ptciiibcr zS, 191 1 J / \ > \ Nature A WEEKLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF SCIENCE t Nature, September 28, igii Nature A WEEKLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUME LXXXVI MARCH to JUNE, igii " To the solid ground 0/ Nature trusts the mind which builds for oy^."— Wordsworth 1 V MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Nature, T September 2?i, igiij I Richard Clay & Sons, Ltd., krunswick street, stamford street, s.e., and bungay, suffolk. Nature, *| September 2^, 1911J INDEX. Abbot (C. G.), the Solar Constant of Radiation, 534 Abercromby (A. F.), the Snakes of Ceylon, 512 Achalme (P.), Influence of Viscosity of the Medium upon Diastatic Actions, 439 ; Function of Viscosity in Varia- tions of Action of Invertine with Concentration in Saccharose, 474 Adams (W. S.), Pressure in Stellar Atmospheres, 362 Adamson (A.), Dioptriemeters, 303 Aeronautics : the Sailing Flight of Birds, Major B. Baden- Powell, q ; the Coefficient of Skin-friction in Air at Moderately High Velocities, H. Chatley, 60; Aero and Motor Exhibition at Olympia, 157 ; Aeroplane Stability, Prof. H. Chatley, 177; the Flight of Birds, G. A. Borelli, 211 ; Recent Progress in Aeronautics, Major B. Baden-Powell, 229 ; Grundlagen der Ballonfiihrung, Prof. R. Emden, 243 ; the Flight of Exocoetus (Flying Fish), C. Crossland, 279 ; Automatic Valve for Pilot Balloons, Capt. C. H. Ley, 303 ; Travelling at High Speeds on the Surface of the Earth and above it, Prof. H. Hele- Shaw, 330 ; Pathological Conditions induced by Aviation, R. Cruchet, M. Moulinier, 372 ; Experiments with the Installation for Aerodynamical Measurements of the Vincennes Aviation Establishment, J. Olive, 439 ; Description of Two Additions to an Aeroplane for Pre- serving Longitudinal and Transversal Equilibrium respectively, Capt. Duch^ne, 439 ; Diagrams of Stream Lines past an Elliptic Cylinder, Sir G. Greenhill, Col. R. L. Hippisley, 472 ; Project for an International Map and Aeronautical Fixed Points Ch. Lallemand, 506 ; Reports of the Government Advisory Committee for the Years 1909-11 ; Report on the Theory of a Stream Line past a Plane Barrier, and Application to an Aeroplane, Sir George Greenhill. F.R.S., 5.';6 ; the Aeroplane, an Elementary Text-book on the Principles of Dynamic Flight, T. O'B. Hubbard, J. H. Ledeboer, C. C. Turner, 556; Mechanics of the Earth's Atmosphere, a Collection of Translations, Cleveland Abbe, 556 ; Birdflight as the Basis of Aviation, O. Lilienthal, G. Lilienthal, A. W. Isenthal, 582 /^ther : a History of the Theories of ^Ether and Elec- tricity from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century, Dr. E. T. Whittaker, F.R.S., 375 Africa : East Africa, the Ethnology of A-Kamba, C. W. Hobley, C.M.G.. Dr. A. C. Haddon, F.R.S., 45; the Niger and the West Sudan, a Vade Mecum with Hausa Vocibularies, Capt. A. J. N. Tremearne, 175 ; From Hausaland to Egvpt through the Sudan, Dr. H. Karl W. Kumm, Sir H. H. Johnston, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., 213; African Forest-hog, Mr. Bryden, 351 ; die Pflanzenwelt Africas, Prof. A. Engler, 441 Agriculture : History of Irish and other Agriculture, J. Wilson, 67; Toxic Effect of Plant Essences on Wheat Germs, H. Coupin, 68 ; Wart Disease of Potatoes, 126 ; Assil Cotton, G. C. Dudgeon, 144; Insect and Fungoid Pests, 161 ; History of British Agriculture, Prof. J. Wilson, 174 ; Destruction of Locusts, Report of the S. African Central Locust Bureau, 184 ; Agricultural Bulletins, University of Wisconsin, 194 ; to Work a Grass Holding at a Living Profit, and the Cheap Cottage Problem, H. B. M. Buchanan, 209 ; Lettres Agricoles, Prof. C. Seltensperger, 241 ; Australian Agriculture and Science, Prof. W. Angus, 265 ; Soil Fertility and Per- manent Agriculture, Prof. C. G. Hopkins, 272 ; Under- ground Waters for Farm Use, M. L. Fuller, 295 ; Agricultural Bacteriology, Prof. John Percival, 344 ; Diseases of Economic Plants, Prof. F. L. Stevens, J. G, Hall, 376 ; the Feeding of Crops and Stock, an Intro- duction to the Science of Nutrition of Plants and Animals, A. D. Hall, F.R.S., 443; Inquiry into the Potato Disease Phytophthora infestans, Prof. T. Carroll, 506 ; Rural Denmark and its Lessons, H. Rider Haggard, 509 ; Protozoa of the Soil, T. Goodey, 540 ; Circulars and Agricultural Journal of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, Root Diseases of Tea, Canker in Cacao and Hevea, T. Petch, Outbreak of Large Snails, E. E. Green, Intervals between Tappings in Para Rubber, Cotton Growing, 569 ; Bitter-pit in Apples caused by Spraying with Lead Arsenate, Jean White, 576 ; Rothamsted Experiment Station, 599 ; Fatal Poison- ing of Colonial Cattle and Horses by Ragwort, A. R. Cushnv, 607 Aitken (Dr. John, F.R.S.), Breath Figures, 516 Alchemy, Ancient and Modern, H. Stanley Redgrove, 375 Alcoholic Fermentation, Dr. A. Harden, F.R.S., ^70 Allbutt (Sir T. Clifford, K.C.B., F.R.S.), Energy and the Organism, 374 AUchin (Sir W. H.), Reconstruction of the University of London, 115 Allen (Dr. H. S.), Path of an Electron in Combined Radial Magnetic and Electric Fields, 404 Allen (Prof. H. N.), Model Illustrating Passage of a Light Wave through Quartz, 607 Allen (Dr. R. W.), Vaccine Therapy, 243 Alliaud (C), the Electrocution of Fish and Hydrostatic Stability, 542 Alloys : Inst. Mech. Eng. Alloys Research Committee, Report, W. Rosenhain, F. C. A. H. Lantsberry, 400 ; the Coefficient of the Quadratic Term in the Formula of the Expansion of Nickel Steels, C. E. Guillaume, 506 ; Action of Syrupy Phosphoric Acid on Various Alloys obtained in the Electric Furnace, M. Wunder, B. Jeanneret, 609 Alt (Dr. H.), die Kalte, 276 Amar (J.), the Expenditure of Energy in Walking, 67 America : the Old North Trail, or Life, Legends, and Religion of the Blackfeet Indians, W. McClintock, Dr. A. C. Haddon, F.R.S., 83 ; a Systematic Geography of America, G. W. Webb, 276 American Indians North of Mexico, Handbook of, 379 _ American Philosophical Society, Annual General Meeting, Prof. A. W. Goodspeed, 533 Amphibia, Distant Orientation in the, Bruce F. Cummings, 448 Anatomy : Anatomy of the British Carices, F. C. Crawford, Rev. E. F. Linton, 38; Bergh's Drawings of S. African Opisthobranchs, 158 ; Grundziige der mikroskopischen Technik fiir Zoologen und Anatomen, A. B._ Lee, P. Maver, 241 ; Anatomy of Enhalus acoroides, Rich., Miss H. M. Cunnington, 608 VI Index r Nature, \_Scpteiither 2%, 19 ii Anderson (Prof. A.), Measurement of Contact Differences of Potential, 607 Anderson (M.), Mammals collected in Shen-si, Central China, 337 Andr^ (E.), New Method of Preparing j3-DiUetones, 507 Andrews (Dr. C. W.), a New Species of Dinotherium from British East Africa, 505 Angus (Prof. W.), Australian Agriculture and Science, 265 Animals: Distinguished Animals, H. Perry Robinson, 14; Domestic Animals and Plants, Prof. E. Davenport, 107 Annelids, Ray Society, a Monograph of the British, Prof. W. C. Mcintosh, F.R.S., Prof. F. W. Gamble, F.R.S., 408 Anselmino (Dr. O.), das Wasser, 177 Antarctic Expeditions, 156 ; the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, Dr. Douglas Mawson, 231 ; Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 267 Anthropology : Cave Exploration at Gibraltar, Dr. W. L. H. Duckworth, 100 ; Implements of Moustierian Type from Gibraltar, Dr. W. L. H. Duckworth, 245 ; Anthropology, Dr. H. S. Harrison, 174 ; History of Anthropology, Dr. A. C. Haddon, F.R.S., A. H. Quiggin, 308; the Racial Problem in Nubia, Prof. C. Elliot Smith, 347 ; Physical Anthropology of Australasian Races, Prof. R. J. Berry, Dr. A. W^ ' W. Robertson, Mr. K. Stuart Cross, 433 ; Classification of Prehistoric Remains of E. Essex, S. H Warren, 472 ; a Prehistoric Skeleton, Dr. A. Keith, 472 ; the Racial Anatomy of the Philippine Islanders, intro- ducing New Methods of Anthropology, Prof. R. B. Bean, Prof. G. Elliot Smith, F.R.S., 513 ; Anthropological Expedition to New Guinea, 531 ; Memories of Eighty Years, Dr. John Beddoe, F.R.S., 551 ; Proposed Imperial Bureau of Anthropology : Memorial from the Royal Anthropological Institute, 572 ; the Jews : a Study of Race and Environment, M. Fishberg, Dr. A. C. Haddon, F.R.S., 578 Apple Blossoms and Flow of Sap, F. C. Constable, Arber (E. A. Newell), Compulsory Latin Diagnosis for Fossil Plants, 380 Archaeology : Antiquities of the St. Francis, White, and Black Rivers, Arkansas, C. B. Moore, Dr. A. C. Haddon, F.R.S., 60; Cyzicus, F. W. Hasluck, H. R. Hall, 138; the Land of the Hittites, Prof. J. Garstang, 145 ; the Egyptian Influence on Rhodesia Ruin Builders or vice-versa, H. W. Tarbutt, 236 ; die Eiszeit und der vorgeschichtliche Mensch, Prof. G. Steinmann, 243 ; Cliff Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe, Rev. S. Baring- Gould, 248 ; the Archaeological Survey of Nubia, Prof. G. A. Reisner, 283 ; Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, 379 ; the Past at Our Doors, W. W. Skeet, 379 ; the Dawn of Mediterranean Civilisation, A. Mosso, M. C. Harrison, Rev. J. Griffith, 385 Arctic Tides, Rollin A. Harris, 465 Argentine : Ornitologia Argentina, Dr. R. Dabbene, 378 Argentine Republic : los Aborigenes de la Republica Argentina, Prof. F. F. Outes, Prof. C. Bruch. 481 Arithmetic : the Student's Arithmetic, W. M. Baker, A. A. Bourne, 377 Arloing (S.), Influence of the Anaemia of the Organs on the Incidence of Tuberculous Lesions, 506 Aronssohn (F.), Mineral Composition of the Bee, 406 Arrhenius (Prof.), Habitability of Mars, 534 Art Metal W^ork : Oriental Silverwork, Malay and Chinese, H. Ling Roth, 353 Artificial Gems, Production and Identification of, Noel Heaton, 433 Arwidsson (I.), Some Irish Maldanidae, 506 Asiatic Society of Bengal, 609 Astronomy : Newcomb-Engelmann's " Populare Astro- nomic," 73 ; Our Astronomical Column, 23, 54, 91, 122, 15s. 191. 223, 254, 292, 322, 359, 393, 426, 460, 495, 528, 564, 595 ; Remarkable Meteor on February 19. 23, 54 ; Nova Lacertae, Max Wolf, 24 ; Prof. Millo- sevich, 91, 156; Prof. Miinch, 254; H. Shapley, 322; Prof. W. H. Wright, 393 ; Abnormally Coloured Stars near. Dr. Slocum, 322 ; Halley's Comet, Prof. Barnard, 24, 322, 460; Various, 91, 191; Knox Shaw, 167; M. Antoniadi, M. Chofardet, 223 ; Mr. Keeling, 292 ; Mr. J. H. Reynolds, 292 ; Prof. Eginitis, 426 ; Zodiacal Light and Gegenschein, 24, 155 ; Expedition to Khartoum to Observe, Prof. Kr. Birkeland, 79 ; the Murnpeowie Meteorite, 24 ; Carnegie Institution Report, 29 ; Deter- minacion de la Latitud por la Observaci6n de Distancias Cenitales de la Estrella Polar, C. Puente, 41 ; Spectrum and Orbit of o Persei, Mr. Jordan, 91 ; Latitude Deter- mination by the Talcott Method with a Field Theodolite, Kiyofusa Sotome, 91 ; Relation between Separation and Magnitude of Visual Double Stars, R. G. Aitken, 91 ; Path of Comet 1886 I, Dr. Redlich, 91 ; Earthshine on the Moon, J. H. Elgie, 91 ; Observations of Saturn, M. Maggini, 92 ; Adoption of Standard Time in France, 92 ; H. Cathenod, 156 ; Water Vapour on Mars, Prof. F. W. Very, no; Sydney Observatory, 122; Spectra of Spiral Nebulae and Globular Star Clusters, Mr. Fath, 123 ; Dark Borders of the Martian Snowcaps, M. Antoniadi, 123 ; Double-star Observations, Dr. Doberck, Mr. Motherwell, 123 ; the Ebro Observatory of Cosmic Physics, 125 ; a Kinetic Theory of Gravitation, C. F. Brush, 130; Sir O. Lodge, F.R.S., 142; Dr. C. V. Burton, 246 ; a Wave Theory of Gravitation, Rev. H. V. Gill, S.J., 180; Angular Speed of Rotation of a Long- enduring Prominence, A. A. Buss, 143 ; Revision of Leverrier's Theory of the Motions of the Planets Jupiter and Saturn, R. T. A. Innes, 149 ; Halos, Appeal for Observations by Amateurs of, M. Besson, 156; Star List of the American Ephemeris, 1911, 156; Ephemeris for Wolf's Comet, 156; Report of the Canadian Dominion Observatory, 160 ; Meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society, March 10 : a Research on the Aberration Con- stant and the Variation of Latitude by Means of the Floating Zenith Telescope, the late Mr. Bryan Cookson ; the Principle of Relativity in Gravitational Astronomy, Dr. W. de Sitter ; Photographs of Jupiter's Satellite VIII, Helwan Observatory, Egypt; Photographic Deter- mination of Positions of Reference Stars and Funda- mental Stars, Prof. H. H. Turner, 166; Daylight Saving? Prof. John Milne, F.R.S., 183, 378; L. Southerns, 278; the Voice of the Sluggard, 349; Day- light and Darkness, 349 ; T. W. Backhouse, 484, 508 ; the Total Eclipse of the Sun on April 28, 191 1, C. P. Butler, 185, 313; Father Cortie, Mr. Worthington, 359; Mr. C. L. Wragge, 3,S9, 5.54; C. W. Raffety, 554; the British Solar Eclipse Expedition, Dr. W. J. S. Lockyer, 426, 461, 496, 529, 565; Faye's Comet, Dr. Max Wolf, 191 ; Prof. Barnard, 322 ; Comet 1910a photographed. Dr. K. Bohlin, 191 ; Proposed Method of Determining Spectral Types Quantitatively, Dr. S, Albrecht, 191 ; Meridian Observations at the Royal Observatory, Belgium, 191 ; Popularising Astronomy, Rev. W. G. Pritchard, 192 ; J. H. Elgie, 223 ; the Radiation produc- ing Aurora Borealis, L. Vegard, 212 ; Detonating Meteor in Messina, 223 ; Circulation in the Solar Atmosphere, F. Slocum, 223 ; Antwerp Astronomical Society, 223 ; Orbits of Two Spectroscopic Binaries, J. B. Cannon, J. S. Plaskett, 223; April Meteors, W. F. Denning, 254; Different Quality of Light Reflected from Various Parts of the Lunar Surface, A. Miethe, B. Seegert. 2t;4 ; the Pyrheliometric Scale, C. G. Abbot, L. B. Aldrich, 254; Micrometric Measures of Nebulae at Cincinnati, 255 ; Motion of certain Stars in Space, Prof. Stroobant, 255 ; Proposed Australasian Observatories, 266 ; Comets as Merely Optical Phenomena, Signor Luigi Armellini, 292 ; " Astronomlschen Jahresberichts," 292 ; Intrinsic Light and Effective Temperatures of Algol and its Satellite, Dr. Nordmann, 292 ; Observations of Jupiter, Antoniadi, 292 ; Absorption and Diffusion of Light by Meteorites of Intersidereal Space, Salet, 303 ; Application of Interfer- ence Phenomena to Study of Nebulae, Ch. Fabry, H. Buisson, 303 ; Maya Astronomy, C. P. Bowditch, 307 ; New Minor Planets Found at Transvaal Observatory, 322 ; Proper Motions in Sun-spot Groups, Dr. Brunner, Herr Wolfer, 323 ; Relation between Diameter of a Photographic Image and Exposure, Dr. Mees, 323 ; Photographic Measures of Stellar Temperatures and Diameters, Adolph Hnatek, 323 ; Canadian Observer's Handbook for 1911, 323; Absorption Markings in " K " Spectroheliograms, J. Evershed, 348 ; Calendar Reform, Alex. Philip, 348; H. C. P., 349: W. T. Lynn, 381; a Zenith Halo. K. C. Krever, 349 ; Dr. E. van Everdingen, 448 ; E. Gold, 349, 448 ; Meteors, Rev. T. E. R. Phillips, J. H. Elgie. S. A. Wilson, F. T. Naish, 3i:;q; Spark Spectra of Calcium and Hydrogen in a Magnetic Field, M. Hemsalech, 31^9 ; the Solar Constant, C. G. Abbot, F. E. Fowle, jun., .159 ; Photographic Observations of September iH, 191 1 J Index Vll Solar Prominences, Mr. G. Abetti, Miss R. E. Smith, 360 ; Movement of Stars of the Orion Type, Dr. Stroobaut, 360; Ephemeris for Encke's Comet near Perihelion, 1911, Dr. Backlund, 360; Catania Observa- tions of Sun-spots and Faolse, iqio, 360; Pressure in Stellar Atmospheres, Dr. Hale, W. S. Adams, C. P. Butler, 362 ; Supposed Calendar of Eighteenth Century B.C. on Phaestos Disk, Rev. J. Griffith, 386; Bright Meteor of April 30, Mr. Harrison Hill, 393 ; Variable Radial Velocity of a Cygni, G. Neuimin, Prof. Belo- polsky, 394 ; Distribution of Variable Stars, M. Anestin, 394 ; Variation of S Arae, Dr. A. W. Roberts, 394 ; ■" Annuaire Astronomique " for 1912, 394; Physical Observations of Mars, jarry Desloges, 405 ; Spectrum of the Ring Nebula in Lyra, Kelvin Burns, 426 ; Proper fMotions of Stars between 75° and 80° N. Declination, ■Prof. Dubiago, 426 ; the Gyro-compass, G. K. B. Elphin- stone, 426 ; Ancient Observatories in India, M. Ducret, 426 ; the Laws Relating to the Movements of the Solar Prominences, H. Deslandres, V. Burson, 439 ; Death of Mrs. W. P. Fleming, William E. Rolston, 453 ; Metcalf 's Comet, 1910b, Dr. Schiller, Ephemeris, Dr. Ebell, 460; Early Visibility of the New Moon, Mr. Horner, Mr. Whitmell, Mr. Fotheringham, 460 ; Large Proper Motion •of a Small Star, Prof. Burnham, 460; Photographic Determinations of Stellar Parallax, Dr. Schlesinger, 460 ; Paris Observatorv Report, M. Baillaud, 461 ; Longitude of the Red Spot on Jupiter, Rev. T. E. R. Phillips, 461 •, Measures of Double .Stars, C. P. Olivier. 461 ; the Periodic Times of Saturn's Rings, Dr. H. Wilde, 473 ; the Wave-length of the Solar Line h„, A. Perot, Mile. Lindstedt, 473 ; Solectrics, Captain A. J. Cooper, 481 ; June Meteors, J. R. Henry, 484 ; Argentine Observatory, Prof. J. Hartmann appointed Director, 491 ; Nova Sagittarii No. 4, Miss Cannon, 495 ; Mechanical Produc- tion of the Streamers Seen in the Solar Corona, Prof. J. A. Miller, 491; ; General Perturbations of Eros. Herr rH. Samter, 495; Determination of the Apex, Dr. A. fWilkens, 495 ; the Spectra of Comets, Herr von Konkoly, \Ar>K : the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Report to Board af Visitors, 500 ; Stellar Pyrometry, C. F^ry, 504 ; a "Jimple Explanation of the Solar Prominences and other 'henomena by Very Weak Magnetic Fields, H. )eslandres, 506, 541 ; Observations of the Sun at Lyons luring the First Quarter of 191 1; the Night-skies of |a Year, J. H. Elgie, 512 ; Remarkable Meteoric Pheno- lenon. Dr. Max Wolf, 528; Different Quality of the Jght Reflected from Different Parts of the Moon's surface, A. Miethe. B. Seegert, 528 ; the Silver Disk fPyrheliometer, C. G. Abbot, 529 ; Photographic Deter- Iniination of Stellar Magnitudes, Prof. E. C. Pickering, |E. S. King, ■;29 ; Jupiter's Eighth Satellite, Dr. M. Wolf, K29 ; the Solar Constant of Radiation, C. G. Abbot, 534 ; iHabitability of Mars, Prof. Arrhenius, 534 ; Photography in Aid to Astronomy, Presidential Address to the Royal Society of S. Africa, S. S. Hough, F".R.S., 534; the Solar iclipse of April 17, 1912, M. Landerer and others, 564; i^hanges on Jupiter 1881-1909, Prof. O. Lohse, 564 ; iphemeris of Barnard's Comet 1892 V, M. J. Co'niel, ^64 ; the Motion of the Pole, Report of International ^Latitude Service, Prof. Th. Albrecht, 564 ; Proper lotions of the Stars, Dr. Oppenheim, 564 ; Stellar *arallaxes. Dr. Schlesinger, 564 ; Positions of Stars in the Huyghenian Region of the Orion Nebula, Ralph E. ■"/ilson, 564 ; Rediscovery of Wolf's Comet, Prof. Max /olf, 591; ; Observations of Mars. M. Qu^nisset, !;95 ; leality of Canals of Mars, Dr. Mascart, 591:; ; Problem sf the Solar Motion, H. E. Lau, 591; ; Forms of Spiral Nebulae, v. E. v. d. Pahlen, 595 ; the Spectroscopic ^Binary o Persei, Dr. Ludendorff, 595 ; Form of the Light-curve of the Variable Star 5 Cephei from Arge- lander's Observations, M. Luizet, 608 ; Indian Folk-lore of the Origin of the Constellation Orion, Rai B, A. Gupte, 609 Attfield (the late Dr. John, F.R.S.), Obituary, Prof. H. G. Greenish, 117 Auerbach (Dr. M.), die Cnidosporidien, 482 Auger (V.), Method for Estimation of Sulphuric Acid and Sulphates, 67 Auger (V.), Oxidation of Iodine by Hvdrogen Peroxide, 135 Aurora, the Radiation producing, L. Vegard, 213 Austin (G. M.V a Prospector's Method of Gold Assay, 505 Australasia : Scientific Research in Australasia, 59 ; Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science! Meeting, 263 ; Geological Work in British Lands, 292 ; Physical Anthropology of Australasian Races, Prof. R. J. Berry, Dr. A. W. W. Robertson, Mr. K. Stuart Cross, 433 Aviation : Military Aviation at Hendon, Major B. Baden- Powell, 387 ; Aviation Notes, 465 ; Birdflight as the Basis of Aviation, O. Lilienthal, Biographical Introduction, G. Lilienthal, A. W. Isenthal, 582 ; see also Aeronautics Bacteriology : Entry of Bacteria into the Lungs, Dr. Cobbett, Dr. Graham-Smith, loi ; Variation and Adapta- tion in Bacteria, Dr. E. W. A. Walker, 199 ; the New Genus of Iron Bacteria, Dr. D. Ellis, 200 ; Agricultural Bacteriology, Prof. John Percival, 344 ; Text-book of General Bacteriology, Prof. W. J. Frost, Prof. E. F. McCampbell, 344; die Eisenbakterien, Prof. Hans Molisch, 344 ; the Sources and Modes of Infection, Dr. C. V. Chapin, 344 ; Iron Bacteria, Prof. H. Molisch, 344 ; Immunisation by means of Bacterial Endotoxins, Dr. R. T. Hewlett, 370 ; Method of Disintegrating Bacterial and other Organic Cells, J. E. Barnard, 371, 504; Dr. R. T. Hewlett, 371; Influence of Anremia of the Organs on the Incidence of Tuberculous Lesions, S. Arloing, M. Fern, J. Chattot, 506; Influence of Agitation on Development of Bacillus anthracis culti- vated in Liquid Media, A. Lucet, 507 ; an Introduction to Bacteriological and Enzyme Chemistry, Dr. G. J. Fowler, Dr. A. Harden, F.R.S., 550 Baden-Powell (Major B.), Recent Progress in Aeronautics, 220 ; Military Aviation at Hendon, 387 Bailey (F. M.), Australian Indigenous Plant Life, 265 Bailey (Dr. G. H.), Chemistry for Matriculation, 345 Baker (Dr. H. F.), the Roots of Multiple 6 Functions, 541 Baker (R. T.), New Use for Eucalyptus in Mining, 584 Baker (Miss Sarah M.), the Brown Seaweeds of the Salt- marsh, 235 Baker (W. M.), the Student's Arithmetic, 377 Balfour (Rt. Hon. A. J.), Heredity and Destitution, 484 Balloons : Grundlagen der Ballonfuhrung, Prof. R. Emden, 243 Bancelin (M.), Viscosity of Emulsions, 473 Bariner-Gould (Rev. S.), Clifl Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe, 248 Barker (T. V.), Crystallographic Notes, 234 Barnard (J. E.), a Method of Disintegrating Bacterial and other Organic Cells, 371, 504 Barthe (L.), Phosphates of Uranyl and Amines, 473 Barton (Prof. E. H.), Dynamical Enunciations, 415 Bartrum (C. O.), Insurance against Rain, 179 Bary (P.), Osmotic Phenomena in Non-conducting Media, 609 Bataillon (E.), Embryogenesis provoked in the Virgin Egg of Amphibia by Inoculation with the Blood or Sperm of a Mammal, 439 ; by Pricking, 569 Bateman (Captain H. R.), the Carriers of Trypanosoma pecorum, 65 ; Further Researches on Development of Trypanosoma gamhiense in Glossina palpalis, 134 Bateson (W., F.R.S.), Interrelations of Genetic Factors, 190 ; Case of Gametic Coupling in Pisum, 199 ; Mendel's Principles of Heredity, 407 Bauer (E.), Action of Ethyl Chlorocarbonate on Sodium Derivatives of Ketones, loi Bauer (L. A.), the Non-simultaneity and the generally Eastward Progression of Sudden Magnetic Storms, 9 Baume (G.), Fusibility Curves of Gaseous Mixtures, 371 ; Melting Point Curves for Gaseous Mixtures, 609 Baur (Prof. E.). Themen der physikalischen Chemie, 514 Bausor (H. W.), Chemistry for Matriculation, 341; Bayliss (Prof. W'. M.), Properties of Colloidal Systems, 437 Beagle, the End of the. Prof. F. P. Purvis, 447 Bean (Prof. R. B.), the Racial Anatomy of the Philippine Islanders, introducing new Methods of Anthropology, 513 Beard (Dr. L), Science in Modern Life, 174 Beatty (R. T.), lonisation of Heavy Gases by X-Rays, 166 Becquerel (Jean), the Duration of the Phosphorescence of the Uranvl Salts, 67 Becquerel (P.)., Supposed Production of New Plant Forms bv the Method of Traumatisms, 439 Beddard (F. E.), Anatomy of the Frog, Megalophrys Vlll Index [Nature, September iZ, 1911 (Leptobrachium) feae, 134 ; Spermatophores in Earth- worms of the Genus Pheretima, 134 ; Mammalian Tape- worms from Animals which Died in the Zoological Gardens, 235 Beddoe (Dr. John, F.R.S.), Memories of Eighty Years, 551 Bee-stings, Belladonna Plaster for, F. H. Perrycoste, 312 Bellby (Dr. G. T., F.R.S.), the Hard and Soft States in Metals, 501 Bell (R. J. T.), Elementary Treatise on Coordinate Geometry of Three Dimensions, 444 Bemmelen (Prof. Jakob Maarten van), Obituary Notice of, n6 Bennett (G. T.), Kinematical and Geometrical Theory of a Deformable Octahedron, 472 Berget (A.), Exact Determination of Salinity of Sea-water from Refractive Index, 235 Bergh (Prof. R.), S. African Opisthobranchs, 158 Bergson (Prof. Henri), Philosophy at the Bologna Con- gress, 399 Berry (Major), the Sierra Leone Cannibals, 270 Berry (Prof. R. J.), Physical Anthropology of Australasian Races, 433 Berthelot (A.), Di-iodotyrosine and its Possible Use in Therapeutics, 439 Berthelot (D.), Nitrification by the Ultra-violet Rays 68 Besley (F. W.), Plant Life of Maryland, 412 Besson (A.), Chloro-bromides and -iodides of Silicon, loi Bevan (Prof. P. V.), the Absorption Spectra of Lithium and Caesium, Dispersion in Vapours of the Alkali Metals, 100 Bible, Facts and Fallacies regarding the, W. Woods Smyth, 77 ; Natural History of the, 383 Biden (C. L.), Funeral Ceremonies of the Hottentots, 236 Bigelow (H. B.), Fishes and Medusa; of the Intermediate Depths and Work of the Michael Sars, 483 Biochemistry : Biochemisches Handlexicon, Prof. B. Moore, .239 Biology : Strongylocentrotus as a Rock-borer, J. Romanes, 33 ; Einfuhrung in die Biologic, Dr. W. Schoenichen^ 41 ; das biologische Schullaboratorium, Dr. W. Schoenichen, 77; General and Medical Biology, Prof. J. McFarland, 106 ; Philosophical Biology, Dr. J. Beard, 174 ; Microbiology in New South Wales, Report of the Government Bureau, 193 ; Rotifera observed by the Shackleton Antarctic Expedition, 1909, J. Murray, 200, 405, 504; General Meeting of the Association of Economic Biologists, 258 ; Some Phenomena of Regeneration in Sycon and Structure of its Collar Cells, Production of Normal Individuals from Isolated Cells, J. S. Huxley, 370; Th6orie Physico- chimique de la Vie et G(5n6rations Spontan^es, Prof. St^phane Leduc, 410 ; Organisation and Progress in Economic Biology, 430 ; Economic Entomology and Nomenclature, H. Maxwell Lefroy, 430 ; Chrysornonads of the Grossteich in N. Bohemia, Dr. A. Pascher, the Genus Ceratium, E. Jorgensen, Freshwater Plankton. Dr. Wesenberg-Lund ; Lyncodaphnids and Chydorids of Saxony, Dr. H. Weigold, Egg Formation and Genera- tion Cycle of Daphnia Magna, U. von Scharfenberg, Natural History of Larvae of Donacinse, Dr. A. G. Boving, 432-3 ; Plant-animals, a Study in Symbiosis, Prof. F. Keeble, 446; J. Vaughan Thompson and his Polyzoa, and Vaunthompsonia, Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, 471 ; Polytrema and allied Genera, Prof. S. J. Hickson, 471 ; New British Rhizopods, J. M. Brown, 471 ; the British Museum Collection of Blattidge in Amber, 471 ; Clare Island Survey, Arctiscoida, 473 ; die Cnidosporidien (Myxosporidien, Actinomyxidien, Microsporidien), Dr. M. Auerbach, 482 ; Lectures on Biology, Dr. Curt Thesing, W. R. Boelted, i;io; the Biological Statior-s of Europe, Prof. C. A. Kofoid, U.S. Bureau of Education, 559 ; Life-history of Croce fiUformis, Prof. Imms, 608 Biology, Marine : the Carnegie Institution Report, 29 ; Biology of the Eel-fishes, especially of the Conger (Cruise of the Thor), Jobs. Schmidt, 6r ; Marine Biology at Port Erin. Secretion of the Hypobranchial Gland in Purpura lapillus, Dr. Roaf ; Spread of the Diatom Biddulphia sinensis, Prof. Herdman, 94 ; Contribution k I'Etude biologique et ^conomique de la Plie, G. Gilson, Dr. W. Wallace, 316; Report on Fishery and Hydrographical Investigations in the North Sea and Adjacent Waters, Miss R. M. Lee, Dr. Wallace (Plaice), Mr. Todd, Mr. W'ollaston, Mr. Bygrave, Mr. Matthews, J. Johnstone, 417 ; Fishes and Medusa; of the Intermediate Depths and Work of the Michael Sars, H. B. Bigelow, 483 ; Osteocella sepientrionalis. Prof. S. J. Hickson, F.R.S., 505; Rotatoria bdelloida, J. Murray, 506; the "Vernal Phytoplankton Maximum," Prof. W. A. Her3man, F.R.S., 517; Dinoflagellates and Diatoms on the Beach, Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.R.S., 554 Biometrical Researches on a Graft Hybrid between the Pear and Quince Trees, L. Daniel, 406 Birds : the Sailing-flight of Birds, Major B. Baden-Powell, 9; Plumage Bill, 19, 45, 81, 518; Birds' Migration Report, 47 ; British Birds in their Haunts, Rev. C. A. Johns, 176 ; the Flight of Birds, Giovanni A. Borelli, 211; a List of British Birds, W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, 271; Bird Notes, 325 ; the Extinction of the Egret, W. M. Webb, 518; Britain's Birds and their Nests, A. Lands- borough Thomson, G. Rankin, 552 Birkeland (Dr.), Zodiacal Light Expedition to Khartoum, 79 Bjerknes (Prof. V.), Dynamic Meteorology and Hydro- graphy, 577 Blackie (A.), the Behaviour of Silica at High Temperatures, 504 Blair (R.), Technical Training and the Optical Industry, Report, 299 Blaise (E. E.), Formation of Ethyl Chloroethoxyacetate, 235 Chauss^ (P.), Experimental Tuberculosis in the Dog, 235 Bleek (Miss D. F.), Language of Bushman Tribes Illus- trated by Gramophone Records, 576 Blind Mountain Beetles, 142 Blind, Sense of Direction in the, M. Truschel, 304 Blodgett (F. H.), Plant Life of Maryland, 412 Blyth, Edward, and the Theory of Natural Selection, E. A. Martin, 45 Bodenstein (Prof. Max), Methods of Maintaining Constant High Temperatures, 504 Bodroux (F.), Bromination of some Hydroaromatic Com- pounds, 439 Boving (Dr. A. G.), Natural History of Larvae of Donacinae, 433 Bohle (Prof. H.), a Treatise on the Theory, Construction, and Design of Transformers, 442 Bois-Reymond (Paul du), Infinitar-Calcul, 307 Bollemont (E. G. de), Transport of Metallic Particles under Action of Heat, 167 Bologna, International Philosophical Congress at, 399 Bolton (H."). Faunal Horizons in the Bristol Coalfield, 234 Boltwood (Dr. B. B.), Separation of Ionium and Actinium from certain Residues, and the Production of Helium by Ionium, 31 Bolus (Dr. Harry), Obituary Notice, 490 Bonhote (J. L.). Inheritance of Colour in Pigeons, 200 Bonnier (G.),^ Researches on the Determination of Micro- scopic Germs in the Atmosphere, 131; Bordas (M.), Phosphorus in the Ash of Milk, 202 ; Original Acidity of Milk, 439 Borelli (Giovanni A.), the Flight of Birds, 211 Borneo, Seventeen Years among the Sea Dyaks of, E. H. Gomes, Rev. J. Perham, 558 Bosscha (Prof. Johannes), Obituary, Prof. H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 419 Botanv : the Stinging Tree of Formosa, Dr. Tokutaro Ito, 8; "Death of Col. H. R. Beddome, 18; Report of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 28 ; Anatomy of the British Carices, F. C. Crawford, Rev. E. F. Linton, 38; Flowers of the Field, the late Rev. C. A. Johns, G. S. Boulger, 42 ; Familiar Wild Flowers, F. Edward Hulme, 42 ; Clare Island Survey, R. LI. Praeger, 66, 575 ; Land- marks in Botanical History, E. L. Greene, 73 ; Use of Potash Solutions for Recognition of the Germinative Faculty of Seeds, P. Lesage, 102 ; Mosses and Liverworts, T. H. Russell, 142 ; Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Pfianzen- geographie, nach Entwickelungsgeschichtlichen und physiologisch-okologischen Gesichtspunkten, Prof. P. Graebner, Prof. P. Ascherson, 176 ; eine botanische Tropenreise, Indo-Malayische Reiseskizzen, Prof. G. Haberlandt, 176 ; Interrelations of Genetic Factors, W. Bateson, R. C. Punnett, 199 ; Case of Gametic Coupling in Pisuin, P. de Vilmorin, W. Bateson, 199 ; Gametic Coupling and Repulsion in Primula sinensis, 199 ; Sup- posed Utilisation of Nitrogen from the Air by Special Organs of Plants, F. Kovessi, 202 ; British Ferns and Nature September 28 1 i, 1911J Index IX their Varieties, 210; Life Histories of Familiar Plants, John J. Ward, 211 ; Salicornia, Dr. C. E. Moss, 235, 472 ; E. G. Salisbury, Dr. Ethel de Fraine, 235 ; Papers on Systematic Botany, 257 ; Australian Indigenous Plant Life, and Unique Tenacity of Life among Grasses, F. M. Bailey, 265 ; (i) Archae- opteris simplex, sp. nov., (2) Is Archeopteris Dawson a Pteridosperm ? Prof. T. Johnson, 269; Stinging Tree, Laportea crenulata, H. H. Haines, 280 ; a Forest Flora of Chota Nagour, H. H. Haines, 306 ; das Pflanzenreich, Orchidacea2, Monandrae, Dendrobiinae, Fr. Kranzlin, 308 ; the Liverworts, British and Foreign, Rt. Hon. Sir Edward Fry, G.C.B., Agnes Fry, 343 ; Inheritance of Row Numbers in Maize Ears, J. Burtt-Davy, 347 ; die Samenpflanzen (Blutenpflanzen, Phanerogamen), Prof. K. Wilhelm, 378; Maryland Weather Service, Plant Life, F. Shreve, M. A. Chrysler, F. H. Blodgett, F. W. Besloy, 412 ; Wild Flowers as they Grow, Photo- graphed in Colours dil'ect from Nature, H. Essenhigh Corke, G. Clarke Nuttall, 413 ; Recueil d'Qiuvres de L^o Errera, 413 ; Botanical Research at Para- deniya, 415 ; Plant Modifications on High Plateaux in Andes. Mr. K. Fiebrig, 431 ; Flora in Middle Siam, Dr. C. C. Hosseus, Vegetation of Sand Deposits of Illinois, Dr. H. A. Gleason, Phytogeographical Sketch of Andes in S.E. Bolivia, K. Fiebrig, 431 ; Supposed Production of New Plant Forms by the Method cf Traumatisms, P. Becquerel, 439 ; die Vegetation der Erde, Sammlung von Monographien, die Pflanzenwelt Afrikas, Prof. A. Engler, 441 ; die taxonomischen Grenzen der Art und ihrer Unterabteilungen, Versuche einer genauen Definition der untersten systematischen Kategorien, Andreas Semenov-Tian-Shansky, 444 ; Apple Blossoms and Retardation of Flow of Sap, F. C. Con- stable, 448 ; Fresh-water Algae Collected in the S. Orkneys by Mp. R. N. R. Brown, Dr. F. E. Fritsch, 471 ; I.ehrbuch der Botanik fiir hohere Lehranstalten, Prof. O. Schmeil, 482 ; Protective Value of the Sticky Hairs on Young Leaves and Shoots, Oswald H. Latter, 484 ; Death of Dr. Harry Bolus, 490 ; South African Orchids, Dr. Harry Bolus, 490 ; Etudes Glaciaires G6ographiques et Botaniques dans le Massif des Grandes Rousses, M. Flusin, M. Jacob, M. Offner, 499; Botanical Research in Ceylon, Prof. W. R. Dunstan, F.R.S., 518; Note on Sterculia alata, Roxb., var. irregulatis, a Re- markable Instance of Leaf Variation, W. W. Smith, 507; a Text-book of Botany, J. M. Lowson, 515; Effect of Light on Fruiting of " Blackfellow's Bread " {Polyporus inyltttae), A. J. Ewart, 1^76 Bouchard (C), the Toxic Theory of Sleep, loi. Boulengef (E. G.), Varieties of the Spotted Salamander, 66 Boulenger (G. A.), a Collection of Fishes from the Lake Ngami Bajin, Bechuanaland, by Mr. R. B. Woosnam, 66 Bourne (A. A.), the Student's Arithmetic, 377 Bourne (Prof. G. C, F.R.S.), Morphology of the Group Neritoidea of the Aspidobranch Gastropods, 472 Bousfield (W. A. and W. Eric), the Specific Heat of Water, 32 Bouvier (E. L.), Decapod Crustacea Collected by the Princesse Alice, 167; Pycnogonides of the Pourquoi-Pas? 405 Bowditch (C. P.), the Numeration, Calendar System, and Astronomical Knowledge of the Mayas, 307 Bowen (J. E.), Measurement of Contact Differences of Potential, 607 Boyce (Sir Rubert, F.R.S.), Obituary Notice of, 589 Brady (Dr. G. S.), Marine Ostracoda from Madeira, 200 Bragg (Prof. W. H.), Energy Transformations of X-Rays, 470 Brauner (Prof. Bohuslav), Sir J. J. Thompson's New Method of Chemical Analysis, 554 Bread, Standard, 313 Breath Figures, the Rt. Hon. Lord Rayleigh, O.M., F.R.S., 416; Dr. John Aitken, F.R.S., 516; J. W. Giltay. 585 Breckenridge (W. E.), Shop Problems in Mathematics, 39 Brewster (G. W.), a Geometry for Schools, 479 Bridol (M.), Meliatine, 609 Briggs (H.), Effects of Errors in Surveying, 200 Britain, Early : Roman Britain, E. Conybeare, 109 British Association, Provisional Programme in Chemistry, Prof. J. Walker, F.R.S., 585 British Isles, Geographical Diagrams and Land Forms of the, with Questions, Statistics, and Tables, H. J. Snape, 42 British Psychological Society, 125, 471 Broca (A.),_ Measurement of Geodetic Angles by the Method of Repetition, 303 Brodie (Prof. T. G.), Croonian Lecture, a New Conception of the Glomerular Activity, 606 Broglie (M. de), Mobility of the Ions produced in Air by Hydration of Sulphate of Quinine, 201 ; Particular Case of Distribution of lonisation in a Gas, 439 Bromwich (Dr. T. J. I'A.), the Conditions that a Homo- geneous Strain may be Reducible to a Plane Strain and an Extension at Right Angles to the Plane, 541 Broom (Dr. R.), the Structure of the Skull of Cynodont Reptiles, 505 Brown (Dr. George), Melanesians and Polynesians, 146 Brown (J. M.), Observations on some New British Rhizo- pods, 471 Brown (Dr. W.), Emotion and Morals, 125 ; Animal Psychology, 342 Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality, Prof. M. Jean Perrin, F. Soddy, F.R.S., 105 Bruce (Dr. Alexander), Obituary Notice of, 524 Bruce (Col. Sir David), Experiments to ascertain if certain Tabanidae act as the Carriers of Trypanosoma pecorum, 65 ; Further Researches on Development of Trypanosoma gambiense in Glossina palpalis, 134 ; the Morphology of Trypanosoma evansi (Steel), 539 Bruch (Prof. C), los Aborigenes de la Republica Argentina, 481 Brush (C. E.), a Kinetic Theory of Gravitation, 130 Bryan (Prof. G. H., F.R.S.), Academic and Industrial Efficiency, M. L. Cooke, Pres. R. C. Maclaurin, 147 Bryce (Dr. James, British Ambassador to the United States), Specialisation in University Education, 401 Buchanan (G.), Note on Developmental Forms of T. brucei (pecatidi) in the Internal Organs, Axillary Glands, and Bone-marrow of the Gerbil, 607 Buchanan (H. B. M.), I0 Work a Grass Holding at a Living Profit, and the Cheap Cottage Problem, 209 Budd (L. C), Previous Magnetic History as affected by Temperature), 371 Buekers (Dr. P. G.), die Abstammungslehre, 482 Buffalo, the Extinct, of Algeria as Drawn bv Prehistoric Man, Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 42 Bulstrode (Dr. H. Timbrell), Report on Shellfish other than Oysters in Relation to Disease, 571 Bunsen Centenary, F. Jones, Dr. J. Grossmann, 79 Burali-Forti (Prof. C), Elements de Calcul vectoriel, 75 Burch (G. J.), Method of Measuring Colour Sensations by Intermittent Light and Description of Apparatus, 199 Burnside (Prof. W.). the Determination of all Groups of Rational Linear Substitutions of Finite Order which Contain the Symmetric Group in the Variables, 541 Burton (Dr. C. V.), a Kinetic Theory of Gravitation, 246 Burton (William), Refractory Materials and Products, 344 Burtt-Davy (Joseph), Inheritance of Row Numbers in Maize Ears, 347 Busk (H. G.), What will the Weather be? 77 Butler (C. P.), the Total Solar Eclipse, April 28, 191 1, 185, 313; Pressure in Stellar Atmospheres, 362 Butterflies, African Mimetic, H. Eltringham, 72 Bygravc (Mr.), Plankton Investigations in the Channel, 418 Byles (Denison B.), Modern Methods of Water Purification, ■j. Don, J. Chisholm, 543 Cabrera (A.), Subspecies of the Spanish Ibex, 608 Cailletet (L.), Origin of Carbon assimilated by Plants, 438 Cairnes (D.), Coal District of Lewes and Nordenskiold Rivers, 361 Calculus made Easy, F.R.S., 41 „, t^ r .,0, Calendar Reform, 281 ; Alex. Philip, 348 ; W. T Lynn, 381 Callendar (ProT. H. L.), the Caloric Theory of Heat, and Carnot's Principle, Presidential Address to Physical Society, 97 Calvert (A. F.), Nigeria and its Tin Fields, 277 Cambridge Philosophical Society, 23, loi- .167. .';4i Canada- Heaton's Annual, the Commercial Handbook ol Canada and Boards of Trade Register, 42; Canadian Mineral Statistics, 58; the Dominion Observatory, 160; Inde:\ [Nature, Scplemhi-r 28, 191 1 Geological Surveys, and New Maps of Mackenzie Mts. and North-west Territories, 361 Cancer : Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Cancer in Mice, Dr. J. A. Murray, 370 Cannon (Prof. W. B.), the Secretion of the Adrenal Glands during Emotional Excitement, 533 Capillaries, Date of Discovery of the, Dr. D. Eraser Harris, 584 Carbon : the Origin of the Carbon Assimilated by Plants, L. Cailletet, 438 ; the Mechanism of Carbon Assimila- tion, F. L. Usher, J. H. Priestley, 540 Carnations and Pinks, T. H. Cook, J. Douglas, J. F. McLeod, 177 Carnegie Foundation, Report of the, 63 Carnegie Institution of Washington, Progress Report, 28 Carpathians, Fauna of the, K. Holdhaus, C. Deubel, 141 Carpentier (J.), the Ophegraph designed by M. Guillery, 43q Carroll (Prof. T.), Experiments at the Albert Agricultural Institution : Inquiry into the Potato Disease, Phytophthora infestans, 506 Carus-Wilson (C), the Musical Sands of Eigg, 518 Cat Playing with a Shadow, 45 Cat's Cradles from Many Lands, Kathleen Haddon, 109 Caudrelier (E.), Constitution of the Electric Spark, 167 Census, the Recent, of England and Wales, 449 Ceramics : Refractory Materials, Prof. A. Granger, W. Burton, 343 ; Preparation of the Black Enamel of the Greek Potteries by means of Natural Ferroso-ferric Oxide, L. Franchet, 371 Ceylon, Botanical Research at Peradeniya, 415 ; Prof. W. R. Dunstan, F.R.S., 518 Chalon (Paul), les Explosifs modernes, 546 Chambers (Dr. Helen), the Action of Radium Emanations upon some of the Main Constituents of Normal Blood, 540 Chance (Sir W.), Segregation of the Mentally Defective, 486 Chapin (Dr. C. V.), the Sources and Modes of Infection, 344 Chapman (F.). Foraniinifera, Ostracoda, and Parasitic Fungi from the Kainozoic Limestones of Cyrenaica, 134 Chapman (H. G.), Action of the Latex of Euphorbia peplus on a Photographic Plate, 517 Chapman (J. C), Fatigue and Persistence Effects in Pro- duction of Secondary Rontgen Rays, Intensity of Secondary Homogeneous Rontgen Radiation from Com- pounds, 167 Chauchard (A.), Action of Ultra-violet Light upon Amylase and Invertine, 609 Chauveau (A.), the Phenomena of Visual Inhibition which may Accompany the Re-association of the Two Retinal Images dissociated by the Prisms of the Stereoscope, 67 ; Battle of Visual Fields in the Stereoscope, 135 Chauvenet (E.), Action of Carbon Oxychloride on Sulphides, 439. Chemistry : Obituary Notice of Johan Gadolin, 48 ; the Boric Acids, Dr. Alfred Holt, 66 ; Hydration of Meta- phosphoric Acid, J. E. Myers, Dr. A. Holt, 66; Ethereal Solution of Uranyl Nitrate, P. Lebeau, 67; New Method for the Estimation of Sulphuric Acid and Sulphates, V. Auger, M. Gabillon, 67 ; the Bulsjarian Ferment, J. EfTront, 67 ; a Practical Method for Preparation of Semi- permeable Membranes applicable to Measurement of Molecular Weig-hts, E. Fouard, 67 ; Nitrification by the Ultra-violet Rays, D. Berthelot, H. Gaudechon, 68 ; Use of Saponines for Preparation of Insectidal Liquids, G. Gastine, 68; the Centenary of Bunsen's Birth, F. Jones, Dr. J. Grossmann, 79; Death and Obituary of Prof. J. H. van t'Ho(T, 84: the Stereochemistry of Nitrogen, Dr. W. H. Mills, Miss Bain, 93 ; the Ionic Solubility Product, J. Kendall, 100; Examination of a New Thermal Water, A. Gautier, C. Moureu, loi ; Action of Ethyl Chlorocarbonate on Sodium Derivatives of Ketones prepared with Sodium Amide, A. Haller, E. Bauer, loi ; Tests for Coal-tar Colours ifi Aniline Lakes, G. Zerr, Dr. C. Mayer, 107 ; Obituary of the late Prof. Jakob Maarten van Bemmelen, 116; Catalytic Splitting up of Esters by Metallic Oxides, P. Sabatier, A. Mailhe, 135; an Introduction to the Chemistry of the Colloids, a Compendium for Students, Teachers, and Works Managers, Dr. V. Poschl, Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Dr. A. Harden. F.R.S., 141 ; Freezing Point of Sodium Chloride, F. E. E. Lamplough, 167 ; Action of Sulphur in Destroy- ing the Fungus Oldium. M. Marcille, 167 ; Organic • Chemistry of Nitrogen, Dr. Nevil V. Sidgwick, 170 ; das Wasser, Dr. O. Anselmino, 177; Chemical Dynamics of Serum Reactions, Capt. A. G. McKendrick, 199 ; Determination of Small Degrees of Enzymatic Peptolysis, Miss Dorothy Court, 200 ; Mobility of Ions produced in Air by Hydration of Sulphate of Quinine, M. de Broglie, L, Brizard, 201 ; Preparation of an Arsenic Amalgam, E. Dumesnil, 201 ; Action of Water Vapour on Carbon in Presence of Lime, Leo Vignon, 201 ; the Temperature at which Water is- Attacked by Alkaline Metals, L. Hackspill, R. Bussuet, 201 ; Gases Given Off by the Walls of Glass, Porcelain, and Silica Tubes, M. Guichard, 201 ; Method of Preparing True Acetylenic Alcohols, M. Lespieau, 201 ; Constancy of the Ratio of Krypton to Argon in Natural Gaseous Mixtures, C. Moureu, A. Lepape, 202 ; Introduction to Practical Organic Chemistry, including Qualitative and Quantita- tive Analysis and Preparations, Dr. A. M. Kellas, 209 ; New Reduction Methods in Volumetric Analysis, Prof. E. Knecht, Eva Hibbert, 209 ; Introduction to General Chemistry, Prof. J. T. Stoddard, 209 ; Formula of Uranium Carbide, P. Lebeau, 235 ; Colloidal Gold and Purple of Cassius, J. Moir, 236 ; Biochemisches Hand- lexicon, Prof. B. Moore, 239 ; Chemical Composition cf Pine-wood, Prof. Klason, 2.:^9 ; Atomic Theory and Spon- taneous Transformations, Prof. Orme Masson, F.R.S., 263 ; Inorganic Solvents, Prof. Bertram D. Steele, 264 ; die Bestimmung des chemischen Ortes bei den aromatischen Substanzen. W. Koerner, 274 ; Laboratory Notes on Organic Chemistry for Medical Students, Dr. Paul Haas, 276 ; Optically Active Phosphorous-com- pounds, Prof. Meisenheimer, 297 ; Action of Hydrogen Peroxide on Quinone, Prof. E. Knecht, 303 ; the Develop- ment of the Atomic Theory, Dr. A. N. Meldrum, 303 ; Inorganic Chemistrv for Advanced Students, Rt. Hon. Sir H. Roscoc, F.R.S., Dr. A. Harden, F.R.S., 309, Chemistry for Beginners, with Portraits of Famous Chemists, T. Jenks, 309 ; the M.C.C. Periodic Chart of the Elements, 309; New Ideas on. Inorganic Chemistry, Prof. A. Werner. Dr. E. P. Hedley, 310; Optically Active .Alcohols, Dr. R. H. Pickard, J. Kenyon, 325; Catalytic Esterification of the Alcohols bv the Fatty Acids : Formic .Acid, P. Sabatier, A. Mailhe, 338 ; Elimination of Colouring Matters from the Animal Organism, P. Sisley, C. Porcher, 338 ; a Class-book of Chemistry, G. C. Donington, 345 ; Chemistry for Matriculation. Dr. G. H. Bailey, H. W. Bausor, 345 ; Trattato di Chimica Inorganica generale e applicata all' Industria, Prof. E. Molinari, 341; ; Dizionario di Merceologia e di Chimica applicata, Prof. V. Villa- vecchia, 346; Chemistry of Food and Nutrition, Prof. H. C. Sherman, 346 ; Hydrates of Potassium Fluoride, M. de Forcrand. 371 ; Fusibility Curves of Gaseous Mixtures, G. Baume, G. Pamfil, 371 ; Synthesis of the Secondary a-Ketonic Alcohols, D. Gauthier, 371 ; Molecular Weisfht of Uranyl UrO,. Oi. de Coninck, 406 ; Method for Measuring the Impurities in a Confined Atmosphere, H. Henriet, M. Bouyssy, 406 ; Elementary Chemistry for Coal-mining Students. Prof. L. T. O'Shea, 408; Breath Ficures, the Rt. Hon. Lord Rayleigh, O.M.. F.R.S.. 416: Dr. Aitken, F.R.S., .<;i6; J. W. Giltayi i^8k : Properties of Colloidal Systems, Prof. W. M. Bayliss, 437 ; Catalytic Decomposition of Formic Acid, P. Sabatier, A. Mailhe, 438 ; Some Phenomena of Reduc- tion of OxyhcEmoglobin, J. Wolff, 439 ; Action of Carbon Oxychloride on .Artificial and Natural Sulphides, Ed. Chauvenet, d-^q ; Bromination of some Hydro-aromatic Compounds. F. Bodroux, F. Taboury, 439 ; Synthesis of Tertiary o-Ketonic Alcohols, G. Gauthier, 439 ; Particular Case of Distribution of lonisation in a Gas : a Thin Layer containing Ions of both Signs, M. de Broglie, 4-;9 ; New Method for the Esterification of Alcohols by the Hydracids, G. Darzens, 439 ; Influence of Viscosity of the Medium upon Diastatic .Actions, P. Achalme, M. Bresson, 439: the Original Acidity of Milk, MM. Bordas and Touplain, 439 ; an Anticryptogamic Colloidal Copper Solution, V. Vermorel, E. Dantony, 439 ; Traits de Chiniie g^n^rale. Prof. W. Nernst, 445 ; Proposed Annual Tables of Constants and Numerical Data, 464 ; New Organic Compounds of Nitrogen, Abstract of Dis- roursp at Royal Insf-ifut'on. Prof. Martin O. Forster, F.R.S., 46';; a New Method of Chemical Analysis. Dis- course at Royal Institution, Sir J. J. Thomson, F.R.S., Nature, "1 , 1911J September 28 Index XI 466; Sir J. J. Thomson's New Method of Chemical Analysis, Sir Oliver Lodge, F.R.S., Prof. Bohuslav Brauner, 554 ; Development of the Atomic Theory, Dr. A. N. Meldrum, 473 ; the Constitution of Water, J. Duclaux, 473 ; Phosphates of Uranyl and Amines, L. Barthe, 473 ; Function of Viscosity in the Variations of the Action of Invertine according to Concentrations in Saccharose, P. Achalme, M. Bresson, 474 ; the Oximes, &c., obtained with Ethyl and Methyl Esters, A. Haller, E. Bauer, 506 ; Catalytic Isomerisation of Acetylene Pinacone, G. Dupont, 507 ; New Method of Preparing i8-Diketones, E. Andr^, 507 ; the Magnesium Derivative of Fluorene, V. Grignard, C. Courtot, 507 ; the Ratio of Argon to Nitrogen in Natural Gaseous Mixtures and its Signification, C. Moureu, A. L^pape, 507 ; Interaction of Hydrazine Sulphate with Nitrates, and a New Method for the Determination of Nitritic Nitrogen, B. Behari Dey, H. Kumar Sen, 507 ; Themen der physikalischen Chimie, Prof. E. Baur, 514; das chemische Gleichgewicht auf Grund mechanischer Vorstellungen, Prof. H. von Jiiptner, 514; Chemische Krystallographie, Prof. P. von Groth, 514; Attempts to Resolve Asymmetric Nitrogen Compounds of Low Molecular Weight, Prof. Pope, J. Read, ,1^41 ; " Aldehydo-glyceric " Acid, Dr. Fenton, W. A. R. Wilks, 541 : Triketohydrindene Hydrate, S. Ruhemann, 541 ; Complex Thio-oxalates, H. O. Jones, C. S. Robinson, 541 ; Positive lonisation produced by Phosphates when Heated, F. Horton, 541 ; Catalytic Action of Ferric Sulphocyanide, H. Colin, H. S^n^chal, 542 ; Formation of Nitrous Acids in the Living Cell, M. Maze, 542 ; an Introduction to Bacteriological and Enzyme Chemistry, Dr. G. J. Fowler, Dr. A. Harden, F.R.S., 550; Introduction to Physical Chemistry, Prof. J. Walker, F.R.S., 551 ; Preservative Materials used by the Ancient Egyptians in Embalming, A. Lucas, 572 ; a Systematic Handbook of Volumetric Analysis, F. Sutton, W. L. Sutton, A. E. Johnson, 582 ; the Osmotic Pressure of Colloidal Salts. W. B. Hardy, F.R.S., 584; Chemistry Programme at the British Association Meeting at Portsmouth, £;8-5 ; 2 : 6-dibenzoyl-2 : 6-dimethylheptane and aa'-tetramethylpimelic Acid, A. Haller, E. Bauer, 608 ; the Decomposition of Water by Metals, M. Kern- baum, 608 ; the Catalytic Preparation of Fatty Esters in the Wet Way, J. B. Senderens, J. Aboulenc, 608; Osmotic Phenomena in Non-conducting Media, P. Bary, 609 ; Dehydration of Alkyl and Benzyl-isobutylphenyl-carbinols, Mile. Pauline Lucas, 609 Chisholm (J.), Modern Methods of Water Purification, 543 Chree (Dr. C), Sudden Magnetic Storms, 78 ; Discussion of the Barograph Records kept by the late Mr. P. Bell at Castle O'er, Dumfriesshire, 1902-8, 575 Christiania University Centenary, 30 Chrysler (M. A.), Plant Life of Maryland, 412 City and Guilds of London Institute Prize Distribution, Address by Dr. R. T. Glazebrook, 26 Clark (J. Edmund), les Ph^nom^nes P^riodiques de la V^g^tation dans- leurs Rapports avec les Variations climatiques. Dr. E. Vanderlinden, 192 Claude (G.), Luminescent Neon Tubes, 473 Claude (M.), Radio-telegraphic Comparisons of Chrono- meters, 405 Coal : Colliery Warnings, John Harger, 12 ; W. Galloway, 12 ; the Natural History of CoaC E. A. Newell Arber, 176 ; Experiments with Coal Dust in French Collieries, Prof. W. Galloway, 223 ; the E.xplosibility of Coal Dust, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, G. S. Rice and others, 595 ; Abstract of Reports on Austrian Coal Dust Experi- ments at Rossitz Experimental Station, Dr. Czaplinski, Director Jicinsky, 595 Cobbett (Dr.), B. prodigiosus placed in the Mouths of Young Guinea-pigs found in the Lungs a few Minutes Later, roi Cobbold (E. S.), Trilobites from the Paradoxides Beds of Comley (Shropshire), 269 Cochrane (Rev. W. W.), Shan Historv and Literature, 314 Cockerell (Prof. T. D. A.), Bees of the Seychelles and Aldabra, 608 Coinage: the Penny, a Suggestion, Prof. J, Milne, 216 Coker (Prof. E. G.), Optical Method of Investigating Quantitatively Stress in Plates of Variable Section, 227 Cold : die Kalte, ihre Wesen, ihre Erzeugung und Verwertung, Dr. H. Alt, 276 Cole (Prof. Grenville A. J.), Glacial Features in Spits- bergen in Relation to Irish Geology, 506 ; Geology for Students, P. Lake, R. H. Rastall, =149 Colgan (N.), Clare Island Survey, Marine Mollusca, 66 ; Irish Names of Animals and Plants, 67 Colin (H.), Catalytic Action of Ferric Sulphocyamide, 542 Collin (J. E.), BorboridEe and Phoridse of the Seychelles, 608 Collins (H. F.), the Metallurgy of Lead, 581 Collins (W. H.), Geology of Nipigon and Clay Lakes, Ontario, 361 Collinson (J.), the Plumage Bill, 45 Colour : How to Colour Photographs and Lantern Slides, R. Penlake, 109 ; New Plant Colouring Matter, Thuyo- rhodine, M. Tsvett, 167 ; Method of Measuring Colour Sensations by Intermittent Light, G. J. Burch, 199 : Standardisation of Colours, Hans J. Moller, Mr. Lovi- bond, Dr. A. P. Laurie, 228 Coninck (W. CE. de), Molecular Weight of Uranyl UrO^, 135. 406 Constable (F. C), Apple Blossoms, 448 Constipation and Allied Disorders, Dr. Hertz, 588 Consumption : Advice to Consumptives, Home Treatment, After-care and Prevention, Dr. Noel D. Bardswell, 35 ; Consumption, its Prevention and Home Treatment, a Guide for the Use of Patients, Dr. H. Hyslop Thomson, 3:; ; Open Air at Home, Practical Experience of the Con- tinuation of Sanatorium Treatment, Stanley H. Bates, Sir J. Crichton-Browne, F.R.S., 35 ; the Expectation of Life of the Consumptive after Sanatorium Treatment, Dr. Noel D. Bardswell, 35 ; Pulmonary Tuberculosis and .Sanatorium Treatment, Dr. C. Muthu, 475 ; Conquering Consumption, Dr. Woods Hutchinson, 475 ; the Influence of Strong, Prevalent, Rain-bearing Winds on the Pre- valence of Phthisis, Dr. W. Gordon, :;83 Conway (A. W.), the Application of Quaternions to some Recent Developments of Electrical Theory, 66 Conwentz (Prof. H.), Beitrage zur Naturdenkmalpflege, 286 Conybeare (Edward), Early Britain, Roman Britain, 109 Cook (S. S.), Experiments on Compression of Liquids at High Pressures, 470 Cooke (M. L.), Academic and Industrial Efficiency, 147 Cookson (the late Mr. Bryan), Research on the Aberration Constant and the Variation of Latitude by Means of the Floating Zenith Telescope, 166 Cooper (Capt. Alfred J.), Solectrics, 481 Corbin (T. W.), Engineering of To-day, 139 Corke (H. Essenhigh), Wild Flowers as They Grow, Photographed in Colours Direct from Nature, 413 Cornish Riviera, Sidney Heath, 482 Coronation, the, A. E. Crawley, 555 Coste (M.), Metallography of the Gold-tellurium System, 201 Cottage Problem, the Cheap, H. B. M. Buchanan, 209 Cotton, Assil, G. C. Dudgeon, 144 Coupin (H.), Comparative Toxicity of Plant Essences on Higher Plants, 68 Courmont (J.), Immunisation through the Intestine, Anti- typhoid Vaccination, 168, 304 ; Progressive Diminution of Output in the Ultra-violet with Quartz Mercury Lamps working at High Temperatures, 609 Court (Miss Dorothy), Determination of Small Degrees of Enzymatic Peptolysis, 200 Cow (Dr.), Action of Pituitary Extract and Adrenalin on Peripheral Arteries, loi Craig (J. I.), the Theory of Map Projections, 75 Craton (C. C.). Ore Deposits of New Mexico, 531 Crawford (F. C.), Anatomy of the British Carices, 38 Crawlev (A. E.), Germany and the Protection of Nature, 286; the Golden Bough, Prof. J. G. Frazer, 305; the Coronation, S'^t; Croft (W. B.). Reflections in Water, 45 Cross (K. Stuart), Physical Anthropology of Australian Races, 433 Crossland (Cyril), the Flight of Exocoetus. 279 Crowther (J. A.), Experiments on Scattered Rontgen Radia- tion, 167 ; Energy of the Scattered Rontgen Radiation from Difi'erent Radiators, 541 Croze (F.), the Second Spectrum of Hydrogen in the Extreme Red, 542 Xll Index [Nature, Scptevtber i%, 191 1 Cruchet (R.)> Pathological Conditions induced by Aviation, 372 Crump (W. B.), Method of Illustrating British Vegetation in Museums, 298 Crustacea, General Catalogue of S. African (Annals of the S. African Museum), Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, F.R.S., 174 Crystalline Schists, Prof. U. Grubenmann, 411 Crystallisation Microscope, Prof, O. Lehmann, 5 Crystallography : Crystalline Structure, Mineral, Chemical, and Liquid, Royal Institution Lectures, Dr. A. E. H. Tutton, F.R.S., 163 ; Crystallographic Notes, T. V. Barker, 234 ; Some Remarkable Steel Crystals and Crystallisation of Iron-carbon Alloys, E. F. Lange, 505 ; Chemische Krystallographle, Prof. P. von Groth, 514; Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (mit Ausschluss der Optik), Prof. W. Voigt, 544 ; Lemons de Cristallographie, G. Friedel, 544 ; die Kristallgruppen nebst ihren Beziehungen zu den Raumgittern, Prof. E. Sommerfeldt, 544 Cummings (Bruce F,), Distant Orientation in the Amphibia, 448 Cunningham (Lieut. -Col. A.), the Number of Primes of given Linear Forms, 337 ; Mersenne's Numbers, 541 Cunnington (Miss H. M.), Anatomy of Enhalus acoroides, Rich., 608 Curie (Prof. Mme. P.), Traits de Radioactivity, i Curties (Lees), New Dark-ground Illuminator, 33 Cushny (A. R.), Action of the Senecio Alkaloids and Causation of Hepatic Cirrhosis in Cattle, 607 Cuthbertson (C. and Mrs. M.), an Optical Method of Measuring Vapour Pressures, Vapour Pressure and Apparent Super-heating of Solid Bromine, 471 Cyzicus, F. W. Hasluck, H. R. Hall, 138 Czaplinski (Dr., Oberbergkommissar), Austrian Coal Dust Experiments, 595 Dabbene (Dr. R.), Ornitologia Argentina, 378 Dalton (J. P.), Accuracy obtainable with a Modified Form of Atwood's Machine, 200 Dangeard (P. A.), Fecundation of the Ciliated Infusoria, 609 Daniel (L.), Biometric Researches on a Graft Hybrid between the Pear and Quince Trees, 406 Daniell (G. F.), the Private Sessions of the Imperial Education Conference, 463 ; Teaching of Science in Secondary Schools, 484 Dannemann (F.), die Naturwissenschaften in ihrer Entwicklung und in ihrem Zusammenhange, 583 Dantec (F^lix le), le Chaos et I'Harmonie universelle, 515 Darbishire (A. D.), the Mutation Theory, Prof. H. de Vries, 103 Darling (Chas. R.), the Formation of Stable Columns of Liquids, 555 Darwin (Major Leonard), the Work of the Royal Geo- graphical Society, Extracts from Presidential Address, 429 Darwinian Theory, a Criticism of, Prof. H. de Vries's Mutation Theory, Sir H. H. Thiselton-Dyer, F.R.S., 103 Darzens (G.), Condensation of Halogen Derivatives with )3;8-Dimethyglycidic Ester, 67 ; Some Derivatives of Butylcyclohexane, 102 ; New Method for Esterification of Alcohols by Hydracids, 439 ; Action of Thionyl Chloride in Presence of a Tertiary Base on some Esters of Hydroxyacids, 542 Davenport (Prof. E.), Domestic Animals and Plants, 107 Davis (Prof. W. M.), Front Range of the Rocky Mts. in Colorado, 534 Davison (Dr. C), a Class Book of Trigonometry, 377 Dawkins (Prof. W. B.), Origin of the Roman Numerals I-X, 33 Day (Dr. A. L.), Recent Advances in High-temperature Gas Thermometry, 504 Daylight Saving? Mr. Robert Pearce's Bill, 20; Prof. J. Milne, F.R.S., 183, 278; the Voice of the Sluggard, 349; Daylight and Darkness, 349 ; Daylight and Darkness, T. W. Backhouse, 484 Deafness : the Addition of a Microphone Apparatus to the Ear Trumpet for the Relief of Deafness, L. Le Nouene, 507 Decker (Prof. F. P.), Tables of Symmetric Functions, 39 Delezenne (C), Action of Cobra Venom upon the Serum of the Horse, 167 I I Denmark, Rural, and its Lessons, H. Rider Haggard, 509 Dennett (R. E.), Nigerian Studies, 113 Derry (Douglas £.), Damage Done to Skulls and Bones by Termites, 245 Desgrez (A.), Ptomaines of Tinned Fish and Crustacea, 203 Deshumbert (M.), Morale de la Nature, 177 Deslandres (H.), Laws Relating to the Movements of the Solar Prominences, 439 ; a Simple Explanation of the Solar Prominences and other Phenomena by Very Weak Magnetic Fields, 506, 541 Destitution : Conference on Prevention of, 484 ; Heredity and, Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour, 484 Deubel (F.), die Zoogeographie der Karpathen, 142 Dewey (Kath F.), Star People, 176 Dey (B. Behari) and H. Kumar Sen, Interaction of Hydrazine Sulphate with Nitrites, and a New Method for Detemination of " Nitritic " Nitrogen, 507 Dibley (G. E.), Teeth of the Genus Ptychodus and their Distribution in the English Chalk, 34 Dickens Land, J. A. Nicklin, E. Haslehurst, 482 Dictionary, Webster's New Inti^rnational, of the English Language, 204 Diesel (Dr.), Diesel Engines for Sea-going Vessels, 226-7 Differential Equations, Boundary-value Problems of, Prof- Max Mason, 511 Dijk (G. van). Time Accuracy in Magnetic Registration, 44 Dines (W. H.), Vertical Temperature Distribution in the Atmosphere over England, 404 Disease, Vicious Circles in, Dr. J. B. Hurry, Sir T. C. Allbutt, K.C.B., F.R.S., 374 Distant (W. L.), the Fauna of British India, Heteroptera, 277 Dixon (Prof. A. C), Harmonic Expansions, 404 Dixon (W. E.), Toleration to Nicotine, loi Doane (Prof. R. W.), Insects and Disease, 443 Dohrn Memorial Fund, 149 Don (J.), Modern Methods of Water Purification, 543 Doncaster (L.), Gametogenesis of the Gall-fly, 133 Donington (G. C), a Class-book of Chemistry, 345 Douglas (C. G.), Causes of Absorption of Oxygen by the Lung's in Man, 166 Drake-Brockman (Dr. R. E.), Antelopes of the Genera Madoqua and Rhynchotragus found in Somaliland, 607 Dreams, the World of, Havelock Ellis, 515 Driot (M.), Mercury Oxychlorides, 235 Druery (C. T.), British Ferns and their Varieties, 210 Drugman (Dr. J.), Quartz-twinning, 234 Dubard (M.), Classification of Lucumae with Functiform Radicle, 6og Duch^ne (Capt.), Two Additions to an Aeroplane for Pre- serving Equilibrium, 439 Duckworth (Dr. W. L. H.), Cave Exploration at Gibraltar, 100 ; Implements of Moustierian Type from Gibraltar, 245 Duclaux (J.), Constitution of Water, 473 Dudgeon (G. C), Assil Cotton, 144 Duff (Prof. A. W.), Physical Measurements, 553 Dumesnil (E.), Preparation of an Arsenic Amalgam, 201 Dunlap (Knight), Visual Sensations from the Alternating Field, 129 Dunstan (Prof. Wyndham R., F.R.S.), the Rusting of Iron, 381 ; Botanical Research in Ceylon, 518 Dupont (G.), Catalytic Isomerisation of Acetylene Pinacone, 507 ,^ Durell (C. v.), a Course of Plane Geometry for Advanced Students, 583 Durkheim (Prof.), Judgments of Value and Social Ideals, 400 Dussaud (M.), New Uses for Low Voltage Bulbs, 135, 338 Dwerryhouse (Dr. A. R.), the Earth and its Story, 6 Dves : Tests for Coal Tar Colours in Aniline Lakes, G. Zerr, Dr. C. Mayer, 107 Dynamical Enunciations, Prof. E. H. Barton, Prof. A. E. H. Love, F.R.S., 415 Dynamo, the : its Theory, Design, and Manufacture, C. C. Hawkins, F. Wallis, 3 Earthquake, Velocity of Earth Movements caused by the Messina, Prof. G. B. Rizzo, 213 Eardley-Wilmot (S., CLE.), Forest Life and Sport in India, 13 Nature, Sejiiember 28 , 1911J Index Xlll Earland (A.), Rare Foraminifera found at Selsey Bill, 33 Eccles (Dr. W. H.), Electrical Waves occurring in Nature, 100 Economic Biologists, General Meeting of the Association of, 258 Edridg-e-Green (Dr. F. W.), Discrimination of Colour, 438 Education : Organisation of Technical Education and Research, Address at City and Guilds Institute, February 17, Dr. R. T. Glazebrook, F.R.S., 26; Industrial Train- ing Conference at the Guildhall, 31 ; Statistics of Public Education in England and Wales, 31 ; the Tokyo Imperial University, 46; Report of the Carnegie Founda- tion for the Advancement of Teaching, 63 ; a London Institute of Technical Optics, 93 ; Reconstruction of the University of London, Sir W. H. Allchin, 115; Academic and Industrial Efficiency, Report to the Carnegie Founda- tion, M. L. Cooke, President R. C. Maclaurin, Prof. G. H. Bryan, F.R.S., 147; the Organisation of Technical Education, Meeting of Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions, 159 ; Technical Instruction and Secondary Schools, Address to Congress of Secondary Schools Association, Prof. W. M. Gardner, 162 ; the Problem of Industrial Training, C. T. Millis, 183 ; Science and Education in the Civil Service Estimates, 193 ; the Imperial Education Conference, 194 ; Huxley and Education, Prof. H. F. Osborn, 277 ; the Teaching of Science in Secondary Schools, 326 ; the Science Museum and the Geological Museum, 326 ; Specialisation in University Education, Dr. James Bryce, British Ambassador to the U.S., 401 ; Industrial Bursaries, 449 ; the Private Sessions of the Imperial Education Confer- ence, G. F. Daniell, 463 ; Endowment of Home Science, 463 ; Public Schools for Girls, a Series of Papers on their History, Aims, and Schemes of Study, by Members of the Association of Headmistresses, Prof. A. Smithells, 476 ; Teaching of Science in Secondary Schools, G. F. Daniell, 484 ; University Education in London, 522 ; the Biological Stations of Europe, Prof. C. A. Kofoid, 5159 ; Technical Education and Industries, Presidential Address to the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions, Mr. Barker North, 573 ; Proposed Teachers' Registration Council, 605 Eels, Biology of (Cruises of the Thor), Johs. Schmidt, 61 Effront (Jean), the Bulgarian Ferment, 67 Egan (Rev. M. F.), the Linear Complex and a Class of Twisted Curves, 66 Eginitis (D.), Observations of Faye-Cerulli Comet at Athens, loi Egret, the Extinction of the, Wilfred M. Webb, 518 Egypt, Geological Map of, Survey Department, 73 Egyptology: the Book of the Dead, Mrs. H. M. Tirard, Prof. E. Naville, 37 Electric Lines : Lignes Electriques Souterraines ; Lignes Electriques A^ricnnes et Souterraines, Prof. Gisbert Kapp, 76 Electrical Engineering : the High Voltage Corona in Air, Prof. J. B. Whitehead, 533 ; the Dynamo, C. C. Hawkins, F. Wallis, 3 ; Electricity : Electrical Waves occurring in Nature, Dr. W. H. Eccles, H. Morris-Airey, 100 ; New Method for De-electrification of Textile Materials by High-frequency Currents, J. Paillet, F. Ducretet, E. Roger, loi ; Intense Light from Tungsten Wires in High Vacuum carrying I Ampere at 15 Volts, M. Dussaud, 135 ; the Radiation producing Aurora Borealis, 211 ; Measurement of Elec- trolytic Resistance using Alternating Currents, Dr. H. F. Haworth, 234 ; Oscillatory Currents in Coupled Circuits, Prof. G. W. O. Howe, 234 ; Intercathodic Action in a Uniform Magnetic Field, -M. Gouy, 303 ; New Uses for Low Voltage Bulbs, M. Dussaud, 135, 338 ; High-tension Electrostatic Wattmeter, Prof. E. Wilson, 371 ; Behaviour of Incandescent Lime Kathodes, Dr. R. S. Willows, T. Picton, 371 ; the Formation of Dust Striations by an Electric Spark, Dr. S. Marsh, W. H. Nottage, 371 ; a History of the Theories of ^ther and Electricity from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century, Dr. E. T. Whittaker, F.R.S., 37.1^; the Thomson and Beltier Effects, F. W. Jordan, 380 ; the Charge of the Electron, J. Perrin, J. Roux, 40,"; ; a Direct-reading Electrostatic Voltmeter for Very High Potentials (up to 300,000 Volts), P. Villard, H. Abraham, 405 ; Resistivity of the Selenides of Antimony, H. P^labon, 439 ; Transformers, a Treatise on the Theory Construction, Design, and Uses of Transformers, Auto- transformers, and Choking Coils, Prof. H. Bohle and Prof. D. Robertson, 442 ; Electromotive Force produced by Flow of a Solution of Sulphate of Copper through a Capillary Tube, L. Ri^ty, 473; Luminiscent Neon Tubes, G. Claude, 473 ; Electrostatic Charge of the Electron J . I errin, 473 ; Hydro-electric Plants in Norway and their Application to Electro-chemical Industry, A. Scott-Hansen, 501 ; the Measurement of Contact Differ- ences of Potential, Prof. A. Anderson, J. E. Bowen 607 Klectron, the Autobiography of an, C. R. Gibson, 108 ' Elgie (J H.), the Night-skies of a Year, being the Journal of a Star-gazer, 512 Ellis (Dr. D.), the New Genus of Iron Bacteria, Spiro- phyllum ferrugineum, 200 Ellis (Havelock), the World of Dreams, 1515 Kltringham (H.), African Mimetic Butterflies, 70 Embalming : Preservative Materials used by the Ancient Egyptians in Embalming, A. Lucas, 572 Embryology : Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Entwicklungs- geschichte der wirbellosen Thiere, Prof. E. Korschelt, Prof. K. Heider, 203 ; Experimental Parthenogenesis in the Amphibia, F. Henneguy, 235, 569 ; die Elemente der Entwicklungslehre des Menschen und der Wirbeltiere, Prof. O. Hertwig, 277; Embryogenesis Provoked in the Virgin Egg of Amphibia by Inoculation with the Blood or Sperm of a Mammal, E. Bataillon, 439 Emden (Prof. R.), Grundlagen der Ballonfuhrung, 243 Emmons (W. H.), Some Ore Deposits in Maine and Milan Mine, New Hampshire, 531 Emotion and Morals, Dr. W. Brown, 125 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Collection of Articles on In- dustries and Manufactures (Loose Sheets) from the New (nth) Edition of the, 169 Engineering : Engineering of To-day, T. W. Corbin, 139 ; Articles on Engineering from the New (nth) Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 237 Engler (Prof A.), die Pflanzenwelt Afrikas (die Vegetation der Erde, Monographien), 441 Entomology : African Mimetic Butterflies, H. Eltringham, 70 ; Insect and Fungoid Pests, 161 ; the Hope Reports, Scent- distributing Plume Scales of Pierine Butterflies, Dr. F. A. Dixey ; Protective Mimicry, Prof. Poulton, G. F. Leigh, Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, J. C. Moulton, Dr. G. B. Long- staff, Guy A. K. Marshall, Mr. Eltringham ; Orthoptera, R. Shelford, Dr. Hancock, Dr. A. Griffini ; Courtship of some Empidae, A. H. Hamm, 137 ; Coleoptera of the Carpathians, K. Holdhaus, F. Deubel, 141 ; Termites, D. E. Derry, 245 ; Prof. Escherich, 273 ; the Fauna of British India, Heteroptera, W. L. Distant, 277; Economic Entomology, H. Maxwell Lefroy, 430 ; Distri- bution of the Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Tick, F. C. Bishopp, 599 ; Destructive Insect and Pest Bill in Canadian Parliament, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, 598 ; Duration of Life in Moth Samia cecropia, P. Rau, 598 ; Inherit- ance of Polymorphism in American Yellow Butterfly, Prof. J. H. Gerould, .i;99 ; New Species of Thysanura in Ireland, Prof. G. H. Carpenter, i^gq ; Division of Labour among Ants, Miss E. N. Buckingham, 599 ; Ant Colonies, Dr. E. Goeldi, 1^99 ; New Species of British Weevil (type not stated), j. H. Keys, 599 ; Papers on Insect Collections from Islands of the Indian Ocean — Parasitic Hymenoptera of the Family Cynipidse, Prof. J. J. Kieffer, Bees, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, Wasps, G. Meade-Waldo, Lepidoptera, J. C. F. Fryer, Two Families of Small Flies, Borboridae and Phoridas, J. E. Collin, Mosquitoes, F. V. Theobald, 608 ; see also Zoology Errera (Prof. L^o), Recueil d'CEuvres : Physiologic g^n^rale, Philosophie : 413 Escherich (Erof. K.), Termitenleben auf Ceylon, 273 Eskimo : Bei den Eskimos in Westgronland, Ergebnisse einer Sommerreise im Jahre 1906, Dr. R. Trebisch, Ethnological Appendix, Dr. M. Haberlandt, Dr. A. C. Haddon, F.R.S., ^-^lO Estanave (M.). Photographs with Changing Colours, 401; Etherton (Lieut. P. T.), Across the Roof of the World, 388 Ethnologv : of .-X-Kamba and other East African Tribes, C. W.Hobley, C.M.G., Dr. A. C. Haddon, F.R.S., 45; Life, Legends, and Religion of the Blackfeet Indians, W. McClintock, Dr. A. C. Haddon. F.R.S., 83; Nigerian Studies, or the Religious and Political System of the XIV Index [Nature, Set cptember •!.%, 1911, Yoruba, R. E. Dennett, Sir H. H. Johnston, K.C.M.G., K.C.B., 113; Melanesians and Polynesians, Dr. G. Brown, 146; the Naga Tribos of Manipur, T. C. Hodson, 215; Hottentot Funeral Ceremonies, C. L. Biden, 236; the Sierra Leone Cannibals, Major Berry, 270 ; Shans at Home, Mrs. L. Milne, Rev. W. W. Cochrane, 314; Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, 379 ; Bei den Eskimos in Westgronland, Dr. R. Trebisch, Dr. M. Haberlandt, 550 ; Seventeen Years among the Sea- Dyaks of Borneo, E. H. Gomes, Rev. J. Perham, 558; Language of Bushman Tribes North of Orange River Illustrated by Gramophone Records, Miss D. F. Bleek, 576 Eucalyptus Oils, New Use in Mining, Richard T. Baker, 584 Eugenics : the Galton Bequest to the University of London, 92 Everdingen (Dr. E. van), a Zenith Halo, 448 Evershed (J.), Absorption Markings in " K " Spectro- heliograms, 348 Evolution : Dogmatism and Evolution, Prof. T. de Laguna, Dr. Grace A. de Laguna, 242 ; der Wert der Menschheit in seiner historisch-philosophischen und seiner heutigen naturwissenschaftlichen Bedeutung, Dr. F. Strecker, 275 ; Evolution and Function of Living Purposive Matter, N. C. Macnamara, 341 ; Phases of Evolution and Heredity, Dr. David Berry Hart, 409 ; Experiments with Drosophila Ampelophila, F. E. Lutz, 532 Ewart (A. J.), Fruiting of " Blackfellow's Bread," 576 Ewart (Prof. J. C), Skulls of Oxen from the Roman Station at Newstead, Melrose, 32 Ewell (Prof. A. W.), Physical Measurements, 553 Ewing (Prof. J. A., C.B., F.R.S.), the Steam-engine and other Heat Engines, 6 Explosives : the Composition of the Gases caused by Blasting in Mines, E. A. Mann, 255 ; les Explosifs modernes, Paul F. Chalon, 546 Fables and Fairy Tales for Little Folk, or Uncle Remus in Hausaland, Mary and Newman Tremearne, 109 Fabry (C), Applications of the Phenomena of Interference to the Study of Nebulae, 303 Fabry (L.), the Three Earthquakes of February 18 and 19, 1911, Falconer (Dr. J. D.), the Geology and Geography of Northern Nigeria, 489 Fantham (Dr. H. B.), Diseased Bees and Combs Infected with a Minute Pathogenic Protozoal Parasite, 234 Faraday Society : Hydro-electric Plants in Norway, A. Scott-Hansen, 501, 503 Farmer (Prof. J. B.), the Mutation Theory, Prof. H. de Vries, 103 Farmer (Dr. R. C. and M. M.), Four-figure Logarithms on a New Graphic System, Dispensing with Interpolations, 482 Farran (G. P.), Copepoda of the Family Carycaeidas collected by Sir John Murray and Dr. Andrews at Christmas Island, 32 Feathers : the Plumage Bill, 19 ; J. Collinson, 45 ; Sorne Facts and Fallacies in Connection with the Trade in Fancy Feathers, Paper Read at the Chamber of Com- merce, C. F. Downham, 8i ; the Pros and Cons of the Plumage Bill, J. Buckland, 81 ; the Extinction of the Egret, Wilfred M. Webb, 518 Fenton (Dr.), " Aldehydo-glyceric " Acid, 541 Ferguson (E. W.), Amycteridse of the Voyage of \ Astrolabe, 576 Fermentation : the Alcoholic Ferment of Yeast Juice, Dr. A. Harden, W. J. Young, 65 ; Technical Mycology, a Practical Handbook on Fermentation, Prof. F. Lafar, C. T. C. Salter, 140 ; the Soluble Ferments of the Brain, A. Wroblewski, 440 ; the Diastases of the Latex of Broussonetia papyrifera, M. Gerber, 542 ; Alcoholic Fermentation, Dr. A. Harden, F.R.S., 579 Ferns, British, C. T. Druery, 210 Ferrie (M.), Measurement of the Lengths of Hertzian Waves, 67 F^ry (C), the Constant of Radiation, loi ; Stellar Pyro- metry, 504 Fiebrig (K.), Plant Modifications on Plateaux in Andes at Altitude 12,000 feet, 431 Findlay (Dr. Alex.), the Phase Rule and its Applications, 583 lischer (C. E. C), Incendics en Poret, A. Jacquet, 341 Fish : Effect of Radio-activity of Water on, Dr. C. C. Farr, D. C. H. Florance, 59 ; Recent Fish Literature, 298 ; Wolf-fish (Anarrhichas lupus), T. Gill, 298 ; Functions of Median and Paired Fins of Fishes, Dr. H. H. .Swinnerton, 299 ; Contribution i I'Etude biologique et ^conomique de la Plie, G. Gilson, Dr. W. Wallace, 316; Fishery and Hydrographic Investigations in the North Sea and Adjacent Waters, Third Report of the Marine Biological Association, 417 ; Fishes and Medusze of the Intermediate Depths and Work of the Michael Sars, H. B. Bigelow, 483 Fishberg (M.), the Jews : a Study of Race and Environ- ment, 578 Fisher (Rev. O.), Insect Intelligence, 144 Fisher (Mr.), Non-nitrification of Sewage in Sea-water, 541 Fleming (Mrs. Williamina Paton), Obituary Notice, W. E. Rolston, 453 Flight of Exocoetus (Flying Fish), Cyril Crossland, 279 Flour: Bleaching of Flour and Addition of "Improvers," Calcium Sulphate in Baking Powder and Self-raising Flour, Dr. J. M. Hamill, 352 ; Chemical Changes pro- duced in Flour by Bleaching, Dr. G. W. Monier- Williams, 352 Flow of Thin Liquid Films, W. G. Royal-Dawson, no Folklore of the Origin of the Constellation Orion, Rai B. A. Gupte, 609 Food : Investigations on Bengal Jail Dietaries, and Influ- ence of Dietary on the People of Bengal, Capt. D. McCay, I.M.S., Prof. J. S. Macdonald, 229; Food and Nutrition, Chemistry of, Prof. H. C. Sherman, 346 ; the Economy of Food, a Popular Treatise on Nutrition, Food, and Diet, J. Alan Murray, 515 Forbes (A. C), the Development of British Forestry, 247 Forcrand (M. de). Hydrates of Potassium Fluoride, 371 ; the Fluorhydrates of the Alkaline Fluorides, 542 Forestry : Forest Life and Sport in India, S. Eardley- Wilmot, CLE., 13; the Development of British Forestry, A. C. Forbes, 247 ; Forest Flora of Chota Nagpur, H. H. Haines, 306 ; Forest Fires, A. Jacquot, C. E. C. Fisher, 341 ; the Forest of Auchnacarry, 447 ; Disease of the Weymouth Pine (Pinus strobus), P. Vuillemin, 507 Forster (Prof. Martin O., F.R.S.), New Organic Com- pounds of Nitrogen, Abstract of Discourse at Royal Institution, 465 Fouard (E.), Practical Method for the Preparation of Semi- permeable Membranes applicable to Measurement of Molecular Weights, 67 Fovirler (Prof. A.), Spectroscopic Investigations in Connec- tion with the Active Modification of Nitrogen, 471 Fowler (Dr. G. J.), an Introduction to Bacteriological and Enzyme Chemistry, 550 Fowles (E. W.), Unemployment, 265 Fox and the Fleas, the. Prof. T. McKenny Hughes, Mr. James Day, no; A. N. Meldrum, T. S. Grey, Prof. T. McKenny Hughes, F.R.S., 212 ; Prof. Bohuslav Brauner, 312 ; Heber Green, 585 Fox and Goose, E. W. Swanton, 178 Frahm (H.), Anti-rolling Tanks (for Ships), 227 de Fraine (Dr. Ethel), Anatomy of certain Species in the Genus Salicornia, 235 Franchet (L.), Preparation of the Black Enamel of the Greek Potteries with Natural Ferroso-ferric Oxide, 371 Eraser (Sir T. R.), Action of the Venom of Echis carnatus, 133 Frazer (Prof. J. G.), the Golden Bough, 305 Friedel (G.), Lecons de Cristallographie, 544 Fritsch (Dr. F.' E.), Fresh-water Alga:" Collected in the Sojth Orkneys by Mr. R. N. Rudmose Brown, 471 Frost (Prof. W. J.)^ Text-book of General Bacteriology, 344 Froude (Dr. R. E.), the Acceleration in Front of a Pro- peller, 227 Fry (Rt. Hon. Sir Edward, K.C.B., and Agnes), Liver- worts, British and Foreign, 343 Fry (Captain W. B.), a Preliminary Note on the Extrusion of Granules by Trypanosomes, 607 Fryer (J. C. F.), Lepidoptera of the Seychelles and Aldabra, 608 Fuller (Mvron L.), Underground Waters for Farm Use, 295 Functions : Tables of Symmetric Functions, Prof. F. F. Nature, "I ScJ>tci)ibcr 28, Index XV Decker, 39 ; Theory of Functions, J. Tannery, 172 ; Functional Theory of Fr^chet and others, Prof. E. H. Moore, 511 ; Construction of a Doubly Periodic Green's Function G, Prof. Max Mason, 512 Gabillon (M.), Method for Estimation of Sulphuric Acid and Sulphates, 67 Gadolin (Johan), In Memoriam, 49 Gain (L.), Two New Species of Nostoc from the S. American Antarctic, 609 Galissot (C), Selective Absorption of the Atmosphere, loi Galloway (Prof. W.), Experiments with Coal Dust in French Collieries, 223 ; the Coal-dust Question in the United States and Austria, 59!; Gamble (Prof. F. W., F.R.S.), British Marine Worms, 408 Gardening : Annual and Biennial Garden Plants, their Value and Uses, with Full Instructions for their Cultiva- tion, A. E. Speer, 346 Gardiner (J. Stanley), Site for New Science Museum, S. Kensington, 483 Garrett (T. R. H.), Spitting Cobras, 381 Garstang (Prof. J.), the Land of the Hittites, 145 Garwood (Prof. E. J.), the Lower Carboniferous Succession in the North-west of England, 540 Gas : Text-book of Gas Manufacture for Students, J. Hornby, 478 Gastine (G.), Use of Saponins for the Preparation of Insectidal Emulsions and Liquids for the Destruction of Insects and Cryptogams, 68 Gaudechon (H.), Nitrification by the Ultra-violet Rays, 68 Gauthier (D.), Syntheses of the Secondary a-Ketonic Alcohols 371 Gauthier (G.), Synthesis of Tertiary o-Ketonic Alcohols, 439 Gautier (Armand), Examination of a New Thermal Water, 101 Gee (Prof. W. W. H.), Dioptriemeters, 303 Geiger (Dr. H.), the Large Scattering of the a Particles, 201 Geography : Labrador, Dr. W. T. Grenfell, C.M.G., 19 ; the British Isles, Geographical Diagrams and Land Forms, with Questions, Statistics, and Tables, H. J. Snape, 42 ; the Theory of Map Projections, with Special Reference to the Projections used in the Survey Depart- ment, J. I. Craig, 75 ; Antarctic Expeditions, 156 ; the Niger and the West Sudan, Captain A. J. N. Tremearne, 175 ; Overland to India, Dr. Sven Hedin, 181 ; General Report on the Operations of the Survey of India, Col. F. B. Longe, R.E., United States Geological Survey Bulletins, 227 ; a Systematic Geography of America, G. W. Webb, 276; Map of Mackenzie Mts., N.W. Canada, J. Keele, Map of Part of North-west Territory, Canada, W. Mclnnes, 361 ; the North Pole, Robert E. Peary, 373 ; Discussion of Peary's Bathymetric and Tidal Observa- tions, R. A. Harris, 373 ; Across the Roof of the World, Lieut. P. T. Etherton, 388; Work of the Royal Geographical Society, Major Leonard Darwin, 429 ; an Unknown People in an Unknown Land, the Lengua Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco, W. Barbrooke Grubb, 451 ; England in the Sudan, Yacoub Pasha Artin, G. Robb, 4S8 ; Geology and Geography of Northern Nigeria, Dr. J. D. Falconer, A. Longbottom, H. Woods, J. Parkinson, 489 : Etudes Glaciaires G^ographiques et Botaniques dans le Massif des Grandes Rousses, M. Flusin, M. Jacob, M. OfTner, 499 ; Elementary Regional Geography, Europe and the Mediterranean Region, J. B. Reynolds, 553 ; Cambridge County Geographies, Berk- shire. H. W. Monckton, 553 Geological Society, 65, 134, 233, 269, 405, 505, 540 Geology : the Earth and its Story, Dr. A. R. Dwerryhouse, 6 ; Economic Geology in the United States, 25 ; the Consideration of Geology as Geographical Evolution, Prof. W. W. W'atts, 65 ; Geology of the Districts of Worcester, Robertson, and Ashton, Cape Colony, R. H. Rastall, 66 ; Geology of Northern Albania, Baron F. Nopcsa, jun., 66; Geological Map of Egypt, Survey Department, 73 ; Outlines of Geologic History, with Especial Reference to North America, a Series of Essays, presented at the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, 106; Geology of Cyrenaica, Prof. J. W. Gregory and others, 134 ; Occurrence of the Barium Felspar Celsian in N. Wales, A. Russell, 180 ; the Mylonites of the Island of Elba, P. Termier, 201 ; Past History of Antarctica, Dr. Douglas Mawson, 231 ; the Eastern Desert of Egypt and Origin of British Trias, A. Wade, 233 ; Faunal Horizons in the Bristol Coalfield, H. Bolton, 234 ; Abstammungstheorie mit Rucksicht auf Erdgeschichte, Prof. H. Pohlig, 242 ; die Eiszeit und der vorgeschichtliche Mensch, Prof. G. Steinmann, 243 ; Basin of the Pacific Ocean, Prof. P. Marshall, 265 ; Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Permian of N. Durham, Dr. D. Woolacott, 269 ; Obituary of the late Thomas Rupert Jones, F.R.S., 287; Geolog'ical Work in British Lands, 292, 361 ; the Llandovery Rocks of N.E. Montgomeryshire, A. Ware, 405 ; Geology of N. Nigeria, Dr. J. D. Falconer, 405 ; the Crystalline Schists, Prof. U. Grubenmann, 411 ; Geology and Geography of Northern Nigeria, Dr. J. D. Falconer, A. Longbottom, H. Woods, J. Parkinson, 489 ; Geology of Antigua and other West Indian Islands with Reference to the Physical History of the Caribbean Region, R. J. L. Guppy, 505 ; Glacial Features in Spitsbergen in Relation to Irish Geology, C. A. J. Cole, 506; Supposed Recent Subsidence of the Atlantic Coast, Prof. D. W. Johnson, 533 ; Alimentation of Existing Continental Glaciers, Prof. W. H. Hobbs, 533 ; Front Range of the Rocky Mts. in Colorado, Prof. W. M. Davis, 534 ; the Lower Carboniferous Succession in N.W. England, Prof. E. J. Garwood, 540 ; Faunal and Lithological Sequence in the Carboniferous Lime- stone (Avonian) of Burrington Combe, Somerset, Prof. S. H. Revnolds, Dr. A. Vaughan, 540 ; Geology for Students, P. Lake, R. H. Rastall, Prof. Grenville A. J. Cole, 549; I'Evolution des Theories g^ologiques. Prof. S. Meunier^ c;8o ; Scottish Survey Memoirs, Dr. B. N. Peach, F.R.S., Dr. J. Home, F.R.S., G. Barrow, Dr. J. S. Flett, C. T. Clough, and others, 586 Geometry : Non-Euclidean Geometry, Prof. H. S. Carslaw, 192 ; Projective Geometry, Prof. O. Veblen, Prof. J. W, Young, 207 ; Geometric Exercises for Algebraic Solution, Prof. G.'W. Myers and others, 377; Coordinate Geometry of Three Dimensions, an Elementary Treatise, R. J. T- Bell, 444 ; Elements of Analytical Geometry, Prof. G. A. Gibson, Prof. P. Pinkerton, 445 ; Elementary Treatise on Conic Sections by the Methods of Coordinate Geometry, C. Smith, 446 ; Homogeneous Coordinates for Use in Colleges and Schools, Dr. W. P. Milne, 479 ; a Geometry for Schools, F. W. Sanderson, G. W. Brewster, 479 ; Analytical Geometry, Prof. N. C. Riggs, 479 ; Projective Differential Geometry especially of Ruled Surfaces, E. J. Wilczynski, 511; a Course of Plane Geometry for Advanced Students, C. V. Durell, 583 Geophysics, Carnegie Institution Report on, 29 Germany and the Protection of Nature, A. E. Crawley, 286 Germs : Determination of Microscopic Germs in the Atmo- sphere, G. Bonnier, L. Matruchot, R. Combes, 135 Gibraltar, Prehistoric Implements from, Dr. W. L. H. Duckworth, 100, 245 Gibson (Prof. A. H.), the Manner of Motion of Water Flowing in a Curved Path, 34 Gibson (C. R.), the Autobiography of an Electron, 108 Gibson (Prof. G. A.), Elements of Analytical Geometry, 445 Gilchrist (R. M.), the Peak District, 482 Gill (Rev. H. V., S. J.), a Wave Theory of Gravitation, 180 Gill (T.), Wolf-fish, 298 Gillman (F.). German East African Dinosaurs, 416 Gilson (G.l, Contribution i 1 'Etude biologique et ^conomique de la Plie, 316 Giuganino (L.), Action of Terrestrial Translation upon the Phenomena of Light, 608 Glaciology : Glacier Boring Apparatus, M. Hess, M. Blu-Ticke ; Glaciology of the Grandes Rousses, French Alps, M. Flusin, M. Jacob, M. Offner, 499 ; Revue de Glaciologic, C. Rabot, les Variations p^riodiques des Glaciers, Report of the International Commission, ^57 Glands of Ruminants, R. I. Pocock, 158 Glaucoma, Dr. T. Henderson, 205 Glazebrook (Dr. R. T.), Organisation of Technical Educa- tion and Research, 26 Gleason (Dr. H. A.), Vegetation of Sand Deposits of Illinois, 431 Glomerular Activity, a New Conception of the. Prof. T. G. Brodie, 606 Godchot (M.), the Catalytic Addition of Hydrogen to Cyclo- pentanone, 201 XVI Index r Nature, L Sept e tuber 28, i q 1 1 Gold (E.), a Zenith Halo, 349, 448 ; Dynamic Meteorology and Hydrography, Prof. V. Bjerknes and others, 577 Golden Bough, the, a Study in Magic and Religion, Prof. J. G. Frazer, A. E. Crawley, 305 Goldschmidt (Dr.), High-frequency Generator for Wireless Telegraphy, 114 Gomes (E. H.), Seventeen Years among the Sea Dyaks of Borneo, 558 Goodey (T.), a Contribution to our Knowledge of the Protozoa of the Soil, 540 Goodspeed (Prof. A. W.), the American Philosophical, Society, 533 Gordon (C. H.), Ore Deposits of New Mexico, 531 Gordon (Dr. W.), the Influence of Strong, Prevalent, Rain- bearing- Winds on the Prevalence of Phthisis, 583 Gosset (Adelaide L. J.), Shepherds of Britain, 523 Gouy (M.), Intercathodic Action in a Uniform Magnetic Field, 303 Graebner (Prof. P.), Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Pflanzen- geographie, 176 Graham-Smith (Dr.), B. prodigiosus placed in the Mouths of Young Guinea-pigs, loi Gramophone, Further Experiments with the. Prof. J. G. McKendrick, F.R.S., 244; Hon. C. A. Parsons, C.B., F.R.S., 416 Granger (Prof. A.), Fabrication et Emploi des Mat^riaux et Produits r^fractaires utilises dans 1 'Industrie, 343 Graph Template for Drawing Parabolas and Rectangular Hyperbolas, J. T. Dufton, 495 Gravitation : a Kinetic Theory of Gravitation, C. F. Brush, 130; Sir Oliver Lodge, F.R.S., 142; Dr. C. V. Burton, 246 ; a Wave Theory of Gravitation, Rev. H. V. Gill, S.J., 180 Gray (J. A.), the Set;ondary Rays produced by j3 Rays, 32 Greek Lands and the Greek People, Prof. J. L. Myres, 126 Greene (E. L.), Landmarks in Botanical History, 75 Greenhill (Sir. George), Diagrams of Stream Lines past an Elliptic Cylinder, 472 ; Report on the Theory of a Stream Line past a Plane Barrier, and Application to an Aeroplane, 556 ; Spinning Tops and Gyroscopic Apparatus, 607 Greenish (Prof. H. G.), Obituary of the late Dr. John Attfield, F.R.S., 117 Greenwood (H. C), the Boiling Points of Metals, 504 Gregory (Prof. J. W.), Geology of Cyrenaica, 134 ; the Fossil Echinoidea of Cyrenaica, 134 Gregory (R. P.), Gametic Coupling and Repulsion in Primula sinensis, 199 Gregory (W. M.), Investigation of the Electrical State of the Air by Kites and Balloons, 575 Grenfell (Dr. W. T., C.M.G.), Lecture on Labrador at the Royal Geographical Society, 19 Grififin (L. E.), Euplotes Worcesteri II. Division, 532 Griffith (Rev. John), Mediterranean Civilisation and the Phsestos Riddle, 385 Grignard (V.), the Magnesium Derivative of Fluorene, 507 Groth (Prof. P. von), Chemische Krystallographie, 514 Grove (A. J.), Exhibition of Sketches of a Peculiar Tracheal System of a Mj'cetophilous Larva (Diptera), 33 Grubb (W. Barbrooke), an Unknown People in an Unknown Land, the Lengua Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco, with Adventures and Experiences met with during Twenty Years amongst Them, 451 Grubenmann (Prof. U.), die Krystallinen Schiefer, 411 Gruzewska (Mme. Z.), Characteristic Properties of Amylase and Amylopectine, 167 Gueguen (F.), a New Organ Differentiated from the Thallus of Mucor, 609 Guest (E. D.), Intensity of Secondary Homogeneous Rontgen Radiation from Compounds, 167 Guichard (Marcel), Gases given off by the Walls of Glass, Porcelain, and Silica Tubes, 201 Guillaume (C. E.), the Coefficient of the Quadratic Term in the Formula of the Expansion of Nickel Steels, 506 Guillaume (J.), Solar Observations at Lyons, loi, 506 Guilliermond (A.), the Reproduction of Debaryotnyces globosus and on some Phenomena of Retrogradation of Sexuality observed in Yeasts, 67 Guillery (M.), the Ophegraph : an Instrument for Drawing Tangents to a Curve, 439 Gunn (Dr. J. A.), Action of the Venom of Echis carnatus, 153 ; Pharmacological Action of Harmine, 438 Guppy (R. J. L.), the Geology of Antigua and other West Indian Islands, 505 Gupte (Rai B. A.), Folklore of the Origin of the Constella- tion Orion (Mrigashirsha), 609 Gutton (C), Comparison of Velocities of Light and of Electromagnetic Waves along a Wire, 135 ; Experiments on Velocity of Light in Refractive Media, 371 Gwyther (R. F.), Can the Parts of a Heavy Body be Sup- ported by their Elastic Reactions only? 201 Gyroscope : the Gyroscope, from Spinning-top to Mono-rail, V. E. Johnson, 211 ; Spinning-tops and Gyroscopic Apparatus, Sir G. Greenhill, 607 Haaland (Dr. M.), Spontaneous Cancer in Mice, 134 Haas (Dr. Paul), Laboratory Notes on Organic Chemistry for Medical Students, 276 Haberlandt (Prof. G.), eine Botanische Tropenreise, 176 Hackspill (L.), the Temperature at which Water is Attacked by the Alkaline Metals, 201 Haddon (Dr. A. C, F.R.S.),"the A-Kamba of British East Africa, C. W. Hobley, C.M.G., 45 ; the Blackfeet cf Montana, W. McClintock, 83 ; History of Anthropology, 308 ; bei den Eskimos in Westgronland, Dr. R. Trebisch, 550 ; the Jews, M. Fishberg, 578 Haddon (Kathleen), Cat's Cradles from Many Lands, 108 Haggard (H. Rider), Rural Denmark and its Lessons, 509 Haines (H. H.), Stinging Tree of India, 281 ; a Forest Flora of Chota Nagpur, 306 Halbert (J. N.), Clare Island Survey, Water Mites, 67 Haldane (Dr. J. S.), Causes of Absorption of Oxygen by the Lungs in Man, 166 Hale (Dr. G. E.), Pressure in Stellar Atmospheres, 362 Hall (A. D., F.R.S.), the Feeding of Crops and Stock, 443 Hall (H. R.), Cyzicus, F. W. Hasluck, 138 Hall (J. G.), Diseases of Economic Plants, 376 Haller (A.), Action of Ethyl Chlorocarbonate on Sodium Derivatives of Ketones, loi ; the Oximes and Phenyl- alkylisoxazolones obtained with Ethyl, Methyl, and Dimethylbenzoylacetic Esters, 506 ; and E. Bauer, 2 : 6-dibenzoyl-2 : 6-dimethylheptane and oo'-tetramethyl- pimelic Acid, 608 Hamerton (Captain A. E.), the Carriers of Trypanosoma pecorum, 65 ; Further Researches on Development of Trypanosoma gambiense in Glossina palpalis, 134 Hamill (Dr. J. M.), Bleaching of Flour and Addition of " Improvers "; Calcium Sulphate in Baking Powder, 352 Hann (Dr. J.), Southern Hemisphere Surface-air Circula- tion, Sir N. Lockyer, Dr. Lockyer, in Harbord (F. W.), an Introduction to the Study of Metal- lurgy, Sir W. C. Roberts-Austen, K.C.B., F.R.S., 141 Harden (Dr. A., F.R.S.), the Alcoholic Ferment of Yeast- juice, 61; ; an Introduction to the Chemistry of the Colloids.' Dr. V. Poschl, Dr. H. H. Hodgson, 141 ; Inorganic Chemistry, 309 ; Introduction to Bacteriological and Enzyme Chemistry, Dr. G. J. Fowler, 550; Alcoholic Fermentation, 579 Harden (E. C), Manganese Ore Deposits of the United States, 531 Hardy (G. H.), Orders of Infinity, the Infinitar-Calcul of Paul du Bois-Reymond, 307 ; the Multiplication of Dirichlet's Series, 541 ; the Range of Borel's Method of Summation of Series, 541 Hardy (W. B., F.R.S.), the Osmotic Pressure of Colloidal Salts, 584 Haret (M.), New Method for the Introduction of Radium into the Tissues, 168 Harker (Dr. J. A.), the High-temperature Equipment of the National Physical Laboratory, 504 Harris (Dr. D. Eraser), Date of Discovery of the Capillaries, 584 Harris (Rollin A.), Arctic Tides, 465 Harrison (Prof. E. P.), a Course of Practical Physics, 109 Harrison (Dr. H. S.), Science in Modern Life, 174 Harrison (M. C), the Dawn of Mediterranean Civilisation, 385 Hart (Dr. D. Berry), Phases of Evolution and Heredity, 409 Hartley (Prof. W. N.), Mineral Constituents of a Dusty Atmosphere, 404 Hartmann (L.), Mechanism of the Permanent Deformation in Metals submitted to Extension, 303, 371, 439 Hartmann (Dr. M.), the Aflfinities of Schizotrypanum, 26 Nature "1 , igiij Se/>teiHber 28, Index xvii Hasluck (F. W.), Cyzicus, 138 Hawkins (C. C), the Dynamo, its Theory, Design, and Manufacture, 3 Haworth (Dr. H. F.), (i) a Sensitive Thermo-regulator ; Experiments on Measurement of Electrolytic Resistance using Alternate Currents, 234 Heat: the Steam Engine and other Heat Engines, Prof. J. A. Ewing, C.B., F.R.S., 6; the Caloric Theory of Heat and Carnot's Principle, Prof. H. L. Callendar, F.R.S., 97; a Sensitive Thermo-regulator, Dr. H. F. Haworth, 234 Heath (Sidney), the Cornish Riviera, 482 Heaton (Noel), Production and Identification of Artificial Gems, 433 Hubert (A.), Pyrogenous Decomposition of the Metallic Xanthates, 201 Heckel (E.), a New Plant from Madagascar giving Aniseed Oil, 101 Hedin (Dr. Sven), Overland to India, 181 Hedlcy (C), Presidential Address to Linnean Society, N.S.W. : a Study of Marginal Drainage, 575 Hedley (Dr. E. P.), New Ideas on Inorganic Chemistry, Prof. A. Werner, 310 Hegner (Prof. R. W.), an Introduction to Zoology, 340 Heider (Prof. K.), Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Entwick- lungsgeschichte der wirbellosen Thiere, 203 Hele-Shaw (Prof. H. S., F.R.S.), Travelling at High Speeds on the Surface of the Earth and Above It : Discourse at the Royal Institution, 330 Hellmayr (C. E.), Ornithology of Western Columbia, Memoir based on a Collection by Mr. M. G. Palmer, 608 Hemsalech (G. A.), the Line Spectrum of Air given by the Electric Spark, 304 ; Spectral. Phenomena accompanying the Displacement of the Spark by a Magnetic Field, 371 ; the Air Spectrum given by the Initial Discharge of the Self-induction Spark, 507 Henderson (Prof. G. C), Mutation Theory of Evolution in History, 264 ; Plea for Colonial Historical Research, 265 Henderson (Dr. T.), Glaucoma, 205 Henneguy (F.), Experimental Parthenogenesis in Amphibia, 235. S(>9 Henri (V.), Kinematographical Study of Displacements of Ultra-microscopic Particles produced by Very Rapid Sound Shocks, 235 Henriot (E.), Radiations of the Alkaline Metals, 201 ; the Radiation from Rubidium, 473 Henry (J. R.), June Meteors, 484 Heraldic Yale, the, Prof. T. McKenny Hughes, F.R.S., 415 ; R. L., 448 Herdman (Prof. W. A., F.R.S.), Plankton Observations, 94; the "Vernal Phytoplankton Maximum," 517; the Recent Occurrence (April) of Minute Dinoflagellates at Port Erin in such Profusion as to Discolour the Sand for Many Yards, 541 ; Dinoflagellates and Diatoms on the Beach, 554 Heredity : Inheritance of Colour in Pigeons, J. L. Bonhote, F. W. Smalley, 200 ; Abstammungstheorie mit Rucksicht auf Erdgeschichte, Prof. H. Pohlig, 242 ; Inheritance of Row Numbers in Maize Ears, J. Burtt-Davy, 347; Mendel's Principles of Heredity, W. Bateson, F.R.S., 407 ; Phases of Evolution and Heredity, Dr. D. Berry Hart, 409 ; die Abstammungslehre, Dr. P. G. Buekers, 482 ; Heredity and Destitution, Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour, 484 ; Mental Defect as a Cause of Pauperism, Dr. F. W. Mott, Dr. A. F. Treadgold, Sir Wm. Chance, 486; Inheritance of Milk-yield in Cattle, Prof. J. Wilson, 506; Heredity in Human Mixtures, Prof. R. B. Bean, 513 ; Infusoria Euplotes Worcester! II. Division, L. E. Griffin, 532 ; Experiments with Drosophila Ampelophila concern- ing Evolution, F. E. Lutz, 532 ; Germinal Transplanta- tion in Vertebrates, Prof. W". E. Castle, J. C. Phillips, 532 ; the Maturation of the Egg of the Mouse, J. A. Long, E. L. Mark, 532 'Heron-Allen (E.), Rare Foraminifera found at Selsey Bill, 33 Hertwig (Prof. O.), die Elemente der Entwicklungslehre des Menschen und der Wirbelthiere, 277 Hertz (Dr.), Constipation and Allied Disorders, 588 Hewlett (Dr. R. T.), Immunisation by means of Bacterial Endotoxins, 370 ; Method of Disintegrating Bacterial and other Organic Cells, 371 ; Serum and Vaccine Therapy, Bacterial Therapeutics and Prophylaxis Bacterial Diagnostic Agents, 379 Hibbert (Eva), New Reduction Methods in Volumetric Analysis, 209 Hickson (Prof. Sydney J., F.R.S.), Polytrema and some Allied Genera, 471 ; Osteocella septentrionalis, 505 Hill (Prof. M. J. M.), Proofs of Properties of Riemann's Surfaces, 337 Hilton (H.), Properties of Linear Homogeneous Substitu- tions, 337 Hippisley (Col. R. L.), Diagrams of Stream Lines past an Elliptic Cylinder, 472 His (Prof. W.), the Use of Radio-active Substances ia Therapeutics, 157 Histology : Mikroskopische Untersuchungen iiber die- Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstume der Tiere und Pflanzen, Dr. T. Schwann, 41 History : Early Britain, Roman Britain, E. Conybeare, 109 ; Greek Lands and the Greek People, Prof. J. L. Myres, 126 ; the Cambridge Modern History, the Latest Age, 171 ; Mutation Theory of Evolution in History, Prof. G. C. Henderson, 264 ; Plea for Colonial Historical Research, Prof. G. C. Henderson, 265 ; Unemployment, E. W. Fowles, 265 Hittites, the Land of the. Prof. J, Garstang, 145 Hoare (A. C), the Roasting of Complex Ores in Gold Assaying, 505 Hobley (C. W., C.M.G.), Ethnology of A-Kamba and other East African Tribes, 45 Hobbs (Prof. W. H.), Alimentation of Existing Continental Glaciers, 533 Hodgkinson (Mr. James), Discovery of a New Process of producing Every Variety of Commercial Salt, 60 Hodgson (Dr. H. H.), an Introduction to the Chemistry of the Colloids, 141 Hodson (T. C), the Naga Tribes of Manipur, 215 Hoff (Prof. J. H, van 't), Obituary Notice, 84 Hogg (H. R.), Some New Zealand Spiders sent by Prof. Chilton, 32 Holdhaus (K.), die Zoogeographie der Karpathen, 142 Holmes (A.), Association of Lead with Uranium in Rock Minerals and Application to Measurement of Geological Time, 233 Holt (Dr. A.), the Boric Acids, the Hydration of Metaphos- phoric Acid, 66 Home Science, Endowment of Women's Department at King's College, 463 Hooper (David), Caliature Wood, 311 ; Composition of Indian Yams ; Some Asiatic Milk Products, 507 Hooton (W. M.), Junior Experimental Science, 42 Hopkins (Prof. C. G.), Soil Fertility and Permanent Agri- culture, 272 Hornby (J.), a Text-book of Gas Manufacture for Students, 478 Home (Dr. J., F.R.S.), Scottish Geological Survey Memoirs, 586 Horton (Dr. Frank), Vacuum-tube Spectra of Mercury, 471 ; the Origin of Spectra ; the Positive lonisation pro- duced by Phosphates when Heated, 541 Hosseus (Dr. C. C), Flora of Middle Siam, 431 Hough (S. S., F.R.S.), Photography an Aid to Astronomy, 534 Houstoun (Dr. R. A.), Absolute Measurement of Light ; Proposal for an Ultimate Light Standard, 404 Howe (Prof. G. W. O.), Oscillatory Currents in Coupled Circuits, 234 Howell (Prof. W. H.), Coagulation of the Blood, 533 Hubbard (T. O'B.), the Aeroplane : an Elementary Text- book on the Principles of Dynamic Flight, 556 Hughes (A. LI.), Velocities of the Electrons produced by Ultra-violet Light, 541 Hughes (Prof. T. McKenny, F.R.S.), the Fox and the Fleas, III, 212; the Heraldic Yale, 415 Hulme (F. Edward), Familiar Wild Flowers, 42 Hunting Camps in Wood and Wilderness, H. Hesketh Prichard, Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 80 Hurry (Dr. J. B.), Vicious Circles in Disease, 374 Hutchinson (Dr. Woods), Conquering Consumption, 475 Huxlev (J. S.), Some Phenomena of Regeneration in Sycon 370' XVUl Index [Nature, September 1%, igii Huxley (T. H.), Aphorisms and Reflections from the Works of, selected by Henrietta A. Huxley, 211 Hydrography : Discussion of Peary's North Polar Bathy- metric and Tidal Observations, R. A. Harris, 373 ; Arctic Tides, Rollin A. Harris, 465 ; a Study of Marginal Drainage in Australasia, C.. Hedley, 575 ; Dynamic Meteorology and Hydrography, Prof. V. Bjerknes and others, E. Gold, 577 Hydrology : Surface Water Supply of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, 295 ; Underground Water Resources in Mysore, Dr. W. F. Smeeth, 499 ; Move- ments of Subsoil Water in Upper Egypt, H. T. Ferrar, 499 Hygiene, International Exhibition at Dresden, 19 Ice Age, and Prehistoric Man, the. Prof. G. Steinmann, 243 Immortality: " Unsterblichkeit," Hermann Graf Keyser- ling, 553 Imms (Prof.), Life-history of Croce filiformis, 608 India: the Naga Tribes of Manipur, T. C. Hodson, 215; General Report on the Operations of the Survey of India, Col. F. B. Longe, R.E., 227; the Fauna of British India, Heteroptera, W. L. Distant, 277 Industrial Bursaries, 449 Innes (R. T. A.), Revision of Le Verrier's Theory of the Motions of the Planets Jupiter and Saturn, 149 ; Fourth Order Perturbations in the Motions of Satellites III. and IV. of Jupiter, 236 Insects : Insect and Fungoid Pests, 161 ; Insect Intelli- gence, Rev. O. Fisher, 144 ; Insects and Disease, Prof. R. W. Doane, 443 Institute of Metals, the Hard and Soft States of Metals, Dr. G. T. Beilby, F.R.S., 501 Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 33, 505 Insurance Complementary to Life Insurance, P. J. Richard, 413; Insurance (Holiday) against Rain, 144; C. O. Bartrum, 179 Invertebrates, Some Papers on, 256 Iron: the Rusting of Iron, Bertram Lambert, 178; T. M. L., 179; Dr. Wyndham R. Dunstan, 381; Chemical Reactions occurring in the Blast Furnace, Prof. H. von Juptner, 514; Iron and Steel Institute, Annual General Meeting, 397 Irrigation Works, N. F. Mackenzie, 410 Isenthal (A. W.), Birdflight as the Basis of Aviation, O. Lilienthal, G. Lilienthal, 582 Ito (Tokutaro), the Stinging Tree of Formosa, 8 Jacob (S. M.), Inbreeding in a Stable Simple MendeUan Population with Special Reference to Cousin Marriage, 437 Jacoby (Prof. M.), Einfiihrung in die experimentelle Therapie, 206 Jacquot (A.), Incendies en ForSt, 341 Jarry-Desloges (M.), Risumi of Physical Observations of the Planet Mars in 1909-10, 405 Jenks (T.), Chemistry for Beginners, 309 Jews, the : a Study of Race and Environment, M. Fishberg, Dr. A. C. Haddon, F.R.S., 578 Jicinsky (Werksdirektor), Austrian Coal-dust Experiments, 595 Johns (Rev. C. A.), Flowers of the Field, 42 ; British Birds in their Haunts, 176 Johns Hopkins University, Commemoration Day Speeches, 401 Johnson (Prof. D. W.), Supposed Recent Subsidence of the Atlantic Coast, 533 Johnson (Prof. T.), Archaeopteris simplex, Sp. Nov., 269 ; Is Archaeopteris, Dawson, a Pteridosperm ? 269 Johnson (V. E.), the Gyroscope, from Spinning-top to Mono-rail, 211 Johnston (Sir H. H., G.C.M.G., K.C.B.), the Extinct Buffalo of Algeria as Drawn by Prehistoric Man, 42 ; the Ethnology of Yoruba and Benin, R. E. Dennett, 113 ; From Hausaland to Egypt through the Sudan, Dr. H. Karl W. Kumm, 213 Johnstone (A.), a Short Table of Circular and Hyperbolic Functions for Complex Values of the Argument, 607 Johnstone (J.), North Sea Fishery Investigations, 417 Jolibois (P.), Definite Compounds of Arsenic and Tin, 439 ; ' the Allotropic Modifications and the Melting-point of Arsenic, 609 Jones (Miss Constance), Note Read at Bologna Philo- sophical Congress, 400 Jones (H. C), Absorption Spectra of Metallic Salts, 569 Jones (H. O.), Complex Thio-oxalates, 541 Jones (Thomas Rupert, F.R.S.), Obituary Notice of the late, 287 Jordan (Dr. A. C), the Use of Radio-active Substances in Therapeutics, 157 ; the Radium Treatment of Disease, 33g ; Radiographic Demonstration of Lane's Ileal Kink, 588 Jordan (F. W.), the Thomson and Peltier Effects, 380 Jordan (Dr. Karl), Siphonaptera from N. China, 134 Jorgensen (E.), Genus Ceratium, 432 Juptner (Prof. H. von), das chemische Gleichgewicht auf Grund mechanischer Vorstellungen, 514 Jupiter and Saturn, Revision of Le Verrier's Theory of the Motion of, R. T. A. Innes, 149 Kalahne (Prof. A.), Grundzuge der Mathematisch- Physikalischen Akustik, 553 Kanal Strahlen, Photographs of, Sir J. J. Thomson, F.R.S., 167 Kapp (Prof. Gisbert), Overhead and Underground Electric Lines, 76 Kaye (G. W.), Expansion and Thermal Hysteresis of Fused Silica, 401 Kayser (Prof. H.), Handbuch der Spectroscopic, 40 Kearton (Richard and Cherry), with Nature and a Camera, 176; the Natural History of Selborne, 310; Kearton 's Nature Pictures, 450 ; Erratum, 495 Keeble (Prof. F.), Plant Animals, a Study in Symbiosis, 446 Keele (J.), the Mackenzie Mts., Canada, 361 Keith (Dr. A.), Discovery of the Teeth of Palaeolithic Man in Jersey. 414 ; a Prehistoric Skeleton, 472 Kellas (Dr. A. M.), Introduction to Practical Organic Chemistry, 209 Kendall (J.), the Ionic Solubility Product, 100 Kennedy (Dr. R.), Experiments on the Restoration of Paralysed Muscles by Nerve Anastomosis, 539 Kennedy (R. A.), Space and Spirit, 553 Kernbaum (Miroslav), Decom20sition of Water by Metals, 608 Kew (H. Wallis), Clare Island Survey, False Scorpions, 67 Keyserling (Hermann Graf), Unsterblichkeit, 553 Kieffer (Prof. J. J.), das Ti'^rreich, 4; Hymenoptera of the Family Cynipidae in the Seychelles, 608 Kinnicutt (Prof. L. P.), Sewage Disposal, 510 Kirkpatrick (W.), Vocabulary of the Pks'i Boli or Argot of the Kunchandiya Kanjars, 609 Klason (Prof.), Chemical Composition of Pine-wood, 259 Kling (A.), Influence of Catalytic Substances in Determina- tion of Vapour Density, 135 Knecht (Prof. E.), New Reduction Methods in Volumetric Analysis, 209 ; Action of Hydrogen Peroxide on Quinone, 303 Konig (W.), Displacement of Ultra-microscopic Particles produced by Rapid Sound Shocks, 405 Koerner (W.), die Bestimmung des chemischen Ortes bei den aromatischen Substanzen, 274 Kovessi (F.), New Researches on the Supposed Utilisation of Nitrogen from the Air by Special Organs of Plants, 202 Kofoid (Prof. C. A.), the Biological Stations of Europe, 559 Korschelt (Prof. E.), Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Entwickelungsgeschichte der wirbellosen Thiere, 203 Kovvalski (Prof. J. v.), Reflection of Ultra-violet Rays by Snow, 144 Kranzlin (Fr.), das Pflanzenreich, Orchidacese, Dendrobiinae, 308 Kumm (Dr. H. Karl W.), From Hausaland to Egypt through the Sudan, 213 Laby (Prof. T. H.), Recent Advances in Physics, 264 Lacroix (A.), Radio-active Minerals of Madagascar, lot Lafar (Prof. F.), Technical Mycology, 140 Lafay (A.), Utilisation of the Acetylene Method for Measurement of Velocity of the Wind and Study of the Aerodynamic Field, 135 Nature, "l September 2%, 191 1 J Index XIX Lake (P.), Geology for Students, 549 Lallemand (C), a Project for an International Map and Aeronautical Fixed Points, 506 ; Changes of Level in the Soil of Provence resulting from the Earthquake of June II, 1907, 542 Lamb (Major Georg-e, LM.S.), Obituary Notice, 249 Lambert (B.), the Rusting of Iron, 25 Lamplough (F. E. E.), Freezing Point of Sodium Chloride, 167 Landau (M.), Action of Ultra-violet Rays upon Lactic Acid, 439 Lan-Davis (C. F.), Theory of the Iris Diaphragm, 22 Landsteiner (K.), Research on the Virus in the Organs of an Infant Attacked by Acute Polymyelitis, 609 Lange (E. F.), Some Remarkable Steel Crystals, Crystal- lisation of Iron-Carbon Alloys, 505 Langevin (Prof.), Speech at Bologna Philosophical Con- gress, 400 Langford (T. H.), Standard for Determining Magnetisation Curves of Iron, 472 Language : the Use by Men of Science of an Artificial Language, B. Hobson, 180 ; Vocabulary of the PAsi Boli or Argot of the Kunchandiya Kanjars, W. Kirkpatrick, 609 ; Notes on Urdu Grammar, Lieut. -Col. Phillott, 610 Lantsberry (F. C. A. H.), Properties of some Alloys of Copper, Aluminium, and Manganese, 400 Latter (Oswald H.), Protective Value of the Sticky Hairs on Young Leaves and Shoots, 484 Launoy (L.), Can the Guinea-pig be Accustomed 10 Strychnine? 609 Laurie (Principal A. P.), the Temperature Coefficient of Concentration Cells in which the same Salt is Dissolved in Two Different Solvents, 200 Laveran (A.), the Identification of the Pathogenic Trypano- somas, 67 ; the Unhealthiness of Corsica and Possibilities of Improvement, 1541 Lead, the MetallurgV of, H. F. Collins, Sir W. C. Roberts- Austin, K.C.B., F'.R.S., 581 Leake (H. M.), Experimental Studies in Indian Cottons, 65 Lebeau (Paul), Uranyl Nitrate and its Ethereal Solution, 67; Some Definite Bismuthides, Vournasos' Method, 201 ; the Formula of Uranium Carbide, 231; Le Chatelier (H.), Alterability of Aluminium, 135 Ledeboer (J. H.), the Aeroplane : an Elementary Text-book on the Principles of Dynamic Flight, 556 Ledert (Mile. S.), Action of Cobra Venom upon the Serum of the Horse, 167 Leduc (Prof. St^phane), Th^orie Physico-chimique de la Vie et Generations Spontan^es, 410 Lee (Miss R. M.), North Sea Fishery Investigations, 417 Lefroy (H. Maxwell), Economic Entomology and Nomen- clature, 430 Legendre (R.), Experimental Contribution to the Physiology of Sleep, 67 Le Goff (J.), Mortality through Diabetes in Paris, 168 Lehmann (O.), das Kristallisationsmikroskop und die damit gemachten Entdeckungen insbesondere die der flussigen Kristalle, 5 Leiper (Dr. R. T.), Nematode Parasites from Animals in the Zoological Gardens, 235 ; Some Parasitic Nematodes from Tropical Africa, 337 Le Nouene (L.), Addition of a Microphone to the Ear Trumpet for Relief of Deafness, 507 Le Roux (J.), Incurvation and Flexion in Finite Deforma- tions, 608 Lesage (P.), Use of Potash Solutions for Recognition of the Germinative Faculty of Seeds, 102 Lespieau (M.), Method of preparing True Acetylenic Alcohols, 201 Lewis (Prof. W. J.), Mr. Solly's Observation of Wilt- shireite in 1903, 234 Lewis (Dr. W. C. McC), Internal, Molecular, or Intrinsic Pressure, Expressions Proposed for its Determination, 504 Ley (Capt. C. H.), Value of the Two-Theodolite Method for determining Vertical Air Motion, 303 ; Automatic Valve for Pilot Balloons, 303 Life and Habit : W. H. M., the Reviewer, 12 ; Francis Ram, 79 Ligfht : Theory of the Iris Diaphragm, C. F. Lan-Davis, 22 ; a New Dark Ground Illuminator, Lees Curties, 33 ; Phenomena of Visual Inhibition accompanying Re- association of the Two Retinal Images Dissociated by the Prisms of the Stereoscope, A. Chauveau, 67; Dura- tion of Phosphorescence of Uranyl Salts, J. Becquerel, 67; Reflections in Water, W. B. Croft, 44; Visual Sensations from the Alternating Magnetic Field, Knight Dunlap, 129 ; Reflection of Ultra-violet Rays by Snow, Prof. J. V. Kowalski, 144; Optically Active Phosphorus- compounds, Prof. Meisenheimer, 297 ; Dioptriemeters, Prof. W. W. H. Gee, A. Adamson, 303 ; Optically Active Alcohols, Dr. R. H. Pickard, Mr. J. Kenyon, 325 ; Experiments on the Velocity of Light in Refractive Media, M. Gutton, 371 ; the Absolute Measurement of Light, Dr. R. A. Houstoun, 404; Oureta (Senor D. de), New Apparatus for Photomicrography with the Micro- scope in the Inclined Position, 405 ; Scattering of Light by a Large Conducting Sphere, j. W. Nicholson, 472 ; Model Illustrating the Passage of a Light Wave through Quartz, Prof. H. N. Allen, 607 ; Circular Double Refrac- tion in .Sodium Chlorate, G. Meslin, 60S Lilienthal (O. and G.), Birdflight as the Basis of Aviation 582 Lindet (L.), Elective Power of Plant Cells towards Dextrose and Levulose, 167 Lindgren (Dr. W.), Ore Deposits of New Mexico, 531 Lindstedt (Mile.), Wave-length of the Solar Line &„ 473 Linnean Society, 33, 100, 167, 235, 471, 541, 608 " Linnean Society of New South Wales, 575 Linton (Rev. E. F.), Anatomy of Sedges, F. C. Crawford, Lioret (H.), a Self-recording Telephone, 507 Liquid Films, Flow of Thin, W. G. Royal-Dawson, no; J. Aitken, 143 Liquids, Formation of Stable Columns of, Ch. R. Darling, Lister (J. J., F.R.S.), Distribution in the Pacific of the Avian Family Megapodidae, 33, 472 Littlewood (J. E.), the Range of Borel's Method of Summa tion, 541 Lobster, Proper Scientific Name of the, Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, F.R.S., 43 Lockyer (Sir Norman. K.C.B., F.R.S.), Southern Hemi- sphere Surface-air Circulation, in Lockyer (Dr. W. J. S.), Southern Hemisphere Surface-air Circulation, in; the British Solar Eclipse Expedition, 426, 461, 496, 529, 565 Locust Destruction, Report of the S. African Central Locust Bureau, 184 Lodere (Sir Oliver, F.R.S.), a Kinetic Theory of Gravita- tion, 142 ; Sir J. J. Thomson's New Method of Chemical Analysis, 554 Loeb (Leo), Cyclic Changes in the Mammalian Ovary, 533 London Society, the Green Book of, 109 Longbottom (the late A.), Geology and Geography of Northern Nigeria, Notes, 489 Love (Prof. A. E. H., F.R.S.), Dynamical Enunciations, 411; ; the Conditions that a Homogeneous Strain may be Reducible to a Plane Strain and an Extension at Right Angles to the Plane, 541 Lowe (Houston), Paints for Steel Structures, 346 Lowson (J. M.), a Text-book of Botany, 515 Lucas (Mile. Pauline), Dehydration of Alkyl and Benzyl- isobutylphenyl-carbonals 609 Lucet (A.), Influence of Agitation on Development of Bacillus anthracis Cultivated in Liquid Media, 507 Luizet (M.), Form of the Light-curve of the Variable Star 5 Cephei obtained from Argelander's Observations, 608 Lumi^re (A. and L.), Differentiation by Chemical Develop ment of Latent Images, 167 Lydekker (R., F.R.S.), Tragelaphus btixtoni, an Antelope obtained by Mr. Ivor Buxton in Abyssinia. 66 ; a Rare Beaked Whale, 135 ; Age Phases of the Rorqual, 135 ; an Abnormal Zebra, 281 ; Three .\frican Animals, 607 Lynn (W. T.), the Reform of the Calendar, 381 Lyons (W. J.), Determination of Density, Thermal Expan- sion, and Volume-change, on Fusion of Waxes, 135 McCampbell (Prof E. F.), Text-book of General Bacterio- logy, 344 McCarrison (Captain R.), the Experimental Transmission of Goitre from Man to Animals, 540 McCay (Capt. D., I.M.S.), Bengal Jail Dietaries, and Influence of Diet on the People of Bengal, 228 XX Index [Nature, September 1:%, 191 1 McClintock (W.), the Old North Trail, 83 MacDonald (D. P.), Foraminiferal Limestones of Cyrenaica, 134 Macdonald (Prof. J. S.), Beneral Jail Dietaries, Capt. D. McCay, I. M.S., 228 McFarland (Prof. J.), Biology, General and Medical, 106 McHattie (Mr.), Non-nitrification of Sewage in Sea Water, 541 Mclnnes (W.), Survey of Winisk and Attawapiskat Rivers, N.W. Canada, 361 Mcintosh (Prof. W. C, F.R.S.), Ray Society: a Mono- graph of the British Annelids, 408 McKendrick (Capt. A. G.), Chemical Dynamics of Serum Reactions, 199 McKendrick (Prof. J. G., F.R.S.), Further Experiments with the Gramophone, 244 Mackenzie (K.), Action of Animal Extracts on Milk Secretions, 100 Mackenzie (N. F.), Notes on Irrigation Works, a Course of Lectures delivered at Oxford, 410 Mackie (Captain F. P.), Further Researches on Develop- ment of Trypanosoma ganihiense in Glossina palpalis, 134 Maclaurin (President R. C), Academic and Industrial Efficiency, M. L. Cooke, 147 Macnamara (N. C), the Evolution and Function of Living Purposive Matter, 341 Magic and Religion, the Golden Bough : a Study in, Prof. J. G. Frazer, A. E. Crawley, 305 Magnetism : the Non-simultaneity and the generally East- ward Progression of Sudden Magnetic Storms, L. A. Bauer, q ; C. Chree, 78 ; Kr. Birkeland, 79 ; the Non- magnetic Ship Carnegie, 29 ; Time Accuracy in Magnetic Registration, G. van Dijk, 44 ; Visual Sensations from the Alternating Magnetic Field, A. A. C. Swinton, 143 ; Path of an Electron in Combined Radial Magnetic and Electric Fields, Dr. H. Stanley Allen, 404; the Method of Constant Rate of Change of Flux as a Standard for determining Magnetisation Curves of Iron, J. T. Morris, T. H. Langford, 472 ; Measurement of Magnetic Fields in Absolute Value, P. Sfeve, 507 Mailhe (A.), Direct Esterification and Saponification by Catalysis, 67 ; Catalytic Splitting up of Esters by Catalytic Oxides, 135 Maisonneuve (M.), the Ovarian Apparatus of Cochylis, 609 Makower (A. J.), Wireless Telegraphy Systems, 17 ; Dr. Goldschmidt's High Frequency Generator for Wireless Telegraphy, 114 Makower (A. J. and Dr. W.), Investigation of the Elec- trical State of the Air by Kites and Balloons, 575 Malaria, Drainage and, Col. W. G. King, 255 Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 33, 66, 201, 303, 473, 505 Manders (Lieut. -Colonel N.), the Phenomena of Mimicry amongst Butterflies in Bourbon, Mauritius, and Ceylon, 471 , . , Mangham (S.), Detection of Maltose in the Tissues of certain Angiosperms, 473 Mann (J.), Papuan Timbers, 406 Maps : Maps and Map-making, E. A. Reeves, 478 ; the Theory of Map-projections, with Special Reference to the Projections used in the Survey Department, J. I. Craig, y^: Bathy-orographical Map of the World on Gall's Projection, 446 ; Relief by " Stereoscopic " Colouring, 470 March (Miss Margaret C), Morphogenesis of certain Pelecypoda, 34 ; the Ornament of Trigonia clavellata and some of its Derivatives, 303 Marcille (M.), the Mode of Action of Sulphur used for Destroying Oidium, 167 Marcolongo (Prof. R.), Elements de Calcul vectoriel, 71; Marconi (Commendatore G.), Radio-telegraphy, Royal Institution Discourse, 600 Marie (A.), Influence of the Social Medium on Development of Height in Women, 507 Marine Investigations in South Africa, Prof. R. Bergh and others, 158 Marriott (W.), Variations in the English Climate during the Thirty Years 1881-1910, 303 Mars: Water Vapour on, Prof. F. W. Very, no; Borders of the Snowcaps, M. Antoniadi, 123 ; Habitability, Prof. Arrhenius, 534 ; Observations, M. Qu^nisset, 595 ; Reality of the Canals, Dr. Mascart, 595 Marsh (Dr. S.), Formation of Dust Striations by an Electric Spark, 371 Marshall (Prof. P.), Basin of the Pacific Ocean, 265 Martin (E. A.), Edward Blyth and the Theory of Natural Selection, 45 Martindale (Dr. W. H.), Salvarsan or 606, 412 Maskelyne (Prof. M. H. N., F.R.S.), Obituary Notice, 452 Mason (Prof. Max), Boundary-value Problems of Dif- ferential Equations, 511 Mason (W.), the Liiders Lines on Mild Steel, 607 Massol (L.), Action of Ultra-violet Light on Starch, 202 Masson (Prof. Ormc, F.R.S.), Atomic Theory, Presidential Address, 263 Mathematical Society, loi, 337, 472, 541 Mathematics : Balance Apparatus for Finding the Real Roots of an Equation, Dr. Paulino C. Vidal, 22 ; Tables of Symmetric Functions, Prof. F. F. Decker, 39 ; Shop Problems in Mathematics, W. E. Breckenridge, S. F. Mersereau, C. F. Moore, 39 ; Calculus made Easy, F.R.S., 41 ; Extension of Fourier's and the Bessel- Fourier Theorem, W. McFadden Orr, 66 ; Application of Quaternions to Recent Electrical Theory, A. W. Conway, 66 ; Elements de Calcul vectoriel, avec de nombreuses Applications k la Geometric, k la M^canique, et k la Physique math^matique, Prof. C. Burali-Forti, Prof. R. Marcolongo, 75 ; the Theory of Map-projections, J. I. Craig, 71^ ; a Theory of Asymptotic Series, G. N. Watson, 166; Introduction k la Th^orie des Fonctions d'une Variable, J. Tannery, 172 ; Non-Euclidean Geometry, Prof. H. S. Carslaw, 193 ; Projective Geometry, Prof. O. Veblen, Prof. J. W. Young, 207; Sylvester's and other Unisignants, Dr. Th. Muir, 235 ; Mathe- matical Papers for Admission into the Royal Military Academy and College, 277 ; Fundamental Notions in Vector Analysis, Maumatha nath Ray, 280; C. G. K., 281 ; Orders of Infinity, the Infinitarcalcul of Paul du Bois-Reymond, G. H. Hardy, F.R.S., 307; Harmonic Expansions, Prof. A. C. Dixon, 405 ; the Ophegraph, an Instrument for drawing Tangents to a Given Curve by Mechanical Means, M. Guillery, J. Carpentier, 439 ; Elementary Treatise on Conic .Sections by the Methods of Coordinate Geometry, C. Smith, 446 ; Theory of a Deformable Octahedron, G. T. Bennett, 472 ; Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, Prof. D. A. Rothrock, 479 ; Homogeneous Coordinates for Use in Colleges and Schools, Dr. W. P. Milne, 479 ; a Geometry for Schools, F. W. Sanderson, G. W. Brewster, 479 : Analytic Geometry, Prof. N. C. Riggs, 479 ; Four-figure Logarithms on a New Graphic System, Dr. R. C. Farmer, M. M. Farmer, 482 ; Graph Template for drawing Parabolas and Rectangular Hyperbolas on Squared Paper, J. T. Dufton, 495 ; Differentiation of Quaternion Functions, K. T. Wang, 506 ; the New Haven Mathematical Colloquium, E. H. Moore, E. J. Wilczynski, Max Mason, 511 ; Roots of Multiple 6 Functions, Dr. H. F. Baker, 541 ; the Multiplication of Dirichlet's Series, G. H. Hardy, 541 ; Range of Borel's Method of Summation of Series, G. H. Hardy, J. E. Littlewood, 1541 ; Convergence of Fourier and Allied Series, Dr. W. H. Young, 541 ; Some Two-dimensional Problems in Electrostatics and Hydrodynamics, W. M. Page, 541 ; the Determination of all Groups of Rational Linear Substitu- tions of Finite Order which contain the Symmetric Group in the Variables, Prof. W. Burnside, 541 ; the Nature of the Successions formed by the Coefficients of a Fourier Series, Dr. W. H. Young, 541 ; Mersenne's Numbers, Lieut. -Col. A. Cunningham, 541 ; the Conditions that a Homogeneous Strain may be Reducible to a Plane iStrain and an Extension at Right Angles to the Plane, Prof. A. E. H. Love, Dr. T. J. I'A. Bromwich, 541; die Kristallgruppen nebst ihren Beziehungen zu den Raum- g-ittern (Space-Lattices), Prof. E. Sommerfeldt, 544 ; the Trisection of an Angle by Plane Geometry, Verified by Trigonometry, Dr. J. Whiteford, 581 ; a Course of Plane Geometry for Advanced Students, C. V. Durell, 583 ; a Short Table of Circular and Hyperbolic Functions for Complex Values of the Argument, A. Johnstone, 607 Mathews (tr. B.), a Cartesian Theory of Complex Geo- metrical Elements of Space, 337 Matignon (C), Zinc Nitride in Zinc Dust, 439 Matthews (Mr.), Hydrography of the English Channel, 418 Nature, September 28, 1911J Index XXI Mauguin (C), Orientation of Liquid Crystals by the Magnetic Field, 609 Mawley (E.), Report on Phenological Observations for 1910, 438 Mawson (Dr. Douglas), the Australasian Antarctic Expedi- tion, 231 Maya Astronomy, C. P. Bowditch, 307 Mayer (Dr. C), Tests for Coal-tar Colours in Aniline Lakes, G. Zerr, 107 Maz^ (M.), Researches on the Formation of Nitrous Acids in the Living Cell, 542 Mazou^ (Mile. B.), Action of Ultra-violet Light upon Amylase and Invertine, 609 Mead (Ellwood), Conservation of Water in Australia, 266 Meade-Waldo (G.), Wasps of the Seychelles, 608 Medicine : General and Medical Biology, Prof. J. McFarland, 106 ; Death and Obituary of Major George Lamb, LM.S., 249; School Medical Service, 296; Use of Adrenaline in the Vomiting of Pregnancy, R. Robin- son, 372 ; Treatment of Distomatosis of Sheep with Ethereal Extract of Male Fern, A. Railliet and others, 372; Use of Adrenaline in Cases of Troubles in Nutrition, Excessive Vomiting, &c., R. Robinson, 474; Suprerenal Optherapy in the Vomiting of Pregnancy, J. Regnault, 474 ; State Medical Service, the Dawn of the Health Age, Dr. B. Moore, 1547 ; Obituary Notice of the late Sir Rubert Boyce, F.R.S., 589 Medicine : Laboratory Notes on Organic Chemistry for Medical Students, Dr. Paul Haas, 276 Mediterranean Civilisation, the Dawn of, A. Mosso, M. C. Harrison, Rev. J. Griffith, 385 Meisenheimer (Prof.), Optically Active Phosphorus-com- pounds, 297 Melanesians and Polynesians, Dr. George Brown, 146 Melbourne University, Collected Papers from the Science Laboratories of, 59 Meldrum (Dr. A. N.), Development of the Atomic Theory, 303. 473 Meltzer (S. J.), Distribution and Action of Soluble Sub- stances in Frogs deprived of their Circulatorv Apparatus, 438 Memory, the Evolution of, H. Pi^ron, Dr. W. Brown, 342 Mendelism,. Dr. F. H. A. Marshall, 173 Mental Defect and Heredity, see Heredity Mercury Vapour Lamp : Progressive Diminution of Output in the Ultra-violet with Quartz Mercury Lamps working at High Temperatures, J. Courmont, C. Nogier, 609 Mersereau (S. F.), Shop Problems in Mathematics, 39 Meslin (G.), Circular Double Refraction in Sodium Chlorate, 608 Mesnil (F.), Papillomatous Neoformations in an Annelid, 102 Metabolism, Influence of Atmospheric Pressure and Humidity on Animal, W. Thomson, 303 Metallography of the Gold-tellurium System, M. Coste, 201 Metallurgy : Action of Mercury on Steel at High Pressures, 23 ; the Rusting of Iron, B. Lambert, 25, 178 ; Mr. Thomson, 25; T. M. L., 179; Dr. Wyndham R. Dunstan, 381 ; Alterability of Aluminium, H. Le Chatelier, 135 ; an Introduction to the Study of Metallurgy, Sir W. C. Roberts-Austen, K.C.B., F.R.S., F. W. Harbord, 141 ; Annual Meeting of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Address on Modern Methods of Ore-treatment, H. L. Sulman, i£;9 ; Association of Lead with Uranium in Rock Minerals and Application to Measurement of Geological Time, A. Holmes, 233 ; Iron Bacteria, Prof. Hans Molisch, 344 ; Properties of some Alloys of Copper, Aluminium, and Manganese, W. Rosenhain, F. C. A. H. Lantsberry, 400 ; Definite Com- pounds of Arsenic and Tin, P. Jolibois, 439 ; the Gases contained in Steels, G. Charpy, S. Bonnerot, 439 ; the Hard and Soft States in Metals, Dr. G. T. Beilby, F.R.S., 501 ; the Roasting of Complex Ores in Gold Assaying, A. C. Hoare, 505 ; the Metallurgy of Lead, H. F. Collins, Sir W. C. Roberts-Austin, K.C.B., F.R.S., 581 ; the Luders' Lines on Mild Steel, W. Mason, 607 Metoorology : What will the Weather be? the Amateur Forecaster's Vade Mecum, H. G. Busk, 77 ; Southern Hemisphere Surface-air Circulation, Sir N. Lockyer, K.C.B., F.R.S.. Dr. Lockyer. Dr. J. Hann, in; Insur- ance against Rain, 144 ; C. O. Bartrum, 179 ; les Ph^nom^nes P^riodiques de la Vegetations dans leur Rapports avec les Variations climatiques, Dr. E. Vander- linden, J. E. Clark, 192 ; Periodogram Method applied to Rainfall Records, Prof. H. H. Turner, 233 ; Meteor- ological Reports and Summaries, 297 ; Value of the Two- theodolite Method for Determining Vertical Air Motion, Capt. C. H. Ley, 303 ; a Zenith Halo, K. C. Kreyer, 349 ; E. Gold, 349, 448 ; Dr. E. van Everdingen, 448 ; Solectrics, a Theory explaining the Cause of Tempests, Seismic and Volcanic Disturbances, Capt. A. J. Cooper, 481 ; Discussion of the Barograph Records kept by the late Mr. P. Bell at Castle O'er, Dumfriesshire, 1902-8, Dr. C. Chree, 575 ; Experiments at Epsom to obtain a Record of Variations of Size of Raindrops, S. C. Russell, 575 ; Dynamic Meteorology and Hydrography, Prof. V. Bjerknes and others, E. Gold, 577 Meteors : June Meteors, J. R. Henry, 484 Methuen (Hon. Paul A.), an Amphipod from the Transvaal, 607 Meunier (J.), Spectra produced by Combustion of Hydro- carbons and of various Metals, 609 Meunier (Prof. S.), 1 'Evolution des Theories g^ologiques, 580 Meyer (A.), Azomethines derived from Phenylisoxazolone, 609 Michaud (F.), Causes which may Produce the Variation at Constant Temperature of the Vapour Pressure of a Liquid, 20i Microscopy : a New Dark-ground Illuminator, Lees Curties, 33 ; Objective Mount fitted with Iris Diaphragm, E. M. Nelson, 199 ; Grundziige der mikroskopischen Technik fiir Zoologen und Anatomen, A. B. Lee, P. Mayer, 241 ; Paste Eels, J. Phin, 312; Low-power Photomicrography, Colouring Methods, E. J. Spitta, 405 ; Grayson's Rulings, E. J. Spitta, 405 ; Reappearance of the Nucleolus in Mitosis, E. J. Shepherd, 405 ; New Apparatus for Photo- micrography with the Microscope in the Inclined Position, Senor D. de Oureta, 405 Middlemiss (C. S.), the Kangra Earthquake of April 4, 1905, 16 Milk : Action of Animal Extracts on Milk Secretions, Prof. E. A. Schafer, K. Mackenzie, 100 ; Some Asiatic Milk Products, D. Hooper, 507 Mill (Dr. H. R.), Frequency and Grouping of Wet Days in London, 438 Millis (C. T..), the Problem of Industrial Training, 182 Milne (Prof. J., F.R.S.), the National Physical Laboratory during iqio, 123 ; Velocity of Earth Movements caused by the Messina Earthquake, 125; Daylight Saving? 183, 278; the Penny, a Suggestion, 216 Milne (Dr. J. R.), Measurements on Scattering of Light ty Ground Glass, 438 Milne (Mrs. L.), Shans at Home, 314 Milne (Dr. W. P.), a Symmetrical Method of Generating Cubic Curves by Apolar Pencils, 337 ; Homogeneous Co- ordinates for Use in Colleges and Schools, 479 Milton (J. T.), Diesel Engines, 226 Mimicry : Mimicry in the Butterflies of Africa, H. Eltring- ham, 70 ; Protective Mimicry, 137 ; Phenomena of Mimicry amongst Butterflies in Bourbon, Mauritius, and Ceylon, Lieut.-Col. N. Manders, 471 ; Palatability of some British Insects, Significance of Mimetic Re- semblances, R. I. Pocock, F.R.S., 471 Mineralogical Society, 234 Mineralogy : Two New Minerals from Binnenthal, Switzer- land, R. H. Solly, 234 ; Cassiterite in the Malay Peninsula, J. B. Scrivenor, 234 ; Occurrence of Dundas'te in Derbyshire and County Galway and of Bertrandite in Cornwall, A. Russell, 234 ; the Meteorites in Bloem- fontein Museum, Prof. W. A. D. Rudge, 236 ; Mineral Composition of the Bee, F. Aronssohn, 406 ; Obituary Notice of Prof. M. H. N. Story Maskelyne, 452 Mining : Canadian Mineral Statistics, 58 ; Relationship of Structure and Petrology to the Occurrence of Petroleum, A. Beeby Thompson, 33 ; Shaft Sinking against Water in Fissured Ground by Cement Injection, A. L. Shrager, 33 ; Modern Methods of Ore Treatment, Address at the Annual Meeting of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, H. Livingstone Sulman, ii;g; Occurrence of the Barium-felspar Celsian in North Wales, Arthur Russell, 180 ; Experiments with Coal Dust in French Collieries, Prof. W. Galloway, 223 ; the Composition of XXll Index [Nature, Septemheri%, 191 1 the Gases caused by Blasting in Mines, E. A. Mann, 2,155 ; Nigeria and its Tin Fields, A, F. Calvert, 277 ; Corundum in Ontario, 362 ; Chemistry for Miners, Prof. L. T. O'Shea, 408; Future Economies in Rand Reduction Plants, C. O. Schmitt, 505 ; a Prospector's Method of Gold Assay, G. M. Austin, 505 ; the Ore Deposits of New Mexico, W. Lindgen, C. C. Craton, C. H. Gordon ; Manganese Ore Deposits of the United States, E. C. Harden ; Ore Deposits in Male and Milan Mine, New Hampshire, W. H. Emmons; (U.S. Geological Survey), 531 ; New Use of Eucalyptus Oils for Concentrates, R. T. Baker, 584 Minot (Prof. C. S.), the Method of Science, 94 Mitchell (Dr. P. Ch.), Longevity and Relative Viability in Mammals and Birds, 135 Moir (J.), Colloidal Gold and Purple of Cassius, 236 Moir (Margaret B.), Magnetic Properties of Steels at Moderate and High Temperatures, 438 Molinari (Prof. E.), Trattato di Chimica generale e applicata all' Industria, 346 Molisch (Prof. Hans), die Eisenbakterien, 344 Monaco (Albert I., Prince of), the Twelfth Campaign of the Princesse Alice 11. , 235 Monier-Williams (Dr. G. W.), Chemical Changes produced in Flour by Bleaching, 352 Mono-rail, from Spinning-top to : an Experimental Study, V. E. Johnson, 211 Montgomerie (J.), Local Strength Calculations in Naval Architecture, 227 Moore (Prof. Benjamin), Science in Modern Life, 174 ; the Dawn of the Health Age, 547 Moore (C. F.), Shop Problems in Mathematics, 30 Moore (Prof. E. H.), Functional Theory of Frechet and others, 511 Morbology : the Affinities of Schizotrypanum, Dr. M. Hartmann, 26 ; Transmission of Flagellates Living in the Blood of certain Freshwater Fishes, Miss M. Robertson, 31 ; Experiments to Ascertain if certain Tabanidse act as the Carriers of Trypanosoma pecorum, Col. Sir David Bruce, Capt. A. E. Hamerton, Capt. H. R. Bateman, 65 ; Identification of the Pathogenic Trypanosomes, A. Laveran, A. Thiroux, 67 ; Further Researches on the Development of Trypanosoma gambiense in Glossina palpalis, Sir D. Bruce and others, 134 ; Spontaneous Cancer in Mice, Dr. M. Haaland, 134 ; Dr. J. A. Murray, 370 ; Antitoxic Immunisation by Intestinal Anti- typhoid Vaccination, J. Courmont, A. Rochain, 168, 304 ; Insects and Disease, a Popular Account of "tTfe Way in which Insects may Spread or Cause some of our Common Diseases, Prof. R. W. Doane, 443 ; Plague, Prof. W. J. Simpson, 486 ; Morphology of Trypanosoma evansi (Steel), Sir D. Bruce, 539 ; the Pathogenic Agent in a Case of Human Trypanosomiasis in Nyasaland, H. S. Stannus, Dr. W. Yorke, 539 ; Transmission of Goitre from Man to Animals, Capt. R. McCarrison, 540 ; the Unhealthiness of Corsica and Possibilities of Improve- ment, A. Laveran, 541 ; Report on Shellfish other than Oysters in Relation to Disease, Dr. H. T. Bulstrode, 571 ; Developmental Forms of T. brucei (pecaudi) in the Gerbil, G. Buchanan, 607; Extrusion of Granules by Trypanosomes, Captain W. B. Fry, 607 ; see also Cancer and Tuberculosis Moreau (G.), Corpuscular lonisation of Saline Vapours and Recombination of the Ions of a Flame. G. Moreau, 608 Morphogenesis of certain Pelecypoda, Miss Margaret C. Marsh, 34 Morphology of the Group Neritoidea of the Aspidobranch Gastropods, Prof. G. C. Bourne, F.R.S., 472 Morris (J. T.), the Method of Constant Rate of Change of Flux as a Standard for determining Magnetisation Curves of Iron, 472 Morris-Airey (H.), the Electrical Waves occurring in Nature, 100 Mortality from Diabetes in Paris. J. Le Goff, 168 Moss (Rev. A. Miles), the Sphingidse of Peru, 505 Moss (Dr. C. E.), History of the Genus Salicornia, 235 ; New Species of Salicornia from Angola, 472 Moss (R. J.), Simple Apparatus for Drying Substances in vacuo at the Temperature of Boiling Water, 135 Mosses and Liverworts, T. H. Russell, 142 Mosso (A.), the Dawn of Mediterranean Civilisation, 385 Motor Car Hill-climbing Chart, showing Speed, Gear, and Engine Speed, 210 Mott (Dr. F. W.), Motor Localisation in the Brain of the Gibbon, 370; Mental Defect, Pauperism, and Heredity, 486 Mourcu (C), Examination of Thermal Waters, 101 ; Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Krypton, 135 ; Constancy of the Ratio of Krypton to Argon in Natural Gaseous Mixtures, 202 ; Ratio of Argon ro Nitrogen in Natural Gaseous Mixtures, 507 Miinsterberg (Hugo), Subconscious Phenomena, 40 Miintz (A.), Nitrogen Losses during Purification of Sewage by Bacterial Beds, 201 ; Phenomena of Purification of Sewage, 438 Muir (Dr. T.), Boole's Unisignant, 201 ; Sylvester's and other Unisignants, 235 Murray (J.), Report on Rotifera observed by the Shackleton Polar Expedition of 1909, 200, 405, 504 ; Clare Island Survey, Arctiscoida, 473 ; Rotatoria bdelloida, 506 Murray (Dr. J. A.), Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Cancer in Mice, 370 Murray (J. Alan), the Economy of Food, a Popular Treatise on Nutrition, Food, and Diet, 515 Museum Conference at Halifax : New Method of Illus- trating British Vegetation in Museums, W. B. Crump ; Use and Display of Anthropological Collections in Museums, H. Ling Roth, 298 Mutation Theory, the : the Origin of Varieties by Mutation, Prof. H. de Vries, Prof. J. B. Farmer, A. D. Darbishire, Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., 103; Mutation Theory, Dr. P. G. Buekers, 482 Muthu (Dr. C), Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Sanatorium Treatment, 475 Mycology : Wart Disease of Potatoes, 126 ; Technical Mycology, the Utilisation of Micro-organisms in the Arts and Manufactures, Prof. F. Lafar, Charles T. C. Salter, 140 Myers (Dr. C. S.), Introduction to Experimental Psychology, 552 Myers (Prof. G. W.) and others. First-year Mathematics for Secondary Schools, 377 ; Second-year Mathematics for Secondary Schools, 377 ; Geometric Exercises for Algebraic Solution, Second-year Mathematics for Secondary Schools, 377 Myres (Prof. J. L.), Greek Lan4s and the Greek People, 126 Nathanson (Prof. A.), der Stoffwechsel der Pflanzen, 240 National Physical Laboratory : during 1910, Prof. J. Milne, F.R.S., 123; Collected Researches, 400; Experimental Tank, 519 Natural History : the Fox and the Fleas, Prof. T. McKenny Hughes, F.R.S. , J. Day, no; A. N. Meldrum, T. S. Grey, Prof. T, McK. Hughes, 211; Prof. Bohuslav Brauner, 312; Heber Green, 585; Cat Playing with a Shadow, 45 ; Life and Habit, F. Ram, 79 ; Domestic Animals and Plants, Prof. E. Davenport, 107 ; Insect Intelligence, Rev. Osmond Fisher, 144 ; with Nature and a Camera, R. Kearton, C. Kearton, 176 ; British Birds in their Haunts, Rev. C. A. Johns, 176 ; the Daintiness of the Rat, J. Y. Buchanan, F.R.S., 178; the Fox and the Goose, E. W. Swanton, 178 ; a Robin and his Young, 281 ; the Natural History of Selborne, Gilbert White, R. Kearton, C. Kearton, 310; Spitting Cobras, T. R. H. Garrett, 381 ; Natural History of the Bible, 383 ; New Illustrated Natural History of the World, E. Protheroe, 418 ; Larvae of Donaciinae, Dr. A. G. Boving, 433 ; Distant Orientation in the Amphibia, Bruce F. Cummings, 448 ; British Shepherds, Sheep, and Sheepdogs, Adelaide L. J. Gosset, 523 ; Recent Occur- rence in Profusion of a Minute Dinoflagellate at Port Erin in the Isle of Man, Prof. W. A. Herdman, 541 Natural Science : the World of Life, Dr. A. R. Wallace, F.R.S., 480 Natural Selection : Edward BIyth and the Theory of Natural Selection, 45 ; Natural Selection and Disease, Dr. Archdall Reid, 485 Nature : What Nature is, an Outline of Scientific Naturalism, C. K. Franklin, 177 ; Morale de la Nature, M. Deshumbert, 177 ; Simple Lessons in Nature Study, J. O'Neill, 211 ; Life Histories of Familiar Plants, John Nature., ~| Septeti'.ber ■ii,, 191 1 J Index xxui J. Ward, 2H ; Beitrage zur Naturdenkmalpflege, Prof. H. Conwentz, A. E. Crawley, 286 ; Nature Pictures, Richard Kearton, Cherry Kearton, 450 ; Erratum, 495 Naval Architecture : Meeting of the Institution of Naval Architects, 226; Size in Battleships, Prof. J. J. Welch, 226 ; the Geared Turbines of the Vespasian, Hon. C. A. Parsons, R. J. Walker, 226 ; Diesel Engines for Sea- going Vessels, J. T. Milton, Dr. Diesel, 226-7; Con- siderations affecting Local Strength Calculations, J. Montgomerie, 227 ; the Acceleration in Front of a Pro- peller, Dr. R. E. Froude, 227 ; Anti-rolling Tanks, H. Frahm, 227 ; Optical Method of Investigating Quantita- tively Stress in Plates of Variable Section, Prof. E. G. Coker, 227 Nelson (E. M.), New Microscope Objective Mount fitted with Iris Diaphragm, 199 Nernst (Prof. W.), Trait6 de Chimie g^n6rale, 445 Newfoundland, Big-game Shooting in, H. H. Prichard, Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 80 New Guinea, Anthropological Expedition to, 530 New Zealand Institute, Trans, and Proceedings, 59 Nicholson (J. W.), Scattering of Light by a Large Con- ducting Sphere, 472 Nicklin Q. A.), Dickens Land, 482 NicoU (Dr. W.), Three New Trematodes from Reptiles, 337 Nicolle (C), Experiments on Trachoma, 507 Nigeria : the Geology and Geography of Northern Nigeria, Dr. J. D. Falconer, the late A. Longbottom, H. Woods, J. Parkinson, 489 ; Nigerian Studies, R. E. Dennett, Sir H. H. Johnston, K.C.M.G., K.C.B., 113 Nitrogen : Stereochemistry of Nitrogen, Dr. W. H. Mills, Miss Bain, 93 ; Organic Chemistry of Nitrogen, Dr. Nevil V. Sidgwick, 171 ; a Chemically Active Modifica- tion of Nitrogen produced by the Electric Discharge, Hon. R. J. Strutt, 233, 394 ; Spectroscopic Investigations in Connection with the Active Modification of Nitrogen, Prof. A. Fowler, Hon. R. J. Strutt, 471 ; New Organic Compounds of Nitrogen, Prof. Martin O. Forster, 465 ; the Role of Nitrogen in Plant Metabolism, Dr. J. M. Petrie, 576 Niven (Prof. C), the Measurement of Specific Inductive Capacity, 32 Nivi^re (J.), Action of Isobutylamine and Di-isobutylamine upon a-Bromobutyric Acid, 609 Nomenclature : Transference of Names in Zoology, Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, F.R.S., 43 ; What is the Genotype of X . . us Jones, 1900, based upon a Species erroneously determined as Albus Smith, 1890? C. W. Stiles, Secre- tary of the International Commission on Nomenclature, 246 ; die taxonomischen Grenzen der Art und ihrer Unter- abteilungen, Versuche einer genauer Definition der untersten systematischen Kategorien, A. Semenov-Tian- Shansky, 444 Nopcsa (Baron Ferencz, jun.), Geology of N. Albania, 66 Norman (Rev. Canon, F.R.S.), Marine Ostracoda Collected in Madeira, 200 Norris (Dr. W. P.), Public Health Ideals, 266 North (Barker), Technical Education and Industries, Presi- dential Address, 573 Nottage (W. H.), Formation of Dust Striations by an Electric Spark, 371 Nubia : the Archaeological Survey of Nubia, Report, Prof. G. A. Reisner, 283 ; the Racial Problem in Nubia, Prof. E. Elliot Smith, F.R.S., 347 Numerals : Origin of the Roman Numerals I.-X., Prof. W. B. Dawkins, 33 Nutrition Laboratory, Carnegie Institution Report, 29 Nuttall (Prof.), the Adaptation of Ticks to the Habits of their Host, loi Nuttall (G. Clarke), Wild Flowers as they Grow, 413 Observatory of Cosmical Physics, the Ebro, 125 Ogilvie-Grant (W. R.), a List of British Birds, 271 Onnes (Prof. H. Kamerlingh), Obituary Notice of the late Prof. Johannes Bosscha, 419 Ophthalmology : Glaucoma, Dr. T. Henderson, 205 Optics : a London Institute of Technical Optics, 93 ; Tech- nical Training and the Optical Industry, Report, R. Blair, 299 ; see also Light Orchids : the Genus Dendrobium, Fr. Kranzlin, 308 ; South African Orchids, Dr. Harry Bolus, 490 Ore Treatment, Modern Methods of : Address at Annual Meeting of Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, H. Livingstone Sulman, 159 Oriental Silverwork, Malay and Chinese, H. Ling Roth 353 Ornithology : Distribution of the Megapodidse in the Pacific, J. J, Lister, 33 ; Fifth Migration Report of the British Ornithologists' Club, 47; Ornitologia Argentina, Dr. R. Dabbene, 378; Memoir based on a Collection by Mr. M. G. Palmer in Western Columbia, C. E. Hell- mayr, 608 ; see also Birds Orr (Prof. W. McFadden), Extension of Fourier's and the Bessel-Fourier Theorem, 66 Osborn (Prof. H. F.), Huxley and Education, 277 O'Shea (Prof. L. T.), Elementary Chemistry for Coal- mining Students, 408 Ostwald (Prof.),' the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Mental Phenomena of Will, 400 Outes (Prof. F. F.), los Aborigenes de la Republica Argen- tina, 481 Page (W. M.), Two-dimensional Problems in Electro- statics and Hydrodynamics, 541 Paillet (J.), New Method for De-electrification of Textile Materials by High-frequency Currents, loi Paints for Steel Structures, Houston Lowe, 346 Palaeobotany : Compulsory Latin Diagnoses of Fossil Plants, E. A. Newell Arber, 380 Palaeontology : Foraminifera found at Selsey Bill, E. Heron-Allen, A. Earland, 33 ; the Extinct Buffalo of Algeria as Drawn by Prehistoric Man, Sir H. H. John- ston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 42 ; the Institute of Human Palaeontology in Paris, 112; Kainozoic Mollusca, R. B. Newton, 134 ; Foraminifera, Ostracoda, and Parasitic Fungi from the Kainozoic Limestones of Cyrenaica, F. Chapman, 134 ; the Fossil Echinoidea of Cyrenaica, Prof. J. W. Gregory, 134; Teeth of the Genus Ptychodus and their Distribution in English Chalk, G. E. Dibley, 134 ; Mammalian Teeth from the Wealden of Hastings, Dr. A. S. Woodward, 233 ; Trilobites from the Para- doxides Beds of Comley (Shropshire), E. S. Cobbold, 269 ; Discovery of the Teeth of Paleolithic Man in Jersey, Dr. A. Keith, 414; German East African Dino- saurs, F. Gillman, 416 ; Palaeontology of the Cretaceous Deposits of Northern Nigeria, H. Woods, 489 ; the Fauna of the Carboniferous Period, Dr. A. S. Wood- ward, 541 ; Origin of Cuts on Bones of Australian Extinct Marsupials, W. B. Spencer, R. H. Walcott, 576 Paraguay : the Lengua Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco, W. Barbrooke Grubb, 451 Parkinson (John), the Structure of Hausaland and its Neighbourhood, 489 Parsons (Hon. C. A., C.B., F.R.S.), the Geared Turbines of the Vespasian, 226 ; Recent Advances in Turbines, 259 ; further Experiments with the Gramophone, 416 ; Experi- ments on Compression of Liquids at High Pressures, 470 Pascal (P.), Magnetic Properties of Fluorine, 304 Pascher (Dr. A.), Biology of the " Grossteich " in N. Bohemia, 432 Past, the, at Our Doors, or the Old in the New Around Us, W. W. Skeat, 379 Patagonia, Big-game Shooting in, H. H. Prichard, Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 80 Pathological Conditions induced by Aviation, R. Cruchet, M. MouHnier, 372 Peach (Dr. B. N., F.R.S.), Scottish Geological Survey Memoirs, 586 Peak District, the, R. M. Gilchrist, 482 Peary (Commander Robert E.), the North Pole, 373 Peat, the Production of Ammonia and the Economy of Nitrogen in, H. Woltereck, 439 Pelabon (H.), Resistivity of Selenides of Antimony, 439 Penlake (R.), How to Colour Photographs and Lantern Slides, 109 Penny, the: a Suggestion, Prof. J. Milne, F.R.S., 216 XXIV Index u tftember a8, 191 1 Percival (Prof. John), Agricultural Bacteriology, Theo- retical and Practical, 344 Perot (A.), Wave-length of the Solar Line bj, 473 Perrin (J.), Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality, 105 ; Determinations of Molecular Magnitudes, 405, 473 ; Molecular Agitation in Viscous Liquids, 542 Perrycoste (F. H.), Belladonna Plaster for Bee-stings, 312 Persia : Overland to India, Dr. Sven Hedin, 181 Petrie (Dr. J. M.), Action of the Latex of Euphorbia peplus on a Photographic Plate, 517; the Rdle of Nitrogen in Plant Metabolism, 576 Petrography : the Haliburton and Bancroft Areas of Ontario, F. D. Adams, A. E. Barlow, 362 Phaestos Disk, the, A. Mosso, M. C. Harrison, Rev. J. Griffith, 385 Phantasms of the Living, 410 Pharmacology : Obituary of the late Dr. John Attfield, F.R.S., Prof. H. G. Greenish, 117; the Pharmaceutical Society's Seventieth Anniversary, 294; Salvarsan, or "606," Dr. W. H. Martindale, W. W. Westcott, 412; the Action of the Senecio Alkaloids and the Causation of Hepatic Cirrhosis in Cattle, A. R. Cushny, 607 Phase Rule and its Applications, the. Dr. Alex. Findlay, 583 Phenological and Climatic Variation, the Relations of. Dr. E. Vanderlinden, J. E, Clark, 192 Philip (Alex.), Calendar Reform, 348 Philippine Islanders, the Racial Anatomy of the, Prof. R. B. Bean, 513 Phillott (Lieut.-Col. D. C), Notes on Urdu Grammar, 610 Philosophy : Dogmatism and Evolution, Prof. T. de Laguna, Dr. Grace A. de Laguna, 242 ; der Wert der Menschheit in seiner historisch-philosophischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Bedeutung, Dr. F. Strecker, 275 ; International Philosophical Congress at Bologna, Prof. Boutroux, Prof. H. Bergson, M. H. Poincar^, Prof. Langevin, Prof. Durkheim, Prof. Ostwald, Miss Constance Jones, 399 ; le Chaos et I'Harmonie universelle, F. le Dantec, 515 ; Space and Spirit : a Com- mentary upon Sir Oliver Lodge's " Life and Matter," R. A. Kennedy, 553 Phin (John), Paste Eels, 312 Phisalix (Mile. Marie), Effects of the Bite of a Venomous Lizard from Arizona, 609 Photography: Royal Photographical Society's Exhibition, 61 ; How to Colour Photographs and Lantern Slides by Aniline Dyes, Water and Oil Colours, Crystoleum, and other Processes, R. Penlake, 109 ; Differentiation by Chemical Development of Latent Images, A. and L. Lumi^re, A. Seyewitz, 167 ; Was die meisten Amateur- und manche Fachphotographen nicht wissen. Prof. F. Schmidt, 277 ; New Arrangement for Photographing Lesions of the Skin, M. Schaller, 304 ; Photographs with Colours changing with the Angle of Observation, M. Estanave, 405 ; Action of the Latex of Euphorbia peplus on a Photographic Plate, H. G. Chapman, Dr. J. M. Petrie, 517; Photography an Aid to Astronomy, S. S. Hough, F.R.S., 534 Physical Society, 234, 371, 472, 607; the Caloric Theory of Heat and Carnot's Principle, Presidential Address, Prof. H. L. Callendar, F.R.S., 97 Physics : Relation between Electrical Resistivity and Density of Copper, J. H. Dellinger, 22 ; the Specific Heat of Water, W. A. Bousfield, W. Eric Bousfield, 32 ; Measurement of Specific Inductive Capacity, Prof. C. Niven, 32 ; the Manner of Motion of Water Flowing in a Curved Path, Prof. A. H. Gibson, 34; Handbuch der Spectroscopic, Prof. H. Kayser, 40 ; a Self-regulating Syphon, W. H. Tait, 45 ; Measurement of the Lengths of Hertzian Waves, M. Ferris, 67 ; the Autobio- graphy of an Electron, C. R. Gibson, 108 ; a Course of Practical Physics, Prof. E. P. Harrison, 109; the Flow of Thin Liquid Films, W. G. Royal-Dawson, no; the National Physical Laboratory, Collected Re- searches, 400 ; a Kinetic Theory of Gravitation, C. F. Brush, 130; Sir Oliver Lodge, F.R.S., 142; Dr. C. V. Burton, 246; a Wave Theory of Gravitation, Rev. H. V. Gill, S.J., 180; Comparison of Velocities of Light and Electromagnetic Waves along a Wire, C. Gutton, 135 : Influence of Catalytic Substances in Determination of Vapour Density, A. Kling, 135 ; the Flow of Thin Liquid Films, John Aitken, 143 ; Transport of Particles of Metals under the Action of Heat, G. Reboul, E. G. de Bollemont, 167 ; Isopiestic Expansibility of Water at High Temperatures and Pressures, W. Watson, 200; the Accuracy Attainable with a Modified Form of Atwood's Machine, J. P. Dalton, 200; Dissipation of Energy in Torsionally Oscillating Wires, J. B. Ritchie, 200 ; Apparatus for inducing Fatigue in Wires by re- peated Strains and Effects on Laws of Torsional Oscilla- tions, J. B. Ritchie, 201 ; Recent Advances in Physics, Prof. T. H. Laby, 264 ; die Kalte, ihr Wesen, ihre Erzeugung und Verwertung, Dr. H. Alt, 276 ; Mechanism of the Permanent Deforma- tion in Metals submitted to Extension, L. Hartmann, 303, 371, 439; Afterglow of the Electric Discharge and an Active Modification of Nitrogen, Hon. R. J. Strutt, 394; Expansion and Thermal Hysteresis of Fused Silica, G. W. Kaye, 401 ; Breath Figures, the Rt. Hon. Lord Rayleigh, O.M., F.R.S., 416; Dr. John Aitken, F.R.S., 516; J. W. Giltay, 585; Proposed Annual Tables of Con- stants and Numerical Data, 464 ; Experiments on Com- pression of Liquids at High Pressure, Hon. C. A. Par- sons, S. S. Cook, 470 ; Optical Method of Measuring Vapour Pressures, C. Cuthbertson, Mrs. M. Cuthbertson, 471 ; Viscosity of Emulsions, M. Bancelin, 473 ; New Measurements of Molecular Magnitudes, J. Perrin, 473 ; Two Simple Forms of Gas-pressure Regulators, E. Stans- field, 503 ; Internal, Molecular, or Intrinsic Pressure : a Survey of the Various Expressions proposed for its Deter- mination, Dr. W. C. McC. Lewis, 504 ; Recent Advances in High-temperature Gas Thermometry, Dr. A. L. Ray, 504 ; High-temperature Equipment of the National Physical Laboratory, Dr. J. A. Harker, 504; the Boiling Points of Metals, H. C. Greenwood, 504 ; Methods of maintain- ing Constant High Temperatures, Prof. Max Bodenstein, 504 ; Modern Views of Matter and Electricity, and Con- stitution of the Atom, Amer. Phil. Soc, Prof. Comstock, Prof. Boltwood, Prof. Richardson, Prof. Wilson, 533 ; Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (mit Ausschluss der Optik), W. Voigt, 544 ; Physical Measurements, Prof. A. W. Duff, Prof. A. W. Ewell, 553 ; Grundziige der Mathe- matisch-Physikalischen Akustik, Prof. A. Kalahne, 553 ; the Formation of Stable Columns of Liquids, C. H. Darling, 555 ; Osmotic Pressure of Colloidal Salts, W. B. Hardy, F.R.S., 584; a New Method of Harmonic Analysis by Averaging Selected Ordinates, Prof. S. P. Thompson, F.R.S., 607; see also special headings Physiological Optics : Visual Sensations from the Alter- nating Magnetic Field, Knight Dunlap, 129 ; A. A. Campbell Swinton, 143 ; New Form of Stereoscope for Physiological Study of Vision and Clinical Work, L. Pigeon, 372 Physiology : Reversal of the Reflex Effect of an Afferent Nerve by altering the Character of the Electrical Stimulus Applied, Prof. C. S. .Sherrington, Miss S. C. Sowton, 65 ; Carbon Dioxide Output during Decerebr;iTe Rigidity, Dr. H. E. Roaf, 65 ; Physiology of Sleep, R. Legendre, H. Pi^ron, 67 ; Energy Expenditure in Walking, J. Amar, 67 ; Toleration to Nicotine, W. E. Dixon, loi ; Action of Pituitary Extract and Adrenaline on Peripheral Arteries, Dr. Cow, loi ; Action of the Venom of Echis carinatus. Sir T. R. Eraser, Dr. J. A. Gunn, 133 ; Causes of Absorption of Oxygen by the Lungs in Man, C. G. Douglas, Dr. J. S. Haldane, 166 ; Action of Cobra Venom upon the Serum of the Horse, C. Delezenne, Mile. S. Ledert, 167 ; Physiology of Re- production, Dr. F. H. A. Marshall, Dr. W. Cramer, Dr. J. Lochhead, Prof. E. A. Schafer, 173 ; Physiology and Medicine, Prof. B. Moore, 174 ; Motor Localisation in the Brain of the Gibbon, Correlated with an Histo- logical Examination, Dr. F. W. Mott, E. Schuster, Prof. C. S. Sherrington, 370; Recueil d'Qiuvres de hio Errera, 413 ; Secretion of the Adrenal Gland? during Emotional Excitement, Prof. W. B. Cannon. 533 ; Coagulation of the Blood. Prof. W. H. Howell, 533 ; Cyclic Changes in the Mammalian Ovary, Leo Loeb, 533 ; Restoration of Paralysed Muscles by Nerve Anasto- mosis, Dr. R. Kennedy, 530 ; the Experimental Trans- mission of Goitre from Man to Animals, Capt. R. McCarrison, 540 ; Date of Discovery of the Capillaries, Dr. D. Eraser Harris, 584 ; Can the Guinea-pig be Accustomed to Strychnine? L. Launoy, 609 Nature, "I September 28 Index XXV Physiology of Plants : Elective Power of Plant Cells towards Dextrose and Levulose, 167 ; Der Stoffwechsel der Pflanzen, Prof. A. Nathansohn, 240 ; Detection of Maltose in the Tissues of Certain Angiosperms, S. Mangham, 573 Picton (T.), Incandescent Lime Kathodes, 371 Pi^ron (Henri), Experimental Contribution to the Physio- logy of Sleep, 67; I'Evolution de la M^moire, 342 Pigeon (L.), New Form of Stereoscope, 372 Pine-wood, Chemical Composition of, Prof. Klason, 259 Pinkerton (Dr. P.), Elements of Analytical Geometry, 445 Plague : Dr. Petrie and Dr. Farrar's Departure for Man- churia, 18; Plague, Prof. W. J. Simpson, 486 Plants : Diseases of Economic Plants, Prof. F. L. Stevens, J. G. Hall, 376; Metabolism of Plants, Prof. A. Nathan- sohn, 240 Plimmer (H. G.), Report on the Pathological Examination of Rats Caught in Regent's Park and the Zoological Gardens, 607 Plumage Bill, the, 19 ; J. Collinson, 45 ; Facts and Fallacies in Connection with the Trade in Fancy Feathers, C. F. Downham, 81 ; the Pros and Cons of the Plumage Bill, J. Buckland, 82 ; the Extinction of the Egret, W. M. Webb, 518 Pocock (R. I., F.R.S.), the Skin-glands of Ruminants, 158 ; Palatibility of some British Insects : Significance of Mimetic Resemblances, 471 Poschl (Dr. v.), an Introduction to the Chemistry of the Colloids, 141 Poincar^ (H.), Speech at Bologna Philosophical Congress, 399 Pole, the North, Commander Robert E. Peary, R. A. Harris, 373 PoUok (Dr. J. H.), the Vacuum-tube Spectra of the Vapours of some Metals and Metallic Chlorides, 269 Pope (Prof.), Attempts to Resolve Asymmetric Nitrogen Compounds of Low Molecular Weight, 541 Porter (Dr. Annie), Diseased Bees and Combs Infected with a Minute Protozoal Parasite, 234 Porter (H. L.), Energy Transformations of X-rays, 470 Potatoes, Wart Disease of, 126 Pougnet (J.), Action of Ultra-violet Rays upon the Green Pods of Vanilla, 406 Praeger (R. Lloyd), Clare Island Survey (Botanical), 66, 575 Pratt (R. W.), Sewage Disposal, 510 Priestley (J. H.), the Mechanism of Carbon Assimilation, 540 Professors and Practical Men, Prof. Arthur Smithells, F.R.S., 127 Promsy (Mile. G.), Influence of Acidity on Germination, 67 Protheroe (E.), New Illustrated Natural History of the World, 418 Prunet (A.), Various Methods of Plant Pathology and Therapeutics, 609 Przibram (Dr. H.), Experimental-Zoologie, Phylogenese, 238 Psychology : Subconscious Phenomena, H. Miinsterberg and Others, 40 ; Emotion and Morals, Dr. W. Brown, 125 ; I'Evolution de la M^moire, Henri Pi^ron, 342 ; Vorlesungen iiber Tierpsychologie, Karl Camillo Schneider, Dr. Wm. Brown, 342 ; the Psychology of Genius, Prof. Carveth Read, 471 ; the World of Dreams, Havelock Ellis, 515 ; Introduction to Experimental Psychology, Dr, C. S. Myers, 552 Ptomaines of Tinned Fish, A. Desgrez, F. Caius, 202 Purvis (Prof. F. P.), the End of the Beagle, 447 Purvis (J. E.), Absorption Spectra of the Vapours of Sulphur Compounds, 167 ; Non-nitrification of Sewage in Sea-water, 541 Punnett (R. C), Interrelations of Genetic Factors, 199 Quiggin (A. H. O.), History of Anthropology, 308 Rabut (M.), Partial Tunnelling under the Rue de Rome, 439 Radiations of the Alkaline Metals, E. Henriot, 201, 473 Radio-activity : Traits de Radioactivity, Prof. Mme. P. Curie, i ; Report on the Separation of Ionium and Actinium from certain Residues, and the Production of Helium by Ionium, Dr. B. B. Boltwood, 31 ; the Secondary Rays produced by j3 Rays, J. A. Gray, 32 ; Radio-activity of the Artesian-water System of Christ- church, New Zealand, and its Effect on Fish-life, Dr. C. C. Farr, D. C. H. Florance, 59 ; Action of Slight Temperature Elevation on Induced Radio-activity, E. Sarasin, Th. Tommasina, 67 ; Variation of lonisation with Velocity for the )3 Particles, W. Wilson, 166 ; Scattering of the o and j8 Rays and Structure of the Atom, Prof. E. Rutherford, 201 ; the Large Scattering of the a Particles, Dr. H. Geiger, 201 ; an Extremely Absorbable Ionising Radiation Emitted by Radium C, L. Wertenstein, 608 Radiography : a Method of making Visible the Paths of Ionising Particles through a Gas, C. T. R. Wilson, 404 ; Constipation and Allied Disorders, Dr. Hertz, 588 ; Radiographic Demonstration of Lane's Ileal Kink, Dr. A. C. Jordan, 588 Radio-telegraphy : see Wireless Radiotherapy : the Use of Radio-active Substances in Therapeutics, Prof. W. His, Dr. A. C. Jordan, 157 ; New Method for the Introduction of Radium into the Tissues, MM. Haret, Danne, and Jaboin, 168 ; Radium, its Physics and Therapeutics, Dr. D. Turner, Dr. A. C. Jordan, 339 ; Action of Radium Emanations upon some of the Main Constituents of Normal Blood, Dr. Helen Chambers, Dr. S. Russ, 540 Raffety (C. ^y.), the Hydrogen Spectrum, 12 ; the Solar Eclipse of April 28, 554 Railliet (A.), Treatment of Distomatosis of Sheep, 372 Ranc (A.), Action of Ultra-violet Light on Saccharose, 542 Rankin (G.), Britain's Birds and their Nests, 552 Ransom (E.), Action of Caffeine on Muscle, loi Rastall (R. H.), the Geology of the Districts of Worcester, Robertson and Ashton (Cape Colony), 66 ; Geology for Students, 549 Rats : the Daintiness of the Rat, J. Y. Buchanan, 177 ; Pathological Examination of Rats caught in the Zoo- logical Gardens (London), H. G. Plimmer, 607 Rathbun (Miss Mary J.), the Marine Brachyura from the Indian Ocean collected in 1905, 33 Ray (Maumatha nath). Fundamental Notions in Vector Analysis, 280 Rayleigh (Rt. Hon. Lord, F.R.S.), Breath Figures, 416 Read (Prof. Carveth), the Psychology of Genius, 471 Read (J.), Attempts to Resolve Asymmetric Nitrogen Com- pounds of Low Molecular Weight, 541 Reboul (G.), Transport of Particles of certain Metals under the Action of Heat, 167 ; Conductivity accompanying Chemical Reactions, 608 Redgrove (H. Stanley), Alchemy, Ancient and Modern, 375 Reeves (E. A.), Maps and Map-making, 478 Reference Books : the Green Book of London Society, 109 ; the Social Guide, 142 Reflections in Water, W. B. Croft, 45 Refractory Materials : Fabrication et Emploi des Mat^riaux et Produits r^fractaires utilises dans I'lndus- trie. Prof. A. Granger, Wm. Burton, 343 Regnault (J.), Suprarenal Optherapy : Determination of Sex, 474 Reid (Dr. Archdall), Natural Selection and Disease, 485 Reisner (Prof. G. A.), Archaeological Survey of Nubia, 283 Reviews and Our Bookshelf. Traits de Radioactivity, Prof. Mme. P. Curie, i The Dynamo : its Theory, Design, and Manufacture, C. C. Hawkins, F. Wallis, 3 Ole Romer's Adversaria, Thyra Elbe, Kirstine Meyer, 4 Das Tie^reich, Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Prof. K. W. von Dalla Torre, Prof. J. J. Kieffer, 4 Das Kristallisationsmikroskop und die damit gemachten Entdeckungen insbesondere die der flussigen Kristalle, Prof. O. Lehmann, 5 The Steam-engine and other Heat-engines, Prof. J. A. Ewing, C.B., F.R.S., 6 XXVI Index r Nature, \Jieptember 28, 191 1 The Earth and its Story, Dr. A. R. Dwerryhouse, 6 British Weights and Measures, as described in the Laws of England from Anglo-Saxon Times, Col. Sir C. M. Wat- son, K.C.M.G., C.B., 7 Newcomb-Engelmann's Populare Astronomic, 7 Gehirn und Riickenmark, Dr. Emil Villiger, 8 Thoughts on Ultimate Problems, F. W. Frankland, 8 Forest Life and Sport in India, S. Eardley-Wilmot, CLE., 13 Of Distinguished Animals, H. Perry Robinson, Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 14 Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. xxxviii., the Kangra Earthquake of April 4, 1905, C. S. Middle- miss, 16 United States Geological Survey Bulletins : Oil Regions in California and Peru, R. Arnold, R. Anderson, H. R. Johnson, 25 ; Purchase of Coal by Government, G. S. Pope, 25 Advice to Consumptives, Home Treatment, After-Care and Prevention, Dr. Noel Dean Bardswell, Foreword by Dr. C. T. Williams, 35 Consumption, its Pi-evention and Home Treatment : a Guide for the Use of Patients, Dr. H. Hyslop Thomson, 35 Open Air at Home : Practical Experience of the Continua- tion of Sanatorium Treatment, Stanley H. Bates, Sir J. Crichton-Browne, F.R.S., 35 The Expectation of Life of the Consumptive after Sana- torium Treatment, Dr. Noel Dean Bardswell, 35 The Book of the Dead, H. M. Tirard, Prof. E. Naville, 37 Anatomy of the British Carices, F. C. Crawford, Rev. E. F. Linton, 38 The Symmetric Function Tables of the Fifteenthic, Prof. F. F. Decker, 39 Shop Problems in Mathematics, W. E. Breckenridge, S. F. Mersereau, C. F. Moore, 39 Handbuch der Spectroscopic, Prof. H. Kayser, 40 Subconscious Phenomena, Hugo Munsterberg and others, 40 Mikroscopische Untersuchungen iiber die Ubereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstume der Tiere und Pflanzen, Dr. T. Schwann, 41 Determinaci6n de la Latitud por la Observaci6n de Dis- tancias Cefiitales de la Estrella Polar, C. Puente, 41 Calculus made Easy, F.R.S., 41 Einfiihrung in die Biologic, Dr. W. Schoenichen, 41 Heaton's Annual : the Commercial Handbook of Canada and Boards of Trade Register, 191 1, 42 Flowers of the Field, the late Rev. C. A. Johns, G. S. Boulger, 42 The British Isles : Geographical Diagrams and Land Forms, H. J. Snape, 42 Familiar Wild Flowers, F. Edward Hulme, 42 Junior Experimental Science, W. M. Hooton, 42 Ethnology of A-Kamba and other East African Tribes, C. W. Hobley, C.M.G., Dr. A. C. Haddon, F.R.S., 46 Fifth Migration Report of the British Ornithologists Club, 47 Johan Gadolin, 1760-1852 : In Memoriam : Wissenschaft- liche Abhandlungen, 48 African Mimetic Butterflies, H. Eltringham, 70 Geological Map of Egypt, Survey Department, 73 Landmarks of Botanical History, Part i., E. L. Greene, 73 ' , , Elements de Calcul vectoriel, avec d Applications, Prof. C. Burali-Forti, Prof. R. Marcolongo, 75 Theory of Map-projections, with Special Reference to the Projections used in the Survey Department, J. I. Craig, 75 Lignes Electnques Souterraines, 76 Lignes Electriques Aeriennes et Souterraines, C. Giradet, W. Dubi, Prof. Gisbert Kapp, 76 Facts and Fallacies regarding the Bible, W. Woods Smyth, 77 " I Wonder " Essays for the Young People, 77 Das biologische Schullaboratorium, Dr. W. Schoenichen, 77 What will the Weather be? H. G. Busk, 77 Hunting Camps in Wood and Wilderness, H. Hesketh Prichard, Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 80 Some Facts and Fallacies in Connection with the Trade in Fancy Feathers, C. F. Downham, 81 The Pros and Cons of the Plumage Bill, J. Buckland, 81 "The Old North Trail," or Life, &c., of the Blackfeot Indians, W. McClintock, Dr. A. C. Haddon, F.R.S., 83 Ihe Mutation Theory, Vol. ii.. Prof. H. de Vries, Prof. J. B. Farmer, A. D. Darbishire, Sir W. T. Thiselton- Dyer, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., 103 Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality, Prof. J. Perrin, F. Soddy, F.R.S., 105 Biology, General and Medical, Prof. J. McFarland, 106 Outlines of Geologic History, 106 Tests for Coal-tar Colours in Aniline Lakes, G. Zerr, Dr. C. Mayer, 107 Domestic Animals and Plants, Prof. E. Davenport, 107 The Autobiography of an Electron, C. R. Gibson, 108 Cat's Cradles from many Lands, Kathleen Haddon, 108 Course of Practical Physics, Prof. E. P. Harrison, 109 How to Colour Photographs and Lantern Slides, R. Pen- lake, 109 Fables and Fairy Tales for Little Folk, or Uncle Remus in Hausaland, Mary and Newman Tremearne, 109 Early Britain, Roman Britain, Edward Conybeare, 109 The Green Book of London Society, 109 Solar Physics Committee : Southern Hemisphere Surface- air Circulation, Sir N. Lockyer, K.C.B., F.R.S., Dr. W. J. S. Lockyer, Dr. J. Hann, iii Nigerian Studies, R. E. Dennett, H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 113 The Hope Reports, Vol. vii., 137 Cyzicus, F. W. Hasluck, H. R. Hall, 138 Jahrbuch der drahtlosen Telegraphic und Telephonic, Band iii., Hefte 1-6, 139 Engineering of To-day, T. W. Corbin, 139 Technical Mycology : a Practical Handbook on Fermenta- tion, Prof. F. Lafar, C. T. C. Salter, Vol. ii.. Part ii., 140 An Introduction to the Chemistry of the Colloids, Dr. ,V. Poschl, Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Dr. A. Harden, F.R.S., 141 An Introduction to the Study of Metallurgy, Sir W. C. Roberts-Austen, K.C.B., F.R.S., F. W. Harbord, 141 Untersuchungen iiber die Zoogeographie der Karpathen (Coleopteren u.s.w.), K. Holdhaus, F. Deubcl, 141 Mosses and Liverworts, T. H. Russell, 142 The Social Guide, 142 The Land of the Hittites, Prof. John Garstang, 145 Melanesians and Polynesians, George Brown, 146 Collection of Articles on Industries and Manufactures from the nth Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 169 The Organic Chemistry of Nitrogen, Dr. Nevil Vincent Sidgwick, 170 The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. xii.. Lord Acton, Mr. Whetham, Mr. Rogers, 171 Introduction a la Th6orie des Fonctions d'une Variable, Vol. ii., J. Tannery, 172 Physiology of Reproduction, Dr. F. H. A. Marshall, Prof. E. A. Schafer, F.R.S., Dr. W. Cramer, Dr. J. Loch- head, 173 Annals of the South African Museum, General Catalogue of South African Crustacea, Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, F.R.S., 174 Science in Modern Life, Prof. J. R. A. Davis, Prof. James Wilson, Dr. J. Beard, Prof. Benjamin Moore, Dr. H. Spencer Harrison, 174 The Niger and the West Sudan, or the West African's Notebook, with Hausa Phrases, Captain A. J. N. Tre- mearne, 175 Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Pflanzengeographie, nach ent- wickelungs-geschichtlichen und physiologisch-okologischen Gesichtspunkten, Prof. P. Graebner, 176 The Natural History of Coal, E. A. Newell Arber, 176 Eine Botanische Tropenreise, Prof. G. Haberlandt, 176 Star People, K. F. Dewey, 176 With Nature and a Camera, R. Kearton, Cherry Kearton, 176 British Birds in their Haunts. Rev. C. A. Johns, 176 Das Wasser, Dr. O. Anselmino, 177 Natttrt, "1 1911J Se/tctnber 28 Inaex xxvu What Nature ' Is, an Outline of Scientific Naturalism, C. K. Franklin, 177 Morale de la Nature, M. Deshumbert, 177 ' Carnations and Pinks, T. H. Cook, J. Douglas, J. F'. *' McLeod, 177 Overland to India, Sven Hedin, 181 Report of the Committee of Control of the South African Central Locust Bureau, 184 Etudes sur les Ph^nom^nes P^riodiques de la V6g6tation dans leur Rapports avec les Variations climatiques. Dr. E. Vanderlinden, J. Vincent, J. Edmund Clark, 192 Report of the Government Bureau of Microbiology for 1909, '93 . . . Agricultural Bulletins of the University of Wisconsin, Cheese-making, &c., 194 Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbellosen Thiere, Prof. E. Korschelt, Prof. K. Haider, 203 Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 204 Glaucoma, Dr. Thomas Henderson, 205 Einfiihrung in die experimentelle Therapie, Prof. M. Jacoby, 206 Projective Geometry, Prof. O. Veblen, Prof. J. W. Young, 207 Manual of Mental and Physical Tests, Prof. G. M. Whipple, Prof. J. A. Green, 208 To Work a Grass Holding at a Living Profit, and the Cheap Cottage Problem, H. B. M. Buchanan, 209 Introduction to Practical Organic Chemistry, Dr. A. M. Kellas, 209 New Reduction Methods in Volumetric Analysis, Prof. E. Knecht, Eva Hibbert, 209 Introduction to General Chemistry, Prof. J. T. Stoddard, 209 British Ferns and their Varieties, C. T. Druery, 210 Motor Car Hill-climbing Chart, to show the Speed at which a given Car can climb any given Hill, also the Gear and Engine Speed, 210 The Gyroscope : an Experimental Study : from Spinning Top to Mono-rail, V. E. Johnson, 211 Simple Lessons in Nature Study, J. O'Neill, 211 Aphorisms and Reflections from the Works of T. H. Huxley, Henrietta A. Huxley, 211 The Flight of Birds, Giovanni A. Borelli, 211 Life Histories of Familiar Plants, John J. Ward, 211 From Hausaland to Egypt, through the Sudan, Dr. H. Karl W. Kumm, Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 213 The Naga Tribes of Manipur, T. C. Hodson, 215 General Report on the Operations of the Survey of India, Col. F. B. Longe, R.E., 227 United States Geological Survey, Bulletins, Spirit Level- ling, 1896-1909, Results of Triangulation and Primary Traverse, 1906-8, 227 International Rules for the Specification of Colours, Hans Jacob Moller, Dr. A. P. Laurie, 228 Investigation of Bengal Jail Dietaries, Influence of Dietary on the Physical Development of the People of Bengal, Capt. D. McCay, I. M.S., Prof. J. S. Macdonald, 229 Articles on Engineering from the New (nth) Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 237 Experimental-Zoologie, Phylogenese, Dr. H. Przibram, 238 Biochemisches Handlexicon ; Proteine der Pflanzenwelt, Proteine der Tierwelt, Peptone und Kyrine, Oxydative Abbanprodukte der Proteine, Polypeptide : GerbstofTe, Flechtenstoffe, Saponine, Bitterstoffe, Terpene, Prof. E. Abderhalden, Prof. Benjamin Moore, 239 Der Stoffwechsel der Pflanzen, Prof. A. Nathansohn, 240 Lectures Agricoles, Prof. C. Seltensperger, M. Schloesing, M. Nivoit, M. Petit, 241 Grundziige der mikroskopischen Technik fur Zoologen und Anatomen, A. B. Lee, P. Mayer, 241 Dogmatism and Evolution, Prof. T. de Laguna, Dr. Grace A. de Laguna, 242 Abstammungstheorie mit Riicksicht auf Erdgeschichte, Prof. FI. Pohlig, 242 Grundlagen der Ballonfuhrung, Prof. R. Emden, 243 Vaccine Therapy, its Theory and Practice, Dr. R. W. Allen, 243 Die Eiszeit und der vorgeschichtliche Mensch, Prof. G. Steinmann, 243 The Development of British Forestry, A, C. Forbes, 247 English Woodlands and their Story, H. Townley, 247 Clitf Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe, Rev. S. Baring-Gould, 248 Report on Investigations into the Composition of the Gases caused by Blasting in Mines, E. A. Mann, 255 The Prevention of Malaria in the Federated Malay States, Dr. Malcolm Watson, Prof. Ronald Ross, C.B., F.R.S., Col. W. G. King, 255 Revue de Glaciologie, M. Charles Rabot, 257 Les Variations p^riodiques des Glaciers, Dr. E, Bruckner, E. Muret, 257 Chemical Composition of Pine Wood, Prof. Klason, 259 A List of British Birds, showing at a Glance the Exact Status of Each Species, W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, 271 Soil Fertility and Permanent Agriculture, Prof. C. G. Hopkins, 272_^ Termitenleben auf Ceylon, neue Studien zur Soziologie der Tiere zugleich eirt Kapitel Kolonialer Forst-Entomologie, Prof. K. Escherich, 273 Ueber die Bestimmung des chemischen Ortes bei den aromatischen Substanzen, W. Koerner, 274 Der Wert der Menschheit in seiner historisch-philo- sophischen und seiner heutigen naturwissenschaftlichen Bedeutung, Dr. F. Strecker, 275 Fortschritte der naturwissenschaftlichen Forschung, 275 A Systematic Geography of America, G. W. Webb, 276 Laboratory Notes on Organic Chemistry for Medical Students, Dr. Paul Haas, 276 Die Kalte, ihr Wesen, ihre Erzeugung und Verwertung, Dr. H. Alt, 276 Was die meisten Amateur- und manche Fachphotographen nicht wissen. Prof. F. Schmidt, 277 The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Rhynchota, Heteroptera, W. L. Distant, 277 Nigeria and its Tin Fields, A. F. Calvert, 277 Mathematical Papers for .'\dmission into the Royal Military Academy and the Royal Military College, 1905-1910, 277 Huxley and Education, Prof. H. F. Osborn, 277 William Ford Stanley, his Life and Work, 277 Die Elemente der Entwicklungslehre des Menschen und der Wirbeltiere, Prof. O. Hertwig, 277 The Archaeological Survey of Nubia, Report for 1907-8, Prof. G. A. Reisner, Prof. G. Elliot Smith, F.R.S., 283 Beitrage zur Naturdenkmalpfleg-e, A. ¥.. Crawley, 286 Surface Water Supply of the United States, 294 Annual Report for 1909 of the Chief Medical Officer of the Board of Education, 296 The Golden Bough, a Study in Magic and Religion, Prof. J. G. Frazer, A. E. Crawley, 305 A Forest Flora of Chota Nagpur, H. H. Haines, 306 Orders of Infinity, the " Infinitarcalcul " of Paul du Bois- Raymond, G. H. Hardy, F.R.S., 307 The Numeration, Calendar Systems, and Astronomical Knowledge of the Mayas, C. P. Bowditch, 307 Das Pflanzenreich, Regni vegetabilis conspectus, Orchid- aceag, Monandrae, Dendrobiinae, Fr. Kranzlin, 308 History of Anthropology, Dr. A. C. Haddon, F.R.S., A. H. Quiggin, 308 Inorganic Chemistry for Advanced Students, the Right Hon. Sir H. Roscoe, F.R.S., Dr. A. Harden, F.R.S., 309 Chemistry for Beginners, T. Jenks, 309 The M.C.C. Periodic Chart of the Elements, 309 Das Radium in der Biologie und Medizin, E. S. London, 310 Die Adamellogruppe, ein alpines Zentralmassiv, und seine Bedeutung fiir die Gebirgsbildung und unsere Kentniss von dem Mechanismus der Intrusionen, W. Salomon, 310 Cassell's Cyclopaedia of Photography, 310 New Ideas on Inorganic Chemistry, Prof. A. Werner, Dr. E. P. Hedley, 310 The Natural History of Selborne, Gilbert White, R. Kear- ton, C. Kearton, 310 How to Build an Aeroplane, R. Petit, T. O'B. Hubbard, J. H. Ledeboer, 310 XXVIU Index [Nature, Septemter 2Z, igii Shans at Home, Mrs. L. Milne, 314; Shan History and Literature, Rev. W. W. Cochrane, 314 Contribution a I'Etude biologique et ^conomique de la Plie, G. Giison, Dr. William Wallace, 316 Radium, its Physics and Therapeutics, Dr. D. Turner, Dr. A. C. Jordan, 339 An Introduction to Zoology, Prof. R. W. Hegner, 340 Incendies tn l'\)ret, A. Jacquot, C. E. C Fischer, 341 The Evolution and Function of Living Purposive Matter, N. C. Macnamara, 341 L'Evolution de la M^moire, Henri Pi^ron, Dr. W. Brown, 342 Vorlesungen iiber Tierpsychologie, Prof. Karl C. Schneider, Dr. William Brown, 342 The Liverworts, British and Foreign, Right Hon. Sir Edward Fry, G.C.B., Agnes Fry, 343 Fabrication et Emploi des Mat^riaux et Produits r^frac- taires utilises dans I'Industrie, Prof. A. Granger, William Burton, 343 Agricultural Bacteriology, Theoretical and Practical, Prof. John Perclval, 344 A Text-book of General Bacteriology, Prof. W. J. Frost, Prof. E. F. McCampbell, 344 Die Eisenbakterien, Prof. Hans Molisch, 344 The Sources and Modes of Infection, Dr. C. V. Chapin, 344 A Class-book of Chemistry, G. C. Donington, 345 Chemistry for Matriculation, Dr. G. H. Bailey, H. W. Bausor, 345 Trattato di Chimica Inorganica generale e applicata all' Industria, Prof. E. Molinari, 345 Dizionario di Merceologia e di Chimica applicata, Prof. V. Villavecchia, 346 Annual and Biennial Garden Plants, their Value and Uses, with full Instructions for their Cultivation, A. E. Speer, 346 Paints for Steel Structures, Houston Lowe, 346 Chemistry of Food and Nutrition, Prof. H. C. Sherman, 346 The Encyclopaedia of Sport and Games, Crocodile Shoot- ing— Hound Breeding, 351 Reports to the Local Government Board : (i) Bleaching of Flour and Addition of so-called Improvers, Dr. J. M. Hamill, (2) Chemical Changes produced in Flour by Bleaching, Dr. G. W. Monier-Williams, (3) Presence of Calcium Sulphate in Baking Powder and Self-raising Flour, Dr. J. M. Hamill, 352 Oriental Silverwork, Malay and Chinese, H. Ling Roth, 353 The North Pole, Robert E. Peary, Theodore Roosevelt, 373 Vicious Circles in Disease, Dr. J. B. Hurry, Sir T. Clifford AUbutt, K.C.B., F.R.S., 374 Alchemy, Ancient and Modern, H. Stanley Redgrove, 375 A History of the Theories of ^ther and Electricity from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Cen- tury, Dr. E. T. Whittaker, F.R.S., 37s Diseases of Economic Plants, Prof. ¥. L. Stevens, J. G. Hall, 376 Class Book of Trigonometry, Dr. C. Davison, 377 The Student's Arithmetic, W. M. Baker, A. A. Bourne, 377 First-year Mathematics for Secondary Schools, Prof. G. W. Myers and others, 377 Second-year Mathematics for Secondary Schools, Prof. G. W. Myers and others, 377 Geometric Exercises for Algebraic Solution, Second-year Mathematics for Secondary Schools, Prof. G. W. Myers and others, 377 Ornitologia Argentina, Dr. R. Dabbene, 378 Die Samenpflanzen (Blutenpflanzen, Phanerogamen), Prof. K. Wilhelm, 378 The Past at Our Doors, or the Old in the New around Us, W. W. Skeat, 379 Serum and Vaccine Therapy, Bacterial Therapeutics and Prophylaxis, Bacterial Diagnostic Agents, Prof. R. T. Hewlett, 379 Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, 379 The Dawn of Mediterranean Civilisation, A. Mosso, M. C. Harrison, Rev. John Griffith, 385 Across the Roof of the World, a Record of Sport and Travel, Lieut. P. T. Etherton, 388 The National Physical Laboratory, Collected Researches, 400 Mendel's Principles of Heredity, W. Bateson, F.R.S., 407 Ray Society, a Monograph of the British Annelids, Prof. W. C. Mcintosh, F.R.S., Polychaeta, Syllidae to Ariciidae, 408 Elementary Chemistry for Coal-mining Students, Prof. L. T. O'Shea, 408 Phases of Evolution and Heredity, Dr. David Berry Hart, 409 Ih^orie Physico-chimique de la Vie et Generations Spontan^es, Prof. St^phane Leduc, 410 Notes on Irrigation Works, N. F. Mackenzie, 410 Die Kristallinen Schiefer, eine Darstellung der Erschein- ungen der Gestein.smetamorphose und ihrer Produkte, Prof. U. Grubenmann, 411 Maryland Weather Service, Plant Life, F. Shreve, M. A. Chrysler, F. H. Blodgett, F. W. Besley, 412 Salvarsan or 606 (Dioxy-diamino-arsenobenzol), its Chem- istry, Pharmacy, and Therapeutics, Dr. W. H. Martin- dale, W. W. Westcott, 412 Outlines of Zoology, Prof. J. Arthur Thomson, 413 Etude sur I'Assurance compl^mentaire de I'Assurance sur la Vie, avec de nombreux d^veloppements sur les Assurances contre la Maladie et I'lnvalidite, P. J. Richard, 413 Recueil d'CEuvres de L^o Errera, Physiologic g^n^rale. Philosophic, 413 j Wild Flowers as They Grow, Photographed in Colour ' Direct from Nature, H. Essenhigh Corke, G. C. Nuttall, 413 Third Report (Southern Area) on Fishery and Hydro- graphical Investigations in the North Sea and Adjacent Waters, 1906-8, Miss R. M. Lee ; Plaice, Dr. Wallace ; Covered Nets, Mr. Todd ; Fish-eggs, Mr. Wollaston ; Plankton and Hydrography, Mr. Bygrave ; Hydrography of English Channel, Mr. Matthews ; J. Johnstone, 418 New Illustrated Natural History of the World, E. Protheroe, 418 Flora of the Meping River in Siam, Dr. C. C. Hosseus, . 431 Ecological Study of Vegetation of Inland Sand Deposits of lUinois, Dr. H. A. Gleason, 431 Phyto-geographical Sketch of the Andes in S.E. Bolivia, K. Fiebrig, 431 Der Grossteich bei Hirschberg in Nord-Bohmen, Dr. A. Pascher, 432 Die Ceratien, E. Jorgensen, 432 Grundziige der Biologic und Geographic des Susswasser- planktons. Dr. Wesenberg-Lund, 432 Biologische Studien an Lyncodaphniden und Chydoriden, H. Weigold, 432 Die Eibildung und der Generationzyklus von Daphnia magna, U. v. Scharfenberg, 432 Natural History of the Larvae of Donacinae, Dr. A. G. Boving, 432 Die Vegetation der Erde : Sammlung pflanzengeo- graphischer Monographien : die Pflanzenwelt Afrikas, .A. Engler, 441 Transformers : a Treatise on the Theory, Construction, Design, and Uses of Transformers, Auto-transformers, and Choking Coils, Prof. H. Bohle, Prof. D. Robert- son, 442 The Feeding of Crops and Stock : an Introduction to the Science of Nutrition of Plants and Animals, A. D. Hall, F.R.S., 443 Insects and Disease : a Popular Account of the Way in which Insects may Spread or Cause some of Our Common Diseases, Prof. R. W. Doane, 443 Die taxonomischen Grenzen der Art und ihrer Unterabteil- ungen, A. Semenov-Tian-Shansky, 444 Elementary Treatise on Coordinate Geometry of Three Dimensions, R. J. T. Bell, 444 Traite de Chimie g^n^rale, Prof. W. Nernst, Prof. A. Corvisy, 445 Elements of Analytical Geometry, Prof. G. A. Gibson, Dr. P. Pinkerton, 445 Rathv-Orographical Map of the W'orld on Gall's Projection, 446 Aaiure, "1 1 1911J September 28, Index XXIX Elementary Treatise on Conic Sections by the Methods of Coordinate Geometry, C. Smith, 446 Kearton's Nature Pictures, reproduced from Photographs, Richard Kearton, Cherry Kearton, 450 An Unknown People in an Unknown Land : an Account of the Lengua Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco, with Adventures during Twenty Years amongst them, W. Barbrooke Grubb, 451 Arctic Tides, Rollin A. Harris, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 465 Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Sanatorium Treatment, Dr. C. Muthu, 475 Conquering Consumption, Dr. Woods Hutchinson, 475 Public Schools for Girls : a Series of Papers by Members of the Association of Headmistresses, 476 A Text-book of Gas Manufacture for Students, J. Hornby, 478 Maps and Map-making, E. A. Reeves, 478 Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, Prof. D. A. Rothrock, 479 Homogeneous Coordinates for Use in Colleges and Schools, Dr. W. P. Milne, 479 A Geometry for Schools, F. W. Sanderson, G. W. Brewster, 479 Analytic Geometry, Prof. N. C. Riggs, 479 The World of Life : a Manifestation of Creative Power, Directive Mind, and Ultimate Purpose, Dr. A. R. Wallace, F.R.S., 480 Los Aborigenes de la Repiiblica Argentina : Manual adaptado k los Programas de las Escuelas Primarias, Colegios Nacionales y Escuelas Normales, Prof. F. F. Outes, Prof. C. Bruch, 481 Solectrics : a Theory explaining the Causes of Tempests, Seismic and Volcanic Disturbances, and how to Calculate their Time and Place, Captain' A. J. Cooper, 481 Die Cnidosporidien, Dr. M. Auerbach, 482 Lehrbuch der Botanik, Prof. O. Schmeil, 482 Four-figure Logarithms on a New Graphic System, dispens- ing with Interpolations, Dr. R. C. Farmer, M. M. Farmer, 482 Die Abstammungslehre, Dr. P. G. Buekers, 482 The Cornish Riviera, Sidney Heath ; the Peak District, R. M. Gilchrist; Dickens Land, J. A. Nicklin ; all Pictured by E. Haslehurst, 482 England in the Sudan, Yacoub Pasha Artin, G. Robb, 488 The Geology and Geography of Northern Nigeria, Dr. J. D. Falconer, A. Longbottom ; Appendix on Palaeontology, H. Woods, 489 Etudes Glaciaires G^ographiques et Botaniques dans le Massif des Grandes Rousses, M. Flusin, M. Jacob, M. O finer, 499 Notes on the Underground Water Resources in Mysore, Dr. W. F. Smeeth, 499 Rural Denmark and its Lessons, H. Rider Haggard, 509 Sewage Disposal, Prof. L. P. Kinnicutt, Prof. C. E. A. Winslow, R. W. Pratt, Edward Ardern, 510 Lectures on Biology, Dr. Curt Thesing, W. R. Boelter, 510 The New Haven Mathematical Colloquium, E. H. Moore, E. J. Wilczynski, Max Mason, 511 The Night-skies of a Year : the Journal of a Star-gazer, J. H. Elgie, 512 The Snakes of Ceylon, A. F. Abercromby, 512 The Racial Anatomy of the Philippine Islanders : Intro- ducing New Methods of Anthropology, Prof. R. B. Bean, Prof. G. Elliot Smith, F.R.S., 513 Chemische Kristallographie, Prof. P. Groth, 514 Themen der physikalischen Chemie, Prof. E. Baur, 514 Das chemische Gleichgewicht auf Grund mechanischer Vorstellungen, Prof. H. v. Juptner, 514 The World of Dreams, H. Havelock Ellis, 515 The Economy of Food : a Popular Treatise on Nutrition, Food, and Diet, J. Alan Murray, 515 Text-book of Botany, J. M. Lowson, 515 Le Chaos et I'Harmonie universelle, Felix le Dantec, 515 Shepherds of Britain, Adelaide L. J. Gosset, 523 The Ore Deposits of New Mexico, W. Lingden, C. C. Craton, C. H. Gordon ; Manganese Ore Deposits of the United States, E. C. Harden ; Ore Deposits in Maine and New Hampshire, W. H. Emmons ; U.S. Geological Survey Bulletins, 531 Euplotes Worcesteri II. Division, L. E. Griffin; Experi- ments with Drosophila ampelophila concerning Evolution, F. E. Lutz ; Germinal Transplantation in Vertebrates, Prof. W. E. Castle, J. C. Phillips; the Maturation of the Egg of the Mouse, J. A. Long, E. L. Mark, 532 Modern Methods of Water Purification, J. Don, J. Chis- holm, Denison B. Byles, 543 Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (mit Ausschluss der Kristall- optik). Prof. W. Voigt, 544 Lemons de Cristallographie, G. Friedel, 544 Die Kristallgruppen nebst ihren Beziehungen zu den Raum- gittern. Prof. E. Sommerfeldt, 544 Les Explosifs modernes, Paul F. Chalon, 546 The Dawn of the Health Age, Dr. B. Moore, 547 A Text-book of Geology, P. Lake, R. H. Rastall, Prof. G. A. J. Cole, 549 An Introduction to Bacteriological and Enzyme Chemistry, Dr. G. J. Fowler, Dr. A. Harden, F.R.S., 550 Bei den Eskimos in Westgronland : Ergebnisse einer Sommerreise im Jahre 1906, Dr. R. Trebitsch, Dr. A. C. Haddon, F.R.S., 550 Memories of Eighty Years, Dr. John Beddoe, F.R.S., 551 Introduction to Physical Chemistry, Prof. J. Walker, F.R.S., 551 Britain's Birds and their Nests, A. Landsborough Thomson, G. Rankin, 552 An Introduction to Experimental Psychology, Dr. C. S. Myers, 552 Grundziige der mathematisch-physikalischen Akustik, Prof. A. Kalahne, 553 Physical Measurements, Prof. A. W. Duff, Prof. A. W. Ewell, 553 Unsterblichkeit, Hermann Graf Keyserhng, 553 Elementary Regional Geography : Europe and the Mediter- ranean Region, J. B. Reynolds, 553 Cambridge County Geographies : Berkshire, H. W. Monckton, 553 Space and Spirit : a Commentary upon Sir Oliver Lodge's " Life and Matter," R. A. Kennedy, 553 Report of the Government Advisory Committee for Aero- nautics for 1909-1910 : Interim Report for 1910-1911, Report on the Theory of a Stream Line past a Plane Barrier, and of the Discontinuity arising at the Edge, with the Application of the Theory to an Aeroplane, Sir George Greenhill, F.R.S., 556 The Aeroplane, an Elementary Text-book on the Principles of Dynamic Flight, T. O'B. Hubbard, J. H. Ledeboer, C. C. Turner, 556 The Mechanics of the Earth's Atmosphere, a Collection of Translations, Cleveland Abbe, 556 Seventeen Years among the Sea Dyaks of Borneo, E. H. Gomes, 558 The Biological Stations of Europe, Prof. C. A. Kofoid, 559 . . L'Embryog^n^se complete provoqu^e chez les Amphibiens par Piqiire de I'CEuf vierge, &c., E. Bataillon, 569 La Parth^nog6n^se exp^rimentale chez les Amphibiens, F. Henneguy, 569 Circulars and Agricultural Journal of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, 569 A Study of Absorption Spectra, H. C. Jones, W. W. Strong, 569 Report on Shell-fish other than Oysters in Relation to Disease, Dr. H. Timbrell Bulstrode, 571 Preservative Materials used by the Ancient Egyptians in Embalming, A. Lucas, 572 Dynamic Meteorology and Hydrography, Prof. V. Bjerknes and others, E. Gold, 577 The Jews : a Study of Race and Environment, M. Fishberg, Dr. A. C. Haddon, F.R.S., 578 Alcoholic Fermentation, Dr. A. Harden, F.R.S., 570 L'Evolution des Theories gdologiques, Prof. S. Meunier, 580 The Metallurgy of Lead, H. F. Collins, Sir W. C. Roberts- Austin, K.C.B., F.R.S., 581 The Trisection of the Angle by Plane Geometry : Verified by Trigonometry, Dr. J. Whiteford, 581 XXX Index [Nature, iiiber 28, 191 1 Birdflight as the Basis of Aviation, O. Lilienthal : Bio- graptiical Introduction, G. Lilienthal, A. W. Isenthal ; A. Mallock, F.R.S., 582 A Systematic Handbook of Volumetric Analysis, or the Quantitative Determination of Chemical Substances by Measure, F. Sutton, W. L. Sutton, A. E. Johnson, 582 The Influence of Strong, Prevalent, Rain-bearing Winds on the Prevalence of Phthisis, Dr. W. Gordon, 583 Die Naturwissenschaften in ihrer Entwicklung und in ihrem Zusammenhange, Friedrich Dannemann, 583 A Course of Plane Geometry for Advanced Students, Part ii., C. V. Durell, 583 The Phase Rule and its Applications, Dr. Alex. Findlay, 583 The Scottish Geological Survey Memoirs : Glenelg, Lochalsh, and South-east Skye : Neighbourhood of Edin- burgh : East Lothian and Parts of Counties of Edin- burgh and Berwick, Dr. B. N. Peach, F.R.S., Dr. J. Home, F.R.S., G. Barrow, Dr. J. S. Flett, C. T. Clough, and Others, 586 Constipation and Allied Disorders, Dr. Hertz, 588 Radiographic Demonstration of Lane's Ileal Kink, Dr. A. C. Jordan, 588 The Explosibility of Coal Dust, U.S. Geological Survey, George S. Rice and Others, 595 Abstract of Reports on Austrian Coal-dust Experiments at Rossitz Experimental Station, k.k. Oberbergkommissar Dr. Czaplinski, Werksdirektor Jicinsky, 595 Entomological Papers, Various, 598 Distribution of the Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Tick, F. C. Bishopp, 598 Report of the Dominion Entomologist (Canada), Dr. C. G. Hewitt, 598 Reynolds (Prof. S. H.), the Faunal and Lithological Sequence in the Carboniferous Limestone (Avonian) of Burrington Combe, Somerset, 540 Rice (G. S.), the Explosibility of Coal Dust, 595 Richard (P. J.), Etude sur I'Assurance compldmentaire de I'Assurance sur la Vie, 413 Ridgeway (Dr. W.), a New Variety of Zebra, 245 Riesz (M.), Method of Summation Equivalent to the Method of Arithmetical Means, 608 Ri^ty (L.), Electromotive Force produced by Flow of a Solution of Sulphate of Copper through a Capillary, 473 Riggs (Prof. N. C), Analytic Geometry, 479 Ritchie (J. B.), Dissipation of Energy in Torsionally Oscillating Wires, 200 ; Apparatus for inducing Fatigue in Wires by Repeated Strains and Effects on the Laws of Torsional Oscillations, 200 Rizzo (Prof. G. B.), the Velocity of Earth Movements caused by the Messina Earthquake, 213 Roaf (Dr. H. E.), Carbon Dioxide Output during Decere- brate Rigidity, 65 ; the Hypobranchial Gland in Purpura lapillus, 94 Robb (G.), England in the Sudan, 488 Roberts-Austen (Sir W. C, K.C.B., F.R.S.), an Introduc- tion to the Study of Metallurgy, 141 ; the Metallurgy of Lead, 581 Robertson (Dr. A. W. W.), Physical Anthropology of Australasian Races, 433 Robertson (Prof. D.), Transformers, a Treatise on the Theory, Construction, and Design of, 442 Robertson (Miss M.), Transmission of Flagellates Living in the Blood of certain Freshwater Fishes, 31 Robinson (C. S.), Complex Thio-oxalates, 541 Robinson (H.), Investigation of the Electrical State of the Air by Kites and Balloons, 575 Robinson (H. Perry), Of Distinguished Animals, 14 Robinson (R.), Relations between the Suprarenal Glands with the State of Gravidity, and Use of Adrenaline in the Vomiting of Pregnancy, 372 ; Determination of Sex and Use of Adrenaline, 474 Rochain (A.), Immunisation through the Intestine, 168 Rontgen Rays : Unsymmetric Distribution of Scattered Rontgen Radiation, J. A. Crowther, 167; Fatigue and Persistence Effects in Production of Secondary Rontgen Rays, J. C. Chapman, 167; Intensity of Secondary Homogeneous Rontgen Radiation from Compounds, J. C. Chapman, E. D. Guest, 167 ; Production of Characteristic Rontgen Radiations, R. Whiddington, 471 ; Energy of the Scattered Rontgen Radiation from different Radia- lors, J. A. Crowther, 541 Romanes (J.), Strongylocentrotus as a Rock-borer, 33 Roscoe (Rt. Hon. Sir H., F.R.S.), Inorganic Chemistry for Advanced Students, 309 Rosenhain (VV.), Properties of some Alloys of Copper, Aluminium, and Manganese, 400 Roth (H. Ling), Anthropological Collections in Museums, 298 ; Oriental Silverwork, Malay and Chinese, 353 Rothamsted Experiment Station, 599 Rothrock (Prof. D. A.), Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, 479 Rothschild (Hon. N. Ch.), Siphonaptera from N. China, 134 Roux {].), Charge of the Electron, 405 Royal-Dawson (W. G.), the Flow of Thin Liquid Films, no Royal Anthropological Institute, 100, 472 Royal Astronomical Society, 166 Royal Geographical Society : Labrador, Dr. W. T. Gren- fell, C.M.G., 19 ; the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, Dr. Douglas Mawson, 231 ; Anniversary Meeting and Address by Major Leonard Darwin, 429 Royal Institution : Crystalline Structure, Dr. A. E. H. Tutton, F.R.S., 163 ; Recent Advances in Turbines, Hon. C. A. Parsons, F.R.S., 259 ; Travelling at High Speeds on the Earth and above it. Prof. H. S. Hele-Shaw, F.R.S., 330; a New Method of Chemical Analysis, Sir J. J. Thomson, F.R.S., 466; New Organic Compounds of Nitrogen, Prof. Martin O. Forster, F.R.S., 465 ; Radio-telegraphy, Commendatore G. Marconi, 600 Royal Irish Academy, 66, 270, 473, 506, 575 Royal Meteorological Society, 233, 303, 438, 575 Royal Microscopical Society, 33, 199, 405, 504 Royal Military Academy and College, Mathematical Papers for Admission into, 277 Royal Observatory, Greenwich : the Astronomer Royal's Annual Report to the Board of Visitors, 500 Royal Society: 31, 65, 100, 133, 166, 199, 233, 370, 404, 437> 470, 539, 606; Selected Candidates for Election, 18; Conversaziones, 394, 570 Royal Society of Arts : Artifidal Gems, Noel Heaton, 433 Royal Society, Dublin, 135, 269, 506 Royal Society, Edinburgh, 200, 433, 438 Royal Society of Sciences, Gottingen, 270 Royal Society of South Africa, 235, 576 ; Photography an Aid to Astronomy, S. S. Hough, F.R.S., 534 Royal Society of Victoria, 406, 576 Ru'dge (Prof. W. A. D.), the Meteorites in the Bloem- fontein Museum, 236 Ruhemann (S.), Triketohydrindene Hydrate, 541 Russ (Dr. S.), the Action of Radium Emanations upon some of the Main Constituents of Normal Blood, 540 Russell (A.), Occurrence of the Barium-felspar Celsian in North Wales, 180 ; Occurrence of Dundasite in Derby- shire and Galway and of Bertrandite in Cornwall, 234 Russell (Spencer C), Experiments at Epsom to obtain a Record of Variations in Size of Raindrops, 575 Russell (T. H.), Mosses and Liverworts, 142 Rutherford (Prof. E.), Scattering of the o and $ Rays and Structure of the Atom, 201 Sabatier (P.), Direct Esterification and Saponification by Catalysis, 67 ; Catalytic Splitting Up of Esters bv Metallic Oxides, 131; ; Catalytic Esterification of Alcohols by Fatty Acids, 338 ; Catalytic Decomposition of Formic Acid, 438 Salamander, Varieties of the Spotted, E. G. Boulenger. 66 Salet (M.), Absorption and Diffusion of Light by Meteorites of the Intersidereal Space, 303 Salisbury (E. G.), the Genus Salicornia, 235 Salt Manufacture : Discovery of New Process by Mr. James Hodgkinson, 60 Nature, September 28, ..] Index XXXI Salter (Charles T. C), Technical Mycology, Prof. F. Lafar, 140 Salter (C), Frequency of Wet Days in London, 438 Salvarsan or 606 (Dioxy-diamino-arsenobenzol), Dr. W. H. Martindale, W. W. Westcott, 412 Sand, Musical : in Britain, E. R. Thomas, 483 ; of Eigg, C. Carus-Wilson, 518 Sanderson (F. W.), a Geometry for Schools, 479 Sanitary Science : Public Health Ideals, Dr. W. P. Norris, 266 Sarasin (Ed.), Action of Slight Elevations of Temperature on induced Radio-activity, 67 Sauton (B.), Germination in vivo of the Spores of Asper- gillus niger and A. fumigatus, 609 Schafer (Prof. E. A.), Action of Animal Extracts on Milk Secretions, 100 Scharfenberg (U. v.). Egg Formation and Generation Cycle of Daphnia magna, 432 Schloesing (M., sen.), the Mother Liquors from the Salt Marshes, 167 Schmeil (Prof. O.), Lehrbuch der Botanik fiir hohere Lehranstalten, 482 Schmidt (Prof. F.), Was die meisten Amateur- und manche Fachphotographen nicht wissen, 277 Schmidt (Johs.), Biology of Eels, from Material collected by the Thor, 61 Schmitt (C. O.), Future Economies in Rand Reduction Plants, 505 Schneider (Prof. K. Camillo), Vorlesungen iiber Tier- psychologie, 342 Schoenichen (Dr. W.), Einfiihrung in die Biologie, 41 Schulten (A. de), Crystallographic Examination of some Silicides, Borides, and Carbides, 372 Schuster (Prof. A.), Influence of Planets on Formation of Sun-spots, 166 Schuster (E.), Motor Localisation in the Brain of the Gibbon, 370 Schwann (Dr. T.), Mikroskopische Untersuchungen iiber die Ubereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wach- stume der Tiere und Pflanzen, 41 Science : Junior Experimental Science, W. M. Hooton, 42 ; Forthcoming Books, 55 ; Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 59 ; Collected Papers from the Science Laboratories of the University of Melbourne, Kq ; the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Promotion of Science, 69 ; the Method of Science, Address at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Prof. C. S. Minot, 94 ; Smithsonian Institution Annual Report, 161 ; Science in Modern Life, Prof. J. Wilson, Dr. J. Beard, Prof. B. Moore, Dr. H. S. Harrison, 174 ; Science and Education in the Civil Service Estimates, 193 ; Aphorisms and Reflections from the Works of T. H. Huxley, selected by Henrietta A. Huxley, 211; the British Science Guild, 217; Meeting of the Australasian Association^ for the Advancement of Science, 263 ; Fortschritte der naturwissenschaftlichen Forschung, 271; : the Teaching of Science in Secondary Schools, 326 ; the Science Museum and the Geological Museum, 326 : the Science Museum at South Kensington, 454 ; Science Museum at South Kensington, Proposed Site, J. S. Gardiner, 483; Science at the White City, .t;3o ; die Naturwissenschaften in ihrer Entwicklung und in ihrem Zusammenhange, Friedrich Dannemann, 583 ; Science and Coronation Honours, 589 Scott (W. M.), Action of Ultra-violet Rays on Blood Sera, 101 Scott-Hansen (A.), Hydro-electric Plants in Norway and their Application to Electro-chemical Industry, 501 Scrivenor (J. B.), Cassiterite in the Malay Peninsula, 234 Seal Fishing in Bering Sea, New Conference at Washing- ton, 116 Seiches in Windermere, Gordon Dobson, 278 Seismology : the Kangra Earthquake of April 4, 1905, C. S. Middlemiss, 16 ; Velocity of Earth Movements caused by the Messina Earthquake, Prof. J. Milne, F.R.S., 125, Prof. G. B. Rizzo, 213; Seismographic Record of the South African Earthquake of October, 1910, J. R. Sutton, 236; Changes of Level of the Soil in Provence -due to the Earthquake of June 11. 1907, C. Lallemand, 542 j Seltensperger (Prof. C), Lettres Agricoles, 241 Semenov-Tian-Shansky (Andreas), die taxonomischen Grenzen der Art, 444 Senderens (J. B.) and J. Aboulenc, Catalytic Preparations of Fatty Esters in the Wet Way, 608 Shve (P.), Measurement of Magnetic Fields in Absolute Value, 507 Sewage : Nitrogen Losses during Purification of Sewage by Bacterial Beds, A. Miintz, E. Laine, 201 ; Sewage Disposal, Prof. L. P. Kinnicutt, Prof. C. E. A. Winslow, R. W. Pratt, E. Ardern, 510; the Non-nitrification of Sewage in Sea-water, J. E. Purvis, McHattie, and Fisher, 541 Sex-determination : Studies, R. Robinson, 474 ; Rdle of Internal Secretions, J. Regnault, 474 Sexton (Mrs. E. W.), the Amphipod Genus Leptocheirus, 200 Sexual Selection : Mr. and Mrs. Peckham's Observations of Spiders of the Family Attidae, 511 Shans at Home, Mrs. Milne, Rev. W. W. Cochrane, 314 Shaw (K.), Photographs of Halley's Comet, 167 Shelford (R.), the British Museum Collection of Blattidae enclosed in Amber, 471 Shellfish other than Oysters in Relation to Disease, Report on. Dr. H. Timbrell Bulstrode, 571 Shephard (J.), Victorien Rotifers, 576 Shepherd (E. J.), Reappearance on the Nucleolus in Mitosis, 405 Shepherds of Britain, Adelaide L. J. Gosset, 523 Sherman (Prof. H. C), Chemistry of Food and Nutrition, 346 Sherrington (Prof. C. S.), Reversal of the Reflex Effect of an Afferent Nerve by altering the Character of the Electrical Stimulus applied, 65 Sherrington (Prof. C. S.), Motor Localisation in thef Brain of the Gibbon, 370 Ships, Model, National Experimental Tank for, 519 Shrager (A. L.), Shaft Sinking against Water in Fissured Ground, 33 Shreve (F.), Plant Life of Maryland, 412 Sidgwick (Dr. Nevil V.), the Organic Chemistry of Nitrogen, 171 Silica, Expansion and Thermal Hysteresis of Fused, G. W. Kaye, 401 Simpson (Prof. W. J.), Plague, 487 Siphon, a Self-regulating, 45 Sislev (P.), Elimination of Colouring Matters from the Animal Organism, 338 Sitter (Dr. W. de), Bearing of the Principle of Relativity in Gravitational Astronomy, 166 Skeat (W. W.), the Past at Our Doors, or the Old in the New around Us, 379 Smalley (F. W.), Inheritance of Colour in Pigeons, 200 Smeeth (Dr. W. F.), Notes on the Underground Water Resources in Mysore, 499 Smith (Dr. A. H.), Tooth-germs in the Wallaby, 504 Smith (C), an Elementary Treatise on Conic Sections by the Methods of Coordinate Geometry, 446 Smith (Miss E. M.), Colour Vision in Dogs, 471 Smith (Prof. G. Elliot, F.R.S.), the Racial Problem in Nubia, 347; the Methods of Anthropology, 513 Smith (W. W.), Sterculia alata, a Remarkable Instance of Leaf Variation, 507 Smithells (Prof. Arthur, F.R.S.), Professors and Practical Men, 127 ; Public Schools for Girls, 476 Smithsonian- Institution Annual Report, 161 Smyth (W. Woods), Facts and Fallacies regarding the Bible, 77 Snakes of Ceylon, A. F. Abercrombie, 512 Snape (H. J.), the British Isles, 42 Soddy (F., F.R.S.), Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality, J. Perrin, 105 Soil Fertilitv and Permanent Agriculture, Prof. C. G. Hopkins, 272 Solar Eclipse, the Total, April 28, 191 1 : C. P. Butler, 185, -?i3; Rev. A. Corlie. S.T-.-Mr. Worthington, 3:^9; C. L. Wragge, 359, 554 ; C. W. RafTety, 554 ; the British Solar Eclipse Expedition, Dr. W. J. S. Lockyer, 426, 461, 4Q6, 529, 56s XXXll Index Nature, _September ^Z, ign Solar Prominence, Angular Speed of Rotation of a Long- enduring, A. A. Buss, 143 Solar Radiation Constant, Ch. Fdry, M. Drecq, loi ; C. G. Abbot, 534 Solectrics, a Theory explaining the Causes of Tempests, Seismic, and Volcanic Disturbances, Capt. A. J, Cooper, 481 Solly (R. H.), Two New Minerals from the Binnenthal in Switzerland, 234 Sommerfeldt (Prof. E.), die Kristallgruppen nebst ihren Beziehungen zu den Raumgittern (Space-lattices), 544 Sound : Kinematographical Study of Displacements of Ultra-microscopic Particles produced by very Rapid Sound Shocks, V. Henri, S. Lifchitz, 235 ; Grundzuge der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Akustik, Prof. A. Kalahne, ,';53 ; Demonstration of the Subjective Nature of the Difference Tone, Prof. S. P. Thompson, F.R.S., 607 Sowtbn (Miss S. C), Reversal of the Reflex Effect of an Afferent Nerve by altering the Character of the Electric Stimulus applied, 65 Space and Spirit : a Commentary upon Sir Oliver Lodge's " Life and Matter," R. A. Kennedy, ';t;3 Spectroscopy : the Hydrogen Spectrum, C. W. Raffety, 12 ; Handbuch der Spectroscopic, Prof. H. Kayser, 40 ; Absorption Spectra of Lithium and Caesium, Prof. P. V. Bevan, 100 ; Dispersion in Vapours of the Alkali Metals, Prof. P. V. Bevan, 100 ; Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Krypton, &c., A. I^pape, 131^ ; Regularities in the Spectrum of Neon, H. E. Watson, 167 ; Absorption Spectra of Vapours of Sulphur Compounds, J. E. Purvis, 167; Dynamical Value of the Molecular Systems which emit Banded Spectra, Prof. E. T. Whittaker, 233 : Vacuum-tube Spectra of Vapours of some Metals and Metallic Chlorides, Dr. J. H. Pollok, 269 ; the Line Spectrum of Air given by the Electric Spark, G. A. Hemsalech, 303 ; Absorption Markings in " K " Spectro- heliograms, J • Evershed, 348 ; Spectrum of the Spark between Calcium Electrodes in a Magnetic Field and Comparison with Solar Chromosphere, G. A. Hemsalech, 371 ; Spectroscopic Investigations in Connection with the Active Modification of Nitrogen, Prof. A. Fowler, Hon. R. J. Strutt, 471 ; Vacuum-tube Spectra of Mercury, Dr. F. Horton, 471 ; the Air Spectrum gfven by the Initial Discharge of the Self-induction Spark, G. A. Hemsalech, 507 ; Anode and Kathode Spectra of various Gases and Vapours, G. Stead, i;40 ; the Origin of Spectra, F. Horton, 541 ; the Second Spectrum of Hydrogen^ in the Extreme Red, F. Croze, 1^42 ; Absorption Spectra o'f Metallic Salts, H. C. Jones, W. W. Strong, 569 Speer (A. E.), Annual and Biennial Garden Plants, 346 Spencer (W. B.), Origin of Cuts on Bones of Australian Extinct Marsupials, 576 Spitta (E. J.), Low-power Photomicrography, Colouring Methods, 405 ; Grayson's Rulings, 405 Sports and Games, Encyclopaedia of, 351 Stanley (William Ford), his Life and Work, 277 Stannus (H. S.), the Pathogenic Agent in a Case of Human Trypanosomiasis in Nyasaland, 539 Stansfield (E.), Two Simple Forms of Gas-pressure Regu- lators, 503 Steinmann (Prof. G.), die Eiszeit und der vorgeschichtliche Mensch. 243 Stevens (Prof. F. L.), Diseases of Economic Plants, 376 Stiles (C. W.), What is the Genotype of X . . us Jones, 1000, based upon a Species erroneously determined as alhus Smith, 1890? 246 Sting^ing Tree, in Formosa, Tokutavo Ito, 8 ; in India, H. H. Haines, 280 Stormer (Carl), Structure of the Solar Corona, 67 Strecker (Dr. _ F.). der Wert der Menschheit in seiner historisch-philosophischen und seiner heutigen natur- wissenschaftlichen Bedeutung, 275 Strong (W. W.), Absorption Spectra of Metallic Salts, 569 Stars : Star People, Katharine F. Dewey, 176 ; Pressure in Stellar Atmospheres, C. P. Butler, 362 ; Star Constella- tions, J. H. Elgie, 1^12 Stassano (H.). Possibility of Preserving intact .'Vgglutinated Masses in Bacteria killed by Ultra-violet Rays, 102 Stead (G.), the Anode and Kathode Spectra of various Gases and Vapours, 540 Steam-engine and other Heat Engines, the, Prof. J. A. Ewing, C.B., F.R.S., 6 Stebbing (Rev. T. R. R., F.R.S.), the Transference of Names in Zoology, 43 ; General Catalogue of S. African Crustacea, 174 ; John Vaughan Thompson and his Polyzoa : Vaunthompsonia, a Genus of .Sympoda, 471 Steele (Prof. Bertram), Inorganic Solvents, 264 Strutt (Hon. R. J., F.R.S.), Bakerian Lecture : a Chemically Active Modification of Nitrogen produced by the Electric Discharge, 233 ; Afterglow of the Electric Discharge, and an Active Modification of Nitrogen, 394; Spectroscopic Investigations in connection with the Active Modification of Nitrogen, 471 Sturge (Dr. Allen), Implements of Mousterian Type from Gibraltar, 245 Sudan : England in the Sudan, Yacoub Pasha Artin, G. Robb, 488 ; Wellcome Laboratories, Khartoum, 489 Sulman (H. Livingstone), Modern Methods of Ore Treat- ment, Address at Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 159 Summers (F.), Coast Vegetation of South-west Lancashire, 608 Surgical Importance of the Milky Juice of Euphorbia peplus, H. G. Chapman, Dr. J. M. Petrie, 517 Surveying : Effects of Errors in Surveying, H. Briggs, 200 Surveys : see Geography Sutton (F. and W. L.), a Systematic Handbook of Volumetric Analysis, 582 Sutton (J. R.), Seismographic Record of the S. African Earthquake of October, 1910, 236 Swanton (E. W.), the Fox and the Goose, 178 Swinnerton (Dr. H. H.), Functions of Median and Paired Fins of Fishes, 299 Swinton (A. A. Campbell), Visual Sensations from the Alternating Magnetic Field, 143 Tait (W. H.), a Self-regulating Siphon, 45 Tannery (J.), Introduction k la Thiorie des Fonctions d'une Variable, 172 Tarbutt (H. W.), the Egyptian Influence on Rhodesia Ruin Builders or vice versa, 236 Teachers' Registration Council, Proposed, 605 Technical Training : see Education Telephone, a Self-recording, 507 Termier (P.), Age of the Green Rocks of the Belledonne Chain, 131^ ; the Mylonites of Elba, 201 ; Schistes lustres in the Ligurian Apennines, 473 ; the Exotic Character of Gneiss and Granite Complex known as Crystalline Massif Ligure, and the Separation of the Apennines and the Alps, 608 Termites : Damage done to Skulls and Bones bv Termites, Douglas E. Derry, 245 ; Termites of Ceylon^ Prof. K. Escherich, 273 Theiler (Dr. A.), Transmission of Amakebe by the Brown Tick, 437 Theobald (F. V.), Mosquitoes of the Seychelles and Aldabra, 608 Therapeutics : the Use of Radio-active Substances in Therapeutics, Dr. A. C. Jordan, 157 ; Researches on Di-iodotyrosine and its Possible Use in Therapeutics, A Berthelot, 439 Therapv : Einfiihrung in die experimentelle Therapie, Prof. M. Jacoby, 206; Vaccine Therapy, Dr. R. W. Allen, 243 ; Serum and Vaccine Therapy, Bacterial Thera- peutics and Prophylaxis Bacterial Diagnostic Agents, Prof. R. T. Hewlett. 379 Thesing (Dr. Curt), Lectures on Biology, W. R. Boelter, 510 Thiroux (A.), Identification of the Pathogenic Trypano- somes, 67 Thiselton-Dyer (Sir W. T., K.C.M.G., F.R.S.), the Muta- tion Theory, Prof. H. de Vries, Prof. J. B. Farmer, A. D. Darbishire, 103 Thomas (E. R.), Musical Sand, 483 Thomas (H. Hamshaw), Spores of some Jurassic Ferns, 472 Thomas (Oldfield), Mammals collected in W. China by Malcolm Anderson, 32 ; Mammals collected in Shen-si, Central China, 337 Nature, "I 1 1911J Septentber 28 Index XXXlll Thompson (A. Beeby), Relationship of Structure and Petrology to occurrence of Petroleum, 33 Thompson (Prof. S. P.), a New Method of Harmonic Analysis by Averaging Selected Ordinates, 607 ; Demon- stration of the Subjective Nature of the Difference Tone, 607 Thomson (A. Landsborough), Britain's Birds and their Nests, 552 Thomson (Prof. J. Arthur), Outlines of Zoology, 413 Thomson (J. C), Rusting of Iron, 25 Thomson (Sir J. J.), Photographs of Kanal Strahlen, 167 ; Elected Correspondent for the Section of Physics of the French Academy of Sciences, 235 ; a New Method of Chemical Analysis, Discourse at the Royal Institution, 466 Thomson (Dr. J. S.), Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope and Natal, 504 Thomson and Peltier Effects, F. W. Jordan, 380 Thomson (W.), Influence of Atmospheric Pressure and Humidity on Animal Metabolism, 303 Thornely (Miss L. Roscoe), Marine Polyzoa of the Collec- tion made by Mr. J. S. Gardiner in the Indian Ocean, 100 Tian (A.), Decomposition of Water by Ultra-violet Light, 304 ; the Radiations causing the Decomposition of Water and the Extreme Ultra-violet Spectrum of the Mercury Arc, 507 Tillyard (R. J.), Life-histories of Australian Odonata, e^'^(i Time : Standard Time in France, 92 ; Standard Time- keeping, 464 Tims (Dr. H. W. M.), Tooth-germs in the Wallabv, 505 Tirard (Mrs. H. M.), the Book of the Dead, 37 Tissot (C), Periods of Electrical Oscillations, 135 Todd (Mr.), Covered Fishing Nets, 418 Tokyo Imperial University, 46 Tommasina (Th.), Action of Slight Elevations of Tempera- ture on induced Radio-activity, 67 Torre (Prof. K. W. von Dalla), das Tierreich, 4 Transformers, Treatise on the Theory, Construction, Design, and Uses of. Prof. H. Bohle, Prof. D. Robertson, 442 Travelling at High Speeds pn the Surface of the Earth and above it, Prof. H. S. Hele-Shaw, F.R.S., 330 Treadgold (Dr. A. F.), Mental Defect, Pauperism, and Heredity, 486 Trebisch "(Dr. R. O.), bei den Eskimos in Westgronland, 550 Tree Planting in Towns, E. P. Stebbing, 195 Tremearne (Mary and Captain A. J. Newman), Fables and Fairy Tales for Little Folk, or Uncle Remus in Hausa- land, 109 Tremearne (Captain A. J. N.), the Niger and the West Sudan, or the West African's Note-book, 175 Trigonometry : a Class Book of Trigonometry, Dr. C Davison, 377 ; Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigo nometry, Prof. D. A. Rothrock, 479 Truschel (M.), the Sense of Direction in the Blind, 304 Tsvett (M.), a New Plant Colouring Matter, Thujo- rhodine, 167 Experimental Tuberculosis in the Dog, P. Chauss^, 235 Tunnelling under Streets, Partial, M. Rabut, 430 Turbines, Recent Advances in. Discourse at the Royal Institution, Hon. C. A. Parsons, F.R.S., 259 Turner (C. C), the Aeroplane : an Elementary Text-book, 556 Turner (Dr. D.), Radium, its Physics and Therapeutics, 339 Turner (Prof. H. H., F.R.S.), Determination of Positions of Reference Stars Photographically, 166 ; What can we learn from Rainfall Records? 233 Tutton (Dr. A. E. H., F.R.S.), Crystalline Structure, Royal Institution Lectures, 163 Typhoid Vaccination, Anti-, J. Courmont, A. Rochain, 168, 304 Ultra-violet Rays : Action of Ultra-violet Ravs on Blood Sera, W. M. Scott, loi : Reflection of Ultra-violet Rays by Snow, Prof. J. v. Kowalski, 144 ; Action of Ultra- violet Light on Starch, L. Massol, 202 ; Decomposition of Water by Ultra-violet Light, A. Tian, 304 ; Action of the Ultra-violet Rays upon the Green Pods of Vanilla, J. Pougnet, 406; Action of the Ultra-violet Rays upon Lactic Acid, M. Landau, 439 ; the Radiations causing the Decomposition of Water, and the Extreme Ultra-violet Spectrum of the Mercury Arc, A. Tian, 507 ; Velocities of the Electrons produced by Ultra-violet Light, LI. Hughes, 541 ; Action of Ultra-violet Light on Saccharose, 542 University, the Business Side of a, M. L. Cooke Prof G. H. Bryan, F.R.S., 147 University of London, Reconstruction of, 115 Usher (F. L.), the Mechanism of Carbon .Assimilation, 540 Vaccine Therapy, its Theory and Practice, Dr. R. W. Allen, 243 Vanderlinden (Dr. E.), les Ph^nom^nes P^riodiques de la V6g6tation dans leurs Rapports avec les Variations climatiques, 192 Vaughan (Dr. A.), the Faunal and Lithological Sequence in the Carboniferous Limestone (Avonian) of Burrington Combe, Somerset, 540 Vavon (G.), the Addition of Hydrogen to Limonene, 609 Veblen (Prof. O.), Projective Geometry, 207 Vector Analysis : Elements de Calcul vectoriel, avec de nombreuses Applications, Prof. C. Burali-Forti, Prof- R. Marcolongo, 75 ; Fundamental Notions in Vector Analysis, Maumatha nath Ray, 280; C. G. K., 281 Vegard (L.), the Radiation producing Aurora Borealis, 212 Vermorel (V.), an Anticryptogamic Colloidal Copper Solution, 439 Very (Prof. Frank W.), Water-vapour on Mars, no Vidal (Dr. Paulino C), Apparatus for finding the Real Roots of an Equation, 22 Vignon (L^o), Action of Water Vapour upon Carbon in Presence of Lime, 201 Villard (P.), Direct-reading Electrostatic Voltmeter for High Potentials, 40.=; Villavecchia (Prof. V.), Dizionario di Merceolcjgia e di Chimica applicata, 346 Vilmorin (P. de). Case of Gametic Coupling in Pisum, 199 Vincent (Dr. R.), Photomicrographs illustrating the Morphology of Organisms concerned in Production of acute Intestinal Toxaemia in Infants, 199 Voigt (Prof. W.), Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (mit Ausschluss der Optik), 544 Vries (Prof. H. de), the Mutation Theory, 103 Vuillemin (P.), a Disease of the Weymouth Pine, ,£;o7 Vulcanological Institute, Proposed International, 180 Wade (A.), the Eastern Desert of Egypt, with Considera- tions on the Origin of the British Trias, 234 ; the Llandovery and Associated Rocks of N.E. Montgomery- shire, 405 Walker (Dr. E. W. Ainley), Variation and Adaptation in Bacteria, 199 Walker (Prof. J., F.R.S.), Introduction to Physical Chemistry, 551 ; Chemistry Programme at the British Association, 585 Walker (R. J.), the Geared Turbines of the Vespasian, 226 Wallace (Dr. Alfred Russel, F.R.S.), the World of Life, a Manifestation of Creative Power, Directive Mind, and Ultimate Purpose, 480 Wallace (Dr. William), Belgium's Contribution to the Plaice Problem, G. Gilson, 316; Natural History of the Plaice, 417 Wallis (F.), the Dynamo : its Theory, Design, and Manu- facture, 3 Wang (K. T.), the Differentiation of Quaternion Functions, t;o6 Ward (John J.), Life Histories of Familiar Plants, 2ir Warren (S. H.), Classification of the Prehistoric Remains of East Essex, 472 Water : das Wasser, Dr. O. Anselmino, 177 ; Determination of Salinity of Sea-water by Measurement of Refractive XXXIV Index Vse, Nature, •ptemher 28, 191 1 Index, A. Berget, 235 ; the Conservation of our National Water Resources, 258 ; Conservation of Water in Australia, Ellwood Mead, 266 ; Surface Water Supply of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, 295 ; Under- ground Waters for Farm Use, Myron L. Fuller, 295 ; Modern Methods of Water Purification, J. Don, J. Chisholm, Denison B. Byles, 543 ; Underground Water Resources in Mysore, Dr. W. F. Smeeth, 499 ; Move- ments of Subsoil Water in Upper Egypt, H. T. Ferrar, 499 Watson (G. N.), a Theory of Asymptotic Series, 166 ; Solu- tion of the Homogeneous Linear Difference Equation of the Second Order, 337 Watson (H. E.), Regularities in the Spectrum of Neon, 167 Watson (W.), Isopiestic Expansibility of Water at High Temperatures and Pressures, 200 Watts (Prof. W. W.), Presidential Address : the Considera- tion of Geology as Geographical Evolution, 65 Webb fG. W.), a Systematic Geography of America, 276 Webb (Wilfred M.). the Extinction of the Egret, .i;i8 Weigold (Dr. H.), Lyncodaphnids and Chydorids of Saxony, 432 Welch (Dr. F. D.), Gibbons of the Genus Hylobates and a Siamang Gibbon, 66 Welch (Prof. J. J.), Size in Battleships, 226 Werner (Prof. A.), New Ideas on Inorganic Chemistrv, Dr. E. P. Hedley, 310 Wertenstein (L.), an Extremely Absorbable Ionising Radia- tion emitted by Radium C, 608 Wesenberg-Lund (Dr.), Freshwater Plankton of Denmark, &c., 432 West (Prof. W.), Three New Species of Algae associated with Indian Fresh-water Polyzoa, 507 Westcott (W. W.), Salvarsan or 606, 412 Wheldale (Miss M.), the Direct Guiacum Reaction given by Plant Extracts, 437 Whiddington (R.), the Production of Characteristic Rontgen Radiations, 471, 541 White (Gilbert), the Natural History of Selborne, Richard Kearton, Cherry Kearton, 310 White (Jean), Bitter-pit in Apples, 576 Whiteford (Dr. J.), the Trisection of an Angle by Plane Geometry, 581 Whitehead (T. B. O.), the High Voltage Corona in Air, <%% Whittaker (Prof. E. T., F.R.S.). Dynamical Value of the Molecular Systems which emit Spectra of the banded Type, 233 ; a History of the Theories of ^ther and Electricity from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century, 375 Wilczynski (E. J.), Projective Differential Geometry, 511 Wild Flowers as They Grow, Photographed in Colours direct from Nature, H. Essenhigh Corke, G. Clarke Nuttall, 413 Wilde (Dr. H.), Periodic Times of Saturn's Rings, 473 Wilhelm (Prof. K.), die Samenpflanzen, 378 Wilks (W. A. R.), " Aldehydo-glyceric " Acid, 541 Willows (Dr. R. S.), Behaviour of Incandescent Lime Kathodes, 371 Wilson (A.), Geologv of Nipigon Basin, Ontario, 361 Wilson (C. T. R.),' Method of making Visible the Paths of Ionising Particles through a Gas, 404 Wilson (Prof. E.), High-tension Electrostatic Wattmeter, 371 ; Previous Magnetic History as affected by Tempera- ture, 371 Wilson (Prof. James), Clare Island Survey : Agriculture and its History, 67 ; History of British Agriculture, 174 ; the Inheritance of Milk-yield in Cattle, i;o6 Wilson (W.), Variation of the lonisation with Velocity for the j8 Particles, 166 Wind, Use of Acetylene Method for Measuring Velocity of, A. Lafay, 135 Winslow (Prof. C. E. A.), Sewage Disposal, 510 Wireless Telegraphy : Wireless Telegraphy Systems, A. J. Makower, 17 ; Dr. Goldschmidt's High-frequency Generator for Wireless Telegraphy, A. J. Makower, 114; Jahrbuch der drahtlosen Telegraphie und Telephonic, 139 ; Some Radio-telegraphic Apparatus in use at the Citv and Guilds College, Prof. G. W. O. Howe, 234; Radio-telegraphic Comparisons of Chronometers by the Method of Coincidences, between Paris and Bizerta, MM. Claude, Ferris, and Driencourt, 405 ; Radio- telegraphy, Royal Institution Discourse, Commendatore G. Marconi, 600 Wolff (J.), Phenomena of Reduction of Oxyhaemoglobin, 439 Woliaston (Mr.), Fish-egg Distribution in the Open Sea, 418 Woltereck (H.), Production of Ammonia and Economy of Nitrogen in Peat, 4'?9 Women, Influence of the Social Medium on the Develop- ment of Height in, A. Marie, L6on MacAuliffe, 507 Wood : Caliature Wood, D. Hooper, 311 ; Some of the Properties of Six Species of Papuan Timbers (one White- ant proof), J. Mann, 406 Woodland (Dr. W. N. F.), the Gas-producing Mechanism in connection with the Gas-bladders of many Teleostei, 32 Woods (Charlie), a Robin and his Young, 281 Woods (H.), Palaeontology of the Cretaceous Deposits of Northern Nigeria, 489 Woodward (Dr. A. S.), Mammalian Teeth from tne Hastings Wealden, 233 ; the Fauna of the Carboniferous Period discovered in the same Deposits as the Carboni- ferous Flora, 541 Woolacott (Dr. D.), Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Permian of Durham N., 269 Worms, British Marine, Prof. W. C. Mcintosh, F.R.S., Prof. F. W. Gamble, F.R.S., 408 Wroblewski (A.), Soluble Ferments of the Brain, 440 Wunder (Max.), Action of Syrupy Phosphoric Acid on Various Alloys obtained in the Electric Furnace, 609 X-Rays : Scattering of X-Rays, E. A. Owen, loi ; lonisa- tion of Heavy Gases by X-Rays, R. T. Beatty, 166 ; Energy Transformations of X-Rays, Prof. W. H. Bragg. H. L. Porter, 470 Yacoub (Pasha Artin), England in the Sudan, 488 Yams, the Composition of Indian, D. Hooper, 507 Yorke (Dr. W.), the Pathogenic Agent in a Case of Human Trypanosomiasis in Nyasaland, 539 Young (Prof. J. W.), Projective Geometry, 207 Young (Dr. W. H.), Fourier's Repeated Integral and Sommerfeld's Form of it, 200; Fourier Series, 541 Young (W. J.), the Alcoholic Ferment of Yeast Juice, 65 Young People, " I Wonder " Essays for the, 77 Zenith Halo : K. C. Kreyer, 349 ; E. Gold, 349, 448 ; Dr. E. van Everdingen, 448 Zerr (G.), Tests for Coal-tar Colours in Aniline Lakes, 107 Zodiacal Light Expedition to Khartoum, Prof. Kr. Birkc- land, 79 Zoological Society, 32, 66, 134, 200, 234, 337, 471, 504, 607 Zoology : das Tlerreich. Gall Flies and Others, Prof. K. W. von Dalla Torre, Prof. J. J. Kiefffr, 4; of Distinguished Animals, H. Perry Robinson, 14 ; Structure and Function of the Gas-producing Mechanism (" Red Body ") found in connection with the Gas-bladders of many Teleostei, Dr. W. N. F. Woodland, 32 ; Skulls of Oxen from the Roman Station at Newstead, Melrose, Prof. J. C. Ewart, 32 ; Mammals collected in the Provinces of Kan-su and Sze-chwan, W. China, Oldfield Thomas, 32 ; Marine Brachyura .from the Indian Ocean, Miss Mary J. Rathbun, 33 ; the Transference of Names in Zoology. Rev. T. iR. R. Stebbing, F.R.S., 43 ; Clare Island Survey, Marine Mollusca, N. Colgan, 66; Big-game Shooting in Patagonia and Newfoundland, H. Hesketh Prichard, Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 80: Adaptation of Ticks to the Habits of their Hosts, Prof. Nuttall, loi ; Fleas from N. China, Dr. K. Jordan, Hon. N. C. Rothschild, 134 ; Anatomy of the Frog, MegaJophrvs (Leptobrachium) feae, F. E. Beddard, 134; Spermatophores in Earthworms, F. E. Beddard, 134; Longevity and Relative Viability in Mammals and Birds, Dr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, 13.S ; Untersuchungen iiljer die Zoogeographie der Karpathen, K. Holdhaus, F. Deubel, 141 ; the Anton Dohrn Memorial Fund, 149 ; the Skin- glands of Ruminants, R. I. Pocock, 158; Marine In- Nature, 1 , iijiij September 28, Index XXXV vestigations in S. Africa, Catalogue of Crustacea, Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, 174 ; the Ampfiipod Genus Lepto- cheirus, Mrs. E. W. Sexton, 200; Marine Ostracoda from Madeira, Dr. G. S. Brady, 200 ; Sexual and Asexual Reproduction. Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Entwick- lungsgeschichte der wirbellosen Thiere, Prof. E. Koischelt, Prof. K. Heider, 203 ; From Hausaland to Egvpt. Dr. Karl Kumm, Sir H. H. Johnston, K.C.M.G., K.C.B., 213; Diseased Bees and Combs infected with a Minute Pathogenic Protozoal Parasite, Dr. H. B. Fantham, Dr. Annie Porter, 234 ; Nematode Parasites obtained from Animals in the Zoological Gardens, Dr. R. T. Leiper, 235 ; Mammalian Tape-worms from Animals which died in the Zoological Society's Gardens, F. E. Beddard, 235 ; Experimental-Zoologie, Phylogenese, Dr. H. Przibram, 238 ; Grundziige der mikroskopischen Technik fiir Zoologen und Anatomen, A. B. Lee, P. Mayer. 241 ; an Abnormal Zebra, Dr. W. Ridgeway, 245; R. Lydekker, F.R.S., 281; Some Papers on In- vertebrates, 256 ; die Elemente der Entwicklungslehre des Menschen und der Wirbeltiere, Prof. O. Hertwig, 277 ; '['hree New Trematodes from Reptiles, Dr. W. Nicoll, 337 ; Some Parasitic Nematodes from Tropical Africa, Dr. R. T. Leiper. 337 ; Mammals collected in Southern Shen-si, Central China, by Mr. M. Anderson, O. Thomas, 337 ; an Introduction to Zoology, Prof. R. W. Hegnerl 340 ; Across the Roof of the World, Lieut. P. T. Etherton, 388 ; Ovis karelini, Equiis prejevalski, 388 ; Ray Society, a Monograph of the British Annelids, Polychjeta, Syllidae to Ariciidae, Prof. W. C. Mcintosh F.R.S., Prof. F. W. Gamble, F.R.S., 408; Outlines of Zoology, Prof. J. Arthur Thomson, 413 ; Morphology of the Group Neritoidea of the Aspidobranch Gastropods, Prof. G. C. Bourne, F.R.S., 472; Vertical Range of Fishes and Medusae, H. B. Bigelow, 483 ; Tooth-germs in the Wallaby, Dr. A. H. Smith, Dr. H. W. Marett Tims, 504 ; Structure of the Skull of Cynodont Reptiles, Dr. R. Broom, 505 ; the Electrocution of Fish and Hydrostatic Stabifity, C. Alliaud, F. Vies, 542 ; Life Histories of Australian Odonata, R. J. Tillyard, 576; Antelopes of the Genera Madoqua and Rhynchotragus found in Somaliland, Dr. R. E. Drake-Brockman, 607 ; an Amphipod from the Transvaal ; a detailed Description of a New Fresh-water Gammarid of the Genus Eucrangonyx found in Caves in the Transvaal, Hon. P. A. Methuen, 607 ; Three African Animals, R. Lydekker, 607 ; Subspecies of the Spanish Ibex, Angel Cabrera, 608 Nature, .September 2%, i.yii Richard Clay & Sons, Ltd., brunswick street, stamford street, s.e., and bungay, suffolk. A WEEKLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. " To the solid ground Of Nature trusts the mind which builds for aye."- -WORDSWORTH. THURSDAY, MARCH 2, 1911. RESEARCHES ON RADIOACTIVITY. Traite de Radioactivite. Bv Prof. Mme. P. Curie. Tome i., pp. xiii + 426. Tome ii., pp. 548. (Paris : Gauthier-Villars, 19 10.) Price, 2 vols., 30 francs. NO more effective illustration of the rapidity of advance of accurate knowledge of radio- activity can be taken than a comparison of the two books published on the subject by Mme. Curie, at an interval of seven years. The first, published as a thesis for the doctorate of science in 1903, was a small volume of 142 pages, and gave an account, not only of her own work, but of most of the important facts known in radio-activity at that time. The second, published at the close of 1910, consists of two volumes, containing in all nearly a thousand closely-written pages, and giving an orderly and systematic account of the large mass of data that has been accumulated in the interval. The reniarkable rapiditv of advance of this new branch of science largely results from two factors — the discovery and isolation of radium by Prof, and Mme. Curie, and the development of the trans- formation theory in 1903. The discovery of radium gave an opportunity to the investigator of obtaining intensely radio-active material, in which the typical radio-active effects are shown on a very marked scale. The remarkable pro- perties of radium attracted the attention of the scien- tific world, and gave a great impetus to the study of radio-activity. On the other hand, the transformation theory has proved an invaluable guide to the investi- gator in disentangling the apparently complicated processes occurring in radio-active matter. It offers a rational explanation of practically all the experi- mental facts that have been discovered, and has been instrumental in bringing to light a number of unsus- pected relations of great importance. This work represents, with additions, the course of lectures on radio-activity given by Mme. Curie in the Sorbonne. The first chapter is devoted to an account of the conduction of electricity through gases, and the second to a descri])tion of the methods employed NO. 2I.'i7. VOL. 861 in radio-active measurements. The latter contains a somewhat detailed account of the theory of the elec- trometer and of the quartz piezo-electrique devised by J. and P. Curie. Chapters iii. and iv. include an account of the general radio-active properties of uranium and thorium, and of radio-active minerals, and a very complete account of the methods of isola- tion of radium and polonium and other radio-active materials. This chapter will be read with especial interest, as it is largely an account of- the author's well-known discoveries. The next three chapters deal with the radio-active properties of the emanations, and of the active deposits which are derived from them. A very full description is given of the methods employed in determining the molecular weight of the emanation by diffusion methods, and also a clear account of recent work upon the purification of the radium emanation, the determination of its volume, and of its physical and chemical properties. In chapter viii., after a review of the various theories proposed, the transformation theory is adopted, and the mathematical theory of successive .transformations is given. Then follows a long chapter of more than 200 pages, giving a systematic account of the nature of the radiations from radio-active bodies, followed by a discussion of the general physical and chemical effects shown^ by the radiations, including the production of helium from radio-active matter, and an account of the experi- ments which have been made by Ramsay and others to test whether the radiations from active matter are able to transform inactive elements. After a dis- cussion of the various experiments, Mme. Curie sums up as follows :■ — "En resum6, on peut considerer qu'il n'y a pas encore actuellement de raisons suffisantes pour admettre que la formation de certains el6iients puisse etre provoquee a volont6 en presence de corps radio- actifs La production d'h^lium reste acquise ; mais elle est reli6e k une propri(5t6 essentielle des elements radioactifs et n'est pas influenc^e par I'intervention de I'exp^rimentateur." Chapter xi. gives an account of the methods of measurement of heat emission of the radio-active sub- stances, while the next four chapters deal with suc- B NATURE [March 2, 191 1 cessive transformations occurrinf^ in uranium, thorium, radium, and actinium, followed by an account of the origin of radium and the discovery of ionium, and the discussion of the general connection between the radio-active series. The last chapter is devoted to a consideration of the radio-activity of the earth and atmosphere. An excellent portrait of Pierre Curie is given in the frontispiece. Several interesting reproductions are in- cluded at the end of the volume in illustration of the photographic effects of the various radiations. Care- fully prepared tables are included in the text, giving the important radio-active constants, while a table of exponential values is added for convenience in calcu- lating the decay and growth of the radium emanation. In these two volumes, written in a clear and inter- esting manner, Mme. Curie gives a full and com- plete account of practically all the work of import- ance that has been done in radio-activity. It is a storehouse of accurate information. The author has shown judgment in the selection of data and in dis- cussion of points at issue. The chemical methods of separation of radio-active products are in most cases briefly given, while a detailed account is included of the methods of separation of radium and of polonium. This is excellent so far as it goes, but it does not fill the pressing need at the present time of a practical book on the methods of separation and purification of the numerous radio-active products. Such an account should prove of the greatest value both to chemists and physicists, for it is becoming more and more im- portant in many lines of work that the investigator should be able to separate and concentrate the various radio-active products. Such an account can only be written by an expert both on the physical and chemical side who has himself worked over the subject, for more than a compilation of chemical methods is re- quired. It is always a difficult matter in a work of this character, which treats of a rapidly growing subject, to give full credit to pioneer discoveries, and at the same time to do justice to later work of a more de- tailed and accurate character. Mme. Curie has, to a large extent, overcome this difficulty by giving a fairly detailed account of the original experiments, and a more condensed statement of subsequent work. There is very little to criticise and much to admire in this notable work. It is remarkable what little difference of opinion exists among radio-active workers on the interpretation of the main phenomena. This is no doubt mainly a result of the general adoption of the theory of atomic disintegration, for on this theory only one explanation is in most cases admissible. While there is a general agreement on the funda- mental points, there is naturally room for wide differ- ence of opinion on matters still under investigation. This is well illustrated by the conflicting views that are at present held on the difficult question of the nature of the emission and of the absorption of the » and 7 rays by active matter. The advocacy of rival views on such questions is in many cases a great advantage, for it gives an incentive to a more accurate and complete investigation of the problem under con- sideration. x\0. 2157, VOL. 86] While the reviewer finds that he is in substantial agreement with all the main conclusions of Mme. Curie, there are a few minor points to which attention may be directed. Mme. Curie includes radio-uranium as a possible product of uranium, although a note of interrogation is attached. She certainly makes a better case for its existence than is given in the original publication ; but until more definite informa- tion is forthcoming it does not appear desirable to in- clude it in the uranium series. The products radium Ej and radium E, are retained, although later work ot Antonoff has indicated conclusively that only one pro- duct of period about five days which emits ^ rays can be present. The discovery of ionium is credited to Ruther- ford and Boltwood ; it should be Boltwood. The original suggestion that lead is a final product of the trans- formation of radium is attributed to Rutherford, li should be Boltwood. The term "radio-active induite " is used widely throughout the work. While the use of this expression is historically justified, it is a misnomer, especially when used in reference to radio- active matter deposited from the emanation. The term "active deposit," which has come into general use, is a very convenient substitute, and it is desirable that the original names, "induced," or "excited," activity, should disappear from the literature. The lack of a name- or subject-index is a serious drawback to the usefulness of this treatise. The references to literature are incomplete, the name of the journal and the year of publication alone being given. As an account of a youthful branch of science, the present treatise may appear somewhat lengthy ; but it must not be forgotten that the subject of radio-activity now covers a very wide field of work. It has to treat, not only of the nature of remarkable types of radiation which are emitted, but also of the origin and physical and chemical properties of more than a score of new transition elements. In addition, it has to deal with the distribution of radio-active matter in the earth and atmosphere, and its bearing on atmospheric electricity and on problems connected with geology. Unless this treatise is to become unwieldy in size, it will be necessary in future editions, where much new work has to be included, to adopt a policy of more rigid selection and compression of the experimental data to be discussed. No doubt as our knowledge of the various questions becomes more definite, it will not be so difficult as at present to give a complete review of theory and experiment within reasonable limits of space. The present work will be read with the greatest interest by all workers in radio-activity as an authori- tative account of the subject from one who has made notable contributions to its history. The book is essentially written for the investigator rather than for the ordinary student, and will be of the greatest service to the former as a complete and accurate re- view of all important publications on the subject. Every reader will recognise the great labour and patience involved in writing a complete treatise on such a rapidly growing subject, and Mme. Curie is to be congratulated on the success of her efforts. This treatise is a noteworthy contribution to the March 2, 191 1] NATURE literature of this new and fascinating field of scientific inquiry, and redounds to the credit of Mme. Curie, and to the nation which has taken such a fundamental and prominent part in the development of radioactivity. E. R. DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINERY. The Dvnamo: Its Theory, Design, and Manufacture. By C. C. Hawkins and F. Wallis. Fifth edition. Re-written, revised, and enlarged. Vol i., pp. x + I 542. Vol. ii., pp. viii + 543-1 134. (London : Whit- I taker and Co., 1909.) Price 21s. net, two vols. THE increase in the size of Messrs. Hawkins and Wallis 's book is a good indication of the pro- gress that has taken place in the practical development of the dynamo. Little or no addition has been made in the interval to the fundamental theory of direct- current and alternating machines ; an immense ad- ' vance has been made in the mastery of the thousand and one details of selection of materials and methods of construction of machines for different purposes. Vol. i. is mainly theoretical, and contains statements regarding the physical facts and theories on which electric generators and motors are based. The treat- ment of the magnetic circuit, of self-induction and alternating currents, the classification of dynamos, the magnetic properties of iron, and so forth, strike one as exceedingly satisfactory. In general there is a clear perception of what constitutes a proof of a theorem and what a mere illustration or representa- tion of results. It is possible to frame graphical proofs of theorems of electromagnetism, as of dynam- ical theorems regarding stresses in the members of a girder, and it is a good thing to do so ; but many so- called graphical "proofs" are mere illustrations of results which have been so far only satisfactorily established by analysis. The graphical representation displays to the eye connections of things set forth in equations, and so far as possible this should be done in all departments of mathematical physics; but the student should not be led to imagine that he has got to the root of the matter, when he realises that V'R^ + n^'L^ is the length of the hypotenuse of a right- angled triangle, the lengths of the sides of which are R and nL. As it seems to us, Messrs. Hawkins and Wallis have given a very happily blended analytical and geometrical discussion. The analogy of inductance and capacity to inertia and the slackness of a buffer spring, of the electro- kinetic energy |Li^ to the kinetic energy of a carriage, and the analogy of the dissipation of this kinetic energy, when the carriage is brought to rest by collision with the buffers, to the break of a circuit con- taining a condenser, gives a clearer idea of what : happens than general statements, and we should have liked to see some such practical "engineering" illus- trations in the chapter on self-induction. Then it is a little difficult to distinguish, as the authors seem to do on p. 69, between "the current itself," and the magnetic field which it produces. Is It not all one phenomenon? One mav try to distin- i;uish between the current — the motion of electrons (or, as someone has illuminatingly called them, the essen- \ tial singularities that are at the root of all electrical NO. 2157, VOL. 86^ action) — and the magnetic field, but is it possible to do so really? One cannot have a vortex filament in an infinite fluid without the irrotational flow which constitutes its field. It may be said that by twisting the outward and inward wires of a circuit together or by putting one inside the other, a field can be avoided ; but the assertion is only true for space ex- ternal to the conductors. A field can only be avoided altogether by making the going and returning con- ductors absolutely coincident, in which case there is no current. The molecular theory of magnetism may possibly require modification in view of still more modern theories of the electrical constitution of matter; but it has done much service in clarifying the ideas of students of magnetism, and it still substantially fits the facts. How often did one find in elementary books the higgledy-piggledy arrangement of mole- cular magnets pictured, to explain to the reader the constitution of a body in the neutral state? It never seemed to occur to the writers that these magnetic molecules must act on one another, and that the per- fectly fortuitous arrangement was unlikely to have been set up, or to remain if it were. The closed chains were in the minds of many ; the exhibition of E wing's model made clear how these closed chains led to the observed magnetisation curves. During the last year or two much further work on magnetic induction in iron and alloys has been done, and on the influence of treatment of different kinds : it will be for the dynamo builder and user to examine whether any part of the work is likely to be of use to them. But no doubt for a long time the know- ledge that has been accumulated of the constants of steel of different kinds, in stampings of different thick- nesses, will be sufficient for their needs. Chapters xiv. and xv. of the first volume, on " Field- Magnets " and "The Ampere-Turns of the Field" respectively, are exceedingly instructive and interest- ing, and are, of course, of great importance, for the proper design of a dynamo or motor for a given speci- fied purpose depends entirely on a due appreciation of the principles laid down in every sound discussion of this subject. In vol. ii., after a discussion of armature reaction which seems adequate, a long chapter (no pages) is given on "Commutation and Sparking at the Brushes." This important subject is very fully dealt with, apparently with a thorough appreciation of all that has been done on the subject of commutation and the factors on which sparking at the brushes depends, and also of the quantitative laws of the matter so far as these have been theoretically and empirically com- piled. Chapters follow on the "Design of Continuous- Current Dvnamos and Alternators," and these are based on a full description of all the various forms of armatures and field-magnets in use in the various types. The book, if a little heavy (in avoirdupois), is beau- tifully printed and magnificently illustrated with 594 pictures, diagrams, and cuts of different sorts, and reflects credit on authors and publishers alike. A. G. NATURE [March 2, 191 1 KOMER'S ADVERSARIA. Ole Romer's Adversaria, med Understottelse af Carls- bergfondet udgivne af det Kgl. Danske Videnska- bcrnes Selskab. By Thyra Eibe and Kirstine Meyer. Pp. v + 271. (Kobenhavn : Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri, 1910.) AMONG astronomers Ole Romer (1644-1710) occu- pies a peculiar position. He was held in high repute among contemporary men of science, as may be seen from the fact that Newton and he were the first astronomers to be enrolled among the eight foreign associates of the Paris Academy of Sciences, and were elected on the same day. To posterity he is known as the discoverer of the gradual propagation of light, and as the man who introduced the use of (if he did not invent) the transit instrument and the transit circle. And yet his published writings only fill a few pages, and the observations he made with instru- ments far superior in design to those of his time, were not printed, and nearly all of them perished not long after his deafh. There is, therefore, every reason to welcome the publication of his common-place book, which has been brought out just two hundred years after his death. Like every other book of its kind, the present book of Adversaria deals in a scrappy way with a great variety of subjects, and it shows what chiefly occu- pied Romer's mind, especially during the last ten years of his life. We see him as a practical astronomer, as a physicist, and as a man who had for many years served his country well by reorganis- ing the system of weights and measures, getting the Gregorian calendar introduced, and preparing a uni- form system of land taxation. But though these various occupations, which gradually came to fill most of his time to the great loss of science, are now and then alluded to in the present volume, they do not fill many pages in it. It looks as if Romer was in the habit of taking refuge in his commonplace book when he wanted to refresh his mind after his hard work as Burgomaster and Chief of Police of Copen- hagen. To give a full account of the contents of his notes is not possible in a limited space : we can only give the reader some idea of the kind of subjects dealt with. An important section on thermometers, dating from 1702, has already been described in Nature, (vol. Ixxxii., p. 296). Romer appears to have been the first to construct thermometers with two fixed points, marking the temperatures of melting snow and of boiling water, and he was the inventor of the scale known as Fahrenheit's. Turning to astronomical matters, we find Romer to have been a follower of Descartes in his views on the construction of the universe, though his own dis- covery about light did not exactly harmonise with Cartesian ideas. He inquires at what distance a planet or satellite would have to be from the central body according to the third law of Kepler in order that its period of revolution may equal the period of rotation of the central body. In the case of a planet he finds the distance equal to 37 semidiameters of the sun, in the case of a satellite of the earth 65, and for a satellite of Jupiter 2 semidiameters of the respec- NO. 2157, VCL, C-] tive planet. This, he thinks, may be made to agree with the vortex theory by assuming that radiatiim from the central body impedes the rotation of the ether, and this radiation, being naturally much more powerful from the sun, causes its influence to be felt at a much greater distance than that at which the radiation of a planet is perceptible. He shows him- self interested in solar phenomena by calculating the. apparent position of the sun's axis, and of the path of sun-spots for every 7^° of longitude of the sun, having first determined the inclination of the sun's equator and the place of the node with fair accuracy from his own and La Hire's observations. It will l^e remembered that the sun's equator was in those days often used as a fundamental plane or Via Regia ui the solar system. He calculates the transit of M( r- cury of May, 1707, from Kepler's elements and obs( r- vations by Hevelius of the transit of May, 1661. He calculates the solar eclipse of September 13, 1708, for Copenhagen, and Holum in Iceland, and gives rules for the prediction and graphic representation of an eclipse. The transit instrument in the prime vertical, of which he had introduced the use, is employed for the determination of the vernal equinox of 1702, and he examines the consequences of errors of observation in the transit, and shows how to determine the error of coUimation by reversing the instrument. The above examples, which could easily be multi- plied, will show that the two ladies who have edited this book have done good work by bringing it to light. There is a useful index and an excellent table of contents, and every care seems to have been taken to produce an accurate edition of the old manuscript. The few Danish words or sentences occurring here and there might have been translated in foot-notes for the convenience of readers not acquainted with that language. J. L. E. D. GALL-FLIES AND OTHERS. Das Tierreich. Eine Zusanimenstellung ufid Kenn- zeichnung der rezenten Tierfortnen. Edited by F. E. Schulze. 24 Lieferung. Hymenoptera. Cynipidae. By Prof. K. W. von Dalla Torre and Prof. J. J. Kieffer. Pp. xxxv + 891. (BerHn : R. Friedlander and Son, 1910.) Price 56 marks. THIS work forms a worthy volume of the series of zoological works published under the general title of "Das Tierreich," by Messrs. R. Friedlander and Son, of Berlin. It is an extension of the two volumes by Dr. Kieffer in Andre's "Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe et de I'Algerie." Dealing as it does with the Cynipidae of the whole world, and containing descriptions of all the known genera and species, the book is indispensable to students of the Cynipidae. Theodore Hartig was the pioneer of the scientific study of the group. He placed the classification on a proper basis, and was the first to point out the three- fold habits of the species — gall-makers, inquilines, and parasites. After him came Giraud, Schenk, and, above all, G. L. Mayr, who made the identification of the galls easy by the publication of beautifully illustrated works on the species of Central Europe, as well as a monograph on the guest-flies (Synergi). March 2, 191 ij NATURE Then came the epoch-making discovery by Dr. Adler of the existence of alternations of generation — that a spring bisexual form was followed by an autumnal unisexual one, the two forms having totally different galls. The volume commences with a list of the authors who have published separate works, and of the titles of the journals and transactions of scientific societies in which papers have appeared, the total number being 252, beginning with Malpighi in 1675. The titles of papers in magazines and transactions are not given. If they had we should have had the names of T. A. Marshall, E. A. Fitch, Prof. J. W. H. Trail, and other workers at British cecidology, besides the seven British authors given in the catalogue. We notice that while the list contains the French translation of Adler's papers, no mention is made of the English one by Mr. Standen. Next we have a "systematic index " of the genera and species, followed by the descriptions of the subfamilies, genera, and species, the whole concluding with a good index of the genera and species, but not of the plants, and a " Nomen- clator generum et sub-generum." There are no figures of entire insects, but there are some illus- trating the structure in the introduction, while there are 398 wood-cut illustrations of galls. The authors divide the family into ten subfamilies and 126 genera, besides two doubtful ones; describe fully 1281 species, as well as 102 subspecies; in addi- tion there are 212 species which have been too briefly described for recognition, and of which the original descriptions are reprinted. Some changes in generic nomenclature are made. AUotria, West., and Xystus, Htg., its synonym, are suppressed, both being pre- occupied. In place of them Dr. Kiefi'er adopts Charips, a MS. name of Haliday, first used by Marshall. The name of Diplolepis is revived after long disuse, it replacing Dryophanta. On the other hand Ashmead considers it to be the same as Diastro- phus. The system of subgeneric names and trinomials for the species with well-marked varieties is adopted. Thus we have Eucoela and Cothonaspis, both with nine subgenera, the latter being genera with Foerster and Ashmead. This method, in some cases, leads to a species having four names, e.g. we have Eiicoila Psichacra Marshalli MarshalU for the typical form of Cameron's species, and Eucoila Psichacra MarshalU rufo-notata for the variety. An interesting fact in the biology of the parasitic Cynipidae is that some species are found in ants' nests. Long ago Westwood bred Charips victrix from the rose aphis, and as many other species of the same genus have also been bred from plant-lice, it might fairly be concluded that the genus was a beneficial one. There is now, however, reason to believe that Charips is a hyperparasite, destroying, not the aphis, but the beneficial Braconid which preys on it.^ If that is so the species must be looked upon as injurious. The present writer has seen Charips victrix ovipositing in plant-lice killed by Aphidius, which pupates in the lice, the bodies of which become dried,^ inflated, and are attached to the leaf by the parasites. Cothonaspis zig-zag is another injurious hyperparasite, it destroying Phora aeletiae, the para- NO. 2lFi.y. VOT- ^^1 site of the injurious cutworm of the cotton. Among the habitats of the Parasitica is the sea-shore, where two British semiapterous species are found at high- water among seaweed. It is curious how the Cynipidae form their galls on certain plants more than on others. The oak in Europe and in North America is the predominant food-plant. In Europe Quercus pedunculata harbours ninety-nine species, Q. pubescens seventy-nine, and Q. sessiliflora ninety-six. After the oak come the Rosaceae — Rosa, Rubus, Potentilla. The poppy has two species in the fruit and one in the stem. It is remarkable that the willows, on which there are so many dipterous and saw-fly galls, have not one species of Cynipidae attached to them. As regards the distribution. Dr. Kieffer gives some curious examples of the unequal manner in which some genera are distributed in Europe and North America. Callirhytis has four species in Europe, in America fifty-two. Rhodites has twelve Palaearctic and seventeen Nearctic, while Lytorhodites is exclu- sively Nearctic, as is also Amblybolyps with twenty- four species. A few species are found in Europe and North America, e.g. our "begeguar" and Aulax latreillei on Glechoma hederacea as in Europe, while Rhodites eglanteriae is recorded from the West Indies. Solanum should be deleted from the list of food- plants, it being now known that the galls of Tribalia batatorum came from the rose and not from the potato. Ashmead is no doubt correct in considering Tribalia to be identical with Lytorhodites. There are one or two points in the work which concern our British species — Aulax, Hartig, is split up into two — Aulax (Kieffer retains the old, incorrect spelling, Aylax) with latreillei, Kief, (glechomae of Cameron's monograph), hypochoeridis, papaveris, minor, scabiosae, and Fitchi; and Aulacidea with hieracii and graminis. We doubt if Cynips kollari, our common "marble gall" fly, is dimorphic, and that Andricus circulans (a Turkey-oak species found in Britain only in Kew Gardens) is its sexual form. Our own experiments appear to show that it is agamic, while, if A. circulans were its sexual form, it surely should be equally common and as widely distributed. In conclusion, we have to congratulate cecidologists on the appearance of this admirable and thorough work, which will be as useful to the beginner as to the advanced student in all parts of the world. P. C. THE CRYSTALLISATION MICROSCOPE. Das Kristallisationsmikroskop und die damit gemach- ten entdeckungen insbesondere die der fiiissigen Kristalle. By Prof. O. Lehmann. Pp. iv+112. (Braunschweig : F. Vieweg and Son, 1910.) Price 3 marks. PROF. LEHMANN is gifted with the pen of a ready writer, and has in recent years poured forth such a voluminous stream of papers and books dealing with the subject of mobile crystals in its many aspects that considerable overlapping and repetition necessarily exists in them. Such criticism may be levied also against the present little book, which first NATURE [March 2, 191 1 saw light in the pages of a Festschrift, issued by the Technische Hochschule in Carlsruhe, to commemorate the fifty-third birthday of the Grand Duice of Baden. It does, however, contain detailed descriptions of the latest forms of the microscope which have not ap- peared in print before, and would, moreover, be welcomed for the sake of the interesting historical account of Prof. Lehmann's researches, which spares the student of the subject the difficulty and trouble of hunting up a series of papers published at various dates and in various periodicals. Nearly forty years have elapsed since Prof. Leh- mann, while still a student, first devised a form of microscope by means of which substances could be observed at higher than ordinary room temperature, and the phenomenon of crystallisation watched in actual operation. The results of the research thereby rendered possible were, as is well known, unexpected and startling, and the meaning and even the reality of the observations were for long the subject of con- siderable discussion and dispute. Other workers have, however, in recent years entered the field, who on the whole have confirmed the accuracy of Prof. Lehmann's observations, and there can be no doubt but that the old ideas regarding crystals and crystalli- sation needed extensive modification. The investiga- tions are discussed in chronological order in the present book, but since we noticed them less than two years ago (Nature, 1909, vol. Ixxix, p. 286), we shall not recur to them here. With each step some im- provement in the instrument or some additional facility suggested itself until it reached the most recent form, which is provided with water jackets, powerful heating arrangement, means for reading the temperature, and a camera, and even a kinemato- graph, for giving a faithful record of the phenomena. The descriptions of the different forms are elucidated by excellent illustrations. The last chapter of the book might with advantage have been omitted. Discussions of one's claim to priority of discovery, and the proper appraisement of one's work rarely serve a useful purpose, and are to be deprecated. HEAT-ENGINES. The Steam-Engine and other Heat-Engines. By Prof. J. A. Ewing, C.B., F.R.S. Third edition, re- vised and enlarged. Pp. xvii + 604. (Cambridge: University Press, 1910.) Price 155. IN this, the third edition, Dr. Ewing has thoroughly revised his well-known text-book, and to some extent he has rewritten certain chapters; for ex- ample, the chapter on steam turbines is new, and the greater part of that devoted to gas and oil engines. The most important departure, however, is that in dealing with the properties of steam the author has accepted the characteristic equation of Callendar along with the steam tables derived from it by Mollier. The old steam tables were based chiefly on Regnault's well-known experiments, and it has been recognised that they involve inconsistencies and errors. Prof. Callendar, whose first paper on the subject was pub- lished in 1900, has devised a method of treatment NO. 2157, VOL. 861 which is free from inconsistencies, and gives, whei expressed in the forin of tables, results which agn with all the most recent experiments, at any rate between the temperatures of 0° C. and 200° C. P' sibly Callendar 's equation will not give such a cl approximation to experimental results for pressure lying beyond the upper of these two limits of tempera ture. In the form of an appendix, Dr. Ewing hai added a brief account of Callendar's characteristi/ equation, and of Mollier 's readjustment of the con stants. Dr. Ewing has also decided to adopt tb Centigrade scale throughout the whole of his b(X)k. In chapter v., which is devoted to entropy, thi author describes Dr. MoUier's graphic methods representing the properties of steam. By the aid o these diagrams the engineer has placed at his disposa a simple method of solving the problem of determin ing the state of steam which is expanded adiabatically from any initial condition whether superheated or not and of determining the greatest theoretical output obtainable from steam when the initial condition and the lower limit of temperature are assigned. Chapter viii., on steam turbines, is an entirely new chapter, and will be found of great assistance by all engineers who are interested in the design and work- ing of the steam turbine. The whole subject of the design of the steam turbine is fully discussed both from the theoretical and from the practical side. The last chapter is a new one on gas and oil engines. The efficiency of the ideal cycle is worked out on the assumption of constant specific heat, and the author then discusses the problem of the variation of specific heat with temperature, or in other words, the relation between the internal energy of the gas and its temperature, and discusses the effect of this variation upon the efficiency of the ideal engine work- ing on the ordinary gas engine cycle. In its present form Dr. Ewing's book will un- doubtedly be the text-book most frequently consulted by all engineers who have to deal with steam and other forms of heat engines. T. H. B. GEOLOGICAL NATURE-STUDY. The Earth and its Story. By Dr. A. R. Dwerryhouse. Pp. 364. (London : C. H. Kelly, n.d.) Price 5.V. net. THIS book has the same title, and covers the same ground, as one issued by Prof. A. Heilprin in 1896. What Heilprin did for 3'oung American readers. Dr. Dwerryhouse does, with even greater lucidity of expression, for beginners and unprofessional natur- alists in the British Isles. His book is sent out by the publishers in good clear type, and is illustrated by photographs and maps printed in a brown tint on separate sheets of thick art paper. In this respect it has an advantage over all the elementary geological text-books that we know. Moreover, it is ' by no means a simple text-book. It is the work of a field-observer, who wishes to bring the results ob- tained by geologists home to any intelligent reader. Even fossil specimens are photographed, which gives them, for the author's purpose, a desirable air of reality, though the process will find less favour with March 2, 191 1] NATURE the student of generic forms. A coloured geological map of the British Isles is also included. We have mentioned the illustrations at the outset, since the greater number are the work of the fiuthor, and he depends much on them in the physiographic portion of the book. Those of glacial phenomena seem especially excellent. May we, how- ever, mildly protest once more at the translation of roches moutonnees as " sheep-back rocks " on p. 103? The use of parts of British Ordnance maps to illustrate geographical features is in pleasant keeping with what has been done in recent text-books in America. But we venture to question whether a book of this kind should deal with geological history by means of a summary of stratigraphy as known to us in the British Isles. Would it not seem better to widen the view of the beginner by letting him know something of the great features of life-progress on the earth? The unconformities mentioned on p. 218 have no importance, except for the specialist in western Europe ; nor are the names Lewisian and Torridonian at all comparable in value with those of the other systems classified in the table, which relate nowadays to no one special country. The real interest of the Carboniferous flora is not conveyed by the statements on p. 269 ; nor is the development of flowering plants fairly represented on p. 311, in view of discoveries outside our islands. This introspective point of view, which has been impressed on us for fifty years by university curricula, forces the general reader to meet such things as Coniston Limestone, Blae Wyke Beds, Kimeridge Clay, and Lower London Tertiaries, and leaves him i 7 I + 1-67 E. E. 26 1908, Mar. 26 17 41-25! 4i-65?i+o-40? E.? w. 27 Aug. 19 0 14-35! 14-31 -0-04 W. W. 2S Sept. II 7 20-87 20-47 -0-40 w. W. 29 i> II 21 47-48 46-51 -0-97 W. E. 30 „ 28 8 41-97 42-20 + 0-23 E. E. 31 „ 29 I 31-20 32-56 + 1-36 E. E. 32 1909, May 14 4 55-401 56-77 + 1-37 E. E. 33 Sept. 25 8 39-70: 38-43 -1-27 W. W. 34 ,, 25 II 41-80; 40-33 1 -1-47 W. W. 9E. 10 E. Mean of positive values + 0-66 -0-70 6 W. 5 W. „ negative ,, Mean regardless of sign +0-68 For a g reat circle arc of 75° >» >> !> ±0-82 For a g reat circle arc of 90° »» >f >> ±3-3 For a complete circuit disturbances spoken of above ; in this all the observatories are embraced the data of which have been received to date, February 10, excepting one the time scalings of which differ occasionally lom. or more from near-by institutions, and are doubtless subject to some error. The " North American group " embraces the six observatories Hono- NO. 2157, VOL. 861 lulu, Sitka, Baldwin, Agincourt (Canada), Cheltenham, and Porto Rico, the mean gec^raphic position being 36-3° N., 1017° W., of Greenwich; the "European group " gives the mean times for the seven observatories Stonyhurst, Greenwich, Uccle, Wilhelmshaven, .Munich, Potsdam, and Katharinenburg, the mean geographic posi- tion being 524° N., 13-6° E., of Greenwich. It will be noticed that Kew is not included, for the simple reason that, although Dr. Chree scaled the required data some months ago, he has not yet published them nor forwarded them to me. The Greenwich data were received the earliest of all, viz. January 23, and those of the distant Observatory of Katharinenburg on February 9. The numbers attached to the various entries in Table II. corre- spond to those in my Table VIII. iTerr. Mag., vol. xv., P- ^31)- , ,. . The last two columns ascribe the direction of pro- gression of the disturbance according to the sign of the difference E-N, plus meaning east. First the direction is given as derived from the present investigation, which depends upon data over the region from Honolulu, 158° W., to Katharinenburg, 606° E., and next as obtained previously from the five Coast and Geodetic Survey observatories alone (Honolulu, 158° W., to Porto Rico, 65-4° W.). Comparing the two columns, it is seen that only in three cases out of fifteen, viz. Nos. 24, 26, and 29, do the letters clash ; in other words, in 80 per cent, of the cases the directions, as determined from the limited portion covered by the United States observatories, agree with those now gotten for a considerably larger region. Moreover, Nos. 24 and 29 exhibit the interesting fact that while the disturbance each time progressed eastwardly in Europe just as it did in the United States, yet the mean time of occurrence for each is less in Europe than in North America. These are precisely similar cases to the disturb- ance of May 8, 1902, which seemingly began in the Atlantic and Europe, and then travelled eastward, being felt last in the United States. When the data for the observatories in Asia are available, the actual direction of progression of the two disturbances Nos. 24 and 29 will be known better. This shows, as I have already pointed out, how important it is to know approximately the region where the disturbance originated (cf. Terr. Mag., vol. xv., p. 20). The result from No. 26 is more or less doubtful, evidently the point of beginning being not sufficiently sharp at all stations ; three of the observatories mark their times doubtful, and two omit giving them. Both columns unite in showing that the eastwardly pro- gressing disturbances predominated over the westwardly ones in the ratio of about two to one. The average differ- ence E-N, regardless of sign, is o-68m., which was the average time required for a disturbance to pass from the mean position of the North American group to that of the European, or over a great circle distance of 75°. If the disturbance continued to progress at this rate, and were to make a complete circuit of the earth, it would take 3-3m., hence on the order of the quantities already announced. The linear velocity here concerned would be about 200 km. per second. The available data on the non-simultaneity and pro- gression of abruptly beginning disturbances have now been subjected to so many severe tests that it is difficult to see how anyone with an open mind can any longer doubt that some important discoveries concerning magnetic disturb- ances have been made. I should, indeed, be glad to be informed of any other facts in terrestrial magnetism which have stood as well the tests applied. Dr. Chree, unfortunately, in his paper before the British Association last summer, and again before the Physical Society of London on November 11 last (Proceedings, vol. xxiii., part i., December 15, 1910 [49]), devotes chief attention to pointing out difficulties in explanation. He seems more concerned in determining why, according to his ideas, the phenomenon should not be rather in finding out whether it is. One of the chief purposes of my paper was to arouse further investigation on the part of others. Dr. Chree could not have done better than immediately to have published his own data in the same open manner that Mr. Paris had done. Instead, he labours to discredit the Coast and Geodetic Survey obser\-ations, and with- holds his own from public scrutiny. In half the interval of time between the first and second presentation of his March 2, 191 1] NATURE 1 1 paper, had Dr. Chree chosen, he could have had at his command data from Europe and Asia which, combined with his own, would have served admirably to have tested the main contentions. He might thus have been credited with a really helpful contribution to the subject ; but no such attempt has been made. In view of the discussions which have arisen with regard to time data from present magnetograms, I have made request of each observatory for a statement of the method employed. From the reports thus far received, it is found that no institution has made a more earnest attempt to allow for all sources of error than is the case at the Coast and Geodetic Survey observatories. It is evident that in several instances equal care, for one reason or another, is not given by others, but, judging from the fresh interest aroused by the present investigations, there is t very reason to expect considerable improvement here- after. This may be a sufficiently useful end to have ;ichieved, even if nothing else had resulted from the ■■'Searches. Theory. The hypothesis of ionic currents which I have employed in the study of magnetic disturbances thus far treated is based on the existence of a primary set of electric currents circulating around the earth overhead. Quoting from my paper No. i (Terr. Mag., vol. xv., pp. 122-3) : — " Since magnetic observations made at various points on the Earth's surface have revealed the existence of a definite system of atmospheric electric currents, it follows at once that if the atmosphere is made more conducting at any point, an extra current will be started and set in motion by the pre-existent electromotive force or its equivalent. The direction followed by the new current depends upon its origin, upon the direction of the electromotive force at that point, and upon the deflecting effect of the Earth's magnetic field and of the Earth's rotation on the electric carriers. In other words, while we shall look chiefly to .extra-terrestrial agencies for ionising the air and thus splitting it up into carriers of positive and of negative charges, we look to the atmospheric electric field and to the Earth's rotation for furnishing the energy necessary to drive the ions over the Earth and by their motion produce the effects observed during a magnetic storm." In No. 3 (idem, vol. xvi., p. 34) I summarise the evidence available regarding the outside electric field as based upon the harmonic analyses of the earth's magnetic condition by Adams, Schmidt, and Fritsche. I show that its general characteristics are very similar to the supposedly internal magnetisation of the earth. The outside currents, if negative ones, would have to circulate around the earth from west to east, hence in the same direction as the rotation of the earth. Starting with these currents, I find it possible to account for the earth's own magnetisation if the earth's average magnetic permeability is on the order of 135 as referred to air and for a magnetising force of about 0-0024 C.G.S. This value, while seemingly large, is not impossible, judging from the experiments of Lord Rayleigh and of C. Baur on iron, using small magnetising forces. Furthermore, it must be borne in mind that we are absolutely ignorant as to what effect the great pressures existing at but a few kilometres below the surface may have on the permeability of magnetisable substances — possibly the effect of increased temperature with depth may be completely annulled by the comparatively more rapid increase in pressure. In brief, I have set up the hypothesis that the earth is chiefly an electromagnet, the magnetising currents being outside, and consisting of negative electric currents circu- lating overhead in the same general direction as that of the earth's rotation. I follow out the consequences, and show that this hypothesis harmonises with the Gaussian analysis, from which it had been hitherto almost . universally concluded that the magnetising causes must be contained chiefly inside the earth» By thus putting the magnetic state of our planet primarily in the control of outside electric currents, many of the outstanding problems of terrestrial magnetism are greatly simplified. Any variation, periodic or spasmodic, in the intensity and direction of the magnetising currents must, of course, be followed almost immediately by corre- sponding changes in the earth's magnetisation. It thus NO. 2157, VOL. 86] becomes clearer now how, in the space of but a few minutes, such great changes can occur in the magnetic condition of our planet as are experienced during magnetic storms. Anything that will cause a change of conductivity in the strata containing the outside currents will evoke changes in the latter, which in turn are revealed in effects on our magnetic needles. There may be many such causes — the theory need not restrict itself to any one, as, for example, kathode rays. Analysing the type of disturbance of which the one of May 8, 1902, may be taken as typical, it is seen that we have before us but a miniature reproduction of the earth's own magnetisation. In brief, a system has been found which will produce magnetic disturbance effects precisely similar to the permanent magnetic effects referred to the earth (idem, vol. xv., pp. 25-30, 117, and vol. xvi., pp. 33-48). Ihe type of disturbances which Prof. Birkeland refers to " equatorial " currents is thus found to be merely a general disturbance of the entire magnetic condition of the earth, of such a simple character that the first harmonic may give a sufficiently complete representation of the observed perturbations. The theory advanced in my papers is that the same electric-current system which may have to be held accountable for the production of the earth's magnetisation will also suffice for the production of the disturbances considered. I propose the name, therefore, of "simple magnetic perturbation," in place of Prof. Birkeland's " equatorial magnetic perturbation," adding the words " positive " or " negative," just as he does, according to whether the general effect is to increase momentarily the earth's magnetisation or to decrease it. Prof. Birkeland and I are not in agreement as to the direction in which the outside currents must go to produce the observed magnetic effects (idetn, vol. xvi., pp. 33-48). The careful reader will not fail to observe that the theory, as above briefly outlined, is considerably different from that which Dr. Chree imputed to me on p. 51 of his paper cited above. Furthermore, the calculation which he says he is unable to follow, although others have done so, was merely a preliminary attempt to account for the observed progression of sudden disturbances and to get some idea as to the order of the altitude at which the supposed currents would have to circulate. If Dr. Chree has something better to offer I shall be glad .to know it. Such interest is being manifested now on all sides, that it will doubtless not be long before a fairly satisfactory theory will be forthcoming. Someone must make the attempt, however, to rear a structure; not all of us are willing to rest contented with merely pulling down. One corre- spondent has hit upon another promising clue, which is at present being tested. In the meanwhile, I believe our hypotheses have amply justified themselves by the many new questions raised and the fresh incentives given to investigation. L. A. Baijer. Washington, D.C., February 10. Postscript. — From Nature of February 2, just received, it is noticed on p. 461 that Prof. Schuster presented a paper before the Royal Society on January 26 entitled "The Origin of Magnetic Storms," in which a critical examination is made of the theory that magnetic storms are caused by streams of electrified corpuscles ejected from the sun. Prof. Schuster, after various calculations, reaches the following conclusions : — "If magnetic disturbances are produced by rays emanating from the sun, it can therefore only be in an indirect manner. We may imagine that the injection of corpuscles ionises the upper portions of the earth's atmo- sphere, and consequently renders the already existing electromotive forces more effective, or we may imagine that the approach towards the earth's magnetic field of highly conducting material containing ions of both kinds acts by induction. The effect of such induction would primarily be an increase in the horizontal and a diminu- tion of the vertical forces, while the currents induced in the earth, tending to diminish the horizontal forces, would, owing to the inertia, die out more slowly, so that a semi- permanent effect would be left after the storm." It will be seen that the theory as set forth in my paper above is entirely in harmony with Prof. Schuster's con- clusions ; it is, in fact, largely based on his previous re- 12 NATURE [March 2, 191 1 searches. He and I are in agreement that the real origin of our magnetic disturbances is to be referred primarily to an outside electric system situated somewhere in our own atmospheric regions. I go one step further, and place in the same region the chief origin of the earth's own magnetisation. In conclusion, it will be well to point out that the method used in my Table II. above to get the average rate of progression of sudden disturbances does not accentuate the actual time differences between distant stations, but tends rather to diminish them, as was the case with storms Nos. 24 and 29. In brief, as I have already hinted, th<' precise method of grouping of stations cannot be a fixed one, but must vary with the region in which the disturb- ance originated. When the data from the remaining parts of the globe have been received, this matter will become more evident. L. A. B. Washington, D.C., February 13. Colliery Warnings. May I say a word about colliery warnings to point out that it is not the high barometer that is of any import- ance, but the dryness of the air? It happens in our country that the high barometer and dry air generally come together. Gas explosions in coal mines are trivial, and they occur on an average of more than one per day. It is when there is sufficient dust to make the explosion spread over a big area that an explosion 'S serious, almost without exception. Dry air is the danger, and should be the basis for "colliery warnings." John Harger. University Club, Liverpool, February 21. In all collieries more than 600 or 700 feet in depth the air is always dry — somewhat drier in cold than in warm weather — and, consequently, coal-dust is always present in the workings provided there is no natural " seepage " of water into them. In these circumstances, the one essential element of a great explosion is always present. Blasting shot, when fired under certain conditions, and comparatively small volumes of explosive gas when ignited, will always raise and ignite coal-dust the quality of which, as regards its contents in volatile matter and ash, lies between certain upper and lower limits. On the other hand, shots are always being fired, and larger or smaller accumulations of explosive gas are always being formed here and there in mines of this class, quite irrespective of weather conditions. All that can be said as regards the influence of weather is that, other things being equal, a coal-dust explosion is more likely to occur in cold weather, when the mines are driest, than in warm weather, when they are not so dry, and with a falling rather than with a steady or rising barometer. These subjects were fully discussed at the very inception of the coal-dust question, and Mr. Harger might do well to study what was then said about them. As the issuer of " Colliery Warnings " so frequently advocates that special attention be paid to the condition of mines when the barometer is rising rather than when it is falling, I may perhaps be allowed, in this place, to correct a statement which lately appeared in a letter to Nature, written by "The Author of the Warnings," to the effect that Mr. R. H. Scott and I were amazed (sic) to find that fire-damp was frequently reported to have been found in mines even when the barometer was steady and rising. We were not amazed, for we knew by the actual experience of one of us that, in consequence of falls of roof, damage to trap-doors, stoppings, brattices, and so on, which are amongst the commonest incidents in mining, the ventilation often becomes so stagnant at certain critical points that the air becomes explosive at or near these points before the defects can be rectified. As a matter of fact, the principal province of the fire- men is to guard against this very contingency. Conse- quently, when we saw appearances of fire-damp reported time after time with a steady or rising barometer, we experienced no surprise, but, perhaps rather unfortunately, NO. 2157, VOL. 86] considering the use the " Author of the Warnings " made of the sentence in which we merely recorded a fa^ without further comment, we did not stop to explain what passed in our own minds at the time, but proceeded in the next following sentence to show that, when the records of a large number of mines were compared, the effect of these casual irregularities was practically eliminated altogether. It would have been fairer if the " Author of the Warnings " had quoted one more sentence (Quarterly Journal of the Meteorological Society, October, 1874). W. Galloway. The Hydrogen Spectrum. The colour of the light which is emitted from the capillary of a vacuum tube containing pure hydrogen is the familiar vivid, deep pink, the prevailing tint being due to the predominating brilliance of the red line (Ha). When the same capillary is viewed from one end, how- ever, the colour is a very pale pink, indeed, nearly white.- This interesting effect appears to be due to the different relative intensities of the lines Ha and H/3 in the two cases, for while H/3 (and probably each of the other lines in the primary series) has an intensity appropriate to the length of the column of gas in the capillary, Ha appears to suffer reduction. In the course of some observations on the secondary spectrum of hydrogen, during which I had occasion to use the tube when placed against the slit of the spectroscope in the usual way, and also end on, I was greatly interested in this apparent variation in the intensities of the lines mentioned. The explanation which suggests itself is that Ho is weakened by absorption in traversing the column of gas (although this distance is only about 5 or 6 cm. in my tube), but it is difficult to understand why this absorp- tion should be specially selective for Ha and not equally effective in the case of Hj8, which is also a very brilliant line, and to which one would imagine the same argument would apply. There appears to be no reason for attribu- ting the effect to polarisation. I have seen no notice of this effect, but I imagine it j must be quite familiar to spectroscopists, and perhaps one of them who has devoted special attention to the hydr<^en ij spectrum may be able to throw some light on the matter. Charles W. Raffety. Beechcroft, 2 Park Hill Road, East Croydon, Surrey, February 22. Life and Habit. On p. 505 of Nature for February 16, in a review of a new edition of one of Samuel Butler's books, these words appear- — "therefore the apparently unpractised but perfect pecking of a newly-hatched chick proves that the chick has done it before," &c. Now, I have tried many experiments with chicks hatched out singly and away from a hen, but never has any chick attempted to peck until shown how to or made to walk over food which tickled its toes, and my opinion is that a chick might die of starvation while surrounded by food unless taught what to do. They are quick to take a hint, and will imitate the motion and action at once if a bent finger be worked up and down like the head of a bird when pecking ; and, if once they feel a bit of food within their beaks, they know what to do with it as well as a new-born babe knows how to suck when anything is placed in its mouth, though they have never done it before. W. H. M. February 20. Your correspondent's remark is interesting, but, of course — as he himself indicates in connection with the babe — it does not invalidate Butler's argument. It can hardly be doubted that observation and imitation do not cover the ground, and that there is something calling for explanation in what is called " instinct " — a word which, it must be admitted, only disguises our ignorance of what it is. Butler's theory that " heredity is memory " is at least worth consideration. The Reviewer. March 2, 191 1] NATURE 13 FOREST LIFE IN INDIA.' T N these pleasant pages the author looks back cheer- ■»■ fully upon some of the events of thirty-five years in the Indian Forest Service, from the less respon- sible stage of assistant-conservator of forests, seeking the bubble reputation even in the tiger's mouth, to the more severe and formal stage of inspector-general, full of wise saws and modern instances. Of the gloom and monotony of existence far from the busy Fig. I. — The Baspa Valley. From " Forest Life and Sport in India. hum of men, and of the great and manifold dangers that surround life in a tropical jungle remote from all medical resources, he prefers, like a good Briton, to say nothing, though he must know all about them, and could no doubt make moan if he chose. In the chapters covering the author's earlier terms of service as a junior executive officer in Oudh, and on the Nepal frontier, the moving incidents of sport predominate, and we are told much — though nothing. Forest Life and Sport in India." By S. Eardley-Wilmot, CLE. IPp. xi-f 324. (London : Edward Arnold, 1910.) Price 12s. 6d. perhaps, very new— of the ways of the beasts that perish by the rifle. There are several accounts of the author's own experience of man-eating tigers; some, of course, tales of woe and death, but one— telling how an Indian peasant woman, with nothing but a sickle in her hand, attacked and beat off a man-eater that had seized her husband— might, if the heroine's name were known, be immortalised in the archives of the State. With the advent of greater official responsibility the full tide of sport begins to ebb, and \\e are introduced to those questions of organisation and policy, which are the chief care of an administrative oflficer, and re- veal the more serious purpose of the book. All these questions are treated with skill and tact. Among other^ things, we learn how far- reaching reforms of various kinds were effected, sometimes in the face of official indifference and misunderstanding ; how native opposition to any interference with misconceived and misdirected "natural rights" was gradually overcome, so that suspicious vil- lagers and destructive wild-men were at length converted into the ready tools of the forest conserva- tor; and how institutions for the higher training of the forester are becoming engrafted on the educa- tional system of the country. In short, we get from this excellent book not only a good idea of a forest ofTicer's work in every grade, and of the main line of development of the Indian Forest Department, but also an insight into the many ways, direct and indirect, whereby well-managed forests contribute to a country's welfare. This being one of the chief lessons of the book, we think that the author errs when, in discuss- ing the relation of forest to ground-water, and so to agricul- ture, he speaks of forestry and agriculture as simple industries in comparison with the ''more im- portant manufactures that add to the national wealth." Surely at a time like the present, when Eng- land has grown all one-sided by neglect of agriculture, and whole masses of Englishmen deafened by machinery and blinded by smoke are in danger of losing their bearings, it were pity if a ;nan who has lived half a life- time in iho precincts of Demeter did not boldly assert that as long as workmen require bread and l)utter niid meat, so long must their most important arcosal to institute a committee for the formulation of rules is satisfactory in itself, but something more is required in order to ensure that the rules will be carried out most carefully. NO. 2157, VOL. 86] A CONTRIBUTION from the Jefferson Physical Laboratory, Harvard University, appears in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences for January, giving an account of some experiments on the action of mercury on steel at high pressures. Amagat in 1893 described a case in which mercury was forced by a pressure of 3000 atmospheres in a fine spray through 8 cm. of cast steel, in which no flaw could be afterwards detected with the microscope. In the experiments now described, twelve similar test cylinders were cut from a bar of Krupp's special chrome nickel steel. Six of these were tested under mercury pressure, and the others were tested with a glycerin and water mixture, with ether, and also CS^. Five of the cylinders tested with mercury burst at pressures from 3000 to 4750 kilograms per square cm. ; one burst at 10,250 kilograms per square cm. None of the cylinders tested with other fluids burst, even under pressures of 24,000 kilograms per square cm. Soft steel cylinders show this effect hardly at all, owing to the interference of the lower yield point of the material. Examination of the fracture seems to establish the fact that the lower strength of hard steel cylinders under mercury pressure is owing to amalgamation. Amalgamation once started, it spreads with great rapidity throughout the metal. Two causes hasten the rapidity of the action : one is the natural affinity of mercury and steel, the other is the straining action of the pressure, tending to open the jx)res. The latter view is strongly supported by the fact that, in the fractures, amalgamation was observed to be most rapid in the direction in which the pores were most distended. OUR ASTRONOMICAL COLUMN. Astronomical Occurrences for March : — March 2. Sh. 58m. Venus in conjunction with the Moon (Venus 2° 20' N.). 4. loh. 22m. Saturn in conjunction with the Moon (Saturn 1° 39' S.). 9. i7h. 23m. Neptune in conjunction with the Moon (Neptune 5° 22' S.). ID, 2ih. 40m. Mars in conjunction with Uranus (Mais, 0° 23' S.). 18. I4h. 8m. Jupiter in conjunction with the Moon (Jupiter i°47' N.). 20. ih. om. Mercury in superior conjunction with the Sun. 21. 5h. 45m. Sun er'ers sign of Aries. Spring equinox. 24. i6h. 49m. Uranw in conjunction with the Moun (Uranus 4" 39' N.). 25. I2h. 3m. Mars in conjunction with the Moon (Mars 4° 15' N.). 28. 17b. 50m. Venus in conjunction with Saturn (Venus 2° 25' N.). ■30. I2h. Neptune stationary. ,, i8h. 51m. Mercury in conjunction with the Moon (Mercury 2° 22' N.). 31, 23h. 1501. Saturn in conjunction with the Moon (Satuin 1° 58' S.). A Remarkable Meteor. — Mr. W. F. Denning writes : — " On February 19, at 9h. 24m., a brilliant meteor was seen by Mr. and Mrs. Wilson from Reigate, Surrey, and by Mr. Peecock from Stowmarket. The object was a very exceptional one for its slowness of flight. At Stowmarket the meteor is described as having a bright reddish-yellow head, with a glowing tail about 1^ degrees long streaming behind. It was traced from low in the south-west to low in the north-east. It was in full view for thirty seconds or more. " At Reigate only the last 27 degrees were observed from just north of Coma Berenices to close to Arcturus. It was the slowest meteor ever witnessed by the observers, who counted sixty, equal to about thirty seconds, while it descended. It showed a bright head, and a yellow tail marked its path. 24 NATURE [March 2, 19 11 " The object probably had its radiant south of Orion, and its course lay from about the English Channel, south of Devon, to the coast of Holland. The whole of the path traversed must have been about 520 miles, but the heights cannot be exactly determined from the materials. Another good description of the apparent flight would be ivery valuable. The night was clear, and many persons in the south-eastern counties must have had a fine view of the phenomenon." The Photographic Spectrum of Nova Lacert^. — In No. 4473 of the Astronomische Nachrichten Dr. Max Wolf reproduces and describes the photograph of the spectrum ot Nova Lacertae which he took with the Zeiss two-prism spectrograph (exposure 90m.) on January 13. At first glance the spectrum consists of seven broad bright bands, of which six are accounted for by the hydrogen lines H)3-H»j ; the seventh has a wave-length of about 463 nn. The nova spectrum declines abruptly in intensity at about \ 360, not extending nearly so far into the ultra-violet as do the spectra of the Orion stars. The order of bright- ness of the broad bands is H7, H5, 463, He, H)3, H^, Hjj. Dr. Wolf gives the wave-length measures of the different parts of each band, and also finds other faint bands having their centres at the wave-lengths 451-3, 447-4> 443-4! and .405-8 ; three other broad, faint bands have their maxima at AA. 4273, 425-6, and 422-9. Recent Observation of H alley's Comet. — To The Observatory (No. 432) Prof. Barnard sends the following observation of Halley's comet on January 8, at 2ih. 30m. 56s. G.M.T. : — R.A. = iih. 47m. 16-65S., apparent dec. 18° 24' 44-3" S. The comet was 32-8" ■diameter, round, and slightly condensed, but had no •nucleus. With the 40-inch refractor, its magnitude was estimated to be 13 or 14. Prof. Barnard hopes to be able to follow the comet for the greater part of the present year, and this will provide an enormous arc, over which the comet has been observed during the present return ; the determination of its path during this revolution will thus be considerably simplified. In April next the comet Avill be as far from the sun as is Jupiter. Search-ephemerides for Westphal's Comet (1852 IV.). — In No. 4475 of the Astronotnische Nachrichten Herr A. Hnatek publishes three search-ephemerides for Westphal's comet, which may be found during the coming spring or summer. The three ephemerides are based on the assump- tions that the period of the comet may be sixty, sixty-one, ■or sixty-two years respectively, and each covers the period April 10 to September 7. The rediscovery is doubtful, "however, for the calculated magnitudes lie between 10-3 (August 28, 1911) and 13-4. Observations of the Zodiacal Light and the Gegen- schein. — Herr Banachiewicz describes- a brilliant appari- tion of the zodiacal light, seen at Kasan on January 26-27, in No. 4474 of the Astronomische Nachrichten. The light extended to Saturn, and the middle of its pyramidal form passed over the stars 5, «, and f Piscium. As compared with the Milky Way, the light appeared of a slightly reddish hue, and, so far as the two phenomena can be compared for brightness, was about equally bright. Observations of the counterglow, or gegenschein, were •made by Mr. Innes, Mr. and Mrs. Wood, and Mr. Worssell at the Transvaal Observatory during September and October, 1910, and are published, with sketches, in No. 5 of the Circular. Mr. Innes reports that on Sep- tember 24, 25, and 26 the counterglow was, and had been, remarkably distinct, lying along the ecliptic as a lens- shaped mass about 10° broad and about 90° long ; in spite of the sky-illumination from electric lights and veld fires, ■visitors were able to see the phenomenon immediately their attention was directed to it. Mr. Worssell gives its approximate limits on October 4 at 9h. 40m. (G.M.T.) as N- ■+ 17-5°> S. —4-5°, preceding, oh. 5m. and following ih. 20m., thus making the position of the centre R.A. oh. 32m., dec. +5g°. The Murnpeowie Meteorite. — The annual report of the South Australian School of Mines for 1909 contains a very "interesting description of the iron meteorite discovered in August of that year. The discovery was made by some "boundary-fence repairers working near Murnpeowie, Lat. NO. 2157, VOL. 86] ^- 29° 35' L. and Long. 139° 54'. Mr. L. Laybouraet Smith, the curator of the museum, says the country at '■ this place is flat and devoid of stones. The object is a siderite weighing 25201b., its greatest height 35 inchf-b. The chemical composition has not been determined. Mr. Smith is making inquiries with a view to finding the dati- of the fall. " Australian bushmen are very observant, and this isolated ' rock ' would not have been overlooked in a position less than half a mile from where the fencers were working. The holes also would till with sand in a few years. It is probable, therefore, that the Murnpeowi-,- meteorite 's a recent arrival." INTERNATIONAL HYGIENE EXHIBITION. DRESDEN, 191 1. |70R some months past very conflicting statements as to ■^ the attitude of the Government towards the Int'-r- national Hygiene Exhibition to be held in Dresden hav<: been made, but we are now assured that the President of the Board of Trade has given it his blessing, and that some of those who have hitnerto held aloof, owing to so;iuj misunderstanding, have expressed their approval of iIk; movement. It is to be hoped, therefore, that Great Britain will be properly represented in what promises to be on.,- of the most important scientific exhibitions and congreb^■ » of modern times. This e.xhibition is not merely for th-.- advertising of trade products, nor is it intended thai it should compete in any way with such trade exhibition* as, for example, that to be held at Turin. Rather is it to be a collection of apparatus and appliances, so arranged and classified that experts or others interested in matters pertaining to hygiene may study, compare, and contrast the most modern and best hygienic contrivances. Our German cousins, with their genius for organisation and attention to detail, have spared neither trouble nor e.xpense in laying solid foundations, and it now rests with other countries to assist in the building of an adequate suj>erstructure. Great Britain can ill aftord to be behind in a race in which, hitherto, her lead has been pre- eminent ; and although she must do voluntarily, through individuals and private organisations, what by other countries is done by the State, it is to be hoped that now all misunderstanding has been cleared away a united effort will be made, not only to raise the rest of the necessary funds, but to send sufficiently imposing exhibits. Some idea of the thoroughness of the work that is being done may be gathered from the fact that a " News Bureau," from which is issued what may be called a small newspaper — Hygieia, has been formed in connection with the exhibition. Of this leaflet, Nos. 16, 18, and 19, all of them published in January of this year, may here be re- ferred to. The first deals with the "department of " statis- tics," and not only affords an indication as to the objects of the promoters of the exhibition, but serves as a guide to would-be exhibitors as to what is most likely to be of use and interest to the " public " whom this exhibition is expected to attract. We are told that the collection of statistics brought together by the German Government has cost something like 350,000/., that games and their in- fluence on health will be illustrated, and that the various implements employed in carrying on these games will be fully set forth. The hygiene of civilised life will naturally receive most attention, but the method of life of savage tribes will also be demonstrated — dwellings, food, mode of life, and the like, of bushmen, Australian aborigines, primitive Indians, North American Indians, all being illustrated. One of the leaflets is devoted almost entirely to milk, under such headings as hygiene of milk ; exhibits of apparatus and methods for the bacteriological investiga- tion of milk ; models, drawings, and photographs to show the dangers arising from dirty milk ; the proper treatment of milk practicable even in small dairies ; methods of sterilisation and milk inspection ; and the hygiene of butter and cheese. Hygienic cowhouses and fittings, and the best methods of keeping cattle in dairies, and so on. Another leaflet. No. 19, deals with subjects very different in character — the action of light and special forms of light, such as the ultra-violet rays, the action of radium, and radio-active substances ; and then darts off suddenly into an entirelv new region, where exhibits and statistics con- March 2, 191 1] NATURE 25 cerning sick clubs, insurance against illness, and many of those other schemes promoted by the German Government, the importance of which is now being so fully realised in other parts of the world, are to be on view. It is to be hoped that now the matter has been taken up, those interested in British sanitary science and the ■scientific aspects of hygiene generally, will spare no effort to make the British exhibit, in part at least, worthy of those great leaders of sanitary science who, shortly after the middle of the last century, did so much, not only for Great Britain, but also for other civilised countries. j THE RUSTING OF IRON. ''I'lrHE problem of the atmospheric corrosion of metals is 1 ■*■ a very old one. So long ago as 1769, only three , years after Cavendish had demonstrated the solubility of I chalk and magnesia in water charged with "fixed air" ' or carbonic anhydride, it was shown by T. Lane, an apothecary of the City of London, that " water impreg- ; nated with fixed air will dissolve a considerable quantity of iron, and thereby become a strong chalybeate " J (Priestley, "Experiments on Air," 1772). Lane ' records . (Phil. Trans., 1869, 1., 218) that " the clear water . . . ■ decanted from the filings and ochrous sediment . . ., being , exposed to the open air, presently threw up a party- -coloured pellicle, and deposited a yellowish sediment." In this way the foundations were laid for the theory of rusting put forward in 1888 by Crum Brown, according to which the action consists essentially in the dissolution of iron by carbonic acid, and subsequent precipitation from ■ the solution of ferrous bicarbonate of ferric hydroxide ' formed by the interaction of the ferrous salt with atmo- spheric oxygen ; the separation of the rust is accompanied by the liberation of the carbonic acid, which is thus set free to attack a further quantity of iron. I The correctness of Crum Brown's theory was confirmed I by Moody's observation (Trans. Chem. Soc, 1906, Ixxxix., 720) that iron which had been cleaned with chromic acid could be kept for long periods in contact with water and air in a glass tube from which all traces of carbonic acid were carefully excluded. Friend (Proc." Chem. Soc, 1910, xxvi., 179) has confirmed this observation by condensing ( Water distilled from an alkali upon an iron tube cooled by circulating water. In a paper which has recently appeared in the Journal of the Chemical Society, Messrs. Lambert and Thomson . have arrived at conclusions differing somewhat from those of Moody and Friend. By electrolysing ferric chloride ^ between electrodes of pure iridium foil, a specimen of iron was obtained which gave a crystalline nitrate entirely free from the violet colour which usually characterises this salt and ordinary ferric alum ; the nitrate was transferred to an iridium boat, ignited, and reduced in a stream of hydrogen in a silica tube at 1000°. The metal thus obtained (which appears to have been so pure as to be acid-proof, like the redistilled zinc prepared some years ago in Sir William Ramsay's laboratory) was found to be unacted on by purified oxygen and purified water, but when platinum vessels were used in preparing the iron, the metal was found to be oxidised in the course of two or three, hours, and a similar result was observed in the case of commercial iron, whether it was cleaned with chromic acid or not. The different results thus obtained mav very possibly be attributed to a difference in the vessels 'in which the iron was exposed to the action of water and oxvgen. The dominant factor in promoting the atmospheric corrosion of iron is undoubtedly carbonic acid, but there is no reason to suppose that the part of the carbonic acid might not be played by any other acid strong enough to act upon the iron, though weak enough to be liberated by oxidation from the ferrous to the ferric state. Silicic acid, the immediate homologue of carbonic acid in the periodic classification of the elements, might very possibly be cap- able of producing a like effect, and, "if so, the use of silica tubes would be likelv to promote rusting to a far larger extent than tubes made of glass. The use of silica tubes by Messrs. Lambert and Thomson in an experiment in which one of the main objects was to eliminate acid impurities is a change of which the advantn surface of the glass was sufficient to cause the metal to rust, whilst Friend has recorded a similar effect produce* by particles of slag embedded in the iron. T. M. L. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES.^ 'T'HE three bulletins referred to below have been issued, by the United States Geological Survey, which, at all times keenly alive to the importance of economic geology to the nation, has of late years been paying particular attention to the study of the mineral resources of the United States. The two first bulletins give an elaborate and detailed account of the geology of one of the most important oil-producing regions of central California. Very little accurate geological work had been done here previously, so that the present bulletins form a useful con- tribution to general stratigraphical geology as well as to the special geology of oil-bearing regions. There is nothing that calls for particular notice in these bulletins ;: the oil appears to occur in strata of the customary type of Eocene, Lower and Middle Miocene age. Both reports are elaborate and full of detail, and the report on the' Coolinga district is noteworthy for the amount of palasontological information that it contains and for the admirable manner in which some of the fossils referred to have been illustrated in the accompanying plates. The third of these bulletins deals with an entirely, different subject, namely, the methods recently introduced by the United States Government for the purpose of placing its system of purchasing its coal supplies upon a scientific basis. The method is roughly as follows : — For each coal the moisture, ash, and calorific value (ex- pressed in British thermal units) are determined upon samples taken with all due precautions. The bids of the various samples are sent in on ofificial sealed forms. In order to compare these, all the tenders are reduced to the same ash value by selecting as standard the coal containing the lowest percentage of ash ; for each i per cent, of ash above this figure, 2 cents per ton is added' to the tender price. From this price thus adjusted, and from the calorific power as determined, the cost per 1,000,000 B.T.U. is calculated for each coal offered, and as a general rule the contract is awarded to the lowest cost as thus ascertained. As the heat value of the coal is determined upon the coal as received, there is no necessity to determine the percentage of moisture that it contains. When a tender has been awarded to a contractor, he is expected to maintain the quality of the coal delivered at approximately the same standard as that upon which the contract was awarded. For this purpose careful samples are taken from each delivery ; when the samples have been drawn, payment of go per cent, of the amount of the account is made forthwith, the balance being kept in hand until the samples are reported upon. The price is corrected for variation in calorific power, by multiplying by the number of B.T.U. in the sample and' dividing by the number of B.T.U. upon which the con- tract was based. Similarly for each i per cent, less of ash in the sample of the coal delivered, a premium of 2 cents per ton is paid, and for each i per cent, of ash more a deduction is made in accordance with a published' schedule, an increase up to 2 per cent, of ash not being, however, penalised. Of course the contract note contains clauses under which a delivery containing an excessive amount of ash, dust, or sulphur may be entirely rejected. It will be seen that this system of coal purchasing is novel, and interesting to a wider public than that directly concerned with the supply of coal to the various depart- ments of the United States Government. H. L. ' Department of the Interior. United States Geological Survey Bulletins. (Washington, 1910.) (i) Geology and Oil Resoiirres of the Coolinga District, California. By- Ralph Arnold and Robert Anflerson. Pp. ■^t;4. (2) Preliminary Report on the McKittrick-Snnset Oil Region, Peru, artf San Luis Ohispo Counties, California. By Ralph Arnold and Harry R. Johnson. Pp. 225. (i) The Purchase of Coal by the Government under ."Specifications ; witf> Analyses of Coal delivered for the Fiscal Year 1908-9. By George S. Pope.. Pp. 80. 26 NATURE [March 2, lyii I THE AFFINITIES OF SCHIZOTKYPANUM. N a recent number of the Archiv jiir Proiistenkunde (vol. XX., p. 361), Dr. M. Ilartmann makes an im- portant addition to our knowledge of Schizotrypanum cruzi, the trypanosome of human beings discovered by Chagas in Brazil (see Nature, August 4, 1910). Chagas described a process of multiple fission ("schizogony"), taking place in the lung capillaries, of forms not enclosed in cells (Nature, I.e., p. 143, Fig. 2, b-c). In addition to this type of multiplication, Hartmann finds another process of schizo- gony within hypcrtrophied endothelial cells of the lung, as a result of which the cell contains some twenty or more small, pear-shaped organisms, each with a distinct kineto- nucleus and trophonucleus, but no fiagcllum. The chief interest of this discovery lies in the very great resemblance of these intracellular forms of Schizotrypanum to those of Leishmania donovani, the parasite of Kala Azar ; in fact, anyone, looking at the figure given by Hartmann, might suppose that it represented a preparation of Leishmania. Similar forms are stated to have been found in the heart- musculature and brain of human beings that have died from " Schizotrypanosomiasis " (.sic), sit venia verbo ! In view of the resemblance, in certain phases, between Schizotrypanum and Leishmania made known by Hart- mann, attention may be directed to some remarks by Donovan, one of the discoverers of the parasite of Kala Azar, in the " Annual Report and Statistics of the Govern- ment General Hospital, Madras," for the year 1908 (published 1909), p. 31. Donovan casts doubt on the view advanced originally by Rogers, and further supported by Patton, that the parasite of Kala Azar is transmitted by the bed-bug ; and gives reasons for believing that another bug, Conorhinus rubrofasciatus, is the insect which propa- gates the disease. It would be remarkable if both Leishmania and Schizotrypanum proved to be transmitted by species of the genus Conorhinus, the one in India, the other in Brazil. The etiology of Kala Azar is a problem which calls urgentlv for investigation. E. A. M. THE ORGANISATION OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH.^ "\ 7ERY few words of mine are needed to emphasise the * interest and the importance of this annually recurring ceremonial at which the varied educational work of the City and Guilds Institute receives recognition, well-merited recognition, from successive Lord Mayors. We gather from the brief r^sumd of the work which has been read by Sir J. Watney that the various agencies combined under the control of the institute continue to flourish, the students increase in number, their work rises in quality, and the importance of the institution grows greater year by year. The City and Guilds Central Technical College com- pleted its twenty-fifth session in July, and now has at work 412 students. In the twenty-five years, 1512 students have taken the complete course and 1066 have been awarded the diploma. Out of 306 internal degrees con- ferred in the faculty of engineering in London University, 157 have been obtained by students of the college ; and the percentage in honours has been a high one, 56 per cent, first class, 42 per cent. pass. The year has been marked in that the relations with the Imperial Technical College have been made definite by the appointment of a delegacy, under the immediate control of which the City and Guilds College is placed, and which contains representatives of the Imperial College, the Institute, and the Goldsmiths' Company. The delegacy, I am informed, held their first meeting last month. I will not attempt to review in like manner the year's results for the other branches of the institute. Numbers of young men — some of them not so young now — owe their success in life to the training received at the Fins- bury Technical College from the inspiring teaching of its accomplished head, Prof. S. P. Thompson, and his able staff ; and here I should like to thank Prof. Thompson • Address delivered at the prize distribution of the City and Guilds of London Institute on February 17, by Dr. R. T. Glazebroolc, F.R.S. for his recent brilliant addition to our scientific bio- graphies. Had he done, nothing else, and this is far from being the case, his life of Kelvin would have left future generations deep in his debt. I know less, perhaps, of the other work of the institute, but I know enough to be grateful to the committee and its officers for the large contribution to the advance of know- ledge they have made by their efforts in the past. \ The choice of a subject for an address of this kind \> not quite easy, and yet it ought not to be very difficult i for a man whose life is now bound up with the business i of science to find a theme on which to speak to an audience in this centre of industry and commerce — the connection of science and industry is an obvious, perhaps even a hackneyed, one. Nevertheless, I am going to trespass on your patience with some aspects of the question » as they appear to me. Not many years ago it would have been said that the: connection was a slight one. Science dwelt in a realm apart from industry and commerce ; her votaries were men who sought the truth without a thought of the gain the search might bring to humanity, or the wealth it might discover for the seeker. ^ It was enough for them to arrive at some new law, to roll back a little space the veil that shrouds the mysteries of Nature and to penetrate her shrine. Long may there be such men ; the humbler students of science, those who try to interpret her teachings for the good of men, could advance but little without the torch of truth carried by these their leaders. But it is realised now that there are many ways in which science can further industry. Let us look at two of these. It is sometimes said our German cousins are more scientific than ourselves, and that this is the reason of their great material progress during the past fifty years. In a sense this is true ; not that they have made greater discoveries or have contributed more to the sum of human knowledge, but they did realise at an earlier date than we the value of science as a factor in industrial and commercial progress. They showed their appreciation of ,| its importance by the establishment, in the first place, of T technical colleges and universities where students could be trained to apply science to the needs of daily life, and in the second of institutions like the Reichsanstalt and the Versuchsanstalt, where researches on matters bearing on the application of science to industry could be carried out on a fitting scale. The colleges and universities which in the past twenty- five years have grown up in our cities show that we have begun to appreciate the need and to make some notable endeavours to supply it. For the success of these endeavours, no small debt is due to those great City Guilds which, with well-judged munificence, have devoted such large funds to the work of education, not only here in London, but also in the ancient universities and in many other parts of the country. This gathering to-night, with its long list of prizes and awards, is a speaking testimony to the value of their work in London. The wise leaders of the City Guilds realised that by the work of education they could best advance the welfare of our country and carry on under present conditions the task which previously they per- formed by means of the apprenticeship system. Let us look into this educational work in its modern form. It received a notable impulse a few years ago by the establishment of the Imperial College of Science and Technology. That college was founded with a very definite purpose — to afford to English students the oppor- tunity for the highest study and research in any branch of science bearing on industry. Two methods at least were open to the founders, and of these they chose the more difficult. It is our English plan to let our old institutions develop gradually, so as to meet new needs. The committee responsible for founding the Imperial College might have established something quite new_; they decided rather to combine three great agencies existing at South Kensington into one, thus coordinating work already in progress, while maintaining the individuality of the constituent institutions. The Royal College of Science, the Royal School of Mines, and the City and Guilds Technical College still exist, but, combined as they are under one governing body of the Imperial College, their NO. 2157, VOL. 86] March 2, 191 1] NATURE 27 influence on education and on progress, great as it lias ibeen in the past, must be multiplied manifold. Time is necessary to solve the many problems that arise, but a visit to South Kensington, where, by the generosity of Messrs. Wernher, Beit and Co., and the trustees of the Bessemer fund, splendid new buildings are rising rapidly for the Royal School of Mines, and by the .munificence of the Goldsmiths' Company the engineering laboratories of the central institution are being so greatly enlarged, is enough to show some of the first-fruits of the work. The method which has been adopted for controlling the work of the Central College by means of a delegacy representing the Imperial College, the City and Guilds jlnstitute, and the Goldsmiths' Company, is full of promise, land the path whereby the whole can develop into the 'great institution planned by its founders seems clear. Much is still necessary before that development can be fcomplete. In the first place, we must encourage research. I The Central Technical College has a splendid record among its professors — Henrici, Unwin, Ayrton, Arm- , strong. Nor will the work of the younger men — Dalby 'and Mather — be less distinguished in the future. Still, more remains to be done in the way of post-graduate study 'and students' research. I do not overlook the notable efforts made lately in connection with the railway engineer- ing course, but I would urge those in whose hands control *lies so to organise the teaching that men, professors, or jstudents who have the power to carry on research, should be free to use it. You cannot successfully command a professor to make discoveries. You can arrange his , surroundings so that the power that is in him should have f.jfull opportunities of action. f:| Secondly, we must not attempt in the Imperial College i to do elementary work which can be done equally well •elsewhere. The Central Technical College has always done rightly in selecting its students with care. Its success, and the fact that the students now number as ' many as the college can hold, increase its power of selec- ' tion ; the conditions of entrance may be raised gradually ; they are still very low compared with the great German technical schools ; and thus the whole character of the work may be improved. Thirdly, the Imperial College must not remain isolated. The agencies at work in London applying science to the ' wants of industry, not merely teaching the rudiments, but advancing the boundaries between the known and un- known, are numerous ; they include the University Colleges, with their distinguished professors and their large ' classes of students ; the polytechnics and technical schools, , where, day and night, educational work of the highest value is being eagerly pursued. Is it impossible to conceive some scheme by which the labours of all these agencies for technical instruction I should be coordinated and linked up with the work of the Imperial College as a centre, to which, to repeat what I said in an address I delivered to the Association of Tech- nical Institutions, students only of proved capacity were admitted, where the staff and students were free to con- duct original investigations, and through these to learn new truths, where scholars and prizemen from the various technical institutions of London were collected, and where the teachers in the polytechnics and other colleges were i freely welcomed to carry out their researches and to ii advance learning? ! In close connection with this there should be a number I of colleges organised so as to provide teaching for the less advanced stages of the course, selected with due regard to geographical conditions. I Beyond these would come those polytechnics which were I engaged chiefly in evening classes for the worker, each, if possible, with one special department organised so as to 1 provide teaching and means for research of an advanced J character, linked up to the central institution, the I Imperial College, in such a way that the teachers felt a I common interest in promoting the welfare of that institu- ' tion, and turned naturally to its professors as their leaders \ in the search for truth. t There is one essential more. This group of institutions j — the Imperial Technical College and its associated ' colleges — must possess the power itself of granting NO. 2157, VOL. 86] degrees in technological science to its students who have gone through its course and passed the proper tests with- out reference to any external academic body. To secure this may be dilTicult, but it must be done. In Germany it was recognised some years agO' that the degree courses of the older universities did hot afford the student of technology the training he required, and new universities — technological universities they are called, though the phrase may be a misnomer — have been established in many of the great centres of industry. Here in England, outside London and the old universi- ties, our course has been different. The new universities in Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, and elsewhere, have each a faculty of technology along with those of arts and science, law and medicine, and their constitution allows them to do this with success, for in no case is the control in the hands of an academic body — an unwieldy Senate representative of all and every conflicting interest that can conceivably be brought in. It rests with a com- pact council, consisting mainly of business men, keen to raise the standard of education in their cities because they realise that on that progress turns. It may be possible to reorganise London University as an assemblage of faculties, each practically independent in its own sphere, each controlled by its council, a small body of men containing some few representatives of the teaching staff. This council, within the scheme, would be the supreme body of the faculty ; subordinate to it would be the general board of studies, representing all the teachers, and the special boards dealing with the various subjects of study in the faculty. Each faculty should award its own degrees and be free to determine, with the lines of the general scheme, the conditions under which those degrees should be granted. There would need to be advisory committees of repre- sentatives of several faculties for work in which more than one faculty was concerned, and a small body, independent of the faculties, to settle disputes which might arise. Under such a scheme the Imperial College would be- come the centre of the Technological University for London, and then for the Empire, a body like its govern- ing body, but modified so as to include representatives of the other institutions which would form with it the techno- logical side of the University in London, would become the council of that faculty ; the teachers in the various sub- jects represented in the faculty would form the various special boards of studies, and representatives of these special boards would become the general board of studies of the faculty. Whether this be a possible scheme or not it is not for me to say, but I would venture to put forward three propositions : — (i) That a combination of the technological depart- ments of existing institutions and schools into an indepen- dent technological faculty is necessary. {2) That in such a faculty a definite value should be given to technical education in each London school. (3) That the technological faculty should confer degrees under conditions to be laid down by the faculty. I am aware I have wandered into debatable ground. I trust I have not erred beyond forgiveness in so doing. The task before Sir Alfred Keogh, the rector of the Imperial College, in hringing to success some scheme such as this is no easy one. It will lighten it immensely if you can assure him that in his task he has your own support and that of the men to whose active help the success of the City and Guilds Institute is so largely due. You may rest assured that in this way you are assist- ing in no small degree to render the advances of science available for the promotion of the best interests of our nation, in strengthening our position in the world, and in carrying on that great work of education in which the City Guilds have taken so admirable a share. But there is another aspect of my subject, the relation of science to industry, for which I have left too little time. A second way in which science may help industry is, as I have said, by the establishment of institutions where scientific questions bearing on industry may be studied. The National Physical Laboratory is such a place, and when the chairman of the committee invited me to speak 28 NATURE [March 2, 191 1 here to-night, he said he wished me to tell you some- thing of the work of the laboratory. It is a big work, for the subject is big. The laboratory was founded some ten years since as a public institution for standardising and verifying instruments, for testing materials, and for the determination of physical constants. Its staff now numbers about 140 persons, its expenditure during the past year was more than 28,000/., and towards defraying that expenditure more than 15,000/. was re- ceivt'd in fees for work done. During the past eleven years, if we exclude the aero- nautical work, 49, 000/. has been contributed from public funds towards capital expenditure, while 54,000/. has been raised from private sources. In the same period, the annual grants from the Treasury for working expenses have been 57,750/., while the receipts from fees, private donations, and subscriptions have come to 105,380/. Instruments of all kinds were examined, among them in igio were 27,500 thermometers, 4000 telescopes, 1600 binoculars, electrical apparatus, measuring apparatus, optical appliances, photographic lenses, opticians' testing lenses (these numbered 5000), and taximeters. The value of the instruments sent for test is nearly 1000/. for each working day of the year. Nor is this half of the work. Researches of all kinds of interest to industry and manufactures are in progress. Papers have been communicated to engineering and scien- tific societies which have aided in the solution of many important technical problems, and investigations are now in progress which will help still further. The laboratory is controlled by a committee appointed by the Royal Society and representing the great scientific and technical societies, and the general scheme of research is approved by them. But besides these public investigations, each day brings us inquiries from private firms and manu- facturers as to matters on which they want our help or our advice. The home of the laboratory is at Teddington, in Bushy Park, and there, round the old Royal residence. Bushy House, the modern buildings needed for the work are being slowly and painfully raised. For some of these funds have been provided by the Government ; others we owe to private generosity to men like Sir Andrew Noble, Sir John Brunner, Mr. Yarrow, who has just built for us an experimental tank for naval research at a cost of 20,000/., Sir Julius Wernher, whose generous gift of 10,000/. has rendered it possible to commence the erection of a laboratory for metallurgical research, or to those of the city companies, the Goldsmiths', the Drapers', and others, who have listened to our appeal. Meanwhile, we live from hand to mouth ; the deficit this last year, on a total expenditure of nearly 30,000/., was about 200/., and now we are appealing for funds to build an optical laboratory, a library, and reading room, with other offices for our work. We shall not appeal, I know, in vain, because English- men at last are realising that organised scientific effort is an essential factor in the country's progress ; you students who in the various colleges of this institute have learnt something of what science is, what scientific effort can do, in time some of you will become the leaders of indus- try. See to it, then, that those institutions to the work of which your success is due are made ever more efficient through your generous support. PROGRESS REPORT OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON. T^HE ninth annual report of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, in which the numerous activities of the institution during igio are described, is now available. The volume runs to 275 pages, and contains also five well- reproduced plates. As usual, the report includes the articles of incorporation of the institution, its bye-laws, the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Trustees, the report of the president of the institution, that of the executive committee, as well as detailed reports on the numerous investigations and projects of the institution. The president's report presents in order a review of the work of administration of the institution, a risumi of the investigations carried out during the year, and a summary NO. 2157, VOL. So] of the publications authorised and issued during the year ending October 31, 1910. The subjoined extracts from dlft report will serve to illustrate the increasing imiwrtance «l the research work undertaken under the auspices of tlw institution. Work of Adntimstration. The more noteworthy events in the history of the insti- tution during the past year are the dedication, io December, 1909, of the Administration Building ; (be inauguration at that time of an annual series of seiiii> popular lectures explanatory of the researches of the instit% tion ; the inauguration on the same occasion of a series 0| periodical exhibits of the work accomplished by the depai^ ments of investigation and the divisions of publication aril administration ; the successful completion of the firtt vovage (of 8000 miles) of the non-magnetic ship Carnegit^ and the beginning of a second cruise, which is expected 1)6 require three years, by this novel craft ; and the fourto conference of the International Solar Union, held at the Solar Observatory of the institution on Mount Wilsoifc California, from August 29 to September 4, 1910. J It appears that since its organisation in 1902 upwards « twelve hundred individuals have contributed in one wjji or another to the promotion of the researches and til publications undertaken by the institution. During eac of the past five years about five hundred individuals hai tlius collaborated. Ten independent departments of r search and the divisions of publication and administrati< each with its staff and assistants, have been organised an((^ established within the institution itself. In addition to these larger departments of work, numerous special re- searches, in aid of which upwards of seven hundred grants have been made, have been carried on by research associates and other individual investigators. For the departments of research, two astronomical observatories, five laboratories, and a non-magnetic ship have been built and equipped. The following list shows the departments of mvestiga- tion to which the larger grants were made by the trustees, and the amounts allotted from those grants by the executive committee during the year : — Department of Botanical Research Department of Experimental Evolution .. Department of Economics and Sociology.. Geophysical Laboratory Department of Historical Research Department of Marine Biology Department of Meridian Astrometry Nutrition Laboratory • Division of Publications • Solar Observatory • Department of Terrestrial Magnetism- .. £ 6,946 8,194 2,000 10,204 4.540 5.4H 7.131 5.276 1,800 23.144 1.5.384 90,032 Resume of Investigations of the Year. Work in the ten specially organised departments of re- search in the institution has gone forward during the year with increasing vigour and with increasing productivity. But while the existing status of departmental affairs is in general highlv satisfactory, it appears essential again to direct attention to the fact that with present income and current economic conditions no further expansion of depart- mental appropriations can be expected. It may be neces- sary, on the contrary, to curtail research in the depart- ments in order to keep the aggregate expense of the insti- tution within income. It need not follow, however, that this prospective diminution in financial outlay will cause a corresponding diminution of productivity, for _ work of investigation, like work along other novel lines, is usually most costlv in the preliminary stages. The headquarters of the Department of Botanical Re- search are located in a desert area where the facts of plant life are exhibited, in general, in their simplest, though often extreme and highly specialised, relations. Durini; the year the director of the department has continued his investigations on the water-balance of succulent plants,^ on the conditions of vegetable parasitism, on the variability in plant species induced by chemical treatment of their seeds, and on the influences of cUmate on plant organisms. March 2, 191 1] NATURE 29 In collaboration with Prof. Eilswortli Huntington, the director has begun a general climatological study of the region about Tucson, giving special attention to the factors and effects of the Santa Cruz and Asuncion river systems. Dr. Cannon has given attention especially to his elaborate investigation of the root systems and habits of desert plants. For the purpose of extending the range of his studies in this fundamental subject, he visited the Sahara Desert, and will spend most of the year in that advant- ageous field for both comparative and direct observations. Dr. Shreve, while occupied with the more general problem of the relation of plants to climate in the United States, has also carried on special investigations of the vital statistics of plants in the vicinity of the desert labora- tory, of the vegetation in the Santa Catalina Mountains, and of the physiological characteristics of the lace-fern family of plants. Observations on the phenomena pre- sented in the drying up of Salton Sea, and especially on the influx of vegetation over the bared strands and islands of this slowly retreating body of water, have been con- tinued during the year. So many converging lines of fruitful research are now being pursued by the Department of Experimental Evolu- tion that it is difificult to summarise fitly its current pro- gress. From the abstract scientific point of view, the most interesting feature of this work is found in the introduction of statistical and other quantitative methods, whereby biology is now passing from the first to the next higher stage in the development of a science. From the more popular points of view, the work in question is of special interest by reason of its bearing on the economics of plant and animal breeding, and by reason of the light it is certain to shed on the laws of human heredity. The principal steps which have been necessary, and in large degree preliminary in the development of the work of the Geophysical Laboratory, are four in number, namely, provision for correct temperature determinations over the entire range involved in the processes of rock formation ; provision for like determinations of the chemical reactions of these processes ; provision for precise microscopic, optical, and crystallographic measurements ; and provision for the quantitative applications of high pressures to rock masses and rock constituents. In sup- plying the desiderata just indicated for its own special work, the laboratory has already achieved results of prime Importance also to many other fields of physical and chemical science. Thus, two contributions of great import to general physics and chemistry have been brought out during the past year. The first of thes- is a determinate extension of the scale of temperature measures from about 300° C. to about 1600° C. This is a fitting supplement to the classic work on thermometry begun more than thirty years ago under the auspices of the International Bureau of_ Weights and Measures. It must take rank, in fact, with the fundamental advances in the technique of thermo- metry. The other contribution is a determination of the system of compounds which may arise in combinations of the three most important oxides entering into the com- position of rocks, namely, silica, lime, and alumina. This system is of special economic interest, since it includes, among many other compounds, the hitherto much studied but baffling Portland cement. The complexity of the investigations required to analyse this system is indicated by the facts that it involves the interaction of fourteen minerals and the formation of sixteen ternary eutectics, or substances the melting points of which are lower than those of the primary constituents. Two emergencies seriously affecting the Department of Marine Biology, and calling for prompt action, have arisen during the year. One is due partly to the gradual abandonment by the U.S. Navy of the supply depot and wireless station at Tortugas, where the department's laboratory is situated, thus rendering communication between Key West and the laborator}' less certain and frequent than hitherto. The curtailment of this source of aid generously extended by the Navy to the laboratory during the past six years lias forced upon the department the necessity of providing better independent transportation than that afforded by its best boat, the Physalia. .Accord- ingly, plans and specifications for a 70-foot twin-smnv boat were prepared during the summer, and on authorisa- tion by the executive committee, a contract for the con- NO. 2157, VOL. 861 struction of this proposed vessel was let, with the expecta- tion that the contract will be completed in July next. The other emergency arises from the damage to the laboratory caused by the hurricane of October 14-18, 1910. The extent of this damage is not definitely known at present, but steps have been taken to get trustworthy details at the earliest practicable date, so that estimates of the expense required to restore the building may be ready for sub- mission to the Board of Trustees before their next meet- ing. It is gratifying to note that the oppnartunities afforded for intensive research by the laboratory are so highly appreciated that applications for its privileges are already more numerous than can be granted. Capital progress has been made during the year in the large and exacting undertaking which the Department of Meridian Astrometry has so successfully started. Work at the observatory in Argentina has gone forward at an un- precedented rate, and with such a degree of thoroughness and completeness as to give assurances that this part of the enterprise will be completed within the next year. While the supplementary observations of the positions of the stars are going forward in the southern hemisphere, arrangements for tlie final computations of these positions are proceeding at the Dudley Observatory ; for the formid- able task of observation must be followed by a still more formidable task of computation. Preliminary to the grand catalogue of stellar positions projected by the department, there has been issued by the institution during the past year, as Publication No. 115, a catalogue of 6188 stars for the epoch 1900. Although the Nutrition Laboratory has been occupied less than two years, and is not yet fully equipped, it has already produced contributions of fundamental importance to our knowledge of the chemistry, physics, physiology, and pathology of nutrition. Its experience, like that of all the laboratories of the institution, affords an impressive demonstration of the productivity attainable by concen- trated effort along determinate lines of research. Con- struction and installation of additional equipment, the prosecution of investigations, and the publication of results have gone forward simultaneously during the year. One new calorimeter has been completed, another partly con- structed, and various auxiliary apparatus for use with these and the earlier equipments have been supplied. Similarly, respiration apparatus for men, respiration apparatus for dogs, and man}' improvements in the calori- meter section of the laboratory have been made. Several pieces of apparatus have been acquired also by purchase abroad, and the efficiency of the machine shop has been improved by the addition of a precision lathe. The work of the Solar Observatory is now so extensive and so varied that it is somewhat difficult to summarise even in its salient aspects. In addition to the observatory proper, with its four principal telescopes and much auxiliary equipment on Mount Wilson, there are the physical laboratory and the instrument shops at Pasadena, along with special divisions devoted to the work of com- putations and construction respectively. By way of equip- ment, several large pieces of apparatus for the new tower telescope, for the 60-inch telescope, and for the loo-inch grinding machine have been made at the shops. The towers for the new 150-foot tower telescope, begun a year ago, are now finished, along with the well, 75 feet deep in the rock below, which forms a part of the telescope tube of this novel instrument, now essentially complete except for its spectroscopic attachments, still under con- struction at the shops. Some preliminary trials made recently with this instrument indicate that it will fulfil the sanguine expectations entertained in respect to its capacity. The more striking events of the year in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism refer, naturally, to the non- magnetic ship (\init\^ie, which was off on her first cruise at the close of the previous fiscal year. She was then at Falmouth, England, where her determinations of the mag- netic elements were compared with in(lep(>ndent determina- tion made at tlie permanent magnrtic ■iili'^iM-X'atory of that port. She proceeded th(Mic(>, November 0, lOOQ, to Funchal, Madeira, thence to Hamilton, Bermud.i, .mil thence, under tempestuous conditions which proved h< i- seaworthiness, to Brooklxn, N.^'., where she arrived l-"el)ruar\- 17, 1910. Ib-n^ sln' h.id Ii.t copper sheathing • applied by the constructors, as required by their contract. so NATURE [March 2, 191 1 and was overhauled and refitted for a three years' circum- navigation cruise. In all essential respects this vessel has proved more effective than was anticipated. It has been demonstrated that even in rough weather the three mag- netic elements may be determined with a precision little short of that attainable in a fixed observatory. Thus she was able to discover on her first cruise errors of unexpected magnitude in the best sailing charts of the north Atlantic, and she is certain to attain at least an equal degree of precision in all future ocean work. By crossings of her own tracks and by connections at all available ports having magnetic observatories, it will be practicable to exclude the possibilities of any important errors in this work. Similarly satisfactory progress has been made also in the land work of the department during the year. The expedi- tion in Africa, from the Cape to Cairo, undertaken by Dr. Beattie and Prof. Morrison as temporary associates, was completed early in the year, a total of 348 stations having been occupied. Mr. Pearson continued work in Turkey in the early part of the year, until relieved by Mr. Sligh, who extended the work to Palestine, Syria, Arabia, Meso- potamia, and the islands of Rhodes and Cyprus. Up to the end of July of this year, these two observers had occupied a total of forty-seven stations. Another observer, Mr. Stewart, left Washington early in June to begin extensive work in South America, proceeding in the launch El Imdn, provided especially for work along the Amazon and its tributaries. Additional observations are reported also from Canada and from various European countries in which initial determinations or instrumental comparisons have been made. The publication of twenty-three volumes has been authorised during the year bv the executive committee, at a total estimated cost of 7980/. UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL INTELLIGENCE. Cambridge.— Sir George H. Darwin, K.C.B., F.R.S., has been nominated to represent the University at the celebration in September of the secular jubilee of the Royal Frederic University of Christiania. _ The special board for medicine report that an examina- tion in psychological medicine and its cognate subiects, if established, could not fail to raise the present standard of eflRciency in applicants for asylum posts, and that it would lead to the provision of appropriate courses for the train- mg of those who wish to advance our knowledge of psychiatry. The board accordingly recommends that such an examination be held once in the year, and that a candi- date who passes both parts of the examination to the satis- faction of the examiners be entitled to a diploma testifying to his competent knowledge of psychological medicine.' Oxford.— The report lately published of the School of Geography gives evidence of much activity. It mentions with regret the resignation of Sir Clements Markham from the committee of the school, adding that the Uni- versity owes much to Sir Clements Markham for his efforts to promote the teaching of geography in Oxford during a quarter of a century. The generous gift from Sir Abe Bailey of 250?. a year for five years has enabled the committee to provide increased accommodation in Sir Henry Acland's house in Broad Street, thus relieving pressure on the Old Ashmolean building. More rooms are in preparation, and should be ready by Easter; mean- while, in addition to the quarters specially assigned to the staff and students, a general reading-room has been opened, where any member of the University may consult books or maps. The committee again points out the need for an endowment for the teaching of geography in the Uni- versity. Towards this. Lord Brassev and 'Mr. Douglas Freshfield have each offered to contribute 500/., provided an adequate additional sum can be obtained from other donors. Courses of lectures have been given bv Prof Herbertson, Dr. Grundy, Mr. Allorge, Mr. Beckit, and Miss MacMunn. Mr. O. G. S. Crawford, Keble College, has been appointed junior demonstrator and librarian. The geographical scholarship for 1910-11 was awarded to Mr. B. W. Baker, University College. Prof. E. B. Tylor, F.R.S., has deposited on loan with the committee for anthropology a substantial portion of his NO. 2157, VOL. 86] library, to be used for the purposes of anthropological study within the University. The library will be hous.d, for the present, at Acland House, Broad Street. Sheffield. — The council, at its last meeting, made the following appointments :— Dr. Sinclair White, to the pro- fessorship of surgery in the University, in succession to Mr. R. J. Pyc-Smith, resigned; Mr. George Stanfield, to the post of demonstrator in engineering ; and Mr. LI. Lloyd, to the post of assistant curator of the zoological museum. Mr. W. BiXHANAN, senior lecturer to Faradav House Electrical College, I^ndon, has been appointed professor of electrotechnics at the School of Mines (Transvaal Uni- versity), Johannesburg. A FRIEND of Sir William Ramsay's, who desires to re- main anonymous, has promised 2500/. towards the fund of 50,000^. required for the building of the new cheniii ,tl laboratories at University College. The same donor will give a further sum of 2500/. provided the sum of 50,000/. is raised before Easter. The fund now stands at 31,277/. A VACATION course for the study of the structure, development, and ecology of marine algae (Plankton and Benthos) will be conducted by Dr. O. V. Darbishire at the Dove Marine Laboratory, Cullercoats, Northumber- land, during the Easter vacation. Instructions will also be given in the various methods of collecting, mounting, fixing, and cultivating marine algae. Further information may be obtained from Dr. Darbishire, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. We learn from Science that the U.S. General Education Board has made conditional grants as follows : — Brown University, 20,000/. ; Carleton College, 20,000/. ; Colorado College, 10,000/. ; Dakota Wesleyan University, 10,000/. ; Denison University, 15,000/.; Fisk University, 12.000/.; Mount Holyoke College, 20,000/. ; Randolph-Macon College, 10,000/. ; Swarthmore College, 15,000/. ; and Wesleyan College for Women, 10,000/. From the same source we gather that the Bill increasing the annual appropriation from the State of Vermont to Middlebury College by 1520/. has been signed by the Governor. This will make the State appropriation to Middleburv 3200/. a year, beginning on July i. The increase is "'to provide additional instruction in the departments of pedagogy, in forestry, and in scientific branches related to the industries of Vermont." It is also stated that a gift of 10,000/. to Cornell University by Mrs. Florence O. R. Lang, of Mont- clair, N.J., will be used in the construction of a new build- ing to house the shops of the Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering. The University of Christiania will, in the beginning of September next, celebrate its centenary, having been founded by King Frederic IV. in 1811. Prof. K. Birkeland has kindly given us the following information relating to this celebration. Instructions have recently been sent to 226 universities or similar institutions of higher education, and to 113 learned societies, each being invited to send one delegate. It may be mentioned that the programme for the official festivities, as at present proposed, includes a reception banquet for the foreign delegates on September 4, \vhile the actual centenary festivities will take place on Tuesday, September 5, and Wednesday, September 6. On the Tuesday, Bjornstjerne Bjornson's Cantate, " Lyset," will be rendered. This %vill be followed by the address of welcome to the foreign representatives of universities and academies, replies from groups of these representatives, and the presentation of addresses. On the Wednesday, honoran,- degrees and promotions will be con- ferred. A medal, struck in commemoration of the cen- tenary, and various publications, will be distributed. The president of the festival committee is Prof. Brogger. rector of the University. The students have also appointed a committee, which is issuing thirty invitations for student delegates from other universities. Mr. Jesse Collings has introduced into the House of Commons a Bill, which is influentially backed, to afford further facilities for the creation of Srnall Holdings. Side by side with the granting of further facilities to those who are desirous of becoming smallholders is a movement. March 2, 191 1] NATURE 31 litiated by Mr. Collings, for promoting agricultural iucation and nature-study in public elementary schools, coal edvcation authorities may provide and maintain leans and facilities for the purpose of giving instruction 1 any of the following subjects : — nature-study ; fruit, Dwer, and vegetable growing ; poultry- and bee-keeping ; jdding, pruning, and grafting ; cow- and pig-keeping ; ilking ; rotation of garden crops ; nature and properties ■ soils ; use of manures ; knowledge and choice of seeds ; ructure, life, and food of plants ; action of birds and sects on crops ; choice and use of simple tools ; packing uit, vegetables, and other produce for market. The 'iportance of these legislative proposals, from a small- |>lder's point of view, lies in the fact that they are ,;signed to interest the children in rural districts in the ;cupations which ought, naturally, to constitute their |ter-life. The Festival of Empire is devoting ten acres ad some thousands of pounds to demonstrating along 'actical lines how the successful cultivation of small >ldings may reclaim agricultural and rural districts. The jms and objects of the Small Holdings and Country Life iction of the Festival have the approval of the Board \ Agriculture and Fisheries, and experts are assisting in ■ji conduct and management under the auspices of various Ijjricultural and cooperative organisations. [The very representative Conference on Industrial Train- ig, held at the Guildhall on Tuesday, February 28, was dened by a sympathetic message from his Majesty the ing. The following resolution was passed by an over- ptielming majority : — " That the national system of indus- lial, professional, and commercial training should be ftablished, to which the children shall pass as a matter i course (unless the parents are prepared to undertake \&ir future training), and without interval for a definite Iriod, to be thoroughly trained for entry into the par- rular calling for which they are best fitted, such training be under fully qualified instructors." The passing of is resolution marks an important change in public ^dnion, and indicates a strong feeling that the school age ould be extended to about sixteen years of age, and that e education given during, say, the last three years of hool life should, whilst not neglecting the general educa- ,)n, be a preparation for the particular occupation the ild intends to follow. In the past it has been the prac- ;';e to regard education as suitable only for those who ■tend to follow clerical occupations. The work of trade hools and of technical institutes has, however, shown at much may be done in schools and institutes under lilled instructors to prepare for, and supplement, the 'ficient training of the workshop ; but hitherto this has en done mainly in the evenings. It is now recognised at much better lesults would be obtained if the pupils Keived some sound practical training in the daytime at ■e end of their ordinary elementary-school career, deed, the changed methods of production due to the troduction of machinery, and to the consequent sub- »«sion of labour and decay of apprenticeship, has made :me change in our system of training a necessity. The second volume of " Statistics of Public Education England and Wales " has now been published (Cd. ,06). It deals with the financial statistics of the years ^08, 1909, and 1910. The net total expenditure of the sard out of the Parliamentary Vote, after deducting ipropriations in aid, was, for 1909-10, 13,638,424/., as ■mpared with 13,485,233/. in 1908-9 and 13,272,624/. in 07~^- The grants to meet expenditure in respect of <;mentary education amounted to 11,095,420/., as against ',039,281/. in 1908-9 and 11,023,121/. in 1907-8. Grants V secondary schools amounted to 610,435/., as against 16,107/. in 1908-9 and 342,393/. in 1907-8; for pupils in |3partory classes, pupil teachers, and bursars, 143,413/. in J09-10. Technical institutions, day technical classes, jiools of art, art classes, and evening and similar schools jd classes absorbed 512,475/., as against 493,927/. in the jpvious year ; maintenance grants for training colleges, 1^,985/. ; and building grants for training colleges and [stels, 60,102/. The Imperial College of Science and jchnology in 1909-10 received 20,000/., the "Jeological Iiseum and Geological Survey 20,893/., ^nd the Com- "^'■'■' on Solar Physics 2 119/. The only change of any \0. 2157, VOL. 86] importance in the present volume consists in the inclusion of tables giving particulars as to the salaries of supple- mentary, student, and pupil teachers on the staff of ordinary elementary schools. In previous years the salaries of certificated and " uncertificated " teachers alone were dealt with. It appears that in 1908-9 the average salaries of certificated teachers in Wales were : men head teachers, 146/. 9s., men assistant teachers, 113/. 195. I id., the corresponding amounts in the case of women being 109/. 165. 9^. and 82/. 2>s. ^d. In England the average salaries were higher for certificated teachers. Men head teachers earned, on the average, 173/. iis. 2d., and men assistants 124/. 75. 3d. The amounts for women certificated teachers were 120/. 175. 7d. and 90/. 35. 8d. SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES. London. Royal Society, February 23. — Sir Archibald Geikie, K.C.B., president, in the chair. — Miss M. Robertson : Trans- mission of flagellates living in the blood of certain fresh- water fishes, rhe goldfish in a pond at Elstree have for some years shown an infection of trypanosomes in their blood. Quite recently, trypanoplasma has also appeared. Upon investigation is was found that the leech Hemiclepsis marginata occurred in the pond, and effected the trans- mission of the parasites. A large number of these leeches were obtained from the Grand Junction Canal reservoir, which is only a short distance from the pond. The young of these were hatched out in captivity, and it was ascer- tained that the flagellates are not passed from parent to offspring. The parent leeches were invariably infected with trypanosomes derived from the fish in the reservoir, which frequently showed these parasites in their blood. The trypanosomes of perch, bream, and goldfish were found to complete their cycles in Hemiclepsis, and could be transmitted to clean goldfish by means of leeches. The specimens used in these experiments were always young laboratory-hatched Hemiclepsis. The trypanosomes of pike and rudd also complete their cycle in this leech, but the opportunity of passing these two forms into goldfish did not present itself. Ihe cycles of the trypanosomes derived from these different sources are apparently identical. The main features are as follows : — The trypanosomes taken into the crop of the leech along with the blood multiply very rapidly, undergoing a marked change of form. After some days, slender forms begin to arise. These increase in number, and at the end of digestion, some time after the blood has quite disappeared, they come forward and lie in the proboscis-sheath in very large numbers. The form found in the sheath is a very slender, long creature of quite definite type ; division has never been observed in this phase. When the leech feeds once more, these individuals are inoculated into the fish. The proboscis-sheath is always cleared of trypanosomes by one feed. After a clean feed the slender, inoculative type of trypanosome disappears from the crop of an infected leech, and the infection is carried on by short, broad forms. Conjugation has never been observed. If water is added to the blood of fish containing trypanosomes, the flagellates divide after a number of hours, probably in response to lowering of osmotic pressure in the fluid in which they find themselves.— Dr. B. B. Boltwood : Report on the separation of ionium and actinium from certain residues, and the production of helium by ionium. At the end of 1907 the Royal Society lent to Prof. Rutherford certain actinium residues, which were part of the material remain- ing after the separation of the radium by Messrs. Armet de Lisle, of Paris, from uranium residues acquired by the Royal Society. These residues, in weight 20 kilograms, contained a large quantity of lead, and were a very hetero- geneous mixture of elements. A preliminary examination made by Prof. Rutherford showed that actinium was present, and also a small quantity of radium. The amount of ionium, however, was much less than the theoretical amount to be expected if all of it had been removed with the actinium. The preliminary work of concentration was done by Messrs. Tyrer and Co., under the direction of Prof. Rutherford and Mr. Greenwood. This material was given to the writer for further concentration, and the paper 32 NATURE [March 2, 191 1 contains an account of the methods employed in the separation of the actinium and ionium. The ionium was finally obtained mixed with i-8 grams of thorium oxide. The activity of this oxide, due to the ionium it contained, was about 3000 times that of an equal weight of uranium oxide. By counting the a particles from a thin film by the scintillation method, the amount of ionium present with the thorium was found to be equal to the amount in equilibrium with 5-3 milligrams of radium in a radio- active material. The actinium was finally concentrated to about 10 grams of material, which gave a final activity about 20,000 times that of uranium oxide. It was esti- mated that the amount of actinium separated was equiva- lent to the amount in equilibrium with 30 milligrams of radium in a mineral. Special experiments were inadi' to test whether ionium was transformed into helium. The presence of helium was determined by its spectrum, and the volume produced was measured. The investigation showed that helium is produced by ionium as well as bv all other products which emit a rays. — J. A. Gray : The secondary rays produced by ;8 rays. Secondary 7 ravs are produced in different materials by the j8 rays of RaE, the greater in amount, the greater "the atomic weight of the radiator. The 7 radiation observed from a preparation of RaE can be greatly increased by a suitable disposition of the active matter and apparatus. — W. R. Bousfleld and W. Eric Bousfleld : The specific heat of water. The object of this investigation was to obtain a basis curve for the specific heat of water, for comparison with specific- heat curves of aqueous solutions. Former observers, using different methods, have obtained widely varying curves ; thus for the specific heat of water at 80°, in ^terms of the 15° calorie, the following figures have been given, showing differences of i per cent. : — Barnes, 1-0014 ; Regnault, i-oo8i ; Liidin, 1-0113. For the values in joules of the 15° calorie the following have been found: — Joule, 4-174; Griffiths, 4-198; Barnes, 4-184. The first part of the present investigation is concerned with the determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat in terms of the mean calorie from 13° to 55°, by a method of continuous-flow calorimetry. Mercury thermometers were used which could be read to 0-005°. An interval of 40° was taken, so that an error of o-oi° would not vitiate the result bv more than I in 4000. Through a Dewar vessel containing about 3 litres of water, in which was an electric heater, there was passed a current of water, entering at about 13° and passing out at about 55°. The vessel was immersed in a bath kept at same temperature as contents of vessel. The top of the vessel was closed by a platinum box kept 10 higher. The electric heater, and the resistance used m series with it for determining the current by help of a battery of standard cells, were of novel tvpe. Each consisted of a spiral glass tube of small bore, into the ends of which are sealed platinum electrodes. The tube is connected with a thermometer tube, so that the spiral forms a thermometer bulb. By calibrating the resistance against the reading of this thermometer tube, the resistance is accurately known, even when a current is passing This type of resistance enabled the authors to surmount a diffi- culty-apparently never considered by previous investigators. 1 hey have found that when a heavy current passes through an ordinary standard resistance, the resistance of the standard depends, not only on temperature, but also upon strength of current. This effect may be conveniently called the thermoid effect. The authors believe a liquid merrurv resistance is free from any such effect. The continuous-flow experiments gave for distilled water j'', =4-182. To get the curve for J from 0° to 80°, a weighed quantitv ^of ^^l Ir ^^T l^""^^^ ^'"""^ °° *« ^° ^y ^t^ges ^hich gave •J^o J1.1 J^ J55' ^^'^ mean specific heats over the intervals. For this purpose, the capacity of the calorimeter was obtained from the value of jjg previously determined, and a separate research on the specific heat of glass was earned out in order to obtain the variation of capacitv with temperature. From these an equation for the value J* was obtained, and then the value of J from point to point, from the equation UK". mar sho\ NO. 2157, VOL. 86] The authors thus obtain J =4-2085 — 0-00302 2 (* + o-oooo7833#- — o-oooooo49oS',/ which gives for the value of the 15° calorie 4179. '1 resulting curve corresponds closely with that obtained Liidin by the method of mixtures, and differs consideral from that obtained by Barnes by continuous flow w |)latinuni thermometry. — Prof. C. Niven : The 11 -n ment of specific inductive capacity. The paper an account of work undertaken to determine the inductive capacity of liquids by the method of re~' m The frequencies of the discharge of condensers \s and with liquid as dielectric were compared by th- meter and dielectric constants of the liquids 1 With some liquids, notably with water, the qui - complicated by the conductivity of the liquid. T! ditions of discharge through a conducting liquid ar fore first determined, and the condition of r<- between the two resonating systems found. This i- to be of a simple character, reducing practically to H'l it would be if the conduction through the liquid tv- neglected. In some cases, water, for example, it impossible to set up oscillations directly, but by inti posing in the circuit of the condenser another of ronsidi able capacity, the oscillations may be obtained, ^^']l< n t capacity of this interposed condenser is relatively v^ large, it has no appreciable effect on the frequency of oscillations produced, which are thus those of the liq condenser alone. Owing to the rapid variation I specific inductive capacity with temperature, arrangements had to be made to keep the liquid it I constant temperature while measurements were bei i made. The results of a number of determinations I different temperatures are given for water and alcohol. Zoologrical Society, February 7. — Prof. E. A. Minchi vice-president, in the chair.— Dr. W. N. F. WoodlaiM Structure and function of the gas-producing mechan; (" red body ") found in connection with the gas-blad(' of many teleostei (Physoclisti and Physostomi). A! summarising some of the principal facts known conct ing these subjects, the author discussed various theoi already advanced to account for the details of gas-prodi tion, and showed that the most satisfactory hypothesis w a combination of the views of Jaeger and of Nusbau and Reis, supplemented by additional facts and sugg< tions then advanced in the paper. — Prof. J. C. Ewar Skulls of oxen from the Roman station at Newstei ' * rose. The author stated that examination of th- ; from Newstead lent support neither to the descent of ; European cattle from the Urus {Bos primigenins) nor the descent of all European, Indian, and .African luee from the Asiatic Urus (B. nomadicus). He dealt \vi the evidence to be derived from the maxillte, the ori ipi and the temporal fossa", and stated his conclusions follows : — (i) That the Celtic shorthorn {B. loitgiffuDs) probably more intimately related to the zebu i..f Ind {B. indicus) than to the European Urus (B. pfl'.itigi niu. (2) That long premaxillge are usually correlated with i occiput of the B. primigenius type, while short pi maxillae are usually correlated with an occiput of t B. acutifrons type. (3) That polled black Galloway call and polled white " wild " Cadzow cattle are intimate related to the Urus, that flat-polled .'\berdeen-Angus call probably include amongst their ancestors an ancie Oriental race now represented by, amongst oth'^r-;, Syrian breed with rudimentary horns, and that roun polled cattle may belong to a still more ancient Orient race descended from B. acutifrons of the Punjab .Siwalil< — G. P. Farran : Copepoda of the family Coryc.ieid collected by Sir John Murray and Dr. C. W. Andrews Christmas Island. The collection, though small in bul was exceedingly rich in species, and the genus Corycae was especially well represented. A new genus was pr posed, and several new species were described and figure — H. R. HogrST : Some New Zealand spiders. The pap was based on a small collection sent by Prof. Charl Chilton, of Christchurch, New Zealand. Twelve speci and eleven genera were represented in the collection, ai a new local variety of Tetragnatha frrox and four ne .species were described. — Oldfield Thomas : Mamm£ collected in the provinces of Kan-su and Sze-chwa March 2, 191 1] NATURE western China, by Mr. Malcolm Anderson, for the Duke of Bedford's exploration of eastern Asia. This collec- tion, from a region hitherto almost unrepresented in the British Museum, was perhaps the finest that had ever come from China, at least so far as small mammals were iconcerned. Forty-seven species were included, represented by 350 specimens, presented, as on previous occasions, to the National Museum by his Grace. Royal Microscopi cal Society, February i q. — Mr. Plimmer, president, in the chair. — E. Heron-Allen and A. Earland : New or rare species of Foraminifera found in jthe shore-sands of Selsey Bill, Sussex. The authors jdirected attention to the identity of the fossil Foraminifera ;of the Bracklesham beds with the living species found in Australian shore-sands. Recent specimens of BoUvina \durrandii (Millett) and Pulvinulina vermiculatis (Brady) 'were shown, the only other known records being as 'regards the former from the Malay Archipelago and as ■regards the latter from tropical and subtropical seas. In ^addition to these, Miliolina suborbicularis and M. rotunda, .Dextuluria inconspicua, var. jugosa, BoUvina torterosa, tUvigerina asperula, and Sagrina diniorpha were recorded ;as new to Britain. Schlumberayer's unique genus and jSpecies, Hinderina brugesii, was recorded from the Eocene • clays, also the first fossil records of Bulimina subtues and iDiscorbina polystomilloides. The new 'species recorded Jwere Pulvinulina haliotidea (H.-A. and E.) and Nomio- ■nina quadriloculata (H.-A. and E.). Microscopical speci- mens of these were also exhibited. — Lees Curties : A new 'dark-ground illuminator. This was made to the instruc- jtions of Mr. Nelson ; it was so constructed as to work fwith slips ranging from o-8 to i-2 mm. in thickness, and 'gave a perfectly dark field with a Zeiss apochro- matic 4 mm. lens of 0-95 N.A. The illuminator was pro- vided with a fixed central stop, and also with a slot for utilising the apparatus as an oblique illuminator. A small dot placed on the front lens served for the purpose of centring the condenser to the optical axis. Linnean Society, February 16. — Mr. H. W. Moncklon, I treasurer and vice-president, in the chair. — Mrs. L. J. ■ Wilsmore : Some Hexactiniae from New South Wales. — I Rev. Canon Norman : Three species of harpactid cope- ■ poda. — The following papers were communicated by Prof. :J. Stanley Gardiner: — Mr. Hirst: Report on the Araneae, I Opiliones, and Pseudoscorpiones. — G. A. Bouleng^er : I List of the batrachians and reptiles obtained by Prof. ' Stanley Gardiner on his second expedition to the Seychelles i and Aldabra. — Miss Mary J. Rathbun : The marine Brachyura from the Indian Ocean collected in 1905. It dealt with a large collection comprising 245 species and i subspecies, 34 species and 3 subspecies being regarded as ' new to science, with 3 new genera. The results showed I no connection with the West African crab-fauna. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, February 22. — Mr. Edgar Taylor, president, in the chair. — A. Beeby Thor^pson : The relationship of structure and petrology to the occurrence of petroleum. After describing the general structure of the important oilfields of the world, the author deals briefly with some of the local features which tend to modify the distribution of petroleum, as, for instance, the existence of faults in the strata, abrupt changes from oil-saturated sands to hard rock that is impervious to liquids, the lenticular distribution of oil sands, and the presence of water. Among the influences which have a bearing upon the distribution of oil in an operated field is the tendency of oil to follow certain channels, which probably represent lines of weakness that existed in the early ages of development, when high gas pressures were experienced. On this account, it is some- times found that wells drilled at a later period in proximity to wells of large production will yield a comparatively small amount. In any case, the active development of a rich oilfield in which large volumes of gas are released must almost necessarily produce in course of time some changes in the distribution of the underlying petroleum. The author is at pains to show that with the development of oil sources are encountered some of the most wonderful and fascinating natural phenomena, and that no branch of mining is attended with greater interest or makes greater demands on the resources and ingenuity of the engineer in charge. — A. L. Shragrer : Shaft sinking against water in NO. 2157, vol . 86] fissured ground by cement injection. This paper comprises a brief description of a method of sinking shafts in water- bearing ground, the general result of which is practically to form a cofferdam of cement around the proposed site of the shaft. The particular shaft described in the paper was one sunk in a coalfield in the Pas de Calais basin, and full details are given, not only of the work carried out, but also of the cost, labour, and quantities of material involved. Cambridge. Philosophical Society, February 6. — Prof. Hobson in the chair. — ^J. J. Lister : The distribution of the Mega- podidse in the Pacific. The genus Megapodius consists, according to M. Oustalet, of some nineteen species. The distribution of fifteen of these extends almost continuously from Borneo to the New Hebrides and from the Philip- pine Islands to Australia. It thus covers an area in which the land masses are nowhere very remote from one another. There are, however, four outlying species far removed from the rest of the genus, namely, in Niuafou in the Tonga Group, the Pelew Islands, the Marianne Islands, and the Nicobar Islands. As the birds are incap- able of long flight, the question arises. How is the dis- tribution of the outlying species to be accounted for? It has been suggested that it may indicate the existence of a former land area by which all these remote islands were at one time connected. The object of this paper is to show that there is a good deal of evidence, negative and positive, to support the view that these outlying species may have reached their present habitats by the agency of the natives, by whom the eggs are highly valued as food. Niuafou is an active volcano 35 miles in its longest diameter. The other birds inhabiting it are of species common to the Tonga Islands, though four, found in the other islands, are apparently absent from it. The birds are " protected " by the chief, and they exhibit a partial albinism, though in very varying degrees. The native name for the bird is Mallow, identical with that of the Solomon Island species and with that generally used by Malay hunters throughout the East Indies. The nearest species of the genus (in distance, but not in affinities) is that of the New Hebrides, some goo miles to the west, no megapode being known from the intervening Fiji Islands, which consist of much larger and more ancient land masses. With regard to the Pelew Islands, Semper gives evidence showing that they consist of raised coral rock investing a volcanic basis formed by a submarine eruption in late Tertiary time. Quoy and Gaimard, the naturalists of the Uranie, visited the Marianne Islands in 1818-20, and state that the species- there found was domesticated by the natives. M. Oustalet considers that there are undoubted affinities between this species and that from the Pelew Islands, and it is evident from the published figures that there is a close resemblance between the latter and the Niuafou bird. Wallace has expressed the opinion that the Nicobar bird has probably been introduced by the Malays. There is evidence that the species found in the Solomon Islands exists in some places in a domesticated or semi-domesti- cated condition. As the natives of the Pacific Islands were in the possession of fowls, dogs, and pigs when they were first visited bv Europeans, the supposition that in some of their wanderings they may have carried mega- podes with them, and thus established the outlying species in their present habitats, appears not improbable. — J. Romanes : Note on Strongylocentroius Uvidiis as a rock-borer. The specimen exhibited, which was colli-ctfd on the west coast of Ireland, shows three echinoids occupy- ing holes which they have excavated out of the solid rock. In cases previously described, the material which was re- moved appears always to have been much weathrrod. In this instance, however, the rock, which is a slate, is civiite fresh, and as it is quite free from calcareous matter, the action must have been of a mechanical rather than a chemical nature. — A. J. Grove : Exhibition of sketches of a peculiar tracheal system of a mycetophilous larva (Diptera);- Mancukster. Literary and Philosophical Society, February 7.— Mr. Francis Jones, president, in the chair. — Prof. W. Boyd Dawklns : The origin of the Roman numerals I.-X. It was suggested that these numerals wero derived from a svstem of numeration employed b\ ilu inh.iliiiants of Crete 34 NATURE [March 2, 191 1 I during the Minoan civilisation. This conclusion was based on a comparison of the Roman numerals with a set of Minoan numerical symbols. — Prof. A. H. Qibson : The manner of motion of water flowing in a curved path. The conclusions which would appear to be justified as a result of the experiments described are : — (i) that whenever flow talies place past a curved solid surface, whether this is ex{X)sed to water on its concave or its convex side, the motion, except for the slowest velocities, is unstable ; and (2) that in the fluid itself curvature with the velocity greatest on the inside of the path tends to stability, while curvature with the velocity greatest at the outside of the path tends to instability. ' Another fact which the experi- ments appear to indicate is that the tendency to eddy formation in the relative motion of a fluid and solid surface is greater, for a given relative motion, when the fluid, as a whole, is moving past a stationary surface than when the surface is moving through still fluids. This receives Indirect confirmation from experiments by Stanton, Beaufoy, Froude, Dubuat, and Morin on the resistance of plane surfaces when moving through still water, or when held stationary in a moving stream. — Miss Margaret C. March : Studies in the morphogenesis of certain Pelecy- poda. II. — The ancestry of the Gibbosae. The ornament of the Trigoniae, as shown by the ontogeny and phylogeny of modern species, develops from concentric to radial, with tuberculations developed on alternating radii. Fossil forms show the development of a third type of ornament, viz. diagonal by the junction of these alternating tubercles. Working from this basis, the Gibbosae (part of the Glabrae, Lycett) can be traced back through the Undulata (Lycett) to the Triassic purely concentrically ornamented form Myophoria curvirostris. DIARY OF SOCIETIES. THURSDAY, March 2. Royal Society, at 4.30. — Reversal of the Reflex Effect of an Afferent Nerve hy altering the Character of the Electrical Stimulus applied : Prof. C. S. Sherrin8;ton F.R.S., and Mis< S. C. Sowton. — Carbon Dioxide Output dnrina: Decerebrate Rigidity (Preliminary Communi- cation) : Dr. H. E. Roaf. — The Alcoholic Ferment of Yeast Juice. Part VI. The Influence of Arsenates and Arsenites on the Fermentation of the Sugars by Yeast Juice: Dr. A. Harden.^ F.R.S., and W. J. Young. — Experiments to ascertain if certain Tabanidse act as the Carriers of Trypanosoma pecorum: Col. Sir D. Bruoe, F.R.S., and others. — Experimental Studies in Indian Cottons: H. M. Leake. LiNNEAN Society, at 8, — Dermaptera (Earwigs) preserved in Amber, from Prussia : Dr. Malcolm Burr. —Report on the Marine Polvzoa of the Collection made by Mr. T. Stanley Gardiner in the Indian Ocean in H.M.S. Sealark: Miss Laura Roscoe Thoinely. — On the Mysidacea and Euohausiacea collected in the Indian Ocean during 1905 : W. M. Tattersall. RSntgen Society, at 8.1=;. — Some Experiments with a 10,000 volt. Storage Battery : A. A. Campbell Swinton. FRIDAY, March 3. Royal Institution, at 9 — Scents of Butterflies : Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S. Institution of Civil Engineers, at 8. — Lagos Harbour Survey, 1909- 1910 : H. Ellis Hill. SATURDAY, March 4. Royal Institution, at 3.— Radiant Energy and Matter: Sir J. J. Thomson, F.R.S. Essex Field Club, at 6 (at the Essex Museum of Natural History). — further Notps on Moorlog, a Peaty Deposit from the Dogger Bank : H. Whitehead and H. H. Goodchild, with Notes on the Plants by Clement Reid, F R.S. — Note on some Ichneumonstung Larvae: Rev. W. K. Wyley. — Notes on Plnsia moneta in Britain : C. Nicholson. MONDAY, March 6. f^ociETY of Engineers, at 7.^0.— Petrol Air-gas : E. Scott-Snell. Royal Society of Arts, at 8.— Applications of Electric Heating : Prof. J. A. Fleming, F.R.S. Aristotelian Society, at 8. — Knowledge by Acquaintance and Know- ledge by Description : Hon. Bertrand Russell. Society of Chemical Industry, at 8.— The Industry of Brewing: A. C. Chapman. Victoria Institute, at 4.30. — Psychology : Rev. Canon I. Gregory Smith. TUESDAY, March 7. Royal Institution, at 3. — Crvstalline Structure : Mineral, Chemical, Liquid : Dr. A. E. H. Tutton, F.R.S. Zoological Society, at 8.30.— Some New Siphonaptera from China : The Hon. N. Charles Rothschild.— (i) Contributions to the Anatomy of the Anura. I. Some Anatomical Notes upon the Frog Megalofltrys {Lepto- hrachiuiii) fene ; (2) On the Spermatophores in Earthworms of the (ienus Pheretima ( = Perichaeta1: F. E. Beddard, F.R.S.— (i) A Rare Beaked Whale: (2) Age Phases of the Rorqual : R. Lydekker, F.R.S.— On Longevity and Relative Viability in Mammals and Birds ; with a Note on the Theory of Longevity : Dr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, F.R.S. Royal Anthropological Institute, at 8.15. NO. 2157, VOL. 86] Institution op Civil Enginerks, at i.— Further dUcutsion: Modern Railway-signalling : gome Developmcnta upon the Great Western Rail- way : A. 1 . Blackall. WEDNESDAY, March 8. Geological Society, at 8. — Contributions to the Geology of Cyrenaica: Prof. J. W. Clregory, F.R.S., R. B. Newton, F. Chapman, and I). P. Macdonald. — The Teeth uf Ptychodus, and their Distribution in the English Chalk : G. E. Dibley. Royal Society of Arts, at 8.— Plague and its Dissemination: Jam«» Cantlie. THURSDAY, March 9. ; Royal .Society, at i.yo.— Probable Papers: (1) The Absorption Spec of Lithium and Ciesium ; (2) Disper.sion in Vapours of the Alkali Meta Prof. P. V. Bevan.--On the Ionic Solubility-product : J. Kendall.— No on the Electrical Waves occurring in Nature : Dr. W. H. Eccles H. M. Airey. Mathematical Society, at 5.30.— On the Reduction and Cla.s.sific of Binar>' Cubic Forms which have a Negative Determinant : G. Mathews. Institution op Electrical Engineers, at 8.— The Laying and Mu| tenance of Transmission Cables : C Vernier. FRIDAY, March 10. Royal Institution, at 9. — Recent Advances in Turbines : Hon. C. H^: Parsons, F.R.S. Royal Astronomical Society, at 5. Malacological Society, at 8.— On the Recent Species of Vulsella ; 00 a New Species of Phasianella : E. A. Smith.- On the Value of tbi Gasteropod Apex in Classification: T. Iredale. — Valvata IVoodwardL n.sp., and Spherriitm Bulieni, n.sp., from the Forest Bed (Cromerian) « West Runton, Norfolk : A. S. Kennard. ^ Physical Society, at 8.— Demonstration of the Working of the Gyra Compass : G. K. B. Elphin