: where Sanpete i hischstneseld pote 24 pestbatse-chhs cobtsy Hor (neat ts Lene wie TP rete) Sieve Fevers jepene pele on 00 pean ba ka ae we be RU Re ED Te eho triste ers Tee Hibrary of the Museum OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Founded by private subscription, tn 1861. Deposited by ALEX. AGASSIZ. ; UN. umes | If at ricchtuy AD fame 4 = % 2 Jer of S7¢ ; / Vv U Y / 2 ey abi ’ ge, te. Pa vi - : 3 . y, d in | iv bet , mh Ve a 5 any : : it , ut ” ei ft if , ' mn, A + i) if i ‘ aaah tL ; : ' ‘ : f » j ; a ea : i ‘i ; a3 f 7 j any ‘f Rm! ' 4) i oF} A F , i 0 H A 1 6A We, 4 ; ; y 4 y i | ee yr pe ae 7 '° i tek ‘ ma. i iY ¥ 4 ; i ; n i y vo , 7 mh Me ; . id f { iw 4 i we 4 i \ , ; het & it eh % ’ } Beek i : a iia Bae ce , a A 4h , r p ; { ; ; } ji \ ) i's { ‘ i } j ' j & Ir i f Ul A t v i i j i ri ’ ng ; if ; 1 vi r 1 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NATURAL all ae A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress. VO JANUARY—JUNE, 2803: Sh MOAR NIC ANG ceo Or, LonDOoN AND NEw York. LONDON: PRINTED BY RAIT, HENDERSON & CO., LTD., 22 ST. ANDREW STREET, E.C. WINE DS An asterisk (*) indicates thai a figure is given. *ApBoTtT’s Antelope, 265 *Acanthodes, 436 Actes Soc. Sci. Chili, 477 Actinia, 314 Adelite, 411 Aepyornis egg, OI Aerial roots of Orchids, 405 Africa, Congress on, 316 African Flora, 370 Africa, pictures of, 329 Agardh, J. G., 84 Age of the Earth, 81 Agricultural College for Kent and Surrey, 157 Agricultural Geology, 253 Agriculture, 232 Agriculture and birds, 282 Alcyonarians, 457 Alga, 149, 250, 254 Alga of Cape of Good Hope, 256 Algze, parasites of, 120 Algz, recent progress in, Io “ Algze Schonsboeane,’’ II Alpes Frangaises, 68 America, Glacial man in, 147 Ammonites, 278 *Ameba, artificial, 31, 35 Ameeboid cells, 171 Amphioxus, 17% Amphioxus (kidney tubes), 166 “ Analecta Algologica,”’ 84 Anatomy, 223 *Anatomy of Insects, 114 Animal Temperature, 214 Annals of British Geology, 234 Anesthetics and plant transpiration, 247 Antedon, 276 Antelopes of Kilima-njaro,267 Anthropoid Apes, 387 Anthropology in Ireland, 238 Antidote Theory, 1o2 Ants, stridulating, 408 Appendicularia, 171 Aquaria, 312 Arachnida, classification of, 447 Arctic plants, fossil, 14 Arctic tiger, 170 Arthropods, walk of, 80 Artificial Protoplasm, 31 *Artionyx, 326 Ascidia, 171 Atkinson, G. F., 75 Atlantic, exploration of, 92 Atropin as manure, 245 Auditory organs, 350 Auxology, 6 BaABBINGTON, C. C., 75 Bacteria, 100, 120 Bacteriology, 311, 336 Baker’s Flora of Yorkshire, 77 Ball Herbarium, 315 Ball, W. Platt, on Natural Selection and Lamarckism, 337 Balls of Alga, 250 Barbados, 190 Barrier Reef, 243, 453 Bather, F. A., 393 Bather on KRecapitulation Theory, 275 Bathurst Sci. Soc., 477 Beche-de- Mer, 459 Bear almost identical with Cave Bear, 60 Bees and flies, 54 Bennett on Plauts, 201 Bertrand on Coal, 168 Best, Edward, 395 Betula nana in London, 14 Biarritz, 473 Bibliographies—see Recent Literature. Bibliography of O. C. Marsh, 476 Big Game, 65 Biological Station of Plon, 329 Biological Theories, 195, 350, 421 Bionomics, 82 Birds and agriculture, 282 Birds and insects, 439 Birds, British, 67 Birds, fossil, 85, 374 Birds, migration of, 87 Birds of Chili, 72 Birds of Derbyshire, 388 Birds of Germany, 311 Birds of Humber District, 335 Birds, Pliocene, 85, 374 BlesE=n)| 9305) Bonney and ‘‘ Johnians,” 236 Bony tissue, 162 Booth Coll. of Birds, 476 Barophagus, 12 Borzi, Antonio, 235 Botanical Survey of Nebraska, 317 Botany, English, 150 Botany in Winter, 4 iv INDEX. Botany, naked-eye, 70 Bottomley, W., 475 Brachiopoda, 25 Brachiopoda, distribution of 334 Brachiopoda, new classification of the, fossil, 334 *Brauula (mouth), 116 Brighton Museum, 476 British Association, 317 (2), 318 British Fungus Flora, 11 British Islands, building of, 67 Bristol Museum, 76, 157, 237 *Butschli on Protuplasm, 31 “Bull. Geol. Inst. Univ., Upsala,” 411 “Bull. Herbier Boissier,” 88 Bulman on Inoculation, 399 Bulman on Pasteur’s method of Inocu- lation, 100 “ Burton and Bitter ’’ and Gypsum, 125 CALDERWOOD, W. L., 315 Cambridge Entomological 158 Cameron, A. C. G., 395 Cannibalism among Insects, 444 Caoutchouc, 231 Cardiff Museum, 393, 475 Carney]: E75 Carpenter on Arthropods, 80 Carpenter on Classification of Arach- nids, 446 Carpenter on Colour Changes in In- sects, 287 *Carpenter on Insect Anatomy, 114 Caspian Seal, 60 Catal. of Brit. Echinoderms in Brit. Mus., 312 Cats, 405 Caucasian fossils, 328 Cells, 225, 294, 333 Census of World, 330 *Cephalophus spadix, 265 Cerite, 336 Cervus sedgwicki, 409 Ceylon, pictures of, 329 Chalicotherium, 326 *Chamois, 66 Changes of Level, 89 Chelifers, 448 Chervil, the wild, 4 Chicago and cholera, 14 Chili, birds of, 72 Chimpanzee, 387 Chlorophyll, 12 Cholera, 14, 407 Chordata, 171 Christiania University, 475 Cirripedes commensal on 254 Citrous diseases Station, 75 Cladophora, 25% Classification of Bivalves, 8 Cleistogamic flowers, 205 Climate and Flora in Africa, 370 Climate tested by fossil plants, 69 Clyde raised sea-beds, 89 Coal at Dover, 230 Coal fields of S.E. England, 168 Coal in Essex, 334 Scciety, Crustacea Cockerell, T. D. A., 395 *Cockliopodium ? 35 Collections— Ball (plants), 315 Bartlett (Weaver birds), 61 Beccari (birds and mammals), 61 Booth (birds), 476 Bouchard (Coleoptera), 62 Bruijn (birds and mammals), 61 Buller (birds), 62 De Bary (Botany), 395 Doherty (Lepid.), 62 Felder (Lepid. and Coleopt.), 62 Greene Smith (Birds), 237 Hamilton (Lepid.), 62 Hartert (birds, &c.), 62 Holdsworth (birds), 61 Hope (insects), 152 Palmer (birds), 62 Parfitt (Fungi of Devon), 320 Stainton (Lepidoptera), 394 Von Hugel (birds), 62 Whitehead (birds), 62 Wilson (birds), 62 Colour changes in Insects, 287 Columbia College, 76 Commensalism, 254 Comparative Anatomy, 223 Composite, 167 Conchological Society, 158 Conrad's ‘“‘ Tertiary fossils,’ 314 Constantinople Museum, 236 Continents, 180 Cook, Capt., Journals of, 474 Cooke, John H., 475 Cooke, M. C., 393 Copepoda, 309 Coral Reefs, 243, 453 Corals, 456 Cordeaux on Ornithology and Agri- culture, 282 Coste and oyster culture, 86 Costa Rica, 331 Cothenius medal, 477 Coville, F. V., 475 Crane on Brachiopoda, 46 Crane on Owen, 2 Cretaceous of Mexico, 335 Crinoids, 276 Croonian Lecture, 238 Crustacea and Cirripedes, 254 Crustacea (Macroura), 12 Cryptogams, 84 Cryptogams of W. Indies, 5 Curtice’s Index to Periodicals, 473 Curvature of plants, 9 Cycads, 327 Daily Chronicle articles, 90, 172 Dallina, 334 *Dallinger on Nucleus in Unicellular Organisms, 173 Darwin, F., 75 Davis on Maoris, 110 Dean on oyster culture, 86 Deposits of Nile Valley, 335 Derby, bequest by Lord, 476 Destruction of Pleistocene fossils, 380 Devonian Rocks, 89 Diablotin, the, 5 INDEX. Vv Diatoms, movement of, 159 Dictionaries and scientific terms, 406 Dingo, origin of, 331 Dinners of Scientific Societies, 1 Dinosaurs, 136 Diprotodon, 404 *Diptera, mouth parts of, 114 Distribution of Brachiopoda 46 Distribution of Man, 326 Distribution of Marine animals, 92 Distribution of plants in Africa, 370 Dogs, sporting, 383 Doris, twins and triplets in, 400 Dorpat Univ , 235 Dorset Nat. Hist. Soc., 474 Dover Boring, cores from the, 476 Dover Coal, 168, 230 Dredging on rocky ground, 243 Drepanopterus, 336 Dreyer, Dr., 475 Dudley, W. R., 75 Dunkerque, 473 Durham Coll. Science, 75 Dwarfs of Ituri, 256 Ears of insects, 115, 350 Earth, interior of, 79 Earth's age, 81 Echidna nigroaculeata, 60 Echinoderms of Britain, 312 Echinoid eggs and larve, 82 Edinburgh Summer Meeting, 393 Eggs of Insects, 408 Elfving, F., 75 Elgin Reptiles, 335 Elliot on Climate and Flora in Africa, 379 Elytra of Beetles, 118 Embryologic stages, 6 Embryology, 224, 225 Embryology, experimental, 294 Emin Pasha, 256-328 Emys (fossil) in London, 14 English Catalogue of Books, 392 Eolithic Age, 87 ‘‘ Ephebolic,’’ 6 Epilobium, hybrids of, 150 Epsom Coll. Nat. Hist. Soc., 315 Erosion, 124 Erratics in Thames, 88 Errera on Physiological action at a distance, 83 “ Erythea,” 91 Ethnology in Folk Lore, 146 Eurypterids of Pentland Hills, 336 Evolution, mechanical, 162 Evolution of Ammonites, 278 Evolution of Brachiopoda, 46 Evolution of plants in forests, 37 Evolution of Premolars, 251 Exhaustion Theory, 102 Expeditions— Gregory (Kenia and Barengo), 411 Portal (Uganda), 172 Riva (Ginba river), 315 Shimek (Nicaragua), 235 Villiers, (Rudolph Lake), 172, 252, 315 Experimental Embryology, 294 Experimental Evolution, 78 Exploration of West Indies, 5 FaLsan on the French Alps, 471 Farming, 472 Fellowships of Science, 161 Fellows of Royal Society, 477 Fertilisation of Plants, 201 Fick, Adolf, 477 Field Voles, 12, 330 Fiji, 407 Fiji, pictures of, 329 Fillyside, 89 Filters, 407 Firth College, Sheffield, 236 Fish and electric light, 248 Fish and noises, 248 Fish-eating Rat, 286 Fisheries and gun-firing, 248 Fisheries, map of monthly, 248 Fisher on interior of earth, 79 Fishes, swimming of, 171 Flax of Maoris, 110 Flexible plant stems, 4 Flora of Hawaii, 163 Florida Tertiaries, 249 Flowering of plants, 242 Flowers in Guiana Forest, 412 Fog and Vegetation, 402 Folk Lore and Ethnology, 146 Food of Plants, 384 Foraminifera, 87 Foraminifera, large, 172 Forbes, H. O., 477 Forbes on Moas, 374 Forest Tithes, 388 Forests, light excluded in, 38 France, Fauna of coast of, 473 Fruit at the Cape, 244 Fruit-spike of Calamites, 354 Fungi, British, guide to, 318 Fungi and Insects, 11 Fungi of Devon, 320 Fungi, recent work on, II GADOLINITE, 336 Galveston Marine Biol. Station, 476 Game birds, 227 *Gangliar cell of Ox, 35 Garner Memorial Medal, 77 Gasteropoda, Jurassic, 68 Gasteropoda, 7 Gaudry, A., 395 *Gazella granti, 259 *Gazella thomsoni, 261 Geikie, A., memoir of, 90 Geikie and Highland Controversy, go, 172 Genealogy of Man, 409 “Geographical Journal,’’ 76 Geograph. Soc. Berlin, awards, 477 Geograph. Soc London and women Fellows, 477 awards, 477 Geograph. Soc. Paris, award, 477 Geological nonsense, 170 Geological Society, 90, 238 Geological Soc., awards, 158 Geol. Survey, 395 Geol. Survey of India, 317 Geol. Survey of Saxony, 317 Geol. Soc. Washington, 394 Geologists’ Association, 316, 335, 336 V1 INDEX: Geology of India, 183 Gibson, W. 157 Giessler, Dr., 473 Gilbert on Oceans and Continents, 255 Glacial Man, 147 Glaciation of America, 147 Glaciation of Moon, 13 Glaciation of Thames, 88 Glaciers and Lakes, 336 *Glyptodon, 141, 222 Gobies, nesting habits of, 332 Gobius, 232 Gottingen University, 475 Gould, John: Sharpe’s Index to Works of, 473 Gould, Lilian J., on Protective Coloura- tion, 439 Grant, W. R. Ogilvie, 235 *Grant’s gazelle, 259 “ Greenstone,”’ III Gregory, J. W., 475 Grenfell on Diatoms, 160 Groom, Percy, 475 Growth of shells, 7 Growth, stages of, 6 Guiana Forests, 37, 412 Gulf of Naples fauna, 309 Gutta Percha, 231 HALL, James, on Brachiopoda, 46 Hallier, Dr., 475 Harvard Coll., 237 Hauturu Island, 88 Hawaii, flora of, 163 Hebrides, tropical seeds in, 83 Hemiptera, British, 228 ‘‘ Hen or egg exist first ?’’ 15 Herbst’s experiments on fluids and de- velopment, 82 Herdman’s Handbook to the British Marine Fauna, 80 Heredity, 146 Herrings in brackish water, 335 *Heteromita rostrata, 176 Heurck’s Microscope, 463 Hick on Calamites, 354 Hicks and Devonian System, 89 “Hipparion, 223 Hirudo brevis, 253 History of the Earth, 313 Horner, Leonard, go Hose, Charles, 477 Hunterian Oration, 236 Hurst on Auditory Organs, 350 Hurst on Inoculation, 239 Hurst on Recapitulation Theory, 195, 364 Hurston ‘‘Tentaculocysts,” ‘‘Otocysts,”’ and ‘‘ Auditory Sacs,” 421 Hurst on Twins and Triplets in Doris, 400 Hutchinson’s ‘‘ Extinct Monsters,” 135 Hutton, F. W., 157 Hybridity in Plants, 2o1 Hybrid Orchid, 12 Hybrid Pheasants, 60 Hydrophobia, roo Hydrotropism, 83 Hyena, fossil in Texas, 12 Hygiene Congress Reports, 336 Hylobates syndactylus, 60 Hymenoptera of Britain, 256 IcE in Hong Kong, 325 *Idle days in Patagonia, 218 Ihering, H. von, 475 Imperial Institute, 406 Index to new American plants, 316 Indian Moths, 229 Influence of brackish water on Herrings, 335 Inoculation, 239 Inoculation and Disease, 399 Insect Cannibalism, 444 *Insects, anatomy of, 114 Insects and colour changes, 287 Insects and flowers, 201, 269, 321 Insects and Fungi, 11 Institute of Preventive Medicine, 157 Interior of Earth, 79 Ipswich Museum, 76 Iniders 71, 3158 “Tsagitat,’’ 429 Islands, origin of, 188 JADE in Burmah, 246 Jelly-fish, 330 Jersey Marine Biological Station, 476 Johns Hopkins University, 475 Joints of Vertebrata, 162 Jones, Rupert, Memoir of, go Jordan, Dr., 393 ‘‘Journal of Botany,” 410 “Journal of Geology,” 334 Jukes-Browne on Islands, 188 Jurassic Gasteropoda, 68 Jurassic Rocks of Britain, 255 Kent’s Barrier Reef, 243 453 Keratosa, 172 Kew, plagiarism at, 91 Kew Herbarium, 4, 393 Kidney Tubes in Amphioxus, 166 *Kilima-njaro Mammals, 257 King, Dr. W., 315 King’s College, London, 475 LAGERHEIM, G. von, 75 Lamarckism, 337 Lamellibranchiata, 8 Landslip at Sandgate, 248 Land, underground waste of, 124 Lankester and Oxford Fellowships, 161 Lantern, oxy-hydrogen, 91 Lapworth and Highland Controversy, 172 Lapworth on Earth Movements, 180 Latter on Mimicry, 54 Latter on Volucelle, 54 Lavis, Johnston, 235 Leaves and fogs, 401 Leguminous plants, roots of, 317 Lemuroids, 404 Leprosy, 389 Lewis, Carvill, on Glaciation of Great Britain, 14 Lichens, 70 *L ima (elytron), 116 Limerick Field Club, 158 Limnocnida, 330 INDEX. vil Limnocodium, 330 Linnean Society, Catalogue of Library, Tiquids: movements in, 31 Lit. Phil. Soc., Newcastle, 238 Lithographic stone, 13 Little Barrier Island, 88 Liverpool Marine Biol. Lobsters, etc., 386 *Locusta (ear), 116 Loeffler and mouse-typhus, 12 Longbanite, 411 Lunar Surface, 13 Lunar volcanoes, 13 Lydekker’s Natural History, 254, 411 Comm., 395 Maas on the Distribution of Marine Animals, 92 MacBride, E. W., 75 McGill University, 393 Macroura, development of, 386 Malacological Society, 158 Malacological Society of London, 315, 316 Malta, 335 Malta University, 475 Maltese fossils, 475 *Mammals of Kilima-njaro, 257 Mammals of Trinidad, 478 Man and Glacial period, 147 Man in Malta, 253 Man, Neolithic and Paleolithic, 241 Man’s place in Nature, 389 Manchester Museum, 476 Manures, 245 Maoris, Industries of, 110 Maps of Ordnance Survey, 310 Marcou and the U.S. Geological Survey, 316 Marey on Swimming of Fishes, 171 Marine Algz, 149 Marine Fauna, British, 80 Martin, H. N., 475 Massee, George, 393 Mayr, H., 475 Mechanical Evolution, 162 Medusa, fresh-water, 330 Meduse, 421 Meetings of Scientific Societies, go *Melophagus (head), 116 Mesobdella, 253 Mesolithic Age, 87 Mesoplodon bidens, 159 ‘« Metacrasis,” 149 Metallic poisons and plants, 432 “Metataxis,’’ 149 «‘ Metatropy,’’ 149 Mexican Geology, 335 Microscope, Heurck on the, 463 Migration of Birds, 87 Mill on Oceans and Continents, 256 Mimicry among flies, 54 Minchin on Diatoms, 160 Mineralogical Society, 158 Minot, ©. S375 *Mitchell on Protoplasm, 3r Mites, 448 Mivart on Owen, 18 Moas, 374 Mobius, M., 475 Mollusca, Owen's work on, 25 *Monas dallingeri, 176 Monkeys, extinct, 404 Monkeys, new, 328 Monkeys of Kilima-njaro, 258 Monstrosities, 385 Moon, surface of, 13 Moore em 70 Mori, Fausto, 235 Morte slates, 89 Moths, pupz of, 408 Moths of India, 229 Mountain Chains and the Distribution of Man, 326 Mouse typhus, 12, 255 Mouth of Diptera, 114 Movement of Diatoms, 159 Movements in liquids, 31 Murray, G., on Parasites on Algz, 120 Murray, John, 477 Museum Comp. Zool. Harvard, 237 Museum of Practical Geology, 4 Museums, 3 Museums—see under name or town. Museums Association, 237» 394 Myeloxylon, 327 *Mylodon, 221 NAEGELI’s Work on Cells, 333, 428 Nansen, F., 477 National Museums, 3 Natural Gas, 13 Natural History Museum, 4, 393 Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb., 238 Natural Science at Oxford, 161 Natural Selection, 337 ‘‘ Nepionic,”’ 6 Neritidz, 7 Neusina, 172 New Caledonia, 407 New Guinea, 391 New Hebrides, 407 New Zealand and rare animals, 88 Newport Marine Laboratory, 237 Newspaper science, 87, 169, 252 Nickel, 13, 336 Nikitin’s Biol. Géol. Russ., 253 Nile Valley Geology, 335 Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc., 395 North’s ‘‘ Recollections of a Happy Life,”’ 91 North Staffordshire Nat. Field Club, 77 ‘ Nostologic,”’ 6 *Nucleus in Unicellular Organisms, 173 OBITUARIES— P Bigot, 479 . F. Blanford, 156 = Braun, 479 Ke Davies, 155 De Candolle, 396 C M. Gottsche, 74 R. Hartmann, 479 E. G. Honrath, 479 N. I. Kokscharov, 156 K. A. Lossen, 319 J. Wood Mason, 479 Dr. Moleschott, 479 P. M. A. Morelet, 74 F. O. Morris, 239 Vili INDEX. Obituaries (continued) — J. S. Newberry, 74, 153 W. C. Oswell, 479 Edw. Parfitt, 320 G. H. Pasquale, 399 J. Passerini, 479 K. Prantl, 320 Schaaffhausen, 319 F. Senft, 479 M. Simpson, 155 A. Skofitz, 74 F. Spurrell, 74 H. T. Stainton, 73 F. von Thiimen, 74 B. Vetter, 156 Edw. Vivian, 479 J. O. Westwood, 151 W. M. Williams, 74 T. Wolle, 399 Oceans, 180 Oceans and Continents, 256 Ocydromus, 160 Oken and Owen, 19 Oligodynamics of living cells, 333, 428 Oltmanns, F., 235 Opisthostoma, 12 Orang Utang, 387 Orbitolites, reproduction of, 88 Orchid hybrid, 12 Orchid Review, ot Orchids, 405 Orchids and insects, 272 Ordnance Survey, 253, 310 Origin and classification of Islands, 188 ‘Ornithologischen Monatsberichte,”’ 14 *Oryx callotis, 263 Otocysts, 353, 421 Otoliths, 353 Owen and Embryology, 130 Owen, bust of, 394 Owen Memorial, 157 Owen, Richard— Biography, 16 His hypotheses, 18 Researches on Invertebrata, 2 Researches on Vertebrata, 129 Owls and voles, 283 Oxford Botan. Gardens, 476 Oyster flats, 86 Oysters and oyster culture, 86 Oxford and Science, 161 Oxy-hydrogen lantern, 91 Paca, new variety of, 331 Paleolithic Man, 409 Palzolithic Man in Russia, 168 *Palgoniscus, 437 Palzontographical Society, 77, 160 _ Paleontology, elements of, 307 * Palg@osyops, 148 Papua, 407 Parasites of Algz, 120 Parietal eye of Baby, 169 Paris Museum, 237 Parthenogenesis, 18, 207 Pasteur, 76 Pasteur’s method of Inoculation, 100 *Patagonia, animals of, 218 Pax, EF... 475 Pearl Fishery, 458 Pearson's Hall of Science, 317 Pelagic Copepods, 309 Pelagic fauna, 92 Pelecypoda, 8 Pembery on Temperature of Animals, 214 Peopling of the World, 330 Permo-carboniferous invertebrata, 89 Petroleum, 13 Pheasant hybrids, 60 Phenology, 72 Phosphates from India, 252 Photography of sea-bottom, 244 Phycomyces, 83 Physical Geology, 149 Physiological action at a distance, 83 Piedmont Tertiaries, 249 Piers’ Leaves from the Book of Nature, 170 Placostylus, 407 Plagiarism at Kew, 91 Plankton fauna, 92 Plants and anesthetics, 247 Plants and fogs, 401 Plants and frost, 325 Plants and insects, 269 Plants, curvature of, 9 Plants, dispersal of, 4 Plants, early flowering of, 242 Plants, fertilisation and hybridity, 2o1 Plants (fossil), as test of climate, 69 Plants, history of, 71 Plants of Dover Coal, 231, 476 Plants poisoned by metallic waters, 432 Pléner See, 329 Pliocene Birds of Oregon, 85 Plymouth Marine Biol. Station, 315 Poas volcano, 331 Pocock on Spiders, 447 Pollard on Teeth of Mammalia, 360 Pollination, 201 Pollination of Yucca, 321 Posidonia, 250 “Pounamu,”’ 112 Prehistoric Archeology, 168 Prehistoric Man in Malta, 253 Prehistoric Man in Switzerland, 241 Preuss, Dr., 315 Priem’s ‘‘ La Terre,’’ 314 Pronuba and flowers, 321 Protozoa, 171 Protoplasm, 31 Psychology, 144 Public Health, 145 Pupz of Moths, 408 Pycnogonida, 451 Pyrenees, 471 QuaGGa, 60 Rain, action of, 124 Ramsay, A. C., biography of, 14 Recapitulation Theory in Palzonto- logy, 275, 364 Recent Literature :— Bacteriology, 336 Books on Dutch Indies, 391 Brachiopoda, 53 Calamites, 359 Colouration of Insects, 293 TN DEX. 1X Recent Literature (continucd)— Embryology, 305 Erosion, 128 Fertilisation and Hybridity of Plants, 212 Geology of Russia, 253 Insect Anatomy, 119 Mammals of Kilima-njaro, 268 Parasites on Alge, 123 Pelagic Faunas, 99 Spiders, 451 “Red Lions,”’ 2 Reproduction of Foraminifera, 87 Reptiles and insects, 440 Reptiles of Elgin Sandstone, 335 Restoration of Animals, 135 Reviews— Acloque’s Lichens, 70 Baillon’s Histoire des plantes, 71 Baker's Iridez, 71, 313 Beddard on Anatomy of Anthropoid Apes, 387 Bell's British Echinoderms, 312 Bernard's Palzontology, 307 Biétrie’s Tea, 233 Blake’s Annals of Brit. Geol., 234 Bonney’s Year-Book of Science, 390 Boulenger’s Snakes _ of Museum, 472 Brady’s Dover Boring, 230 Brooks and Herrick on the Mac- roura, 386 Browne's English Botany, 150 *Butschli’s Protoplasm, 31 *Buxton’s Short Stalks, 65 Calderwood on Man's Nature, 389 Chapel’s Caoutchouc, 231 Coupin’s Aquarium, 312 Curtice’s Index to Periodicals, 473 Dixon's Game Birds and Wild Fow], 22 Dixon’s Nests and Eggs of British Birds, 468 *Earle’s Palazosyops, 148 Giesbrecht’s Copepods, 309 Gomme’s Ethnology in Folk Lore, 146 Gordon's British Birds, 67 Gore’s Visible Universe, 64 Griffiths’ Bacteriology, 311 Guinard’s Teratology, 385 Falsan’s Alpes Frangaises, 68, 471 *Fritsch’s Fauna der Gaskohle, 435 First's Birds of Germany, 311 Hall’s Genera of Palaeozoic Brachio- poda, 46 Hampson’s Indian Moths, 229 Hariot's Algues Marines, 149 Hertwig’s Shells and Tissues, 225 Hertwig’s Embryology, 224 Heurck’s Microscope, 463 Hudleston & Wilson’s Jurassic Gas- teropoda, 68 *Hudson’s Patagonia, 218 Hutchinson’s Extinct Monsters, 135 Huxley, Science and Religion, 473 Jukes-Browne’s Building of British Isles, 67 British place in Reviews (continued)-— Jukes-Browne’s Physical Geology, 149 *Kent’s Great Barrier Reef of Aus- tralia, 453 Iitchener’s Naked-eye Botany, 70 Laurie on Food of Plants, 384 Lee on Modern Sporting Dogs, 383 McMurtrie on Dover Coal, 230 Mivart’s Types of Animal Life, 381 Nicholls’ Tropical Agriculture, 232 Ordnance Survey Report, 310 Oudeman’s Sea Serpent, 219 Perrier’s Comparative Anatomy, 223 Philip’s Child-Life Almanac, 72 Pe lem ES eae EGE mameoiie Roberts’ Earth’s History, 313 Saunders’ Hemiptera, 228 Sclater’s Chilian Birds, 72 Seward’s Fossil Plants and Climate, 69 Sharpe's Index to Gould's Works, 473 Sheldon’s Future of British Agri- culture, 472 ‘‘Son of the Marshes’’ on Forest Tithes, 388 Sykes’ Public Health, 145 Tebb on Leprosy, 389 Trouessart, ‘‘Au bord de la Mer,”’ 473 Watson’s Ornithology in relation to Agriculture, 282 Watteyne on Dover Coal, 230 Weismann on Germ-Plasm, 461 Whitlock on Birds of Derbyshire, 388 Wright’s Man and Glacial Period, 147 Zeiller on Plants of Dover Coal, 230 Ziehen’s Physiological Psychology, 144 *Zittel’s Palaontology, 221 Rhinoceros, Square-mouthed, 6 Rhinoceroses, 149 Rhinoceros, new? 60 Ehinoceros antiquitatis, 6 Rhinoceros platyrhinus, 6 Rhinoceros simus, 6 Ricci bequest to Genoa, 476 Right of way, 253 Riva, Dr., 315 Rivers, action of, 124 Rockhill, Woodville, 477 Rodway on flowers in the Forest, 412 Rodway on Phases of Evolution in the Guiana Forest, 37 *Rothschild Museum, 57, 159, 393 Royal Dublin Society, 238 Guiana . Royal Institution, 476 ‘‘Royal Natural History,” 411 Royal Society, 1 Rudolph, Lake, 172 *Rupicapra tragus, 66 Russian geological literature, 253 CSA Iau OO 3071 Sandgate landslip, 248, 334 San Paulo Museum, 475 Xx INDEX. Saprophytes, 174 Science of growth, 6 Scientific dinners, 1 Sea cucumbers, 459 Sea Pellets, 250 Sea Serpents, 219 Sea Spiders, 451 Seaweeds, 10 Sedgwick Geological Museum, 76 Sedgwick Prize Essay, 69 Seedlings, 167 Selous, F. C., 256 Senckenberg Institute, 475 Senior, R. W., 477 Shimek, B., 235 Shells, bivalve, classification of, 8 Sherborn on Owen, 15 *Sherborn on Rothschild Museum, 57 ‘« Short Stalks,’’ 65 Skate, movement of, 171 Smith, Annie L., on Nageli’s Experi- ments on Plants, 428 *Smit’s drawings of extinct Vertebrata, 135 Snakes in British Museum, 472 Solomon Islands, 407 Southwell on Sowerby'’s Whale, 159 Southwell, Thos., 395 Sowerby’s models of British Fungi, 318 Sowerby’s Whale, 159 Spencer on Natural Selection, 337, 410 Spiders, 447 Spirogyra, experiments on, 428 *Spores, 173 Sprengel, C. K., 269 Springs, action of, 124 Stanley as Representative of Humanity, 316 Stannophyllum, 172 Sticklebacks nesting, 256 Stone Age, 87 Storrie, John, 393 Stridulating ants, 408 Struggle for existence, 37 Submarine Photography, 244 Suess on ‘‘Are Ocean Depths Perma- nent ?’’, 180 Sunday Opening of Museums, 76 Swimming of fishes, 171 Surrey, Parishes of, 410 Swingle, W. T., 75 Szabite, 411 TANNIN, antiseptic property of, 39 Tardigrada, 255, 449 Target practice and fish, 248 Tattoo pigments, 111 Taxidermy, 60, 61 sliean233 Technical education, 402 Teeth, evolution of, 251 Teeth of Mammalia, 360 Teeth of Rhinoceroses, 6 Tethys Ocean, 183 Temperature in Hong Kong, 325 Temperature of animals, 214 Tentaculocysts, 421 Teratology, 385 Tertiary mollusca of Florida, 249 Tertiary mollusca of Piedmont, 249 Texas University, 476 Thames and ice action, 88 Thomas on a Fish-eating Rat, 286 Thomson on Experimental Embryology. 294 *Thomson’s gazelle, 261 Tichborne, Sir Hy., 315 Tiger in Arctic Circle, 170 Tiger, long-haired, 170 Tissues, 225 Topley, W., 395 Trachez of spiders, 450 Traquair, Dr. R. H., 475 *Triceratops, 137 Trinidad fauna, 478 Trinidad Field Nat. Club, 478 *Trissolepis, 437 Tropical agriculture, 232 Tropical Seeds in Hebrides, 83 Tropical vegetation, 163 Truffles, 11 Types of animal life, 381 UNGULATA 148 Ungulate, new, 326 *Unicellular Organisms, Nucleus in, 173 United States Geol. Survey, 316 United States National Museum, 76 University for Wales, 157, 476 Univ. of Chicago, 235 Univ. of Glasgow, 236 \ Univ. of Illinois, 76 Upsala Univ., 411 Uranium, 336 Utatur phosphates, 252 VACCINATION, 389 Variation in Mammalia, 329 Varigny on Experimental Evolution, 78 Velates conoideus, 7 Vertebrata, extinct, 135 Virchow’s Croonian Lecture, 256 Visible Universe, the, 64 Vitalism, 82 Voles, 12, 330 Voles and owls, 283 Volucella, 54 ‘“‘Vorland,” 181 Vulcanology at Naples, 235 WAITE, BR 75 Walk of Arthropods, 80 Wallace on Islands, 193 Ward, J., 475 Warrigal, 332 Washington Botan. Dept., 475 Waste of land, 124 Webber, W. J., 75 Weismann on Germ-Plasm, 461 Weismannism, 211, 461 Weka Rail, 160 Welsh Univ., 157, 476 Wild Fowl of Britain, 227 Wilder, H. H., 75 Wille, N., 475 Williamson on Calamostachys, 480 Wiltshire on Palzont. Soc., 160 Wings of Insects, 117 Winter flowers, 242 Wood’s Eocene Mollusca, 250 INDEX. x1 Woodward, B. B., on Velates, 7 Yorkshire Nat. Union, 77 Woodward, H. B., on the Underground Young, Dr. J., and Geology at Glasgow, Waste of the Land, 124 236 Woodward, Smith, 393 Yucca, 321 *Woodward, Smith, on Rothschild Museum, 57 “ ZEITSCHR. prakt. Geologie,’’ 91 *Woodward, Smith, on Extinct Sharks Zeuglodon, 328 and Ganoids, 435 *Zittel’s Palaontologie, 221 World's Fair, 316 Zoological Gardens, 169 Wye College, 157 Zoological Record, 324 Zoological Society's Report, 394 YALE University, 476 Zostera, 250 Year Book of Australia, 477 Zygomorphy, 410 Year Book of Science, 390 ai + Wetec ; Phe (oa ay aR OPr ih. ek a gps! - AA ht ae ye 4s a ay APR 12 1893 INCAS TRAST S Gol TN © Tee A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress. Nomis Voto JANUARY, 1693: NOTES AND COMMENTS. ScIENTIFIC DINNERS. OW that the festive season is upon us, a few remarks on Scientific Dinners may not be out of place. Most of the learned Societies meet once a year to celebrate their ‘‘anniversary,” in a more or less convivial fashion. This they do, not in the style of the ‘‘ good old days” of the “ three-bottle ””» men— the process is in a measure reversed. Instead of a plain dinner and a large amount of wine, the custom is to have a very elaborate dinner and a moderate amount of wine. The cost may be much about the same. In the meanwhile the composition of the societies has undergone considerable alteration. In old days, Science was the pursuit, or the pastime, for the most part of those well-to-do—of leading professional men, of clergy, and men of independent means. Nowadays Science owes its progress as much, perhaps more, to poor men than to the comparatively rich. Yet the annual dinners are practically restricted to the latter, on account of the guinea (or more) that is charged. This is not as it should be. To the younger workers, as a rule, the cost is prohibitory. ‘hese social gatherings should be representative: whereas, under present circumstances, it seems as if we had a Christmas dinner, and denied a place to the children and to our poor but hard-working relations. A change is needed, so that rich and poor, old and young, may meet, and equally find a welcome. We read in the Life of Edward Forbes that during the meeting of the British Association held in Birmingham in 1839, ‘‘ He and other young naturalists, disliking the irksomeness and expense of the ordinary, adjourned to a small tavern, adorned with the sign of the Red Lion. ‘There they dined daily at small expense, on beef cooked B 2 NATURAL SCIENCE. Jan., in various fashions, moistened with sundry potations of beer, and enlivened by joke and song—in contradistinction to the endless dishes and wines and formality of the ‘ big wigs.’ ”’ ‘And in after years, when he had arrived at the zenith of his reputation, and British geology had conferred upon him the highest honours it had to bestow, his antipathy to men of buckram remained as strong as ever. He could see no reason why a President of the Geological Society should cease to be a ‘ Red Lion,’ and so he chanted his songs and cracked his jokes as merrily as he had done in the little Birmingham tavern when he was only beginning to be known.” The Red Lion dinner, alas! is not what it used to be—with the formalities and expenses that seem to attend the introduction of ‘¢ war-paint.” In making these remarks we have no desire to advocate a return to the customs of the past, nor to impair in any degree the true dignity of Science; but we fully believe that if the festive gatherings of our learned Societies were arranged on more economical lines, they would much more adequately fulfil the purpose for which they are instituted. In reference to the customs of the past, it will be of interest to append the following account of a Royal Society Club Dinner a century ago, taken from a translation of Faujas St. Fond’s Travels in England, Scotland, and the Hebrides, 1799 (vol.i., pp. 48-51) :— ‘‘ About forty members of the Royal Society have been, for more than twenty-five years, in the habit of dining annually in one of the taverns of London. Each member has the right of bringing to this club two visitors, whom he chooses, among foreigners or the friends of the Royal Society of his own acquaintance. The president may bring a greater number, and can select whoever he pleases for guests. ‘We sat down to table about five o’clock. Sir Joseph Banks presided, and filled the place of honour. No napkins were laid before us ; indeed there were none used; the dinner was quite in the English style. «« A member of the club, who isa clergyman (I believe it was the astronomer Maskelyne), made a short prayer, and blessed the company and the food. The dishes were of the solid kind, such as roast beef, boiled beef and mutton prepared in various manners, with abundance of potatoes and other vegetables, which each person seasoned as he pleased with the different sauces which were placed on the table. “The beef-steaks and the roast beef were at first sufficiently drenched by large quantities of strong beer, called porter; it was drank out of cylindrical pewter pots, which are, by some, thought preferable to glasses, perhaps because they enable one to swallow a whole pint at a draught. ‘“This prelude being finished, the cloth was removed, and a handsome and well-polished table was covered, as if it were by magic, with a number of fine crystal decanters, filled with the best port, madeira and claret ; this last is the wine of Bordeaux. Several glasses were distributed to each person, and the libations commenced on a grand scale, in the midst of different kinds of cheeses, which, 1893. NOTES AND COMMENTS. 3 rolling in mahogany cases from one end of the table to the other, provoked the thirst of the drinkers. ‘«To give more liveliness to the scene, the president announced the health of the prince of Wales; this was his birth-day. We then drank to the elector palatine, who was that day to be admitted a member of the Royal Society. The same compliment was next paid to us foreigners, of whom there were five present. ‘¢ The members of the club afterwards saluted each other, one by one, with a glass of wine. According to this custom, one must drink as many times as there are guests, for it would be thought a want of politeness in England to drink to the health of more persons than one at a time. “ A few bottles of champaign soon put all the company in good humour. The tea came next, with butter, marmalade, and all its usual accompaniments; coffee followed, humbly yielding precedence to the tea, though it be the better of the two. In France, we commonly drink only one cup of good coffee after dinner ; in England they drink five or six times that quantity of the most detestable kind. ‘«‘ Brandy, rum, and some other strong liquors closed this philo- sophic banquet, which terminated at half-past seven, as there was to be a meeting of the Royal Society at eight o’clock. Before we left the club-room, the names of all the guests were written on a large sheet of paper, and each of us paid seven livres four sols French money : this was not dear. ‘“‘T repaired tothe Society along with Sir Joseph Banks,—Caven- dish, Dr. Maskelyne,—Aubert, and Sir [Henry] Englefield ; we were all pretty much enlivened, but our gaiety was decorous. ‘Doubtless, I should not wish to partake of similar dinners it they were to be followed by settling the interests of a great nation, or discussing the best form of government; such a conduct would neither be wise nor prudent; but to meet, to celebrate the admission of an elector palatine, who has, besides, much merit, to a learned Society, is not a circumstance from which any inconvenience can result.” Circumstances, as we have said, have changed much since the time of St. Fond’s travels,and we can only hope that the conservatism of the older learned Societies will ere long be compelled to yield to the spirit of the age. NaTIONAL MUSEUMS. AN article of some importance ‘“‘On our National Art Museums and Galleries” is contributed by Sir Charles Robinson to the Nime- teenth Century for December, 1892 (p. 1025), and many of his remarks will apply equally well to the National Scientific Collections. While fully appreciating the zeal with which the officers in charge of the various museums perform their duties, and while duly acknowledging the gratifying progress that is being made, Sir Charles laments the want of a central controlling organisation to direct the whole and prevent unnecessary duplication of specimens :—‘ It is little to say that in our museum system everything is in a chaotic state, everything drifts fortuitously ; there is no central overruling and directive power, no bond of union, and scarcely any intercommunion between one Biz 4 NATURAL ‘SCIENCE. Jan., establishment and another—briefly, no definitely established system for the general governance of these institutions ; hence tacit rivalries, which sometimes develop into flagrant antagonisms. The bounds of jurisdiction or the several provinces of these institutions overlap in all directions, and their respective interests clash.” Everyone acquainted with the Natural History Departments of the British Museum and the allied public institutions of more recent foundation, will recognise how appropriately these remarks apply to them. The originally economic aims of Kew Gardens, for example, have expanded to such an extent that the Herbarium is in constant rivalry with that of the British Museum, separating collections which ought to be united, and duplicating collections in other instances. The Museum of Practical Geology, also, continually acquires fossils which are of little or no value for stratigraphical or economic purposes, and which, from their unique interest in an anatomical sense, ought to be placed with the purely scientific collections in Cromwell Road. When the Art Museums are re-organised, by all means let the Science Museums be similarly controlled, and the reformation will be not merely economical, but conducive to efficiency. Tue BotTanist IN WINTER. THOUGH so many of our native plants lie dormant in the winter, the time is not lost even for them. We perhaps go into the lanes or fields and see only withered stalks, or ripe fruit waiting to be picked or shaken off. We say to ourselves that the year is finished, and nothing more is to be done till life revives with the first warm days of spring. This idea, however, is quite mistaken, for the botanist who has the good fortune to be in the field Bee sees things that are quite unknown to the summer rambler. e soon learns that though life may be dormant, or even extinct, in the dead stalks, yet they are not therefore merely cumbering the ground and waiting for decay. In many of our native plants the adaptation of the means to the end does not cease with life, and the dying or dead stem is often modified to help to protect or disperse the seeds. Winter botany has been little studied, but there is much to be learnt. For instance, the dead, unsightly umbellifers, so common in every hedge, are still playing their part. Instead of the green, flexible stem found in the summer, we see a stiff, elastic stalk, with thin whip-like tips, from which the fruit, separating from the axis, dangle by one corner. Anyone who has seen boys throw pellets of clay by means of a switch, and has afterwards forced his way through dead umbelliferous stems, like those of the Wild Chervil, will at once realise the great use of the elastic stalk, the whip-like tip, and the divided carpophore with its dangling fruit. Each passing animal and every breeze bends the stalk, which, springing back, tends to fling the fruit well beyond the limit of the ground exhausted by the 1893. NOTES AND COMMENTS. 5 parent plant. Thus the elasticity of the dead stem may be as important to the species as any character in the living plant. Many annual plants, however, have burrs, and in these species the dead stem is more flexible and tougher, so that it bends and rubs the fruit against the fur of an animal, or against our clothing. The different character of the dead stem will at once be recognised in the Wild Carrot, the ripe burr-like fruit of which curl inward, so that they cannot be shaken off, but come away a few at a time when the plant is stroked by anything rough. This is merely one example of what can be observed in late autumn and winter; but anyone who has visited a beech or oak wood during a gale in the fruiting season, will understand why such fruit grow on the tips of long flexible branches, instead of on thick stems. The stinging blow that can be given by an acorn under these circum- stances will soon convince the naturalist of the important part played by the flexible branch. Even the gale that tears off large arms may be of great use to the species, though ruinous to the individual tree. A NATURALIST IN THE WEsT INDIES. Mr. W. R. Et.iort, who hasbeen collecting Cellular Cryptogams during the last year in St. Vincent, Anguilla, and Dominica for the West India (Natural History) Exploration Committee, has met with considerable success. In his last expedition, he has made a prolonged examination of the highest peaks of Dominica, the most densely wooded and primitive of all the Antilles, except, perhaps, Hayti, ‘ the black republic,” of which very little is known. He has obtained a very large series of Hepaticee which Mr. Spruce has undertaken to work out, while he has added to the large number of Fungi already collected and partly described by Mr. George Massee in the Fournal of Botany. Among other things of which Mr. Elliott has been in quest is the petrel, the Diablotin, supposed to occur only in Trinidad. He has found the holes frequented by the birds, and at the time of his last letter was awaiting the possible re-appearance of a stray specimen or two, since the season (November) had arrived at which this might be expected. He visited the Carib reservation of Salybia on the windward coast of the island, but his account adds little of note to that given of the expiring remnant of this people by Mr.Ober in his interesting Camps in the Caribbees, except that the race of true Caribs is now in much the same case as the Diablotin. It would be of interest, and even a negative result would be of some value, if a local naturalist of St. Vincent or Grenada were toexamine, at the proper season, some of the higher, less accessible, and seldom visited island peaks among the Grenadines whence reports have come at different times of the appearance of a bird resembiing the Diablotin. 6 NATURAL SCIENCE. Jan., THE SQuARE-MoUTHED RHINOCEROS. Ir has been considered that the square-mouthed, or so-called White Rhinoceros (R. sius) is already extinct. Recently, however, Mr. F. C. Selous has written to our contemporary, the Field, to say that a few ofthese magnificent animals still survive in a remote corner of Mashonaland. One of these last survivors has already been killed, with the view that its remains should find their way to the British Museum. We trust, however, that the authorities in Mashonaland will take care that the others are not molested, and may be allowed a chance of propagating their species. We may take this opportunity of mentioning that although most zoologists have recognised the extreme specialisation of the molar teeth of this species, as exemplified by their very tall crowns, and the flat plane of wear of their grinding-surfaces, yet it does not appear to have been noticed that they differ from those of all other living Rhinoceroses by the presence of a thick investing coat of cement. Not only does this cover the outer surface of the tooth, but it likewise fills up both the main and the posterior valleys. Indeed, the molars of this species bear almost the same relationship to those of the Sumatran Rhinoceros as is presented by the molars of the Horse to those of the Anchithere. In the extinct Woolly Rhinoceros (R. antiquitatis) the cement is present to a less degree in the molar teeth, which are of the same general structure; while in the allied R. platyrhinus, of the Siwalik Hills of India, there was, probably, also a certain amount of this constituent. In both these extinct species the teeth do not, however, appear to attain the extreme specialisation of the square-mouthed Rhinoceros, and it is accordingly difficult to regard the latter as representing a genus apart from the one including all the other existing species, which we should otherwise have been disposed to do. THE SCIENCE OF GROWTH. READERS of a recent article in NATURAL SCIENCE on the Anatomy and Development of the Brachiopoda, who were appalled by certain strange and fearful words, such as ‘‘nepionic,” ‘‘ ephebolic,” and ‘‘nostologic,” will be interested to learn that those terms have just been elucidated and improved by S. S. Buckman and F. A. Bather in a paper entitled ‘*‘ The Terms of Auxology ” (Zoologischer Anzeiger, November 14 and 28, 1892, pp. 420 and 429). Growth and change, as the authors observe, do not stop in an animal when the embryonic stage has been passed; nor is the study of later stages of less impor- tance than that of the earlier. Thus has arisen a new science, of which embryology is only a part; and, as was inevitable, definite names have been given to the various post-embryonic stages. Un- fortunately, the names used were not only open to serious objection 1893. NOTES AND COMMENTS. 7 on etymological grounds, but were used with too great laxity. As now revised, the technical terms are as follows :—embryonic, brephic (= in- fantine or larval), neanic (= adolescent), ephebic (= adult), and gevontic (= senile), the last being subdivided into catabatic (= declining) and hypostvophic (= atavic). These terms are restricted to stages in the growth of an individual. By prefixing the syllable phy/- they may be made to express stages in the history of a race; while the successive stages in the evolution of a character may be designated by the same terms with the addition of the prefix morpho-. Confusion of terms leads most surely to confusion of thought, and if the latter be in any way dispelled by the labours of Messrs. Buckman and Bather, we are bound to be grateful. THE GROWTH OF SHELLS. A most peculiar, and, as far as is at present known, unique mode of increase in a Gastropod shell, is described by Mr. B. B. Woodward in the last number of the Pvoc. Zool. Soc. London (1892, pp. 528—540, pls. 31, 32). Broadly speaking, the Gastropod shell may be looked upon as a more or less elongate conical tube, at the apex of which is the young shell, while increase takes place by the addition of fresh material at the other, open, extremity—the mouth. This tube is usually spirally coiled in the direction of a screw, the successive whorls touching one another. In those forms where the spire is low and the whorls are close together, the portion of the tube next the previously-formed whorl is sometimes largely, some- times completely, dispensed with, and what was in the first instance the outermost wall of the tube becomes in the course of growth the dividing partition between the last whorl and its predecessor. When the shell is a very thick one, the presence of an equally stout internal partition (pavies) between the whorls becomes unnecessary, and even inconvenient; hence it is very frequently to a great extent re-absorbed and reduced in thickness by the animal, as, for example, in Conus. The Neritidze advance a step further, and usually remove the greater part of the paries altogether, converting the shell into a single chamber, the only remnant of the dividing wall left being a portion near the mouth, to which one of the retractor muscles is attached. On the other hand, this remaining fragment of paries is usually strengthened, sometimes considerably, by an extra layer of shelly material. In extreme cases this deposit forms an independent projecting shelf (septwm), standing out from the paries into the general cavity, between the former and the mouth of the shell. In these instances the septum forms the point of attachment for the retractor muscle, and the remnant of the paries is reduced to insignificant proportions or disappears entirely. The different species of Nevitina and Nerita exhibit the various stages in the process. 8 NATURAL