road, South Hampstead, N.W., October 2nd, 1889.

Variation in Arctia mendica at Huddersfield.— At the meeting of the
Entomological Society of London, held July 3rd, 1889, Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited
a remarkable series of Avctza mendica L., bred from a small batch of eggs found
on the same ground at Grimescar, Huddersfield, as the batch from which the
series he had previously exhibited before’the Society was bred. This year he had
bred forty-five specimens, none of which were of the ordinary form of the species :
as in the former case, the eggs were found perfectly wild, and the result this year
was even more surprising than before. —W. W. Fow er, Hon. Sec.

Acherontia atropos in Notts. —The larve of this species are unusually
abundant this year. A friend secured three examples, and while he was telling
me of this, one was brought to me. On placing it in a flower-pot of moist earth
it burrowed almost immediately, leaving a large hole to mark the place of its
retirement. A pupa obtained soon after I placed on the surface of the earth in
the same pot and lightly covered it, but it soon kicked the clothes off, and
persistently refuses to be covered, except to a small extent at the head_end.—
W. A. GAIN, Tuxford, September 24th, 1889. Naturalis

No. 173. DECEMBER 1889.

‘Z {|

)

| \ | wes \,

he il
fe WW

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGL AND.

CONDUCTED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS,,

Sunny Bank, Leeds;

WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF

J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.,
Royal Herbarium, Kew ; Dewsbury ;
W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEORGE T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
Museum of Science & Art, Edinburgh ; Greenfield House, Huddersfield ;
ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. BARWELL TURNER, F.C.S., F.R.M.S.,
St. John’s College, Cambridge ; 38, Sholebroke Avenue, Leeds.
Gonfents: a
Lincolnshire Sand and Clay Plants—fev. William Fowler, M.A. .. of 353 to 355
The Date of the Occurrence of Emberiza cioides at Flamborough—/lV. Eagle
Clarke, F.L.S., M.B.0.U. . a A B e, a 356
Shells of the Lincolnshire Coast_/. Wallis : Ka FE. s. oF - 357 to 365

Is the Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) Double-brooded ?—W., Lagle Clarke, M.A.,
M.B.O.U.; F. S. Mitchell, M.B.0.U.; Rev. &. P. Knubley, M.A,,
M.B.0.U.; Rev. R. A. Summerfield, B.A.; Edgar R. Waite; F. B.
Whitlock; Basil Carter; Wm. Hodgson, A.LS.; F. R. Fitzgerald, M.C.S.;

_ Riley Fortune; FG. S. Rawson; Fohn Ward; GW.Smith .. Sy .. 366 to 373

Note—Geology . Se a Me 355
Shap Granite Boulders near Bann Foks Coven M. B. 0. U~.

Note—Hepaticz ~ 2 a .. re Py 355
Cephalozia ee oe near Dew Nip ee as Tise:

Note—Ornithology .. us 356
Nightingales near ramet — Bio E. P. iiensibiey, Mu. atts MB. 0. U.

Notes—Fishes .. ag 356

Muller’s Taplbuiot off the Wershire Coast— ae Paieies, MB. 0. U. ; The
Porbeagle Shark on the Cumbrian Coast—Rev. H. A. Macpherson, M..A.,
M.B.0.U.

Title-page, Preface, and Index to the Volume.

LONDON:
LoveLt REEvE & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREEY, COVENT GARDEN, E.C.
McCorquopaLe & Co. LIMITED, CARDINGTON STREET, EUSTON ;

AND
Leeps: BASINGHALL STREET.

All Gospnunkernr should be Addressed :—
The Editors of ‘The Naturalist,’
Sunny Bank, Leeds.

PRICE SIXPENCE (by Post, Sevenpence).
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (from the OFFICE only), 5s., post free.

The NATERALIST

SS eee

Authors’ Reprints.—15 copies of the Naturalist are given to authors
of papers exceeding 3 pages. Reprints may be had at the following rates, if the
order is given on returning proof: 50 copies, 4 pp. 4/6; 8 pp. 5/6; 12 pp. 7/-3
16 pp. 8/6; 100 copies, 4 pp. 7/- ; 8 pp. 8/6; 12 pp. 11/-; 16 pp. 13/6; 200 copies,
4 pp. 9/6; 8 pp. 11/-; 12 pp. 16/-; 16 pp. 18/-. Covers charged extra—Plain
Covers, 50 copies, -/9; 100 copies, 1/6; 200 copies, 2/6; Printed Covers, 50
copies, 2/- ; 100 copies, 3/- ; 200 copies, 4/6.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Cumbld. and Westld. Assoc.—Trans., No. 14, 1888-1889, 8vo. [The Association.
Alford Nautralists’ Society.—Report for year 1880. [The Society.
Torrey Bot. Club.—Bulletin, Vol. 16, No. 10, Oct. 18809. [T. D. A. Cockerell.
Trenton Nat. Hist. Society.—Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, Jan. 1889. [The Society.
‘ Naturalists’ Gazette’ Series of Label Lists.—British Land and Fresh-Water
Shells; British Starfishes, Sea Urchins, and Sea Cucumbers; British Butter-
flies; British Dragonflies; British Stalk-eyed Crustaceans; British Birds’
Eggs. [W. Harcourt Bath.
Robert Fisher—Flower-Land : an Introduction to Botany. 8vo, cloth, 240 pp.,
1889. [Bemrose & Sons, publishers.

H. Saunders—Illustrated Manual of British Birds, Parts 15 to 20, 1889.
[Gurney & Jackson, publishers.
Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 8, No. 40, October 1889. [Mineralogical Society.
Il Naturalista Siciliano, ann. 8,n. 12, Settembre 1889. [Signor Enrico Ragusa..
Nat. Hist. Journ., No. 116, Nov. 15, 1889. _[J. E. Clark & others, Editors, York.
Science Gossip, No. 299, for Nov. 1889. [Messrs. Chatto & Windus, publishers.
The Midland Naturalist, No. 143, for Nov. 1889. [Birmingham Nat. Hist. Soc.
Research, monthly illust. journ. of science, No. 17, Nov. 1889. [A.N.Tate, editor.
The Young Naturalist, Part 119, for Nov. 1889. [Mr. John E. Robson, editor.
The Zoologist, 3rd Series, Vol. 13, No. 155, Nov. 1889. [J. E. Harting, Editor.

Crown 8vo0, with Map, and Coloured Plate by Keulemans.
Price 7s. 6d. net.

THE BIRDS OF CUMBERLAND.

REV. H. A. MACPHERSON, M.A., M.B.O.U.,

AND
WILLIAM DUCKWORTH.
CARLISLE -..+ + Messrs. THURNAM, ENGLIsH STREET.

This work, warmly praised in ‘ Nature’ and * The Ibis,’ is zo¢ a dry catalogue, but an account
of the habits of the Dunlin, Dotterel, Sandwich Tern, Pied Flycatcher, and other birds charac-
teristic of the Lake counties, written from the authors’ field-notes. It is the only modern hand-
book to the birds of the North-West of England. Only a few copies remain unsold, and the price
will be raised shortly to 12s. Single copies can be obtained from Messrs. Thurnam, or direct
from Rev. H. A. Macpherson, 20, Cecil Street, Carlisle.

Addresses wanted.—The Editors of the Natzvalist would be glad to learn
the present addresses of the following gentlemen :—
Mr. John Aitchison (formerly of Belford, Northumberland).
Mr. T. E. Denham (formerly of Rotherham and afterwards of Huddersfield).
Rev. Isaac Harding (Wesleyan minister, last at Mere Beck, Long Preston).
Rey. Adrian Peacock (formerly of Barkingside, Ilford, Essex).

Improved Egg Drills (2 sizes) and Metal Blowpipe with instructions 1/3 free.
‘Hints on Egg Collecting and Nesting,’ illustrated, 3d. free. Birds’ Skins,
Eggs (side-blown and in clutches with date), Lepidoptera, Ova, Larvze, and Pupz,
Artificial Eyes, and all kinds of Naturalists’ Requisites. -Lists, one stamp. All
specimens, &c., sent out ‘on approval.’

J. & W. DAVIS (Naturalists), DARTFORD, Kent.

The cheapest dealer in Birds, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells,
etc., is John Eggleston, Park Place, Sunderland. Lists free.

ee ae ee ee a a ee

353
LINCOLNSHIRE SAND AND CLAY PLANTS.

Rev. WILLIAM FOWLER, M.A.,
Vicar of Liversedge, Yorkshire; Vice-President of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

In addition to the maritime and moorland sand-plants mentioned in
former papers, there are several others occurring on the diluvial and
alluvial strata which overlie the older formations, of which it may
be well to give a list. Such strata are found on the Chalk Wolds
and on the Oolitic hills, as well as on lower levels in the neighbour-
hood of Spilsby, Horncastle, Tattershall, and Sibsey near Boston.
In some places stiff clay prevails, in others sand, or a mixture of
sand and gravel, so that often within a few miles the character of
the Flora altogether changes.

On the Clays are found :—

Anemone nemorosa. Lysimachia nemorum.
Ranunculus Ficaria. Anagallis arvensis.
Cardamine pratensis. Scrophularia nodosa.
Senebiera Coronopus. Veronica hederifolia.
Viola sylvatica. Lamium Galeobdolon.
Angelica sylvestris. Ajuga reptans.

Dipsacus sylvestris. Plantago major.
Scabiosa succisa. Listera ovata.

Pulicaria dysenterica. Epipactis latifolia.
Achillea Ptarmica. Carex glauca.
Tussilago Farfara. Carex panicea.

Arctium majus. Deeschampsia czspitosa.
Hieracium boreale. Bromus giganteus.
Primula vulgaris. Bromus asper.
Lysimachia vulgaris. Ophioglossum vulgatum.
Lysimachia Nummularia. Equisetum maximum.

The above plants seem not only to grow on stiff clay, but to
prefer it, so far as my experience goes, not only in Lincolnshire, but
also in other counties.

On the sandy tracts we find :—

Papaver Argemone. Erophila vulgaris.
Sawcliffe. Sisymbrium Thaliana.
Papaver hybridum. Sawcliffe. Bromby.
Corydalis claviculata. Sisymbrium Sophia.
Tattershall. Frodingham.

Dec. 1889. y

354

Senebiera didyma. Ferriby.
Lepidium campestre.
Lepidium Smithii.
Teesdalia nudicaulis.
Polygala vulgaris.

Silene anglica. Sandy lanes,
near Gainsborough.

Cerastium semidecandrum.
Arenaria trinervia.
Arenaria serpyllifolia.
Sagina ciliata.

Sagina nodosa.

Spergula arvensis.
Hypericum humifusum.
Hypericum pulchrum.
Radiola linoides.

Geranium columbinum.
Corby. Morton.

Erodium cicutarium.
Genista anglica.

Ulex europzus.

Ononis repens.

Ononis spinosa.
Trifolium arvense.
Ornithopus perpusillus.
Potentilla Tormentilla.
Alchemilla arvensis.
Saxifraga tridactylites.
Saxifraga granulata.
Sedum acre.

Peplis Portula.
Epilobium angustifolium.
Conium maculatum.
Conopodium denudatum.

Anthriscus vulgaris.
Tattershall.

Daucus Carota.

Caucalis nodosa.

Galium verum.

FOWLER: LINCOLNSHIRE SAND AND CLAY PLANTS.

Galium saxatile.

Galium tricorne.

Erigeron acre.

Filago germanica.

Filago minima.
Matricaria Chamomilla.
Senecio sylvaticus.
Carlina vulgaris.

Carduus nutans.
Onopordon Acanthium.
Centaurea Cyanus.
Arnoseris pusilla, Laughton.
Lactuca virosa. Saltfleetby.
Jasione montana.
Specularia hybrida.
Calluna Erica.

Erica Tetralix.

Erica cinerea.

Pyrola minor. Market Rasen.
Erythrea Centaurium.
Cynoglossum officinale.
Lycopsis arvensis.
Myosotis collina.
Myosotis versicolor.
Echium vulgare.
Solanum nigrum.
Hyoscyamus niger.
Linaria Elatine.

Linaria spuria.

Digitalis purpurea.
Rhinanthus major.
Galeopsis Ladanum.
Galeopsis dubia. Twigmoor.
Teucrium Scorodonia.
Plantago Coronopus.
Scleranthus annuus.
Polygonum Hydropiper.
Rumex Acetosella.

Naturalist,

Laughton.

NOTES—GEOLOGY AND HEPATIC, 355

Urtica urens.

Salix ambigua.

Salix repens.

Salix repens var. argentea.
Juncus bufonius.
Juncus squarrosus.
Scirpus setaceus.
Carex arenaria.

Carex muricata.
Agrostis canina.
Agrostis alba.

Agrostis vulgaris.

Aira caryophyllea.

Aira przecox.
Deeschampsia flexuosa.

Molinia czrulea. .
Poa compressa.
Festuca myurus.
Festuca ovina.
Festuca rubra.
Nardus stricta.
Hordeum murinum.
Pteris aquilina.
Lomaria Spicant.
Athyrium Filix-fcemina.
Lastrza Oreopteris.
Howsham, Laughton.
Lastrzea Filix-mas.
Lastrea dilatata.
Botrychium Lunaria.
Lycopodium clavatum.

Laughton.

Holcus mollis. Lycopodium inundatum.
Holcus lanatus. Selaginella selaginoides.

The rarest and most interesting plants of Lincolnshire are those
which grow on the Oolitic limestones which run through the county
from north to south, but these I must reserve for a future paper.

NOTE—GEOLOG Y.

Shap Granite Boulder near Spurn.—The recent heavy gales have com-
pletely exposed a remarkably fine boulder of Shap Granite near Spurn. It lies
on the beach about five hundred yards south of Kilnsea Beacon, but before this
notice appears in print will probably have been removed to Mr. Hewetson’s
garden at Easington. It is sub-angular, roughly measuring 38 x 28 inches; there
are deep strize or groovings in the direction of the long axis. It is smooth and
polished-looking, and altogether a most beautiful example of an erratic. The
many boulders and blocks of Mountain Limestone, Whinstone, and other rocks
partly exposed in situ on this coast, as a rule, seem to show strize running from
N.W. to S.E.—JoHN CorDEAUX, Easington, November 11th, 1889.

NOTE—HEPATICA.

Cephalozia Lammersiana near Dewsbury.—In the early part of Sep-
tember last I was attracted by the abundance of a bright-green Hepatic in an
old brick-pond at Bretton, wide of Dewsbury, tangled among the roots of /zezcus
supinus and its erect variety, /. 2/¢gzzosus, which grow there profusely. I sent
specimens to my colleague in the secretariate of the Botanical Section, Y.N.U.,
Mr. M. B. Slater, who states that my gathering is Cephalozia Lammersiana (Hiibn.),
a dicecious species coming very near the widely-distributed moncecious species,
C. bicuspidata, and that they were the male plant only.

The flowers are terminal on the stems, and have single antheridia in the axils
of the bracts. - Cephalozia Lammersiana is not recorded in ‘ West Yorkshire’
for the Calder drainage district ; therefore, this will be an addition to the Flora
for that portion of the West Riding, in Vice County No. 63.—P. Fox LEE,
Dewsbury, November 16th, 1889.

Dec. 1889.

356

THEsDATE: OF WBE OCCURRENGE
OF EMBERIZA CIOIDES AT FLAMBOROUGH.

W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U.,
Natural History Department, Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh; etc.

From the information furnished me by Mr. R. W. Chase and
Mr. Matthew Bailey it would seem to be quite inexplicable as to
how the date October 1887 ever came to be quoted for the
occurrence of this bird.

Mr. Chase tells me that he sent Mr. Bailey’s original letter—
which I have had the advantage of perusing, and wherein the date
is stated to be November 1886—to Canon Tristram, and this makes
the confusion that has arisen the more surprising.

Mr. Matthew Bailey has kindly furnished the much desired
information respecting the true date of this rare bird’s occurrence at
Flamborough. He says :—

‘All I can say respecting the date for the rare Bunting is that
October 1887, is a mistake; November 1886, is the correct date.
It was caught alive on the beach, at the foot of the cliffs south of
the headland, near to the Flamborough Head Light House, by
William Gibbon, fisherman, of Flamborough. I bought it at the
same time, and, thinking it something very rare, I preserved it.
When caught, a gale of wind was blowing from the east.’

NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY.

Nightingales near Knaresborough.—I have pleasure in being able to put
on record the occurrence and nesting of two pairs of Nightingales in some woods
within a short distance of Knaresborough. I am not at liberty to be more
precise as to the locality, as I have given an undertaking not to do so.—E. P.
KNUBLEY, Staveley Rectory, 21st August, 1889.

NOTES—FISHES.

Muller’s Topknot off the Yorkshire Coast. —I obtained from our fish-
mongers to-day (November 4th) a very fine example of this rare fish (AAombus
punctatus Bl.) taken in a trawl-net off the Yorkshire coast. Messrs. Clarke and
Roebuck, in their ‘Handbook of Yorkshire Vertebrata,’ have recorded several
occurrences at Redcar, and the last at Bridlington taken May 27th, 1881.—
JoHN CoRDEAUX, Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincs., November 7th, 1889.

The Porbeagle Shark on the Cumbrian Coast.—I have much pleasure in
recording an occurrence of the Porbeagle Shark (Lama cornubica) on the coast
of Cumberland. The example in question was captured in a trawl-net about
four miles off St. Bees, on October 30th. When being hauled up on the beach,
it disgorged a quantity of plaice and other flat-fish, some of them being alive.
It measured 7 ft. 9 in. in length, and from its dentition appeared to me to be
immature. The heart struck me as rather small for so large an animal. Future
research will probably prove that this species visits the north-west coast
of England every year, and that it is by no means uncommon in our waters.
—H. A. MacrpHErson, Carlisle, November 8th,. 18809.

Naturalist,

357
SHELLS OF THE LINCOLNSHIRE COAST.

H. WALLIS KEW, F.E.S.,

London; lade Secretary to Naturalists’ Society, Louth, Lincolnshire.

THE present paper, which contains such information respecting the
shells of the Lincolnshire coast as I have been able to collect,
is, for the most part, merely a record of shells collected on the beach
—mostly dead, and often much water-worn—and as such I trust it
will be useful to conchologists who may collect on the coast in the
future ; it is not, however, put forward as giving much actual and
precise information respecting the littoral, estuarine, and marine
mollusca which szhadit the shore, its estuaries, and the sea-bed
beyond. References are made to all previously published records
with which I am acquainted, but this list does not pretend to be
complete in this respect, although, it is imagined, very little has been
written on the subject.

I have pleasure in acknowledging my indebtedness to Mr. J. T.
Marshall, Mr. B. Sturges Dodd, and Mr. Arthur Smith, of Grimsby,
for kind co-operation and assistance, and indeed I have personally
done little more than collect and arrange the information. The bulk
of the records stand to the credit of Mr. Dodd, who has obligingly
furnished detailed lists of species collected on the beach from
Mablethorpe to Skegness, a distance of about sixteen miles; from
Mr. Marshall, notes of a number of interesting forms have been
received ; and Mr. Smith has communicated the results of collecting
done by him on about three miles of shore near Grimsby and
Cleethorpes, in verification whereof he obligingly forwarded a number
of specimens. As it seems very important that a local list, if it is to
be of any use, should be duly authenticated, it may be well to state
that, as regards records here published for the first time, specimens
of every species (except in the one instance referred to below) have
been seen by Mr. Marshall or Mr. Dodd; all the Lincolnshire
shells in my possession, together with those received from Mr. Smith,
were submitted to Mr. Marshall, to whom also, as I am informed,
Mr. Dodd showed many of his shells, including all doubtful forms.

The coast of Lincoln, as is well known, does not present varied
characters ; indeed, from the Humber to the Wash we have one
expanse of sand and mud, and little else. At low-water, during
spring-tides, a bed of peat, abounding with stumps and roots of
trees, may be seen cropping out from under the sand and underlying
clay, and the sea-bed for many fathoms is said to be of this character.
Such coasts as this are doubtless uninteresting enough from some
Dec. 1889. e

358 KEW: SHELLS OF THE LINCOLNSHIRE COAST.

points of view, but to a naturalist they have their own peculiar
charms, as all who are familiar with Mr. Cordeaux’s writings will admit.
Mr. Dodd has paid much attention to the drift débris of the coast, of
which he has taken away and carefully examined large quantities, and
some of which he sent to Mr. Marshall; many of the small species
enumerated below have in this way been obtained. Mr. Dodd has
obligingly communicated the following notes respecting the drift,
which is generally blackish in colour from fragments of coal, of which
it is largely composed. It contains large quantities of Sertularide,
etc., together with sandy cases of annelides, young Echinus, various
fossil fragments and other rejectamenta, including, of course, a few
land and freshwater shells and aquatic insects washed down the
marsh ‘drains,’ and it is intermingled with fragments of wood from
the outcrop of the subterranean peat-bed, or so-called submerged
forest ; valves of Pholas, Mya, Mytilus, Cardium, Mactra, and Solen
are conspicuous; and some molluscs, such, for instance, as the
Cardiums, young of Wya truncata, Scrobicularia alba, Venus gallina,
and occasionally Saxzcava rugosa, are found among the débris in a
living state. ‘Tidal currents, rough seas, and change of wind cause
alterations in the position of the drift ; sometimes it is much spread
and scattered, while at other times it becomes accumulated in large
quantities over confined areas.

Of exotic shells, Venus mercenaria appears to have long been
known in the Humber (Science Gossip, 1889, pp. 114-5) ; Cvepidula
fornicata comes with American oysters, which are deposited in the
same estuary, and is found by Mr. Smith commonly on the Grimsby
beach (Naturalist, 1888, p. 275); a specimen of WVassa cornicula has
been found at Chapel by Mr. Dodd, by whom it is regarded as a
ballast-shell, for wooden vessels are sometimes purchased at Hull
and elsewhere, brought down the coast, stranded, and broken up
during the winter. The species or form of Zvochus, T. conulus, was
stated by Mr. Bean to have been taken by his son, in a living state,
attached to a sounding-lead, off the Lincolnshire coast, during his
voyage in a collier from Newcastle to London; but, as Mr. Jeffreys
states (British Conchology, iii. 332), the discoverer had then recently
been in the Mediterranean, on the shores of which Zvochus conulus
is common.

A minute brachiopod found by Mr. Dodd in the drift, both at
Skegness and Sutton, after having been submitted to Mr. Edgar
Smith, the Rev. Merle Norman, and the Rev. Boog Watson, was
described and figured as new to science, under the name of
Terebratula papillosa Marsh., at pp. 186-190 of the fifth volume of the
Journal of Conchology ; subsequently, however, on the discovery of

Naturalist

KEW: SHELLS OF THE LINCOLNSHIRE COAST. 359

other specimens, one imbedded in a matrix of limestone conglomerate,
the presumed recent origin of the shell was considered untenable,
and Mr. Marshall now agrees with Mr. Etheridge, to whom speci-
mens were'sent, that it is Zevebratulina striata D’Orb., a cretaceous
fossil (Journal of Conchology, v. 278).

ANOMIID&.
Anomia ephippium L.
OSTREIDZ.

Ostrea edulis L. Very common. Large beds are kept in the
Humber, and with the American oysters placed there Crepidula
JSornicata is introduced, but it does not appear to live long.

PECTINID/:.

Pecten pusio (L.). Valves (B. S. Dodd).
Pecten varius (L.). Common; mostly valves.

Var. nivea Macg. Near Chapel, in good condition (B. S. Dodd).
Pecten opercularis (L.). Common; mostly valves.

Var. lineata DaC. Valves (B. S. Dodd).
Pecten tigrinus Mill. Valves; not plentiful (B. S. Dodd).
Pecten maximus (L.). (B.S. Dodd).

MYTILIDA.

Mytilus edulis L. Abundant; living.
Var. pallida Marsh. Dead shells, in good condition (B. S. Dodd).
Mytilus modiolus L.
Mytilus barbatus L. Not plentiful (B. S. Dodd).
Modiolaria marmorata (Forb.).’ Two valves found (B.S. Dodd).

Modiolaria discors (L.). Young living specimens taken (B. S.
Dodd).
ARCIDAE,

Nucula nucleus (L.). Common; a great favourite with visitors
to the sea-side because of the iridescence of the inside of the
shell.

Leda minuta var. brevirostris Jeff. A few dead shells found
(A. Smith). Tolerably plentiful in dredgings from Lynn Deeps
taken by H.M.S. Porcupine, when on survey (J. T. Marshall).

Pectunculus glycymeris (L.). (B.S. Dodd).

Arca tetragona Poli. Valves; not plentiful (B. S. Dodd).

Dec. 1889.

360 KEW: SHELLS OF THE LINCOLNSHIRE COAST.

KELLIIDA,
Lepton squamosum (Mont.). (B.S. Dodd).
Montacuta bidentata (Mont.). In drift (B. S. Dodd).
Montacuta ferruginosa (Mont.). In drift (B. S. Dodd).
LUCINID&.
Lucina borealis (L.), Young (B. S. Dodd).
Axinus flexuosus (Mont.). Valves (B. S. Dodd).
CARDIID&.
Cardium exiguum Gm. Plentiful (B. S. Dodd).
Cardium fasciatum Mont. (B.S. Dodd).
Cardium nodosum Turt. Young shells (B. S. Dodd).
Cardium edule L. The cockle-beds are very extensive, and, as

every visitor to the coast knows, little groups of people are
generally to be seen ‘cockling’ on the flats when the tide is out.

Var. rustica Chem. Mablethorpe; dead shells (H.W. K.).
Var. crenulata Lmk. Plentiful; two interesting small forms
obtained (B. S. Dodd).
Cardium norvegicum Speng. Valves (B. S. Dodd).
CYPRINID.
Cyprina islandica L. Occasionally.
Astarte triangularis (Mont.). In drift (B. S. Dodd).
VENERID/:.
Venus lincta Pult. In drift (B. S. Dodd).
Venus ovata Penn. (B.S. Dodd).
Venus gallina L. Not uncommon (B. S. Dodd).
Tapes aureus (Gm.). (B.S. Dodd).
Tapes virgineus (L.). (B.S. Dodd).
Tapes pullastra (Mont.). Rather uncommon (B. S. Dodd).
Tapes decussatus (L.). Valves; not plentiful.
TELLINID/.
Tellina crassa var. albida Jeff. Not plentiful (A. Smith).
Tellina balthica L. Common. Lives in large numbers in the
flats with the common cockle.
Var. rosea Ckl. Mablethorpe (H.W. K., Naturalist, 1886, p. 172),
Tellina tenuis DaC. Moderately common.
Tellina fabula Gron. Moderately common.
Psammobia ferroensis (Chem.). Valves occasionally (B.S. Dodd).
Donax vittatus (DaC.). Valves; not abundant.

Naturalist,

KEW: SHELLS OF THE LINCOLNSHIRE COAST, 361

MACTRID/E,

Mactra solida L. Occasionally ; living.
Mactra subtruncata (DaC.). Young; living (B. S. Dodd).
Mactra stultorum L. Abundant; living.

Var. cinerea Mont. Common; living (B. S. Dodd).
Scrobicularia prismatica (Mont.). Valves (B. S. Dodd).
Scrobicularia nitida (Miill.). Valves (B. S. Dodd).
Scrobicularia alba (Wood). Common; living (B. S. Dodd).

Var. curta Jeff. (B.S. Dodd).

Scrobicularia tenuis (Mont.). From the drift ; scarce (B.S. Dodd).
Scrobicularia piperata (Gm.).

SOLENID.

Solen ensis L. Occasionally.
Solen siliqua L.
CORBULIDA:.

Corbula gibba Olivi. Young shells; not plentiful (B. S. Dodd).

MYIDAE.

Mya arenaria L. Common (A. Smith). In 1886 I saw some
barge-men at Tetney carrying away a large number of these
‘clams,’ which they had dug out of the mud-flats adjoining the
haven (H.W.K., Naturalist, 1886, p. 347).

Mya truncata L.
Mya binghami (Turt.). Scarce (B. S. Dodd).

SAXICAVIDE.

Saxicava rugosa (L.). Very common.
Var. arctica (L.). (B.S. Dodd).

PHOLADIDA.

Pholas dactylus L. Mablethorpe (W. Gain, Naturalist, 1884, p.31).
Pholas candida L. Common. This and the next species may
be obtained living by digging during spring-tides. Very large
quantities are sometimes thrown up on the beach.
Pholas crispata L.
DENTALIDA,

Dentalium entalis L. Dead; not plentiful (B. S. Dodd).
Dec. 1889.

362 KEW : SHELLS OF THE LINCOLNSHIRE COAST.

PATELLID.
Patella vulgata IL. Not common; much worn.

Var. intermedia Knapp. Mablethorpe ; dead shell (H.W.K.,
Naturalist, 1886, p. 172).

Helcion pellucidum (L.). Occasionally (B. S. Dodd).
Var. levis (Penn.). Occasionally (B. S. Dodd).
Tectura virginea (Miill.). Occasionally (B. S. Dodd).

CAPULIDZ.

Capulus hungaricus (L.). Occasionally found on the Grimsby
shore ; in good condition (A. Smith). Specimens not seen.

TROCHID.

Trochus magus L. Occasionally (B. S. Dodd).

Trochus tumidus Mont. Occasionally (B. S. Dodd).

Trochus cinerarius L. Plentiful. Living shells taken near
high-water mark at Cleethorpes (H.W. K.).

Trochus umbilicatus (Mont.). Occasionally (B. S. Dodd).

'Trochus zizyphinus L. Not very common; often worn. The

description of a shell which Lister records for Lincolnshire in

his ‘Historiz Animalium Angliz,’ seems to correspond, as

Mr. Somerville thinks, with this species.

TURBINID&.
Phasianella pullus (L.). Occasionally (B. S. Dodd).

LITTORINID.

Lacuna crassior (Mont.). Common.

Lacuna divaricata (Fabr.). Moderately common (B. S. Dodd).

Lacuna puteolus (Turt.). Not common (B. S. Dodd).

Littorina obtusata (L.). Fairly common.

Littorina rudis Maton. Common. Lives in great plenty with
Hydrobia ulve in the muddy pools south of Saltfleet Haven ;

shells taken there were referred to the vars. ¢emebrosa (Mont.)
and szmzlis Jeff. (H.W. K., Naturalist, 1886, p. 251).

Littorina littorea (L.). Very common on many of the mud-flats.
Most of the specimens taken by me at Tetney were referred to
var. paupercula Jeff. (Naturalist, 1886, p. 347).
Rissoa costata (Ad.). Moderately common (B. S. Dodd).
Rissoa parva (DaC.). Common (B. S. Dodd).
Var. interrupta Ad. Common (B. S. Dodd).

Naturalist,

KEW: SHELLS OF THE LINCOLNSHIRE COAST. 363

Rissoa inconspicua Ald. Common (B. S. Dodd). .
Rissoa membranacea (Ad.). (B.S. Dodd).
Rissoa striata (Ad.). Common (B. S. Dodd).
Var. arctica Lov. Occasionally (B. S. Dodd).
Rissoa proxima Ald. In Skegness drift (B. S. Dodd).
Rissoa cingillus (Mont.). Moderately common (B. S. Dodd).
Hydrobia ulvz (Penn.). Swarms on the mud-flats and salt-
marshes.
Var. albida Jeff. Fairly abundant and fine, Sutton, Skegness,
etc. (B. S. Dodd and J. T. Marshall).

Var. barleei Jeff. Skegness (J. T. Marshall).

Hydrobia ventrosa (Mont.). Occasionally (B. S. Dodd). Living
in great abundance in a drain, land-foot of sandhills, Somer-
cotes (H.W. K.).

TURRITELLID.
Turritella terebra (L.). Occasionally (A. Smith).

PYRAMIDELLID#.
Aclis unica (Mont.). In Skegness and Sutton drift ; sometimes
living ; rather scarce (B.S. Dodd and J.T. Marshall).

Aclis ascaris (Turt.). Sutton (J. T. Marshall).
Aclis supranitida (S. Wood). In drift, Skegness (B. S. Dodd).
Odostomia albella (Lov.). Occasionally (B. S. Dodd).
Odostomia rissoides Han. Common (B. S. Dodd).

Var. dubia Jeff. Common (B.S. Dodd); Skegness (J.T. Marshall).
Odostomia pallida (Mont.). (B.S. Dodd).
Odostomia plicata (Mont.). (B.S. Dodd).

Odostomia dolioliformis Jeff. Skegness; rather scarce (B.S. Dodd
and J. T. Marshall).

Odostomia indistincta (Mont.). Rather scarce (B. S. Dodd).
Odostomia interstincta (Mont.). Somewhat scarce (B. S. Dodd).
Odostomia spiralis (Mont.). Common (B. S. Dodd).
Odostomia lactea (L.). Not common (B. S. Dodd).

NATICIDA,

Natica catena (DaC.). Dead shells ; moderately common on the
sands. In ‘ Historiz Animalium Angliz,’ Lister records a shell
for Lincolnshire which Mr. Somerville thinks is probably this
species.

Natica montacuti Forb. Not plentiful (B. S. Dodd).

Dec. 1889.

364 KEW: SHELLS OF THE LINCOLNSHIRE COAST,

| . VELUTINID&.
Velutina levigata (Penn.). Washed up occasionally.

CERITHIID.
Cerithium reticulatum (DaC.). Common (B. S. Dodd).

BUCCINIDX.

Purpura lapillus (L.). Common.

Var. major Jeff. Occasionally (B. S. Dodd).

Buccinum undatum L. Abundant. Large quantities of whelks
are brought from Grimsby to’ Billingsgate Market (British
Conchology, iv. 290). Monst. sénistrorsum has been found on
the Lincolnshire coast (British Conchology, iv. 287).

MURICIDE.

Murex erinaceus L. Rather common.

Trophon muricatus (Mont.). Occasionally (B. S. Dodd).

Trophon truncatus (Str.), Occasionally.

Fusus antiquus (L:.).. Common; sometimes living. The
monstrosities of this—the ‘almond’ or ‘ red’ whelk—are chiefly
from Kent and Lincolnshire (British Conchology, iv. 325).

Fusus gracilis (DaC.). One young shell in good condition
(B. S. Dodd).

NASSID.

Nassa reticulata (L.). Common.

Nassa incrassata (Str.). Occasionally.

PLEUROTOMID.

Pleurotoma costata (Don.). Occasionally (B. S. Dodd).

Pleurotoma nebula (Mont.). Occasionally (B. S. Dodd).

Pleurotoma rufa (Mont.). Mr. Marshall found in dredgings from
Lynn Deeps (about forty fathoms), taken by H.M.S. Porcupine
when on survey, three ribless specimens of this species much
resembling Pleurotoma pyramidalis, a Norwegian and Arctic
species.

Pleurotoma turricula (Mont.). Occasionally.

Pleurotoma trevelyana Turt. Scarce (B. S. Dodd).

CYPRAIDZ.
Cyprza europza Mont. Mr. Dodd has not, nor have I, found
this in very great plenty on the beach; it appears, however,
to be washed up in large numbers on the Grimsby shore.

Naturalist,

KEW : SHELLS OF THE LINCOLNSHIRE COAST. 365

The Rev. G. Shaw, of Grimsby, as Mr. Smith tells me,
collected about 60,000 cowries in two years, during his
accustomed morning walk on the sands; one morning he
picked up 1,300 between Grimsby and Cleethorpes ; they were
lying in little groups of about five or six the whole of the way.

BULLID&.

Cylichna cylindracea (Penn.). Occasionally (B. S. Dodd).

Utriculus obtusus (Mont.). Common. Muddy estuaries, such
as, amongst others, those of the Humber and Wash (British
Conchology, iv. 424).

Var. lajonkaireana (Bast.). (B.S. Dodd).

Utriculus hyalinus (Turt.). Sutton and Skegness; fine ; rather
scarce (B. S. Dodd and J. T. Marshall).

Acera bullata Miill. One or two (B. S. Dodd).

Philine catena (Mont.). Scarce (B. S. Dodd).

Philine angulata Jeff. Four or five specimens of this mollusc,
which is everywhere rare, taken at Skegness, etc. (B. S. Dodd
and J. T. Marshall).

Philine aperta (L.). Two or three specimens (B. S. Dodd).

CARYCHIIDE.

Melampus myosotis (Drap.). Not plentiful on the beach (B. S.
Dodd). Lives at the margins of the muddy pools near the
sandhills to the south of Saltfleet Haven (H.W.K.).

SEPIOLID.
Sepiola rondeletii Leach. Living (B. S. Dodd).

SEPIIDA.

Sepia officinalis L. Dorsal plate (B. S. Dodd).

On the Lincolnshire coast, as elsewhere, collecting shells on the
sands is a favourite sea-side amusement, especially with children.
Cowries (Cyfr@a europea) are much sought for, and are called
‘ Blackamoor’s teeth’ by children. The valves of Pho/as are spoken
of as ‘ Angels’ wings,’ those of Pectex as ‘Jane shells’ and those of
Solen are called ‘Knives and Forks.’ The shells of Ze//ina are
much in favour, especially those which have been bored, and can be
threaded upon strings; but I do not know that any popular name is
applied to this kind of shell in the county, nor even to (Vucula
nucleus, which is much prized.

Dec. 1889.

366

IS THE STARLING (STURNUS VULGARIS)
DOUBLE-BROODED ?

THE answer to this question, relating as it does to one of our
commonest and most familiar birds, is, it would appear, not an easy
one, even with the aid of the host of modern bird-books, including
those of the recognised masters. Thus, to take two examples:
Prof. Newton (Yarrell’s British Birds, ii. 234) says, regarding the
rearing of two broods in a year, ‘such an occurrence seems to be
very rare in this country’; while Mr. Seebohm—who claims to be
original in all things ornithological, and cannot, it is thought, be
denied that claim in this particular connection—tells us (British Birds,
ii. 14) that the ‘ Starling, in most cases, rears two broods in the 7A
sometimes three, though this has been denied.’

We must thank Mr. Mitchell for bringing this vexed question
under the notice of our readers. We are gratified to find that it has
resulted in a crop of notes on the subject, made during the past
breeding-season, being sent to us, and we now print them, for
convenience, under a common heading. These contributions,
interesting and valuable as they are, will not be regarded by all as
furnishing a satisfactory solution of the question, since the opinions
expressed are decidedly divided.

Perhaps I may be here allowed to give my own observations on
the subject. <A pair of Starlings have their breeding-quarters on the
roof of a building on a level with, and only about ten feet from, the
windows of my room in the Museum. Here, contrary to the obser-
vations of the authorities quoted, they were daily to be seen all
through the last autumn and winter, but I am not sure that they
roosted in the nest-hole, which is under the spouting, though they
popped in and out of it continually in the daytime. A brood was
reared here in the spring, and left the place of their birth, along
with their parents, about the 5th of June. No more Starlings were
seen until the 5th of October, when the old birds returned, and are
now seen daily over and about the nest, which they frequently enter
for a few moments.

The notes contributed are arranged under two headings :—

I. Those in favour of single-broodedness, and which regard
double-breeding as an exceptional circumstance. These are placed
first, because it is thought that single-broodedness must be con-
sidered the rule.

II. Those devoted to upholding the double-breeding as general,
and _ single- broodedness as exceptional—W. EAGLE CLARKE,
Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh.

Naturalist,

IS THE STARLING DOUBLE-BROODED ? 367

I,

Out of the dozen nests of the Starling which have been under
my observation this year, only two have had a second brood in, and
these were too awkwardly placed for me to examine whether the first
clutches of eggs had been hatched off in their entirety, so that I have
no direct evidence beyond the fact of this so small proportion
having been used a second time. I am glad to say, however, that
Mr. Thomas Altham, of Clitheroe, has examined all the nests, a
large number, in his immediate neighbourhood, with the result that
he has found only two second broods to have been reared, and in
each case the first broods have been abnormally small, viz., two and
three respectively. This goes a long way to prove that, unless a
small proportion only of the first clutch of eggs comes to maturity,
the Starling, as is the case with so many other birds, does not rear a
second family.

Mr. J. Whitaker, of Rainworth Lodge, Mansfield, in an interesting
communication to me on the habits of Starlings, which he has breeding
round him in about thirty nesting-boxes, all occupied, says that
‘out of them only one pair in eight or ten nest a second time, and
in such comfortable quarters surely, were it the birds’ habit, we
should have two broods here.’-—F. S. MircHELt, Clitheroe, August
12th, 1889.

Probably not less than from fifteen to twenty pair of Starlings
nest annually about my premises at Great Cotes. The places
chosen for nesting are in the ivy round the house, under the tiles
of the buildings, several pairs in the pigeon-cote, under the eaves of
stacks when left standing late in the summer, holes in buildings and
trees. ‘They are very irregular in the time of nesting, commencing
in April, and continuing throughout May.

Long after our resident birds have commenced nesting, we have
immense flights in the marshes. ‘These depart late in April, and in
cold backward seasons will tarry late into May. When the young
are hatched, the old and young together may be daily seen on
the grass-plots and tennis-lawn, or in the home paddocks, but these
soon collect into flocks and leave the neighbourhood of the villages,
and may be found throughout the summer in flocks of various sizes
foraging on the grass lands in the marshes.

I am quite certain that, as a rule, the Starlings nesting about
these premises, if they succeed in bringing off a brood, do not nest
a second time. If the first brood is destroyed before leaving the
nest, I think it is not improbable a second attempt is made to nest
Dec. 1889.

368 IS THE STARLING DOUBLE-BROODED ?

and bring off the young, but these occasions must be considered
quite exceptional. I have no particular facts. to prove that the same
pair of Starlings rear a second brood in this way, except that I have
sometimes noticed the old birds flying to a nest and feeding their
young late in the summer, long after the bulk have departed.—
JouN CorDEAUX, Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincs.

According to my observations, the Starling is not, as a rule,
double-brooded, but is occasionally so, as I have proved to my
satisfaction this spring, a nest at the corner of our house having
been occupied twice, and two lots of young, both of which got
away, being reared therein.

In some of the old quarries near here, I have several times
known two different sets of young come from the same hole, but
whether they were both the progeny of the same parent birds I am
unable to say.

Starlings have increased with astonishing rapidity in this district
during the past few years, so that where we formerly had hundreds,
I might safely say we now have thousands.

At the present time (August) there is hardly a Starling left in the
town, they, like the sparrows at harvest time, having betaken them-
selves to the fields; my mind’s eye rests on one field where a good
deal of fish-refuse is deposited ; here the stone walls and bushes are
literally white with the droppings of the large numbers of birds, old
and young, which frequent the place.

I have several times found, in this district, Starlings’ nests
containing nine and ten eggs, and on one occasion fifteen, the latter
being built in the corner of an out-house, in Haverah Park. No doubt
the scarcity of nesting-places had caused two birds to use the same
hole and nest.—RiLey Fortune, Harrogate, August gth, 1889.

I have had five nests of the Starling under close observation this
year. The birds commenced building early in April; on the 8th of
May two nests contained young birds and the others eggs. ‘The
earliest brood left the nest on the 5th of June, and on the 18th of
that month all the nests were tenantless. Since that date, except for
an occasional peep, not a bird has been near the nests. About the
1oth of June one of the young birds, when half-fledged, had the
misfortune to fall from its nest. My little boy, who found the
nestling, was not tall enough to replace it, so he carefully deposited
it in another Starling’s nest, about fifty yards away, from which the
young had already flown. To our surprise it was carefully tended,

Naturalist,

—— ee eC

IS THE STARLING DOUBLE-BROODED ? 369

whether by its own or by foster parents I cannot say,;and in due
course took wing.

Mr. Paver Crow tells me that he always lets the Starlings nest
where they please about his buildings, even though they choose
the spouts for their home, because if they are allowed to get off their
young he has no further trouble with them. This certainly points to
the bird being single-brooded.

Though not coming under the scope of the present inquiry, it
may interest readers of Zhe (Va/uralist to know that in dry times
Starlings will leave the meadows to make descents upon strawberry
beds, and that when they do this they take all before them, whether
green or ripe.

It is rather humiliating not to be able to give a direct answer to
this query. And yet the bird is common enough. Its nesting-place
is, as a rule, apparent, not to say conspicuous, and the bird is any-
thing but shy and retiring in its habits. One admires the methodical
way in which it visits the sheepfolds or hunts the grass in search of
food. The business-like manner, the quick step, the straight rapid
flight to the nest—all this we see and admire, but when we are asked a
simple question as to its nesting habits, we are at a loss for a decided .
answer. What is the reason for this? Is it that too much attention has
been given of late years to mere specimen-collecting as opposed to
the study of the life-history of birds? That we are becoming cabinet
naturalists in place of field-naturalists? We may be sure that the
possession of a long series of skins, be they labelled ever so accurately,
will not qualify the possessor to be regarded as a student of nature.
Whatever then be its outcome, the best thanks of naturalists are due
to Mr. F. S. Mitchell for suggesting this inquiry, for it has been the
means of calling forth many observers, and has resulted in many
interesting facts being recorded as to the habits of this useful bird.—
E. P. KNUBLEY, Staveley Rectory.

A pair of Starlings nested and hatched their young in the roof
of my house this summer. After the young ones were fledged, they
disappeared for some time, when the old pair returned, and after
carefully inspecting the hole for a day or two, just as they did in the
spring before they began to build, returned to it every night to sdcef,
leaving early in the morning; and remained there till last month,
since when I have not seen them. My boys tell me that they have
twice this year found Starlings’ nests with an unfertile egg remaining
from the first brood, long after they would have laid again had they
intended to do so in the same nest.—R. A. SUMMERFIELD, North
Stainley Vicarage, Ripon, October 12th, 1889.

Dec. 1889. “4

370 IS THE STARLING DOUBLE-BROODED ?

The answer to the question ‘Is the Starling double-brooded ?
must certainly be a negative one with regard to this district. Starlings
are very numerous here, and after reading Mr. Mitchell’s query in
the April number, I set myself the task of carefully attempting to
decide the matter. I watched many nests built in different situations,
and in no single instance has a second brood been reared, unless the
first was disturbed.

One nest, built in a hole in a tree, contained one egg on
May 26th; this egg was almost colourless. Some days afterwards
I again visited the nest, and found it to contain five eggs, the light-
coloured one having disappeared. The young were hatched in due
course, and after they had taken their departure, I gave the old birds
three weeks.in which to nest again, but they did not take advantage
of the opportunity. I then examined the nest in search of the
single egg, and found that a second nest (the one in which the young
were reared) had been built over the first one, in which latter I dis-
covered the missing egg.

It has been suggested that two broods may be reared in the
season, but in different sites. This I think we may at once dismiss,
when we consider how tenaciously Starlings hold to one nesting-
place, even though the eggs be repeatedly removed. Moreover, in
this district at any rate, the birds flock before there would be time
to rear a second brood.—Epcar R. WairTE, Headingley, Leeds,
August r5th, 1889.

In South Notts I should say the rule is ‘certainly not.’ Let us
just glance at this bird’s habits during the breeding season. I do
not think the winter flocks entirely break up, as some are always to
be seen, no doubt containing non-breeding birds.

In the country, nest-building commences about the first or
second week in April, in the town, where possibly two broods may
be reared, I have noticed Starlings carrying straws in the middle of
March. Full clutches of fresh eggs may be found by the 25th April
or thereabouts, five or six being the usual complement of eggs. It is
a most abundant bird in this district, and several colonies exist near
my house. Seeing the inquiries in Z%e Waturadist, I paid particular
attention to a colony of about thirty pairs, occupying a stone pier
abutting into the Trent. A rise in the river early in May enabled me
to examine the nests without difficulty. Most at that date contained
eggs, and one or two had young, newly hatched. I noticed in others
that three eggs had the appearance of being incubated with two
others, apparently fresh. I took the eggs from two nests and marked
the nest-holes. <A fortnight later, I visited the spot again, and found

Naturalist,

IS THE STARLING DOUBLE-BROODED ? Bip

“clamorous young in nearly all the nests. A further visit’revealed the
fact that all the young had flown from the nest-holes, with the
exception of those, now again occupied, from which I had taken the
eggs. By the middle of June the breeding-place was quite deserted,
but the lanes and hedge-rows abounded with parties of Starlings
numbering from six to eight birds, without doubt a brood of young
and the parent birds. These parties have now united into small
flocks, which again, as winter approaches, will form the enormous
flocks that do such damage to the Norfolk reed-beds, breaking down
the crop by their weight whenever they alight.

To my thinking, the Starling is very closely allied to the crows,
and it must be remembered that the young birds in this family also
are fed by their parents, long after they leave the nests, and that they
are very seldom double-brooded. A flock of Rooks, Jackdaws, and
Starlings intermixed, is a familiar sight.—F. Bb. WuHITLock, Atten-
borough, August 2nd, 1889.

iui

There are three or four pair of birds which breed annually in
our house, and I believe that most of them rear two broods in the
year ; one or two pair certainly do.

I cannot say that I have ever noticed this occurrence in other
nesting-places away from the house, but will make closer observations
next year.

Their habit of adopting the holes bored by Woodpeckers,
alluded to by Mr. Mitchell, has often made me feel spiteful towards
them. They are very numerous around here.—Basi_ CARTER,
Masham, Yorkshire.

My reply to the question ‘ Are Starlings double-brooded ?’ must
be distinctly in the affirmative, and my opportunities of observation
have been manifold and convincing. In my early youth—say, sixty
years ago—the Starling was accounted a genuine rara avis, and
hardly known to nest in Cumberland. I well remember that the
first Starlings’ eggs I ever had in my possession were taken from
a hollow tree that had been cut down on my grandfather’s farm,
about seven miles to the southward of Carlisle. Gradually they
increased in numbers, until of late years they have constituted
a very considerable factor in the avifauna of the North-West of
England. In some of their better-known roosting-haunts, as at
Whitefield House on Overwater, at Flimby Wood, in the grounds
at Gilgarron, etc., they may be reckoned by thousands, morning and
evening, especially during the late summer or early autumn months.
Dec. 1889.

372 IS THE STARLING DOUBLE-BROODED ?

The assertion contained in my opening paragraph may be sus-
tained by the following brief statement of facts. In the spring of
1878 I was elected, for the second time in my life, to the mastership
of the Endowed School of Watermillock, near Penrith. At that
time three pairs of Starlings annually reared their young under the
projecting eaves of the building. In addition to these, two pairs
occupied the church tower, and another family chose the forks of an
ancient yew in the churchyard for their abode. In all, zzve nests
could be counted from my bedroom window, all within a radius of
little over one hundred yards. Of course, the birds were hourly almost
under the observation of the school children and the members of
my own family, two of my sons especially being keen students of
bird-life. Our united experience is that, with hardly any exception,
these birds reared two broods every season, and we are persuaded
that a third family has been seen in the same nest, the latest brood
not taking wing until September. In one case it is known that the
second brood had unaccountably perished, and possibly a similar
contretemps might be answerable for the other instances of late
rearing. We remarked that the young Starlings kept possession of
the nests from the date of hatching for a longer period than nestlings
of the blackbird or throstle. The first broods left the nests about
the date of Her Majesty’s birthday, and their successors about the
last week in July.

During the terrible months of Pebrdaty and March 1881, the .
Turdidz were so near the brink of extermination that of the nine
pairs of Starlings only three pairs and an odd bird appeared to
claim their accustomed domiciles. The Throstles fared even worse,
and did not appear in their usual numbers until 1884.—WILLIAM
Hopcson, Workington.

In Zhe Naturalist for April last Mr. F. S. Mitchell has a very
interesting note on the Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), in which he
endeavours to prove that the Starling is not double-brooded. I am
bound to agree with him to a certain extent, but as the Editor invites
correspondence on this point, I beg leave to quote one case that has
come under my observation of the Starling being double-brooded
and of choosing a curious nesting-site. In the spring of 1886 a pair
of Starlings built their nest in the ball of a water hydrant at the
North Eastern Railway Station, Starbeck, and successfully brought
off two broods; the same thing was repeated in 1887, but I am not
in a position to say whether it was the same parents. I have also
noticed that a nest has been used by two pairs of birds in the same
season.—F. R. FirzGeraLp, London, July roth, 1889.
Naturalist,

IS THE STARLING DOUBLE-BROODED ? Sis

Regarding the question ‘is the Starling double-brooded ?’ I have
made careful observation this summer. A pair of Starlings nested
in a hole in the wall of the church here, and the young birds left the
nest the last week in May. Another pair built in a spout on my
premises, and the young birds also safely left the nest at the end of
May. Both these pairs of Stariings reared second broods, which left
the nest during the second week in July. I also saw other Starlings
busy carrying feathers to other nesting-places at the end of June,
undoubtedly repairing their nests to rear a second brood.—
F. G. S. Rawson, Thorpe, Halifax, August Ist, 1889.

The season has approached again for me and others to prove
that the Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) rears more than one brood in a
season. This year, 1889, in the same nesting-sites where I have
observed them for forty years, I can vouch that on May 30th a clutch
came out from one nest, which was cared for by the old birds, who
still at the same time proceeded with repairing the old nest up again.
On June r2th it was examined and found to be in readiness for
more eggs, and on July sth inst. I, along with others, saw the parents
bring food and heard the young in the nest chirping whilst being
served.—JOHN WaRD, Pymont House, Lofthouse, July 6th, 1889.

In Zhe Naturalist-for April and May 1889 there are notices in
connection with the double-brooding of the Starling. In support
of this, permit me to give facts which have come under my obser-
vation.

In a hollow tree not far from here, there have, for the last ten or
twelve years, been two broods of Starlings. In another hollow tree
there has been ove brood of Starlings for at least thirty years, and
for most of the period ¢zo broods. In the same tree, and in the same
hole, I have several times known a brood of Rock Doves (Columba
livia) [? Stock Dove (Columba anas)|, and what is more remarkable,
on one occasion, about twelve years since, there was also in the same
hole a brood of the Spotted Flycatcher (AZuscicapa grisola), which,
however, perished during a heavy fall of rain that occurred before
they were fully fledged.

These facts respecting the Starling do not, of course, prove that
it is generally double-brooded, and I have not followed out my
observations sufficiently to make it clear that the two broods
occurring in the year were by the same pair of birds, although I am
inclined to think that such was the case in many instances.—C. W.
Smiru, Harum, Nawton, York, May 23rd, 1889.

Dec. 1880.

374

CLASS TF Peep

INDEX.

CON TEEEUTORS:;

Adamson, Sam. A., F.G.S., 61, 179, 204,
Addison, Rev. F.,M.A.,44. [240, 284, 293.
Archer, H..T., 102.
At kinsons. Rev. J. (©.5.C.0., 154.

[291, 341.
Backhouse, James, jun., F.z.S., 176, 282,
Bailey, Matthew, 24, 130, 176, 291, 322,
Balderston, R. R., 131. [333-
Baker, J. Gilbert, F.R.s., 182, 321, 337.
Barnes, Richard, 284.
Beaumont, W. I., F.R.M.S., 102.
Bennett, Arthur, F.L.s., 80.
Binnie, Francis G., 1o1.
Brady, Wm. E., 24.
Brownridge, Chas., F.G.S., 308.
Bunker, Thomas, 182.
Burtt, A. H., 352.

Carter, Basil, 371.

Carter, J. W., 278.

Chadwick, S., F.G.S., 294. [314, 356, 366.
Clarke, Wm. Eagle, F.L.S., 79, 113, 130,
Cockerell, T. D. A., M.c.S., 320.

Cole, Rev. E. Maule, M.A., F.G.S., 247,
Copley, Walter, 237, 278. [304, 343.
Cordeaux, John, M.B.0.U., I, 6, 44, 129,
Crossland, C., 339. [315, 355, 356, 367.

Davis, J. Percy A., 232.
Duncan, R., 213.

Edmondson, T. W., 322.
Ellis, John W., M.B., F.E.S., 25, 60.
Emmet, John, F.L.S., 237.

Fitzgerald, F. R., M.C.S., 372.

Fortune, Riley, 52, 176, 244, 247,.333, 368.

Fowler, Rev. William, M.A., 353.

Fowler, Rev. Canon W. W., M.A., F.L.S.,
[352.

Gains: Al, MICs. i55 5 S52

Gregson, Wm., 310.

Harker, Alfred, M.A., F.G.S., 61, 207, 248,
Harrison, J. W., 291. [270.
Hewett, Wm., 78, 79.

Hey;"Rev: 'W. Gi) M.A.) 323.

Hobkirk, Chas. P., F.L.S., 4, 53, 204, 277.
Hodgson, William, A.L.S., 371.

Horsfield, H. Knight, M.B.0.U., 333.
Howarth, E., F.R.A.S., 24.

Hudson, Baker, M.c.s., 212.

Ingleby, ames, 52, 54.

Kew, H. Wallis, F.E.S., 5, 103, 357.

Kirk, J. M., 243, 292, 343.

Knubley, Rev. E. P., M.A., M.B.0.U., 176,
227, 229, 278, 308, 333, 349; 345, 356, 368.

Lee; Pi Fox, 203, 237,.240,5355.
Lees, F. Arnold, M.R.C.S., 21.
Lofthouse, T. A., 244.

Loten, P. W., 182.

Macpherson, Rev. H. A., M.A., M.B.O.U.,
52, 79, 356.

Mason, Jas. Eardley, 11, 60, 78, 79, 128,
212, 229, 278, 283, 314.

Milne, J. G., M.C.S., 142. ;

Mitchell, F. S., M.B.0.U., 112, 367:

Mortimer, Robert, 310.

Mosley, Florence, 60.

Mosley, S. L., F.E.S., 182, 203, 212, 225.

Nelson, Thos. H., M.B.0.U., 52, 78, 81.
Oldham, Charles, M.C.s., 59.

Painter, Rev. W. Hunt, 177.

Pickard, A., 283. (203, 233, 234.
Porritt, George T.; F:1.S.) FIE.S.5 5s kGos
Prodham, Herbert, 176.

Rawson, F. G. S., 373.

Reade, T. Mellard, F.G.s., 108.

Roberts, George, M.C.S., 320.

Roebuck, W. Denison, F.L.S., 17, 52, 130,
144, 199, 203, 212, 221, 229, 245, 283.

Rotheray, Lister, 314, 335.

Rowntree. James H., 229, 283.

Rushforth, Wm., 277.

Shuffrey, Rev. W. A., M.A., 277.

Slater, G. W., 201.

Slater, Rev: H. Hi. uMsA., WeZsSa5 24eee LAs

Slater, Matthew B., F.L.s., 230, 278, 284,

Smith, Christopher W., 325, 373. [322.

Smith, W. Hawker, 352.

Soppitt, H. T., 102, 245, 342.

Stears, John, 182.

Stephenson, Thos., 78, 324.

Stock, W/E. Kes imGiss,.3042

Strickland, Walter W., 183, 278, 344.

Summerfield, Rev. R. A., B.A., 182, 303,
[369.

Taylor, A. H., 342.

Thompson, Major B. B., 291.

Turner, W. Barwell, F.c.S., F.R.M.S., 324.

Naturalist,

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

375

CONTRIBUTOR S—Continued.

Waite, Edgar R., 201, 235, 236, 333, 370.
Ward, John, 130, 373-

Watts, Rev. Arthur, F.G.S., 310.

Watts, Wm., F.G.S., 305.

West, Wm., F.L.S., 87, 246.

BOOK

Braithwaite, R.—British Moss-Flora, 53.
Chapman, A.—Bird-Life of the Borders,

315-
Fowler, W. W.—Coleoptera of the British
Islands, 323.

Wheldon, J. A., 284.
Whitehead, John, 86.
Whitlock, F. B., 112, 370.
Woodd, Trevor Basil, 271.
Woodhead, T. W., 283.

NOTICES.

Plowright, C. B.—British Uredinez and
Ustilaginez, 245.

Sissons, F.—Beauties of Sherwood Forest,
247.

Stewart and Corry.—Flora of North-East

Hopley, C. C.—British Reptiles and Ireland, 21.
Batrachians, 234. Tait, M.—Yorkshire Scenes, Lore, and
Legends, 248.
CHESHIRE.

Birds: Bibliography for 1886, 146-175;
for 1887, 249-270 ; Crossbills in Cheshire
(Beaumont), 102.

Diptera : Bibliography for 1884-1887, |

19.

Geology and Palzontology: Biblio-
graphy for 1887, 67-77 ; The New Red
Sandstone and the Physiography of the
Triassic Period (Reade), 108-111.

Hemiptera: Bibliography for 1884-1888,
199-200.

Lepidoptera: Lepidopterous Fauna of

Lancashire and Cheshire (Ellis), Tor-
tricina, 25-43.

Mammalia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 115-127; Whiskered Bat at Alder-
ley Edge (Oldham), 59.

Mollusca: Some North of England
Records (Cockerell), 320.

Museums: Museums of North of England,
tables, 45-51 ; Chester, 46; Macclesfield,
48 ; Northwich, Stockport, 50.

Reptiles and Amphibians : Bibliography
for 1885-1888, 222-224.

CUMBERLAND.

Birds: Bibliography for 1886, 146-175 ;
for 1887, 249-270 ; Crossbills in Cumber-
land (Slater),.24 ; Crossbills in the Lake
Counties (Macpherson), 52; Wintering
of the Ruff (Macpherson), 79; Is the
Starling Double-Brooded (Hodgson), 371.

Fishes: Porbeagle Shark on the Cum-
brian Coast (Macpherson), 356.

Geology and Palzontology: Biblio-
graphy for 1887, 65-77; Notes on North
of England Rocks (Harker), 209.

Hemiptera: Bibliography for 1884-1888,
199-200.

DERBY

Birds: Bibliography for 1886, 146-175 ;
for 1887, 249-270.

Cryptogamia: Physcomitrella patens at
Chapel-en-le-Frith (Whitehead), 86.

Diptera: Bibliography for 1884 - 1887,

19.

Flowering Plants: Painter’s Flora of
Derbyshire announced, 143; Notes upon
the Botany of Derbyshire (Painter)
177-178.

Geology and Paleontology: Biblio-
graphy for 1887, 64-77.

Dec. 1889.

Mammalia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 115-127.

Mollusca: Some North of England
Mollusca (Cockerell), 320.

Museums: Museums of North of England,
tables, 45-51; Carlisle, 46; Keswick,
48; Penrith, 50.

Personal Notices: Forthcoming book on
British Water-birds, by Rev. H. A.
Macpherson, 344.

Reptiles and Amphibians: Bibliography
for 1885-1888, 222-224.

SHIRE.

Hemiptera: Bibliography for 1884-1888,
199-200.

Mammalia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 115-127; Whiskered Bat in
Lathkill Dale (Oldham), 59.

Museums: Museums of North of England,
tables, 45-51; Bakewell, Chesterfield,
Derby, 46.

Personal Notices: New Fellow of Geo-
logical Society, 20; of Entomological
Society, 220.

Reptiles and Amphibians : Bibliography
for 1885-1888, 224.

376

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

DURHAM.

Birds: Bibliography for 1886, 146-175;
for 1887, 249-270; Teesmouth Notes for
1887 and 1888 (Nelson), 81-86; Birds
noted in Upper Teesdale (Backhouse),
282, 291; Review of Chapman’s Bird-
Life of the Borders (Cordeaux), 315.

Coleoptera: Carabus nitens in Upper
Teesdale (Rowntree), 283.

Cryptogamia: Upper Teesdale Mosses
(Slater), 278; Mosses noted in Upper
Teesdale (Slater, Barnes), 285.

Flowering Plants: Plants noted in Upper
Teesdale (Woodhead, Wheldon), 284-285.

Geology and Palzontology: Biblio-
graphy for 1887, 61-77 ; Observations in
Upper Teesdale (Adamson), 285-290;
Boulder at Harton near South Shields
(Watts), 310.

Hemiptera: Bibliography for 1884-1888,
199-200.

Lepidoptera : in Upper Teesdale (Rown-
tree, Pickard), 283.

Mammalia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 115-127. ;

Mollusca : Orange-coloured Arion ater a
Durham (Roebuck), 212 ; Upper Tees-
dale notes (Roebuck), 282; Some North
of England Records (Cockerell), 320.

Museums: Museums of North of Eng-
land, tables, 45-51; Barnard Castle,
Durham, 46; South Shields, Sunder-
land, 50.

Reptiles and Amphibians: Bibliography
for 1885-1888, 222-224; Variation in
Frogs in Upper Teesdale (Knubley),
282.

LAN CASHIRE.

Birds : Bibliography for 1886, 146-175 ; for
1887, 249-270; Is the Starling Louble-
brooded ? (Mitchell), 112 ; (Id.) 367.

Diptera: Bibliography for 1884-1887, 17.

Geology and Paleontology: Biblio-
graphy for 1887, 64-77; the New Red

Sandstone and the Physiography of the

Triassic Period (Reade), 108-111.

Lepidoptera: Lepidopterous Fauna. of |

Lancashire and Cheshire (Ellis) Tort-
ricina, 25-43.

Mammalia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 115-127. Extracts from Lancashire
Churchwardens’ accounts (Milne), 142.

Mollusca: Limax agrestis var. albida
near Preston (Roebuck), 212.

Museums: Museums of North of England,
tables, 45-51; Blackburn, 46; Bolton,
46; Bootle, 46; Darwen, 46; Lancaster,
Liverpool (three), Manchester (three),
48; Oldham, Preston, Salford, South-

port, Stalybridge, Warrington, 50;
Curatorship of Manchester Museum,
143.

Personal Notices: New Fellows of

Geological Society, 20.
Reptiles and Amphibians: Bibliography
for 1885-1888, 222-224.

LINCOLNSHIRE,
Arachnida: Parasites (Lzlaps arvolica)on | Hemiptera: Bibliography for 1884-88,

Water Vole at Alford (Mason), 60.

Birds: Bibliography for 1886, 146-175;
for 1887, 249-270; Notes from Coast in
Autumn 1888 (Cordeaux), 1; Notes from
Humber district (Cordeaux), 44; Pallas’
Sand-Grouse near Skegness (Mason),
78; Black-throated Diver near Alford
(Mason), 79; Ornithological Notes from
N.E. Lincolnshire (Cordeaux), 129;
Nightingale near Alford (Mason), 212;
Oyster-catcher within the Humber
(Harrison), 291; Is the Starling Double-
brooded (Cordeaux), 367.

Coleoptera: Beetles at Fulbeck Grange
(Hey), 130.

Cryptogamia: Plagiothecium undulatum

in Lincolnshire in pre-historic times |

(Hobkirk), 4; Lincolnshire Fungi(Strick-
land), 192-197.
Diptera: Bibliography, 1884-1887, 17-20.
Flowering Plants: Lincolnshire Sand
and Clay Plants (Fowler), 353-355-
Geology and Paleontology: Biblio-
graphy for 1887, 66-77.

199-200; Additions to the List of Some
Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Lincolnshire
(Mason), 128.

Lepidoptera: Acherontia atropos larvz
at Alford (Mason), 278; Colias edusa
near Lincoln (Smith), 352.

Mammalia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 115-127; Bottle-nosed Dolphin in
the Humber (Cordeaux), 6; Parasites
on Water Vole at Alford (Mason), 60 ;
Cat secreting Food (Mason), 314.

Mollusca: Helix virgata in Lincolnshire
(Mason), 11; Notes made in 1888 upon
Arion ater and other Slugs (Kew), 103-
107; Slugs, etc., in South Lincoln-
shire (Roebuck), 130; Marine Shells
of the Lincolnshire Coast (Kew), 357-
365.

eee Museums of North of England,
tables, 45-51 ; Stamford, 50.

Orthoptera: Some Lincolnshire Orthop-
tera (Kew), 5.

Reptiles and Amphibians : Bibliography
for 1885-1888, 221-224.

Naturalist,

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

Sid

ISLE OF MAN.

Birds: Bibliography for 1886, 145-175;
for 1887, 249-270.
Diptera: Bibliography for 1884-1887,

19.
Geology and Palzontology: Biblio-
graphy for 1887, 64-77.

Hemiptera: Bibliography for 1884-1888,
199-200. :

Mammalia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 116-127.

Mollusca: Helix fusca an addition to
the Manx Fauna (Roebuck), 212.

NORTHUMBERLAND.
Birds: Bibliography for 1886, 145-175; |

for 1887, 249-270; Pigmy Curlews and
Little Stints in 1887, 81;
in Northumberland (Archer), 102 ; Tame
Blackbird in the Newcastle Museum
(Archer), 102; List of Birds of New-
castle Town Moor (Duncan), 213-219;
Review of Chapman’s Bird-life of the
Borders (Cordeaux), 315.

Diptera: Bibliography, 1884-1887, 17-20.

Geology and Palzontology: Biblio-
graphy for 1887, 64-77; Fossil Foot-
prints in the Carboniferous of Northum-
berland (Harker), 270.

Hemiptera: Bibliography for 1884-1888, |

199-200.

Hawfinches |

Mammalia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 115-127.

Museums: Museums of North of England,
tables, 45-51; Alnwick, 46 ; Berwick-on-
Tweed, 46; Newcastle-on-Tyne, Tyne-
mouth, 50; type specimens of Fossils in
Newcastle Museum, 334.

Personal Notices: Richard Howse,
Catalogue of Hutton Collection, 43;
Pall Mall Gazette on John Hancock,
2s

Reptiles and Amphibians : Bibliography
for 1885-1888, 221-224.

Societies: The British Association at
Newcastle (Knubley), 345-352.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE,

Birds: Bibliography for 1886, 146-175 ;
for 1887, 249-270; Autumn and Winter
Notes from Notts. (Whitlock), 113-114;
Is the Starling Double-brooded (Whita-
ker), 367; (Whitlock), 370.

Flowering Plants : The Famous Oaks
of Sherwood (Sissons), 247.

Geology and Paleontology: Biblio-
graphy for 1887, 64-77.

WESTMORLAND

Birds: Bibliography for 1886, 146-175 ;
for 1887, 249-270; Crossbills in the
Lake Counties (Macpherson), 52.

Diptera: Bibliography for 1884-1887, 19.

Geology and Palzontology: Biblio-
graphy for 1887, 65-77; Notes on North
of England Rocks (Harker), 207-211.

|
|

|
|
|
|
|

Hemiptera: Bibliography for 1884-1888, |

199-200.
Lepidoptera :

Lepidopterous Fauna of

Lepidoptera: Acherontia atropos near
Newark (Gain), 352.

Mammalia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 117-127.

Mollusca: Notes on Food and Habits of
Slugs and Snails (Gain), 55-59.

Museums: Nottingham Museum, 143.

Reptiles and Amphibians : Bibliography
for 1885-1888, 222-224.

AND FURNESS.

Lancashire and Cheshire (Ellis), Tor-
tricina, 25-43.

Mammalia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 115-127.

Museums: Museums of North of England,
tables, 45-51; Kendal, 48.

Personal Notices: T. McKenny Hughes
elected F:R.S., 143.

Reptiles and Amphibians: Bibliography
for 1885-1888, 222-224.

YORKSHIRE.

Arachnida: Mites, etc., noted near Har-
rogate (Kirk), 243.

Birds: Bibliography for 1886, 145-175 ;
for 1887, 249-270; Spurn Notes in
Autumn 1888 (Cordeaux), 1; Flam-
borough Notes (Bailey), 24; Food of
Rough-legged “Buzzard near Doncaster
(Brady), 24; Pallas’ Sand-Grouse on the

Dec. 1889.

Yorkshire Wolds (Howarth), 24; Bird-
notes from Humber District (Cordeaux),
44; Little Gull and Sclavonian Grebe
near Scarborough (Fortune), 52; Pallas’
Sand-Grouse in Cleveland (Nelson), 52 ;
Crossbills in Nidderdale (Ingleby), 52;
Nesting-sites of Missel Thrush (Ingleby),
52; Ruff and Goshawk near Whitby in

378

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

YORKSHIRE—Continued.

Winter 1888-9 (Stephenson), 78 ; Sand-
Grouse near York (Hewett), 78; Sand-
Grouse in Cleveland (Nelson), 78;
A Yorkshire Bird new to the European
Avifauna, Emberiza cioides (Clarke), 79 ;
Hawfinch near York (Hewett), 79;
Wintering of the Ruff (Clarke), 79;
Notes from Redcar and Teesmouth for
1887 and 1888 (Nelson), 81-86; Is the
Starling Double-brooded ? (Mitchell),
112; the Occurrence of Emberiza
cioides in Yorkshire (Clarke), 113;
Notes from Holderness (Cordeaux), 129 ;
Starling Double-brooded at Lofthouse
(Ward), 130; Flamborough Notes
(Bailey), 130; Black Redstart at Scar-
borough (Backhouse), 176; Dotterel,
etc., on the Pickering Moors (Prodham),
176; Flamborough Notes (Bailey), 176;
Nightingale at Ripley (Fortune) and near
Boroughbridge (Knubley), 176; Gold-
finch near Ripon (Summerfield), 182 ;
Turtle-Dove and Nightingale near Goole
(Bunker), 182; Notes from Easington
near Spurn (Loten), 182 ; Missel Thrush
and Waterhen near Hull (Stears), 182 ;
Birds at Holmfirth (Waite), 202;
Nightingale and Chiff-chaff at Anston
(Mosley), 225; Birds noted at Robin
Hood’s Bay (Knubley), 229; near Har-
rogate (Waite), 236; Hooded Crows
attacking and devouring Salmon (For-
tune), 244; Kedshanks breeding near
York (Cole), 247; Curious Nests of
Missel Thrush (Fortune), 247; Birds
noted in Upper Teesdale (Backhouse),
282, 291; Flamborough Notes (Bailey),
291; The Two-Barred Crossbill, an
addition to the Yorkshire Avifauna
(Slater), 314; List of Birds of Central
Ryedale (Smith), 325-333; Late Breeding
of Nightjar at Thornthwaite (Horsfield),
333; Richardson’s Skua at Settle
(Waite), 333; Spotted Crake at Harro-
gate (Fortune), 333 ; Flamborough Notes
(Bailey), 333; Wasp-Nest destroyed by
Great Tits (Knubley), 333; The Date

of the Occurrence of Emberiza cioides,

at Flamborough (Clarke), 334, 356;
Birds noted at Kirkham Abbey (Back-
house), 341; Nightingale near Knares-
borough (Knubley), 356; Is the Starling
Double-brooded (Fortune), 368 ; (Knub-
ley), 368; (Summerfield), 369 ; (Waite),
370; (Carter), 371; (Fitzgerald), 372;
(Rawson), 373; (Ward), 373; (Smith),

373-
Ceelenterata : Hydra vulgaris near Har-
rogate (Kirk), 244.
Coleoptera : Aphodius tessulatus at Hud-

Crustacea :

dersfield (Mosley), 60; Coleoptera at
Ingleton (Ellis), 60 ; in Kingsdale (Ellis),
60; Holmfirth captures (Mosley), 203 ;
Captures at Anston Stones (Mosley),
225; Bembidium nigricorne in Shipley
Glen (Carter), 278; Carabus nitens in
Upper Teesdale (Rowntree), 283 ; Dyti-
cus marginalis near Kirkham Abbey, 342.
Entomostraca noted near
Harrogate (Kirk), 244; in Upper Tees-
dale (Kirk), 292; and near Kirkham
Abbey (Kirk), 343.

Cryptogamia: Agaricus (Pleurotus) revo-

lutus near Thirsk (Addison), 44; Addi-
tions to the Algz of West Yorkshire
(West), 87-100; Notes on Fungi, with
List of Species coliected, chiefly in East
Yorkshire (Strickland), 183 ; Holmfirth
Notes (Hobkirk), 204 ; Fungi at Anston
Stones (Mosley), 226; Mosses and
Hepatics at Robin Hood’s Bay (Slater),
231; near Harrogate (Slater), 239;
Confervze, Diatoms, and Desmids near
Harrogate (Kirk), 244; Algee in Upper
Swaledale (West), 246; Upper Teesdale
Mosses (Slater, Barnes), 278, 285 ; Micro-
Flora of Upper Teesdale (Kirk), 292 ;
Mosses at Robin Hood’s Bay (Slater),
322; Cylindrospermum macrospermum
near Halifax (Crossland), 339; Fungi
noted near Kirkham Abbey (Soppitt),
342; Diatom, Desmid, and Confervze
there (Kirk), 343; Cephalozia Lam-
mersiana near Dewsbury (Lee), 355.

Diptera: Bibliography for 1884-87, 17-20;

List of Cecidomyidze found near Tadcas-
ter (Binnie), Io1-102 ; a swarm of Dip-
tera near Idle in February (Soppitt),
102; Holmfirth captures (Mosley), 203.

Fishes: Burbot off the Cleveland Coast

(Roebuck), 52; Marine Fishes off Robin
Hood’s Bay (Davis), 232; Fishes noted
in Crimple Beck near Harrogate (Waite),
237 ; Salmon attacked and devoured by
Hooded Crows(Fortune),244; Anchovies
at Whitby (Stephenson), 324; Destruction
of Young Trout in the River Costa at
Pickering (Turner), 324; Pike near
Kirkham Abbey (Backhouse), 341; Mul-
ler’s Topknot off the Yorkshire Coast
(Cordeaux), 356. ;

Flowering Plants: Folk-name for Andro-

meda at Thorne (Lees), 23; Geranium
macrorhizum and Carex Gibsoni in West
Yorkshire (Bennett), 80; From Oxlip
to Primrose (Mosley, Baker), 182;
Holmfirth investigations (Lee), 203;
Plants at Anston Stones (Mosley), 226 ;
at Robin Hood’s Bay (Slater), 230; near
Harrogate (Lee), 237; Twin-flowering

Naturalist,

CLASSIFIED INDEX. 379

YORKSHIRE—Continued.

of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (Lee),
246; Plants of Langstrothdale (Woodd),
271-277 ; Senecio saracenicus in Litton-
dale (Shuffrey), 277; Polypogon mon-
speliensis near Horbury (Rushforth,
Hobkirk), 277 ; Plants noted in Upper
Teesdale (Woodhead), 284; Arenaria
gothica, a plant new to West Yorkshire
(Rotheray), 314; Plants of the Infer-
Arctic Zone on Ingleborough and
Penyghent (Baker), 321-322; Spirza
filipendula, etc., in Upper Airedale
(Edmondson), 322; The discovery of
Arenaria gothica in West Yorkshire
(Rotheray), 335; On the Varieties of
Arenaria ciliata (Baker), 337-339; Plants
noted at Kirkham Abbey (Soppitt), 342.
Geology and Paleontology: Biblio-
graphy for 1887, 61-77; the Succession
of the Silurian Rocks of Ingleton
and the included Trap Dykes of most
Interest (Balderston), 131-142; Geo-
logical Photography and Leeds Geo-
logical Association, 175; At the Foot
of the Wolds (Adamson), 179-182;
Observations at Holmfirth (Adamson),
204; List of Fossils collected at Robin
Hood’s Bay (Chadwick), 232; Geological
observations at same place (Cole), 227 ;
near Harrogate (Adamson), 240; Obser-
vations in Upper Teesdale (Adamson),
285-290; The Yorkshire Boulder Com-
mittee and its Third Year’s Work
(Adamson), 293-313; Geological obser-
vations at Acklam Brow (Cole), 343;
Shap Granite Boulder near Spurn
(Cordeaux), 355.

Hemiptera: Bibliography for 1884-1888,
199-200; Holmfirth captures (Mosley),
203; Cuckoo-spits at Robin Hood’s Bay
(Mason), 229; Hemiptera in Upper
Teesdale (Mason), 283.

Hymenoptera : Holmfirth captures (Mos-
ley), 203; Wasp-nest at Farnham
destroyed by Great Tits (Knubley), 333.
Lepidoptera : Scoparia ingratalis in York-
shire (Porritt), 5; Melanism in Boarmia

repandata at Huddersfield (Porritt), 100; |

Holmfirth captures (Mosley), 203; Lepi-
doptera at Anston Stones (Mosley),
225; at Robin Hood’s Bay (Rowntree)
230; the ‘radiated’ varieties in the
Genus Arctia, etc. (Porritt), 233; Lepi-
doptera noted near Harrogate (Copley),
237; Deilephila galii at Sowerby Bridge
(Copley), 278; Lepidoptera in Upper
Teesdale (Rowntree, Pickard), 283;
Colias edusa at Malton (Slater) and at
Harrogate (Thompson), 291; Polyom-
matus alexis near Kirkham Abbey, 342;

Dec. 1889.

Colias edusa near Scarborough (Burtt),
352; Variation in Arctia mendica near
Huddersfield (Porritt), 352.

Mammalia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 115-127; Bottle-nosed Dolphin in
the Humber (Cordeaux), 6; Mole and
Rat fed on by Rough-legged Buzzard,
Doncaster (Brady), 24; Scarcity of
Lesser Horse-shoe Bat in Nidderdale
(Ingleby), 54; Wild Cherry-stones used
as Food by Long-tailed Field-mouse at .
Danby (Atkinson), 54 ; Tusk of Elephas
primigenius near Brough (Adamson),
179; Holmfirth Notes (Waite), 202;
Rabbit at Robin Hood’s Bay (Knubley),
229; Mammalia noted near Harrogate
(Waite), 236; in Upper Teesdale (Back-
house), 291; Seal at Flamborough
(Bailey), 322; Mammals noted at Kirk-
ham Abbey (Backhouse), 341.

Mollusca: Up Buckden Pike with the
Aneroid (Roebuck), 144; Holmfirth
Notes (Roebuck), 203; Shells at Kilton
Castle, Cleveland (Hudson), 212; at
Robin Hood’s Bay (Roebuck), 229;
near Harrogate (Emmet), 237; Clausilia
rugosa var. dubia with double mouth in
Wensleydale (Lofthouse), 244; List of
Aysgarth captures (Lofthouse), 244 ;
Upper Teesdale Notes (Roebuck), 282 ;
Variation in Helix nemoralis and H. hor-
tensis at Rothwell (Roberts), 320; Some
North of England Mollusca (Cockerell),
320; Shells noted at Kirkham Abbey
(Taylor), 342.

| Museums : Museums of North of England,

tables, 45-51; Aldborough, Bradford,
Giggleswick, Halifax, 46; Halifax (J.W.
Davis), Huddersfield (two), Kirkleatham,
Leeds (four), Malton, Middlesbrough,
48; Richmond, Ripon, Scarborough,
Sheffield, Wakefield, Whitby, York, 50 ;
Hull, 143 ; Paleontology in the Malton
Museum (Woodward), 313; type speci-
mens in York Museum, 334.

Neuroptera and Trichoptera: Holmfirth
captures (Porritt), 203; Limnophilus
centralis at Robin Hood’s Bay (Mason),
230.

| Orthoptera : Forficula in Upper Teesdale

(Mason), 283.

Personal Notices: Presentation of Tes-
timonial to W. Eagle Clarke, 16; New
Fellows of Geological Society, 20, 78 ;
Papers by J. W. Davis, W. Cash, and
G. Massee, 20; Death of G. A. Millar,
20; S. D. Bairstow on Icerya purchasi,
78; L. E. Adams appointed to head-
mastership at Penistone, 143; W. West
on Massachusetts Desmids, 211; H.

380

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

YORKSHIRE—Continued.

Crowther appointed Curator of Truro
Museum, 211; George Roberts, Notes
for 1888, 219; E. E. Prince on British
Food-fishes, 219; George Brook on the
Embryology of Fish, 219; Officers of
Linnean Society, 220; New Fellows of
Linnean Society, 220; H. C. Sorby’s
Researches into Habits of Marine Mol-
lusca, 220; R. F. Scharff on Sand-
Grouse in Ireland, 220; Notice of J. W.
Davis in ‘ Research,’ 220; New, Fellows
of Entomological Society, 220; J. H.
Metcalfe’s Plan for dealing with the
Rabbit-pest in Australia, 220 ; J. Back-
house, jun., his forthcoming work on
European birds, 334; Woodward and
Sherborn’s new ‘work on British Fossil
Vertebrata, 334; S. A. Adamson on
Scarborough and District, 344.
Protozoa : Infusoria noted near Harrogate
(Kirk), 243; in Upper Teesdale (Kirk),
292; near Kirkham Abbey (Kirk), 343.
Reptilia and Amphibia: Bibliography
for 1885-1888, 221-224 ; Palmate Newt
near Huddersfield (Mosley), 212; Frog

at Robin Hood’s Bay (Knubley), 229 ;
Common Ringed Snake at Huddersfield
(Porritt), 234; Amphibians noted near
Harrogate (Waite), 237; Variation in
Frogs in Upper Teesdale(Knubley), 282 ;
Amphibians noted at Kirkham Abbey —
(Backhouse), 341.

Societies: Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,
27th Annual Report, 7-11; Annual
Meeting at Sheffield, 12-16; Meeting at
Holmfirth, 201-206; Part 4 of Tran-
sactions of Leeds Geological Association,
143; Y.N.U. at Robin Hood’s Bay,
227-232; Leeds Geological Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 234; Y. N. U.
at Harrogate, 235-244 ;.in Upper Tees-
dale, 279-291; at Kirkham Abbey and
Acklam Brow, 340-344; Delegate’s
Report on the British Association
Meeting at Newcastle (Knubley), 345-
352-

Vermes: Rotatoria noted near Harrogate
(Kirk), 243; Rotifers in Upper Teesdale
(Kirk), 292; near Kirkham Abbey
(Kirk), 343.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Birds: Is the Starling Double-brooded ?
(Mitchell), 112.

Geology and Palzontology: The New
Red Sandstone and the Physiography of
the Triassic Period (Mellard Reade),
108-111.

Hybridism: In the Animal Kingdom,
178.

Middlesex: Observations upon various

Slugs and their habits and food plants
_ (Kew), 103-107.
Mushroom: Etymology and suggested
derivation (Strickland), 278, 344.
Personal Notices: T. D. A. Cockerell on
citing localities, 219 ; Death of Francis
Day, 313.
Societies : Entomological Society of
London, Anniversary Meeting, 78.

Printed by McCorquodale & Co. Limited, Leeds.

i

Sust Published, 8vo, sewed, 6d.

A LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS

, (REVISED TO APRIL 1887),
By HOWARD SAUNDERS, F.L.S., ete.,
Editor of Vols. 3 and 4 of VYarrell’s * History of British Birds,’
For Labelling Specimens, or for Reference; the various species, whether those

Breeding in the British Islands, Occasional Visitors, or of doubtful history, being
distinctively printed.

GURNEY & JACKSON, Successors to Mr, VAN VOORST, 1, Paternoster Row

INDISPENSABLE TO STUDENTS AND COLLECTORS.
THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY

Edited by JOHN W. TAYLOR, F.L.S.

Contains Descriptions and Figures of New Species and Varieties, Geographical
Lists, and Original Articles, dealing with all departments of the science, by the
leading Conchologists of the day.—Vot. VIII. commenced January 1889. VOLS.
I., II., IIl., IV., V., VI., and VII. may still be had.

This Journal, edited by Mr. J. W. TAYLOR (who may be addressed c/o Taylor
Brothers, the Steam Colour Printing Works, Sovereign Street, Leeds), is the organ
of the Conchological Society, to whose members it is supplied in return for the
subscription of 5s. per annum. ;

Forms of proposal of new members may be had from the Secretary,
THOS. W. BELL, 2, Carr Lane, Leeds.

Now ready, complete, 8vo, cloth, with Coloured Map, price £1 1s. Od.

THE FLORA OF WEST YORKSHIRE.

By FREDERIC ARNOLD LEES, M.R.C.S., etc.

This, which forms the 2nd Volume of the Botanical Series of the ‘Transactions, is perhaps
the most complete work of the kind ever issued for any district, including detailed and full
records of 1,044 Phanerogams and Vascular Cryptogams, 1: Characez, 348 Mosses, 108 Hepatics,
258 Lichens, 1,009 Fungi, and 382 Freshwater Alge, making a total of 3,160 species.

Lonpon: LOVELL REEVE & CO., 5, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden ;
Or the work may be had from the Hon. Secs. of the Y.N.U.,

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK,) «
E. PONSONBY KNUBLEY, } Sunny Banks, Leeds;

The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine.

Price 6d. monthly, 24 pages 8vo, with occasional illustrations.

Conducted by C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S., J. W. Douctas, F.E.S.,
Rev. W. W. Fow er, M.A., F.L.S., R. MACLACHLAN, F.R.S.,
E. SAUNDERS, F.L.S., H. T. STAINTON, F.R.S., &c.

This Magazine, commenced in 1864, contains Articles and Notes on all subjects
connected with Entomology, and especially on the Insects of the British Isles.

Subscription 6s. per volume, post free. The volumes commence with the
June number in each year.

The early volumes are out of print, but can be occasionally obtained by pur-
chasers of the entire series. In this case the price of vols I. to V. is 10s. per vol.
The succeeding vols. (strongly bound in cloth) can be had separately or together
at 7s. per vol.

Lonpon: JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, Paternoster Row.

N.B,.—Communications, &c., should be sent to the Editors at the above address.

TH E NATURALIST. Me

During the next few months it is heed to insert the following articles :—

Presidential Address to the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.—H. E. Dresser,
F.L.S., F.Z.S.

Some Rare Mosses in Westmorland.—Rev. C. H. Rinsreap, B.A.

Geological Photography.--S. A. Apamson, F.G.S.

Lepidopterous Fauna of Lancashire & Cheshire (Tineina and sonata
—J. W. Extts, M.B., F.E.S.

Bibliography: Phanerogamic Botany, 1886-1887.

Geological Papers relating to the North of England, read at the Newcastle
meeting of the British Association.—S. A. Apamson, F.G.S.

The Microscopic Fauna and Flora of the Markington District.—Rev.
J. Sranvey TuTe, M.A.

To be ready shortly, 8vo cloth or leather, Subscribers’ price 7/6 or 10/6.

HANDBOOK

je UROPEAN BIRDS.

JAMES BACKHOUSB, Jun., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

A handy pocket volume for the use of Field Naturalists and Collectors.

Lonpon: GURNEY & JACKSON, 1, Paternoster Row ;
York: WILLIAM SESSIONS, 15, Low Ousegate.

Post Free in Cardboard Covers, Is.; Cloth, Is. 6d.

Address:—‘ FLower-Lanp, SEwersy VICARAGE, HuLL; or can be ordered through any
Bookseller, or from the Publisher, JoHN Hrywoop, DransGATE, MANCHESTER.

PO aN HR-DBAWN D,

EASY INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY,
FOR omtepaane AND FOR THE USE OF PARENTS AND TEACHERS.

Br ROBERT FISHER, M.A.,

Vicar oF SEWERBY, Hutt.

‘ Few works are written in such a plain manner as this, especially when dealing with Botany-
It is one of the easiest introductions to the subject we have come across.'—Horticultural Times.

‘Parents or Teachers who are able to take their children for country rambles will find here a
capital basis provided for conversational lessons in the rudiments of Botany.’—Teachers’ Aid.

The JOURNAL of MICROSCOPY and NATURAL SCIENCE,

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY, PRICE 1/6.

The recognized organ of the POSTAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY, contains interesting
articles in every department of Microscopy and the allied Sciences, written by experienced
Microscopists and Specialists, and illustrated by Lithographic Plates. It is one of the largest,
cheapest, and most widely circulated Journals of its class.

Special features are ‘‘ Half-hours at the Microscope with Mr. Tuffen West, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.,
etc.:” ‘Selected Notes from the Society’s Note-books.” Reviews of new books relating
to every branch of Natural Science; Correspondence on matters of Microscopic or Scientific
interest. Current Notes and Memoranda, ‘‘ Exchanges,” &c.

Edited and published by Mr. Atrrep A H63, Seo. P.M.S.
GX

London: BAILLIERE, TINDALL & COX, 20, King William St., Strand, W.C.

~.,

yf ]

Wey, mee,
iN ed ab

‘

te ee Aes + pl, pl.

Ct 3 ee ees Li

ee ee a a

die

ih,
a
a
hd
r
aX

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES
“TON
9088 01206 2931