Ffor ‘nyt lefere to have at hese bedis hea Gurenty bokis Lelaad in blak ar red Of Aristotle & his philesa-phie Chan rebis roche or fedele or gay sautrie [5.1 WS.Nati a Tea | fo Miraeaim [ nt i om un MM i hd ‘ 2 Py ? ~ Nature A WEEKLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLU Mie xX xXlx NOVEMBER 1883 to APRIL 1884 * To the solid ground Ot Nature trusts the mind which builds for aye.’—WoRDSWORTH Yondon and iets pork MACMILLAN AND CO. 1884 LONDON : R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS BREAD STREET HILL, E.C, Nature, June 5, 1884] INDEX ABBADIE (A, d’), the Remarkable Sunsets, 132 Abney (Capt., F.R.S.), Wave-lengths of A, a, and Lines in Infra-red of Visible Spectrum, 190 Abyssinia, Dr. Stecker’s Travels in, 347 Achard’s Continuous Electric Brake, 245 ee Chemical, Oswald’s Studies of, 391 ; Flavitsky’s Theory of, 392 Africa: Exploration of Stanley’s Congo Expedition, 15 ; Portu- guese Expedition to West, 64, 245; Dr. Holub’s Expedition, 135, 346; Russian Expedition to West, 296 ; Dr. Emin-Bey’s Explorations, 160 ; Dr. Richard Bohm’s and P. Reichardt’s Explorations, 272; Races of Western Tropical, H. H. John- ston, 303 ; Junker’s Expedition, 318 ; O’Neill’s Explorations, 346 ; Dr. Chavanne’s Expedition, 346 ; Sketch of the Modern Languages of Africa, Robt. Needham Cust, Prof. A. H. Keane, 377 ; Geology of Central Africa, H. Drummond, 551; African Spiders, 408; Dr. Junker’s Discoveries in the Wellé Region, 584 Agardh (Dr.), on Algee, Mary P. Merrifield, 340 Agassiz (Prof. Alex.), Embryological Monographs, 16; the Por- pitide and Velellide, 262 Agates, Prof. M. Forster Heddle, 419 Agriculture, an American Rothamsted, Prof. W. Fream, 238 Agriculture in Sussex, 575 Agricultural Society, Royal, Journal of, 75 Air, Velocity of Sound in, D. J. Blaikley, 148 Air, Dusty, on the Formation of Small Clear Spaces in, John Aitken, 322 ; Phenomena exhibited by, in the Neighbourhood of Strongly-Illuminated Bodies, Profs. Oliver J. Lodge and J. W. Clark, 417 Air-Wave, the Krakatoa, General Strachey, F.R.S., 181 Air-Waves, Earthquakes and, General Strachey, F.R.S., and Maxwell Hall, 427 Airy (Sir G. B., F.R.S.), on Chepstow Railway Bridge, 75 Aitken (John), on the Formation of Small Clear Spaces in Dusty Air, 322 Alaska : Zoology and Botany ot, 362; the Volcanic Eruption of Mount St. Augustin, Geo. Davidson, 441 Albany (Duke of), Death of, 534 Alexander (Thos.), Protection by Mimicry—a Problem in Mathematical Zoology, 405 Alexeyeff’s Theory of Solutions, 391 Alfta, Remarkable Meteor and Aurora at, 159 Algz, Drs. Agardh and Rabenhorst on, Mary P. Merrifield, | 340 Algeria, Sinking of Earth at Bona, 460 Algiers, Earthquake in, 415 Almanac, the Nautical, 89 Alpine Clubs, German, 462; Austrian, 462; French, 488 Alps of New Zealand, Green’s, Prof. Bonney, F.R.S., 281 Aluminium, Peculiar Absorption of Iodic Acid by, Dr. G. Gore, F.R.S., 254 Amambara Creek, Flegel’s Map of, 585 Amazons (Upper Regions), Topography and Ethnography of, Colini, 272 America : Co-education of the Sexes in, 158 ; November Meet- ing of National Academy of Sciences, 161 ; Clifford Richard- son on American Wheat, Prof. J: Wrightson, 173 ; American Geology, F. V. Hayden, A. Geikie, F.R.S., 233 ; an Ameri- can Rothamsted, Prof. W. Fream, 238 ; American Naturalist, 165, 375; American Journal of Science, 141, 252, 397, 466, 540, 613; American Association for the Advancement of Science, 87; Recent Low Temperatures in America, Dr. John Rae, F.R.S., 287 Amu-Daria, Russian Explorers on the Old Bed of the, 416, 557 Amur, Changes of Level of, 15 Anatomy for Artists, John Marshall, 30, 56, 123 Anderson’s Handbook of Archzological Collections in Indian Museum, 27 ; Guide to Calcutta Zoological Gardens, 426 Anemometer, a New, Prof. Bornstein, 280 Animal Body, Nuclein in, Prof. Kossel, 352 Animal Intelligence, J. M. Hayward, 357 Animals: Mental Evolution in, F. J. Faraday, 335, 381, 428; G, J. Romanes, F.R.S., 330, 336, 404, 428 Animals, Teaching, to Converse, Sir J. Lubbock, F.R.S., 216, 237, 547; Col. H. Stuart Wortley, 261 Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 94, 253, 276, 495 Annals of Mathematics (Magazine), 135 Annelida of the North Atlantic, 25 Anthropology : Anthropological Institute, 119, 166, 254, 303, 351, 446, 542; the Study of, Prof. Flower, F.R.S., 319, 388 ; Foundation of an Anthropological Society at Bordeaux, 389 ; Anthropological Society of Paris, 414 ; Anthropological Notes in Solomon Islands, Surgeon Guppy, 429; Anthropological Results of Dr. Finsch’s Journey to the Pacific, 462 ; Erkert’s Anthropological Measurements in Caucasus, 557; at the | British Association Meeting at Montreal, 582 | Aphides, British, G. B. Buckston, F.R.S., 288 Arabia, Geology of, Prof. T. G. Bonney, F.R.S., 350 | Arabin Gums, C. O’Sullivan, 253 Az 1V INDEX [Wature, June 5, 1884 Archeological Collections of the Indian Museum, 27 Archibald (E. D.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 176 Archives, Italiennes, de Biologie, 23, 142 Archives of the Physical and Natural Sciences, Geneva, 277, 49 iene Expedition (Dijmphna), New, 88 Arctic Expedition, another attempt to rescue the Greely, 415 Argentine Republic, Splenic Fever in, Dr. Roy, 91 Argyll (the Duke of), the Unity of Nature, 474, 524 Aristotelian Society, 45 Arizona, Geological Survey of, H. M. Wilson, 272 Arlberg Tunnel, Completion of, 64, 87 Artists, Anatomy for, 30, 56, 123 Ascidia Composite, Classification of the, Prof. Herdman, 429 Ash (Volcanic), Analysis by Dr. Reusch of Krakatoa, 388 Ash of Grain grown at Rothamsted, Analy-is of, Lawes and Gilbert, 445 Ashes (Volcanic), Analysis of Krakatoa, Renard, 134 Asia (Central), Dr. Regal’s Explorations in, 416 Asia Minor, Earthquakes in, 437 Asian Explorations, Dr. Riebeck’s, 417 Asiatic Society of Bengal, Centenary of, 316 Association of German Naturalists and Physicians, 18 Association, Scientifique de France, 272 Astronomical Column, 45, 69, 88, 112, 135, 159, 185, 246, 273, 296, 345, 367, 399, 415, 536, 558, 606 Astronomische Gesellschaft, 558 Astronomical Station on Pic du Midi, Studies made for establish - ment of permanent, MM. Thollon and Trépied, 7 Atlantic (North), Norwegian Expedition: Zoology, 25 Atlantic Soundings, 188 Atlantic, Relative Level of Mediterranean and, Tillo and Bourdalou, 185 Atlantic, Greatest Depth of, 319 Atmosphere, the Upper Currents of the, 154 Atmosphere of China, Dust, Prof. J. P. O'Reilly, 260 Atomic Weight of Tellurium, Brauner, 391 Atomic Weights, Redeterminations of, 391 Atti dell’ Accademia Reale dei Lincei, 47, 95, 443, 466, 565, 614 Attraction et Gravitation d’aprés Newton, Mme, Clémence Royer, 235 Audebert (J.), Wild Tribes of Madagascar, 347 Auricular Sensations, Subjective, Prof. Luce, 568 Aurora and Meteor at Alfta, 159 Aurora Borealis: Prof, Lemstrém’s Observations of the, 111; on the Height of the, Adam Paulsen, 337 ; Measuring the, Dr. Sophus Tromholt, 409; in Iceland, Dr. Sophus Trom- holt, 537 Austral Judgment, the, 49 Australia : Initiation Ceremonies, A.W. Howitt, 254 ; Geological Exploration in Western, E, T. Hardman, 294; Water in, F. T. Mott, 311; Exploration by Winnicke of unknown in- terior of, 346; Volcanic Eruptionin Western, 388 ; Australian Observatories, 390 Austrian Polar Expedition, Results of, Lieut. Wohlgemuth, 246; Botanical Expedition to Azerbijan, 316 Austro-Hungary, Ornithological Observatories in, 246 Axioms of Geometry, Edward Geoghegan, 551; Prof. O. Henrici, F.R.S., 573 Azerbijan, Austrian Botanical Expedition to, 316 Bacas (Dario) Determinants, 378 Bacillus of Typhoid Fever, Prize offered for Essay on, 583 Backhouse (T. W.), Pons’ Comet, 7; the Quadrantids, 104 ; the Remarkable Sunsets, 251 Bacteria, 559; Bicentenary of, Ferdinand Cohn, 154 Bacterioscopic Measurements of Neva Water, Dr. Pehl, 557 Bailey (Prof. W. W.), Sprengel on Fertilisation of Flowers, 171 ; Ravens in United States, 478 Baker (J. G.) Review of Tuber-bearing Solanums, 328 Balance, Delicate, Suggestions for facilitating the use of a, Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S., 91; Hughes’ New Magnetic, 263 Balfour (Prof, J. Hutton) Death of, 365; Obituary Notice of, 8 Baltic Scientific Researches, Finnish Government Steamer for, 225 Bae in Transcaucasia, Proposed Cultivation of, Woeikoff, 184 Barlow (Capt.), Sea covered with Pumice, 488 Barlow (W.), Internal Symmetry of Crystals, 186, 205; Pro- bable Nature of the Internal Symmetry of Crystals, 404 Barometer, the Ear a, Dr. W. H. Stone and Geo. Rayleigh Vicars, 356; C. V. Boys, 333 Basonietical Sympathy with Earthquakes, Dr. Hector, F.R.S., 7 Barometro Araucano, Baron Maclay, 303 Barrett (Prof. W. F.), on a Magnetic Sense, 476 Barrington (R. M.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 153; on the Absence of Earthworms from Canadian North-West Prairies, 237 Barytes from Chirbury, H. A. Miers, 29; C, J. Woodward, 77; H. A. Miers, 124 Bashforth (Rev. F.), On a Method of Estimating the Steadiness of Elongated Shot when Fired from Large Guns, 527 Bathymetrical Survey of Scottish Lochs, 487 Batteries, New Elements for Primary, Lalande and Chaperon, 227 Bead Ornaments of Paleolithic Man, Worthington G. Smith, 83 Beadon (Robert), the Remarkable Sunsets, 225 Bealby (J. P.), Java Eruption and Earthquake Waves, 30 Beardmore (N. B.), the Green Sun, 28 Becquerel (H.), Researches on Infra-red Rays of the Spectrum, 22 Beddard (F. E.), the New Prosector of the Zoological Society, 294 Bees, Habits of, Isabella Herschel, 104 Behm (Dr.), Death of, 487 Beketoff (Prof.), on Dr. Sachs’ Theory of the Relations between the Increase and Segmentation of Cells in the Embryoual Parts of Plants, 461 Bengal Dyes and Tans, H. W. McCann, 147 Bengal Asiatic Society, Centenary af, 316 Bennett (A. W.), on the Reproduction of the Zygnemacex, 142 Ben Nevis Observatory, 14, 86, 134; a Christmas Visit to, Prof. G. Chrystal, 219; Ascent of, 9, 365; Weather on, T. Sington, 261; Meteorological Observatiens from, 342 Berghaus (Prof. H. K.), Death of, 437 Berlin : Cremation Society, 461 ; Physiological Society, 72, 144, 168, 255, 280, 352, 448, 543; Physical Society, 48, 168, 192, 279, 304, 400, 472, 498, 568 ; Geographical Society, 160 Berly’s Electrical Directory, 524 Bermuda, Earthquake in, 15 Bernstein (Dr, R.), Death of, 415 Berwick-on-Tweed, Remarkable Meteor seen at, 272 Beryllium, Spectrum of, 90; Hartley on, 391 Beyerinck (Dr.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 175, 308 Bittleston (Lieut. G. H.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 152 Bias in Walking, Unconscious: G. H. Darwin; Thos. Hawks- ley, 286 ; Sara S. Owen, 336; Dr. J. Rae, F.R.S., 311, 384; W. G. Simpson, 356; Dr. Garson, 310; R. McLachlan, F.R.S., F. M. Campbell, Stephen A. Marshall, 311 Bibliography : Scientific, Quaritch’s Catalogue, 212; Meteoro- logical, C. J. Symons, F.R.S., 550 Bickmore’s (Prof.), Lectures on Natural History to School Teachers, 184 Bicycles and Tricycles, C. V. Boys, 478 Biddulph (Sir R., C.B.), the Cedar Forests of Cyprus, 597 Bidvet (Shelford), on an Explanation of Hall’s Phenomenon, 4 Biological Notes, 16 Biological Laboratory on the English Coast, a, 473 Biological Investigation of the British Coasts, Society for, 533 Birds, Towering of, Sir J. Fayrer, F.R.S., 55 Birds’ Eggs, the Structure of, Prof, Tarkhanoff, 461 Birds of Japan, New List of, 604 Birmingham Philosophical Society, 254 Burvari, Earthquake at, 415 Bishop (S. E.), Remarkable Sunsets, 259, 549, 573 Blaikley (D. J.), Velocity of Sound in Air, 148 Blake (Jas.), on the Incubation Period of Scientific Links, 168 Blake (Prof. J. G.), Voleanic Group of St. David’s, 303 Blakiston (Capt. T.), Protection by Mimicry—a Problem in Mathematical Zoology, 405 ; List of the Birds of Japan, 604 Bleaching, Dyeing, and Calico Printing, John Gardner, 425 : Nature, June 5, 1884] Bles (E. J.), the Remarkable Suusets, 427 Blue Sun, a, E. Metzger, 252 Blyth (A. W.), Poisons, Dr. Thos. Stevenson, 451 Bock’s (Carl) Siam, Prof. A. H. Keane, 258 Bogies, Mr. Ruskin’s, Rev. W. Clement Ley, 353 Bohn’s (Dr. R.) African Explorations, 272 Bolletino della Societa Italiana Geografica, 346 Bona, Subsidence of Naiba Mountain, near, 15 Bone Caves of Ojcow, Prof. Dr. F. Romer, 449 Bonney (Prof. F.R.S.), Geology of South Devon Coast, 119 ; Cambrian Conglomerates, 208; the Alps of New Zealand, W. S. Green, 281; Geology of Arabia, 350 Bordeaux, Foundation of Anthropological Society at, 389 Borgen (Prof.), Nordenskjéld’s Theories in connection with his Greenland Expedition, 14 Borneo Commercial Development, 462 Bornstein (Prof.), a New Anemometer, 280 Bosnia, Earthquake in, 159 Boston (U.S.A.), Water-Supply, Contamination by Spongilla fluviatilis of, 391 Botanic Garden Board, Report of New Zealand, 206 Botanical Work in China, Chas. Ford, 134 Botanical Expedition to Azerbijan, Austrian, 316 Botanico-Physiological Station in North Sweden, Proposed, 225 Botany in India, Progress of, 111 Botany of Alaska, Zoology and, 362 Botany: Relations between the Increase and Segmentation of Cells in the Embryonal Parts of Plants, Prof. Beketoff on Dr. Sachs’ Theory, 461 Botany, Economic, the Kew Museums of, 581 Bonurdalou, Relative Level of Mediterranean and Atlantic, 185 Boulenger (G.A.), the Ophidian Genus Simotes, 149 Bournemouth Natural Science Society, 64 Bovey (Prof.), Applied Mechanics, A. R. Willis, 122 Bower (F. O.), Rhyncopetalus montanum, 230 Bows, Circular Cloud, E. H. L. Firmstone, 406 Boys (C. V.), the Ear a Barometer, 333;. Bicycles and Tricycles, 478 Bozward (J. Ll.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 131, 178 Brain, Tourguénief’s, 389 Brake, Achard’s Continuous Electric, 245 Brauner (B.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 223 Brauner, Atomic Weight of Tellurium, 391 Brazil, Pale Sun in, 87 Bremen Geographical Journal, 161 Bremen, Geographical Society of, 535, 585 Breguet (M.), Death of, 14 Bridge, on Chepstow Railway, Sir G. B. Airy, F.R.S., 75 Brioschi (Prof, Francesco), Appointed President of Academy of the Lincei, 582 British Association, Montreal Meeting, 435, 459; Arrange- ments for Section F, 534; Anthropology at, 582 British Islands, Origin of the Scenery of the, A. Geikie, F.R.S., 325, 347, 396, 419, 442 British Noblemen during !ast three Generations, Weights of, Fras. Galton, F.R.S., 266 Brodhurst (B. E.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 153 Bronn (Dr. H. G.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier- reichs, 5 Brooks’ Comet, W. T. Sampson, 335} Brorsen’s Comet, 88 Brounofi’s Researches into Variations of Temperature in conse- quence of Cyclones, 414 Brown (E.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 132 Brown (Dr. J. C.), Finland: Its Forests and Forest Manage- ment, Prof, W. Fream, Ior Brown (Prof. W. G.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 309 Brown (Wm.), Instinct, 428 Browne (Walter R.), Science and Engineering, 57 Browne (Lennox), Voice, Song, and Speech, Dr. W. H. Stone, 570 Brugnone (Abbé), Death of, 436 Brussa, Earthquake near, 272 Bryce’s Bill to secure Access to Mountains and Moorlands in Scotland, 487 Brydone-Jack (W.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 250 Buckston (G. B., F.R.S.), British Aphides, 288 Budde (Dr.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 177 the INDEX Vv Budge (E.), New Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar, 375 Buhbla, Prehistoric Burial Ground near, 460 Buildings, Earthquakes and, Dr. A. Ernst, 595 Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, 160 Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, 161 Bulletin of the Belgian Royal Academy, 190 Bulletins de la Société d’ Anthropologie de Paris, 277 Bulletin de l’Académie) Imperiale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, 422 Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes de Moscou, 300 Bulletin de l’Académie Belgique, 142, 421, 466, 565 Bunge (Dr.), Lena Polar Meteorological Station, 318 Bunkofer (Prof. W.), Determinants, 378 Burder (George F.), Remarkable Sunsets, 251, 525 Burial Ground at Cobern, Discovery of Franconian, 246 Burial Ground at Buhla, Prehistoric, 460 Burnett Lectures, On Light, G. G. Stokes, Prof. P. G. Tait, 545 Burnham’s (Mr.) Double-Star Measures, 409 Burton (F. M.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 225 Bushel of Corn, a (A. 5. Wilson), Prof. Wrightson, 26 Busley (Carl), Die Schiffsmaschine, 426 Cable-Protection Convention, 487 Cadell (H. M.), Geognosy of the Harz Mountains, 303, 447. Calcutta Zoological Gardens, Guide to, 426 Callorhynchus antarcticus, on some Embryos of, T. J. Parker, 46 Cambrian Conglomerates, H. Hicks, M.D., and Prof. Bonney, F.R.S., 208 Cambridge: Fellowship Examinations, Independent Work at, 43; Natural Science at, Local Examinations, 63; Philosophical Society, 96, 143, 166, 357, 470, 543 Cameron (Donald), Meteors, 56, 123, 287 Campbell (Prof. Lewis), the Remarkable Sunsets, 196 Campbell (F. M), Unconscious Bias in Walking, 311 Canadian North-West Prairies, Absence of Earthworins from, R. M. Christy, 213; R. M. Barrington, 237; Timothy E, Wilcox, 486 Cannibalism among Cave-Dwellers, Prof. Nehring, 366 Canoe unearthed at Pulborough, 15 Cape Horn, Report of French Mission to, Dr. Hyades, 191 Carniola, Discovery by Prof. Linhart of Great Ice Cavern in, 296 Carpenter (W. Lant), Energy in Nature, 74; Science Teaching in Elementary Schools, 317 Carpineto-Romano, Meteorological Observatory, 556 Casey (J., F.R.S.), Sequel to the First Six Books of Euclid, 71 Cats, Heredity in, E. B. Poulton, 20; Deafness in White, 237, 312; a Colony of, Geo. Rayleigh Vicars, 551; Cats on the District Railway, E. de M. Malan, 573 ; Rooke Penning- ton, 596 Caucasus, Science in the, 488; Erkert’s Anthropological Measurements in, 557 ; the Population of, 605 Cave-Dwellers, Cannibalism among, Prof. Nehring, 366 Cecil (Henry), the Remarkable Sunsets, 132, 334 Cedar Forest of Cyprus, Sir R. Biddulph, C.B., 597 Cell, Reynier’s Maximum, 227 Ceratodus forsteri, Morton, 16 Cetacea, Evolution of the, S. V. Wood, 147; Prof. W. H. Flower, F.R.S., 170 Challenger (H.M.S.), Zoological Reports of Voyage of, vols. v. vi. vii., I, 521; Zoological Reports, F, B. White, 29 Chapman (E., M.A.), Physiology in Oxford, 76 Chavanne (Dr.), Antwerp, 296; African Expedition, 346 Chemistry : Chemical Society, 76, 95, 231, 253, 302, 399, 445, 469, 541, 566, 591, 616; Chemical Notes, 391 ; Oswald’s Studies of Chemical Affinity, 391; Flavitsky’s Theory of Chemical Affinity, 392 ; Refracting Power of Solid Chemical Compounds, Kanonnikoff, 391 ; Thermal Chemistry, Julius Thomsen, M. M. P. Muir, 209; Ira Remsen’s Principles of Theoretical Chemistry, 283 ; General Principles of Chemistry, M. M. P. Muir, 317 Chenery (Thomas) Death of, 364 Chepstow Railway Bridge, on, Sir G. B, Airy, F.R.S., 75 Chester, Proposed Museum for, 88 vil INDEX [Wature, June 5, 1884 Chicago Observatory, 69 China, Botanical Work in, Chas. Ford, 134 ; Magnetic Dip in South Chira and Formosa, Dr, Doberck, 214 ; Dr. Fritsche’s Explorations in, 416; Explorations of South-Western, 462 ; Dust Atmosphere of China, Prof. J. P. O’Reilly, 260; Chinese Meteorology, Dr. Doberck, 271; Green Sun in China, 436; Chinese Paleontology, Prof. R. K. Douglas, 551 Chios, Earthquake at, 88 Chirbury, Barytes from, IH. A. Miers, 29, 124; C. J. Wood- ward, 77 Chlorophyll, Note on F.R.S., 277 Cholera Commission, Report of German, 365, 460 Chrystal (Prof. G.), A Christmas Visit to Ben Nevis Observatory, 219; Three Hundredath Anniversary of the Edinburgh Uni- versity, 577 Christiania Society of Science, 472 Christy (RK. M.), Absence of Earthworms from Canadian North-West Prairies, 213 Christy’s Notes on Useful Plants, 488 Chukche Peninsula, Dr. Aurel Krause on the Inhabitants of, 161 Cincinnati, the Observatory, 558 Circle, the Division of the, Antoine d’Abbadie, 28 Circling to the Left in a Mist, W. Larden, 262 Circular Cloud Bows, E. H. L. Firmstone, 406 Circular Rainbow, J. A. Fleming, 310; J. M. White, 357; T. R. Maynard, 357; G. K. Gilbert, 451 Circumpolar Expedition, British, 63; Capt. Dawson, 247 City and Guilds of London Technical Institute, 534 Civil Engineers, Institution of, 43 Clark (J. E.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 131, 225, 286 Clark (Prof. J. W.) and Prof. Oliver J. Lodge on the Phenomena exhibited by Dusty Air in the Neighbourhood of strongly Illuminated Bodies, 417 Clarke (Dr. Hyde), Green Sunlight, 76 ; the Remarkable Sun- sets, 152 Clark Cells, on the Absolute Electromotive Force of, Lord Ray- leigh, F.R.S., 565 Cleeve (Prof.), the Earth ‘* Samaria,” 391 Clerkenwell Road, Paleolithic Implement found in, 15 Clifton (Prof.), Measurement of Curvature of Lenses, 143 Cloud Bows, Circular, E. H. L. Firmstone, 406 Cloud-glow after Sunset, Unusual, Hon. F. A. R. Russell, 55 ; J. J. Walker, 77 Clocks, Sudden Stoppage of, G. H. Kinahan, 105 Clock, New Normal, at Yale College Observatory, 604 Clockwork in Parcels, Scheme for Discovering, W. de Fonvielle, 437 Cobern, Discovery of Franconian Burial Ground at, 246 Coccidz in New Zealand, Ravages of, 200 Co-education of the Sexes in America, 158 Cohn (Ferdinand), Bicentary of Bacteria, 154 Cohn’s Beitrage zur Biologie des Pflanzen, 443 Cold in Smyrna, 345 Colini (Dr.), on Lucioli’s Topography and Ethnography, 9 College, Firth, Proposed Technical Department in, 183 Colman (A. P.), Ice Volcanoes—Mountain Rainbow, 550 Colony of Cats, Geo. Rayleigh Vicars, 551 Colour-Blind, Experime:.ts on Neutral Points in Spectrum of, Dr. Keenig, 168 Colour-sensitiveness, Dr. Kcenig’s Experiments on, 496 Colours, Photography of, Greenwood Pim, 470 Comet, Brooks’, W. T. Sampson, 335 ; Comet, Brorsen’s, 88 ; Comet, D’Arrest’s, 70; Comet, Encke’s, 159: Comet, Pons’, T. W. Backhouse, 7, 45, 112, 185, 273, 296, 367; Drawings of, 460; Tempel’s, 1873 II., 45, 70, 185; a Southern, 296, 606; Comet of 1664, 345; First Comet, 1798, 135; Great Comet, 1882, 135 ; Comet, 1884, 558 Composite Portraiture adapted to the Reduction of Meteo- rological and other Similar Observations, G. M. Whipple, 420 Conglomerates, Cambrian, Dr, Hicks and Prof, Bonney, F.R.S. 208 Congo Expedition, Stanley’s, 15; Departure of Lieut. Wissmann on New Expedition to the, 87; Ethnological Ex- pedition of Dr. Zintgraff to the, 416; the Congo, H. H. Johnston, Prof. A, H. Keane, 579 the Constitution of, Edw. Schunck, Conn (H. W.) and J. S. Kingsley, on the Embryology of the Teleosts, 16 Conroy (Sir John), Reflection of Light from Metallic Surfaces, 9: ceatabie (F. C.), the Java Eruption, 55 Convection (Electric), Rowland’s Experiment Demonstrating the Magnetic Action of, Dr. E. Leeber, 558 Converse, Teaching Animals to, Sir John Lubbock, F.R.S., 216, 257 Converse, Teaching Animals to, Col. H. Stuart Wortley, 261 Cope (Prof. E, D.), Evidence for Evolution in History of Extinct Mammalia, 227, 248 Copper and Iron, Did they Precede Tin, A. Tylor, 84 Copper Island, Exploration of, 605 Coprosma baueriana, Walter Gardiner, 231 Cordeaux (J.), Wild Duck Laying in Rook’s Nest, 596 Coral-Reefs, Origin of, A. Geikie, F.R.S., 107, 124; Surgeon Guppy, 214 Coralla, Epitheca in Serial, Prof. P. M. Duncan, 142 Corea, the, 437 Corn, a Bushel of (A. S. Wilson), Prof. Wrightson, 25 Cortambert (Richard, /i/s), Death of, 343 Cortical Area of Voluntary Muscles of Larynx and Jaws, Expe- rimental Proof of Prof. Munk’s Theory of Centre of, Dr. H. Krause, 168 Cosmic Dust, Dr. H. Rink, 148, E. Metzger, 261; Volcanic Ashes and, J. Murray and A. Renard, 585 Cosmical Space, on the Transmission of Organic Germs through, by Meteoric Stones, J. H. Stewart, 595 Coventry, Technical Education in, 64 Cranial Characters of Timorese, Dr. Garson, 166 Crawley (H. H), Earthquake, 7 Crema (Capt. C. F.), Journey to Morocco, 462 Cremation Society, Berlin, 461 Crookes (W.), Recent Discoveries in High Vacua, 95 Crotte (Dr. Primo), La Musica e una Scienza, 198 Croupous Pneumonia, Micrococcus in, Dr, Friedlander, 144 Crystallography, 195 Crystals, Internal Symmetry of, W. Barlow, 116, 205 Crystals, Probable Nature of the Internal Symmetry of, W. Barlow, 404; Prof. L. Sohncke, 383 Cunningham (Allan), Royal Engineer Professional Rapers, Major Vetch, 146 Cunningham (David), the Storm of January 26, 1884, 336 Cunningham (J. P ), the Oban Pennatulida, 46 Currents (Upper), of the Atmosphere, 154 Curtis (John), Farm Insects, 170 Cust (Robt. Needham), Sketch of the Modern Languages of Africa, Prof. A. H. Keane, 377 Cyclones, Brounoff’s Researches into Variations of Temperature in consequence of, 414 Cyprus, the Cedar Forests of, Sir R. Biddulph, C.B., 597 D’Abbadie (Antoine), the Division of the Circle, 28 Dallas (James), Indians of Guiana, 382 Dallmeyer (L. H.), Death of, 271 Dam (Dr. Van), the Remarkable Sunsets, 175 Danish Greenland Expeditions, 44 Danish (Godthaab), Meteorological Expedition, 134 D’Arrest’s Comet, 70 Darwin’s Posthumous Essay on Instinct, 110, 128 Darwin (Prof. G. H., F.K&.S.), Ripple-Marks, 162; on the Figure of Equilibrium of a Planet of Heterogeneous Density, 230; Unconscious Bias in Walking, 286 ’ Davidson (Geo.), Volcanic Eruption of Mount St. Augustin, Alaska, 441 ‘ ey Dawson (Capt.), Report of English Circumpolar Expedition, 2 pasthess in White Cats, Dr. Lawson Tait, 164, 237, 312 Deep-Sea Expedition of 1883, French, Dr. J. G. Jeffreys, F.R.S, 216 Deep-Sea Fishes of the Zalisman, 483 Deep-Sea Dredgings of the 7a/isman, Crustacea, 531 Deer and their Horns, Sir J. Fayrer, F.R.S., 171 Deer's Horns at Moritzburg, the Collection of, 307 De la Rue (Dr. Warren, F.R.S.), the Green Sun, 28; Ke searches on the Electric Discharge, 325, 349 ature, June 5, 1884] INDEX Vij De la Rue’s Diaries, &c., 158 De Morgan’s Five-Figure Logarithms, 185 Denning (W. F.), the Observation of Meteors, 6; Meteors, 56 Denza (Prof.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 180 Determinants, Reeent Text-books of, Dr. H. Kaiser, Prof. W. Bunkofer, P, Mansion, Dario Bacas, Ramon Escandon, 378 Devon (South) Coast, Geology of, Prof. Bonney, F.R.S., 119 Devonian Rocks, Metamorphism among the, 315 Dew, Salt Rain and, F. Gillman, 172 Dickson (Prof. Alex.), Nepenthe, 254 Dijmphna, New Arctic Expedition, 88 Dip (Magnetic) in South China and Formosa, Dr. Doberck, 214 Dispersive Powers, a Fluid of Extraordinary High Refractive and, Carl Rohrbach, 63 District Railway, Cats on the, E. de M. Malan, 573 Divers (Prof.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 283 Dixon (Dr. R.), Storm of January 26, 384 Doberck (Dr.): Magnetic Dip in South China and Formosa, ata Chinese Meteorology, 271 ; Hong Kong Observatory, 59 Dobson’s (G. E., F.R.S.) Monograph of the Insectivora, Prof. Flower, F.R.S., 282 Donnelly (Col., R.A.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 132 Doorn (M. C. van), the Eruption of Krakatoa, 268 Doran (Alban), Khytina stellere, 230 Double-Stars, Close, Perrotin, 185 Double-Star a Herculis, 536 Double-Star Measures, Mr. Burnham’s, 409 Douglas (Prof. R. K.), Chinese Palceontology, 551 Draper (H. N.) Salt Rain and Dew, 77 Dresden, Isis Natural History Society of, 23; Museums, Re- ports of, 226 Drummond (H.), Geology of Central Africa, 551 Dublin: Royal Society, 166, 278, 470, 542; University Ex- perimental Science Association, 191, 567 Duchesne, A. N., W. T. Thiselton Dyer, 215 Duck (Common Domestic) Diving for Food, Dr. John Rae, F.R.S., 428 Dumas, the Death of, 581 Duncan (Prof. P. M.), Epitheca in Serial Coralla, 142 Dunlop (M. F.), Lunar Rainbow, 172 Dust Atmosphere of China, Prof. J. P. O’Reilly, 260 Dust, Cosmic, Dr. H. Rink, 148 ; E. Metzger, 261 Dust Envelope, A Vast, Prof. 5. P. Langley, 324 Dust-Free Spaces, Dr. Oliver J. Lodge, 610 Dust, Snow in Norway covered with Gray and Black, 135 Dusty Air, on the Formation of Small Clear Spaces in, Juhn Aitken, 322; Phenomena Exhibited by, in the Neighbourhood of Strongly Illuminated Bodies, Profs. Oliver J. Lodge and J. W. Clark, 417 Dyorak’s Sound-Mills, Prof. S. P. Thompson, 363 Dyer (W. T. Thiselton, F.R.S.), A Forgotten Evolutionist, 215 Dyes and Tans of Bengal, H. W. McCann, 147 Dykes, Petrological Notes on Some North England, J. J. H. Teall, 259 Ear a Barometer, the, C. V. Boys, 333; Dr. W. H. Stone, 356; Geo. Rayleigh Vicars, 356 Ear-Trumpets, Prof. W. F. Barrett, 166 Earth, Movements of the, J. Norman Locker, F.R.S., 65, 201 Earth Tremors in Tasmania, 244 Earth Tremors, Prof. John Milne, 456 Earthquakes, 15; H, H. Crawley, 7; Sir J. H. Lefroy, 56; Probability of Earthquake at Salt Lake City, G. K. Gilbert, 45; Barometrical Sympathy with Earthquakes, Dr. Hector, F.R.S., 87; Earthquakes at Malaga, Chios, Salerno, 88; in Styria, Bosnia, and Greece, 159; in Hungary and Portugal, 200; in Switzerland, Italy, Portugal, Styria, Turkey in Asia, Siberia and Sicily, 272; in Hungary and Ischia, 557; in Roumania and France, 244; in Turkey, Central Asia, and Italy, 317; in Italy and Turkey, 366; in Algiers, Central Asia, and Asiatic Turkey, 415; in Asia Minor and Monte Video, 437; at San Francisco, 153, 536; in Slavonia, 583; in England, Dr. J. E. Taylor, 602; Percy Smith, 602 ; Henry O. Forbes, 603 ; Earthquake Waves, Java Eruption and, J. T. Bealby, 30; Mr. Meldrum on, 32; Earthquakes and Air-Waves, Gen. Strachey, F.R.S., and Maxwell Hall, 427 ; Earthquake Waves, San Francisco, 437 ; Earthquakes and Buildings, Prof. John Milne, 290; Dr. A. Ernst, 595 ; Earthquake Disturbance of Indian Tides, Lieut.- Gen. Walker, F.R.S., 358 Earthworms, J. Lovell, 551; Absence from Prairies of Canadian North-West, R. M. Christy, 213; R. M. Barrington, 237 ; Timothy E. Wilcox, 406 East London Institute, Proposed, 183 Eclipse, Solar, of 1806, December 10, 415 Edelmann’s Electrometer, 239 Edinburgh: International Forestry Exhibition, 14 ; Mathematical Society, 96, 208, 278, 376, 592 ; Royal Physical Society, 120, 278, 303, 447; Royal Society, 166, 254, 328, 351, 470, 495, 567 ; Lord Moncreiff on Past Hundred Years’ History of, 368 ; Award of Prizes, 387; Three Hundredth Anniversary of the University, Prof. G. Chrystal, 577; Notices of Illustrious Members of, 582 ; University Festival, 593; Marine Station, 483 Education, U.S. Bureau of, 111 ; Health and Education Exhi- bition, 133; Education in Southern States, 200; Science Teaching in Elementary Schools, W. L. Carpenter, 317 ; Higher Education of Women, 387 ; Technical Education, 392 ; in Coventry, 64; Dr. Harris on, 184 ; the Commission on, go eves (Baron), on Porto Rico, 129 Eggs of Birds, the Structure of the, Prof. Tarkhanoff, 461 Egypt, Ancient, the Flora of, Dr. Schweinfurth, 312 ; Discovery of an Unexplored Necropolis in, 603 Egyptian Sudan, the, Prof. A. H. Keane, 291 Ekhmeem, Discovery of an Unexplored Necropolis at, 603 Electricity: ‘‘Electricita et Magnetismo,” Prof. A. Roiti, 5; Electrical Resistance of Human Body, W. H. Stone, 21, 528 ; International Society of Electricians, 44 88 ; Electricians’ Directory, 476 ; Vienna International Electric Exhibition, 42 ; Electricity in India, C. Michie Smith, 54; Electricity and Magnetism, Mascart and Joubert, 74; Transmission to a Distance of Electricity, 316; Prof. von Waltenhefen’s Ex- periments with Noe’s Thermo-Electric Generators, 2275 Achard’s Continuous Electric Brake, 245 ; Lalande and Chape- ron’s New Elements for Primary Batteries, 227; Reynier’s Maximum Cell or Standard of Electromotive Force, 227 ; Single Electrolyte Batteries, E. Reynier, 227; Striking Distance of Electric Discharge, Warren De la Rue, F.R.S., and H. W. Miiller, F.R.S., 325, 3493 on the Measurement of Electric Currents, Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S., 465 ; Electrical Standards, 465; Berly’s Electrical Directory, 524 ; Absolute Measurements in Electricity and Magnetism, Andrew Gray, 546 ; Rowland’s Experiment demonstrating the Magnetic Action of Electric Convection, Dr. E. Lecher, 558; Transition- Resistance in Electrolytic Cells, 558; the Determination of Units of, 693 ; Electric Shadows, Prof. S. P. Thompson, 156; W. F. Smith, 260; Electric Lighting at Firth Bridge Works, 135 ; Electric Lighting on District Railway, 295 ; Edison Incandescent Lights in Hétel Dieu, 366; Electrical Lighting of Trains, W. H. Massey, 489; Is Steam Condensation a Cause of Electrification ? S. Kalischer, 227 ; Electro-Chemical Equivalent of Silver, Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S., 565 ; Electrolysis of Dilute Sulphuric Acid, &c., Gladstone and Tribe, 422 ; Electrolytes, Relations of Heat to Action of Metals in, Dr. Gore, F.R.S., 300 ; Electrolytes, Prof. Macgregor’s Arrangement for Measurement of Resistance of, 558; Transition-Resistance in Electrolytic Cells, 558 ; Edelmann’s Electrometer, 239; Electromotive Force of Clark Cells, Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S., 565 ; Reynier’s Maximum Cell as Standard of Electromotive Force, 227; Electro- technisches Jahrbuch von der hiesigen Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, 235 Elephant, Barnum’s White, 294. Elevation and Subsidence, S. V. Wood, 5; J. S. Gardner, 6; Prof, Joseph LeConte, 212 Ellery (Kobt.) Remarkable Sunsets, 549 Ellis (William), the Remarkable Sunsets, 309 Elongated Shot when Fired from Large Guns, on a Method of Estimating the Steadiness of, Rev. F. Bashforth, 527 Elsas (Dr.), Experiments on Vibration, 227 ‘ ; Embryological Monographs, Prof, Alex. Agassiz, 10 Embryology of the Teleosts, Kingsley and Conn, 16 Emin-Bey’s (Dr.) African Explorations, 160 Encke’s Comet, 159 Viil INDEX [Nature, June 5, 1884 Encyclopzedia Britannica, vol. xv., 51 Encyclopedia of Natural Sciences, Trewendt’s, 44 Energy in Nature, W. Lant Carpenter, 74 Engelmann (Dr. Geo.), Death of, 460, 535 ; Obituary Notice of, Dr. Maxwell Masters, 599 Engineers, Institution of Mechanical, 38 Engineers, Civil, Institution of, 43 Engineer, Royal, Professional Papers, Major Vetch, Allan Cunningham, 146 Engineering, Science and, Walter R. Browne, 57 Engineering, Marine, Carl Busley, 426 England, Earthqxake in, Dr. J. E. Yaylor, 602; Percy Smith, 602; Henry O. Forbes, 603 Engler’s Botanische Jahrbiicher, 349 English Circumpolar Expedition, 247 Entomology : Entomologist retained by Swedish Government, 44; Entomology in the United States, 344; Entomological Society, 446 : Envelope, a Vast Dust, Prof. S. P. Langley, 324 Epilepsy, ‘‘ Experimental,” Prof. Munk, 72 Equatorial, the New, at the Paris Observatory, 36 Equilibrium of a Planet of Heterogeneous Density, on the Figure of, Prof. G. H. Darwin, F.R.S., 230 Ericsson’s (Capt. J.) Sun Motor, 217 Erkert’s Anthropological Measurements in Caucasus, 557 Ernst (Dr. A.), Earthquakes and Buildings, 595 Errera (M.), Glycogen in Fungi, 16 Eruption, the Java, F. C. Constable, 55; J. J. H. Teall, 170; and Earthquake Waves, J. T. Bealby, 30; Mr. Meldrum on, 32 ; ‘and Earthquake Waves, 153; E. Metzger, 240; M. C. van Doorn, 268 ; G. J, Symons, F.R.S., 355, 365. Escandén (Ramon), Determinants, 37 Essex Field Club, Meeting of, 582 Ethnographical Expedition to the Congo, Dr. Zintgraff’s, 416 Ethnography of Upper Amazons Regions, Colini, 272 Etna, Eruption of Mount, 366 Euclid, Sequel to the First Six Books of, J. Casey, F.R.S., 571 Evershed (Henry), Fairy Rings, 384 Evolution, Evidence for, in History of Extinct Mammalia, Prof. E. D. Cope, 227, 248 Evolution in Animals, Mental, F. J. Faraday, 335, 381, 428; G. J. Romanes, F.R.S., 330, 336, 404, 428 Evolution of the Cetacea, S. V. Wood, 147; Prof. W. H. Flower, F.R.S., 170 Evolutionist, a Forgotten, W. T. Thiselton Dyer, 215 Ewart (Prof. J. C.), Early History of the Herring, 105; onthe Natural and Artificial Fertilisation of Herring Ova, 538 Exhibition, International Health, 133, 388 Report of, Capt. Dawson, Fairy Rings, Henry Evershed, 384 Falk (Dr.), Transmission of Poisons from Mother to Feetus, 280 Family Records, Francis Galton, F.R.S., 244, 257; G. J. Romanes, F.R.S., 257 ; Faraday (F. J.), Mental Evolution in Animals, 335, 381, 428 Farm Insects, John Curtis, 170 Farrer (J. A.), Samoa, Geo. Turner, LL.D., 569 Fats, Absorption of, in Animal Body, Dr. J. Munk, 477 Faulds (Henry), Thread-Twisting, 550 Fayrer (Sir J., F.R.S.), Toweiing of Birds, 55 ; Deer and their » Horns, 171; Red-Deer Horns, 213 Federation of Scotch Scientific Societies, Proposed, 295, 367 Fellowship Examinations, Independent Work at, 43 Ferro, First French Meridian that of, 44 Fertilisation of Flowers, Sprengel on, Prof. W. W. Bailey, 171 Fertilisation of Herring Ova, Natural and Artificial, Prof. J. Cossar Ewart, 538 r Fever (Splenic), in the Argentine Republic, Dr. Roy, 91 Finland : Its Forests and Forest Management, J. ‘C, Brown, LL.D., Prof. W. Fream, 1o1 ; Prof. Lemstrém’s Observa- ti ons of the Aurora Borealis in, 111 Finnish Government Steamer for Baltic Scientific Researches, 205 Finsbury Technical College, 158 geet (Dr.), Anthropological Results of Journey to the Pacific, 462 Firmstone (E, If. L.), Circular Cloud Bows, 406 Firth College, Proposed Technical Department, 183 Fish, Poisonous,:in JapaneseSeas, 184 ; Saccopharyngoid Fishes, Theo. Gill, 236 ; Habits of Sea Fish, Prof. McIntosh, 271, 316; the Monk Fish, 348; Sea Fish in Freshwater Rivers, E. F. Hard- man, 452; Deep-Sea Fishes of the 7a/isman, 483 ; Salt-water Fish-Types in Fresh Water, Prof. Theo. Gill, 573; the Literature of the Fisheries Exhibition, 33 ; Fisheries Com- mission, German, Fourth Report of, 73 ; Zoological Results of the Work of the United States Fish Commission in 1883, Ralph S. Tarr, 407 Flavitsky’s Theory of Chemical Affinity, 392 Fleming (J. A.), Circular Rainbow, 310 Flies, Danger from, 482 Flora of Ancient Egypt, the, Dr. Schweinfurth, 312 Flower (Prof. W. H., F.R.S.) Mammalia (Eneye. Brit.), 53; Rudolph’s Rorqual, 104 ; Evolution of the Cetacea, 170; on Dobson’s Insectivora, 282; the Study of Anthropology, 319; Lectures on Anthropology, 388; the Royal College of Surgeons, 531 Flowers, Sprengel on Fertilisation of, Prof. W. W. Bailey, 171 Fluid of Extraordinarily High Refractive and Dispersive Power, Carl Rohrbach, 63 Fog Bows, G. H. Kinahan, 105 Fog Horns, Novel, 159 Fondacaro (Capt.), Proposed Italian North Pole Expedition, 462 Fonvielle (W. de), Scheme for Discovering.Clockwork in Parcels, 437 ee (Henry O.), Earthquake in England, 602 Forbes (W. A.), Proposed Memorial Volume of, 200 Ford (Chas.), Botanical Work in China, 134 Forecast, an Indian Weather, 77 Forest Lands of Finland, J. C. Brown, LL.D., Prof. W. Fream, 101 Forests, Cedar, of Cyprus, Sir R. Biddulph, C.B., 597 Forestry Exhibition, International, 14 Formosa, Magnetic Dip in South China, Dr. Doberck, 214 Fort Willia n, Remarkable Meteor seen at, 272 Firth Bridge Works, Electric Lighting at, 135 Fox (Howard), the Remarkable Sunsets, 152 France, Institute of, Annual Meeting, 14; Public Instruction Budget, 245 ; Earthquakes in, 245 French Deep-Sea Expedition of 1883, Dr. J. G. Jeffreys, F.R.S., 216 French Commission on Phylloxera, 389 Franconian Burial Ground at Cobern, Discovery of, 246 Frankfurt am Main, Meteorat, 226 ; Electrotechnisches Jahrbuch von der hiesigen Gesellschaft in, 235 Franklin Institute Journal, 94 Franklin Expedition, Lieut. von Payer’s Pictures illustrating, 317 Fream (Prof. W.), the Rothamsted Grass Experiments, 81 ; Brown’s Finland: Its Forests and Forest Management, [01 ; an American Rothamsted, 238 Freshwater Rivers, Sea Fish in, E. F. Hardman, 452 Friedlander (Dr.), Micrococcus in Croupous Pneumonia, 144 Fritsche’s (Dr.) Explorations in Southera China, 416 Frogs, on the Spinal Marrow in, Dr. Gad, 568 Frolich (Dr.), Measurements of Solar Heat, 48 Fungi, Glycogen in, M, Errera, 16 Gad (Dr.), on the Spinal Marrow in Frogs, 568 Galbraith and Haughton’s Manual of Mathematical Tables, 282 Galloway (Wm.), New Method of Shaft-sinking in Watery Ground, 9 Galton (Francis, F.R.S.), Prizes offered for Family Records, 244; Family Records, G. J. Romanes, F.R.S., 257 ; Weights, of British Noblemen during last three Generations, 266 Galvanometers, New Forms of, Thos. and Andrew Gray, 444 Gardiner (Walter), Coprosma baueriana, 231 : Gardner (J. S.), Snake Bite, 6; Elevation and Subsidence, 6 Gardner (Jno.), Bleaching, Dyeing and Calico Printing, 425 Garson (Dr.), Cranial Characters of Timorese,, 166; Uncon- scious Bias in Walking, 310 Gas Engine (the “ Otto’), Addition to Self-stexting Apparatus to, 414 : ; Nature, June 5, 1884] INDEX Ix Gases, Reduction of Metallic Solutions by means of, Dr. G. Gore, F.R.S., 255 Gegenbaur’s Morphologisches Jahrbuch, 165 Geikie (Dr. A., F.R.S.), the Origin of Coral Reefs, 107, 124 ; American Geology, F. V. Hayden, 233; Origin of the Scenery of the British Islands, 325, 347, 396, 419, 442 Geodetic Confereuce, International, 14 Geodetic Survey of the United States, 573 Geoghegan (Edward), Axioms of Geometry, 551 Geognosy of the Harz Mountains, H. M. Cadell, 303, 447 Geography: Universal Geographies, 45 ; Geographical Notes, 160, 318, 346, 415, 462, 584, 606 ; Mittheilungen of Geographi- cal Society of Hamburg, 160 ; Discontinuance of Geographical Society’s Examinations, 388 ; Geographical Society of Bremen, 535 Geographisches Jahrbuch, Ninth Issue, 318; Fourth German Geographical Congress, 416 Geology : Geological Society, 119, 165, 208, 254, 303, 350, 470, 566, 591; Annual General Meeting, 444; Geology of South Devon Coast, Prof. Bonney, F.R.S., 119; of the Libyan Desert, K. A. Zittel, 121 ; Geological Association of Liver- pool, 135; #. V. Hayden, American Geology, A. Geikie, F.AK.S., 233 ; Geological Expedition, Prof. Hull’s Palestine, 245; Geological Exploration in Western Australia, E. F. Hardman, 294; Geological Survey of Russia, 270 ; Geological Survey of New Mexico and Arizona, H. M. Wilson, 272; Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, 395; Meta- morphism among Devonian Rocks, 315 ; Origin of the Scenery of the British Islands, A. Geikie, F.R.S., 325, 347, 396, 419, 442 ; Jurassic Rocks under London, Prof. J. W. Judd, F.R.S., 329; Geolozy of Arabia, Prof. T. G. Bonney, F.R.S., 350; the ‘* Jzttegryder” of Orholm, Herr Geelmuyden, 414; Geological Position of Human Skeleton found at Tilbury, T. V. Holms, 440 ; Geological Structure of Russia, Interesting Feature of the, Prof. Karpinsky, 461; Geology of Central Africa, H. Drummond, 551; on the Progress of Geology, Prof. Julius von Haast, F.R.S., 607 Geometry, Axioms of, Prof. O, Henrici, F.R.S., 453, 573; Edward Geoghegan, 551 Germany: German Association of Naturalists and Physicists, 17 ; the Telephone in, 63 ; Fourth Report of German Fisheries Commission, 73 ; Unusually Bright Meteor in Western, 366 ; Report of German Cholera Commission, 365, 401, 460; Fourth German Geographical Congress, 416; German Meteorology, G. Hellmann, 523 Gilbert, (G. K.), Probability of Earthquakes at Salt Lake City, 45 Gilbert (G. K.), Circular Rainbow, 451 Gilbert (Dr. J. H.), Analyses of Ash of Grain grown at Rothamsted, 445 Gill’s Parallaxes of Southern Stars, 273 Gill (Prof. Theo.), Saccopharyngoid Fishes, 236; Salt-water Fish-Types in Fresh Water, 573 Gillman (F.), Salt Rain and Dew, 172 ; the Remarkable Sunsets, 179 Ginte (Dr. W.), Death of, 246 Girdlestone (E. P.), Vivisection, 604 Girton College, 428 Glacial Cavities, Prof. Schwalbe, 168 Glaciation in Siberia, Traces of, Solokoff, 461 Gladstone (J. H.), Electrolysis of Hydrated Salts, 422 Glasgow Philo-ophical Society, 89 } Glasgow, University of, Bequest to, 87; Naval Architecture Chair, 200 Glasgow Catalogue of Stars, 368 ; Glazebrook (RK. T., F.R.S.), Diffusion of Scientific Memoirs, 287, 335 A Glycogen in Fungi, Errera, 16 Godthaab Meteorological Expedition, Danish, 134 Goodwin (Prof. W. L.), the Dust of Krakatoa, 595 Gore (Dr. G., F.R.S.), Peculiar Absorption of Jodic Acid by Aluminium, 254; Relations of Heat to Voltaic and Thermo- Electric Action of Metals in Electrolytes, 300; Some Rela- tions of Chemical Corrosion to Voltaic Current, 468 ; Utility and Morality of Vivicection, 604 Grain Ash, Analyses of Rothamsted, Lawes and Gilbert, 445 2 ‘ Granton, Marine Station at, 460 Grass Experiments, the Rothamsted, Prof. W. Fream, 81 Graves (Rey. James), Instinct of Magpies, 596 Gravitation et Attraction d’aprés Newten, Mme. Clémence Royer, 255 Gray (Andrew), Absolute Measurements in Electricity and Magnetism, 546 Gray (Thos. and Andrew), New Forms of Galvanometers, 444 Greely Expedition, Another Attempt to Rescue the, 415 Greece, Earthquake in, 159 Green Moon, a, 604; in Sweden, 366 Green (J. R.), Organs of Secretion in Hypericacez, 231 greens (W. S.), Alps of New Zealand, Prof. Bonney, F.R.S. 281 Green Sun, the, 7, 28; C. Michie Smith, 28 ; Warren de la Rue, 28; N. B. Beardmore, 28 ; C. Michie Smith, 54; in China, 436; Green Sunlight, Prof. Wm. Swan, 76; Dr. Hyde Clarke, 76 Greenland Expedition, Nordenskjéld’s, 10, 39, 793; Prof. Borgen on Nordenskjold’s Theories in connection with his, 14; Danish Expeditions, 44 Greenland, Edward Whymper’s Journeys in, 416 Greenwich, Sunshine at, ITI Greenwood (W. H.), Steel and Iron, 425 Grinevetsky’s Explorations in Novaya Zemlya, 346 Grubb (Howard, F.R.S.), a New Form of Equatorial Telescope, 479 Guiana, Among the Indians of, E. F. Im Thurn, Dr. Tylor, F.R.S., 305 ; James Dallas, 382 Guinea, Spanish Possessions in Gulf of, 462 Gums of the Arabin Group, C, O’Sullivan, 253 Guns, on a Method of Estimating the Steadiness ot Elongated Shot when fired from Large, Kev. F. Bashforth, 527 Guppy (Surgeon), the Ovigin of Coral Reefs, 214; Holothurians, 384; Anthropological Notes in Solomon Islands, 429 Guy (Prof. P.), Remarkable Sunset at Perpignan, 295 Guyot (Prof, A, H.), Death of, 365 Haast (Prof. Julius von, F.R.S.), on the Progress of Geology, 60 Haeckel (Prof. E.), the Radiolaria, 274, 296 Hagen (Dr. G. H. L.), Death of, 415 Hagen (Dr. H. A.), Christian Conrad Sprengel, 29, 572 Haldane (R. B.), Benedict de Spinoza, 354 Hall (Prof. Asaph), the Map of Saturn, 185 Hall (Maxwell), Earthquakes and Air-Waves, 427 Hall’s Phenomenon, on an Explanation of, Shelford Bidwell, 467 Hall’s Effect, 558 : Hamburg Meteorological Society, 159; Geographical Society, Mittheilungen, 160; New Natural History Museum, 460. Hamilt n (W.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 153 Harding (C. W.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 132 ; Hardman (E. F.), Geological Exploration in Western Australia, 294; ‘‘Suicide” of Black Snakes, 452; Sea Fish in Fresh- water Rivers, 452 Hares, Strongylus in, Prof. Heiberg, 184 Harris (Dr.), on Technical Education, 184 Hart (H. Chichester), Palestine Exploration, 384 Hart (Prof. Sam.), Natural Rainbows, 428 _ ; Hartley (Prof. W. N.), Researches on Spark Spectra, 89; Dif- fraction Spectroscopes, 470 Harvard University, Bulletin of, 563 Harvey (Wm.), the Re-entombment of, 13 Harz Mountains, Geognosy of the, H. M. Cadell, 303, 447 Harz, Peculiar Ice-Formation in the, Prof. Schwalbe, 472 Haughton’s Manual of Mathematical Tables, Galbraith and, 282 Haughton (Rev. S., F.R.S.), Unusual Sunrises and Sunsets in 1883, 470 4 Hawell (Kev. John), the Remarkable Sunsets, 285 Hawksley (Thos.), Unconscious Bias in Walking, 286° Hayden (T. V.), American Geclogy, A. Geikie, F.R.S., 233 Hayward (J. M.), Meteor, 30; Animal Intellige: ce, 357 Health Exhibition, International, 133, 358, 489, 556 Health, Kelation of Meteorology to, 344 Health Society, National, 485 ry Heat (Solar), Measurements of, Dr. Frélich, AS ee . Heat in Relation to Voltaic and Thermo-Electric Action of Metals in Electrolytes, Dr. Gore, F.R.S., 300 : : Heat, an Introduction to the Study of, J. Hamblin Smith, 333 x INDEX [Nature, June 5, 1884 Hector (Dr., F.R.S.), Barometrical Sympathy with Earth- quakes, 87 Heddle (Prof. M. Foster), Agates, 419 Heiberg (Prof.), Strongylus in Hares, 184 Hellmann (G.), German Meteorology, 523 Helmholtz (Prof. Robert yon, F.R.S.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 130 Hebnholtz (Prof. von), Galvanic Polarisation explained accord- ing to Thermodynamic Principles, 192 Helvetic Society of Natural Sciences, 188 Hemiaspide, Prof. Fr. Schmidt, 46t Henfrey’s Elementary Course of Botany, 604 Henrici (Prof, O., F.R.S.), Axioms of Geometry, 453, 573 Herdman (Prof.), Classification of the Ascidize Composite, 429 Heredity in Cats, 20; E. B. Poulton, 20 Hernoésand, Sweden, Meteor at, 44 Herring, Early History of the, Prof, J. C. Ewart, 105 ; Norway Fisheries, 344 ; on the Natural and Artificial Fertilisation of Herring Ova, Prof. J. Cossar Ewart, 538 Herschel (Isabella), Habits of Bees, 104 Hicks (W. M.), Diffusion of Scientific Memoirs, 146 Hicks (Dr. H.), Cambrian Conglomerates, 208 Higgins (H. H.), Meteors, 123 Hill (S. A.), Influence of the Weather upon Death-rate and Crime in India, 338 Hirschgeweih-sammlung zu Moritzburg, Die, 307 Histogeny of the Retina, Koganei, 255 Hodges (Sydney), the Remarkable Sunsets, 153 Hoffmeyer (Capt.), Obituary Notice of, 434 Holmes (T. V.), Geological Position of Human Skeleton found at Tilbury, 440 Holothurians, H. B. Guppy, 384 Holothurioidea of the North Atlantic, 25 Holub’s (Dr.) Expedition to Africa, 135, 346 Hong Kong Observatory, Dr. W. Doberck, 596 Hop Culture in New Zealand, 201 Hope (Lieut. C. K., R.N.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 153 Hopkins (B. J.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 179 ; Hopkins (G. H.), the Green Sun, 7, 28 Hopkins (Rev. Gerard, S. ].), Shadow-Beams in East after Sunset, 55 ; the Remarkable Sunsets, 223 Horns, Deer and their, Sir J. Fayrer, F.R.S., 1713 Sir ais Fayrer, F.R.S., James Inglis, 213; the Moritzburg Collec- tion of Horns, 307 Howard (J. E., F.R.S.), Death of, 110 Howard Medal of Statistical Society, 111 Howarth (E.), Meteor, 336 Howitt (A. W.) Australian Initiation Ceremonies, 254 Hughes (Prof. T. McK.), Fossil Tracks, 166 Hughes (Prof. D. E., F.R.S.), New Magnetic Balance, 263; the Mechanical Theory of Magnetism, 459 Hull’s Gees) Palestine Geological Expedition, 245, 318 ; Return of, 389 Human Body, Electrical Resistance of the, Dr. W. H. Stone, 21, 528 Hungary, Earthquake in, 200, 557 Huxley (Prof.) on Technical Education, 63; Royal Society Anniversary Address, 136; Address at Finsbury Technical College, 158 ; on Science and Engineering, 534 Hyades (Dr.), Keport of French Mission to Cape Horn, 191 Hydrostatic Pressure, Measurement of Magnetic Forces by, Prof, Quincke, 489 Hydrated Salts, Electrolysis of, Gladstone and Tribe, 422 Hydrogen, Solidification of, 316 Hydromedusz, Prof. Aug. Weismann on Sexual Cells of, Prof. H.N. Moseley, F.R.S., 114 Hypericacez, Organs of Secretion in, J. R. Green, 231 Ice Cavern in Carniola, Discovery by Prof. Linhart of Great, 296 Ice- Formation in the Harz, Peculiar, Prof. Schwalbe, 172 Ice Volcanoes, Mountain Rainbow, A. P. Colman, 550 Iccland: Voleanic Phen»mena in, 226, 343; Sun-Glows and Volcanic Eruptions in, Dr, Sophus ‘Tromholt, 420 ; Aurora Borealis in, Dr. Sophus Tromholt, 5373 Icelandic Polar Expedition in A.D, 1266, 416 Iktis, is it in Cornwall? A. Tylor, 84 Impressions, Waking, Wm. Radford, 77 : Im Thurn (E. F.), Among the Indians of Guiana, Dr. E. B. Tylor, F.R.S., 305 Incubation Period of Scientific Links, on the, Jas. Blake, 148 Independent Work at Cambridge Fellowship Examinations, India : Indian Museum, Anderson’s Handbook of Archzeological Collections in, 27; Electricity in, C. Michie Smith, 54; an Indian Weather Forecast, 77; Progress of Botany in, 111 ; Im Thurn’s Indians of Guiana, Dr. E. B. Tylor, F.R.S., 305 ; James Dallas, 382; the Indian Survey, 360; Influence of Weather on Death-rate and Crime in India, S. A. Hill, 338; Earthquake Disturbance of Indian Tides, Lieut.-Gen, Walker, F.R.S., 358 Inglis (James), Deer and their Horns, 171, 213 Insects, Farm, John Curtis, 170 Insects, Marine, A. W. Pearson, 184 Insect Life, Guide to Methods of, Eleanor A. Ormerod, 308 Insectivora, Prof. Flower, F.R.S., on Dobson’s, 282 Instinct, Darwin on, 110, 128; C. Lloyd Morgan, 370, 379, 405; Dr. G. J. Romanes, F.R.S., 379, 428, 477; Wm Brown, 428 ; of Magpies, Rev. James Graves, 596 Institute of Naval Architects, 535 Institution of Civil Engineers, 166, 328, 447 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 582 Instruction in France, Budget of Public, 245 Insulating Support, a Cheap, Prof. Silvanus T. Thompson, 385 Intelligence, Animal, J. M. Hayward, 357 International Polar Observatories, Prof, Wild, 201 International Society of Electricians, 44 International Weights and Measures, 529 Invention, an Inquiry into the Origin of, Col. F. A, Seely, 226 Iodic Acid, Peculiar Absorption by Aluminium of, Dr. G, Gore, F.R.S., 254 Iron and Copper, Did they precede Tin ? A. Tylor, 84 Tron and Steel Institute, Annual Meeting, 603 Ischia, Earthquake in, 557 Isis Natural History Society, Dresden, 23 Italy, Earthquake in, 272, 317, 366 Izvestia of East Siberian Geographical Society, 15 Jacobson (Herr), Return of, 87 Jadeite, Dr. Meyer, 15 ‘‘Jeettegryder ” of Orholm, the, Herr Geelmuyden, 414 Japan: Meteorology in, 112; the Japanese Languriide, G. Lewis, 142 ; Poisonous Japanese Sea Fish, 184 ; Catachthonic Observatory in Japan, 413; Ancient Japan, 485; Seismo- logical Society of Japan, 584; List of the Birds of, 604; the Gaemiaey of Japanese Lacquer, 604 ; Mines and Mining, in, 605 Java Eruptions, Detonations heard in Philippine Islands, 44 ; F. C, Constable, 55 ; Capt. Watson, 140; J. J. H. Tealli, 170; and Earthquake Waves, J. T. Bealby, 30; Mr. Mel- drum on, 32, 153 Jeffreys (Dr. J. Gwyn, F.R.S.), Obituary Notice of Prof, Nilsson, 172 ; French Deep-Sea Expedition of 1883, 216 Johns Hopkins Univer-ity, 183 Johnston (H. H.), Races of Western Tropical Africa, 303 ; Departure of, for Zanzibar, 415; the Congo, Prof. A. H. Keane, 579 Johnston-Lavis (Dr. II. J.), the Remarkable Sun:ets, 152; Vesuvius, Eruption of January 1884, 291 Jones (W. C.), Partials, 6 Joubert, Mascart and, Electricity and Magnetism, 74 Journal of Physiology, 47, 375 Journal of Royal Microscopical Society, 47, 375 Journal of Royal Agricultural Society, 75 Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 141 Journal of Franklin Institute, 276, 495 Journal de Physique, 277, 495 Journal of Society of Arts, 345 Journal of the Russian Chemical and Physical Society, 422, 443 Journal of Botany, 349, 443, 540, 613 Judd (Prof. J. W., F.R.S.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 15 397, Nature, June 5, 1884) INDEX X1 525; Jurassic Rocks under London, 329; the Dust of Krakatoa, 595 Jung (Dr.), Deutsche Kolonien, 594 Junker’s (Dr.) African Expedition, 318, 462, 489, 584 Jurassic Rocks under London, Prof, J. W. Jud F.R.S., 329 Kaiser (Dr. H.), Determinants, 378 Kalischer (S.), Is Steam Condensation a Cause of Electrifica- tion? 227 Kamschatka Expedition, Steineger’s, 416 Kanonnikoff, Refracting Power of Solid Chemical Compounds, 391 Kara Sea, Baron Nordenskj6ld’s Theory as to Navigability of, 14 Kara-kum Desert, Konshin’s Explorations in the, 416 Karpinsky (Prof.), Interesting Feature of the Geological Structure of Russia, 461 Keane (Prof. A. H.), Carl Bock’s Siam, 258 ; the Egyptian Sudan, 291; Sketch of the Modern Languages of Africa, Robert Needham Cust, 377; the Congo, H. H. Johnston, 579 Kennel (Dr. von), on the Development of Peripatus, 92 Kent (W. Saville), Appointed Inspector of Fisheries for Tasmania, 534 Kernahan (J. C.), a Lunar Rainbow, 105 Kew, the Museums of Economic Botany, 581 Kilimanjaro (Mount), Mr. Johnston’s Expedition to, 200, 415 Kinahan (G. H.), Sudden Stoppage of Clocks, 105 ; Fog Bows, 105 ; Storm of January 26, 358 Kingsley (J. S.), and H. W. Conn, on the Embryology of the Teleosts, 16 Kiinkerfues (Prof.), the late, 415 Knowledge, the Six Gateways of, Sir Wm. Thomson, F.R.S., 438, 462 © Koganei, Histogeny of the Retina, 255 Konig (Dr.), Experiments on Neutral Points in Spectrum of Colour-Blind, 168 ; Experiments on Colour-sensitiveness, 496 Konshin’s Kara-kum Explorations, 416 Korscheldt (O.), on the Chemistry of Japanese Lacquer, 604 Kossel (Prof.), Nuclein in Animal Body, 452 Krakatoa Eruption, 157, 344, 437; E. Metzger, 240; M. van Doorn, 268; G. J. Symons, F.R.S., 355, 365; Analysis of Krakatoa Volcanic Ashes, Renard, 134; Dr. Reusch, 388; Prof. J. W. Judd, F.R.S., 595; Prof. W. L. Goodwin, 595; the Krakatoa Air-Wave, Gen. Strachey, F.R.S., 181 Krause (Dr. Aurel), on the Inhabitants of the Chukche Penin- sula, 161; Experimental Proof of Prof. Munk’s Theory of Centre of Cortical Area of Voluntary Muscles of Larynx and Jaws, 168 Krystallographische Untersuchungen, Dr. Brezina, 195 Laboratory, Biological, on the English Coast, a, 473 Lacquer, Japanese, the Chemistry of, 604 Lalande and Chaperon, New Elements for Primary Batteries, 227 Langley (Prof. S. P.), a Vast Dust Envelope, 324 Languriidz, the Japanese, G. Lewis, 142 Lankester (Prof. E. Ray), Living Scorpions, Mygale, and Protopterus, 54 La Nuova Scienza, 557 Lapparent (A. De), Cours de Minéralogie, 403 Larden (W.), Circling to the Left in a Mist, 262 Larynx and Jaws, Experimental Proof of Prof. Munk’s Theory of Centre of Cortical Area of Voluntary Muscles of, Dr. H. Krause, 168 Laughton (J. K.), Address as President of Meteorological Society, 302 Lawes (Sir J. B.), Analyses of Ash of Grain grown at Rotham- sted, 445 Layard (E. L.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 461 Leadville, Ores of, and their Mode of Occurrence, Louis D. Ricketts, 571 Leaves, Starch in, on the Formation of, Prof. H. Marshall Ward, 552 Lecher (Dr. E.), Rowland’s Experiment demonstrating the Magnetic Action of Electric Convection, 558; Experiments on Polarisation of Light, 559 one (Dr. J. L.), Obituary Notice of, R. McLachlan, F.R.S., 12 LeConte (Prof. Joseph), Elevation and Subsidence, 212; the Remarkable Sunsets, 403 ; Right-sidedness, 452 Lefroy (Sir J. H.), Earthquake, 56 Left, Circling to the, in a Mist, W. Larden, 262 Lemstro6m’s Observations of Aurora Borealis, 111 Lena Polar Meteorological Station, Dr. Bunge, 318, 389 Lenses, Measurement of Curvature of, Prof. Clifton, 143 Lessar’s Transcaspian Explorations, 416 Lewis (G.), the Japanese Languriide, 142 Ley (Annie), the Remarkable Sunsets, 130 Ley (Rev. W. Clement), the Remarkable Sunsets, 175; Mr. Ruskin’s Bogies, 353 Libraries, Report of Manchester Free, 159 ; Sheffield Free, 344 Libyan Desert, the Geology of the, K. A. Zittel, 121 Light, Reflection of, W. J. Trentler, 104 Dene Reflection from Metallic Surfaces of, Sir John Conroy, 32 Lights, Zodiacal, G. M. Whipple, 453 Light, G. G, Stokes on, Prof. P. G. Tait, 545 Light, Polarisation of, Dr. Lecher’s Experiments on, 559 Lighting, Electric, on District Railway, 295 Lilzea, 530 pce the Academy of the, Prof. Brioschi appointed President, 582 giant (Prof.), Discovery of Great Ice Cavern in Carniola, 29 Links, on the Incubation Period of Scientific, Jas. Blake, 148 Linnean Society, 71, 110, 142, 191, 230, 328, 398, 469, 591 Linnean Society of New South Wales, 279 Lisbon, Earthquake at, 200, 272 Liverpool, Geological Association, 135 ; Royal Institution, 366 Lizard, Extinct Australian, Sir R. Owen, F.R.S., 327 Local Science Societies and Minor Prehistoric Remains of Britain, 19 Lochs, Bathymetrical Survey of Scottish, 487 Lock (Rey. J. B.), a Treatise on Higher Trigonometry, 547 Lockyer (J. Norman, F.R.S.), Movements of the Earth: Mea- surement of Time, 65 ; Rotation of the Earth, 201 Lodge (Prof. Oliver J.), and Prof. J. W. Clark, on the Pheno- mena exhibited by Dusty Air in the Neighbourhood of Strongly Illuminated Bodies, 417 Logarithms, De Morgan’s Five-Figure, 185 London, East, Proposed Institute for, 183 London, Jurassic Rocks under, Prof. J. W. Judd, F.R.S., 329 Lovell (J.), Earthworms, 551 Lowe (Rev. W. Besant), Meteors, 56 Lubbock (Sir John, F.R.S.), Teaching Animals to Converse, 216, 547 Lucz (Prof.), Subjective Auricular Sensations, 568 Lunar Rainbow, J. C. Kernahan, 105 ;-C. H. Romanes, 172 ; M. F. Dunlop, 172 Macaulay (Dr. Jas.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 176 McCann (H. W.), Dyes and Tans of Bengal, 147 Macgregor’s (Prof.) Arrangement for Measurement of Electro- lytes, 558 McIntosh (Prof.), Inspection of Scotch Trawling-Grounds by, 200; Habits of Sea-Fish, 271 McLachlan (R., F.R.S.), Obituary Notice of Dr. J. L. LeConte, 128 ; Unconscious Bias in Walking, 311 Maclay (Baron), Barometro Araucano, 303 Macpherson (Joseph), the Remarkable Sunsets, 224 Madagascar, Wild Tribes of, J. Audebert, 347 Magnetism: Magnetic Dip in South China and Formosa, Dr. Doberck, 214; Hughes’ New Magnetic Balance, 263; Mag- netic Polarity and Neutrality, Prof. D. E. Hughes, F.R.S., 468 ; ona Magnetic Sense, Prof. W. F. Barrett, 476 ; Mea- surement of Magnetic Forces by Hydrostatic Pressure, Prof. Quincke, 489; Rowland’s Experiment demonstrating the Magnetic Action of Electric Convection, Dr. E. Lecher, 558 3 Electricity and Magnetism, Mascart and Joubert, 74; the Mechanical Theory of Magnetism, Prof. Hughes, 459 ; Abso- lute Measurements in Electricity and Magnetism, Andrew Gray, 546 Magpies, Instinct of, Rev. James Graves, 596 Malaga, Earthquake at, 88 oe. X11 INDEX [Nature, June 5, 1884 Malan (E, de M.), Cats on the District Railway, 573 Malay Peninsula, Geography of, 460 Malta, Meteorological Observations at, 225 Mammalia, Prof. Flower (Encye. Brit.), 53 Mammalia, Extinct, Evidence for Evolution in History of, Prof. E. D. Cope, 227, 248 Manchester: Literary and Philosophical Society, 143, 191, 592; Report of Free Libraries, 159 Mangrove as a Destructive Agent, Capt. W. J. L. Wharton, R.N., 76 Mansion (P.), Determinants, 378 Marine Zoological Laboratories, 16 Marine Insects, A. W. Pearson, 184 Marine Engineering, Carl Busley, 426 Marine Station at Granton, Scottish Meteorological Society’s, 460 Marine Station, Edinburgh, 483 Marshall’s Anatomy for Artists, 30, 56 Marshall (Prof. H. D.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 310 Marshall (Stephen A.), Unconscious Bias in Walking, 311 Martin’s (Joseph) Siberian Explorations, 319 Mascart and Joubert, Electricity and Magnetism, 74 Massenat (Lieut.), Discovery of Roman City in Tunis by, 15 Masters (Dr. Maxwell), Obituary Notice of Dr. Engelmann, 599 Mathematical Society, 71, 190, 278, 399, 495, 566 Mathematical Tables, Galbraith and Haughton’s Manual of, 282 Mathematical Zoology, a Problem in, Protection by Mimicry, Capt. T. Blakiston and Thomas Alexander, 405 Mathematics, Annals of, 135 Mathematical and Physical Papers, Prof. Stokes’, Prof. P. G. Tait, 145 Maynard (T. R.), Circular Rainbow seen from a Hill-top, 357 Measurement of Time, J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S., 65 Measures, Weights and, Report of Board of Trade, 111 Measures, Metrical, More Convenient Equivalents for Converting British into, G. J. Stoney, F.R.S., 278 Measuring the Aurora Borealis, Dr. Sophus Tromholt, 409 Measuring Heights, 526 Mechanical Engineers, Institution of, 38 Mechanics, Prof. Tait (Encyc. Brit.), 52 Mechanics, Applied, by Prof. Bovey, A. R. Willis, 122 Medicine, the History of, Dr. Payne (Encye. Brit.), 51 Mediterranean and Atlantic, Relative Level of, Tillo and Bour- dalou, 185 Meldola (R.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 224 Meldrum (R.), on the Java Eruption, 32 Memoria della Societa Geografica Italiana, 159 Memoirs, Diffusion of Scientific, 261, 311; Prof. Silvanus P. Thompson, 171; W. M. Hicks, 197; Prof. P. G. Tait, 197 ; R. T. Glazebrook, 287, 335 Meudon Observatory, the, 64 Mental Evolution in Animals, F. J. Faraday, 335, 381 ; Geo. J. Romanes, F.R.S., 404 Meridian, First French, that of Ferro, 44 ; Universal, 183 Meridian, Prime, Conference, International, 367, 413 Merrifield (Dr.), a Treatise on Navigation, 169, 237 Merrifield (C. W., F.R.S.), Death of, 244 ; Obituary Notice of, 270 Merrifield (Mary P.), Drs. Agardh and Rabenhorst on Algze, 340 Merv Oasis, Alikhanoff on, 585 Messina, Earthquake at, 272 Metallic Solutions, Reduction by means of Gases of, Dr. G. Gore, F.R.S., 255 pieie Surfaces, Reflection of Light from, Sir John Conroy, 39 Metals in Electrolytes, Relations of Heat to Voltaic and Thermo- Electric Action of, Dr. Gore, F.R.S., 300 Metamorphism among the Devonian Rocks, 315 Metcalfe (A. T.) Vertebrate Remains in Triassic Strata, 303 Meteorology: Distribution of Rain-Guages, 64; an Indian Weather Forecast, 77; Meteorology in Japan, 112; the Remark- able Sunsets, 130 ; Ben Nevis Observatory, 134, 342 ; Danish Meteorological Expedition, 134 ; Danish Godthaab Meteoro- logical Expedition, 134 ; Hamburg Meteorological Society, 159; Meteorological Observations at Malta, 225 ; Swedish Meteorological Expedition, 263; Chinese Meteorology, Dr. Doberck, 271 ; the Recent Storm, 316 ; Lena Polar Meteoro- logical Station, Dr. Bunge, 318, 389 ; Relation of Meteorology to Health, 344 ; Meteorology in Sweden, 365 ; Establishment of Weather Warnings on Spanish Coast, 365 ; Sentis Meteoro- logical Observatory, 413; Extraordinary High Tide, 413 ; Composite Portraiture adapted to the Reduction of Meteoro- logical and other Similar Observations, G. M. Whipple, 420 ; Pic du Midi, Pyrenees, Observatory, 431 ; Marine Station at Granton, 460; German Meteorology, G. Hellmann, 523 ; Meteorological Bibliography, G. J. Symons, F.R.S., 550; Meteorological Observatory at Carpineto-Romano, 556; Meteorological Society, see Royal Meteors: the Observation of, W. F. Denning, 6, 56; and Whirlwind in Sweden, 15; J. M. Hayward on, 30; at Hernésand, Sweden, 44 ; Donald Cameron, 56, 123, 287 ; Rev. W. Besant Lowe, 56; T. W. Backhouse, 104 ; F. J. Mott, 104 ; Wm. Wickham, 123; J. B. Oldham, 123; H. H. Higgins, 123; G. M. Whipple, 148; and Aurora at Alfta, 159; at Vrankfort-on-Maine, 226 ; seen at Fort William and Berwick- on-Tweed, 272; E. Howarth, 336; Unusually Bright, in Western Germany, 366 ; in Sweden, 414 Meteorite in Sweden, 437 Meteoric Dust, L. P. Muirhead, 494 Meteoric Stones, on the Transmission of Organic Germs through Cosmical Space by, J. H. Stewart, 595 Metrical Measures, More Convenient Equivalents for Convert- ing British into, G. J. Stoney, F.R.S., 278 Metzger (E.), the Krakatoa Eruption, 240; a Blue Sun, 252; Cosmic Du't, 261; on Mining in Japan, 6c5 Mexico (New), Geological Survey of, H. M. Wilson, 272 Meyer, Dr., Jadeite, 15 Meyer (Prof. V.), Thiophen, 391 Micrococcus in Cropous Pneumonia, Dr. Friedlander, 144 Miers (H. A.), Barytes from Chirbury, 29, 124 Mildness of the Season, the, 236 Milne (Prof. John), Earthquakes and Buildings, 290; Catach- thonic Observatory in Japan, 413; Earth Tremors, 456 Milne-Edwards (Prof. A.), the Za/isman Expedition, 197 Mimicry, Protection by—a Problem in Mathematical Zoology, Capt. T. Blakiston and Thomas Alexander, 405 Mineral Resources of the United States, 598 Mineralogical Society, 24, 191, 400 Minéralogie, Cours de, A. De Lapparent, 403 Mist, Circling to the Left ina, W. Larden, 262 Modern Languages of Africa, Sketch of, Robert Needham Cust, Prof. A. H. Keane, 377 Mobius (Prof. K.), Christian Conrad Sprengel, 406 Moncel (Count Du), Death of, 387; Obituary Notice of, 412 Monk Fish, the, 348 Moncreiff (Lord), Past Hundred Years’ History of Edinburgh Royal Society, 368 Monte Video, Earthquakes in, 437 Montsouris Observatory, 437 Moon, a Green, 604; in Sweden, 366 Morgan, (C. Lloyd), Instinct, 370, 405; Geo. J. Romanes, F-R-S., 379 Moritzburg Collection of Deers’ Horns, the, 307 Morocco, Captain Crema’s Journey to, 462 Morton (Mr.), Ceratodus forsteri, 16 Moseley (Prof. H. N., F.R.S.), Prof. Aug. Weismann on Sexual Cells of Hydromedusee, 114; Peripatus, 196 Motion of Projectiles, E. Ristori, 572 Mott (F. T.), Meteor, 120; Water in Australia, 311 Mouchez (Admiral), Proposed Removal of Paris Observatory, 374 Mountain Rainbows, Ice Volcanoes, A. P. Colman, 550 Movements of the Earth, the, J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S., 65, 201 Miiller (Dr. F.), C. C. Sprengel, 334 Miiller (Dr. Hermann), Memorial to, 244 Miiller (H. W., F.R.S.), Striking Distance of Electric Discharge, 325 Miiller (Hugo, F.R.S.), Researches on the Electric Dischzrge, 349 Muir (M. M. P.), Julius Thomsen’s _Thormochemische Untersuchungen, 209; General Principles of Chemistry, 317 Muirhead (L. P.), Meteoric Dust, 494 Munk (Prof.) ‘‘ Experimental ” Epilepsy, 72; Absorption of Fat in Animal Body, 472 ] q { { : Nature, June 5, 1884] eecrray (J.) and A. Renard, Volcanic Ashes and Cosmic Dust, 595 Muscles (Voluntary) of Larynx and Jaws, Experimental Proof of Bere Munk’s Theory of Cortical Area of, Dr. H. Krause, I Museum for Chester, Proposed, 88 Museums (Dresden), Reports of, 226 Music and Science, Dr. W. H. Stone, 198 Musica e una Scienza, La, Dr. Primo Crotti, 198 Mygale, Protopterus, and Scorpions, Prof. E. Ray Lankester, 54 Nachrichten of the Royal Society of Sciences and of the Uni- versity of Gottingen, 277, 300, 375 Nagasaki, Catachthonic Observatory near, 413 Naiba Mountain near Bona, Subsidence of, 15 National Academy of Sciences (America), November Meeting of, 161 Natural History, Prof. Bickmore’s Lectures to School Teachers on, 184 Natural History for Working Men, Rev. W. Tuckwell, 344 Natural History Museum, South Kensington, 556 Natural Science at Cambridge Local Examinations, 63 Nature, Unity of, Duke of Argyll, 474, 524; Geo. J. Romanes, F.R.S., 474, 548 Nautical Almanac, the, 89 Naval Architects, Institute of, 535, 563 Navigation, a Treatise on, Dr. Merrifield, 169, 237 Nebuchadnezzar, New Inscription of, E. Budge, 375 Nehring (Prof.), Cannibalism among Cave-Dwellers, 366 Nepenthes, Prof. Alex. Dickson, 254 Neva, M. Solokofi’s Researches on Water of, 345 Neva Water, Bacterioscopic Measurements of, Dr. Pehl, 557 New Guinea, Mr. Wilfrid Powell’s Expedition to, 318 New York,{Sunshine Registered at, 111 New Zealand Botanic Garden Board, Report of, 200; Ravages of Coccide in, 200 ; Hop Culture in, 201 ; the Alps of, W. S. Green, Prof. Bonney, F.R.S., 281 Nice Universal Exhibition, 44 Niger Expedition (Contemplated) by Dr."E. Riebeck, 161 Nilsson (Prof. Sven), Death of, 134; Obituary Notice of, Dr. J. G. Jeffreys, F.R.S., 172 Noblemen during last Three Generations, Weight of British, Fras. Galton, F.R.S., 266 Noe’s Thermo-Electric Generators, Prof. von Waltenhofen’s Experiments with, 227 Nordenskjold’s Greenland Expedition, 10, 39, 79; Theories in connection with, Prof. Borgen on, 14; Nordenskjold’s Theory as to Nayigability of Kara Sea, 14; the Scientific Work of the Vega Expedition, 455; Catalogue de la Bibliotheque Japonaise de Nordenskjold, Léon de Rosny, 594 North Pole, Proposed Italian Expedition to the, 462 Norway, Gray and Black Dust on Snow, 135 Norway Herring Fisheries, 344 Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition: Zoology, 25 Notiosaurus Dentatus, Sir Richard Owen, F.K.S., 327 Nottingham kree Library, Catalogue of Scientific Books in, 17 Noteya Zemlya, Grinevetsky’s Explorations in, 346 Nuclein in Animal Body, Prof. Kossel, 352 Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, 613 Obin Pennatulida, the, J. T. Cunningham, 46 Observatories: Ben Nevis, 14 ; a Christmas Visic to, Prof. G. Chrystal, 219; the Meudon, 64; the New Equatorial at the Paris, 36; Proposed Removal of the Paris, 64. 185, 343, 374, 413, 436, 487: Endowment of the Paris, 226; Chicago, 69; International Polar Observatorie:, Prof. Wild, 201; Ornithological, in Au-tro-Hungary, 246; the Torrens, 345; Australian, 390; Sentis Mcteorological, 413 ; Pic du Midi, Pyrenees, 431 ; Montsouris, 4373; Cincinnati, 558 ; Hong Kong, Dr. W. Doberck, 596; Palermo, 606 Oceanic Linguistic Affinities, Semitico, Prof. A. H. Keane, 172 Ojcow Bone Caves, Prof. Dr. F. R6..er, 449 Oldham (J. B.), Meteors, 123 INDEX Xlil Omond (R. T.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 259 O’Neill’s African Explorations, 346 Oosh, Earthquake at, 317 Ophidian Genus Simotes, G. A. Boulenger, 149 Optical Phenomena, }J. L). Bozward, 102; Dr. H. Airy, A. Tarn, Annie Ley, M. Carey-Hobson, 103 O’Reilly (Prof. J. P.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 180, 549 ; Dust Atmosphere of China, 260 O'Reilly (M. G. K.), the Ringhals, 278 Ores of Leadville, and their Mode of [Occurrence, Louis D. Ricketts, 571 Organic Germs, on the Transmission of, [through Cosmical Space by Meteoric Stones, J. H. Stewart, 595 Orholm, the ‘‘ Jacttegryder” of, Herr Geelmuyden, 414 Ormerod (Eleanor A.), Guide to Methods of Insect Life, 308 Ornithological Congress at Vienna, 556, 582, 390 Ornithological Observatories in Austro-Hungary, 246 O'Sullivan (C.), Gums of the Arabin Group, 253 Ostrof Mednij, Exploration of, 605 Oswald’s Studies of Chemical Affinity, 391 Otago University Museum, Notes from, Prof. T, J. Parker, 46, 189 ““Otto” Gas Engine, Addition of Self-starting Apparatus to, 414 Oudh, Field and Garden Crops of the North-Western Provinces and, J. F. Duthie, 547 Orambo Land, Exploration of, 585 Owen (Sir Richard, F,R.S.), Resignation of, 157 ; Sceparnodon ramsayi, 165 ; Skull and Dentition of Trityiudon longevus, 165; an Extinct Australian Lizard (Notiosaurus deutatus), 327; Presentation of Address to, 487 Owen (Sara S.), Unconscious Bias in Walking, 336 Oxford Conyocation, Vivisection in, 343 Oxford, Physiology in, E. Chapman, M.A., 76 Oxygen, &c., Liquefaction of, Wroblewski and Olszewski, 95 Ozone at Sea, C. L. Wragge, 336 Pacific, Anthropological Results of Dr. Finsch’s Journey to the, 462 Paleolithic Implement found in Clerkenwell Road, 15 Paleolithic Man—His Bead Ornaments, Worthington G. Smith, 83 Paleontology, Chinese, Prof. R. K. Douglas, 551 Palermo, Observatory of, 606 Palestine Geological Expedition, Prof. Hull’s, 245, 318 ; of Prof. Hull’s, 389 ; H. Chichester Hart, 384 Palinurus, Prof. T. J. Parker, 189 Pamir Expcditions, Russian, 319 Parallaxes of Southern Stars, Giil’s, 273 Parcels, Scheme for discovering Clockwork in, W. de Fonvielle, Return 437 Paris : the Academy of Sciences, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 143, 167, 191, 231, 255, 279, 304, 351, 376, 423, 447, 470, 495, 543, 567, 592 ; Observatory, the New Equatorial at, 36 ; Propo-ed Removal of the Observatory, 64, 185, 343, 374, 413, 436, 487; the Endowment of, 226; Edison Incandescent Lights in Hotel Dieu, 366; Exhibition of Objects collected by Romanche Expedition, 366; Anthropological Society of, 414; Lectures at Geographical Society of, 436; Lighting of Opera House by Electricity, 584 Parker (Prof. T. J.), on some Embryos of Callorhynchus antarcticus, 46 ; Palinurus, 189 Partials, W. C. Jones, 6; C. O. Varley, 57 Patagonia, Gen. Roca’s Expedition to, 451 Paul (H. M.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 284 Paulsen (Adam), on the Height of the Aurora Borealis, 337 Payer (Julius), Contradiction of Report of Death of, 135; Pictures Illustrating Franklin Expedition, 317 Payne (Dr.), the History of Medici: e (Encyc. Brit.). 51 Pearson (A. W.), Marine Insects, 184 Pehl (Dr.), Bacterioscopic Measurements of Neva Water, 557 Pennatulida, the Oban, J. T. Cunningham, 46 Pennington (Rooke), Cats at Victoria Station, 596 Penny Science Lectures at Victoria Coffee Hall, 389 Peripatus, on the Development of, Dr. yon Kennel, 62 ; Prof. H. N. Moseley, F.R.S., and A. Sedgwick, 196 Perpignan, Remarkable Sunset at, 295 XIV INDEX [Mature, June 5, 1884 —_—eeeee- se eee eee eT ee eee Perrier’s Map of Tunisia, 488 Perrotin, Close Double-Stars, 185 Perth Natural History Society, 225 Perulta (Raphael), Detonations of Java Eruptions heard at Philippine Islands, 44 Petermann’s Mittheilungen, 160, 584, 585 Petit (M.), Return of, from the Congo Region, 158 Petrological Notes on some North England Dykes, J. J. H. Teall, 254 Pettersen (Dr. Karl), Sagvandite (a New Rock), 196 Phenomena Exhibited by Dusty Air in the Neighbourhood of Strongly Illuminated Bodies, Profs. Oliver J. Lodge and J. W. Clark, 417 Philippine Islands, Java Eruption Detonations heard in, 44 Phonograph to be used in African Exploration, 460 Photography of Colours, Greenwood Pim, 470 Phylloxera, C. S. Riley, 87; in Victoria, 245; French Com- mission on, 389 Physical Notes, 489, 558 Physical Papers, Prof. Stokes’ Mathematical and, Prof. P. G. Tait, 145 Physical Society, 71, 142, 231, 350, 399, 446, 495, 541 Physiological Society, 472, 568 Physiology in Oxford, E. Chapman, M.A., 76 Pic du Midi, Studies made on Summit of, with a View to the Establishment of a Permanent Astronomical Station, MM. Thollon and Trépied, 7 ; Meteorological Observatory, 431 Pidgeon (D.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 195 Pim (Greenwood), Photography of Light and Dark Colours, 470 Pitman (Elizabeth M.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 153 Planet of Heterogeneous Density, on the Figure of Equilibrium of a, Prof. G. H. Darwin, F.R.S., 230 Planets, Minor, 273 Plants (Useful), Christy’s Notes on, 488 Plateau, Posthumous Memoirs by, 489 Plummer (W. E.), Solar Motion in Space, 246 Pneumonia (Croupous), Micrococcus in, Dr. Friedlander, 144 Pogge (Dr. Paul), Death of, 584 Poisons, Uterine Transmission of, Dr. Falk, 280 Poisons, A. W. Blyth, 451 Polar Observations, International, Prof. Wild, 201 Polar (Austrian) Expedition, Results of, Lieut. Wohlgemuth, 246 Polar Expedition in A.p. 1266, Icelandic, 416 Polar Congress at Sienna, 416 Polarisation, Galvanic, Explained according to Thermodynamic Principles, Prof. von Helmholtz, 192 Polarisation of Light, Dr. Lecher’s Experiments on, 559 poy and Neutrality, Magnetic, Prof. D. E. Hughes, F.R.S., 46: Polish Bone Caves, Prof. Dr. F. Romer, 449 Pons’ Comet, 45, 104, 112, 185, 273, 296, 367; T. W. Back- house, 7, 104 : Drawings of, 460 Porpitidze and Velellidz, the, Prof. Alex. Agassiz, 262 Porto Rico, Baron Eggers on, 129 Portraiture, Composite, Adapted to the Reduction of Meteoro- logical and other Similar Observations, G. M. Whipple, 420 Portuguese Expedition to West Africa, 64, 245 Poulton (E. B.), Heredity in Cats, 20 Powell’s (Mr. Wilfrid) Expedi:ion to New Guinea, 318 Poynting (Prof. J. H.), Seismology, 489 Prague, Human Skull Disc ivered near, 557 Prairies of the Canadian North-West, on the Absence of Earth- worms from the, Timothy E. Wilcox, 406 Prehistoric Remains of Britain, the Minor, Local Science Societies and, 19 Prehistoric Burial Ground near Buhla, 460 Pringsheim’s Jahrbiicher fiir wissenschaftliche Botanik, 349 Prjeval-ky’s (Col.) Thibet Expedition, 416; Travels in Central Asia, 593 Proceedings of Isis Natural History Society, Dresden, 23 Proceedings of Linnean Society of New South Wales, 47 Projectiles, on the Motion of, E. Ristori, 572 Protopterus, Mygale, and Scorpions, Prof. E. Ray Lankester, 54 Protozoa, Dr. H. G. Brown on, 5 Prussia, Geological Survey of, 270 Pulborough, Canoe unearthed at, 15 Pumice, Sea covered with, Capt. Barlow, 488 Quadrantids, the, Thos. W. Backhouse, 104 Quaritch’s General Catalogue, 212 Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 141 Rabenhorst (Dr.), on Algee, Mary P. Merrifield, 340 Radiolaria, the, Prof. E. Haeckel, 274, 296 Radford (W.), Waking Impressions, 77 Rae (Dr. John, F.R.S.), Recent Low Temperatures in America, 287 ; Unconscious Bias in Walking, 311 ; Wind Sand Ripples, 357; Common Domestic Duck diving for Food, 428; Right- sidedness, 477; Thread-Twisting, 550 Railroad Time, Standard, C. A. Schott, 70 Railway, Cats on the District, E. de M. Malan, 573 Rain and Dew, Salt, H. N. Draper, 77 ; F. Gillman, 172 Rain-band Spectroscopy Attacked Again, Prof, C. Piazzi Smyth, 525 Rainbow, Circular, J. A. Fleming, 310: J. M. White, 357 T. R. Maynard, 357; Dr. W. H. White, 428; G. K. Gilbert, 451 Rainbow, a Lunar, J. C. Kernahan, 105 ; C. H. Romanes, 172; M. F. Dunlop, 172; J. A. Fleming, 310; A. Pi Colman, 550 Rain-Guages, Distribution of, 64 Ravens in United States, 336; Ira Sayles, W. W. Bailey, 478 Rayleigh (Lord, F.R.S.), Sugyestions for Facilitating the Use of a Delicate Balance, 91; on the Measurement of Electric Currents, 465 ; on the Electro-Chemical Equivalent of Silver, 565 Records, Prizes offered by Mr. Fras. Galton for Family, 244, 257; Dr. G. J. Romanes, F.R.S., 257 Red-Deer Horns, Sir J. Fayrer, F-.R.S., 213 Redeterminations of Atomic Weights, 391 Redman (J. B.), Abnormal High Tides in Thames, 237 Reefs, the Origin of Coral, Surgeon Guppy, 214 Reflection of Light, W. J. Trentler, 104 Reflection of Light from Metallic Surfaces, Sir John Conroy, 398 Refracting Power of Solid Chemical Compounds, Kanonnikoff, Or Refactive and Dispersive Power, a Fluid of Extraordinarily High, Carl Rohrbach, 63 Regal’s (Dr.) Explorations in Central Asia, 416 Reichardt’s (Paul) African Explorations, 272 Reis (Philipp), Anniversary of Birth of, 295 Remarkable Sunsets, the, 132, 174, 195, 222, 251, 259, 308; Edward Whymper, 200; Prof. O. N. Stoddard, 355 ; Prof. C. Michie Smith, 381; Robt. J. Ellery, 549; Prof. J. P. O’Reilly, 549; S. E. Bishop, 549, 573 Remsen’s (Ira), Principles of Theoretical Chemistry, 283 Renard’s Analysis of Krakatoa Volcanic Ashes, 134 Renard (A.) and J. Murray, Volcanic Ashes and Cosmic Dust, James Inglis, 8 Redieont del Real Istituto Lombardo, 300, 375, 443, 467, 495, 565, 613 AL EY Rendiconti dell’ Accademia di Bologna, 349 Rendiconti of the Sessions of the Accademia delle Scienze di Bologna, 422 Retina, Histogeny of the, Koganei, 235 Reusch (Dr.), Analysis of Krakatoa Volcanic Ash, 388 Revue d’ Anthropologie, 22, 397, 467 Revue Internationale des Sciences Biologiques, 47, 375 Revue Positive, Stoppage of, 159 ; Reynier (E.), Maximum Cell as Standard of Electromotive Force, 227; Single Electrolyte Batteries, 22 Reynolds (Prof. O., F.R.S.), General Theory of Thermo- Dynamics, 112; Thomson’s Motion of Vortex Rings, 193 Rhyncopetalus montanum, F. O. Bower, 230 Rhytina stelleri, Herr Steineger, 226: Alban Doran, 230 Richardson (Clifford), American Wheat, Prof. J. Wrightson, 173 Nature, June 5, 1884) INDEX XV Ricketts (Lewis D.), Ores of Leadville and their Mode of Occurrence, 571 Riebeck (Dr. E.), Niger Expedition, 161, 417 Riess (Prof. P. J.), Death of, 44 Right-sidedness, Prof. J. LeConte, 452; John Rae, F.R.S., 477 Riley (C. V.), Phylloxera, 87 Ringhals, the, M. G. R. O'Reilly, 278 Rings, Fairy, Henry Evershed, 384 Rink (Dr. H.), Cosmic Dust, 148 Ripple Marks, Prof. G. H. Darwin, F.R.S., 162 Ripples, Wind Sand, Dr. John Rae, F.R.S., 357 Rio Negro, Zuology of the, 451 Ristori (E.), Motion of Projectiles, 572 Rivers, Russian, Tillo’s Measurements of, 184 Rivista Scientifico Industriale, 95, 467, 165, 300, 443, 565, 614 Roca’s (Gen.) Expedition to Patagonia, 451 Rogosinski Expedition to West Africa, 296 Rohrbach (Carl), on Method of Procuring a Fluid of Extraor- dinarily High Refractive and Dispersive Power, 63 Roiti’s Elementi di Fisica, vol. iv., 5 Romanche, Arrival of the, 64; Expedition, Exhibition of objects collected by, 366 Romanes (C. H.), Lunar Rainbow, 172 Ronanes (Dr. G. J., F.R.S.), Family Records, Francis Galton, F.R.S., 257 ; Mental Evolution in Animals, 330, 336, 404, 428 ; Instinct, 428, 477; Lloyd Morgan on Instinct, 379; the Remarkable Sunsets, 477; Unity of Nature, 548; the Duke of Argyll’s Unity of Nature, 474 Rome, Science in, Prof. A. H. Keane, 433 Romer (Prof. Dr. F.), Bone Caves of Ojcow, 449 Rook’s Nest, Wild Duck laying in, J. H. Willmore, 573; J. Cordeaux, 596 Root-Hairs of Flowering Plants, F. Schwarz, 488 Rorqual, Rudolphi’s, Prof Flower, F.R.S., 104 Rosny (Léon de), Catalogue de la Bibliotheque Japonaise de Nordenskjéld, 594 Rotation of the Earth, J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S., 201 Rothamsted Grass Experiments, Prof. W. Fream, 81; an American Rothamsted, Prof. W. Fream, 238; Analyses of Ash of Grain grown at, Lawes and Gilbert, 445 Roumania, Earthquakes in, 244 Rowell (G. A.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 251 Rowland’s Experiment demonstrating the Magnetic Action of Electric Convection, Dr. E. Lecher, 558 Roy (Dr. C. S.), Splenic Fever in the Argentine Republic, 91 Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal, 387 Royal Institution, Lectures, 88, 183, 390, 582 Royal Metevrological Society, 142, 208, 302, 446, 541 Royal Microscopical Society, 541 Royal Society, 165, 190, 230, 277, 300, 325, 349, 375, 398, 422, 444, 467; Officers of, 43 ; Adjudication of Medals for 1883, 62; Prof. Huxley’s Anniversary Address, 136 ; Com- mittee on the Krakatoa Eruption, 365 Royal Society of New South Wales, 24 Royal Military Academy and Natural Science, 535 Royer (Mme. Clémence), Attraction et Gravitation d’aprés Newton, 235 Rudolphi’s Rorqual, Prof. Flower, F.R.S., 104 Ruskin’s (Mr.) Bogies, Rev. Clement Ley, 353 Russell (Hon. F. A. R.), Unusual Cloud-Glow after Sunset, 55, 151, 196, 286 Russia: Science in, 273; Interesting Feature of the Geological Structure of, Prof. Karpinsky, 461; Russian Academy of Science, 88; Russian Expedition to West Africa, 296, Russian Explorers on the Old Bed of the Amu Daria, 416; Russian Pamir Expeditions, 319 ; Measurements of Russian Rivers, Tillo, 184 H. T. Wharton, Dr. Saccopharyngoid Fishes, Theo. Gill, 236 Sachs’ (Dr.) Theory of the Relations between the Increase and Segmentation of Cells in the Embryonal Parts of Plants, Prof. Beketoff on, 461 Sagvandite (a New Rock), Dr. Karl Pettersen, 196 St. Barbe (C.), on the Green Moon, 604 St. David’s, Volcanic Group of, Prof. J. G. Blake, 303 Salerno, Earthquake at, 88 Salomon (Dr.), Urine of Swine, 280 Salt Rain and Dew, H. N. Draper, 77; F. Gillman, 172 Salt Lake City, Probability of Destructive Earthquakes at, G. K. Gilbert, 45 Salts, Hydrated, Electrolysis of, Gladstone and Tribe, 422 Salt-Water Fish-Types in Fresh Water, Prof. Theo. Gill, 573 Samaria, the Earth, Prof. Cleeve, 391 Samoa, Geo. Turner, LL.D., J. A. Farrer, 569 Sampson (W. G.), Brooks’ Comet, 335 Sand Ripples, Wind, Dr. John Rae, F.R.S., 357 San Francisco, Earthquake Waves, 437; Earthquake at, 536 Saturn, the Mass of, Prof. Asaph Hall, 185 Saunders (Sir Sidney Smith), Death of, 581 Sayles (Ira), Ravens in United States, 478 Scenery of the British Islands, Origin of the, Arch. Geikie, F.R.S., 347, 396, 419, 442 Sceparnodon ramsayi, Prof. Owen, 165 Schiffsmaschine, Die, Carl Busley, 426 Schlegel (Prof. Dr. H.), Death of, 343 Schmidt (Prof. Fr.), Hemiaspidz, 461 Schopenhauer (Arthur), the World as Will and Idea, Prof. Andrew Seth, 402 Schott (C. A.), Standard Railroad Time, 70 Schunck (E., F.R.S.), Note on the Constitution of Chlorophyll, 277 Schwalbe (Prof.), on Glacial Cavities, 168 ; Peculiar Ice-Forma- tion in the Harz, 472 Schwarz (F.), Root-Hairs of Flowering Plants, 488 Schweinfurth (Dr.), the Flora of Ancient Egypt, 312 Schuver (Mr.), Murder of, 319 Science Societies and the Minor Prehistoric Remains of }Britain, 19 Science and Engineering, Walter R. Browne, 57 Science, Natural, at Cambridge Local Examinations, 63 Science, Music and, Dr. W. H. Stone, 198 Science in Russia, 273 Science Teaching in Elementary Schools, W. L. Carpenter, 317 Science and the Public Service, 596 Scientific Memoirs, Diffusion of, 261, 311; Prof. Silvanus P. Thompson, 171 ; Wm. Hicks, Prof. P. G. Tait, 196; R. T. Glazebrook, 287, 335; Prof. P. G. Tait, 357 ScIENTIFIC WoRTHIES: Sir Charles William Siemens, F.R.S., Sir William Thomson, F.R.S., 97 Scorpions, Mygale, and Protopterus, Prof. E. Ray Lankester, 54 Scotch Trawling-Grounds, Inspection by Prof. McIntosh of, 200 Scotch Coast, Torpedo taken off, 295 Scotch Scientific Societies, Proposed Federation of, 295, 367 Scotch Meteorological Society's Marine Station at Granton, 460 Sea, Ozone at, C. L. Wragge, 336 Sea-Fish, Habits of, Prof. McIntosh, 271 Season, the Mildness of the, 236 Sedgwick (A.), Peripatus, 196 Seely (Col. F. A.), an Inquiry into the Origin of Invention, 226 Seismological Society of Japan, 413, 584 Seismology, Prof. J. H. Poynting, 489 Semitico-Oceanic Linguistic Affinities, Prof. A. H. Keane, 172 Sennis Country, Junker’s Travels in, 462 Sentis Meteorological Observatory, 413 Seth (Prof. Andrew), the World as Will and Idea, Arthur Schopenhauer, 402 Severn (Arthur), the Remarkable Sunsets, 177 Sexes, Co-Education of the, in America, 158 Sexton (Samuel), Deafness in White Cats, 312 Shadow-Beams in the East after Sunset, Rev. Gerard Hopkins, S.J.5 55 cee Electric, Prof. S. P. Thompson, 156; W. F. Smith, 260 Shaft-Sinking in Watery: Ground, New Method of, William Galloway, 9 Sheffield Free Libraries, 344 Ships, Stability of, Prof. Elgar, 559 Shot, Elongated, when Fired from Large Guns, on a Method of Estimating the Steadiness of, Rev. F. Bashforth, 527 Siam, Carl Bock’s, Prof. A. H. Keane, 258 Siberia: Earthquakes in, 272; Martin’s Explorations, 319 ; Traces of Glaciation in, Solokoff, 461 Siemens (Sir Charles William, F.R.S.), Death of, 87 ; Obituary Notice of, Sir William Thomson, F.R.S., 97 xvi INDEX + (Nature, June 5, 1884 Signal-Service and Standard Time, the, 389 Simotes, G. A. Boulenger, 149 Simpson (W. G.), Unconscious Bias in Walking, 356 Single-Electrolyte Batteries, E, Reynier, 227 Sington (T.) Weather on Ben Nevis and Snowdon, 261 Siwalik Carnivora, 599 Skeleton, Human, found at Tilbury, Geological Position of, T. V. Holmes, 440 Skull, Human, discovered near Prague, 557 Slavonia, Earthquakes in, 583 Smith (Prof. C. Michie), the Green Sun, 28, 54; Electricity in India, 54; the Remarkable Sunsets, 381 Smith (J. Hamblin), Mental Evolution in Animals, 333 Smith (Lawrence), Death of, 63 Smith (Percy), Earthquake in England, 602 Smith (W. F.), Electric Shadows, 260 Smith (Worthington G.), Palzolithic Man: his Bead Orna- ments, 83 Smithsonian Institution, the, 135 Smyrna, Cold in, 345 ; Earthquakes at, 15 Smyth (Prof. Piazzi), the Remarkable Sunsets, 149 ; Rain-band Spectroscopy Attacked Again, 525 Snake-Bite, J. S. Gardiner, 6 Snake, the Ringhals, M. G. R. O’Reilly, 278 Snakes, Black, ‘‘ Suicide” of, E. F. Hardman, 452 Snow covered with Gray and Black Dust in Norway, 135 Snow, Volcanic Glassy Dust in Fresh, 367 Snowballs, Natural, Prof. Samuel Hart, 428 Snowdon, Weather on, T. Sington, 261 Soap-making, Alex. Watt, 425 Socotra, 575 Society of Arts, 43, 245 Société des Electriciens, 226 Sociology, Proposed Index to Study of, 437 Sohncke (Prof. L.), Probable Nature of the Internal Symmetry of Crystals, 383 Solanums, Review of Tuber-bearing, J. G. Baker, 328 Solar Eclipse Expedition (U.S.), Report of, 582 Solar Eclipse of 1806, December 10, 415 Solar Heat, Measurements of, Dr. Frolich, 48 Solar Motion in’Space, W. E. Plummer, 246 Solid Chemical Compounds, Refracting Power of, Kanonnikoff, 391 Solokoft’s Researches on Water of Neva, 345 ; Traces of Glacia- tion in Siberia, 461 Solomon Islands, Anthropological Notes in, Surgeon Guppy, 429 Solutions, Alexeyeff’s Theory of, 391 Sorghum Culture, 111 Sound, Velocity of, in Air, D. J. Blaikley, 148 Sound-Mills, Dvorak’s, Prof. Silvanus P. Thompson, 363 Scundings, Atlantic, 158 Southern Comets, 606 Southern States, Education in, 200 Space, Solar Motion in, W. E, Plummer, 246 Spaces, Dust-Free, Dr. Oliver J. Lodge, 610 Spanish Coast, Establishment of System of Weather Warnii gs on, 365 Spark Spectra, Researches, Prof. W. N. Hartley, 89 Spectroscopes (Diffraction), Prof. W. N. Hartley, 470 Spectroscopy, Rain-band, Attacked Again, Prof. C. Piazzi Smyth, 525 Spectrum Analysis: Spectra, Spark, Researches on, Prof. W. N. Hartley, 89; Spectrum of Beryllium, 90, 391: Experi- ments on Neutral Points in Spectrum of Colour-Blind, Dr. Konig, 168; Wave-lengths of A, a, and Lines in Infra-red of Visible Spectrum, Capt. Abney, F.R.S., 190; Researches on Infra-red Rays of the Spectrum, H. Becquerel, 227 Spiders, African, 408 Spinoza (Benedict de), Ethic, R. B, Haldane, 354 Spitzbergen, Winter Life at, 263 Splenic Fever in the Argentine Republic, Dr. Roy, 91 Spongilla fluviatilis, Contamination of Boston (U.S.A.) Water Supply by, 391 Spontaneous Generation, Prize for Essay on, 413 Spottiswoode Memorial, 134, 158, 271 Sprengel (C. C.), Dr. H. A. Hagen, 29, 572; Dr. F. Miiller, 334; Prof. K. Mobius, 406; on Fertilisation of Flowers, Prof. W. W. Bailey, 171 Stability of Ships, Prof. Elgar, 559 Stalactite Cave in Ain (France), 583 Standards, Electrical, 465 Stanley’s Congo Expedition, 15 Starch in Leayes, on the Formation of, Prof. H. Marshall Ward, 552 Stars : a New Star Catalogue, Hoek and Kam, 45; Variable, 135, 530; Close Donble-Stars, Perrotin, 185 ; Mr. Burnham’s Double-Star Measures, 409; the Double-Star a Herculis, 536; Gill’s Parallaxes of Southern Star-, 273; Vari- able Star U Geminorum, 368 ; Glasgow Catalogue of Stars, 368 : Starling at Christmas at Trondhjem, 184 Statistical Society, 44 ; Howard Medal of, 111 Steam Condensation a Cause of Electrification, Is, S, Kalischer, 227 Stecker’s (Dr.), Travels in Abyssinia, 347 Steel and Iron, W. A. Greenwood, 425 Steineger (Dr. L.), Rhytina stelleri, 226 ; Kamchatka Expedi- tion, 416 ; Return of, 87 ; on Ostrof Mednij, 605 Stevens (Joseph), Deafness in White Cats, 237 Stevenson (Dr. Thos.), Blyth’s Poisons, 451 Stewart (James, C.E.), Death of, 87 Stewart Mi H.), on the Transmission of Organic Germs through Cosmical Space by Meteoric Stones, 595 Stoddard (Prof. O. N.), Remarkable Sunsets, 355 Stokes’ (Prof. G. G., F.R.S.) Mathematical and Physical Papers, Prof, -P. (G. Wait; rays on) Licht.) Prof. seo Gi daie 545 Stone (Prof. G. H.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 404 Stone (Dr. W. H.), Electrical Resistance of the Human Body, 21 ; Music and Science, 198; the Ear a Barometer, 356 ; Third Note on the Electrical Resistance of the Human Body, 528 ; Voice, Song, and Speech, Lennox Browne, 570 Stoney (G. J., F.R.S.), More Convenient Equivalents for Con- verting British into Metrical Measures, 278 Storm of January 26, 1884, 316; David Cunningham, 336; G. Henry Kinahan, 358 ; Dr. R. Dixon, 384 Story-Maskelyne (T.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 285 Strachey (Gen., F.R.S.), the Krakatoa Air-Wave, Earthquakes and Air-Waves, 427 Strawberries, Natural History of, A. N. Duchesne, 215 Strongylus in Hares, Prof. Heiberg, 184 Styria, Earthquakes in, 159 Subsidence of Naiba Mountain near Bona, 15 am Subsidence, Elevation and, Prof. Joseph LeConte, 212 Sudan, the Egyptian, Prof. A. H. Keane, 291 ‘*Suicide” of Black Snakes, E. F. Hardman, 452 Sully (James), Romanes’ Mental Evolution in Animals, 181 ; 33 Sun one Green, 7; C. Michie Smith, 28; Warren De la Rue, 28; W. B. Beardmore, 28 ; C. Michie Smith, 54 ; in China, 436; Pale Sun in Brazil, 87; a Blue Sun, E. Metzger, 252; Sun-Glows and Volcanic Erupticns in Iceland, Dr. Sophus Tromholt, 420 ; Green Sunlight, Prof. W. Swan, 76 ; Dr. Hyde Clarke, 76 ; Ericsson’s Sun Motor, 217; Unusual Sunsets and Sunrises in 1883, Rev. S. Haughton, F.R.S., 470; the Remarkable Sunsets, 130, 174, 195, 222, 250, 259, 308, 366, 603, 604; Edward Whymper, 200; Prof. O. N. Stoddard, 355; Prof. C. Michie Smith, 381; Prof. John LeConte, 403; Prof. G. H. Stone, 404; E. L. Layard, 461; Prof. J. W. Judd, F.R.S., 525; George F. Burder, 525; Robt. J. Ellery, 549; S. E. Bishop, 549; Prof. J. P. O'Reilly, 549; S. E. Bishop, 573; Hon. F. A. R. Russell, 55 ; Remarkable Sunset at Perpignan, 295 ; Sunshine (Registered) at New York and Greenwich, III Sunda Straits Volcanic Eruption, Capt. Hon. F. C. TP. Vereker, 375 Sunday Society, the, 366, 536 Survey, the Indian, 360 Sussex, Agriculture in, 575 Swan, (Prof. W.), Green Sunlight, 76 Sweden: Meteor and Whirlwinds in, 15; Proposed Botanico- Physiological Station in North, 225 ; Entomologist retained by Swedish Government, 44; Meteors in, 344, 414 ; Meteorite in, 437 ; Meteorological Expedition of, 263 ; Meteorology in, 365; Green Moonin, 366; Swedish Vanadis Expedition, 18 Swine, Urine of, Dr, Salmon, 280 ee eS oe ee Nature, June 5, 1884] Switzerland, Earthquake in, 272 Sydney, Linnean Society of New South Wales, 120, 303, 423, 543, 616; Royal Society of New South Wales, 279, 400 Sylvester (Prof. J. J., F.R.S.), appointed Savilian Professor of Pare at Oxford, 157, 183, 271: Departure from America 9° ? 3 5 Symons (G. J., F.R.S.), Meteorological Bibliography, 550; Krakatoa Eruption, 355, 365 Tait (Dr. Lawson), Deafness in White Cats, 164 Tait (Prof. P. G.), Mechanics (Encye. Brit.), 52 ; Prof. Stokes’ Mathematical and Physical Papers, 145; Diffusion of Scien- tific Memoirs, 196, 311, 357; G. G. Stokes on Light, 545 Talisman Expedition, the, Prof. A. Milne-Edwards, 197; Deep-Sea Fishes and the, 483; Deep-Sea Dredgings of the, Crustacea, 531 Tans of Bengal, Dyes and, H. W. McCann, 147 Tarkhanoff (Prof.), the Structure of Birds’ Eggs, 461 Tarr (Ralph S.), Zoological Results of the Work of the United States Fish Commission in 1883, 407 Tashkend, Earthquakes in, 15, 317 Tasmania, Earth Tremors in, 244 ; Fisheries of, 534 Taylor (W. W.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 334 Taylor (Dr. J. E.), Earthquake in England, 602 cars in Transcaucasia, Proposed Cultivation of, Woeikoff, 184 Ee Prof. Bickmore’s Lectures on Natural History to, 184 Teaching Animals to Converse, Sir J. Lubbock, F.R.S., 547 Teall (J. J. H.), the Java Eruption, 170; Petrological Notes on some North England Dykes, 254 Technical College, Finsbury, 158 Technical Department (Proposed) in Firth College, 183 Technical Education, 392; in Coventry, 64; Dr. Harris on, 184; the Commission on, 390 Technology, Text-books on, Prof. T. E. Thorpe, F.R.S., 425 Telegraphy and Telephony on the same Wires simultaneously, 554 Teleosts, the Embryology of the, Kingsley and Conn, 16 Telephone, in Germany, the, 63; the Static Induction Telephone as an Instrument of Research, Prof. Sylvanus P. Thompson, 231; Anniversary of Birth of Philipp Reis, 295 ; Telephony and Telegraphy on the same Wires simultaneously, 554 Telescope (Equatorial), a New Form of, Howard Grubb, F.R.S., 479 Tellurium, Atomic Weight of, Brauner, 391 Tempel’s Comet, 1873 II., 45, 70, 185 ee eranres in America, Recent Low, Dr. John Rae, F.R.S., 207 Thames, Abnormal High Tides, J. B. Redman, 237 Thermal Chemistry, Julius Thomsen, M. M. P. Muir, 209 Thermochemische Untersuchungen, Julius Thomsen, 209 Thermo-Dynamics, General Theory of, Prof. O. Reynolds, PIR S., Li2 Thermodynamic Principles, Galvanic Polarisation explained according to, Prof. von Helmholtz, 192 Thermo-Electric Generators (Noe’s) Prof. von Waltenhofen’s Experiments with, 227 Thermo-Electric Action of Metals in Electrolytes, Relations of Heat to Voltaic and, Dr. Gore, F.R.S., 300 Thermometers, Exhibition of, 366 Thibet Expedition, Col. Prjevalsky’s, 416, 585 Thierreichs, Klassen und Ordnungen des, Dr. H. G. Bronn, 5 Thiophen, Prof. V. Meyer, 391 Thollon and Trépied (MM.), Studies made on Summit of Pic du Midi for Establishment of Permanent Astronomical Station, 7 Thompson (Prof. S. P.), Electric Shadows, 156; Diffusion of Scientific Memoirs, 171; the Static Induction Telephone as an Instrument of Research, 231; Dvorak’s Sound-Mills, 363 ; a Cheap Insulating Support, 385 Thomsen’s (Julius) Thermochemische Untersuchungen, 209 Thomson (J. J.), the Motion of Vortex Rings, Prof. Osborne Reynolds, F.R.S., 193 INDEX XVil Thomson (Sir William, F.R.S.), Obituary Notice of Sir Charles William Siemens, F.R.S., 97; the Six Gateway; of Knowledge, 438, 462; on the Efficiency of Clothing for maintaining Temperatures, 567 Thorpe (Prof. T. E., F.R.S.), Text-books on Technology, 425 ; the Chemical Work of Wohler, 489 Thread-Twisting, 525 ; Dr. J. Rae, F.R.S., 550; Henry Faulds, 550 Tide, Extraordinary High, 413; J. B. Redman, 237 Tides (Indian), Earthquake Disturbance of, Lieut.-Gen. Walker, F.R.S., 358 Tiflis, Earthquakes at, 317 Tilbury, Geological Position of Human Skeleton found at, T, V. Holmes, 440 Tillo’s Measurements of Russian Rivers, 184 Tillo on the Relative Level of Mediterranean and Atlantic, 185 Time, Measurement of, J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S., 65 Time, Railroad, Standard, C. A. Schott, 70 Time (Standard), the Signal-Service and, 389 Timorese, Cranial Characters of, Dr. Garson, 166 Tin, Did Iron and Copper precede, A. Tylor, 84 Todhunter (Dr. Isaac, F.R.S.), Death of, 436 Toes, Abnormal Number of in Cats, 20 Topography of Upper Amazon Regions, Colini, 272 Torpedo taken off Scotch Coast, 295 Torpedo, Dr. W. Wolff, 448 Torrens Observatory, the, 345 ai Tourgenief’s Brain, 389 f Towering of Birds, Sir J. Fayrer, F.R.S., 55 Tracks (Fossil), Prof. T. McK. Hughes, 166 Train, Lighting Experiment on a, W. H. Massey, 489 Transcaspian Explorations, Lessar’s, 416 Trancaucasia, Proposed Cultivation of Tea and Bam)oo in, Woeikoff, 184 Transition- Resistance in Electrolytic Cells, 588 Trawling-Grounds (Scotch) Inspection by Prof. McIntosh of, 200 Tremors, Earth, in Tasmania, 244; Prof. John Milne on, 456 Trentler (W. J.), Reflection of Light, 104 Trépied (Thollon and), Studies made on Summit of Pic du Midi for Establishment of Permanent Astronomical Station, 7 Trewendt’s Encyclopzedia of Natural Sciences, 44 Triassic Strata, Vertebrate Remains in, A. T. Metcalfe, 30 Tipe (A.), Electrolysis of Hydrated Salts, 422 Trichinze and Extreme Cold, 584 Trigonometry, a Treatise on Higher, Rev. J. B. Lock} 547 Tritylodon longzevus, Skull and Dentition of, Prof, Owen, 165 Tromholt (Dr. Sophus), Departure of, for Iceland, 44 ; Measuring the Aurora Borealis, 409 ; Aurora Borealis in Iceland, 537 ; Sun-Glows and Volcanic Eruptions in Iceland, 420 Trondhjem, Starling at Christmas at, 184 Triibner (Nicolas) Death of, 534 Tuckwell (Rev, W.), Natural History for Working Men, 344 Tunis, Discovery of Roman City in, 15 Tunisia, Perrier’s Map of, 488 Tunnel, Arlberg, Completion of the, 64, 37 Turkestan, Earthquakes in, 415 Turkey, Earthquakes in, 317, 366 Turner (Geo., LL.D.), Samoa, J. A. Farrer, 569 Tylor (A.), Is Itkis in Cornwall ? 84 ; Did Iron and Copper pre- cede Tin ? 84 Tylor (Prof. E. B, F.R.S.), Im Thurn’s Indians of Guiana, 305 Unconscious Bias in Walking, W. G. Simpson, 356 United Kingdom, Geological Survey of the, 395 United States: Bureau of Education, 111; Ravens in, 336; Entomolegy in, 344; Zoological Results of the Work of United States Fish Commission in 1883, Ralph S. Tarr, 407 ; Geodetic Survey of, 573; Solar Eclipse Expedition Report, 582; Bulletin of Harvard University, 583 ; Mineral Resources of the, 598 XVili Unity of Nature, Duke of Argyll, 474, 524: Geo: J. Romanes, F.R.S., 474, 548 ; : University and Educational Intelligence, 22, 46, 70, 93, 119, 141, 164, 207, 252, 276, 299, 348, 374, 420, 443, 466, 495, 549, 590, 613 Upper Amazons Regions, Topography and Ethnography of, 272 Urine of Swine, Dr. Salomon, 280 Vacua, Recent Discoveries in High, W. Crookes, 95 Vanaais Expedition, Departure of, 185 Variable Stars, 135, 536, 558 ; U Geminorum, 368 Varley (C. O.), Partials, 57 Vega Expedition, the Scientific Work of the, 455 Velellidze, the Porpitidee and, Prof, Alex. Agassiz, 262 Vereker (Hon. F. C. P.), Sunda Straits, Volcanic Eruption, 375 Vesuvius, Eruption of January 1884, 271; H. J. Johnston- Lavis, 291 Vetch (Major), Royal Engineer Professional Papers, Allan Cunningham, 146 ‘ Vibration, Experiment in, Dr. Elsas, 227 Vicars (Geo. Rayleigh), the Ear a Barometer, 356 ; Colony of Cats, 551 Victoria, Phylloxera in, 245 Victoria Institute, 166, 592; New Inscription of Nebuchad- nezzar, E. Budge, 375 Victoria Coffee Hall, Penny Science Lectures, 389 Victoria Station, Cats at, Rooke Pennington, 596 Vienna: International Electric Exhibition, 42; Imperial Academy of Sciences, 256, 400, 544; Ornithological Exhibi- tion, 390, 556, 582 ; Polar Congress at, 416 Villarceau (Yvon), Death of, 200; Obituary Notice of, 246 Vivisection in Oxford Convocation, 343 Vivisection, Pamphlets on, 604 Voice, Song, and Speech, Lennox Browne, Dr. Stone, 570 Volcanoes: Krakatoa Eruption, 157, 344, 437; E. Metzger, 240; M. van Doorn, 268; G. Symons, F.R.S., 355, 365; Analysis of Krakatoa Volcanic Ashes, Renard, 134 ; DrigeReuschye 385.5, Profs je We sjudd) “ERES., 15955 Prof. W. L. Goodwin, 595; the Krakatoa Air-Wave, Gen. Strachey, F.R.S., 181; Volcanic Glassy Dust in Fresh Snow, 367 ; Volcanic Ashes and Cosmic Dust, J. Murray and A. Renard, 585; Volcanic Phenomena in Iceland, 226, 343; Sun-Glows and Volcanic Eruptio:s in Iceland, Dr. Sophus Tromholt, 420; Volcanic Eruption in Sunda Straits, Capt. Hon, F. C. P. Vereker, 375 ; in Western Australia, 388 ; of Mount St. Augustin, Alaska, George Davidson, 441; of Vesuvius, 271; Volcanic Group of St. David's, Prof. J. G. Blake, 303 ; Volcanoes, Ice, A. P. Colman, 550 Voltaic and Thermo-Electric Action of Metals in Electrolytes, Relations of Heat to, Dr. Gore, F.R.S., 300 Voltaic Current, Some Relations of Chemical Corrosion to, Dr. Gore, F_.R.S., 468 Vortex Rings, the Motion of, J. J. Thomson, Prof. Osborne Reynolds, F.R.S., 193 Nilo 13lc Waking Impressions, Wm. Radford, 77 Walker, (J. J.), the Cloud-Glow of November 9, 77 Walker (Lieut.-Gen., F.R.S.), Earthquake Disturbance of Indian Tides, 358 Walking, Unconscious Bias in, G. H. Darwin, Thos. Hawksley, 286; Dr. Garson, 310; R. McLachlan, F.R.S., F. M. Campbell, Stephen A. Marshall, 311; Dr. Rae, F.R.S., 311, 384; Sara S. Owen, 336; W. G. Simpson, 356 Waltenhofen’s (Prof. von) Experiments with Noe’s Thermo- Electric Generators, 227 Ward (Prof. H. Marshall), on the Formation of Starch in Leaves, 552 Washington (U.S.A.): Philoscphical Society, 87; Prof. Bick- more’s Lectures on Natural History to School Teachers, 184 ; the Meridian Congress of, 413 Water in Australia, F. T, Mott, 311 INDEX [Nature, June 5, 1884 Water of Neva, M. Solokoff’s Researches on, 345 Water Supply (Boston, U.S.A.), Contamination by Spongilla fluviatilis of, 391 Watson (Capt.), the Java Disaster, 140 Watt (Alex.), Soap Making, 425 Weather on Ben Nevis and Snowdon, T. Sington, 261 Weather, Influence of, upon Death-rate and Crime in India, S. A. Hill, 338 Weights of British Noblemen during the last Three Genera- tions, Fras. Galton, F.R.S., 266 Weights and Measures, Report of Board of Trade, 111; Inter- national, 529 Weismann (Prof. Aug.), on Sexual Cells of Hydromedusz, Prof. H. N. Moseley, F.R.S., 114 Wentzl (Ad., Jun.), the Remarkable Sunsets, 260 Western Microscopical Club, 95 Wharton (Capt. W. J. L., R.N.), Mangrove as a Destructive Agent, 76 Wharton (H. T.), Right-sidedness, 477 Wheat Harvest of 1883, Prof. John Wrightson, 8 Wheat, American, Clifford Richardson on, Prof, J. Wrightson, 173 Whipple (G. M.), Meteor, 148 ; Composite Portraiture adapted to the Reduction of Meteorological and other Similar Obser- vations, 420; Zodiacal Light, 453 Whirlwind and Meteor in Sweden, 15 : White (F. B.), Challenger Zoological Reports, 29 White (J. M.), Circular Rainbow seen from a_ Hill-top, 357 White (W. H.), the Azstral Judgment, 49 White (Dr. W. Hale), Circular Rainbow, 428 White Elephant, Barnum’s, 294 Whymper (Edward), the Remarkable Sunsets, 200; Journeys in Greenland, 417 Wickham (Wm.), Meteors, 123 Wilcox (Timothy E.), on the Absence of Earthworms from the Prairies of the Canadian North-West, 406 Wild Duck Laying in Rook’s Nest, J. H. Willmore, 573; J. Cordeaux, 596 Wild (Prof.), International Polar Observatories, 201 Willis (A. R.), Prof. Bovey’s Applied Mechanics, 122 Willmore (J. H.), Wild Duck Laying in Kook’s Nest, 573 Wilson (H. M.), Geological Survey of New Mexico and Arizona, 272 Wilson (A. S.), a Bushel of Corn, Prof. Wrightson, 26 Wind Sand Ripples, Dr. John Rae, F.R.S., 357 Winnicke’s Exploration of Unknown Interior of Australia, 346 Wissmann (Lieut.), New Expedition to the Congo, 87 Woeikoff, Proposed Cultivation of Tea and Bamboo in Trans- caucasia, 184 Wohler, the Chemical Works of, Prof. Thorpe, F.R.S., 489 Wohlgemuth (Lieut.), Results of Austrian Polar Expedition, 246 Wolff (Dr. W.), Torpedo, 448 Women, Higher Education, 387 Wood (S. V.), Elevation and Subsidence, 5; Evolution of the Cetacea, 147 Woodward (C. J.), Barytes from Chirbury, 77 Working Men, Natural History for, Rev. W. Tuckwell, 344 World, the, as Will and Idea, Arthur Schopenhauer, Prof. Andrew Seth, 402 Wortley (Col. H. Stuart), Teaching Animals to Converse, 2061 Wragge (C. L.), Ozone at Sea, 336 Wrightson (Prof. John), the Wheat Harvest of 1883, 8; a 3ushel of Corn, A. S. Wilson, 26; Clifford Richardson on American Wheat, 173 Yale College Observatory, Normal Clock at, 604 Yorkshire College Students’ Association, 64 Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 23, 142, 397 Zintgraff's (Dr.) African Expedition, 416, 460 Nature, June 5, 1884] INDEX XIX Zittel (K. A.), Beitrage zur Geologie der Libyschen Wiiste, 121 Zodiacal Light, G. M. Whipple, 453 Zoological Reports of Challenger Voyage, vols. v., vi., vii., F. B. White, 29 Zoological Gardens, Additions to, 15, 45, 64, 88, 112, 135, 159, 185, 201, 226, 246, 272, 296, 317, 345, 367, 390, 415, 437; 461, 489, 536, 558, 584, 606 : Zoological Gardens, Dr. Anderson’s Guide to the Calcutta, 426 Zoological Society, 119, I91, 253, 302, 445, 469, 541, 566; Mr. Beddard, the New Prosector of the, 294 Zoological Results of the Work of the United States Fish Com- mission in 1883, Ralph S. Tarr, 407 Zoology and Botany of Alaska, 362 Zoology, a Problem in Mathematical, Protection by Mimicry, Capt. T. Blakiston and Thomas Alexander, 405 Zoology of the Rio Negro, 451 Zygnemacez, on the Reproduction of the, A. W. Bennett, 142 « | eo it’ oe pie Me ks — - i ) ete aad a T a - 7 ,% & ee eo A WEEKLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF SCIENCE “To the solid ground Of Nature trusts the mind which builds for aye.” —\WORDSWORTH iy THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 1, 1883 ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS OF THE VOYAGE OF M.S. “CHALLENGER” Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. “Challenger” during the Years 1873-76, under the Command of Capt. George S. Nares and Capt. F. T. Thomson. Prepared under the Superintendence of the late Sir C. Wyville Thomson, Director of the Civilian Scientific Staff on board, and now of John Murray, one of the Naturalists of the Expedition. Zoology—Vol. V., 1882; Vol. VI., 1882; Vol. VII., 1883. (Published by Order of Her Majesty’s Government.) HE editor has made most excellent progress in the work of publishing the Reports of the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the past year, as the three bulky quarto volumes now before us well indicate. Vol. V. contains an elaborate Report on the Ophiuroidea by Theodore Lyman, who has made this group so long his special study, and who has in this monograph given us a most elaborate and beautifully illustrated contribution to science. The memoir contains the description of some twenty-one genera and of 170 species, but as several already described species were also collected, Mr. Lyman has judiciously given not only all these but also the names of all others previously described, arranged under their genera, constituting therefore this Report a more or less complete monograph of the Ophiu- roidea. There are very elaborate tables of distribution, geographical, bathymetrical, and thermal, with brief re- marks on their indications, and at the end of these is a note on the fossil forms and their relations to those living, In the descriptive part of the monograph Mr. Lyman has ventured to use simple words as often as possible, so as not to add to “the jargon in which zoology is now smothering.” Amid the three hundred pages of description of species there is of necessity little that will bear transcribing in a general notice of this important work; and still among them we find the following, which in the writers mind awakened similar emotions to those referred to by Mr, VOL. XXIX.—NO. 731 Lyman :—“In my notebook of 1861 I find, ‘ Zu7yale exiguum, Lamk., original of Peron and Leseur, 1803, young.’ This prosaic line is poetical tome. It takes me back to the Jardin des Plantes as it was twenty years ago, and I can see the laboratories of the ‘mollusques et zoophytes’ where I studied under the kindly direction of old Valenciennes. He has gone, and so has his successor Deshayes, and their place is now worthily held by Perrier, who was a very young man when first I knew him. But still that poor little broken Astrophyton exiguum lies on its shelf, the survivor. It was with a real emotion that in unpacking the Challenger collection I drew from a large jar two fine specimens. I felt like a scholar who had found a duplicate of the Codex argenteus. After more than two generations the unique treasure of the Jardin des Plantes has at last other representatives, and to celebrate its rediscovery I could do no less than give a figure of the animal” (Plate 47). So far as the geographical distribution of the group is concerned, it would appear that although deep-sea species are more inclined to extensive wanderings than those frequenting shallows, yet, speaking generally, they offer similar differences. Among littoral forms there are those which are found all over the great ocean from the Sand- wich Islands to the east coast of Africa, and even south to the Cape of Good Hope. One species, Amphiura sguamtata, is found in the North and South Atlantic, at the Cape of Good Hope, andin Australia. Others, again, are considerably restricted ; for example, the abundant fauna of the Carribean Sea, which reaches only Brazil on the south and the Carolinas enthenorth. Ofhiacantha vivipara and Gorgonocephalus pourtalesti going to 140 and 600 fathoms, are remarkable for their extension in longitude, being found from the Kerguelen Islands on the west to the east coast of South America. As to the very deep-water species, Ophiomusium Lymané occurs well up in the North Atlantic, in the extreme South Atlantic, near New Zealand, off Japan, and off the south-west coast of South America. Ofhiacantha cosmica is found off the Brazil coast, between the Cape of Good Hope and the Kerguelen Islands, off the south-west coast of South America, and at intermediate points. Some of these deep-sea species are, however, quite restricted in their B 2 NATURE [Nov. 1, 1883 area, such as Pectinura heros, Ophiomusium validum, and Astroschema arenosum, the first living near the Celebes, the last two in the Carribean Sea. While species differ thus much in the extent of their migra- tions, there are certain bottoms where they seem to decline to live at all. Thus in all the deep water from the centre of the North Pacific to near the south- west coast of South America, there was not a single Ophiuran found. As to their distribution in depth, a very large proportion live exclusively on the littoral zone, and therein are included species both of cold and of hot water, though the number of the latter is much the larger. Some fifty species live exclusively below tooo fathoms, and have to endure a degree of cold near to freezing, an enormous water pressure, and an entire absence of sun- light. The forty-eight, rather crowded, plates have been drawn with skill and fidelity by Miss K. Pierson and Mr. L. Trouvelot with the exception of Plate 48, which represents half of an arm of Gorgonocephalus verrucosus, carried out to its extreme twigs, and which stands as quite a monu- ment of patience on the part of Mr. Lyman’s assistant, Miss Clark. The Second Report in this volume is by Prof. D. J. Cunningham, on some points in the anatomy of Zhy/a- cinus cynocephalus, Phalangista maculata,and Phascogale calura, with an account of the comparative anatomy of the intrinsic muscles and the nerves of the mammalian pes. This Report gives details of the anatomy of three little known mammals, representing types which differ widely from each other both in physique and habits. A special interest attaches to the anatomy of the Thylacine, as it is rapidly becoming extirpated. In examining the intrinsic muscles of the marsupial manus and pes, Prof. Cunningham encountered a somewhat puzzling multipli- cation of the elements. To clear this upand at the same time to connect the condition with that found in other animals he was induced to extend his inquiries upon this point into mammals in general, and we are therefore favoured with the results of this comparative research in a very elaborate report on the comparative anatomy of the mammalian foot. Vol. VI. contains also two memoirs : the first isa Report on the Actiniaria, by Prof. Richard Hertwig. As a con- siderable number of specimens did not reach Kénigsberg until this Report was finished, we are promised a supple- mentary report to describe these additional forms. Four- teen plates accompany this Report. Beginning with a detailed description of a typical Actinian, we have also a comparative survey of the chief characteristics of the several divisions and genera. Six tribes of Actiniana are distinguished: (1) Hexactiniz; (2) Paractiniz ; (3) Monaulee ; (4) Edwardsiz; (5) Zoanthee; (6) Ceri- anthez. Objecting to Verrill’s assertion that all speci- mens of Actinize which are only known from preserved specimens should be thrown away as of no scientific value, Prof. Hertwig has laboured manfully over the unfortunately rather badly preserved specimens of the Challenger voyage ; and by keeping in view such factors in their description as the structure of the tentacles, of the septa, of the oral disk, of the circular muscle, &c., he has presented a most minute and elaborate description of an immense variety of new forms, the scientific value of which will go without dispute. As the;collections of the Challenger were for the most part made in the open oceans, the littoral zone, which would have furnished the larger proportion of Actinic: was almost entirely neglected, and but one littoral species occurs in the list. As a rule the number of the Actiniae decreases as the depth in- creases; they have not been observed at a depth of over 2900 fathoms, but the greater the depth the more the fauna was found to vary from that of the coast. Of the twenty-one forms from 500 to 3000 fathoms described, no less than six species are found to have undergone some extreme modifications of their tentacles, whilst a like phenomenon has never been observed in a single one of the forms of the coast fauna, which greatly exceed the deep-sea fauna in number. These alterations lie for the most part in the direction of transforming the tentacles into tubes and openings, and Prof. Hertwig connects this with the nutriment of these deep-sea forms, which is not of a nature to be captured by tentacles. The Second Report is on the Tunicata, by Prof. Herd- man. Itis Part J.,on the Simple Forms. The collec- tion generally was found to be in a state of excellent preservation, and consisted of eighty-two species, which are referred to twenty genera. Of these, seventy-four of the species and nine of the genera are new to science, but it has not been found necessary to form any new families The new genera are mostly instituted for very deep-sea species. In several instances the new genera have been of great interest, as they have demonstrated affinities between known forms, and have exhibited combinations of characters which in some instances necessitated a revi- sion of the definitions of old genera, and even affected one’s ideas with regard to the characters of the families. The new species are all beautifully illustrated in thirty- seven plates. The memoir has prefixed to it a history and bibliography of the group and a neat and well-written account of its anatomy, which is accompanied by an ex- cellent series of woodcuts. So little is known as to the geographical distribution of the group that Prof. Herd- man thinks any generalisation on this head would be of little value. A few facts of interest are, however, men- tioned : thus the Tunicata are greatly more numerous in the southern than in the northern hemisphere, and they reach a maximum of abundance in the far south. As to their distribution in depth, the four families are found to -have the following limits :— The Molgulidz range from the shore to 600 fathoms. The Cynthiidee oe Ag 26008 mys The Ascidiidee sD - 26005055 The Clavelinidze on) 120) Sess Seven species were found at depths of from 2000 to 3000 fathoms. Calcareous spicules are noticed as present in the tests of several species of the genera Culeolus and Cynthia. They are very different in the two genera, being irregu- larly branched and with smooth surfaces in Culeolus, while they are rod-shaped or fusiform, with their surfaces minutely echinulated in Cynthia. Neither of the two previously known genera in which the test is remarkably modified—Rhodosoma and Chelyosoma—were collected during the Challenger Expedition, but two of the new forms show notable peculiarities in the test, Pachychloena having it greatly thickened all over, while HyJobythius calycodes , ov. 1, 1883] ranous test. This Report of Prof. Herdman’s may be egarded as almost a monograph of the Tunicates, and isa ost valuable addition to our knowledge of this little nown group of forms. Volume VII. contains four Reports. The first of these is by Prof. Morrison Watson, on the anatomy of the pheniscidz collected during the voyage. The collec- tion contained three or four adult specimens of each of he species obtained, preserved for the most part in brine, ‘but in some instances in spirit, as well as a number of immature birds taken from the nest, together with eggs in various stages of hatching, preserved partly in spirits and partly in bichromate of potash. In the present Report only the anatomy of the adult birds is treated of; that of the young being reserved for a second part. Selecting Eudyptes chrysocome from Tristan d’Acunha as standard, the anatomy of the other seven species is ompared with it; thus in every section the anatomy of the standard species is given in detail, and then the Variations met with in each of the others is appended. In those cases in which no variations are reported the anatomy of the forms was identical. The descriptive anatomy of the various systems of tissues seems to leave little to future investigators to record. In the section devoted to osteology, while treating of the bones of the anterior extremity, the author remarks that in several patticulars tle penguin’s wing differs from that of other birds—movements of pure flexion and extension in the joints beyond the shoulder can scarcely be said to be possible; the articulations, however, admit of a very ‘considerable amount of rotation, and consequently, in- stead of the limb being converted into an absolutely rigid into a screw-like blade, the curvatures of which are con- stantly varying in accordance with the amount of rotation which the forms of the different joints permit. Upon care- fully watching a living specimen of Aptenodytes in the Zoological Society’s Gardens, the author observed that the wing of the penguin is never used in the manner of a rigid oar, which would imply the simultaneous movement f both wings in the same direction in order to propel the bird. On the contrary, the wings were often and indeed usually brought into use alternately, much in the same manner as the pectoral fins of a fish, and in every move- ‘ment of the wing wiry, screw-like curvatures, which are due to the rotation of the different segments of the limbs upon ‘one another, are strongly developed. In fact, a constant screwing and unscrewing of the separate alar segments upon one another takes place simultaneously with the forward and backward movement of the organ as a whole. From general considerations of the anatomy of the penguin, Prof. Watson concludes that these birds together form a natural group, every member of which is possessed of certain anatomical peculiarities which serve at once to associate it with its fellows and to separate it from the members of other groups which may more or less closely resemble the Spheniscidz. From an anatomical point of view he would recognise but three genera—Apteno- dytes, Spheniscus, and Eudyptes. The remarks on the paddle or oar, the rotation in question converts the wing characteristics of these genera and the limits of the | NATURE oseley, has a series of symmetrically placed nodular | species contained in them are among the most interesting artilaginous thickenings in the otherwise thin and mem- | in this Report. 3 As to the phylogeny of the penguins the author con- cludes that they form the surviving members of a group which had early diverged from the primitive avian stem, but that at the time when the separation took place, the members of that stem had so far diverged from the primi- tive ornithoscelidan form as to be possessed of anterior extremities, which, instead of forming organs of terrestrial, had become transformed into organs adapted to aérial progression, or true wings. If this view be correct, paleontological research may, in the course of time, dis- close the existence of Spheniscidine remains which may enable us to trace the line of descent of the penguins of the present day from the original avian stem, and through it the relationship which exists between the modern Spheniscus or Eudyptes, with their separate metatarsal bones and aborted wings on the one hand, and the major- ity of modern birds, with their conjoined metatarsal bones and perfect wings on the other. The geographical distribution of these birds is of great interest. They are entirely confined to the southern hemisphere, none of them straying north of the equator. Within this area their distribution is very extensive, reaching from the Galapagos Islands on the equator, southwards to the Antarctic Islands. Prof. Watson surmises that this distribution does not depend on temperature, but may depend on a relative abundance of the food supply (Cephalopods and Crustacea) found in the two hemispheres respectively ; but the editor, Mr. J. Murray, in a footnote, says: “ The penguins reach the equator only on the coasts of Chiliand Peru. Now the Peruvian current from the Antarctic skirts along this coast, and takes a low temperature as far north as the Galapagos Isles; the temperature of the sea being there (equator) 62° to 66°, while in the middle of the Pacific (equator) the surface temperature is 81° to 83° Temperature, therefore, most probably has something to do with the limitation of the geographical distribution of the Spheniscidee.” The second memoir is by Dr. F. Buchanan White, on the Pelagic Hemiptera collected during the voyage. These, the only truly pelagic insects, belong to the genera Halobates and Halobatodes. The first of these was founded sixty years ago by Eschscholtz for three species taken during the well-known voyage of Kotzebue round the world. But few species are known, and they are very rarely to be found in collections, though they seem to be abundantly distributed in tropical seas. Their struc- ture would seem to indicate that they are archaic forms of great antiquity, and as doubtless many species yet remain to be discovered, it is to be hoped that some one with the will and the opportunity will be found to turn their attention to the group. In the meanwhile Dr. White has in this Report given a detailed account of the literature of these genera, followed by an account of the anatomy and description of the genera and species. Of the genus Halobates he describes eleven species, of which three were first described by Eschscholtz, one each by Templeton and Frauenfeld, and six for the first time in this memoir. In his remarks on the species we notice that, after a very bad fashion adopted by some entomologists, these are alluded to under their trivial A NATURE [Mov. 1, 1883 names only, thus: “according to Frauenfeld, »z¢cams differs from willerstorfit.” This is the only departure from the ordinary rules of nomenclature that we have as yet noticed in these Reports, and we call attention to it in the earnest hope that it will not occur again. Species of Halobates are recorded in Mr. Murray’s journal as found twenty-one times in the Atlantic between latitudes 35° N. and 20° S., and thirty-eight times in the Pacific between latitudes 37° N. and 23°S. The majority of the specimens taken by the tow net were dead when brought on board, but some were taken alive and were observed skimming over the surface of the water in the glass globes. On one occasion a species was seen to dive. Of the species of Halobates now known, five occur in the Atlantic, but one only is restricted to that ocean, though the headquarters of another appear to be there. Six species, of which two are peculiar, occur in the Indian Ocean west of long. 100° E., while to the east of this, and chiefly in the West Pacific, eight species occur, of which four are restricted to that region. But taking the West Pacific and Indian Ocean together, we find that nine out of the eleven known species occur there, and five nowhere else. Of Halobatodes H. “turalus occurs in the Chinese Sea, 7. compar is from India, H. stalé from Ceylon. All the species are figured on three piates. The Third Report is by Prof. Allman, on the Hydrozoa, Part I. Plumularide. Of the Hydroids, a large number of exotic species have been recently described, notably the collections made during the exploration of the Gulf Stream, and during the expedition of H.M.S. Porcupine, by Dr. Allman himself. But to this number the collec- tion brought home by the Challenger makes a large and valuable addition. Of this collection the family of the Plumularidz forms a considerable proportion. Only one form can be identified with a species occurring in the European seas. ‘This species, Cladocarpus formosus, was dredged by the Porcupine from the seas lying to the north of Scotland, and by the Challenger from the seas at Japan. It is a well-marked species, and the great dis- tance between the Atlantic and Pacific stations, without any intermediate station having been discovered, is a remarkable and significant fact. By far the larger num- ber of the forms brought home by the Cha/lenger consist of species new to science, while among these a consider- able number have had to be assigned to new genera. Many of the species are of great interest from the light they throw on the external morphology of the group, and from the aid which they afford towards a philosophical con- ception of the significance of parts otherwise enigmatical. The Report is prefaced by some introductory remarks on the general morphology of the Plumularida. While not yet possessing the data necessary for a complete exposi- tion of the geographical distribution of this group, it may be generally asserted that it attains its greatest develop- ment in the warmer seas of both hemispheres, and that in tropical and subtropical regions it has its maximum in multiplicity of form, in the size of the colonies and in in- dividual profusion. The dredgings of the Challenger and of the United States Exploration of the Gulf Stream would further seem to point to two centres of maximum development within the area thus indicated——an eastern centre, which is situated in the warm seas around the | Philippines and other islands of the East Indian Archi- pelago, and a western centre, which will be found in those which lie around the West Indian Islands and bathe the eastern shores of Central and Equinoctial America. In bathymetrical distribution the Plumularidz present con- siderable variation. Among the species described some are quite littoral, having been dredged from depths ranging from between 8 and 20 fathoms. The greater number, how- ever, have been obtained from depths between 20 and 150 fathoms, while three species, Aglaophenia filicula, A. acacia, and Polyplumaria pumila, are from a depth of 450 fathoms. The striking and beautiful genus Cladocarpus consists of eminently deep-water forms, and of the two species described, one—C. /or7osus—was obtained in the Japan seas from a depth varying between 420 and 775 fathoms; the same species from the north of Scotland was found at depths of from 167 to 632 fathoms. The second species—C. fectiniferus—was dredged off the Azores from goo fathoms, being the greatest depth from which any Plumularidan is known to have been obtained. This Report is illustrated by twenty plates. The last Report in this volume is on the genus Orbito- lites, by Dr. W. B. Carpenter, with eight beautiful plates by Mr. George West, jun. Some thirty-six years ago Dr. W. B. Carpenter received from Prof. Edward Forbes some small discoidal bodies which had been dredged between 1842 and 1846 by Prof. J. Beete Jukes on the coast of Aus- tralia, with the hint that these were probably the Margino- pora of Quoy and Gaimard, From this time to the pre- sent Dr. Carpenter has made a pretty constant study of these interesting Foraminifers, and he gives us a highly instructive account of the views held from 1823 by the various authors who have written on the genus, from the strange misconceptions of Ehrenberg to the accurate de- scriptions of Prof. Williamson, who first clearly deter- mined the close affinity between Orbitolites and Orbicu- lina, thus disposing of the Bryozoic doctrine of Ehrenberg, and relegating these organisms to the Foraminifera. As the final result of Dr. Carpenter’s laborious researches on this group, he concludes that while the ordinary notions of species will not apply to it any more than it will to any of the Foraminifera, still particular types of form are transmitted with marked genetic continuity, and he dis- tinguishes four very well marked types of Orbitolites, around which the entire assemblage of specimens col- lected over a very wide geographical area, and from a great bathymetrical range, can be grouped without diffi_ culty. Treating of the subject of descent, the author declares that ‘it seems to him that the evolution of this type from the simplest monothalamous Milioline has taken place according to a definite plan, of which we have the evidence in the wonderful uniformity and regu- larity of the entire sequence of developmental changes, whilst we are entirely unable to account for those changes without attributing to the subjects of them a capability of being affected by external agencies or modes so peculiar as to indicate a previous adaptation.” From an editorial note prefixed to this volume we learn that the various large incidental collections of terrestrial forms, such as insects, spiders, reptiles, &c., will not have any detailed reports published concerning them, but that they will be referred to in the narrative of the cruise, the first volume of which is announced for 1884, Nov. 1, 1883] NATURE 5 OUR BOOK SHELF Elementi di Fisica. Vol. IV., Elettricita e Magnetismo. By Prof. Antonio Roiti. (Florence, 1883.) SURELY, and not slowly, the views of Thomson, Maxwell, and the modern electricians generally are finding accept- ance throughout the Continent. The absolutely unani- mous acceptance of the British Association’s system of electrical units since the indorsement of that system by the Paris Congress of 1881 has proved the immense gain to the electrical world of having a uniform means of ex- pressing electrical quantities, and has compelled elec- tricians not only to read but to comprehend the writings of the pioneers of this most important reform. The work now before us for review, though professing to be but a text-book for use in the lyceums and schools of Italy, gives ample evidence that its author, Prof. Roiti, of the Royal Institute of Higher Studies in Florence, is not only abreast of all the latest developments of electricity, but that he has mastered the theory also. Few text-books of its size have we seen that will compare favourably with Prof. Roiti’s little volume of 356 duodecimo pages. The faults which have been hitherto so conspicuous in most of the Continental text-books on electricity are in this work conspicuously absent. As an example we may refer to the author’s treatment of the relation between the capacities, potentials, and charges of similar conductors. The elementary theory of the magnetic shell and that of the mutual potential of two magnetic shells are neatly expounded in pages 131 to 133. The absolute electrometer and the quadrant electrometer of Sir W. Thomson are both described, and illustrative figures given. The system of absolute and derived (C.G.S.) units, and that of the practical units of electric quantities based upon them, are explained at length on pages 204-5. There is a short chapter on the electric light, and another on electric motors, in which the ame/lo elettro- magnetico at Pacinotti is described, the author remark- ing with emphasis that it contained the germ of almost all the machines by which the marvellous strides recently made in the applications of electricity have been achieved. The experiments of Deprez at Paris on the electric transmission of power, and the economic questions involved are also touched upon. Crookes’s researches on “radiant matter” are mentioned and_ illustrated. Amongst points of novelty may be mentioned Pellat’s method of measuring the electromotive force due to polarisation, which has not yet, we believe, found its way into any English text-book. Two points of criticism we have to offer in conclusion. The first is that the author defines electric zemsion as identical with the electric force, equal to 47 times the surface density of the charge, in- stead of defining it, in the sense of Faraday and Maxwell, as the stress on the dielectric, which is proportional to the square of the surface density, and therefore propor- tional also to the square of the electric force or electro- motive intensity at the point of the surface considered. The only other complaint we have to make of the work— and this does not detract greatly from its value—is that the author does not acknowledge the sources from which some of his descriptions and cuts are taken. S. P. T. Dr. H. G. Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier- Reichs, wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Erster Band, Protozoa. Neu bearbeitet von Dr. O. Biitschli. (Leipzig and Heidelberg: C. F. Winter, 1880-83.) THE first nineteen ‘parts of this new edition of vol i. of Dr. Bronn’s well known and important work on the classes and orders of animals, nearly completing the volume, prove that Prof. Biitschli has spared no pains to keep it up to the most modern investigations of the Protozoa. In no one division of the animal kingdom has observation gone so hand in hand with discovery as in this, the lowest of her classes. Glancing at the portion treating of the Gregarinida, what strides have been made in our know- ledge of these forms within the last ten years. Adopting Leuckart’s titles for the class of Sporozoa, under which are the sub-classes Gregarinida, Coccidia, Myxosporidia, and Sarcosporidia, we find 137 pages and eight plates crowded with figures devoted to a sketch of the charac- teristics of the class with diagnoses of the genera and the number of species, and references to the places where fuller details of these latter will be found. The illustra- tions are clear and effective, and copied from every avail- able source. The bibliography appears to be well to date, and this volume when complete will be an indispensable handbook for the student of the lower forms of animal life. LETTERS LO THE EDITOR [Zhe Editor does not hold himself responsible for opinions expressed by his correspondents. Neither can he undertake to return, or to correspond with the writers of, repected manuscripts. No notice ts taken of anonymous communications, [Zhe Editor urgently requests correspondents to keep their let'ers as short as possible, The pressure on his space is so great that it is impossible otherwise to insure the appearance even of communications containing interesting and novel facts.] “Elevation and Subsidence” THE view that the glacial subsidence was due to the pressure of the accumulating land ice, has been accompanied with the corollary that subsequent elevation was due to the removal of this pressure by the melting of the ice; but though I think the first is true, the corollary is not so, in England at least. In my memoir ‘‘On the Newer Pliocene Period in England” (Quart, Fourn. Geol, Soc. for 1880, p. 457, and 1882, p. 667), i have endeavoured to show how the inclination of this country changed during the progress of the major glaciation, and the flow of the land ice from the mountain districts to the sea altered in accordance therewith, as well as pointed out (p. 709) the connection of this change of inclination with the accumula- tion of the land ice on the mountain districts; but I have al:o traced in detail in it how the east side of England rose to an extent that brought Norfolk and Suffolk from a submergence of more than 300 feet to their present level at least, and Essex proportionately so, while the land ice continued ‘to push over the sea-bed of sand and gravel, as this rose into land, covering it with its moraine, until by this rise the easterly movement of the ice was arrested, while the west and south of England still remained to a great extent submerged. Since that memoir was published, Mr. David has in the same journal described the glacial clay which represents the moraine of the Welsh land ice in East Glamorganshire, itself zscovered by any marine deposit, as covering beds of stratified sand and gravel, which, from their containing many chalk flints, can be only the bottom of the antecedent sea, as low down as 8o feet above Ordnance datum. When this is compared with the evidence of more than 1300 feet of submergence afforded by the shell bearing gravels of North Wales; of 700 feet afforded by the Gloucestershire gravels to the east ; and of between 500 and 600 feet afforded by the gravels of Devon to the south of Glamorganshire, it be- comes evident that the amount of rise which took place in the west of England before the land ice began to retreat was even gceeater than in East Anglia. It is to subterranean movements clgcudes-4 hy this pressure, and not to its removal, that the rise in England Seems tv s~ — have been due; and I have given several sections in this Memoir 1m 1usuau—’ _¢ 44, abrupt and violent character of the upthrows connected with it. ; Although in this memoir I remarked upon the coincidence of the westerly increment in the great submergence with the aug- menting quantity of the land ice on Cumberland, Westmorelana, and Wales, as the major glaciation went on, yet this coincidence between augmenting land ice and submergence is, I now see, more complete than had then occurred to me; for though I described the evidences that show the passage from the Crag to the glacial marine beds of Norfolk and Suffolk to have been accompanied by a northerly subsidence which submerged the valley of the Crag river, in the north of the former county, while the other extremity of its estuary (in East Suffolk) was elevated, so that islands formed of Crag beds came there into 6 NATURE [Vov. 1, 1883 existence, around and up to which the earliest glacial marine accumulations of sand and shingle were bedded, and which, as subsequent southerly and westerly subsidence ingulphed all but the highest downs of the south of England, eventually spread over these islands, yet I did not connect this first movement with the pressure of the land ice. I have since, however, perceived that this connection exists; for, as the Glacial period came on, the precipitation must necessarily, on account of latitude, have taken more exclusively the form of snow in!Scotland before it did so in Cumberland and Wales; and, by thus accumulating land ice earlier in Scotland, caused this northerly subsidence. As the cold increased the pre- cipitation in the form of snow reached its maximum in Westmoreland and Cumberland, and yet later somewhat in Wales; and as it did so, the pressure of the land ice en- gendered by it turned the depression increasingly in those directions, so that eventually all England, save the highest downs, and even the lower ends of the river valleys of North- Western France became submerged proportionately to their contiguity to the foci of pressure. These increments of depres- sion I have in this memoir traced by more than one train of evidence, and shown how this change of inclination, by divert- ing the directions taken by the land ice to the sea, changed also the character of the materials of which the resulting morainic clay is made up, and so gave rise to those Upper and Lower clays of the major glaciation in Yorkshire, which have been seized upon to support the hypothesis of alternations of climate during that glaciation. The connection between the augmenting weight of the land ice and subsidence seems to me so clear, that I cannot but think that American geologists have fallen into an error, in regarding the Champlain period as belonging to the wane of the great glacia- tion, instead of to its culmination, It seems to me that although the increasing volume of the land ice in the Lake (or St. Law- rence) basin caused this ice at its western extremity, where the parting between the two basins is very low, to invade the upper part of the great Mississippi basin, yet its weight where thickest —that is to say, towards its eastern extremity, which was that of greatest snow precipitation—so pressed this extremity down that the seaward termination of this ice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence retreated before the greater depth of sea there which thus re- sulted, and so allowed the sea to penetrate to Montreal and Lake Champlain, near the former of which places the remains of its inhabitants have been left at an elevation of about 600 feet. With all this, however, we must not be led into regarding all movements of subsidence as a result of increasing accumulations, whether of sediment or otherwise ; for such is evidently not the case, though to instance this would lead me beyond the object of this letter. SEARLES V, WooD Martlesham, near Woodbridge, October 11 Tue above remarks require but little comment, and chiefly tend to show that Mr. S. V. Wood attaches increased import- ance to the idea that weight produces subsidence. He speaks of elevation commencing before the retreat of the glaciers, but that they would be enormously lightened before retreating is a fact that I can hardly suppose he has overlooked, In ascending the Jungfrau many years ago, when the Swiss glaciers were diminishing, I crossed from the Grindelwald on to the Aletsch, and had to descend a cliff of nearly vertical ice, which my recol- lection tells me was some sixty feet high, in order to pass from one totheother. The difference in level was caused by the extra rapid melting of the Aletsch, owing to its more southern aspect and exposure to the Féhn wind, This was at the head of the glacier, and the melting was. much. faites RES 2 Te fic] van L--2 4 ¢ a a though Mae eRe E weicak would lead to clevahont ree before the disappearance of the ice. J. STARKIE GARDNER Snake Bite I was an eye-witness to the following:—My brother was walking within a field of the Land’s End when he stooped to pick up a large snake, apparently nearly a yard long, which bit him on the thumb. The bite became very painful in a few moments, and we realised for the first time that it was poisoned. In less than five minutes he was in the hotel and swallowed half a pint of neat brandy, and soon after some ammonia and water, without any effect. The wound had been well sucked and was t steeped in ammonia, but the arm soon swelled to the size of the body, and the swelling began to extend down the ribs. The thumb was lanced while immersed in hot water, and the result was similar to the first gashes in a shoulder of mutton, the ex- posed flesh being dark mulberry colour, and not a drop of blood flowing. He recovered in seven or eight days, but was weak for some time. J. S. GARDNER Park House, St. John’s Wood Park, N.W. The Observation of Meteors Accounts of large meteors form a frequent subject of corre~ spondence in the columns of scientific journals, but it is not often the case that the descriptions of these phenomena are suf- ficiently exact to be valuable for purposes of calculation. Rough estimates of the direction and position of flight are of little utility, and the vague statements often made occasion an endless source of difficulty in the satisfactory reduction of results. It is true that observers of fireballs are generally taken unawares by the suddenness of the apparitions, and that the visible paths are seldom to be noted accurately. Before the observer collects himself to record the facts of the display it has disappeared, and he has to rely solely upon the impressions retained in his memory. But, notwithstanding this drawback, the observations of large meteors as published from time to time would possess far greater scientific value if observers would attend more scrupulously to that most essential detail, the aircction of flight, and express it by some method of uniformity. Sometimes we find the path vaguely stated as being from ‘‘east to south,” without any attempt to estimate the altitude of the bezinning and end points of the course. On other occasions a meteor is described as pass- ing above or below certain stars or planets. The latter method, though an improvement upon the former, is to some extent indefinite, and therefore unsatisfactory, as giving unnecessary trouble to those who undertake the reduction of