THE NAUTILUS A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL. XXVII. MAY, 1913, to APRIL, 1914. EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS : A. PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences PHILADELPHIA. <:. W. JOHNSON, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History, BOSTON. i a L INDEX TO THE NAUTILUS, XXVII. INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES. Achatinellidae of Oahu, Two new Acmsea fergusoni in Connecticut . . . . .72 Alasmidonta undulata . . . . . . .23 Aldrich collection ...... Amastra, a new sinistral ... . .68 Amastra montagui Pils, n. sp. . . 39 Amastra pilsbryi Cooke, n. sp. . . . . .65 Ancylidffi of North Africa, note on the (PI. VII) . 113, 124 Ancylastrum ...... . 124 Ancylus clessini ..... . 127, 128 Annularia pseudalatum Torre (PI. Ill, figs. 8, 9) . .37 Annularia ramsdeni P. & H. (PI. Ill, figs. 5, 6) . 37 Aporemodon, a remarkable new Pulmonate genus . . 24 Arangia sowerbyana Pfr. ..... .11 Arizona, camps in the Catalines and White Mts. . 60, 109 Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss n. sp. . . . . 109 Brachypodella insulse cygni Clapp sp. nov. (PI. VI, fig. 10). 99 Cardium (Trigoniocardia) galvestonense Harris (PI. VI) . 102 Ceratodiscus ramsdeni Pils, n. sp. . . . . 134 Cerion (Strophiops) biminiensis Hend. & Clapp, n. sp. (PI. IV, figs. 9, 10) ._ . . 64 Cerion sagraianum in South Africa ..... 143 Charonia Gistel, a generic name for Triton tritonis . . 56 Choanoporna caribbseum Clapp, sp. nov. (PI. VI, figs. 3, 4). 100 Choanopoma (Ramsdenia) mirifica Preston, a synonym of C. nobilitatum Gundl. . . ... 72 Chondropoma carenasense P. & H. (PI. Ill, fig. 4) . 37 Chondropoma garcianum Torre (PI. Ill, figs. 2, 3) . . 37 Chondropoma wilcoxi P. & H. (PL III, fig. 1) 37 Clausilia emersoni Pilsbry n. sp. (PL IV, figs 1-5) . . 66 dementia obliqua Jukes-Browne, note on ... 103 (iii) IV THE NAUTILUS. Collecting in Coosa River, Alabama . . . . .84 Collecting land shells in Maui, Territory of Hawaii . . 71 Collecting Unionidse in Eastern Tennessee . . .70 Colobostylus nelsoni Clapp sp. nov. (PI. VI, figs. 1, 2) . 99 Conchological museum for Japan . . . . .13 Conus geographus, poisoning by the bite of . . . 117 Cuban collecting ........ 136 Cuban and West American shells, Illustrations of .37 Cypraea exanthema, cervus and cervinetta ... 8 Cypraea miliaris Gmel., with descriptions of new varieties. 69 Cypraea miliaris var. brevis Smith var. nov. . . .70 Cypraea miliaris var. eburnea Barnes . . . .70 Cypraea miliaris var. intermedia Smith var. nov. . . 70 Cypraea miliaris var. majistra Melv. . . . .69 Drupa, on the nomenclature of ..... 79 DrymaBUs insulsecygni, Clapp sp. nov . . . .98 Epiphragmophora dupetithouarsi cuestana Edson (PI. Ill, figs. 13, 14) . 37 Epiphragmophora tudiculata grippi Pils. (PI. Ill, figs. 15, 16, 17) 37 Epiphragmophora tudiculata, note on a new variety . . 49 Ferrissia clessiniana Jickeli (PI. VII, figs. 9-11) . . 127 Ferrissia isseli Bgt. (PI. VII, figs. 4-8) . . . .126 Ferrissia pallaryi Walker n. sp. (PI. VII, figs. 12-14) . 127 Ferrissia platyrhynchus Walker n. sp. (PL VII, figs. 1-3). 125 Fusconaja bursa-pastoris B. H. Wright . . . .90 Fusconaja subrotunda leucogona Ortm. n. var . . .89 Galba ferruginea in Oregon ...... 24 Gundlachia hjalmarsoni Pfr. in the Rio Grande, Texas (PI. IV, figs. 6-8) 79 Gundlachia 1' hotelleriei Walker n. sp. (PI. VII, figs. 15-21). 128 Helix hortensis in New England, further notes on . 61, 83, 107 Hesperarion hemphilli maculatus Ckll. .... 143 Hirase conchological museum (PI. I) . . .13 Idaho shells, Northern . . . . . . . 104 Lampsilis recta ........ 57 Land shells carried by birds ...... 71 Land shells collected on the Bimini Islands, Gun and Cat Cays, Bahamas ........ 63 Land shells from Ellsworth, Maine . . . . .95 Land shells of Cecil Co., Maryland . . . . .96 Lymnsea (Radix) auricularia in Charles River, Boston. . 83 Liicidella pilsbryi Clapp sp. nov. (PI. 6, figs. 6, 7) . .100 Maine, Freshwater shells of St. John's River . . . 139 Margaritana margaritifera. ..... 23, 88 Margaritana margaritifera falcata . . . . .89 THE NAUTILUS. V Margaritana sinuata Lam ... Marine shells from drift on Upper Matecumbe Key, Florida. 59 Martyn's Universal Conchologist, Another note on, . 95, 107 Miocene correlation, notes on .... . 101 Mollusca from Wyoming Co. , N. Y. . . . .56 Murex tritonis Linn6, the generic name to be used for . 55 Naiades, studies in . . . . . . . .88 Notes . . . .12, 24, 35, 48, 70, 83, 95, 120, 143 Nyctilochus Gistel ........ 55 Oreohelices from Wyoming, Notes on some . . .50 Oreohelix cooperi W. G. B. . . . . 52 Oreohelix cooperi minor Ckll .... .53 Oreohelix hendersoni dakani Henderson n. subsp. Oreohelix haydeni betheli Pils. and Ckll. in Colorado . 39 Oreohelix ioensis Pils ..... . 134 Oreohelix peripherica Anc ...... 53 Oreohelix pygmrea Pils. (PI. Ill, figs. 10, 12) . 37, 52 Oreohelix yavapai extremitatis Pils. & Ferriss . . .50 Pacific conchological club . . . . . .16 Parreysia from Kamurun Africa, two new species of . .85 Parreysia loboensis Frierson n. sp. (PI. V) . .85 Parreysia nyangensis Frierson n. sp. (PI. V) . . 86 Partula emersoni Pilsbry n. sp. (PI. IV, fig. 11) . .67 Partulina montagui Pilsbry n. sp. . . . . .40 Pecten circularis Sowb . . . . . . .122 Pecten (Euvola) cataractes Dall, n. n. . . . 121 Pectens, notes on some West American .... 121 Philomycus caroliniensis form nebulosa at New Orleans . Philomycus costaricensis (Morch) var. a . Philomycus from the Republic of Panama Physa heterostropha Say in Europe . . . . .112 Planorbis antrosus Conr. ....... 106 Planorbis vermicularis Gld. . . . . . .144 Polygyra barbigera ....... Polygyra edvardsii Bid ....... 12 Post-glacial Mollusca of Emmet Co., Mich. ... 7 Post-glacial Mollusca, WTaukesha Co., Wisconsin . . 68 Publications received . . . . -24, 35, 47, 106 Pyramidula solitaria occidentalis (Marts. ) 105 Pyrazus milium Dall, in Florida . . . . .59 Ricinula = Drupa ........ 79 Sayella crosseana Dall in Florida . . . . .59 Shell collecting on the west coast of Baja California . . 25 Shells from a pleistocene deposit near Sierra Nueva, Santo Domingo ......... 120 Shells from a single dredge haul off Key West, Fla. . .120 VI THE NAUTILUS. Shells of Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Mass. . . . .24 Showalter or Schowalter ...... 96, 108 Sonorella betheli Henderson! n. sp. . . . . . 123 Sonorella from the Grand Canyon, Arizona . . . 122 Sonorella, odorous . . . . . . . .135 Spring collecting in Southwest Virginia ... 81, 91 Strophitus edentulus and undulatus . . . .23 Succinea ovalis, reversed ....... 24 Succinea nisei on Bobolinks ...... 72 Swan Island, List of land shells from . . . .97 Thracia conradi, Notes on 73 Unio complanatus . . . . . . 23, 29 Unio gibbosus 23, 29 Unio of the Wabash and Maumee drainage . . .131 Unio (Nephronaias) ortmanni Frierson n. sp. (PI. II) . 14 Unio fauna of the great lakes . . . .18, 29, 40, 56 Urocoptis (Arangia) sowerbyana — a note on its radula . 11 Veronicella from Guatemala ...... 1 Veronicella mexicana betheli Cocherell v. nov. . . 2 Trochidse, A new genus of ...... 86 Vetulonia Dall new genus. ...... 86 Vetulonia galapagana Dall n. sp. . . . .87 Vetulonia Jeffreys! Dall 87 Wyoming shells ........ 37 Zoological station, Naples . . . . . 4, 16 THE NAUTILUS. Vll INDEX TO AUTHORS. Baker, Frank C. . . 7, 24, 54, 68, 104 Berry S. S 95 Clapp, Geo. H 12, 63, 64, 77, 107 Clapp, Wm. F 24, 97 Cockerell, T. D. A 1, 2, 143 Cooke, C. Montague ....... 68 Dall, Wm. H 86, 103, 121 Ferriss, Jas. H. .3, 60, 109,134 Frankenberger, Zdenka . . . . . . .112 Frierson, L. S 14, 85 Goodrich, Calvin 81, 91, 131 Hand, Edwin E 144 Hedley, Charles 79 Henderson, John B 59, 64, 95, 120, 136 Henderson, Junius . . . , . 37, 38, 122 Iredale, Tom ......... 55 Johnson, C. W 47. 61, 83, 106, 142 Lowe, H. N 25 Mazyck, Wm. G 107, 108 Morse, Edward S 73 Ny lander, Olof 0. ... .139 Olsson, Axel ......... 101 Ortmann, Arnold ........ 88 Pepper, G. W 143 Pilsbry, H. A. . 24, 35, 39, 47, 49, 50, 65, 72, 96, 133 Presbry, Eugene W. ....... 8 Ramsden, Chas. T. . . . . . . . 11, 71 Smith, Herbert H 96 Smith, Maxwell . 4, 16, 69 Stock, Chester . . . . . . . . .16 Vanatta, E. G. . 120 Walker, Bryant 124 Wheat, Silas C 72 THE NAUTILUS. Vou XXVII. MAY, 1913. No. 1 A SLUG OF THE GENUS VEEONICELLA FROM GUATEMALA. BY T. D. A. COCKEREL!.. At Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, Mr. E. Bethel recently found a Veronicella, which he brought to me alive. Among the species re- corded from Mexico and Central America, it closely resembles only V. mexicana (Pfeffer), which occurs at Vera Cruz. It appears to be distinguished by the broad sole, and female orifice well caudad of the middle and very close to the sole. Internally, the accessory glands are numerous and very long. On the whole, however, it is so close to V. mexicana that I record it as a variety ; its status will only be precisely determined when more material is available for compar- ison. It is not impossible that V. mexicana was composite ; certainly the example sent by Strebel to Semper seems doubtfully identical with the animal figured in Strebel's work on the Molluscaof Mexico. One species of Veronice/la, V. stolli von Martens, has already been described from Guatemala. Its anatomy is unknown, but it is read- ily known from Mr. Bethel's slug by the presence of a narrow median longitudinal yellow band. It may be that V. stolli is iden- tical with V. olivacea Stearns from Nicaragua. An unnamed Veron- icella from Honduras, briefly described in NAUTILUS, April, 1895, p. 142, seems on the whole intermediate between our slug and V- mexicana. It is most probably conspecific with our animal, but it may represent a different, allied, species. Its anatomy i.« -inknown. Z THE NAUTILUS. Veronicella mexicana betheli v. nov. Above, warm red-brown, paler toward the sides, with scattered pale dots ; dorsal and subdorsal regions irregularly and not densely speckled with blackish ; on the anterior third this speckling is re- solved into a pair of obscure bands, a little nearer to each other than either to the lateral margin. Beneath pale reddish, darker poster- iorly, and speckled with pale. Sole pale ochreous. Tentacles dark grey. There is not the slightest indication of a pale dorsal line. Under a lens, it is seen that the body above and below (especially posteriorly below) is very closely beset with minute pale dots, which correspond with punctiform depressions, while over this pattern are set numerous much larger diffused pale spots. All this is hardly to be noticed without magnification. Length (at rest) about 50 mm., breadth in middle about 23 ; breadth of sole 9 mm.; of body on each side of it 7 mm., sole not projecting beyond body. The above was from the living slug. In alcohol it appears as fol- lows: Length 34, breadth 18 mm.; width of sole 7 mm.; female orifice 19 mm. from anterior end, 16 from posterior, only one mm., from sole ; sole with about 7 cross-stria? in one mm.; end of sole broadly rounded, about 2 mm. from hind end. Jaw strongly arched, with about 25 strong ribs ; teeth about 54-1-54, ordinary, middle tooth reduced, shaped like a spear-head, marginals quadrate ; salivary glands normal, pale yellow ; oasophagus longitudinally corrugated ;. stomach with a portion having a diameter of about 2 mm. not covered by liver; albumen glands large, bright orange-yellow; receptaculum seminis oval, yellowish-plumbeous, about 1.25 mm. long ; accessory glands about 38, of which about 24 are 11 mm. long, the others- variously shorter, several only half as long. A PHILOMYCUS FROM THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL. During a recent visit to Central America, Mr. E. Bethel found three specimens of a Philomycus at Bocas del Toro, Republic of Panama. The genus is new to Panama. Two specimens are evi- dently adult (one opened showed fully-developed genitalia), the other is immature. The slug may be described as follows : THE NAUTILUS. 6 Philomycus costaricensis (Morcb), variety a. Length (in alcohol) about 11.5 mm., width of sole 1.5 mm.; very- pale ochreous, the mantle with rather sparse grey floccose markings, and a pair of (subdorsal) grey bands, irregular in outline and more or less interrupted, consisting in fact of crowded grey spots. Res- piratory orifice about 2 mm. from anterior end of mantle. Sole with a distinct median groove, evanescent anteriorly. Penis-sac cylindri- cal, the apical end curved over and turned downwards, so that the whole structure looks like a compressed interrogation mark. Jaw broad, strongly arcuate, about 1170 fj, across, and 320 deep in middle, the outer thirds wholly without ribs or evident striae, the inner third with six broad ribs, distinct above, but failing below. (The young specimen shows better developed ribs, five in number.) Teeth about 21-13-1-13-21, the central ones strongly tricuspid, the lateral cusps small. The teeth agree in general character with those of P. dorsalis, as figured by Binney, differing however in the relatively longer basal plates, the short and broad central teeth not much more than half as long as the plate, certainly not over three- fifths as long. The interesting thing about this species is that it be- longs strictly to the group of P. hemphilli and P. secretus, found in North Carolina. It is apparently P. costaricensis (Morch), at least as described by W. G. Binney (Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., May, 1884) from material collected in Costa Rica by Gabb. Our slug differs from Binney's account in the greater number of teeth (Binney says about 28-1-28), and perhaps in the very definite ribbing of the jaw. I call it variety a, so that it can be referred to separately, but it does not seem wise to give it a name. P. auratus (Tate), from Nica- ragua, may perhaps be a form of the same species. On the other hand the Mexican P. saltei (Cr. & Fisch.) and P. crosseana (Strebel) appear to belong to the group of typical Philomycus. On his way home, Mr. Bethel collected a couple of Philomycus at New Orleans. These are P. caroliniensis (Bosc.) of the form which I separated (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov., 1890, p. 382) as nebulosus. This is the common, widely distributed animal, from Canada south- ward ; current opinion does not support my attempt to separate the true P. caroliniensis from Virginia, but I am not yet altogether sat- isfied that careful study will not confirm the supposed distinctions. THE NAL'TILLS. THE ZOOLOGICAL STATION AT NAPLES. BY MAXWELL SMITH. In 1872 Dr. Anton Dohrn founded at Naples the nucleus of the first biological station to be operated in a scientific manner. The original building was erected through the personal generosity of its founder, who in addition supplied funds for some years until the principal European governments recognized the importance of the work done and the advantages afforded the students of their respec- tive universities. At the present time the zoological station, as it is called, receives annual grants from Germany, England and Italy. It is undoubtedly the largest institution of its kind, a fact which may be attributed to the co-operation just mentioned. The buildings are situated in the Villa Nayionale, a fine park,, facing the Bay of Naples. In the centre, on the ground floor, is the celebrated aquarium which is open to the pnblic. Nearby, but with a separate entrance, is the receiving room. Here the spoils of the dredging steamer are brought in and either placed in the tanks or preserved in alcohol. Off this room are smaller rooms, lined with shelves, where rows of glass jars filled with specimens are kept. On the floor above is the splendid library, a high ceiling and long windows, which admit plenty of light, combine to make this an admirable apartment for work at any time of the year. Adjacent is the new museum where Prof. Gast, the curator, is following a pleas- ing system of arrangement. This consists of mounting the shells of each species upon a piece of glass which is framed in narrow wood. The glass may be turned over, so that the under portion of a speci- men may readily be examined. The mounted shells are laid in flat cases on a background of dark green linoleum. To this way of exhibiting specimens I have only one objection. The glue used for mounting too often cracks and falls away, or else if put on thickly it shows and detracts from the general appearance. Personally I prefer glass topped boxes. They exclude dust and may be shifted about without fear of a mix-up. The wall cases of the museum are to be filled with preserved specimens. The lighting comes from above, but is arranged in such a manner that direct sunlight is avoided, the writer noticed on exhibition a fine series of Aporrhais serresianus and in a wall case an enormous Argonanta argo L., very well preserved. THE NAUTILUS. 0 Visits to the aquarium, of course, were most interesting, the sea water is stored under the buildings and pumped into the tanks mixed with the proper proportion of air. The visitor entering the darkened corridor is at once struck by the brilliant colors and the great size of the living collection. Surely nowhere, in an aquarium, is there such a wealth of animal life. Let us examine the first tank. It is devoted exclusively to echinoderms. In the center are hun- dreds of feather stars (Antedon rosacea) clinging to dead coral stems. At first sight these appear to be plants on account of their yellow or red plumed arms. Crawling all about are other star fish of bright and somber hues. Here and there is a sea urchin and occasionally a sea cucumber. Tank 3 is devoted to mollusks. Swimming about are several squids (Loligo) which have the curious power of suddenly swimming backwards without the inconvenience of turning around These delicate animals, with transparent bodies, and large eyes only live a few days in captivity. The floor of the tank is strewn with gaping red pectens (P. jacobeus) which I noticed swimming down from a ledge of rock by suddenly opening and closing their valves, an awkward but quick means of locomotion. Clinging to the surface of a rock is a large Umbrella mediterranea and nearby several Haliotis. Several huge Trilonium nodiferus, with their opercula thrown to one side, may be observed slowly moving about on the bottom of the tank. One of the most interesting forms is Aplysia limacina, a large brown sea hare, which crawls about or swims by the aid of its wing-like lateral projections. When stones cov- ered with vegetable matter are brought into the tank the Aplysias immediately bestir themselves and will clean the stones in an hour or two. The longevity of Aplysia in the aquarium may be ascribed to this manner of feeding. Tethys, one of the most beautiful naked mollusks of this region, only lives a few weeks after capture. It swims by violent writhingsof the body from side to side. Aeolis and Doris make up for their small size by brilliant coloring. The delicate forms, many of them pelagic, are kept separated in glass receptacles, partly sunken in the water, the perfectly transparent Pterotrachea, a long thin animal with a curved proboscus and Carinaria, another interesting form rarely live more than a day in captivity. In a similar way are kept the beautiful mushroom-shaped Medusa or jelly fish, which propel themselves by opening and closing the body like an umbrella. The Medusa are also transparent, some THE NAUTILUS. of them are of a delicate pink. They vary greatly in shape. One is like a narrow ribbon, another resembles a bunch of flowers on a central stalk. The octopus tanks attracts many visitors, especially when a crab is let down on a string for their benefit. Through the kindness of Prof. Gast I was invited to go out on the dredging steamer " Johannis Miiller," which is maintained by the zoological station for working the deeper portions of the Bay of Naples. This steamer is about forty feet long and carries a crew of four men, who, when not engaged at the wheel or boiler, assist in sorting out the material on deck, or managing the dredging ma- chinery. At 7 a. m. we left the small harbor at the west end of the city. The sun rose close to Vesuvius shortly after and promised a good day. After a run of twenty-five minutes, a point in the bay opposite the Capo, a promentory, was reached. From here the course was turned towards the Secca di Benda Palummo banks which consist of coral and sponges. Upon arrival the steamer swung around, and the " beam trawl" was let down. This was kept in the proper posi- tion on the sea bottom, by means of glass globes filled with air attached to the net. The trawl was lowered slowly into the water with wire rope, after which the steamer ran very slowly, the trawl thus dragging along the sea bottom and filling all the time. Three hauls were made with this apparatus, the trawl remaining down half an hour in each case. A mechanical indicator was used to ascertain the tension during the work. After the time mentioned had elapsed, the steamer was stopped and turned around, to facilitate the bringing up of the outfit. This done the contents were deposited upon the deck. The first haul was in 200 feet of water, the bottom, stone and mud. This locality, not being especially rich in mollusks as other parts of the bay, yielded only the following : Leptothyra sanguined (L.) Living examples. Pseudomurex (Coralliophila). meyendorffi (Calc.) Two large specimens. Jsocardia cor (L.) Cardium tuberculatum L. Tellina exigua Poli. Pecten pes felis (L.) Only single valves of the last four. ( To be concluded. ) THE NAUTILUS. 7 WOTES ON POST-GLACIAL MOLLUSCA. I. EMMET COUNTY, MICHIGAN. BY FRANK C. BAKER. Authentic records of life from the deposits laid down by the waters of the Glacial Great Lakes are, apparently, exceedingly scarce. It is proposed to record such as have come to the writer's notice. A recent canvas of the available literature revealed the fact that little real work has been done relative to this subject. This is especially true regarding records bearing upon interglacial time, where the majority of records available are " wood and unios," which are said to have occurred in well borings. It is needless to add that this material would be of the utmost value if properly identified. Some years ago Mr. A. W. Slocum, of the Fried Museum of Nat- ural History, collected a number of mollusks from marl beds at Oden and Kegomic, Emmet County, Michigan. Oden lies between the Algonquin and Nipissing beaches, while Kegomic is on the old lake floor. These marl deposits are reported to be upwards of sixty feet in thickness, and the Kegomic deposit probably represents both the Algonquin and Nipissing stages. The large lakes, Burt and Mullet, as well as the smaller lakes, Crooked, Pickerel, etc., are relics of the wide strait which, during these late stages, connected Lakes Huron and Michigan and separated portions of Emmet and Cheboygan •counties from the lower peninsula, the former territory forming an island, with the straits of Mackinac on the north. The following species of mollusks have been identified from the •two localities. Oden. Sphaerium striatinum (Lamarck). Physa niagarensis Lea. Planorbis autrosus Conrad. P/anorbis campanulatus Say. Galba emarginata canadensis (Sowb.). Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Linne. Kegomic. Sphaerium striatinum (Lamarck). Pisidium compressum (Prime). 8 THE NAUTILUS. Physa niagarensis Lea. Ancylus parallelus Haldeman. Planorbis deflectus Say. Planorbis campanulatus Say. Galba galbana (Say). Galba humilis rustica (Lea). Comparisons between the faunas of the two localities would be without significance until more systematic collecting has been done. The list of species will doubtless be greatly extended by future research. CONCERNING CYPKAEA EXANTHEMA, CERVUS AND CERVINETTA. BY EUGENE W. PRESBREY. G. exanthema, Lin., 1767; Gray, 1825; Reeve, 1844; Hinds, 1845 ; Adams, 1852 ; Roberts, 1885 ; Dall, 1903. (?. cervus, Lin., 1771 ; Lam., (cervina) 1822 ; Gray, 1825 ; Reeve (var. ex.), 1844; Adams, 1852; Roberts, 1885. G. cervinetta, Kiener, ; Desh, 1844; Adams, 1852; Roberts, 1885. Reeves says cervinetta is var. of cervus. Adams speaks of cervina, which was Lamarck's name for cervus, as distinct from cervus. Gray names var. a, and b, of exanthema. Roberts says cervinetta is a var. of exanthema. For habitat, Roberts give cervus to Panama and West Coast of America. Dr. Dall properly locates exanthema from Hatteras to Darien, but he does not mention cervus either as a variety or as being found on the Florida east coast. Reeve and Sowerby located cervus in the East Indies. Adams said Polynesian Province. The majority of monographers have distinguished cervus from exanthema, but none seems to have found a home for it. Nor are the other two definitely placed. Roberts is nearest to the facts. For three years past the writer has had favorable opportunities for the study of these species in there natural habitat and may, perhaps, presume to record some facts that have forced themselves upon him. Cypraea exanthema is found from Hatteras to Darien, but in greatest numbers and perfection of development around the Florida keys. They are born in the deep water. When an inch or so in THE NAUTILUS. 9 length, (bullaform) they come up to the mangrove roots that fringe the coral islands. These islands, or keys, are half surrounded, on the sheltered side, by clear channels two or three feet deep. These channels have free communication with the sea. The favorite food for exanthema is washed in from the live coral beds by every tide. The mangroves furnish shelter and coloring matter for the shell- Exanthema, unless disturbed does not leave the mangroves till ready to breed, when it goes to deeper waters. Cypraea exanthema is elongated, cylindrical, with tapering extremities, anterior aperture narrow and not depressed. The head and neck of animals is small, not often extended, because food comes to it. Sides of shell profusely decorated with ring spots, particularly near the base. Spots white with dark centers. The mantles, in young shells are purple black, studded with pustules that project flexible papillae. These papillae may be extended or withdrawn entirely into the pustule. The pustules become transparent lenses as the shell approaches adult form. The papillae remain black and receive color through a circu- lation duct that is easily visible to the naked eye, particularly where it crosses the lens to the papilla. The lenses form the spots and the papillae form the central dots. These papillae are loaded with color and probably deposit all the color needed for decoration of the outer shell. The inner mucous membrane supplies the enamel. The papillae near the outer edge of mantle soon lose the color bear- ing faculty, or, lacking supply, produce only nebulous white spots near the top of the shell. These papillae possess a highly sensitive, independent, nerve ganglia. If one be touched, however delicately, it will instantly be withdrawn. The others will not be disturbed. Color of shell, fugitive purple that turns to shades of brown upon exposure to light. Length of shell three to four inches, altitude about one-third the length. C. exanthema is found on both sides of the Gulf Stream which is a thousand feet deep between Florida and the Bahamas, with a current of five or more miles an hour. Bahama, Jamaica and Colon specimens are coarser in texture, the spots are less frequent, form less regular and the color much paler. Less food and fewer man- groves. The true exanthema is not found on the Florida west coast. CYPRAEA CERVUS. The most favorable habitat of this shell is 10 THE NAUTILUS. along the Florida west coast, in thirty to fifty feet of water, where it attains fullest growth. But it is also found from Key West to Miami, perhaps farther north, on the east coast. These specimens, sharing exanthema's habitat, show some reasonable variation from the west coast specimens, chiefly, however, in coloring. The shell of cervus is not cylindrical, it is dome shape, inflated, swollen, with a rounded fullness of body extending to extremities. Anterior opening large, three times as large as exanthema, other dimensions being equal. The anterior opening is not depressed. The larger head and neck of cervus is always out in search of food which it prefers to seek in the open waters. It is a constant traveler and must have room for easy manipulation of head and foot. Mantles of cervus, when young, are steely grey. Pustules and papillae, shorter than exanthema, are milky white and remain so. There are no color ducts. There seems to be an absence of nerve ganglia ; the papillae are not sensitive. Spots more numerous and solid white, sometimes confused. The mantle-guides (not " teeth ! ") are usually irregular in cervus. Color, pale brown to ashy grey, on West Coast, where it never goes to mangroves. On East Coast it takes on exanthema coloring and the anterior opening is slightly smaller. Exertion for food is not necessary. Length, four to seven incites. Altitude, two to four inches. Cypraea cervus is not found on the West Coast of America. It is not found at Panama. The writer has yet to find a specimen be- low Key West. Its natural habitat is West Coast of Florida. Cypraea cervinetta has many of the characteristics of the other two. It is found under rocks at extreme low tide, near coral patches. It finds a fair substitute for mangrove bark from which to extract coloring matter of a purple tone that does not turn to exanthema brown. Shell subcylindrical, with straight sides and flattened curves. Anterior opening widened, as in cervus, but with cup-like depression around the opening. It has the activity of cervus and seeks its own food, which is scarce in its habitat. Like cervus, it must have free room for movement. The mantles have the distinguishing features of cervus and exanthema. Ring spots and solid white ones appear at random on the same shell. Cervinetta never attains the size of exanthema. Many specimens are fully matured when only one inch long. Color, silver grey purple. Length, one to three inches. Altitude, three-eighths to one inch. THE NAUTILUS. II Cervinetta^ apparently, belongs exclusively to Panama Province. The writer has a theory. It is that cervinetta is the closest sur- vivor of the original type, that before the Isthmus was formed the habitat of cervinetta was both East and West. After the Isthmus became a barrier between the oceans the Gulf Stream currents were turned up the East Coast. These currents carried cervinetta north- ward where it found no volcanic disturbance, better food and en- vironment, and cervus and exanthema were evolved from cervinetta. But I wish somebody would say why all Cypraea, in Florida, are called •' micramocks." UROCOPTIS (ARANGIA) SOWERBYANA (PFR.)— A NOTE ON ITS RADULA. BY CHAS. T. RAMSDEN. Being very much interested in procuring specimens of this shell, I took a trip to its habitat, with Drs. Carlos de la Torre, of the Uni- versity of Havana, and Thomas Barbour, of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. Unfortunately, althongh we had a hard ride up " Monte Libano," we did not reach the right locality ; I, however, promised Dr. de la Torre that I would try again, further up the mountain, as we were both most anxious to procure living specimens to study the radula, which was unknown to Pilsbry. On March 13, 1913, I again went up the mountain for some twenty miles on horseback, over an infernal road, and upon turning over the first stone, I found, to my great delight, my first living specimen of Arangia sowerbyana (Ptr.). I at once concluded that it would be an easy matter to fill my pockets and the small box I had with me, with specimens, and felt sorry I had not brought along more boxes, to take a good supply. A five hours diligent search, however, in crevices, under and on rocks, brought to light some half dozen specimens. I was however satisfied, as we would now be able to know its radula. Having sent a part of the catch to Dr. de la Torre for examina- tion, he reports the following : The radula is like that of the Jamaican Spirocoptis, measuring ten millimeters in length, by one and one-half 12 THE NAUTILUS. in breadth, consisting of some 150 V-shaped rows of numerous small teeth ; of these the central tooth is very narrow and unicuspid, while the laterals are numerous and similar in size and appearance ; the formula being 20.1.20. Guantanamo, Cuba, 17th April, 1913. NOTES. DR. PILSBRY, who has been studying Achaiinellida in ihe Ha- waiian Islands during the winter, has returned to Philadelphia, reporting a highly successful expedition. Communications for the NAUTILUS may hereafter be sent to him as usual. POLYGYRA (STENOTREMA) EDWARDSI (Bid.). — In his remarks in regard to this species, Ann. N. Y. Lye., VI, 277, Bland says: " In barbiyerurn the attached, hair-like epidermal processes are pro- duced at the suture and carina into cilia, which are entirely wanting in this species." This is incorrect, as three specimens from " Ky.," with Bland's label, in the collection of the late Mrs. George Andrews, all show traces of the sutural and peripheral fringes, and a beautiful albino, collected by Mrs. Andrews at Coal Creek, Anderson Co., Tenn., has the fringes as strong as in any specimen of barbigera that I have seen. The fringe is perfect from apex to lip and the " cilia" measure about 1 mm. in length. Two other specimens from Coal Creek show the fringes but not so strong. These shells also show that the "acute, raised, transverse tubercles" on the base of the shell, in Bland's description, are the hair-scars which in fresh, mi- rubbed specimens are surmounted by stiff, erect bristles. I have examined twenty specimens of P. edwardsi from eight local- ities, and all but one (a dead, weathered shell), show at least traces of the sutural fringe. The trouble appears to be that the shells are generally covered with a thick, very adherent coating of dirt, and in trying to remove it the fringes are rubbed off. Traces of the sutural fringe often remain when the peripheral fringe has entirely disap- peared, and shells showing the stiff bristles on the base are, appar- ently rare — GEO. H. CLAPP. THE NAUTILUS, XXVII. PLATE I THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXVII. JUNE, 1913. No. 2 A CONCHOLOGICAL MUSEUM FOR JAPAN. The opening of a museum devoted entirely to mollusks would be an event of importance anywhere. It is gratifying to learn that the efforts of Mr. Yoichiro Hirase to found such an institution in Kyoto have resulted in a handsome and well-filled museum, of which we give a view. The opening ceremonies of Mr. Hirase's Conchological Museum were held on March 22d at 1 p. m. Professor N. Kato, of the Doshisha College, an earnest advocate and counselor of the work, presided at the ceremony, which began with an account of the mu- seum, and the causes leading to its establishment, by Mr. Hirase. The Hon. Omori, Governor of Kyoto Prefecture; Dr. Kuhara, President of the Kyoto Imperial University; Mr. Kato, representa- tive of the Mayor of Kyoto, and Dr. Harada, President of the Doshisha University, delivered speeches or read notes of congratu- lation and good wishes on the completion of the museum. Dr. M. Matsumoto, Professor of the Kyoto Imperial University, delivered an address on the subject, " The Collection of Specimens of Natural History," after which Mr. Tanaka, Assistant Professor in the Tokyo Imperial University, and the most prominent ichthyologist of Japan, read a note of greetings and good wishes. A good number of letters and telegrams from our friends both abroad and at home had been received, but, the time being pressing, only a few of them were read, such as those from Dr. Takamine in America, Mr. Marshall Gaines and Dr. Nolan. Lastly, Shintaro, Mr. Hirase's son, expressed •hearty thanks for the kindness and sympathy of the ladies and gen- tlemen present, and the ceremony closed with refreshments. Over 14 THE NAUTILUS. 150 persons were present, chiefly professors of high schools and uni- versities, officials and other public-spirited citizens who were earnest advocates of the undertaking. On the following day about 150 principals of middle and common schools were invited, and the day following the museum was opened to the public. The daily number of visitors has been about 300. On March 31st the museum was honored by the visit of a party of royal guests, the Imperial Crown Prince and his two royal brothers. Mr. Hirase and his son were received in audience by His Highness, who expressed great interest in the museum and its contents. It was at first intended to exhibit as many species as possible, both foreign and Japanese, but when the Japanese shells were in- stalled it was found that there was little space left for the foreign ones, so that only a very small part of them could be exhibited. It was decided that the Japanese species should be replaced with those from abroad twice or thrice a year, and that the first replacement should be made in August next. The foreign species are to be ex- hibited just as a tourist goes round the world, according to the coun- tries whence they come. For purposes of reference, Mr. Hirase desires to exhibit photographs of museums and exhibit-rooms ; of vivaria, or places connected with the cultivation of mollusks ; of shell-button factories ; also photographs of shores or other natural habitats of mollusks, in any country, and scenes of collecting shells, and of natives who wear shells as ornaments. We hope that American conchologists will supply a creditable exhibit for the United States. The opening of the Museum was commemorated by the issue of a handsome series of postal cards, which with other gifts were sent to friends and correspondents in Japan and abroad. UNIO (NEPHKONAIAS) OKTMANNI, N. SP. BY L. S. FRIERSON. Shell large and ponderous, length 82, alt. 44, diam. 30 mm., variable in shape, elliptical, to subtrapezoidal, frequently arcuate ; sides somewhat flattened, biangulate behind, or very bluntly pointed. The young are obsoletely rayed, greenish yellow ; adults are eradiate and dark brown. Beaks small, incurved, pointed, low, and without THE NAUTILUS. 15 any sculpturing. The whole disc is densely and heavily sulcate, nacre white, salmon or purple. Teeth strong ; cardinals double in both valves ; laterals single in the right valve, cicatrices well marked, confluent behind, separate before. Beak cavities rather shallow. Dr. Ortmann writes that the anatomy is practically that of the Elliptio division of Unionidas : Marsupium in the outer gills, glo- chidia subcircular ; length 0.23, alt. 0.22 mm., about like gibbosus Barnes. Gravid in February. The sexes may not be indicated by any dimorphism. Found by Mr. A. A. Hinkley, in the Conchins River, near Quirigua, Guatemala (Atlantic drainage). Cotypes have been generously distributed by Mr. Hinkley to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the U. S. National Museum and various collectors cabinets. This shell is clearly placed in the Nephronaias division by its evident near kinship to melleus Lea, and to persulcatus Lea, from which species ortmanni differs in being much larger, and of a differ- ent outline. Some specimens resemble in shape U. goascoranensis Lea, and U. sphenorhynchus Crosse and Fischer, but these species are not sulcate. The anatomy of this shell being that of Elliptio makes it necessary for the systematist to recast his ideas of Nephronaias, hitherto sup- posed to be allied to the Lampsilince. It is with great pleasure that I dedicate this species to my friend, Dr. A. E. Ortmann. Mr. Hinkley procured also numbers of the Unio calamitarum Morelet, from a mountain stream, " Rio Blanco," whose mouth lies opposite Livingston. The stones rolling down the stream after the tropical rains play havoc with the Unios, ninety per cent, having met with accidents. Consequently, the outlines of the shells are extremely variable. Mr. Lea made the error of spelling the name calimatarum, pointed out by von Martens, who supposes Morelet's name to mean either " the Unio of a little green frog," or "of reeds" (as also Sowerby). These shells of Hinkley's show that Morelet may have intended that his U. calamitarum should mean " the unio of calamities " (from calamitas^), but if so it is rather peculiarly constructed. The syn- onymy of this shell includes the U- dysoni Lea, and [7. lijalmarsoni Dunker, possibly others. A plate illustrating U. ortmanni will appear next month. 16 THE NAUTILUS. THE PACIFIC CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB. BT CHESTER STOCK, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. There has long been felt the need of an organization on the Pacific coast which would be valuable to the amateur collector, to the con- chologist, and to those using conchology as supplementary to their studies in zoology and palaeontology. With such a combined pur- pose in view, an organization known as the Pacific Conchological Club has recently received its initial start at the University of Cali- fornia. It is to be hoped that the beneficent effects of a society of this sort wil\ stimulate still further interest in conchology as a sci- ence on this coast. The occasional meetings which will be held will bring the con- chclogist in touch with the invertebrate zoologist and palaeontologist and with their problems in which conchology so often plays an im- portant role. Furthermore, it is the desire of the society to ulti- mately establish at the university one of the largest collections of shells on the coast. This collection will be augmented from time to time by the results of excursions to the beaches and through the medium of exchange. On April 23d a meeting was held at the University of California, at which time Mr. B. L. Clark reported on the molluscan fauna of Bolinas Bay, California. A representative collection of this fauna was obtained on a recent excursion held under the auspices of the society. Other features of the program were a discussion on the factors controlling the distribution of mollusks by Dr. F. B. Sumner, and a report by Prof. W. J. Raymond on a thesis entitled, " Varia- tions in the Forms of Thais found on the Pacific Coast," by Bertha M. Challis, of the University of Washington. THE ZOOLOGICAL STATION AT NAPLES. BY MAXAVELL SMITH. (Concluded from page 6.) Continuing the account of our dredging trip in the Bay of Naples, on board of the " Johannis Miiller," the second haul was in 150 feet THE NAUTILUS. 17 of water and resulted in the capture of a dozen living Scaphander lignarius, L., the animal of which is much larger than the shell. The third haul was in 450 feet of water on mud bottom, which seemed a more congenial home for mollusks. This time the net came up quite full. Its contents were washed cleaner of mud by running the steamer full speed ahead before lifting the net over the rail. The more delicate fish and other animals were removed first, then the mud was scooped up by hand after it had been deposited on the deck. A quantity at a time was then placed in one of two trays in a sifting box, sea water was poured over these, the upper retaining the larger and the lower the smaller objects, the mud and water passing out of an opening below. In this way the material was quickly separated. The larger animals were put immediately into jars of sea water, arranged in baskets on the deck, while the smaller were placed in buckets to be examined and sorted later. Among many small forms J noticed the following : Hyalaea tridentata Forsk. Aeolis sp. Fusus rostratiis Olivi. Nassa limata Chem. Pecten flexuosus Poli. Pecten pes-felis L. At 3 p. m. it was necessary to return, as the catch might have been spoiled by the swell which grew stronger. Upon our arrival in Naples the material was at once transferred to the zoological sta- tion. The animals which are to be preserved are treated with cocaine. In the case of the mollusca this leaves them extended from the shell, as in life. A 75 per cent, solution of alcohol is finally used for their preservation. The institution issues a priced catalogue, and the specimens are sold and delivered to museums in all parts of the world. At the time of this writing the zoological station is building a much larger steamer for dredging, so that in the future the work will not be restricted to the Bay of Naples, but will include Sicily and the adjacent coasts. This boat will have a laboratory, library, and cabins for sleeping on board, besides more powerful dredging machinery for work in still deeper water. It is to be hoped that the Mediterranean, with its rich cosmopolitan fauna, will soon be better known from a biological point of view. 18 THE NACTILUS. THE UNIONE FAUNA OF THE GREAT LAKES. BY BRYANT WALKER, SO. D. The Unione fauna of the Great Lakes is one of considerable interest to the student of geographic distribution. It might naturally be expected that the St. Lawrence system, extending from Minne- sota to the ocean, and affording a continuous waterway of more than 2,000 miles, and which flows nearly east and west through a region of substantially the same climatic and other environmental condi- tions, and with no natural connections with the Mississippi and Ohio systems, would be inhabited by a common fauna, throughout its entire length. As compared with the Mississippi drainage system, which extends from the far north to the almost semi-tropical regions of the Gulf States, it would seem that the fauna of the latter would naturally be much more diverse in its character than that of the St. Lawrence system, but the contrary is the case. The fauna of the Mississippi Valley, from one end to the other, is a substantially homogeneous fauna, varying simply in the number of species in differ- ent parts of its extent. But on examining the Unionidae of the Great Lakes, we find that, while the fauna of Lake Superior, at the western extremity of the system is similar to that of the lower St. Lawrence, and the New England States, there is in the center of the system, with Lake Erie as its metropolis, an entirely different fauna, which extends eastward as far as the Ottawa River and Mon- treal, and westward to the Saginaw Valley, and even perhaps as far as Mackinac. The relations of this fauna are entirely with that of the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. This interpolation of a distinct faunal area in the middle of a great drainage system is very remarkable, and, so far as I know, is without parallel in any other of the great river systems of the world. And when, in addition to this, we find that there this intermediate fauna is, in almost every case, so modified from the typical form of the several species represented, that, in a very large proportion of the species, the Great Lake forms have, at one time or another, been described as species distinct from the typical forms as found in the Mississippi fauna, and that this fact has recently been made the basis of an argument by Dr. Scharff, in his interesting book on the " Distribution and Origin of Life in America," for his theory of THE NAUTILUS. 19 an unglaciated area in central North America, on the ground that this peculiar fauna of Lake Erie and the adjoining waters is a relict fauna, the remnant of a pre-glacial immigration from the south, rather than a post-glacial invasion, which has been modified since the dis- appearance of the glacier, the subject becomes one of considerable importance and worthy of careful consideration. The study of the geographic distribution of the North American Naiades is one of comparatively recent origin, and it is only within the last fifteen or twenty years that any particular attention has been given to it. The fact is that it is only within that time that suffi- cient data have been accumulated, upon which any reasonable gen- eralizations could be based. The time and efforts of the. earlier generation of students, of which Dr. Lea was the leading exponent,, were wholly taken up in differentiating and describing the new- species as they were collected in various parts of the country. The first attempt to deal in any general way with the distribution of the fauna was that of Simpson, who, in his monumental work, " The Synopsis of the Naiades," published in 1900, not only put the classi- fication of the family for the first time upon a scientific basis, but also separated the fauna into its several main constituents. According to Simpson, North America, north of Mexico, is divided into three great faunal areas : on the east and limited on the west by the Appalachian Mountains toward the south, and extending in an indefinite direction towards the north and northwest, is the Atlantic region; on the west coast, bounded by the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas on the east, is the Pacific region; while the whole interior portion of the country, extending from the Gulf as far north as Unione life can survive, forms one large province in- habited by the fauna, which he calls the Mississippian. The addi- tional information of the subject that has been accumulated since the publication of Simpson's book has served only to confirm the cor- rectness of his general division into these three great regions, but, as might be naturally expected, certain modifications will have to be made as the results of our increased knowledge of the range of many of the species. So far as the purposes of this paper are con- cerned, it is only necessary to say that, in figure 1, p. 20, I have extended the Atlantic region across the Georgian Bay and about half way along the eastern end of Lake Superior, both on the north and on the south shores. 20 THE NAUTILUS. FIG. 1. While it is, perhaps, probable that the whole of Lake Superior should be included in this system, I have hesitated to do so on ac- count of the apparent failure of Unio complanatus, which may be considered the characteristic species of the fauna, to extend into the western part of the lake. It is quite possible that it may, but we have no definite record of its occurrence west of Marquette county, Michigan, on the south shore, or of the Michipicoten River, on the north shore. It was not found by the University of Michigan expe- ditions of 1904 and 1905, either in the streams of Ontonagon county, THE NAUTILUS. 21 Michigan, on the south shore, nor at Isle Royale, at the western end of the lake. On the other hand, Lampsilis luteola, a characteristic species of the Mississippian fauna, was common at Isle Royale, and is known to extend along the south shore as far at least as Marquette county, and is represented on the north shore by a closely allied form, Lampsilis super ioriensis, from the Michipicoten River. The fauna of the Atlantic region, in its northern portion, is a very meagre one. As represented in the New England States, and in a general way as far south as Mason and Dixon's Line, it consists of only thirteen species, but south of that, and increasingly so towards the extreme south, it becomes a wonderfully varied fauna, in which the specific lines in many of the groups seem to be almost wholly obliterated. As an example of this, it might be mentioned that, in the case of Unio complanatus Dill., while Dr. Lea, in the northern portion of the region, recognized only the one species, in the southern portion he described no less than forty-six forms as distinct species, which Simpson in his synopsis has referred to the typical form as synonyms. Taking the Atlantic fauna as represented in New England as the basis of comparison with that of the Great Lakes, as found in Lake Erie and the Detroit River, we find the two faunas represented by the following list : LAKE ERIE. NEW ENGLAND. Truncilla triquetra triangularis Bar. sulcata delicata Simpson. perplexa rangiana Lea. Micromya fabalis Lea. Lampsilis Lampsilis ventricosa canadensis Lea. cariosa Say. ochracea Say. multiradiata Lea. luteola rosacea DeKay. radiata Gmel. recta sageri Con. nasuta Say. nasula Say. iris Lea. parva Bar. alata Say. 22 THE NAUTILUS. gracilis Bar. leptodon Raf. Obovaria leibii Lea. ellipsis Lea. Plagiola elegarts Lea. donaciformis Lea. Obliquaria reflexa Raf. Strophitus edentulus Say. marginata Say. imbecilis Say. grandis footiana Lea. grandis benedictensis Lea. Anodontoides ferussaciana sub- cylindracea Lea. Symphynota compressa Lea. costata Raf. Alasmidonta marginata varicosa Lam. calceolus Lea. Hemilastena ambigua Say. t/mo gibbosus Bar. Quadrula hippopcea Lea (plicata Say ?). lachrymosa Lea. pustulosa Lea. rnbiginosa Lea. undata Bar. (?). coccinea paupercula Simp. subrotunda Lea. tuberculata Raf. Strophitus undulatus Say,, Anodonta marginata Say. cataracta Say. implicata Say. Alasmidonta undulata Say. marginata varicosa Lam. heterodon Lea. Margaritana margaritifera L. complanatus Dill. The Atlantic fauna is made up of five genera and thirteen species, THE NAUTILUS. "23 while the Lake Erie fauna includes fifteen genera and thirty-nine species. Of the Atlantic fauna, three species, Lampsilis nasuta, Anodonta marginata and Alasmidonta marginata varicosa, and perhaps a fourth,1 are also found in Lake Erie. Two species, Margarilana margaritifera, a preglacial immigrant from Europe, and Alasmidonta undulata, do not extend into the Erie basin and have no closely allied representatives there. The remainder, though not found in the Lake Erie fauna, are, nevertheless, represented there by closely allied species evidently of a common derivation, as indicated in the foregoing list. Elimina- ting these species, we find the remainder of the Lake Erie fauna to consist of eleven genera and thirty species, which are not repre- . sented in any way in the New England fauna. The relation of these two faunas in the region of the Great Lakes region can, perhaps, be best shown graphically by a comparison of the range of two of their characteristic species, which are closely related to each other, and both of wide distribution, viz., Unio com- planatus Dill, and U. gibbosus Bar. It will be observed from figure 2, that Unio complanatus ex- tends from the Atlantic region proper, northwesterly across Ontario into Georgian Bay, up the St. Mary's River and along the eastern half of both the north and south shores of Lake Superior, and, so far as we know, probably occupies all of the Canadian region north and east of that line as far as Hudson's Bay and Labrador. On the other hand, Unio gibbosus, the representative of the Mississippian fauna, extends from the Menominee River, the dividing line between Wisconsin and Michigan, entirely around the shore of Lake Michigan and along the south shore of Lake Huron from Mackinac through the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the south shore of Lake Erie, and east as far as the Ottawa River. At that point the two species are found living together in the same stream. It occupies, of course, the entire inland region south of the Great Lakes in Wisconsin, Illi- nois, Michigan, Ohio and western New York. 1 The specific distinctness of Strophitus edentulus and undulatus is questioned by eminent authority. (To be continued.) 24 THE NAUTILUS. NOTES. GALBA FERRUGINEA IN OREGON — Recently Mr. John A. Allen sent me some small living Lymnaeas which, upon comparison with western species, proved to be Galba ferruginea (Haldeman). They were collected in a small pool at Oswego, Clockamas Co., Oregon, and furnish the first authentic record of this species for this State. G. ferruginea has been authentically reported from California and Washington. It was originally credited to Oregon by Haldeman, the specimens being collected by Nuttall, but no locality was given. Mr. Allen has added to his collecting laurels by rediscovering this species in the State from which it was first described. These specimens show that there is considerable variation in the degree of impression of the inner lip on the parietal wall, and hence the umbilicus may be widely open or almost closed. The animal is dark yellowish-horn flecked with small white dots. — FRANK C. BAKER. REVERSED SUCCINEA OVALIS AND OTHER SHELLS OF FRESH POND, CAMBRIDGE, MASS — While looking for Planorbis hirsutus, I found a number of other interesting things at Fresh Pond. Vitrea hammonis (electrina Gld.), Pupa ovata (modesta^), Euconulus fuhms, Succinea ovalis, retusa and avara, Vallonia costata and excentrica, Gochlicopa lubrica, Helicodiscus parallelus, Zonitoides arborea, Pyra- midula cronkhitei anthonyi, etc., and 17 species of fresh-water shells. Among the Succinea was one live, full-grown ovalis reversed. Is this a common occurrence ? I have never found one before. — WIL- LIAM F. CLAPP, May 6, 1913. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. ON APOREMODON, A REMARKABLE NEW PULMONATE GENUS. By G. C. Robson (Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., April, 1913).— A minute limpet from Singapore is described under the above caption. The shell is brownish-yellow with red radial stripes, the apex ante- rior and turned toward the left side. The dentition has a remark- able resemblance to that of Vallonia, near which it is for the present classed by Mr. Robson. We suspect that it may turn out to belong to the Siphonariidce when the entire animal is known. — H. A. P. THE NAUTILUS, XXVII. PLATE II UNIO ORTMANN1 FRIERSON THE NAUTILUS. . XXVII. JULY, 1913. No. 3 SHELL COLLECTING ON THE WEST COAST OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. BY H. N. LOWt. My long anticipated collecting trip to the coast of Lower Cali- fornia was at last realized in the spring of 1912, when a party was being made up for a month's cruise in Mexican waters. The staunch little power yacht " Flyer " was chartered for the trip. Besides the crew of three, our party was made up of the owner of the boat, the taxidermist, the tourist, the ornithologist, and the conchologist. After a day spent at San Diego securing our clearance papers and half a day at Ensenada with the Mexican authorities, we were at last on our way. We cast anchor for the night in a small cove a few miles south of Point Banda. There had been a slow drizzle of rain all day and on going ashore I secured some five live specimens of Helix stearnsiana walking over the bushes. On Todos Santos Islands and San Martin (the southern limit of the species) I found live specimens under loose rocks, but none under or near any of the numerous species of cactus which thrive here. On Santa Catalina Island the nearly allied form Helix kelletti lives on the cactus (cholla) and is found under it at all seasons of the year. A few specimens of Glyptostoma newberryanuin were found on the Todos Santos. At Point Banda I secured my first Monoceros lugubre, and though a common species it gave me pleasure to find something I had never before collected. The specimens found here were very small only 26 THE NAUTILUS. about a quarter of the size of the fine ones further south from San Martin and San Geronimo Islands. Further south, at Cape Col- nette, large beds of Mytilus californicus were uncovered at low tide. Among the mussels were fine large Monoceros pauciliratum Stearns and Macron lividus. Wedged in between and attached to the byssus of the mussels we found many Tapes grata Sby. and Tapes staminea Conr., a rather unique place for that genus to be found. A few good Saxicava arctica and one large Entodesma saxicola were added to the list. The largest of the Mytilus were worm-eaten, wave worn and battered, and altogether the most disreputable look- ing specimens I had ever seen. Many of the worst shells had quite pretty pearls snugly hidden in their internal anatomy, some having as many as twenty-six small " seed pearls " and others but a single large one. The pearls from this species, unlike the elegant ones from the ffoliotis, have no commercial value, lacking sufficient luster. The Tegula gallina Fbs. found here were mostly var. tincta Hemphill. The Monoceros pauciliratum were right in their prime here, though we found a few as far south as Cedros. Monoceros engonahim Conr. although small were very good specimens but we found none south of here. Another day's sail brought us to San Martin Island, lying five leagues out from the " Bay of the Five Hills." It is a small island of very evident volcanic origin, the crater of its extinct volcano being visible for many miles. On climbing to the summit of the crater we were dazzled by a wealth of golden daisies which carpeted the interior. The only land shell to be found was the ever present Helix stearnsiana, but this seemed to be its southern limit, as we found few here and none further south. A natural breakwater of black lava bouldars runs out for half a mile from the south end forming one of the best anchorages for small vessels on the coast. This island, like San Geronimo, is the breeding place of thousands of sea birds which come here in the spring — gulls, cormorants, terns, osprey, turnstones, oyster-catchers, duck hawk, surf birds, pelicans, etc. On San Geronimo Is. hundreds of auklets or " mutton birds " were nesting in burrows which they dig in the sandy earth, laying but one white egg about the size of a pigeon's egg. The wild fauna of these southern islands seems to be having hard luck. On Guadalupe Is. the domestic cat, run wild, has about ex- terminated a rare petrel and several other birds from that island. THE NAUTILUS. 27 On Cerlros the dogs have entirely cleared out a rare dwarf species of deer which formerly lived here. On Todos Santos the common rat has in the last few years made life so strenuous for the sea birds that they have given up nesting here entirely. Since birds' eggs have been cut out of the rat's bill-of-fare, they have developed a fondness for snails and I fear in a year or two Todos Santos will be as destitute of snails as it is of birds' eggs. San Geronimo Island is smaller than San Martin, only about one and a half miles in length and as bare as a picked hen. It's barren sandy soil seems incapable of supporting any vegetation save a feu- stunted bushes. Only very dead specimens of Helix levis var. near crassula Dall were obtainable, though I made a thorough and systematic search for them. The reefs on the west side yielded a number of good small species. Margaritas acuticostatus Cpr. Eulima bitorta Van. Mitromorpha gracilior Hemphill. Modiolus opifex Say. Truncatella stimpsoni Stearns Milneria minima Dall. Area gradata Brod. & Sby. Cardita subquadrata Cpr. Mitra lowei Dall. Columbella penicillata Cpr. Marginella varia. Fusus luteopictus Dall. Marginella politula Cooper. Lucina californica Conr. Triforis pedroana B. Hipponyx antiquatus Linn. Bittium attenuatum Cpr. Gadinia reticulata Sby. Bittium munitum munitoides B. Opalia crenatoides Cpr. Cerithiopsis alcima B. Ocinebra gracillima Stearns. Cerithiopsis pedroana B. Pecten latiauritus Cpr. Cerithiopsis carpenter! B. Acmaea asmi Midd. Turbonilla buttoni D. & B. Mitromorpha filosa Gabb. Odostomia helga D. & B. On San Ger6nimo we found Acmcsa persona Esch and var. digi- talis, also a form of A. spectrum which seemed to be copying the peculiar shape of A. persona, Acrncea scabra, A. pelta var. nacel- loides and Lottia gigantea Gray were also found on the reef's. The Tegula gallina were the largest I have ever seen. We left San Gerdnimo Island rather hurriedly the evening of the second day as a southeaster was coming up. Next morning found us at the north end of Cedros Island where the Esperanza Mining Company had their wharf and buildings for shipping the gold ore from their mines in the interior of the island. There were prac- 28 THE NAUTILUS. tically no marine species at this end of the island as the shore line drops into deep water. After several days' search I was well repaid by finding some fine live specimens of the beautiful Helix veatchii (Nevvc.) Try on. This species varies much from almost white to dark many-banded specimens. At first I found a few fairly good dead shells, but search as I might under stones, through cactus, and chaparral not a live one could I find, until by chance I spied one roosting on a limb of the dwarf oak peculiar to this island. This species seems to be entirely a tree snail. At the south end of the island a Helix identified by Dr. Pilsbry with H. canescens Ads. and Rve. occurs in colonies in exposed places on rocks. H. veatchii is scattered over a larger area on the island, the many color varieties being found sometimes on the same tree. At South Bay Cedros Island we collected under stones at low water the following : Semele rupium Sby. Callistochiton decoratus. Vermetus fewkesii Yates. Chaetopleura gemmea Cpr. Scurria mesoleuca Mke. Cyanoplax hartwegii. Latirus lugubris C. B. Ads. Nuttallina scabra. Drillia moesta Cpr. Murex incisa. Trivia solandri. Murex nuttalli Conr. Area reeviana d Orb. Lucapina crenulata. Area gradata B. & S. Macron lividus A. Ads. O Columbella fasciata Sby. Amphissa versicolor Dall. Mopalia muscosa Gld. Tegula aureotinctum Fbs. Ishnochiton conspicuus Cpr. Tegula gallina Fbs. Ishnochiton acrior Cpr. Fissurella volcano Rve. Ishnochiton didymus B. Fissurella volcano var. crucifera Ishnochiton clatheratus Cpr. Dall. Callistochiton crassicostatus Cpr. Megatebennus bimaculatus. Cedros Island seems to be the northern limit of the large red crab Grapsus grapsus. They are very hard to catch for the moment they see one approaching, they clatter off' pell-mell over the rocks as fast as their ten legs will carry them and jump into deep water where they swim like a fish. On a pebble beach midway the east coast of Cedros I found the following beach-worn shells cast up by some storm; the list is inter- esting in that it shows the intermingling of northern and southern species at this point. THE NAUTILUS. 29 Cypraea spadicea Gray. Area grandis B. & S. Ranella ealifornica. Dosinia ponderosa. Fomaulax undosus Wood. Pecten subnodosus. Con us californicus Conr. Fusus dupetithouarsi Kiener. Semele decisa Conr. Drillia penicillata Cpr. Uvanilla regina Stearns. Monoceros muricatum Brod. Venus fordii Yates. Crucibulum imbricatum. Triton gibbosum. Purpura biserialis Blve. Macron aethiops. Venus unclatella Sby. Cymatium corrugatum Lam. Cassis sp. Conus gradatus Mawe. Oniscia sp. For several miles along the cliffs on the southwest coast of Cedros extends a well marked stratum about a foot in thickness of Lucina californica, and very strangely not another marine species was found with them. In about ten fathoms off Palm Spring on the east coast we suc- ceeded in making one haul of the dredge with the following results : Hemicardium biangulatum. Nassa insculpta. Pecten latiauritus. A number of small or difficult species collected on the trip remain to be identified. A list of them will appear later. Dr. Pilsbry has in press an illustrated paper on the Helices of the Micrarionta group collected. As the weather was unfavorable for a continued southerly cruise, we reluctantly headed the " Flyer " for home where we arrived just four weeks from the time of starting. THE UNIONE FAUNA OF THE GREAT LAKES. BY BRYANT WALKER, SC. D. {Continued from page S3.) The distribution of these two species, Unio complanatus and U. gibbosus (fig. 2), in a general way, shows the relative position the Atlantic and Mississippian faunas occupy in the region of the Great Lakes. Of course there are variations in the range of individual species, but these, on the whole, do not interfere with the general proposition to be discussed in this paper. 30 THE NAUTILUS. FlO. 2. THE NAUTILUS. 81 The discussion, then, includes the consideration of four questions: 1st, the origin of the Atlantic and Mississippian faunas; 2d, how and when the peculiar extension of the Atlantic fauna to the northwest took place; 3d, how and when the extension of the Mississippian fauna into the Great Lakes took place; and 4th, whether the pecu- liarly modified fauna of Lake Erie, as it exists to-day, is the result of a pre-glacial invasion, which survived in that region during the glacial period, or whether it was a post-glacial immigration. I. In considering the present distribution of the Naiad fauna of North America it is to be borne in mind that while our knowledge as yet is only fragmentary, and there is a great deal more to be learned before definite final conclusions can be drawn, nevertheless there are certain fundamental facts which seem to be reasonably well estab- lished, and with which such tentative deductions as we may attempt to make at the present time must be in agreement. In the first place, it seems to be well established that the peculiar North American Naiad fauna originated west of the Mississippi, in the region extending from Utah and Colorado north to Athabasca and Saskatchewan, in British America. The earliest forms of recognizable Naiades that are known are from the Triassic and a few more are known from the Jurassic. All these forms are simple and comparatively uniform in their char- acter. But towards the end of the Cretaceous Period, there was, for some reason or other, an extraordinary epidemic, as it were, of mutation in this group, and, in the rocks that were laid down in these western lands at that time, are to be found prototypes of many of the modern groups, which are to-day characteristic of the recent fauna. In the second place, it is to be kept in mind that north of the line of glaciation, the entire system of drainage was radically changed as one of the results of the Glacial Period. Thirdly, assuming the general proposition that the center of dis- tribution of a group must be considered the region of the greatest abundance of individuals and the greatest diversity of specific de- velopment, it would seem to be reasonably well established that the present fauna of the Mississippian region has spread out from two great centers ; the one on the east, in the head waters of what we 32 THE NAOTILCS. now know as the Tennessee System, and the other in the southwest, probably in the Ozark region. Assuming the origin of the Naiad fauna in the western region above mentioned, the first question to be determined is the deriva- tion of the Atlantic fauna from this primitive fauna of Cretaceous time in the west. The oldest land in eastern North America is that known as the Laurentian Highlands of Eastern Canada. With the gradual ele- vation of the continent in early times, which ultimately resulted in a connected land surface from the east to the mountainous regions of the west, the earliest system of drainage that was established in the region now occupied by the Great Lakes, was, according to the con- sensus of the best geologic opinion, towards the west, and when, in process of time, the highlands known as the Appalachian Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau were raised up, they formed a water shed, which determined the then existing systems of drainage. According to Branner (1), prior to Cretaceous times, the then Cumberland Plateau extended continuously from the Appalachian Mountains southwest into western Texas. At that time the Missis- sippi River was riot in existence, the drainage from the south of this great water shed was into the Gulf of Mexico, the drainage from its north side was north and west, and probably in the beginning, ended in the great Mesozoic sea, which extended along the foot of the Rocky Mountains from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. While we do not know as much of the exact course of these pre- glacial rivers as we should like, nor as much as we hope to know in future, there has been of recent years a considerable advance in our knowledge in this particular, and there is enough of data now avail- able to give us at least a general idea of some of the particulars of that ancient drainage system. It was, of course, entirely over- whelmed and nearly obliterated by the effect of the ice cap, which overthrew the ancient system, and from which grew our present sys- tem of drainage, but here and there there are enough remnants to afford us some information as to the lines along which this pre- glacial drainage system was established. As shown by Fig. 3, which is copied from Grabau (2), the pre- glacial drainage of the region of the lower Great Lakes was towards the southwest. The ancient Dundas River, originating in the Lau- rentian Highlands, flowed southwesterly across the present bed of THE NAUTILUS. 33 Lake Erie, and possibly along the general course of the present Maumee and Wabash Rivers towards the western sea. In a similar way the ancient Saginaw River was a western-flowing stream, extending from the highlands on the east across the Georgian Bay, up the Saginaw Valley, and southwest towards the sea. And fur- ther north a similar drainage was also established. According to Fowke (3) the present course of the Ohio River is quite different from that of the great river which drained that region in pre-glacial FIG. 3. times. The present course of the Ohio is made up of fragments of ancient drainage beds united by connecting links forced through by the glacial waters on the retreat of the ice. According to Grabau the present bed of the Ohio is about 150 feet above the ancient bed of the pre-glacial drainage, and according to Fowke the Great Kanawha River, which is now a southern tributary of the Ohio, at that time flowed northwesterly across southern Ohio into Indiana, and presumably, either as a separate river or as a tributary of the Dundas, flowed westerly towards the sea or into the Mississippi. 34 THE NAUTILUS. If these theories of the ancient pre-glacial drainage of this region are correct, it does not require much imagination to see how, from their ancient place of origin in the west, the primitive ancestral forms of our present fauna were enabled to spread to the east up these ancient waterways to the headwaters of these pre-glacial streams, and then, during the many elevations and sinkings of Tertiary times, through the stream transference consequent upon such orographic changes, this immigration of the primitive fauna was transferred into the eastern drainage, and thus became the an- cestral stock of the present Atlantic fauna. That this emigration from the west to the east was a very early one, there can be no doubt, and that it was long antecedent to the Glacial Period seems beyond question, both from a geological and a zoological standpoint. The fact that not only from the Glacial Period, but for long ages prior to that time, the Appalachian system must have been a barrier to the entrance of the western fauna into eastern waters would seem to be beyond question, and this view is strengthened and corroborated by the fact that the two faunas have been so long separated that they have become specifically differ- entiated in the great majority of cases. The time that is involved in such a change must be very great. That it must be so is shown by the fact that the fossil Unios found in the inter-glacial drift of eastern Canada are the same as the recent examples of the same species found to-day. It is probable that this emigration from the west took place after the primitive fauna of early times had begun to mutate under the peculiar influence of the later Cretacic times, and while, of course, there is much that is indefinite and purely speculative in regard to these questions, there are some facts, which seem to point with some directness, as to when that migration might have taken place. One of the characteristic species of the Atlantic fauna is Lamp- silis radiata, which extends at the present time along nearly the whole extent of the Atlantic drainage. It is very closely related to another characteristic species of the Mississippian fauna, the Lamp- silis luteola, and, indeed, these two specimens are so closely related that while in the main there is no difficulty for the average student to separate them, yet oftentimes there are individual specimens which are very difficult to place with entire satisfaction. ( To be continued.} THE NAUTILUS. 35 NOTES. DR. A. E. ORTMANN reports excellent collecting of Unionidce in Wise Co., Va., and southward. Some very interesting systematic observations have been made. MR. H. F. CARPENTER of Edgevvood, Providence, R. I., has just returned from a four months' trip to South America. MR. C. W. JOHNSON is about to leave Boston for a collecting campaign in northern Vermont in the interests of the New England faunal collection of the Boston Society of Natural History. At the Natural History Museum on November 29th, Mr. Edgar Albert Smith, I. S. 0., Assistant-Keeper in the Zoological Depart- ment, was presented by the Director, Dr. L. Fletcher, F. R. S., on behalf of a large number of subscribers with a silver tea and coffee service, a drawing room clock and a pair of field glasses. Mr. Smith has served the Trustees of the British Museum for 45 years, having joined the staff in 18G7. The subscribers included, besides his col- leagues on the Museum staff, many friends outside who are inter- ested in mollusca, the group of animals to which Mr. Smith's scientific work has mainly been devoted. — The Museiims Journal. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH SPECIES OF PISIDIUM (recent and fossil) in the collections of the British Museum, with notes on those of Western Europe. By B. B. Woodward, F. L. S., etc. Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum, 1913. Pp. ix + 144 ; 30 plates. " Of all the genera of British non-marine mollusca none has presented more difficulties to the student than Pisidium. The small size of the shells, their great variability, the lack in most cases of any striking external characteristics, as well as the confusion in which the subject has been left by the various authorities, have all contributed to these difficulties, with the result that the genus has 36 THE NAUTILUS. been largely neglected." Conchologists everywhere will heartily agree with the opening paragraph of Mr. Woodward's book, quoted above, which is true not only of British Pisidia, but of the genus throughout its range. In the discrimination of species, characters of the hinge are chiefly relied upon, the forms of the individual teeth and other details of hinge-structure affording criteria of far more value, according to Mr. Woodward, than external shape and sculpture of the shell. " In one locality, all the species will exhibit less sculpturing than the normal forms ; in another, more ; all may be dwarfed or all abnor- mally large ; occasionally one species in the gathering will show greater increase in size over the average, while its associates are undersizfd ; or exaggerated inflation may be the prevailing feature." While other authors have described the teeth of Pisidia, the subject has never before been dealt with in the thorough manner of this work. The terminology of M. Felix Bernard is used in the descrip- tions of hinges. The author does not venture to establish subgenera, and seems skeptical of those proposed by other writers. Seventeen species are recognized, fourteen of them living in the British Islands, two extinct. The work on British forms necessi- tated a critical study of practically all Palsearctic Pisidia, — a couple of hundred described forms, most of them synonyms or indetermi- nate,— so that the scope of the work is far broader than its title indicates. Distribution, both recent and as fossils, is dealt with in the most ample manner. The plates illustrate very fully the local variations, the figures being photographs enlarged two to three diameters and reproduced by gelatine process. It may be questioned whether a smaller number of larger figures would not be more use- ful. There are also four plates of much enlarged figures showing the hinges. Whether the development of methods, the examination of vast numbers of specimens from many localities, or the study of an in- volved and exasperating literature is considered, the practical con- chologist will realize that Mr. Woodward's task has involved an enormous total of work. Notwithstanding its geographic limitations we believe that the Catalogue will initiate a new epoch in the study of this family, all over the world. H. A. P, THE NAUTILUS, XXVII. PLATE III CUBAN AND WEST AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXVII. AUGUST, 1913. No. 4 ILLUSTRATIONS OF CUBAN AND WEST AMERICAN SHELLS. The figures on plate III represent types or cotypes of the follow- ing species : Fig. 1. Chondropoma wilcoxi P. & H. Cotype. NAUTILUS XXVI, 45. Figs. 2, 3. Chondropoma garcianum Torre MS. Types. Palma Sola, prov. Matanzas, Cuba. Fig. 4. Chondropoma carenasense P. & H. Cotype. Cayo Carenas, Cuba. NAUTILUS XXVI, 44. Figs. 5, 6. Annularia ramsdeni P. & H. & Cotype. NAUTILUS XXVI, p. 42. Fig. 7, 9 Cotype. Figs. 8, 9. Annularia pseudalatum Torre. Type. NAUTILUS XXVI, 43. Figs. 10, 11, 12. Oreohelix pygmcea Pils. See p. 51. Figs. 13, 14. Epiphragmophora dupetithouarsi cuestana Edson. Cotype. NAUTILUS XXVI, p. 37. Figs. 15, 16, 17. Epiphragmophora tudiculata grippii Pilsbry. Santee, 18 miles from San Diego, California. SOME WYOMING SNAILS BT JUNIUS HENDERSON. Mollusk records for Wyoming are so scarce that the following species in the University of Colorado Museum, recently collected in that State by Messrs. Don W. Walker, Roy M. Butters and Norman deWitt Betts, may be of interest : 38 THE NAUTILUS. Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. B.). Horse Creek Station, Laramie County, Wyoming (Butters). Oreohelix cooperi minor (Ckll.). North Fork of Rock Creek, Johnson County, Wyoming (Betts). Pupilla muscorum (Liwne). North Fork of Clear Creek, Johnson County, Wyoming (Betts). Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. North Fork of Clear Creek, John- son County, Wyoming (Betts). Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pils. North Fork of Clear Creek, Johnson County, Wyoming (Betts). Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils. North Fork of Clear Creek, Johnson County, Wyoming (Betts). Succinea avara Say. Ten miles northeast of Basin, Wyoming (Walker). A NEW OREOEELIX FROM COLOEADO. BY JUNIUS HENDERSON. In THE NAUTILUS, Vol. XXVI, p. 30, Dr. Pilsbry has indicated that the forms of Oreohelix from Glenwood Springs and Newcastle which have been tentatively recorded and distributed ad 0. haydeni gabbiana (Hemp.) are not gabbiana at all, but are forms of 0. hen- dersoni Pils. I have examined a large series from each place, and have compared them with a large series of typical hendersoni. The characters distinguishing the specimens from Newcastle and Glen- wood from true hendersoni are so constant as to clearly entitle them to a separate name, and yet the relationship, in spite of the lack of intergrading specimens, is so evident it seems best to consider them a subspecies rather than a distinct species. OREOHELIX HENDERSONI DAKANI n. subsp. Distinguished from typical hendersoni by the following shell char- acters : Spire much more elevated ; peripheral angulation of the earlier whorls disappearing on the penultimate whorl, so that scarcely a trace of it is observable in front of the aperture on the last whorl of the adult shell ; shell larger, whorls higher in proportion to width, producing a corresponding difference in shape of aperture. Alt. 14, diam. 22, whorls 5£. Types in University of Colorado Museum, cotypes in Academy of THE NAUTILUS. 39 Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Type locality, northwest corner of Peebles ranch, two miles up Elk Creek from Newcastle, Colorado, where it was found in great abundance by Mr. Albert Dakan, in April, 1908. Mr. Dakan was also the collector of the types of hen- dersoni. I found dakani nine miles east of Meeker, Colorado, in 1909, where it was associated with 0. cooperi (W. G. B.). In color the specimens from both localities average a trifle lighter than typ- ical hendersoni, being almost white, with a slight creamy tinge. A large series from the well-known colony on the south side of the Grand River at Glenwood Springs, Colorado, is on an average very much darker and less robust, but otherwise so closely agrees with the Newcastle specimens that I have not thought a separate name advisable. The forms of this species agree in the almost total absence of spiral color lines on the last whorl. It may not be out of place to say here that Mr. Dakan has re- cently found at Lyons, Colorado, typical specimens of 0. haydeni betheli Pils. & Ckll. This carries its range across to the eastern base of the Front Range, which constitutes the Continental Divide, and 100 miles to the northeast of the type locality. TWO NEW ACHATINELLID.E OF OAHU. BY H. A. PILSBRT. In March last I went in company with Dr. C. Montague Cooke from Honolulu to Hilo, Hawaii, chiefly for the purpose of studying Mr. Thaanum's superb collection of Hawaiian shells. One of his recent acquisitions was a sinistral Amastra, from Waiahole, which is certainly new; and at his suggestion I name it for the companion of my Hawaiian journey. Amastra montagui n. sp. is sinistral, imperforate, oblong- conic, rather thin, chestnut colored, with a denuded ecru-olive patch in front of the aperture. The surface has a somewhat silky gleam, due to the rather fine wrinkles along lines of growth. The apex is ob- tuse, embryonic whorls convex, nearly smooth; outlines of the spire noticeably convex. Suture well impressed, the whorls a little swol- len below it. The aperture is not very oblique, slate-violet within; peristome black at the edge, strengthened by a low white callus within; columella with reflexed and adnate edge, bearing a rather strong, white, subtriangular lamella. Length 13, diam. 7.8, length 40 THE NAUTILUS. of aperture 6 mm.; 5^ whorls. It will be figured in the present vol- ume of the Manual of Conchology. Another species of unusual interest is a fossil Partulina which was discovered by Dr. Cooke several years ago in a superficial road cut- ting at the junction of Manoa road with the upper road, back of Rocky Hill, which terminates the western ridge of Manoa valley. Only one Partulina has been known in Oahu hitherto, that being P. dubia (Newc.). The present form, which I will call Partulina montagui n. sp., is not related to dubia, but to such Molokaian spe- cies as P. dwightii Newc. I regard these two Partulinas and the few Oahuan species of Laminella as stragglers from the Molokai- Lanai-Maui evolution-center, which reached Oahu before the sub- sidence of a ridge which I believe formerly connected the islands. P. montagui cannot have been extinct for any great length of time, as the specimens occur in the humus, only buried a few inches below the turf. Probably the forest disappeared from where they are found not more than seventy-five to a hundred years ago. It must have been extinct in the early fifties, or it would surely have been found by Newcomb, Gulick or Emerson. The shell is sinistral, perforate, ovate-conic, with acuminate spire, thick and solid, sculptured with close, irregular wrinkles, the last whorl malleated ; whorls 7£, the upper ones nearly flat, the rest con- vex ; suture superficial. Outer and basal margins of the peristome expanded, thick, heavily thickened within; columellar margin thick; columellar fold thick and moderately prominent. Length 25, diam. 14 mm. (108181 A. N. S. P.). Length 24.7, diam. 12.5 mm. (Ill colL Irwin Spalding). Length 26.9, diam. 13.1 mm. (33581 B. P. Bishop Mus.). THE UNIONE FAUNA OF THE OBEAT LAKES. BY BRYANT WALKER, SC. D. ( Continued from page &$.) Now, according to the geologists, some time about the beginning of the Cretaceous Period there was a great sinking of the land in the Gulf region. It extended from central Texas east to the middle of Alabama, and in a triangular shape north to southern Illinois. It THE NAUTILUS. 41 broke through and separated the ancient Cumberland Plateau, which prior to that time extended continuously from the eastern mountains into western Texas. It admitted the sea to a point, as above stated, north of the present junction of the Ohio and Mississippi, and during nearly the whole of Tertiary times there was a body of salt water between the western highlands and the eastern portion of the Cum- berland Plateau, in what is now Tennessee and Kentucky. This invasion of the sea was, of course, an absolute barrier to any com- munication between the Unione faunas of the two regions. The evidence afforded by the present distribution of the species of the group, to which these species belong, shows that its center of dis- tribution, as affecting the present fauna, was in the southwest. Not only is the southwest the region of the greatest variation in the spe- cies of this group, but, while it extends from Texas easterly along the Gulf States as far as Alabama, and even into Georgia and Florida, and extends north through the entire Mississippi Valley to the Appalachians on the east and the Arctic regions on the north, there is no representative of that group found to-day, so far aa records show, in any part of the Tennessee Valley. The inference to be drawn from this fact is that the group originated in the west, and after the great landslide of Cretaceous times. Another ex- ample, bearing upon the same general fact, is the distribution of the group, of which the well-known Quadrula rubiginosa is a leading example. If we are to rely upon the proposition that the center of distribution is the region where there is the greatest abundance of individuals and of specific forms, it would seem certain that this group originated in the southwest and from thence spread eastward to its present distribution. But Quadrula rubiginosa, like Lampsili* luteola, is not found in the Tennessee Valley. Its distribution through the Gulf States is similar to that of the Lampsilis, and its distribution north through the Mississippi and Ohio valleys is exactly the same. Like luteola, it is found in the Lake Erie, but for some reason, that we do not now know, no form of that group ever succeeded in obtaining a foothold at any time in the northern Atlantic fauna. If the inferences to be drawn from these facts and others like them are to be relied upon, there would seem to be good reason to infer that the emigration, which was the beginning of the Atlantic fauna, took place after the invasion of the sea in the Mississippi 42 THE NAUTILUS. Valley in Cretaceous times, and would probably seem to have been in later Cretaceous or early Tertiary times. It would seem most probable that the primitive ancestral form of the complanatus group also reached the Atlantic region by the same northern route. Although the greatest diversity of forms belonging to it J3 now peculiar to the southeastern Atlantic states and, under the axiom already quoted, would seem to indicate that that region was the center of distribution of the group, the weight of evidence is against it. As has already been stated, the invasion of the sea up the Missis- sippi Valley in Cretaceous times prevented any emigration towards the east from the southwest during nearly the whole of the Tertiary Period. Moreover, during the greater part of that time this region itself was covered by the sea. The invasion of the southeastern States by the present Unione fauna must necessarily have been, comparatively speaking, a recent one. Had it been coincident with the advance of the southwestern fauna that now occupies the Gulf States to the west of the Alabama River, there would, no doubt, be some evidence left in the present fauna of those States. But there is none. The present distribution of the group shows that it stops abruptly before reaching the Alabama River. With one exception, the group is not represented in the fauna of the Alabama at the present time, nor is it found at all in any of the Gulf States west of that river. The exuberant variability of the group in the southeastern States at the present time would also seem to indicate that it is compara- tively a new comer, and that it has not even yet had time to settle down to stable lines of development. On the other hand, the homogeneity of the group as a whole, in spite of its extreme variability within the group limits, would indi- cate that it is of ancient origin. The extraordinary range of the typical species, from Lake Superior to the Atlantic and south to Georgia, is evidence in the same direction. Taking everything into consideration it must be said that, with the exception of a comparatively small number of species that from one cause or another have been able to get into the South Atlantic States from the faunas of the Alabama and Tennessee systems, all the evidence goes to show that the characteristic fauna of that region has been derived from the north. THIS NAUTILUS. 48 II. Assuming, then, that the Atlantic fauna, in its inception, was derived 1'roin a very early immigration from the west, there has been abundance of time for it to become specifically differentiated. Un- less the unanimous opinion of the geologists of this country is en- tirely wrong, it is clear that whatever remnants of this ancient fauna were left along the course of this ancient track of migration towards the east in the region of the Great Lakes were wiped out absolutely by the invasion of the ice during the Glacial Period. Whatever may be said in regard to there being any geological evidence of an unglaciated area in north central British America, there would seem to be no doubt but that the region of the Great Lakes was the very center of the destruction wrought by the invasion of the ice. As has already been said, the entire system of drainage was absolutely changed. The old system was wiped out and a new and radically different one established. The Great Lakes themselves are entirely the result of changes in the earth's surface, wrought by the invasion and subsequent retreat of the ice. It is stated by Grabau that at Detroit the present surface is 180 feet above the pre-glacial surface, and that the ancient bed of the pre-glacial Cuyahoga at Cleveland is 400 feet below the bed of the present river, and, as has already been stated, the present bed of the Ohio is 150 feet above that of its ancient predecessor. According to Taylor (4) the front of the re- treating ice-cap at Toledo, Detroit and Port Huron stood in two hundred feet of water. There is no part of the present area occu- pied by the Great Lakes and their tributaries that was not included within this area of glacial destruction. We may assume, therefore, that whatever fauna was in existence prior to the advent of the ice was wiped out absolutely from this region. This being assumed, the present extension of the Atlantic fauna to the northwest must be looked for in the various systems of temporary drainage that were established in the post-glacial times prior to the final establishment of the existing St. Lawrence system. There can be no doubt but that here and there in the Atlantic region, north of the glaciated area, there were places in which the remnants of the ancient fauna were preserved, and that, from these harbors of refuge, upon the retreat of the ice, the Unionidze were able to re-people the barren waters of the new land. The ice in the lower lake region retreated towards the north and 44 THE NAUTILDS. east, and in the first stage, as soon as the edge of the glacier had passed the height of land north of the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, the waters were impounded, and in the southern end of the present Lake Michigan and in the western ends of the present Lake Superior and Lake Erie, but at a much higher level, were formed the first post-glacial lakes. Lake Maumee, at that time bounded on the north and east by the ice, found an outlet into the Ohio through the present valley of the Maumee and the Wabash. Upon the further retreat of the ice to such an extent that a way was opened for an FIG. 4. outlet towards the east, there were successively different systems established. One of the earliest of these (Fig. 4) was that known as the Trent outlet, which extended, as shown by the figure, from the eastern end of Georgian Bay southeast across Ontario into Lake Ontario. From the south side of Lake Ontario the water flowed through the present Mohawk Valley into the Hudson. The opening of this new outlet to the east so lowered the water that it was diverted from its former course through Lake Erie, and the present area occupied by that lake became dry land, except for such local drainage as might be necessarily incident to the region THE NAUTILUS. 45 itself. Later, another outlet was formed, known as the Nipissing outlet, at a still lower level, which resulted in the closing of the Trent outlet, and the establishment of a new one along the present valley of the Ottawa into the St. Lawrence. When the Nipissing outlet was first established, however, there had been a lowering of the land toward the east, and the sea had invaded the region to a considerable distance up the Ottawa Valley beyond the present city of Ottawa, and into Lake Ontario. Later, with the subsequent rising of the land, the Nipissing outlet flowed through the present Ottawa Valley into what is now known as the St. Lawrence. It seems reasonably certain that the western invasion of the Great Lake region of the Atlantic fauna was through either the Trent or the Nipissing outlet, and the probability is in favor of the Trent out- let, because that was always entirely fresh water, and there would seem to be every probability, from what we know of the inter-glacial extension of the Mississippi fauna into this region, that the post- glacial lakes were almost immediately invaded by the fish and with them the Unionidae of the regions to the south and to the east. So far as the particular question here involved is concerned, it is im- material by which of these routes the invasion took place. Both of them began on the west, at the Georgian Bay, and afforded a con- tinuous waterway from the east to the northwest. Both of these outlets were antecedent to the establishment of an outlet through the Niagara River. That no invasion from the east of the Atlantic fauna could have taken place by that route is clear for the reason that there was always, to a greater or less degree, a falls in the Niagara River, which was an absolute barrier to any migration of the fish upstream from the east, and that there was no such invasion from the east by that route is shown by the fact that in the case of the Unio complanatus, there is no evidence to show that it ever reached Lake Erie. The remarkable agreement between the pres- ent range of Unio complanatus and the route of these earlier post- glacial outlets is evidently more than a mere coincidence. If, then, the invasion was through either the Trent or the Nipissing outlet into Georgian Bay, it is easy to see how the species spread along the north shore of the Georgian Bay into the St. Mary's, and from thence into the eastern Lake Superior, without getting either into Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, or the lower part of Lake Huron. 46 THE NAUTILtJS. III. As has already been stated, the first post-glacial lakes formed by the retreat of the ice in this region were in the south end of Lake Michigan and the west ends of Lake Erie and Lake Superior, FIG. 5. bounded on the south by tUe lieigut oi laud and on the north and east by the ice cap. Glacial Lake Erie (Lake Maumee), at that period, drained south- west into the Ohio, and as I have already shown in my paper on THE NAUTILUS. 47 " The Distribution of the Unionidse in Michigan," (5) there can be no doubt but that almost immediately there was an invasion of this lake from the Ohio of the dominant species of that region, and it is unnecessary at the present time to discuss that subject further. In the same way, and at about the same time, the St. Croix outlet of Lake Duluth into the Mississippi would have given an opportunity for an invasion of that region by the Mississippian fauna. And it would seem probable that the occurrence of Lampsllis luteola and superioriensis in the western portion of Lake Superior at the present time is to be accounted for in that way. (To be concluded.} PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. THE GIANT SPECIES OF THE MOLLUSCAN GENUS LIMA OB- TAINED IN PHILIPPINE AND ADJACENT WATERS. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45, pp. 235-240, pis. 12-20, 1913). The giant Limas here described were obtained during the Philippine cruise of the fisheries steamer " Albatross," 1907-1910. They occur only in deep water — 161 to 559 fathoms. " They are by no means abundant or universally distributed, for of the 369 dredgings made in more than 100 fathoms only 18 yielded these mollusks." Limn (Callolima} smithi measures as follows : Alt. 175 mm., lat. 118 mm., diam. 48 mm. The type was dredged off Baliscasag Island in 432 fathoms. L. (Callolima) philippinensis measures, alt. 177, lat. Ill, diam. 37; dredged off the outer Tayabas Light in 190 fathoms. Z/. (Callolima} rathbuni was obtained from eight stations at depths ranging from 161 to 226 fathoms, the largest specimen measuring, alt. 208 mm., lat. 156 mm., diam. 59 mm. L. (Acesta) celebensis has an alt. of 159 mm., and was dredged south of North Island, Buton Strait, in 519 fathoms. The paper is a valuable contribu tion to our knowledge of the deep-sea mollusca. — C. W. J. THE PHILIPPINE MOLLLSKS OF THE GENUS DIMTA. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45. pp. 305-307, pis. 27 and 28, 1913). Dimya lima was found attached to the shells of Lima (Callolima} smithi and L. (Callolima) dalli, in 161 to 281 fathoms. MOLLUSQUES DE LA FRANCE ET DES REGIONS VoiSINES. Par A. Vayesidre, professeur & la Facult6 des sciences de Marseille, et 48 THE NAUTILUS. L. Germain, prdparateur au Museum d'Histoire naturelle et a 1'Institut Oedanographique. 2 vols. in 18vo, 800 pages, with 67 plates containing 707 figures.1 The first volume, treating of the Amphineura and Opisthobranchs, is from the pen of Professor Vayssi&re, than whom no more compe- tent authority could be found, the Opisthobranchs having occupied the author for many years. This connected account of the European species, in which the results of the most recent studies are presented in condensed form, will be a valuable reference book for classification and synonymy as well as a guide to identification. The second volume contains an account of the land and fluviatile gastropod mollusks, by M. Louis Germain, who treats the subject in a broad spirit, relegating to synonymy many of the so-called species contained in the works of Locard and other writers of the species- splitting school. The work will doubtless be very useful in Europe, and also to conchologists elsewhere who have occasion to refer to European species. The figures, while characteristic, are coarse and crudely executed, and by no means equal to the other qualities of the work. The price is very moderate, 10 francs for the two volumes. — H. A. P. DIAGNOSES OF NEW SHELLS FROM THE PACIFIC OCEAN. By William Healey Ball. Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus., Vol. 45, pp. 587- i97. Twenty-two new species from both shores of the Pacific are described, and one new genus, Halicardissa, type Verticordia per- plicata Dall, from near the Galapagos Is. NEW LAND SHELLS FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. By Paul Bartsch. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45. Obba worcesteri and Cochlostyla olanivanensts, from Olanivan I., &nd\Cochlostyla calusa- «/mV, from Calusa I., are land shells from small and rarely visite ribs 37. Average length 24^, diam. 12, aperture 10 x 9 mm., whorls 10, ribs 36. There is considerable variation in the number of ribs, as a speci- men 21|x 10^ mm. has 38, one 22 x 11| has 42, and one 27^ x 12 has only 31. Plate IV, figs. 9, 10. Over 200 shells have been examined. Southern end of North Bimini Cay, Bahamas, May, 1912. These shells were collected on the extreme southern end of the Cay on young sisal plants. From 15 to 30 shells could be gathered from a single plant. An occasional specimen was picked up under or on the " sea-grapes," but it appears to be confined to the southern point of the island, as further up only an occasional dead " crab- shell " was found. About three-quarters of these shells are cleaned perfectly, and these are considerably lighter than the ones in which part of the animal remains. By accident only two young examples were saved, and these show no sign of internal teeth. In collecting we noticed that a number of the adult shells had the lower part of the lip bitten off, as if some rodent had attacked them at that point. NEW SPECIES OF CLAUSILIA AND PARTULA FROM THE COLLECTION OF MR. J. S. EMERSON. BY H. A. PILSBRY. When looking over the fine series of Hawaiian shells in the col- lection of Mr. Emerson in Honolulu, I had opportunity to note the presence of many shells foreign to the islands. Among them there is a good series of land shells collected by him in Europe, and many 66 THE NAUTILUS. interesting South Sea shells from places visited by the well-known " Morning Star," and from other sources. Unfortunately the limitation of my time allowed only brief glances at a few drawers of this rich material. The following species were among a few shells which Mr. Emerson put aside for me to take home for determination. CLAUSILIA EMERSONIANA n. sp. PI. IV, figs. 1 to 5. The shell is slenderly fusiform, opaque, vinaceous buff with paler ribs, upper half tapering slowly to an obtuse apex. Whorls about 10, the first 2 corneous, very convex, delicately striate, the tip glossy ; riblets then begin, at first rather well spaced on the convex whorls. In the middle of the fifth whorl they become closer, and from there to the last whorl they are close, straight and strong, and the whorls are only slightly convex. The last whorl, in dorsal view, is decidedly narrower, straight-sided, the base convex, indistinctly angular at junction of lateral and basal surfaces. The back of the last whorl has few, widely separated ribs, alternating with short ones below the suture. Last whorl solute, shortly free. Aperture quadrate-rounded, the peristome continuous, free, white, broadly expanded and reflected. Superior lamella low, not attaining the margin, widely separated from the spiral lamella ; inferior lamella low, obliquely ascending, sigmoid, penetrating slightly deeper lhan the spiral lamella, to the middle of the ventral face. Subcolumellar lamella not visible in the aperture. Principal plica strong, con- spicuous in the aperture, penetrating to a lateral position, approach- ing close to the spiral lamella deep within. Lunella lateral, straight, oblique, somewhat protractive, at the upper end terminating in an ill-defined upper palatal nodule which is united by a callus with the principal plica ; lower end of the lunella running into an oblique lower palatal plica. Length 17.5, diam. in the middle 3.5 mm.; 10^ whorls. Length 15.25, diam. in the middle 3.4 mm.; 9^ whorls. The clausilium is narrow, parallel-sided, arcuate and twisted, in transverse section v-shaped, much thickened along the longitudinal convexity and at the distal end, which is obtusely rounded ; grad- ually tapering into the filament above. PI. IV, figs. 1, '2. Malta. Cotvpes No. 108775 A. N. S. P. and in Mr. Emerson's collection. THE NAUTILUS. 67 This species differs conspicuously from C. imitatrix Bttg.1 by its mucli more slender contour and the sculpture of the last whorl, be- sides various other details. C. melitensis Gatto, differs in sculpture, shape and position of the lunella, etc. C. imitatrix was placed by Dr. Boettger in the sub-genus Papilli- fera, noting that it is transitional to Albinaria. Westerlurid in his latest monograph places imitatrix and melitensis in a new section, Imitatrix, of Albinaria. The systematic position of G. imitatrix is therefore somewhat uncertain, and as that species seems the most closely related one to C. emersoniana, I assign the latter to the sub- genus Papillifera with some doubt. However, from the shape and curvature of the clausilium, I do not think it can be an Albinaria. In sculpture and texture, the shells are much like Siciliaria. PARTI LA EMEKSONI n. sp. PI. IV, fig. 11. The shell is rather narrowly, half-covered umbilicate, elongate, rather thin, Isabella color or of a slightly more olive shade, having an extremely faint brown band below the periphery and a distinct but narrow whitish border below the suture. Surface very glossy > earlier whorls distinctly engraved spirally, but on the penultimate whorl only the upper half is so engraved ; last whorl not spirally stri- ate, but distinctly and rather coarsely matteate. Outlines of the spire slightly convex, the summit obtuse. Whorls 5|, moderately convex, the last somewhat flattened above the periphery, very convex beneath. Suture moderately impressed, an inconspicuous cord immediately above and partly covered by it in the intermediate whorls. Aper- ture long ovate; peristome nearly white, well expanded and reflected, slightly thickened within. Length 19.1, diam. 9.2, length of aperture with peristome 9.5 mm. The locality of this species is unfortunately not certain. It was collected on one of the voyages of the " Morning Star," and is labeled " Ponape." ? As it is of Melanesian type, and unlike the known Caroline Island Partulas, this locality seems doubtful. The species clearly belongs to the subgenus Melanesica, but is quite dis- tinct from all known species by the conspicuous malleation and absence of engraved spiral lines on the last whorl. Few other spe- cies are so long and narrow as this. It is named in honor of Mr. J. S. Emerson, of Honolulu. iJabrbiicber d. d. Malak. Ges. VI, p. 120, pi. 3, f. 13. Kobelt, Icono- graphie, n. F. VI, p. 31, no. 1005. 68 THE NAUTILUS. NOTES ON POST-GLACIAL MOLLUSCA, II : WAUKESHA COUNTY, WISCONSIN. BY FRANK C. BAKER. A few years ago Mr. Frank M. Woodruff secured a number of post-glacial mollusks near Waukesha, Wisconsin. This locality is in the northwestern part of the County, and is well within the area of the late Wisconsin ice sheet. The body of water in which the mollusks lived was one of the many small lakes left by the retiring lobes of the Lake Michigan glacier. It has not been possible to correlate this marl deposit with any one glacial stage of Lake Chicago. Mr. Woodruff reports the shells as very abundant. Eight species have been identified, as noted below : Amnicola walkeri Pilsbry. Physa ancillaria warreniana Lea. Physa walkeri Crandall. Several scalariform individuals. Planorbis campanulatus Say. Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Planorbis parvus Say. Planorbis exacuous Say. Galba nashotahensis Baker. A NEW SINISTKAL AMASTRA. BY C. MONTAGUE COOKE, PH.D. AMASTRA PILSBRYI n. sp. Shell imperforate, sinistral, elliptical with conic spire which is somewhat contracted near the summit. One cotype is of an old gold color, streaked with chestnut behind the outer lip, and with the spire brownish ; the other (dead) cotype is wax yellow in front of the aperture, elsewhere with a yellow gleam under a pale tawny cuticle, the last third of the last whorl chestnut. Surface of the last whorl semi-matt, the spire more shining ; smooth to the eye, but under the lens unequal growth-wrinkles are seen. Embryonic 2^ THE NAUTILUS. 69 whorls carinate, the keel visible above the suture ; first half whorl nearly smooth, the next two whorls sculptured with regular, slightly arcuate ribs, at first rather coarse, becoming finer to the end of the embryonic shell, which comprises 2^ whorls. Whorls 5^, convex, the last swollen below the deeply impressed suture, ventricose, tapering below. The aperture is rather long and narrow, slightly oblique, white within. Peristome slightly thickened close to the edge. Columellar lamella of moderate size, thin and spiral, white ; parietal caUus thin. Length 13.1, diam. 7.7, length of aperture 7 mm. Length 13.4, diam. 8.1, length of aperture 7.1 mm. Mt. Helu, West Maui. Cotypes in coll. Bishop Museum and Acad. Nat. Sciences. Also in Mr. Thaanum's collection. While sinistral species are common in Achatinella and Partulina, they are very rare in Amastra. Outside of the section ffeteramastra, only two have been published, Amastra thaanumi Pilsbry and A. montagui Pilsbry, both from Oahu. ON CYPRJEA MILIARIS GMEL., WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW VARIETIES. BY MAXWELL SMITH. C. MILIARIS Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 5420, 1790. Roberts' description in the Manual of Conchology, vol. vii, p. 192, is as follows: " Differs from the preceding (lamarcki) in being nar- rower, the dorsal spots are smaller and never ocellated, and the sides are white." Melvill writes that the spots " are never eyed, or, at all events, extremely rarely." This and all of the varieties are pitted at the sides. Japan, Philippines, N. S. Wales. C. MILIARIS Gmel. var. MAGISTRA Melvill. Proc. Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society for 1888, p. 227. " Characters the same as in the type, but teeth very well developed, and size, long. 2£, lat. l£ inch. . . . It is a handsome shell, and in fine condition it slightly resembles C. guttata on dorsal surface only." Habitat, Japan. 70 THE NAUTILUS. C. MILIARIS Gmel. var. BREVIS var. nov. Shell shorter, covered on the dorsal surface with larger spots, teeth finer, aperture narrower than the type. Long, i^, lat. £ inch. Habitat, Japan. ? Type in the writer's collection. C. MILIARIS Gmel. var. INTERMEDIA var. nov. Aperture like the type, sides correspondingly pitted, dorsal surface suffused with white, yellow ground and spots showing through in the center, similar in shape to C- eburnea. Long. 1|, lat. 1^ inch. Habitat unknown. This form connects eburnea Barnes with miliaris Gmel. Type in the writer's collection. C. MILIARIS Gmel. var. EBURNEA Barnes. C. eburnea Barnes. Ann. Lye. N. H. I., p. 133, 1824. C. lactea Wood, 1838. With the material on hand I believe that I am justified in reduc- ing this well-known Cyprxa to varietal rank. It is surprising that, at this late date, evidence should turn up to prove eburnea to be only a variety of miliaris. The intermediate form, already described, does so conclusively. Both occur in the Philippines. Roberts places eburnea alter miliaris in the Manual, but writes that it " dif- fers from lamarcki Gray in being pure ivory-white." To my mind it only resembles it in the size of the teeth. The aperture of lamarcki is often much narrower below. NOTES. MR. FRANK C. BAKER, Curator of the Chicago Academy of Sci- ences, is spending the month of September in northern Idaho, and expects to visit Oregon, Washington and Vancouver before returning. DR. ARNOLD E. ORTMANN reports success in collecting Unionidse in the North Fork of the Holston, Clinch, Powell and Upper Cumberland rivers. He is now at Knoxville, and writes : l< I have secured a tremendous material of Najades, and shall be able, from the study of the anatomy, to straighten out the systematic position of many species. Lea's work on the Najodes of this region is poor — below criticism. He described individuals, but not species, but, THE NAUTILUS. 71 on the other hand, he mixed up, in several instances, different species, even genern, in one species. The best I did so far was in Clinch River in Claiborne Co., Tenn. 38 species within £ of a mile of the river. But I have several other good localities; and so far only in a region where the rivers are not too large (where I was able to wade clear across)." COLORADO COLLEGE at its last commencement conferred the honorary degree of Sc.D. on Professor Theodore D. A. Cockerell, who holds the Chair of Zoology in the University of Colorado. DR. C. MONTAGUE COOKE has returned from a trip by schooner to Palmyra Island, an islet south of the Hawaiian group, near the Equator. MR. H. N. LOWE, of Long Beach, Cal., reports good success in collecting Helices during a recent trip to Catalina Islands. MR. D. THAANTM in company with Mr. Kuhns, of Honolulu, spent two weeks in July collecting land shells in Maui. "With the exception of one day, all our time was spent in entirely new territory, and the results are highly satisfactory. Our first headquarters was at an altitude of 4000 feet above Ulupalakua on East Maui. From there we worked two remnants of forest, one at Polipoli (Kula),and one on the opposite side of camp, Auwahi. Kula seemed exhausted. Two species of Amastra and five specimens of Laminella picta were all we could gather in, besides ' trash ' of course. Auwahi turned out better. Four species of Amastra and one of Partulina, this latter scarce. From there we jumped to West Maui and spent three days in Oluwalu gulch. 1 have never seen a shell-record from there, nor heard ot anybody ever collecting there. No Partulinas were found, except three fragments (P. perdix and hthnsi); but I know we did not get up high enough. Otherwise the finds were simply amazing ! Six species or varieties of Amastra, four of them apparently new, and several new species of Leptac.hatina, besides ' pin-heads. ' " LAND SHELLS CARRIED BY BIRDS — I am sending in a small 72 THE NAUTILUS. vial two shells which I took alive from among the feathers of freshly- shot Bob-o-links here at San Carlos Estate, Guantanamo, Cuba. I shall be very glad to know what this Bob-o-link shell is. Is it a Cuban shell, or did the birds bring this shell from some more south- ern country, and if so, from what country? [The shells are Suc- cinea riisei, a species known from St. Croix and Porto Rico.] This will throw some light on where the birds spent the last few days before starting for Cuba, as the shells were alive and the birds were shot on the second day of their arrival. This is doubly interesting to me, as I am interested in both conchology and ornithology. This may also prove how certain shells are distributed. Did you ever know of shells being found alive on birds? Not in them but on them. If not, it seems to me that a note for the NAUTILUS is in order. — CHAS. T. RAMSDEN. FERGUSONI. — A regrettable omission occurs in my dis- cussion of a Long Island Acmsea (A.fergusoni Wheat) in Science Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 17-20, published July 16, 1913, by the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. I have just discovered in " The Molluscan Fauna of New Haven," by George H. Perkins, Proc. Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xiii, pp. 109—163, on p. 127, the description of a single specimen of Tectura testudinalis from the vicinity of New Haven, "the only specimen that I have seen from here." Mr. Perkins' description is excellent, and proves the identity of his specimen with A. fergusoni from Hempstead Bay and "Wading River, L. I — SILAS C. WHEAT. CHOANOPOMA (RAMSDENIA) MIKIFICA Preston, Proc. Malac. Soc., London, x, p. 323, June, 1913, was sent me by Mr. Chas. T. Ramsden with the request to compare it with Ctenopoma nobilitoium Gundl. I find that it agrees perfectly with Gundlach's species, of which part of the original lot is before me. — H. A. PILSBRY. MR. J. H. FERRISS is on his way, by team, to the White Moun- tains of Arizona, which have never been explored by a conchologist. It is rumored that the Sonorellas are in a panic. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXVII. NOVEMBER, 1913. No. 7 NOTES ON THKACIA CONRADI. BY EDWARD S. MORSE. For years I have hunted m vain for a living specimen of Thracia conradi. This year my friend John M. Gould has collected speci- mens alive in Portland associated with Solenomya borealis, and the expanded animal is so interesting that I am induced to publish these observations ahead of my other work on the subject. After storms I have repeatedly found the broken shells, often with the adductor muscles still adhering, but never a perfect specimen. The gulls immediately recognize the conspicuous white object on the beach and break the thin and fragile shell, devouring the fat morsel within. The gulls alone are not entirely responsible for the fractured shells. A live specimen was sent to me from Portland carefully packed in seaweed. It arrived with the umbonal region of one valve broken and the fractured portion standing at right angles to the vertical axis. Jeffreys reports the same feature in the British species of Thracia. He says : " The power of tension continually exercised by the strong and elastic cartilage exceeds that of the shell, and the latter being the weaker body gives away and is split in the conflict. Only one species ( T. distorta), which is comparatively more solid than the others, resists the strain and remains uninjured." For many years I have collected living specimens of New England mollusca for the purpose of drawing the expanded parts of the animal, and nearly all the larger, and many of the smaller species, have been drawn. I have been led to do this in the belief that the 74 THE NAUTILUS. soft parts are of more importance than the hard parts of a mollusk in any discussion of generic or other taxonomic considerations. The low features of the protobranchia would never have been suspected from the shell alone. The drawings of the soft parts of the laoielli- branchs, thus far published, are in most instances valueless and mis- leading. An important exception to this statement is the work of Meyer and Mobius.1 The beautiful drawings of the expanded animals have never been surpassed. The drawings of the soft parts of lamellibranchs in Forbes and Hanley's British Mollueca1 are, with few exceptions, poor and misleading. In one case, indeed, the siphonal tubes are sticking out of the wrong end of the shell ! As an illustration of the inaccuracy of most of the efforts of drawing the live creature, reference may be made to a drawing of Lsevicardium mortoni, which appeared in Gould and Binney.3 Where the draw- ing came from I do not know. In no way does it accord with the description of the animal credited to S. Smith, nor does it bear the faintest resemblance to the creature. This cut was reproduced in one of the U. S. Fish Commissioners reports4 with no comment on its inaccuracy. A study of the soft parts of Verrill's genus Gostranella, in a living state, revealed the fact that it was simply an early stage of Petricola pholadiformis, and with this hint I made a complete series of the shell from the extreme young to the adult. Dr. Dall had, however, come independently to the same conclusion regarding the identity of the two forms. With the exception of the classical work of William Clark on the British Marine Testaceous Mollusca the descriptions of the soft parts of mollusca, though rarely given, are usually inade- quate and often incorrect. As an illustration of the character of some of this work, could anything be more absurd than the descrip- tion of the animal of the genus Thracia, which may be found in a standard work on British Mollusca.8 It embraces a line of four words and is given as a generic distinction, " Body oval, tubes separate." In most of the earlier descriptions the siphonal openings of Thracia are described as fringed, and the figures of Thracia phaseolina and distorta in Forbes and Hanley show densely fringed openings. The figures, of course, are entirely wrong, as the descriptions quoted from Clark indicate. The description in Jeffreys of the animal of T, papyracea is the nearest correct of all I have yet encountered : THE NAUTILUS. 75 " Upper tube marked with 8 and the lower with 4 faint longi- tudinal lines or streaks, which terminate at the orifices in the same relative number of short, thick and blunt cirri." Allusions are made to the anatomy of the animal of Thracia conradi in comparing it with European species, but no figure of the expanded creature has ever been published. The nearest approach to a description of its habits is found in a monograph on the family Osteodesmacea, by Joseph P. Couthony,8 published seventy-five years ago. In this monograph is first defined T. conradi as a distinct spe- cies. He says : " The specimen of Thracia serving for the preceding description was obtained in the early part of March last with the living animal. It was buried about six inches below the surface at low-water mark. An accident deprived me of an opportunity to examine the animal, and repeated visits in search of another have been wholly unsuccessful." Professor Verrill says : " The species burrows so deep in the mud or sand that it is seldom taken alive with the dredge." The specimen of Thracia conradi which I examined remained in a vessel of fresh sea water for three days without a sign of life. At one time the occupants of the house were away and there was no vibration caused by their moving about, and then for the first time the creature timidly thrust out its tubes. It was extremely sensitive to any jar, and placing the pencil ever so carefully on the table caused it to immediately retract. The tubes were entirely separate and nearly as long as the shell. The excurrent tube was bent in a sharp curve dorsally and the incurrent tube in a similar manner ventrally. This attitude never varied, and it occurred to me that buried in the sand it might rest its tubes on the surface as figured by Meyer and Mb'bius of Scrobicularia piperata. Clark in the above- mentioned work describes a similar attitude of the tubes in Thracia phaseolina as follows: * * * " and posteriorly, for the issue of two moderately long siphons, which are separate nearly their length, but the animal always carries them in a divergent posture at the ex- tremities * * * the tubes are capable of great inflation." The tubes when fully expanded are white and translucent, the upper tube having its orifice surrounded by six short blunt tubercles, while the lower tube has its orifice surrounded by four similar tubercles. These terminate in faint longitudinal lines, marking the siphonal tubes precisely as described in the English species. At intervals the 76 THE NAUTILUS. tubes enlarge as if about to burst, becoming semi-globular at the ends ; then suddenly collapsing the tubes become narrow and opaque- white in color. The tubes may perform this action independently. In the description of the tubes of Thracia distorta a behavior is indicated precisely as seen in T. conradi. " Tubes globularly in- flated at extremity, which increases whole length and then suddenly collapses." The most marked peculiarity of T. conradi is the sharply defined collar which surrounds the base of the siphonal tubes. This collar is a prolongation of the mantle, with an extension of the periostracum, as seen in many other lamellibranchs, but in no instance have I met with a description of any structure approaching the collar of T. conradi. It flares like the c6rolla of a flower, and its edges are reflected as shown in the figure here given. This prolongation of the posterior border of the mantle is seen in other forms, but in no case with the definition or freedom from the base of the siphonal tubes as seen in this species. In Saxicava and Mya the prolongation of the mantle is closely adherent to the tubes. My own observations show that in Anatina THE NAUTILUS. 77 papyracea the mantle is prolonged at the siphonal end but does not surround the tubes like a collar, nor are its edges reflected. Pan- dora trilineata has a translucent envelope surrounding the base of the siphons and closely adherent. In Yoldia limatula and T. sapotilla there are distinct lobes of the mantle flanking the sides of the tubes. In Tagelus gibbus there are two projecting and rounded lappets corresponding to the siphons. The siphonal collar of T. conradi, its separateness from the tubes and widely reflected edge is, so far as I know, unique among the lamellibranchs. Whether this feature should constitute a generic character I am not prepared to say. Dr. William StimpsonMn mentioning T. conradi says: "The absence of an ossiculum in the species would seem sufficient to separate it generically from other Thracise. But the animal resembles so closely that of the large English species which possess the ossiculum, that I have thought it best to consider the appendage unimportant." BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1. Meyer and Mobius. Fauna der Kieler Bucht. 2. Forbes and Hanley. A History of British Mollusca and their Shells. 3. Gould and Binney. Invertebrata of Massachusetts. 4. Report of Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1871-72, Plate XXIV. 5. Jeffreys. British Conchology. 6. Couthouy. Monograph on the Family Osteodesmacea. Boston Journal Natural History. Vol. II, No. 2. 7. Stimpson. A Revision of the Synonomy of the Testaceous Mol- lusks of New England. GUNDLACHIA HJALMARSONI PER. IN THE RIO GRANDE, TEXAS. BY GEO. H. CLAPP. The above-mentioned Gundlachia was picked out of drift debris collected on the Texas side of the Rio Grande by Mr. R. D. Camp of Brownsville, Texas. It is associated in the trash with thousands of Bifidaria, Thysanophora, etcetera, over twenty-five species in all. 78 THE NAUTILUS. Gundlachia hjalmarsoni, which Dr. Pilsbry kindly identified for me by comparison with some of the lot collected by Hjalmarson, was first described in 1858 by Dr. Louis Pfeiffer, whose specimens came from Honduras. No figure has ever been published, and the species was evidently known to Crosse and Fischer and E. von Martens only by the original account. One of my specimens is figured on plate IV, figs. 6, 7, 8. All of the specimens found in three quarts of the " drift " are of the septate form shown in the figure. I have examined the material very carefully with a reading glass, and no Ancylus was found. The figured specimen measures 4.1 mm. long, 1.8 wide, 1.2 high. In some Rio Grande drift from Presidio, Texas, sent to me by Bryant Walker, I found a single Gundlachia, which is indistinguish- able from G. hjalmarsoni, except that it is only 1^ x § mm. It is so small that I am sure I would not have noticed it if I had not been looking for Gundlachia. It is the Brownsville shell in miniature. The large size, peculiar shape and strong sculpture of G. hjalmar- soni distinguish it from all other species of the United States. As the species is new to the United States fauna, it has been thought desirable by the Editors of the NAUTILUS to append a translation of the original description. " Shell ancyliform, oval-oblong in outline, thin, radially striatu- late, pale corneous; vertex rounded, posterior; basal partition occu- pying one-third the length, arcuately cut out; aperture dilated in front ; basal margin not incumbent in front and behind. Length 4, diam. in the middle scarcely 2, alt. 1^ mm. " Hab. : Santa Roza, Honduras (Hjalmarson). '* Just as Gundlachia ancyliformis in Cuba lives in company with Ancylus, and in the same manner, so also Mr. Hjalmarson found this new species in company with a weakly convex, very pale horn-colored species of Ancylus, which I do not venture to name, as I have no exact knowledge of the genus." (Pfeiffer, Malakozoologische Blatter, v, December, 1858, p. 197.) The above description was made from a single example, in which the septum was incomplete. Hjalmarson subsequently obtained the complete septate form in the same locality. The form with a larger shell added to the septate stage was not found. THE NAUTILUS. 79 ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF DRUPA. BY CHARLES HEDLEY. A necessary but mournful process in scientific advancement is the elimination of familiar names. It has been shown by Dr. Dall (Journ. of Conch., XI, 1906, p. 294) that Ricinula of Lamarck, 1812, and Ricinella of Schumacher, 1817, must yield to Drupa Bolten, 1798, of which the type is D. morum Bolten. Continuing the process of revision from genus to species, similar changes occur, for with the fall of Ricinula go the Lamarckian specific names associated with it. The presentation of the genus most ac- cessible to students is that of Tryon's Manual of Conchology, II, 1880, pp. 182-185. In the genus as there framed the specific names require amendment. Meeting at the first step Ricinula hystrix Linn., it is to be remarked that Hanley (Ips. Linn. Conch., 1855, p. 294) has shown that Murex hystrix Linn., is an immature M. ricinus L., to the synonymy of which it must be accordingly trans- ferred. Other synonyms of M. ricinus are D. tribulus Bolten, recog- nized by von Martens (Rumphius, Gedenboek, 1902, p. 116) and R. arachnoides Lamk., noted by Tryon. The place which Tryon gave to R. hystrix should apparently be taken by Drupa rubuscaesius Bolten, of which clathrata Lamarck, 1822, and speciosa Dunker, 1867, seem to be synonyms. But R. reeveana Crosse, should be parted from its heading and subordinated as an absolute synonym to D. rubusidaeus Bolten, an independent species. Again, R. laurentiana Petit should be cut away from the species to which Tryon binds it and associated with R. digitata. R. horrida Lamarck, was preceded both by R. violacea Schu- macher, 1817, and D. morum Bolten, 1798. As the same figure in the Conchylien Cabinet was cited by all three authors, the coinci- dence of names is exact. Similarly another of Martini's figures (979) is given as foundation by Bolten in 1798 for his D. grossidaria, by Schumacher in 1817 for his R. dactyloides, and by Lamarck in 1822 for his .ff. digitata. So that the claim for Bolten's name is here also clear. Deshayes has pointed out (An. s. vert., X, p. 50, footnote) that Blainville unfortunately redescribed the yellow form of this species as '' lobata," while to the nameless brown form he gave the preoccupied name of " digitata." On the ground of ex- pediency, Deshayes thereupon reversed Blainville's names. Though 80 THE NAUTILUS. his example has been followed, this action is quite illegitimate. For the brown form is available the name of "fusca," apparently intro- duced by Deshayes (op. cit., p. 53) for f. 4, pi. 235, of Sowerby's Genera of Shells. R. biconica of the Manual represents a group rather than a species, in which we may distinguish D. spinosum H. & A. Adams, Genera I, 1851, p. 130, for Reeve's Ricinula, f. 12b ; D. iostomus A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 267, and Gardiner, Fauna Laccadive, PI. XXXV, f. 14; and R. andreivsi, Smith, P. Mai. Soc., VIII, 1909, p. 369, fig. So the species grouped by Tryon under Ricinula, sensu stricto, may thus be tabulated in revised nomenclature; synonyms in italics. 1. DRUPA MORUM Bolten, 1798. R. violacea Schumacher, 1817. R. horrida Lamarck, 1822. 2. DRUPA IODOSTOMA Lesson, 1842. 3. DRUPA GROSSULARIA Bolten, 1798. R. dactyloides Schumacher, 1817. R. digitata Lamarck, 1822. R. lobata Blainville, 1832. var. fusca Deshayes, 1844. R. digitata Blainville, 1832. var. laurentiana Petit, 1850. 4. DRUPA RICINUS Linne, 1758. D. tribulus Bolten, 1798. M. hystrix Linne, 1758. R. arachnoides Lamarck, 1822. var. elegans Brod. & Sowerby, 1828. var. albolabris Blainville, 1832. 5. DRUPA RUBUSCAESIA Bolten, 1798. R. clathrata Lamarck, 1822. R. speciosa Dunker, 1867. R. spathulifera Blainville, 1832. var. miticula Lamarck, 1822. 6. DRUPA RUBUSIDAEUS Bolten, 1798. R. reeveana Crosse, 1862. 7. DRUPA BICONICA Blainville, 1832. 8. DRUPA SPINOSA H. & A. Adams, 1853. 9. DRUPA IOSTOMUS A. Adams, 1853. 10. DRUPA ANDREWSI Smith, 1909. THE NAUTILUS. 81 SPBING COLLECTING IN SOUTHWEST VIEGINIA. BY CALVIN GOODRICH. Early in May last I joined Dr. Ortmann at Charleston, W. Va., for two weeks among the richly-stored sources of the Tennessee. The road took us along the Kanawha for an hour or two, and then making a sudden turn swung into the mountains, every slope and valley of which was a lure to the winter-wearied collector. At Princeton we transferred to automobile and, packed amid the hand baggage like shells in a box, were driven into Bluefield, just over the line from the older Virginia. The first collecting was in the Clinch at Cedar Bluff, Tnzewell Co., Va., where there is a long shoal upon a wide and picturesque bend. The river ran swiftly, but not more swiftly than word to the local chief of police. Through him and a zealous deputy we learned two interesting facts, that the Puritan Sunday is not passed com- pletely into history, and that the idea of assessing fines without the formality of trial or pronouncement from the bench is in as good standing in the Appalachians as among the police in the bigger cen- ters of population. However, the village powers did not agree with the chief's conviction as to our condition of hopeless sinfulness, and with a friendliness which paid for the adventure they bade us return to the river. Pleurocera unciale Hald. and Anculosa subglobosa Say, with Goni- obasis simplex Say, in smaller numbers, were on every stone. Jo here was all of the smooth form described by Anthony under the name of inermis. This locality is some miles above the uppermost locality for Jo recorded by Adams. Working among the rocks and in the swifter water of the right bank, Dr. Ortmann collected Fits- conaia bursa-pastoris (Wright), Truncilla capsaeformis (Lea), Pty- chobranchus subtentus (Say), Euryriia perpurpurea (Lea) and Eurynia nebulosa (Conrad), while in the sandy ground along the left bank the predominating species were Quadrula cylindrica strigillata (Wright), Medionidus conr adieus (Lea), Strophitus edentulus (Say) and Lamp- silts multiradiata (Lea). Symphynota costata (Raf.) was everywhere, and because of its manner ot hiding all except the edges of the valves it became a source of irritation. The shells had to be dug out, if only to learn that they were not of some other and desired 82 THE NAUTILUS. species. The catch of Unios at Cedar Bluff was eighteen species, among them some riddles in Pleurobema, which at last account were still making trouble for the Doctor. Out of the drift at the head of the rapids we picked Spluzria, which Dr. Sterki has kindly identified as Spheerium fabale Pme., S. solidulurn Pme., Pisidium virginicum Gmel., P. compression Pme., and three individuals "apparently near P. noveboracense Pine." The next morning I climbed the bluff and found Polyyyra albolabris major, rugeli, thyroides, zaleta and steno- trema ; Gastrodonta acerra and gularis ; Omphalina fuliginosa, Zoni- toides arborea and the umbilicated form of Vitrea indent ata. The weather had been dry for weeks, and the land mollusca had to be dug for. I uncovered Lymneta obrussa and Succinea avara glued to leaves in a dried-up brook. Our next jump was to St. Paul, Wise Co., Va., still on the Clinch. Decided differences were to be remarked in the fauna. In the rapids opposite Fink station, Russell Co., a mile or so above St. Paul, were Fusconaia edgariana (Lea), Crenodonta undulata (Barnes), Ptycho- branchus phaseohis (Hild.), and Nephronaias perdix (Lea), none of which had appeared at Cedar Bluff. The Jo at this station was be- ginning to assume nodules. One specimen equals lo lurida of Reeve. Anculosa subglobosa Say, which at Cedar Bluff was wholly without bands, so far as we noted, was almost universally banded in the rapids at Fink. To me they seemed also to run larger. In the material brought away from this place appeared Pleurocera tene- brocinctum Anth. and P. opaca Anth. The following morning Dr. Ortmann went to Cleveland, Russell Co., up the river, whence he returned aglow with enthusiasm over the discovery of twenty-five species of Naiades, while I had a try for land shells among the Russell county hills. The most interesting observations were that the Polygyra appressa, rugeli and thyroides of the region seemed to prefer the stray logs of the high pastures to the woods, that the ratio of banded Polygyra profunda to unbanded was 1 to 10, and that there thrived here a Succinea ovalis Say, of quite surprising size, one specimen reaching 25 mm., the extreme recorded by Binney. Though the dead of this species was plentiful, only one living individual was found. In brooks fed by hillside springs, I came upon a few specimens of Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis Lea, Paludestrina nicMiniana Lea, and Lymnsea obrussa Say. (To be concluded ). THE NAUTILUS. 83 NOTES. HELIX HORTENSIS: A CORRECTION IN DISTRIBUTION. — When the first survey of Casco Bay was made the authorities should not have allowed the inhabitants there to keep three Rams, two Brown Cows and three Mark Islands. If not a hindrance to navigation, these certainly add confusion to the records bearing on geographical distribution. The "Brown Cow Island," referred to by myself and others, should be Western Brown Cow Island. This island is divided into an eastern and a western portion, the latter being the larger and the one that has been referred to in former papers as Brown Cow Island. Although Helix hortensis is also found in the eastern portion, it is less abundant there. Eastern Brown Cow is an entirely separate island about ten miles east of Western Brown Cow. On this island Dr. J. A. Cushman also found a few H. hortensis, all belonging to the variety subglobosa. The "Swan Island" mentioned on page 63 of THE NAUTILUS for October, should have been Seal Island. It is situated on the eastern side of Cape Smallpoirit. This should not be confused with the Seal Island, or Seal Rock of the Matinicus group, where H. hortensis is also found. C. W. JOHNSON. LTMN^EA (RADIX) AURICLLARIA IN CHARLES RIVER, BOSTON, MASS Since Mr. W. F. Clapp recorded the occurrence of this species in the Charles river (NAUTILUS, Vol. XXVI, p. 116), it seems to have greatly increased. My young friend, P. S. Reming- ton, has found it in numbers on the Boston (Allston) side near the Speedway. C. W. J. MR. T. H. ALDRICH has given his collection of shells, by estimate not far from 20,000 named species, to the Museum of the Alabama Geological Survey. The collection was begun as far back as 1859 in a New York village where Mr. Aldrich passed his boyhood. It includes not only his own gatherings and exchanges from all parts of the world, but many large purchases, notably the Mauritius shells collected by Col. Nicholas Pike, a very large and fine set ; the Ber- muda and Nova Scotia collections of J. M. Jones ; the Parker cabi- net of about 5,500 listed species; all the conchological collections 84 THE NAUTILUS. made by the late Wm. Doherty in the Malay Islands, Burmah and Indo-China, and a very full set of Garrett's Polynesian species. The Unionidae were sold lo Mr. Frierson ; with that exception the collection is intact. It contains a good many types of species de- scribed by Mr. Aldrich and others. The series of operculate land shells is especially rich. All the known terrestrial species of Ala- bama are represented. The Museum, an outcome of the Geological Survey, is by law an integral part of the University of Alabama, near Tuscaloosa. Prac- tically it is the State Museum of Natural History, with a general scope, but giving special attention to the geology, fauna and flora of the State. Its set of Alabama fresh-water and land shells, including the Showalter collection, was already extensive and growing rap- idly. Mr. Aldrich has been a generous friend of the institution ; three years ago he gave to it all his duplicate shells, and the very rich collections of tertiary invertebrate fossils are largely due to him. MR. HERBERT H. SMITH, Curator of the Museum of the Alabama Geological Survey, has recently brought back from the Coosa River the largest and finest collection of fresh-water shells ever made by him. There are about 25,000 selected specimens, including a very large number of species, some of them new to science. The princi- pal locality worked was Weduska Shoals, between Shelby and Coosa Counties, believed to be the richest place on this very productive river. The Shoals will soon be covered with 20 feet of water by the great dam of the Alabama Power Company, now nearly completed. Mr. Smith's expedition was planned in order to obtain large series of the shells while they are still accessible. In all probability some of the Weduska species will not be found elsewhere ; many Coosa mollusca are extremely local, even restricted to a small part of one shoal. These Weduska species, if not collected now, would have been forever lost to science ; in fact, they are likely to become ex- tinct under the changed conditions. Special efforts were made to secure a full set of the animals of Pleuroceratidce for anatomical pur- poses, and about 5,000 of these were preserved. MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON, who spent the summer abroad, visited the conchological museums of New York, Philadelphia and Washington on her way to the west coast. THE NAUTILUS, XXVII. PLATE V PARREYSIA NYANGENSIS FRIERSON. PARREYSIA LOBOENSIS FRIERSON. THE NAUTILUS. Vol.. XXVII. DECEMBER, 1913. No. 8 TWO NEW SPECIES OF PARREYSIA FROM KAMERTTN, AFRICA. BY L. S. FRIERSON. PARREYSIA LOBENSIS n. sp. Plate V, lower figures. Sliell small, ovate. Epidermis dark brownish green, or olive, shining on the disc, but dull on the post slope. Surface of the shell densely covered with concentric, irregularly ziz-zag, sulcations, re- sembling the beak sculpturing of such shells as Unio simonis Tris- tram, giving a somewhat " dried-paint" aspect to the outer surface. By transmitted light, dark blotches may be noted under the epider- mis ; beaks badly eroded in the specimens seen, but probably high and incurved. Nacre soft, orange, or pale yellowish pink. Muscle scars of medium depth, nearly or quite confluent, lateral teeth single in the right, double in the left valve. Cardinals are much split up in both valves. Beak cavities deep, but not com- pressed. Length 35, height 25, diameter 18 mm. Dimensions of a cotype, length 32, height 25, diameter lo mm. The shell's chief character is the sulcated aspect of its exterior, resembling in this re- gard the Spatha kamerunensis of Walker, which accompanied this shell. It shows a, distant kinship to P. hatittecceuri Bourg, but too remote to be confounded with that species. It more nearly re- sembles P. nyanyensis nobfs. It was collected in the Lobo River, Kamerun, Africa, by Mr. George Schwab, Jan. 28, 1913, for the Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. Type No. 201 G 4. A cotype is in my own cabinet. 86 THE NAUTILUS. PARREYSIA NYANGENSIS n. sp. Plate V, upper figures. Shell small, elliptical or oval. Epidermis brown, slightly green- ish, shell rather thin, covered with coarse, irregular concentric sul- cations, or corrugations. Post ridge, though very faint, is inclined to be double. Nacre soft, whitish, inclined to pinkish purple in the beak cavities. Muscle scars confluent, not strong. One lateral in the right, two in the left valve. Two cardinals in the right valve, the inner one much the larger. Two cardinals in the left valve, both sulcated. Length 42, height 32, diameter 22 mm. This species was collected by Mr. George Schwab, in the Nyang River, March 13, 1913 (Kamerun, Africa). Type deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, No. 21160. The present species is most nearly allied to the preceding species, Parreysia lobensis nobis. It differs in being more lenticular and higher behind the beaks, and the anterior portion pro- trudes forward more. The exterior is much more coarsely corru- gated, the corrugations being at least three times as large. Its teeth are less split up. A NEW GENUS OF TSOCHID^. BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. While working on the Mollusca of the Lightning and Porcupine expeditions in 1883, J. Gwyn Jeffreys described in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society a shell which he called Trochus cancellatus. This was not the Trochus cancellatus of Miinster, and therefore the name must be changed. Moreover no attempt to include this species in a known genus has been satisfactory, and, having found another species in some dredgings from the Galapagos Islands, I propose to name it. VETULONIA n. g. Shell turbiniform, small, thin, with radiating ribs crossing spiral threads ; umbilicated ; the peristome interrupted by the body whorl ; the outer lip in the completely adult reflected and somewhat thick- ened, the aperture unarmed. THE NAUTILUS. 87 Type F. gulapagana Dall, from deep water near the Galapagos Islands. VETUI.ONIA JEFFIIEYSI Dall. Trochus cancellatus Jeffreys, Proc. Zoological Soc. London, 1883, p. 96, pi. XX, f. 4 ; not of Minister, in Goldfuss, Petr. Germ. Ill, pp. 58, pi. 181, f. 5, 1842. Machseroplax caitce/latus Jeffreys, 1883. Margarita cancellata, Kobelt, 1888. Solariella cancellata Locard, Rep. Moll. Travailleur et Talisman, II, p. 32, 1898. Distribution : Off the coast of Portugal, in N. Lat. 39° 55' at a depth of 994 fathoms, bottom temperature 40.3° F. Also Josephine Bank in 340 to 430 fathoms ; Jeffreys. Off the coast of Morocco, in 1900 meters, and south of Cape Mondego in 1818 meters; Locard. Yucatan Channel in 400 fathoms ; U. S. Fish Commission. VETULONIA GALAPAGANA n. sp. Shell small, white, of four moderately convex whorls (the nucleus defective) the suture distinct ; spiral sculpture between the sutures of seven or eight close-set flatfish threads, crossed by (on the last whorl) seventeen narrow, slightly elevated, laminate ribs which be- come obsolete toward the umbilicus on the base ; the last rib form- ing the outer lip is markedly larger and thicker than its predeces- sors; the umbilicus is funicular, shallow and with no marginating rib, it does not penetrate the axis ; aperture rounded, interrupted by the body whorl, the outer lip reflected, thickened, but with a sharp edge. Operculum unknown. Height 2.2 ; max. diameter 3.4 mm. Distribution : Near the Galapagos Islands in 634 fathoms, sand, bottom temperature 39.9° F.} one specimen. U. S. N. Mus., 207607. This species is larger than V. jeffreysi, has coarser spiral sculp- ture and a smaller umbilicus. I have chosen it for the type, as the Atlantic species is represented in our collection by two specimens which have not formed the thickened lip, and, from the description, the specimens from the Atlantic dredged by the European expedi- tions were also not quite mature. The type is opaque yellowish white, but when fresh was probably translucent white like the At- lantic species. The whole surface is uniformly spirally threaded ex- cept the radiating lamellae. 88 THE NAUTILUS. STUDIES IN NAJADES. BY DR. A. E. OUTMANN. The following studies intend to continue my " Notes upon the families and genera of the Najades," published in the Annals of the Carnegie Museum, vol. 8, 1912, pp. 222-365. They contain addi- tional observations on the anatomy and systematic position of forms which have come to hand since that paper was published. MARGAKITANA SINUATA (Lamarck). (See Ortmann, 1. c. p. 232). I have received from W. Israel the soft parts of two specimens from the eastern Pyrenees, near Perpignan, France. The gill-structure of this species is entirely like that of M. marga- ritifera, that is to say, the interlaminar connections are irregularly scattered and do not form septa and water tubes, and near the base of the gills there is a slight tendency to stand in oblique rows. The jnner edge of the anal opening is almost smooth, with very slight and indistinct crenulations, and does not differ from that of M. margariti- fera. The connection of the posterior margins of the palpi extends, in the two specimens before me, for a little less than one-half of the margins, while in M. margaritifera they are connected for from one- half to two-thirds, but this clearly depends upon the state of the con- traction. MARGARITANA MARGARITIFERA (Linnaeus). (See : Ortmann, 1. c. p. 220.) W. Israel sent me 10 gravid females of this species, collected August G, 1912, in the Goernitzbach, Oelsnitz, Saxony. These specimens show that there is no difference whatever in the shell of the two sexes, and chief of all, that the so-called " arcuate " shape of the shell is not connected with sex. The structure of the gills, chiefly the arrangement of the interlam- inar connections, is somewhat \ariable: the tendency of these con- nections to form oblique rows is variously developed, and, as far as I can see from the present material, is most strongly pronounced in the female. However, I could not venture to warrant that it is pos- sible to distinguish the sexes by this feature. In the gravid females, all four gills are charged : sometimes prac~ tically the whole of the gills is filled with embryos ; in other cases a THE NAUTILUS. 89 larger or smaller part at the anterior end of the gills is not charged, but this may be due to the fact that the contents have been partly discharged. The charged gills are very little swollen, and the em- bryos fill the interstices between the interlaminar connections with- out forming placentas ; yet a slight mutual cohesion of the embryo is present. The glochidia are very small. Length, 0.06 mm. ; height, 0.07 mm. Their shape is subovato-circular, slightly higher than long. The lower margin is more narrowly rounded, so that a blunt and in- distinct point is indicated. Of the published figures, that of Harms (Zool. Anzeig. 31, 1907, p. 817, fig. 5) comes nearest to the actual shape, but is too regularly round. The other figures of Harms (ibid., fig. 4, and Zool. Jahrb. Anat, 28, 1909, pi. 13, figs. 1 and 2) are poor, since they represented oblique views of the glochidium. The figure of Schierholz (Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien. 55, 1889, pi. 4, fig. 65) does not at all represent this species. Harms gives 0.0475 mm. as the size, which, according to my measurements, is too small. He also describes and figures small teeth or spines in the middle of the lower margin ; I cannot see these. In their place there is a narrow flange, which projects to- ward the inside of the shell, and in a lateral (edgewise) view, this appears sometimes as a short spine. MARGARITANA MARGARITIFERA FALCATA (Gould). (According to Simpson, Pr. U. S. Mus., 22, 1900, p. 677, synonym to M, mar- garitifera) . Two specimens from Chehalis River, Porter, Chehalis Co., Wash- ington, collected by H. Hannibal, July, 1912. This western form of M. margaritifera, whether we regard it as distinct or not, has exactly the structure of the soft parts of the nor- mal form. In one of the two specimens before me, the arrangement of the interlaminar connections in oblique rows is much more distinct than in the other; the former might possibly be a female. FUSCONAJA SUBROTUNDA LEUCOGONA nOV. var. This form is the representative of F. subrotunda (Lea) in Elk River in West Virginia (Kanawha drainage). I collected it on May 25, 1911, at Sutton, Braxton Co.; on July 8, 1911, at Gassaway, Braxton Co., and July 10, 1911, at Shelton, Clay Co. I also saw 90 THE NAUTILUS. dead shells on July 9 at Clay, Clay Co. The type-set is from Gas- saway, Cam. Mus., no. 615399. This form may be described as a rather small and somewhat flat- tened subrotunda. It corresponds to a degree to the var. Mrtlandi- ana (Lea) of the upper Tuscaravvas, Beaver and French Creek drainages in Ohio and Pennsylvania, but it is not quite so flat as the latter, is smaller, and has not the subulate shape of the upper poste- rior part. In fact, in shape it does not differ much from typical sub- rotunda, and moreover, the degree of compression is quite variable. The soft parts, however, show some very marked peculiarities in their color. While typical subrotunda has either orange or whitish soft parts, with the placentas and eggs (and of course the gills of the gravid female) always of a red color, in the Elk River form the soft parts are of the white type, and placentae and eggs are white. This, at least, is the rule. But there are rare exceptions : at Gassaway I found a single male, which had orange soft parts, and at Shelton I found a few males and females with orange soft parts, and a few females had cream-colored, pink or red placenta? ; in one case only orange soft parts and red placenta? were associated. This shows clearly that the Elk River shell is to be regarded only as a local race of subrotunda, probably passing into the normal form in the lower part of Elk River (Shelton, where the greatest number of specimens with red or orange was found, is the lowermost point where I col- lected. The anatomy of this form is absolutely identical with that of sub- rotunda. On all three dates I found gravid females, but on May 25 they all had only eggs ; on the other days glochidia were present. One specimen collected July 8 had the ovisacs only partly charged, and in a number of them the basal part was empty, while the distal part contained yet parts of the placenta?. This shows that the pla- centa? are sometimes discharged in sections. Glochidia identical in shape and size with those of subrotunda and kirtlandiana (Ortmann, Mem. Cam. Mus., 4, 1911, pi. 89, fig. 1). Length, 0.13; height, 0.15 mm. FUSCONAJA BURSA-PASTORIS (B. H. Wright). (See Quadrula b.-p. Simpson, 1900, p. 791). I collected a number in Clinch River, at Richland and Raven Tazewell Co., Va., on Sept. 20 and 21, 1912. THE NAUTILUS. 91 Structure identical with that of F. subrotunda. Anal opening sep- arated from the supra-anal by a very short mantle connection, with fine but distinct crenulations. Branchial with papillae. Posterior margins of palpi connected for about one-third to one-half of their length. Gills short and wide, the inner wider. Inner lamina of inner gill free from abdominal sac, except at its anterior end. In the female, all four gills have marsupial structure. None of the females was gravid. Color of soft parts generally of the orange type, with foot, ad- ductors and mantle margin often deep orange, rarely paler. In a few specimens the soft warts were pale brown to whitish. Gonads in most females intensely red (crimson) ; also in the males more or less red or pink, but in the latter they were in some cases brownish- gray- (To be continued.} SPRING COLLECTING IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA. BY CALVIN GOODRICH. [Concluded from page 82.~\ Some additions were made the next morning to Dr. Ortmann's Naiad list of the Clinch a mile and a half below St. Paul : Micromya cselata (Conrad), Eurynia recta (Lam.), and Nephronaias ligamentina gibba (Simpson), closely allied to N. perdix (Lea), lo at this point was seemingly all provided with tubercules. The shells were to be found on the larger stones on the up-stream side, or under an up-stream shelf, in the swifter water. An occasional one ap- peared in relatively quiet water. The white disintegrating shells of Campeloma decisum (Say), were common on the flood plain here. Our next collecting spot was in the South Fork of the Powell river at Big Stone Gap, Wise Co., Va. The Doctor tackled the stream at once, while I climbed the big ridge, which hangs over it, in search of land material. The ridge proved to be entirely of sand- stone and was as barren of molluscan life as the ordinary town lot> no bones at all being seen and only two living individuals, juvenile Polygyrae. Joining Dr. Ortmann after a couple of hours, I found 92 THE NAUTILUS. him happy over the plentifulness of the Naiades ; they made up in this and in new interest what they lacked in variety. The most striking fact was that while Eurynia vanuxemensis (Lea), was un- known to the Clinch, it was one of the most common species of the Powell, at least at this station. Jo was not seen. Two specimens only of Anculosa subglobosa were collected. Pleurocera unciale, of a heavier aspect than the species in the Clinch, and Goniobasis simplex were common. In flood pools, I was lucky enough to make several interesting finds : Physa crandalli Baker, Planorbis bicari- natus Say, Lymncea obrussa Say, and, best of all, Ancylus obscurus Hald., which Mr. Walker tells me has been one of the long-lost species. The weather turning stormy, we regretfully gave up plans for further collecting in the Powell river and in shoals of the Clinch which could be conveniently reached from Big Stone Gap. So in hopes of getting out of what might happen to be a localized storm area, we went on to Gate City, Scott Co., which brought us into the Holston drainage. Though assured thai no shells had ever been seen in the Little Moccasin, which runs as a sort of decorative border to the corporation of Gate City, the results proved, as they usually do in such cases, that the resident sense of observation was of indifferent development. Two species of Naiades were found in this stream and, had the creek been clearer, probably more had been collected. The purple-black Goniobasis spinella Lea, was an easy mark in the yellow water, and many specimens were taken. The ubiquitous Pleurocera unciale was here and also Goniobasis clavseformis Lea, a species new to the expedition. Physa hetero- stropha Say, covered the wooden sides of the flume of a grist mill run by this creek. Following the Little Moccasin slowly down stream, we came to the Big Moccasin creek. Almost at once Dr. Ortmann struck a pocket of clams and in the course of a few minutes had taken seven specimens. But luck quickly deserted, a thunder shower forcing us to the protection of a covered bridge. After it was over there was nothing to do but trudge home, as the water had risen and was car- rying a heavy load of clay. The Pleuroceratida of the Big Moccasin seemed to be the three species of the Little Moccasin — exceedingly eroded — and one other species, Anculosa subglobosa. The weather instead of improving grew constantly worse. The Doctor decided to go to points south for a try at the Holston river THE NAUTILUS. 93 and thence across the mountains into the Atlantic drainage, and I determined upon a search for land shells at Natural Tunnel, a few miles up the line from Gate City. It was the kind of day to bring the snails out, warm and steaming, and they did prove to be out, twenty species being bagged. Here, as in Russell county, Polygyra profunda had mostly dispensed with bands. But Polygyra elevata had assumed them. An interesting depauperate colony of this species was found on the face of the cliff between the natural and artificial tunnels. It was scarcely more than half the size of elevata living just out of the northern mouth of the natural tunnel. A mountain brook contained a small and handsome form of Goniobasis aterina Lea. One could stand upright and pick these little fellows from the rocks where they lived in the spray of the falls. From Stock creek, tributary to the Clinch and the stream which carved the natural tunnel, were taken Pleurocera unciale, Goniobasis simplex and Goniobasis aterina — this last surely the same or an offspring of simplex. Acknowledgments are due to Mr. F. C. Baker, Mr. Bryant "Walker, Mr. A. A. Hinkley and Dr. Victor Sterki for identifica- tions, and to Mr. George H. Clapp for valuable comment on the land shells. From a preliminary catalogue made by Dr. Ortmann, and to use which I have his kind permission, the following list of the collections of last May had been made : Fusconaia bursa-pastoris (Wright). Clinch River, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul. Fusconaia estabrookiana (Lea). " Synonyms, fassinans Lea and fassinans rhomboideum Simpson and others." Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Fink, St. Paul, Powell, Big Stone Gap, Big Moccasin, Moccasin Gap. Fusconaia appressa (Lea) or edgariana (Lea). " Practically nothing but a flattened edgariana." Clinch, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul. Crenodonta undulata (Barnes). Clinch, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul. Quadrula intermedia (Conrad). "Possibly tuberosa Lea and sparsa Lea." Clinch, Cleveland. Quadrula cylindrica strigillata (Wright). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, Fink. 94 THE NAUTILUS. Pleurobema macnlutum (Conrad). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleve- land, St. Paul, north fork of Holston. Pleurobema oviforme (Conrad). "Runs into clinchense Lea." Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland. Pleurobema sp. ? " Looks like a flattened obliquum Lam." Clinch, Cleveland. Pleurobema argentum (Lea). " With many synonyms, such as planior Lea and brevis Lea." Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul, Powell, Big Stone Gap, Big Moccasin, Moccasin Gap. Ettiptio gibbosus (Barnes). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul, also in middle fork of the Holston. Lastena laf.a (Raf.). Clinch, Cleveland, St. Paul. Symphynota costata (Raf.). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul ; also in middle fork of the Holston. Symphynota holston (Lea). "Not an Alasmidonta" Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Powell, Big Stone Gap, Little Moccasin, Gate City. Alasmidonta minor (Lea). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul ; also in the Holston. Alasmidonta marginata (Say). Clinch, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul ; also in middle fork of Holston. Strophitus edentulus (Say). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, St. Paul. Micromya caelata (Conrad). Clinch, St. Paul. Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hild.). Clinch, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul. Ptychobranchus subtentus (Say). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, St. Paul ; in middle fork of Holston. Nephronaias ligamentina gibba (Simp.). Clinch, St. Paul. Nephronaias perdix (Lea). Clinch, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul. Medionidus conradicus (Lea). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul, Powell, Big Stone Gap, Big Moccasin, Moccasin Gap. Eurynia fabalis (Lea). Clinch, Cleveland, St. Paul. Eurynia perpurpurea (Lea). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, St. Paul. Eurynia nebulosa (Conrad). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul, Powell, Big Stone Gap, Big Moccasin, Moccasin Gap. THE NAUTILUS. 95 Eurynia vanuxemensis (Lea). Powell, Big Stone Gap, Little Moccasin, Gate City, Big Moccasin, Moccasin Gap. " Common in Holston." Eurynia recta (Lam.). Clinch, St. Paul. Lampsilis ovata ventricosa (Barnes). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleve- land, Fink, St. Paul. Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul, Big Moccasin, Moccasin Gap. Truncilla capsaeformis (Lea). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul, Big Moccasin, Moccasin Gap. In September, 1912, Dr. Ortmann found a single specimen of Truncilla haysiana (Lea) in the Clinch river at Raven, Tazewell county, Va. This species was missed in the visit of last May. NOTES. ANOTHER NOTE ON MARTYN'S UNIVERSAL CONCHOLOGIST — It may be of interest to those readers of THE NAUTILUS who are lovers of rare books, to learn that there is now a fifth copy of the " Universal Conchologist " in the United States. The volumes are large folio, bound in morocco and gold, and essentially like the mag- nificent copy in the Stanford University Library (see NAUTILUS, vol. XXII, 1908, p. 72), except that they comprise only the first 81 plates (vols. I-II). The plates are themselves in excellent preser- vation, but the sumptuous binding is badly worn. A prospectus of the work in French, dated 1787, is laid into the second volume. In neither this copy nor that at Stanford is there any plate of medals, as has been described for other editions. The volumes were acquired from a Paris dealer and are now in the private library of the writer. The opportunity should be taken to correct a slight error which crept into my former note in these pages as above cited. It is the fourth volume of the Stanford University copy which lacks the ex- planatory table ; vol. Ill appears to be complete — S. S. BERRY. LAND SHELLS FROM ELLSWORTH, MAINE. — The following species were taken in a few hours' collecting October last along the shores of ilie Union River, just below Ellsworth, Maine. The shells were sent to Mr. George H. Clapp, who kindly identified them for me : 96 THE NAUTILUS. Vallonia pulchella Mtill. Vallonia excentrica Sterki. Acanthinula harpa Say. Zonitoides arborea Say. Vitrea cellaria L. Vitrea radiatula Aid. Euconulus fulvus Miill. Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils. Pyramidula alternata Say. Vitrina limpida Glcl. Cochlicopa lubrica Miill. Succinea ovalis totteniana Lea. — JOHN B. HENDERSON. I NOTICE that, in my note published in THE NAUTILUS, the Ed- itor changed " Schowalter " to " Showalter," as Lea and others wrote it ; I wrote it so myself until recently. Being in doubt about the spelling, I asked Dr. Schowalter's son, whom I met at Point Clears near Mobile. He said that both he and his father always wrote the name with a c. It is a small matter, but deemed worthy of men- tioning.— HERBERT H. SMITH. LAND SHELLS OF CECIL Co., MARYLAND, collected by Mr. Bayard Long A small lot of leaf-mould gathered in the rocky woods along the Susquehanna River at Bald Friar, contained the fol- lowing species. As nothing has been published on the shells of this part of Maryland, the records may be of interest, especially Polyyyra fraudulenta and Bifidaria procera, neither of which has turned up in the adjacent part of Pennsylvania : Polygyra albolabris (Say). Vitrea rhoadsi Pils. thyroides (Say). hammonis (Strom.). fraudulenta (Pils.). Pyramidula alternata (Say.). hirsuta (Say). perspectiva (Say.). Circinaria concava (Say). Punctum pygnxzum (Drap.). Gastrodonta intertexta (Binn.). Bifidaria procer a (Old.). suppressa (Say.). contracta (Say.). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). pentodon (Say.). Vitrea indentata (Say.). Carychium exile H. C. Lea. — H. A. PILSBUY. THE NAUTILUS, XXVII. PLATE VI W. F. CLAPP: SHELLS FROM SWAN ISLAND. AXEL OLSSON: ON MIOCENE CORRELATION. THE NAUTILUS. Vor,. XXVII. JANUARY, 1914. No. 9 LIST OF LAND SHELLS FROM SWAN ISLAND, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FIVE NEW SPECIES. BY W. F. CLAP I'. The following list is based on the land shells found on Swan Island by Mr. George Nelson in April 1913. The material was collected for the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Swan Island is situated in the Caribbean Sea about one hundred miles northeast of Spanish Honduras, and three hundred and fifty miles west of Jamaica. About one quarter of the land is cleared and devoted to the raising of cocoanuts ; the remaining three-quarters is an almost impenetrable jungle. The soil, rich in lime and phos- phate, and the luxurious vegetation, render the island an ideal home for the land mollusca. From the standpoint of the zoogeographer the fauna of the island is of considerable interest. With so few species represented, it is impossible to be positive when and whence it obtained its molluscan fauna; but further collecting should yield a greater number of species, from which interesting conclusions may be drawn, regarding former land connections in this region. The Chondropoma is most closely related to Cuban or Haitian species; the Braclypodella to Cuban, although its resemblance to B. costulata of Jamaica is striking. The Csecilioides is also Cuban. The Lucidetta and Drymaus are both closely allied to both Jamaican 98 THE NAUTILUS. and Central American species, while the Thysanophora and Opeas are so widely distributed that they have little or no significance. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for assistance in determining the specific values and relationships of the different species, and to Mr. George Nelson for the photographs reproduced on the plate. The list of species follows : Thysanophora selenina (Gld.) CcRcilioides consobrina (d'Orb.) Drynuzus insulaz-cygni, sp. nov. Succinea latior C. B. Adams. Opeas micra (d'Orb ) Colobostylus nelsoni, sp. nov. Brachypodella insultz-cygni, Chondropoma caribbeeum, sp. nov. sp. nov. Microceramus concisus (Morel). Lucidella pilsbryi, sp. nov. DRYMAEUS INSUL^I-CYGNI, sp. nov. PI. VI, fig. 5. Shell perforate, oblong conical, thin, straw-colored or white, the last one or two whorls irregularly marked with faint longitudinal streaks of pale brown or pink, generally delicate pink on the reflexed columellar lip. Surface glossy, spirally striated with numerous fine incised lines. Apex with typical Drymaeus sculpture. Whorls 6^-7 slightly convex. Aperture ovate, oblique to axis of whorls. Peristome simple, slightly expanded below. Columellar surface within the aperture oblique and more or less sinuous. Columellar lip reflexed in a small flat plate above the umbilicus. Alt. 30 mm., diam. 13 mm., ap. 1. 14 mm. Alt. 28 mm., diam. 12 mm., ap. 1. 13 mm. Alt. 24 mm., diam. 11 mm., ap. 1. 11.5 mm. Alt. 35 mm., diam. 13 mm., alt. 1. 15 mm. Less solid and opaque than D. immaculatus, with sutures more impressed, last whorl shorter. Aperture broader and peristome more convex. The spire resembles in shape that of D. immaculatus from Jamaica. The aperture is like that of D. lilaceus from Porto Rico. The texture resembles that of D. sulphureus from Central America. The animal when alive is dark bluish green above, fading to slate gray on the sides. The outer edge of the foot is tinged with green, which changes abruptly to cream color near the central part. Types : No. 22877, M. C. Z. THE JNAUTlLCh. 99 BRACHYPODELLA INSUL.E-CYGNI, sp. nov. PI. VI, fig 10. Shell small, white, thin, translucent, cylindrical, tapering with straight outlines to a narrow truncate apex. Surface sculptured with strong white riblets, oblique to axis of shell, about 12-13 occurring on the penultimate whorl, interspaces about 4 or 5 times as broad as the ribs. Whorls strongly convex, the last not carinate or angulate, its latter half free, descending in a cylindrical neck. Aperture oblique, rounded, slightly angular at the outer margin, lip white, reflexed. Axis simple, slender. Length 7 mm., diam, 2. mm., whorls 9^- (truncate). In living specimens the part of the shell containing the animal is dark grey, with very noticeable, small, irregular black spots on the animal showing between the ribs in the lowest whorls. Apex gen- erally truncate, 4 or 5 corneous whorls being lost. In a specimen retaining the apical whorls the first 2 are vertically costnlate, the lower ones becoming more obliquely sculptured. The shell is similar to B. minuta, as described in the Manual of Conchology (vol. 16, p. 58), in size, in having the last whorl not carinate or angular, and in the slender axis, but it differs in having much coarser sculpture. From B. dontinicensis it differs in color, in having deeper sutures, more convex whorls, and no basal keel ; but in the spacing of the riblets and form of the axis, it is similar. In color and in having the whorls most strongly convex just below the suture, in the wide spacing, number, and prominence of the rib- lets, the shell reminds one of the Jamaican B. costulata ; but costulnta has the last whorl strongly carinate. Types: No. 22889 M. C. Z. COLOBOSTYLUS NELSONI, Sp. I1OV. PL VI, figs. 1, 2. Shell small, umbilicate, turbinate conical, surface longitudinally striate, with coarse sharp stria? on early whorls, becoming finer and more numerous on last whorl. The umbilical region generally showing a few coarse spiral lines, occasionally extending over the entire whorl. Two general color forms are noticeable, one with the upper whorl purple black, the color gradually fading till on the lower whorl it is purple red ; the other form is light horn color throughout, with rows of equidistant square spots, the first two or three spots below the suture being frequently connected, forming short longitudinal lines. The number of spiral rows of these spots 100 THE NAUTILUS. on each whorl varies considerably, but average about three on the antepenultimate, five on the penultimate, and seven on the ultimate. The spots are equidistant whether considered as forming spiral or longitudinal rows. Whorls 3-4, the first growth being lost. Aper- ture vertical, subcircular, color within corresponding to the outside. Peristome with slightly raised white inner rim, and broad flat white expansion, slightly dilated at the columellar margin, and also above where adnate to the whorl. Length 11.5 mm., width 7 mm. Length 10.5 mm., width 6.5 mm. Operculum white, slightly concave, with involuting lines and deeply grooved edge. The dark central core is nearer the columellar margin than any other portion of the peristome. Types : No. 22879, M. C. Z. CHONDROPOMA CARIBB^UM, sp. nov. PI. VI, figs. 3, 4. Shell subperforate, oblong, truncate, solid, with spiral flattened ridges and more numerous longitudinal lines. Color varying from horn to purple black, remaining whorls 4^, convex, suture deep, nearly simple. Aperture vertical, longer than wide, rounded below, narrowed above. Peristome simple, adnate to the penultimate whorl, upper outer edge slightly broadened and reflexed. Operculum cartilaginous, rounded below, broadly pointed above ; whorls few, rapidly enlarging, outer half having edge turned abruptly out, inner edge turned in. Length 10.5 mm., diam. 4.5 mm., ap. 3 mm. Length 10 mm., diam. 4.5 mm., ap. 3 mm. In size and general appearance this shell resembles O. simplex, from Haiti, but the spiral and longitudinal lines are finer and more numerous, and the last whorl is always adnate. Types : No. 22885, M. C. Z. LUCIDELLA PILSBRYI, Sp. HOV. PI. VI, fig. 6, 7. Shell depressed, with elevated, fine, spiral lines, strongest on early whorls, nearly obsolete on rounded periphery, base nearly smooth, or with more or less numerous, delicate, spiral furrows. Spire depressed, whorls 4, the last slighfly deflexed. A thin granular callus extends from the aperture over the umbilical region, ending in a slight depression. Aperture very oblique, peristome white, a THE NAUTILUS. 101 little expanded above, thickened and reflexed below. Basal lip with short, white, obtusely triangular tooth, projecting in the plane of the last whorl, not projecting into the aperture. Alt. 1.2 ram., diam. 3.5 mm., s. diam. 2.8 mm. Four living specimens of this shell were collected. It belongs to the subgenus Perenna Guppy. It is smaller, more depressed, darker in color and with less acute liras than L. lineata. In other members of the lineata group the basal tooth is squarish and projected into the aperture, but in pilsbryi it is broadly pointed and is a continuation of the lower whorl, not projecting into the aperture. The slightly reflexed upper margin of the aperture, with no trace of tubercular teeth and the small size of the basal tooth, suggest a very slight immaturity. Possibly a larger series would contain older specimens, which would be found to have upper marginal tubercles, and a more strongly developed basal tooth. In any case the shell • will be found to be specifically distinct. Types ; No. 22890 M. C. Z. NOTES ON MIOCENE CORRELATION. BY AXEL OLSSON. The deposits which we have come to recognize as of Miocene age on our Atlantic coastal plain differ in many respects from beds of similar age found in other regions. This uniqueness is due to their faunal characteristics, which were developed under conditions of which we have records nowhere else. Therefore, direct correlation or specific identity of forms is possible in only a few cases, and the Miocene age of these beds is based rather more on stratigraphic than on paleontologic grounds. The seas of our Eocene and Oligocene periods were rather warm, and hence their faunas find their closest affinities in our present tropical seas. At the close of the Oiigocene, conditions began to change. In the Oak Grove sands of Florida the fauna in a slight way portraits the coming Miocene one. However, more important* of which this special case is but a preliminary result, is the inaugu- ration of a great series of orogenetic movements which culminated in a great series of Miocene uplifts. In Europe the whole series of 102 THE NAUTILUS. folding extended from the Pyrenees Mountains in Spain to the Himalayas in Asia. In America the union of the North and South Americas, the fusion of the island of Florida with the mainland* which was again severed towards its close. As we would naturally expect, a series of such great changes would have some great effect upon the direction of oceanic currents. It is to this that an appeal has been made for the explanation of the uniqueness of our Atlantic coast Miocene faunas. This fauna is one typically developed in cold waters. This being shown especially well by the abundance of Astartidoe, Ledas and of such Venericardias related to our recent Venericardia borealis. The warm- water- loving series of the Oligocene retreated to the Antillean region, to return again towards the close, of the Miocene and in the Pliocene, when conditions again became favorable to them, to retreat again before the general refrigeration which ushered in the Pleistocene glacial advances. Also further proof of a cold oceanic current creep- ing south along our coast is to be noted that the Miocene floras of the adjacent mainland indicate a warm, mild climate. In the course of paleontologic work, it became rather desirable to obtain some immature shells of certain species. In order to do so I began the examining of the sand and marl contained inside of closed valves of several large bivalve shells, amongst which was a specimen of Melina (Perna) maxillata (Deshayes) from the Choptank River, Maryland. In so doing, two small but beautifully preserved valves of a small Triyoniocardia were discovered which later were identi- fied as Cardium (^Trigoniocardia) galvestonense Harris. They are figured on plate VI, figs. 11, 12. This species was first described by Professor G. D. Harris from specimens obtained from the deep well drillings of the Galveston Artesian well.1 Specimens from there are figured, PI. VI, figs. 8, 9. The maximum depth attained in this well is 2,920 feet of which the interval between 2,158 and 2,920 feet was referred to the Upper Miocene. This fauna is tropical in its make-up, differing conspicu- ously from the cold Chesapeake fauna which at the same time ex- tended into the Gulf of Mexico, through the Suwanee straits which separated Florida from the main-land. With the typical expression 1BuIl. of American Paleontology. Vol. I, No. 3, p. 91, pi. 1, fig. 3, 3a. Dec. 2, 1895. THE NAUTILUS. 103 of the Chesapeake fauna as developed in Virginia and Maryland, only a few species are held in common, while with the Upper or Duplin Miocene horizon of N. C., agreement is much closer, due as much to similarity of climatic conditions as to a similarity in age. Besides Oardium gahestonense Harris, two other species are avail- able for correlation in both the Chesapeake beds of Maryland and the Miocene of the Galveston well, namely Mytilus conradinus Orb. and Grassinella galvestonensis Harris. These two species are rather abundant and occur in nearly the whole series of our Miocene beds. The former from New Jersey southward, the latter as far north as Maryland. Cardium galvestonense however until its present dis- covery in the Choptank formation of Maryland has escaped notice outside of its type area. Its distribution is such as to indicate, that it may be expected anywhere in the intermediate area. Its rarity outside of the Texan region, where it is abundant, indicates that it is a warm-water-loving form, finding as Professor Harris notes, its nearest relations with Antillean species. So far it is the only Trigoniocardia discovered in our Atlantic coast Miocene beds, although the group is abundantly represented in the Oligocene beneath. NOTE ON CLEMENTIA OBLIftUA JUKES-BROWNE. BY AVM. H. CALL. Mr. A. L. Jukes-Browne in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for July, 1913, p. 60, has published a description of a new species of dementia under the specific name of obliqua, which was supposed to come from Porto Rico. By the kindness of J. Cosmo Melvill, Esq., I have been able to examine one of the two specimens upon which this species was founded. It proves not to be a Clem- entia, not to come from Porto Rico, and to be a species described by Carpenter under the name of dementia subdiaphana forty-eight years ago. As dementia was, according to Adams and Woodward, a Dosinoid animal, and the soft parts of this species are Veneroid, it was transferred by me to the genus Marcia, section Venerella, in my revision of the Veneridae in 1902. I figured the species in the Pro- ceedings of the U. S. National Museum in 1891 from an exception- ally rotund specimen. Mr. Jukes-Browne's figures are of the more 104 THE NAUTILUS. common and elongated type. The cotype of obliqua examined by me has a specimen of Galerus contortus Cpr. adhering to it, which, like the bivalve, ranges from Alaska to the Santa Barbara Islands of California. All true Clementias are more or less concentrically undulated and have a deep linguiform pallial sinus, both of which features are absent from the so-called G. obliqua. NORTHERN IDAHO SHELLS. FRANK C. BAKER. During the month of September the writer visited various portions of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Nearly three weeks of this period was spent in Northern Idaho in the beautiful Kootenai Valley and about Lake Pend Oreille. This region is quite unknown con- chologically and it was hoped that some fine new species of Oreohelix or Polygyra might be found, comparable perhaps to the Sonorellas, etcetera, that our friend Ferriss has dug from the rocks of the Grand Canyon and the stony wastes of Arizona. Evidently we did not tear enough of the mountains to pieces, and so the pleasing sensation of finding a novelty was denied us. Perhaps the fact that we were examining the sturdy young trees of a newly acquired apple orchard (as well as counting the number of boxes of apples we would sell from these trees !) also accounted for our failure to secure a larger number of species. Considerable time was given to hunting for snails, and a large number of specimens was secured, but of few species. A more de- tailed and careful search would doubtless increase this number, but the fact seems evident that the forests of pine, hemlock, spruce, and fir in this region do not harbor a large variety of molluscan life. As this is a new region, the list, though small, may be of value. The orchard tract near McArthur, Idaho is a little over 2000 feet in elevation. Gircinaria vancouverensis (Lea). Kootenai Orchard, McArthur, Idaho. This snail is not common the only specimens obtained (two in number) being found near our sleeping tent, one under the floor and the other beneath a burnt log. The specimens are smaller than those living to the westward, at a lower elevation. THE NAUTILUS. 105 Euconulus trochijormis (Montagu) — -fulvus Miill. Specimens were found plentifully on old boards under the wooden floors. of the sleeping tents. Zonitoides arborea (Say). This is the commonest snail here, as in our eastern forests, and is found everywhere in large quantities- Specimens from Idaho and Chicago cannot be distinguished. Pyramidula solitaria occidentalis (Marts.). This fine shell was found only high up on the mountain sides at an elevation above 4000 feet. At this height they were very abundant for about 500 feet, when they totally disappeared, their ecological elevation being be- tween 4000 and 4500 feet. They were found in hollows in well- wooded ravines at the base of rocky projections, where there was a vigorous growth of shrubs, and in dell-like valleys between mountain spurs. They were always found (in September) buried under leaves and debris, sometimes to the depth of several inches. The color is rich brown or chestnut, with two reddish bands, which are specially conspicuous in the aperture. These shells were at first somewhat of a puzzle, for they seemed to combine characteristics of both Oreohelix cooperi and Pyramidula solitaria. Prof. Elrod * notes a similarity between these two species near McDonald Lake, Mission Mountains, Montana. To Mr. Wm. Moss, Superintendent of the Kootenai Orchards, is due the discovery of these shells. We had searched diligently for nearly two weeks without finding even a dead specimen, though the mountain side had been ascended for a thousand feet. Upon mentioning the fact to Mr. Moss, he stated that he had seen piles of big shells way up on the mountains. A subsequent climb to this altitude (2000 feet above the orchard) revealed the coveted Helices. Galba parva (Lea). This little Lymnreid was found only in a small creek at McArthur. Physa diaphana Tryon. The Orchard, McArthur; Moravia, about eight miles north of McArthur. This is the common Physa and occurs in some localities in great abundance. Chaos in the Physid& is painfully realized when one attempts to definitely place a member of this family. Diaphana was originally described from California, but the species under discussion, though occurring so far to the eastward of this region, conforms to the 'Bull. University of Montana, Biological Series, No. 3, p. 112. 106 THE NAUTILUS. descriptions and figures of Tryon l more closely than to any other, both in size (11-13 mill, long) and form. The collumella is pre- cisely as described by Tryon. It is probable that many of the west- ern Pliysas have a wide distribution west of the Rocky Mountains. Planorbis antrosus Conrad. A single specimen of this species was picked up on the shore of Pend Oreille River, in front of the fish- hatching building, across the river from Sandpoint. It is exactly like the variety portagensis Baker, from Maine. Though the two localities are separated by 2500 miles of territory, there is no question concerning the identity of the Idaho shell. Only three other records of bicarinatus (antrosus') are known from Idaho, and these are all from the " panhandle," not far removed from the locality under consideration.2 At Glacier National Park, Montana, in a ravine about a mile west of the hotel, a number of dead shells of Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. B.) were secured. No living specimens could be found, though special search was carried on for them. Glacier Park Station is about 5000 feet altitude. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW CERIONID^E, by C. J. Maynard (Appendix to Records of Walks and Talks with Nature, Vol. v, pp. 177-200, 1913). The object of this notice is to call the attention of conchologists to this somewhat obscure publication, containing over thirty-five so-called new species. The author states in the introduc- tion that " The following announcements of the discovery of certain laws which govern the evolution of groups and the descriptions of some species are here given preliminary to a revision of my mono- graph of the Cerionidce.''' The author's brevity in describing species and his combinations of hyphenated names are something remarkable. The latter method is evidently necessary to emphasize his belief that " a species mav become established even though it is still bound to its parent species by living links." Having made no special study of this interesting family, it would be useless for me to comment fur- ther, for in doing so I might seriously encroach upon the vocabulary 1See Tryon, con. Haldeman's Mon., p. 134, pi. 6, fig. 15. 2 See Walker, NAUTILUS, XXIII, p. 25, 1909. THE NAUTILUS. 107 of a specialist on the Gerionida who might later have occasion to criticise this work. — C. W. J. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MOLLUSCA OF MISSOURI (exclu- sive of the Unionidce), by F. A. Sampson (Trans. Acad. Science, St. Louis, Vol. xxii, pp. 67-108, 1913). A valuable and interesting list of 132 species, giving their distribution throughout the State. OBSERVATIONS ON LIVING SOLENOMYA (velum and borealis), by Edward S. Morse (Biol. Bull., Vol. xxv, pp. 261-281, 1913). An exceedingly interesting article, in which the animals are clearly shown by some 22 figures, and their habits and structure fully de- scribed. Their movements consist of a series of vigorous darts, which send them rapidly through the water. They seem to have the peculiar habit of burrowing in the mud posterior end down- ward, this attitude being contrary to the behavior of all other bur- rowing lamellibranchs. — C. W. J. NOTES. HELIX HORTENSIS ON WHITE BULL ISLAND, ME — I have read with much interest your paper in October NAUTILUS on Helix hortensis in New England, and note on page 63, you mention that the species has not before been recorded from White Bull Island, Maine. With this I am sending you a partial catalogue of the land shells in my collection, which I printed in 188!>. (Circumstances prevented its completion). On page 32, No. 2066, you will find the species listed from that locality, received from Rev. E. C. Bolles (of Portland, Maine) who sent them to me October 30, 186'!. This may not constitute a "record," though copies of the catalogue have been somewhat extensively circulated among my friends and corre- spondents in this country and abroad, but possibly you may be interested to know that its existence on White Bull Island was known 46 years ago. — WM. G. MAZYCK. MARTYN'S UNIVERSAL CONCHOLOGIST — Seeing Mr. Berry's note in December NAUTILUS reminds me that I have had a copy of the first two volumes of this rare work in my library since May 1908 and as it differs in some particulars from those already put on record I give description below. 108 THE NAUTILUS. It is bound in full tree calf in one volume, trimmed to lOf by 13TV inches. The frontispiece has elaborate gold grapevine pattern surrounding the figure of Turritetta terebra. Then follows a title page which does not appear to be in the National Museum or Academy of Natural Science copies. (See Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. xxix, p. 422). This title is as follows: The /Universal Conchologist, / Exhibiting/ The Figure of every known Shell accurately drawn and painted after Nature:/ With A/ New Systematic Arrangement/ by the Author/ Thomas Martyn./ Sold at his House, No. 16 Great Marlborough Street, London./ . . . ./ Le/ Conchologiste Universe),/ montrant la figure de chaque coquille aujourd'hui connue:/ Soigneusement Dessinee, et peinte d'apres Nature. / Le tout Arrange selon le Systeme / De L' Auteur, / Thomas Martyn./ Se vend chez lui No. 16 Great Marlborough Street, Lon- dres, 1789. / Then follows the title-page given by Dall ; engraved dedication to the King; the bastard title. The Introduction and Preface are as given by Dall, but the two plates of medals are bound between pages 26 and 27 of the Preface. The two Explanatory Tables follow the blank page 40. Close to the lower, right-hand margin of the first Table is engraved Obser which probably refers to the sheet of ' 'Ob- servations " in the Henderson copy but missing from this. (See Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXIII, p. 186). GKO. H. CLAPP. SHOWALTER OR SCHOWALTER. — In the December NAUTILUS Mr. H. H. Smith mentions Lea's incorrect spelling of the name of Dr. S[c]howalter. It was my privilege to enjoy delightful corres- pondence with the Doctor for several years, and I can assure any one interested that the Doctor's son is mistaken. He did not " always write the name with a c." I enclose a tracing of his very plainly written signature of a letter dated March 11, 1867, at which time he certainly spelled the name Showalter, as Lea, Ravenel, Tryon, I, and others have spelled it. The changed spelling must have been coincident with his marriage in December, 1867, as in his last letter before that event, written in November, he used only Sh, and in the first one which I received after it, dated July 10, 1868, the Sch appears and so continued to the end WM. G. MAZYCK. THE NAUTILUS, XXVII. PLATE VII 12 WALKER: ANCYLID^ OF NORTH AFRICA. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXVII. FEBRUARY, 1914. No. 1O CAMPS IN THE CATALINAS AND WHITE MOUNTAINS OF ARIZONA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW AMERICAN LAND SHELL. BT JAS. H. FERRISS. On my last vacation last summer I found a new land snail, another wooly one, on a rock slide of the San Francisco river, about ten miles above Clifton, Graham Co., Arizona. It belongs in a group with Ashmunella wnlkeri Ferriss and A. lepiderma P. & F. I have held this out to name after Dr. H. A. Pilsbry who has been with me on so many of these vacation excursions and ought to have been with me on this. Dr. Pilsbry has taken the laboring oar on the catch of this expedition otherwise, and together with the findings of the catch of Pilsbry, Daniels and Ferriss in southern Arizona for 1910, the report will be published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. ASHMUNELLA PILSBRYANA n. sp. Shell lens-shaped, acutely carinated ; umbilicus straight and nar- row, 1.6 min. wide, enlarging on the last turn to 3 mm. Thin, pale, corneous brown. Surface sculptured with irregular growth striae, closely papillose, not striated spirally : covered with a thin dull epi- dermis, with short, light colored, cuticular scales upon the papillte in young, unrubbed specimens. 5^ whorls, rounded, deeply sutured, last whorl impressed above the periphery ; lower side of last whorl three times as wide as the upper surface ; deeply guttered behind the lip. 110 THE NAUTILUS. Aperture wide and oblique ; parietal callus barely visible, carry- ing a nearly straight parietal lamella wliich runs nearly parallel with the lower edge of the aperture, and is bent inward at the outer end, in shape a fair representation of a letter J reversed. 3 teeth upon the outer lip well developed : a wide tooth just below the per- ipheral angle, somewhat receding or set back from the lip ; a pair of teeth upon the basal margin, yoked together at their outer ends, and extending inward across the thickening of the peristome, in shape therefore like the letter U. Alt. 5.7, diam. 14 mm. Largest shell 14.8 mm. diam. by 6.4 alt. Smallest, 13.9 diam. by 6.1 alt. The shell in color and general appearance seems close to A. walkeri Ferr., but is larger, being less depressed, and it has a nar- rower umbilicus and more whorls. In sculpture and epidermal cover- ing it is similar to A, lepiderma P. & F., of which the new species is a sort of large edition. Cotypes in coll. Academy of National Sciences, Philadelphia, and in my own collection. In a hasty search I found but eight of these, of which two were alive, at the foot of a rocky slide on the east bank of the river in company with Sonorella and smaller shells. May 7th, 1913 I left Joliet just a-crawling, for there had been no vacations since 1910, and the fight for bread had been usually hard. I returned home October 20th, the longest vacation I ever had ; and the best of it is, the bread question is settled so that I shall not want, and the vacations hereafter can be as frequent and long as I please. Until September, I chaperoned a party of invalids in the Santa Catalina Mountains near Tucson. This chaperoning and my own tired feeling prevented me from making a complete survey of that range, though I had done a little of it in 1910. I brought home a large quantity of dirt containing Pupas, many cans of dead Sonorel- las, and the skins of five kinds of rattle-snakes, picked off of 'em here and there in the hills. With Frank Coles, a splended guide and biscuit maker, I drove across the plains and over the mountains from Tucson to Wilcox, then to the Graham Mountains, Solomonville, the Peloncillo Mts., and to Clifton, picking up snails, snakes, terrapins, ferns and daisies ; occasionally a few peaches, melons, and our own belongings. It was THE NAUTILUS. Ill an interesting ride. As a rule the condition of the highways for exercise, equals any gymnasium this side of the Alleghanies. We tipped our wagon over in the Graham Mountains, but we held it up all but once, anyhow. Physa was found in the water tanks and cienegas, and Oreohelix strigosa depressa and a Sonorella were found in the Grahams ; another Sonorella in the Peloncillos, but more of them are there. This was a mere scouting expedition to see how the land lay for ferns and snails another year. We seldom remained more than one night in the same camp, hitting high spots for collecting at meal times, and before hitching up. Coles knew where the water was and where it was not, and so arranged the drinks. At Clifton, we corralled our wagon, and with horses to ride and mules to pack, continued the jouruey to the White Mountains of Arizona (not new Mexico). On Eagle Creek, the fourth day. we commenced to find Oreohelix. As we climbed over the edge of the Blue Range, I found an Ashmimella of the ckiricahuana group and Oreohelix in the pine woods under logs. This was at 12,000 feet above the sea, but the ascent had been gradual. It did not seem high. From this point to the top of the White Mountains (Old Baldy, 14,000 feet,) the ascent was easy, the trail fine, the grass high and cattle fat. Upon the return trip, we left the Eagle Creek trail at the Rim of the Blue Mts. and dropped down Raspberry Canyon to the Blue River, 5000 feet, returning to Clifton by the Blue and San Francisco Rivers. At about 4,000 feet, Sonorellas were found again, and Ashmunella pihbryana. The rocky slides looked inviting. It was a hard race for horse feed, as the floods had destroyed grazing on the flats, the bluffs were unscaleable, and duty called me home. I opened only four " slides " in the last fifty miles. The river's banks have the best prospects. At every slide I scratched, I found a new species. All had been unexplored country conchologically, and I expected to find great things, large as tea saucers, banded and punctuated with scarlet, clothed in feathers and spines. Nevertheless, I found a dozen or so that are new ; and next year I hope to revisit the neglected slides and go farther into the big mountains. I know the way now. Cole shot a bear and we ate it up, also several deer and other smaller things. The streams were full of speckled trout and the 112 THE NAUTILUS. pine and spruce forest a continual delight. The Oreohelix were beautiful in colors, quite equal to those neutral brown tints of the Philippine snails. Everything, all summer long, in Sonorellas, Ashmunellas and Oreohelix, except one Oreohelix and one group of Sonorella, was found in the rocky slides or talus, and many were dead. I had theories that dry weather, epidemics, insects or fungi had killed them, but most of these theories are also dead, or in a dying con- dition. Perhaps I did not stay long enough upon one slide to find their home. It is nearly all slide work, and healthy. After sleep- ing nearly half a year under the stars in the high woods, I am strong as a farmer. Those invalids I chaperoned are well. Joilet, 111., Nov., 1913. PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA SAY IN EUROPE. BY ZDENKA FRANKENBERGER. Of late there have appeared in the literature many statements of the presence of Physa acuta Drap. in Central Europe. It was found in Leipsic, Gotha, Konigsberg, Jena, Dresden, Munich, Copen- hagen, Basil, etc., almost always in botanical or other gardens, where it was thought to have been brought in by the aquarists. In the neighborhood of Prague we could confirm some years ago, a species of Physa which was remarkable by its size and quite another form of the shell than are the two common Bohemian species of Physa, Physa fontinalis L. and Aplexa hypnorum L. It could not be identi- fied with Physa acuta, but it is surely the American species, Physa heterostropha Say, as it was stated already in the Catalogue of Bohemian Molluscs1 by Babor and Novak. With some care one cannot be mistaken in the right determination of this snail, for both the shell (with thicker walls, a lip in the aperture and of a large size) and the animal (more robust, olivaceous) are quite different from Physa acuta, which does not occur in the eastern parts of Europe, and the eastern frontier of the distribution of which is the 1 Babor u. Novak, Verzeichniss der posttertiaren Fauna der bohmischen Weichtiere. Nachrbl. d. deutschen Malakozool. Ges., 1909. THE NAUTILUS. 113 Rhine. But now Dr. C. R. Boe.ttger1 described a new variety of Physa actua from Oppeln in Silesia, which he calls var. thermalis. It is said to differ from the type by its larger size, thicker shell and irregular surface. In the same locality lives a species of Spf/arium, which is described as Sph. tetensi sp. n., but the author says that it is quite similar to the American Sph. simile Say. From the illus- tration of the new variety of Physa acuta it is evident that there is no acuta at all, but that this form is quite identical with the large specimens of Physa heterostropha, which occurs near Prague of the same size. How the case stands with other records from Central Europe, I dare not say ; but it is very probable that all these sup- posed Physa acuta are in reality P. heterostropha, which was intro- duced with American fishes and plants of aquaristic commerce, and which found in our waters suitable circumstances of life. On the contrary Physa acuta as an animal of warmer regions of Western Europe scarcely could live any long time in the cold waters of our pools and brooks. NOTES ON THE ANCYLIDAE OF NORTH AFEICA. BY BRYANT WALKER SC. D. Through the great courtesy of M. Paul Pallary of Oran-Eckmuhl, Algeria, the well-known student of North African Mollusca, I have been recently enabled to study his entire collection of North African Ancylidce. The collection consists of twenty-nine lots, nineteen from Algeria, six from Morocco, one from Tunis and four from Egypt. In preparing the following notes, which are based mainly on M. Pallary's collection, I have made, use of such additional material as I have in my own collection and such of the literature as I have at my disposal. I am under special obligations to Dr. E. F. Weber of the Natural History Museum of Geneva, Switzerland, for drawings and inval- 1C. R. Boettger, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Molluskenfauna Schlesiens. Nachrbl. d. deutschen Malakozool. Ges., 1913. 114 THE NAUTILUS. uable information in regard to several of Bourguignat's types, which have enabled me to definitely determine the species described by that author. The distribution of the AncyUdae in North Africa is entirely in in accord with the faunal limits set forth by Germain in his recent essay on the "Malacographie de L'Afrique Equatorial", (1909, p. 118). According to that author Africa, north of Lat. 11° N. and including the Azores, the Madeira, Canary and Cape Verde Islands, belongs to the Palsearctic Region. In the fluviatile Mollusca, how- ever, the Valley of the Nile forms an exception and is populated by the characteristic fauna of the Equatorial Region. And this is true, also, in regard to the Ancylidce. In Europe, Ancylus is represented by two, and only two, very dis- tinct groups: Ancylus s. s., of which A. fluviatilis L. is the type, and Acroloxus, of which the type and only species is the A. lacustris L. The latter does not seem to have extended its range across the Mediterranean. But thefluviatilis group is found in great abundance and variety from Abyssinia to Morocco. Two species have been described from Abyssinia by Jickeli, (1874, p. 223), A. abyssinicus and compressus,for the latter of which Bour- guignat, (1883, p. 84), has proposed to substitute the name of hama- cenicus, compressus being preoccupied both by Parreyss and Nyst. Clessin, (1882, p. 31), considers it to be only a variety of abyssinicus. The collection of M. Pallary contains one species from Tunis. Thirteen species of more or less doubtful validity have been listed from Algeria by Bourguignat and others. Four species are listed from Morocco by Pallary in his last cata- logue (1904, p. 54.), of the fauna of that country. The A. aduncus Gld. from Madeira is referred to the European A. striatus Q. & G. by Wollaston, (1878, p. 470). According to that author tiie same species, striatus, occurs abun- dantly on the islands of Grand Canary, Pal ma and Teneriffe in the Canaries. The A. rupicola Mouss. (1872, p. 141), from Teneriffe is an allied and probably depaupei'ate form of the same species according to Wollaslon. All of these species undoubtedly belong to the group of A. fluviatilis and show that the ancyloid fauna of these countries is purely palas- arctic. THE NAUTILUS. 115 The single species, however, recorded from the Cape Verde Islands, A. milleri Dohrn, (1869, p. 18), so far as can be judged from the imper- fect description, would seem to be a Ferrissia. If so, it probably marks the extreme northern extension of the Equatorial fauna on the west coast. The family is not represented at all in the Azores. In Algeria, in addition to the species of tlaejluviatilis group, are found the two remarkable species described by Bourguignat and for which he created the genus Brondeh'a, (1862, p. 89), B. drouetiana and gibbosa, which retain the apical whorls in maturity. In this respect they resemble the Tasmanian species of Ancylastrum. Unfortunately the soft anatomy of these forms is, as yet, unknown and, until that is determined, the systematic position of the group must remain uncertain. In all probability, it will be found to be more closely related to Ancylus s. s. than to Ancylastrum. In both Brondelia and Ancylastrum the apical whorls are sinistral and the animal is, probably, sinistral also. On the other hand, Ancylus s. s., which loses its sinistrally coiled apical whorls at a very early stage and in maturity has the apex usually more or less turned to the right, never to the left, while the animal is sinistral, is com- monly (Taylor, 1895, p. llo) considered an example of heterostro- phy. As a matter of fact, a careful study of the shells belonging to the different groups of the Ancylidce will show that the species hav- ing the apex turned toward the right are really sinistral in their essential construction. In the same way, Acroloxus with its apex turned to the left and a dextral animal would have also in reality a dextral shell. In view of the prevalence of the various forms of the fluviatilis group as a characteristic feature of the fauna of Algeria, it was a cause of great surprise to find among the Ancyli of M. Pallary's col- lection a very distinct and curious species of Ferrissia. The genus Ferrissia, for in view of the distinct character of the radula, which will be discussed at length in my final paper on the Ancylidce of South Africa now in preparation, I believe it to be entitled to generic rank, has the most extended range of any group of the Ancylidce. While Ancylus s. s. and Acroloxus are restricted to the Palasarctic Region of the Old World, Burnupia to South Africa, Ancylastrum and Latia to New Zealand, and Lanx and Lavapex to America, Ferrissia, with the exception of the Palae- 116 THE NAUTILUS. arctic Region of the Old World (Northern Africa as herein stated excepted) has a world-wide distribution. With its apparent metropolis in North America, it has recently been found abundantly in South Africa (Walker, 1912, p. 142), and extends northerly along the east coast of the Equatorial Region and in the Valley of the Nile to Alexandria. Ancylus tanganyicensis Smith (1906, p. 184), is a Ferrissia. The species collected by Blanford (1870, p. 472), in a small stream near Mai Wahiz, Tigre, an affluent of the Nile (1. c., p. 61), and doubtfully referred by him to the Indian A. verruca Bens., is also a Ferrissia. Blanford's specimens, now in the Indian Museum at Calcutta, was sent in 1908 to the Rev. Prof. Gwatkin of Cam- bridge, England, to enable him to extract and examine the radula, which he informed me was of the Ferrissia type. Through his courtesy the shells were sent to me for examination on their way back to Calcutta. At that time I had no specimens of the Indian species in my collection for comparison and, as I had then no ex- pectation of ever doing any work on the African fauna, I unfor- tunately neglected to make any description or figures. My note, made at the time, was simply that the specimens were Ferrissias. This confirmed Prof. Gwatkin's opinion based on his examination of the radula and settled the generic position of the form, though, un- fortunately, its specific character must remain uncertain until it can be more critically examined. There are, so far as I know, no authentic records of the occur- rence of Ferrissia on the west coast of Equatorial Africa. As already stated, it seems probable that the A. milleri Dohrn from the Cape Verdes belongs to this group, but only an examination of the types can definitely determine that question. There is every probability, however, that, sooner or later, Fer- rissia will be found to be of general distribution in Equatorial Africa. The Indian A. verruca Bens., the Japanese A. baconi Bgt., the Australian A. australis Tate, the New Zealand A. woodsi John., (possibly the non-septate form of a Gundlachia according to Hedley, 1895, p. 66), and the Hawaiian A. sharpi Sykes are all Ferrissias. This world-wide distribution of Ferrissia is very significant and goes to show that, like certain other fresh-water pulmonate types of similar distribution, it is probably of very ancient origin. And the apparent agreement between its present range and the conditions of THE NAUTILUS. 117 land and water in Upper Cretaceous times as depicted by Ortmann (1902, p. 381), may be more than a mere coincidence. While Ferrissia and Laevapex are very closely related, the world- wide range of the former is in marked contrast with the restricted one of the latter, which is apparently confined to America. I can not accept Hannibal's statement, (1912, p. 153), that the Ancylidce have been evolved "from simple, patelliform ancestors". I agree rather with Grabau, (1902, p. 921), that "our modern patel- liform species are probably not primitive types", but are descended from ancestors with spiral shells. The persistence of spiral apical whorls in Brondelia and AncyJastrum and the deciduous spiral apex of Ancylus s. s. would seem to be conclusive on that point. While there may be no great force in an argument based on the usually thinner and flatter shell of Lavapex as compared with that of Ferrissia^ so far as it goes, it tends to show a progressive degen- eration of the shell-secreting function in the former group. For these reasons I can not follow Hannibal, (1. c. p. 150), in subordinating Ferrissia to Lavapex as a subgenus. To my mind, the reverse is actually the fact and Lavapex is a comparatively re- cent offshoot from the ancient Ferrissia stock. My main purpose in undertaking the examination of the Pallary collection was to determine as far as possible the relative range of Ancylus s. s. and Ferrissia in North Africa. It would be quite im- possible for any one without access to types of Bourguignat and large series of PalaBarctic material either to attempt to identify Bourguig- nat's species or to satisfactorily determine the validity of the African species belonging to \\\efluviatilis group. And I have not attempted to do so. ( To be continued. ) POISONING BY THE BITE OF CONUS GEOGRAPHU8.1 The following report by Dr. A. Herbert Hallen was forwarded to the Australian Museum, Sydney, by Dr. B. G. Corney, from Fiji, 10th September, 1901. Accompanying it was a shell, identified as Conus geographus, said to be similar to the one that inflicted the severe bite described. The following is the extract from the Gov- 1 From The Australasian Medical Gazette, September, 1912. 118 THE NAUTILUS. eminent Medical Officer's Report, Levuka, for the month of June, 1901 : " I had under observation the case of a European lady here who was the subject of a severe form of poisoning by a shell-fish of the species of which a shell is now sent for identification. " The lady was fishing not far from the shore in the evening, with her family and native servant in the boat. The shell-fish hav- ing been obtained, the boy cracked it to extract the meat, which was large in quantity for the size of the shell, and having cracked the shell, handed it to his mistress with the meat hanging from its internal attachment. To free the flesh she inserted her little finger towards the upper end, and, she declares, felt it shoot out a sharp- pointed thing which penetrated her finger and caused such a peculiar sensation that she at once called out that she was bitten and poisoned. " The poisonous matter is said to be the yellow pulpy matter at the thicker end of the shell ; it might of course be merely repro- ductive OE digestive tissue, or again there might well be a modifica- tion of some secretory gland to form a protective poison gland, and in the latter case, nature would surely provide along with poison, some mechanical means to promote injection into the enemy.2 " The point of puncture in this case was minute and only to be seen with great care ; indeed, that it was a puncture was much less readily seen than the local effect of the poison which caused a bluish dis- coloration of the surrounding tissues. It was situated at the point of the patient's little finger near the side of the nail. Through so small a puncture, and in so short a time as was allowed to its inser- tion (she did not unfortunately suck the wound), but a most minute quantity of the poison could have entered the circulation, yet the effects were most grave. Locally a numbness was first experienced. This extended rapidly up the arm, which became paralysed and the paralysis spread thence rapidly throughout the body. It was peculiar that not only was general muscular control abolished, even so far that the head had to be supported over the trunk in order that unimpeded breathing might be allowed to continue ; but there was a loss also in a lesser degree (as I think) of sensation, with numbness 1 The wound was doubtless inflicted by the radula, of which the teeth are well known to be provided with ducts communicating with a poison-secreting gland. — ED. THE NAUTILUS. 119 and "pins and needles " beginning in the arm and becoming gen- eralised through the body, and to a more marked degree there was a disappearance of muscular sensation and a complete absence of knee jerks. The patient constantly asked where her limbs were. Utterance was thick and indistinct. The respiratory and cardiac muscular apparatus did not at any time participate to a danger- ous degree in the paralysis. The stomach, however, may have been effected, for I could not induce vomiting. When at its worst, some three or four hours after the poisoning began, the con- dition distinctly affected the throat, and a good deal of distress was caused by the difficulty in removing accumulated fluid. The poison seemed to me to clearly belong to the class of which curare is the type. Of this I felt assured as soon as I had examined the patient and observed the freedom of the respiratory and circulatory centers from its actions compared with the absolute abrogation of voluntary muscular paralysis, so that, the patient weighing 16 odd stone, I felt a good deal of anxiety as to whether the arms would not dislocate at the shoulder when the body was lifted in the chair by the bands under the armpits ; indeed it was exceedingly difficult to move the patient, all the parts being so abnormally yielding. The treatment I adopted was merely directed to the maintaining of life till the poi- son should have been destroyed. The heart and lungs were quite equal to their work if other circumstances could be kept favorable. This was done by placing the patient in a semi-recumbent position in a canvas chair, and by keeping the head in such a position that breathing and swallowing were facilitated. I should have liked to relieve the circulation by inducing vomiting, but failed to do so- Had I had strychnine with me, I should have injected it hypodermic" ally, but I did not feel justified in leaving the patient to get it. The worst was past in about six hours. The wound was made about 9.30 p. m. Paialysis lasted on with steadily diminishing intensity till late next day, but the numbness lasted considerably longer in the injured finger, and for a month after the patient experienced a shock in the little finger on hard impaction — as in playing the piano. This was the last symptom to clear up, unless the sore eyes, which began and lasted later, are to be attributed to this poison as their cause. Though natives declare that recovery from fish poisoning is often complicated by sore eyes, yet I am not aware that the tradition would apply to this kind. I have heard since of other cases of this 120 THE NAUTILUS. kind of fish poisoning, and among others of a Kadavu woman who died before she could be got from the shore." NOTES. A few weeks ago the skipper of my little boat, the EOLIS, made a single dredge haul off Key West, Florida, in 90 fathoms, rough rocky bottom, and just on the edge of the "Pourtales Plateau" and within the Gulf Stream. Although the number of species obtained is small the catch is a remarkable one and seems to me well worth recording. It is as follows;- 1 Sipho (Ptycbosalpinx) n. sp. 1 Liomesus stimpsoni Dall 18 Voluta (Maculopeplum) dohrni Sby 2 Voluta (Aurinia) dubia Brod 2 Voluta (Aurinia) gouldiana Dall 4 Calliostoma bairdi V. and S. 6 Murex beaui F. and B. 1 Phyllonotus nuttingi Dall 1 Pteronotus macropterus Desh 2 Coralliophila deburghii Reeve 1 Conus mazei Desh 3 Phos candei orb 10 Nassa hotessieri Orb 1 Cassis inflata Shaw 6 Pleurotoma albida Perry JOHN B. HENDERSON. MR. LLOYD B. SMITH collected the following species of shells from a Pleistocene deposit near Sierra Nueva, Santo Domingo. It may be of interest to put the find on record as the type of C. moenensis Galb. was found in Costa Rica. Bullaria amygdalum Dillw. Notica caurena Lam. Columbella mercatoria Lam. Neritina virginea L. Murex similis Sowb. Chione cancellata L. Thais coronata L. Chione paphia L. Strombus puyilis L. C/tama lingua -felis Rve. Cerithium liter atum Born. Cerithium moenensis Gabb. E. G. VANATTA. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXVII. MARCH, 1914. No. 11 NOTES ON SOME WEST AMERICAN PECTENS. BY WILLIAM H. DALL. Since publishing iny notes on West Coast Pectens in 1898, in the Transactions of the Wagner Institute, a very large amount of ma- terial has accumulated which enables me to revise and correct the nomenclature then adopted and the views of relationship of the dif- ferent forms treated. The complete work is reserved for future pub- lication, some notes however having an immediate interest. In 1839 Anton described under the name of Pectan excavatus a species from China afterward named by Sowerly P. sinensis. This is a good species. In '1846 the plate of the Mollusca of the u Voyage of the Venus " by Valennciennes were issued and contain a Pecten named P. excavatus. Whether the name is a mere coincidence, or the species was supposed to be the same as Anton's, cannot be known, as the text was never published. At any rate the shell figured was identical with that commonly known as P. dentatus G. B. Sowerby, 1 842. But there is a P. dentatus described by J. Sowerby in 1829, so that the name of 1842 cannot be used. For this common species of the Gulf of California I propose the name of Pecten (Euvola) cataractes. The group of Pectens including P. islandicus Miiller, P. ruhidus Hinds (= hindsii Cpr. ), P. hastatus Sowerby, P. hericius Gould, etc. has always puzzled writers, all of whom, including myself, have been misled by worn specimens or insufficient material. Possessing the types of Gould, Carpenter, and Arnold, and a full series of the recent shells in good condition, 1 have reached the fol- lowing conclusions. 122 THE NAUTILUS. P. hastatus Sowerby, is a good species of small size and limited distribution in the California region. P. hericius Gould is distinct, and distributed from Port Althorp, Alaska to San Diego, Cal. The variety albidus Dall, if not a dis- tinct species, is probably an extreme form of hericius. P. islandicus Miiller, extends from the Arctic south in constantly deeper water to the Strait of Fuca. Varieties of this were supposed to be P. rubidus Hinds, by Middendorff, who did not know the true rubidus, and his name for one variety, beringiana, takes precedence of my variety strategus, which is identical. P. hindsii Carpenter (rubidus Hinds, not Martyn) has a very wide distribution from Bering Sea to Cape St. Lucas. It is a good species, the typical form of which has the major ribs on the right valve flattish and smooth. In my variety navarchus they are rounded and densely imbricate. The two can be separated in the dark. Pecten (Plagioctenium) circularis Sowerby, has had a confused nomenclatorial career. It was first named tumidus by Sowerby in 1835, but there is an older tumidus of Turton, 1822. Sowerby then replaced the name by ventricosus under which the species is commonly catalogued. But he had also described in 1835 a P. cir- cularis from Guaymas, Mexico, which as figured appears to be merely a color variety of tumidus. There is a P. circularis of Goldfuss, but it appears to have been published in 1836. The species will then (as indicated by Arnold) take the name circularis. It is closely analogous to the Atlantic P. dislocatus Say, and its variety tequisul. catus bears the same relation to the type that the Atlantic irradians does to dislocatus (= gibbus Lam.) Pecten (Patinopecteri) caurinus Gould. This species can at once be distinguished from its analogue P. yessoensis Jay, by the fact that its minor surface sculpture is purely concentric, while that of the Japanese shell is reticulate when in perfect condition. P. digitatus Hinds, is probably only a young specimen of P. (Nodi- pecten) subnodosus Sowerby. A NEW SONORELLA FROM THE GRAND CANYON, ARIZONA. BY JUNIUS HENDERSON. Among some shells recently received from Mr. Ellsworth Bethel, of East Denver High School, were four dead specimens of Sonorella TJ1K NAUTILUS. 123 collected by him on Bright Angel Trail, at Grand Canyon, Arizona, in 1913. He was collecting fungi, and unfortunately did not note the exact locality of the snail find, but writes that he followed the trail closely, and thinks he got the shells " about one hundred yards wect of the upper limit of the trail and not more than twenty feet below 'lie top," though he cannot be certain and '' may have gotten them as far down as the half way house. " He supposed them to be com- mon and made no note of the place. They are much larger than the common S. coloradoemis of that region, and differ in other respects- They did not seem to fit the description of any other species, but the finding of so large a species along a trail which has been searched by some of our ablest conchologists and most thorough collectors made me doubt that it could be new, so I sent two specimens to Dr. Pilsbry, who pronounced them undescribed. SONORELLA BETHELI, new Species. Shell rather large, moderately elevated. Whorls five and one-half convex, increasing regularly in size, the last descending about one millimeter in the last five millimeters to the aperture. Lip slightly everted, more strongly so at the base of the aperture, and somewhat reflected over the umbilicus, its terminations connected by a thin transparent callus. Umbilicus moderate, open to the apex. Aper- ture shortly oval-lunate, oblique. Growth-lines fine, but well-defined under a lens ; numerous wrinkles, usually rounded, occasionally acute, coincident with the growth-lines but of course much less numerous. The most interesting character of the species is the spiral sculpture, unusual in this genus, consisting of numerous incised lines, slightly flexnous over the tranverse wrinkles, covering the last whorl from umbilicus to suture, and extending without diminution over the an- terior half of the penultimate whorl, above which they begin to dis- appear. Though the four specimens at hand are all more or less weathered, one shows the periostracum to be smooth and shiny, and probably originally of Isabella color. One dark-brown spiral band, reaching a width of about one millimeter on the last whorl, occurs just above the periphery, so as to be concealed on all but the last whorl and the anterior half of the penultimate. Measurements in millimeters : Type (in Univ. Colo. Museum), maj. lat. 21, min. lat. 18.5, alt. 14, alt. measured just in frontof aperture 10.5, height of aperture 9.5, width of aperture to callus 124 THE NAUTILUS. margin 10.5. Cotype (in Univ. Colo. Museum), broken specimen, maj. lat. 20.5, min. lat. 17, alt. 14. Cotype (in possession of Mr • Bethel), with third whorl depressed, maj. lat. 20.5, min. lat. 17, alt. in front of aperture 9.5. Cotype (in Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila.), maj. lat. 21.2, min. lat. 18.2, alt. 13.1 mm. Type locality, Bright Angel Trail, Grand Canyon, Arizona. NOTES ON THE ANCYLIDAE OF NORTH AFRICA. BY BRYANT WALKER, SC. D. (Concluded from p. The following so-called species of the Ancylus fluviatilis group have been listed from Algeria by Bourguignat and others: Ancylus brondeli Bgt. costulatus Kust. compressiusculus M. T. subriparius Bgt. epipedus Bgt. ftitviatilis L. bledahensis Bgt. ==fluviatilis gibbosus teste Westerl. djurdjurensis Deb. peraudieri Bgt. platylenus Bgt. raymondi Bgt. striatus Q. & G. simplex Fer. —fluviatilis teste Clessin and Westerlund. gibbosus Bgt. =fluviatilis var. teste Clessin and Wester- lund. strictus Mor. In this connection it seems necessary to call attention to the per- sistently erroneous use of Ancylastrurn Bgt. for this group by the continental authors, e. g., Fischer, 1881, p. 504, Clessin, 1882, p. 27, Westerlund, 1885, p. 89, Germain, 1913, p. 261. As Hedley (1894, p. 118) has already shown, Bourguignat twice gave A. cumingianus as the type of that group. " Since the de- scriber of the group clearly and repeatedly declared his type to be cumingianuSi it is not legitimate for Fischer, Clessin or Tryon to alter the type of Ancylastrum from A. cumingicmus to A. ftuviatilis. THE NAUTILUS. 125 That Bourguignat also included A.fluviatilis and other members of Ancylus proper in Ancylastrum is unfortunate, but it does not invali- date the genus." If Ancylastrum, Acroloxus, Ferrissia, etc., are retained as sub- genera or sections of Ancylus, then the group of Jluviatilis would be- long to Ancylus s. s. If, however, these other groups are to be con- sidered, as they should be, of generic value, then there is no occasion for any subgeneric or sectional designation of the fluviatilis group at all. In addition to the various representatives of thefluviatilis group represented in the fauna of Northern Africa as hereinbefore men- tioned from Abyssinia, Tunis, Algeria, Morocco and the Canary and Madeira Islands, the examination of the Pallary collection has re- vealed the existence of the following species belonging to Ferrissia and Gundlachia. FERRISSIA PLATYRHYNCHUS n. sp. PI. VII, figs. 1-3. Shell rather elevated, oval, the left margin somewhat more curved than the right, anterior and posterior margins regularly rounded, thin, translucent, light corneous, lines of growth regular and rather strong ; anterior slope somewhat radially wrinkled ; apex large and very prominent, radially striate, turned to the right and overhanging the posterior slope, surrounded by a distinct constriction, which is deeper posteriorly, obliquely flattened above, with an enormous api- cal depression, surrounded by a strong ridge, which is more con- spicuous along the posterior margin ; anterior slope convex ; posterior slope very oblique and nearly straight below the apical constriction; sides compressed ; lateral slopes flattened, oblique and nearly straight on both sides. Length 3.75, width 2.25, alt. 1.25 mm. Type locality, " Baraki, pres le Gue de Constantine, Algeria." Type in the collection of Paul Pallary. The occurrence of a species of Ferrissia in Algeria was a great surprise. A recent visit to Geneva enabled me to examine the col- lection of Bourguignat and I was able to satisfy myself that there are no Ferrissias from Algeria in his collection. In view of the very considerable amount of collecting that has been done in Algeria in years past, the form here described would seem to be very rare as it has not been found by any other collector and only a single specimen 126 THE NAUTILUS. in this instance, which was collected hy Letourneaux. It would seem possible that it may be a stray specimen imported in some way from some other locality. The species is remarkable for the unusual development of the apex, which is very different from any other form species of Ferrissia known to me. It is apparently very similar to that of Ancylus caliculatus Bgt. It is possible that in both cases it is an individual abnormality as Clessin has already suggested in regard to Bouiguignat's species. Whether this is the fact can only be determined from additional ma- terial, which is very desirable. But in any event, it is evidently quite distinct from any of the described species from the Nile Valley. FERRISSIA ISSELI (Bgt). PI. VII, figs. 4-8. 1866, Ancglus isseli Bourguignat, Moll. Nouv. Lit., p. 214, pi. XXXIII, figs. 13-18. 1882, " " Clessin, Conch. Cab., Ancyliden, p. 61, pi. 4, fig. 9. The types of this species were collected by Issel at "Rambe", (Ramlehjfck Pallary), near Alexandria. The specimens submitted by M. Pallary were collected by L'hotel- lerie "on the leaves of the papyrus" at Alexandria. Through the courtesy of Dr. Weber, I have been enabled to defin- itely determine this species, which was misapprehended by M. Pall- ary in his "Catalogue de la Faune Malacologique d' Egypte". The species there figured under this name is really the A. clessinianus Jickeli. Bourguignat's description is sufficiently accurate, but his figures are very inaccurate and misleading. Dr. Weber has kindly sup- plied me with camera-lucida outlines of the type, which are repro- duced (figs. 7-8), and in reference to them, he writes: "Vous pouvez ainsi comparer ces dessins avec ceux publics par Bourguignat et voir les differences, car, a notre avis, elles sont notables; pour nous, les dessins de Bourguignat ne sont pas corrects; maintenant, il faut ajouter qu'il existe une assez grande variation de form d'un individu a 1'autre chez la meme espece". Apparently this species is not so abundant as the others collected by L'hotellerie as only two examples were found in the material re- ceived from M. Pallary. These agree very exactly with the original description and the figures sent by Dr. Weber and are, undoubtedly, Bourguignat's species. THE NAUTILUS. 127 The shell is small, obovate, with a very prominent, almost bulbous, apex, which is radiaJly striate and decidedly more excentric than in F. pallaryi , the anterior slope is very convex and the posterior slope is nearly straight below the depression beneath the projecting apex ; the lateral slopes are steeper and less oblique than in pallaryi^ Compared with the none-septate form of Gundlachia Vhotelleriei it is larger, more decidedly obovate, higher, with a more convex anterior slope and the apex is much more prominent. A* clessinianus is en- tirely different in its shape and proportions. The specimen I have figured measures: length 3, width 2, alt. 1 mm. A small set from Ismailia, which I think belong to this species^ are all very much laterally compressed and are proportionally higher than the typical form. A characteristic example measures 3.25 xl. 75 x 1.5 mm. This peculiarity is probably the result of some unusual environmental conditions. A similar instance in Ferrissia parallela Hald. was figured by me several years ago, (1904, p. 77, pi. V, figs. 4-6). FERRISSIA CLESSINIANA (Jickeli). PI. figs. 9-11. 1882. Ancylus clessinianus Jickeli, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mai. Ges., p. 366. 1909. Ancylus isseh Pallary, Mem. Inst. Egypt., VI, p. 60, pL IV, fig. 11. According to Pallary the types of this species were sent by the collector, L'hotellerie, to Clessin under the MSS. name of A. Chotel- leriei Bgt. But it is quite different from the shells that Bourguignat had in his collection under that name. Jickeli did not figure his species, but his description agrees exactly with specimens that I have referred to it and there seems to be no reasonable doubt as to the identification. The example figured is the shell figured by Pallary as A. isseli and is in his collection. It measures: length 4.25, width 2.33, alt. 1.25 mm. The species is larger than any of the associated species of the Nile fauna and entirely different in shape, which in a general way recalls that of the American A. parallelus Hald. FERRISSIA PALLARYI n. sp. PI. VII, figs. 12-14. Shell small, subdepressed, rather broadly ovate, the left margin more curved than the right ; anterior and posterior margins regularly 128 THE NAUTILUS. rounded; thin, translucent, light horn color; lines of growth very fine and regular ; apex radially striate, obtuse, not prominent, not elevated above the anterior slope, situated at about the posterior third of the length and distinctly turned to the right ; anterior slope slightly, but rather evenly curved from the apex, but becoming nearly straight towards the anterior margin ; posterior slope nearly straight, being but slightly incurved ; lateral slopes oblique, the left quite convex, the right nearly straight, slightly incurved beneath the apex. Length 3.25, width 2.25, alt. 1 mm. Type locality, Canal Mahmoudich, Alexandria, Egypt. Type in the collection of Paul Pallary. Cotype, Coll. Walker. Although only one mature and two immature examples are befort, me, this species is so entirely different from the other species of the Nile that I do not hesitate to describe it. Its broad-oval outline, more oblique lateral slopes and the position and shape of the apex are characteristic and quite unlike any of the described species from that region. Named in honor of M. Paul Pallary, who has done much to eluci- date the fauna of Northern Africa. GUNDLACHIA I/HOTELLERIEI (" Bourguignat ") n. Sp. PI. VII, figs. 15-21. Ancylus clessini Pallary, Mem. Inst. Egypt., VI, p. 59. Shell very small. The non-septate form (figs. 15-19) is subde- pressed, narrowly ovate, being wider anteriorily, mostly on the left margin, the right being nearly straight in the median portion and and about equally curved at both ends ; anterior and posterior margins regularly rounded ; thin, translucent, light horn color ; lines of growth fine and regular, anterior slope somewhat radially wrinkled ; apex prominent, very obtuse, radially striate and turned towards the right, situated at the posterior ^of the length; anterior slope long, decidedly and regularly convex ; the posterior slope short and straight, but slightly oblique, from the base of the protuberant apex ; left slope very convex above, thence descending in a nearly straight, oblique line to the margin ; right slope less oblique and nearly straight, be- ing very slightly concave below the swell of the apex. Length 2.75, width 1.5, alt. 1 mm. The septate form (figs. 20-21) is smaller than the non-septate and THE NAUTILUS. 129 the lateral margins are less expanded, they are nearly parallel, the left being slightly convex, the right slightly concave; as usual in this stage the sides of the aperture have the appearance of being drawn in toward each other in the process of constructing the septum, in front of the septum the anterior margin is somewhat expanded ; the septum occupies about two-thirds of the entire length, it is decidedly curved along the lateral margins and posteriorly, but the anterior portion is flattened in the center as though from contact with the back of the animal when in motion and towards the septum descends quite obliquely ; the margin of the septum is only slightly convex in the center, curving quite abruptly forward as it joins the lateral margins of the shell. The surface conditions are as in the non- septate form. The fully matured (Gunlachoid) stage is unknown. Length 2.1, width at margin of septum 1, greatest width 1.2, alt. 75 mm. Type locality, Alexandria, Egypt. Types no. 35966 Coll. Walker. Cotypes in the collection of Paul Pallary. Dr. Weber has kindly furnished outlines (figs. 15-16) of the types of Bourguignat's unpublished species and there can be no question but that this, and not the A. clessinianus of Jickeli, was the form that he had intended to describe under the name which I have adopted. It is also the species that Pallary erroneously referred to as A. clessini, but did not describe. Both names being without published description, I have given the preference to the anterior one of Bourguignat. I have no doubt but that both of the forms above described belong to the same species. The non-septate form is very similar to the North American A. shimeMi Pils. and A. pumilas Sterki, but differs from both in eleva- tion and other details. Dr. Pilsbry has already suggested that shimekii is the non-septate form of a Gundlachia, and I am inclined to think that pumilus will prove to be the corresponding condition of the Ohio Gundlachia, which is probably the meekiana of Stimpson. The occurrence of this species in Egypt was wholly unexpected and was the first record of the genus from the Old World.1 1 Shortly after these shells were received from M. Pallary, I received from 130 THE NAUTILUS. Unfortunately the fully matured form with the secondary growth has not yet been found. The fact certainly seems to be that the range of Gundlachia, like that of Ferrissia is world-wide and the two are apparently coincident. It is quite possible that others of the so-called Ferrissias will eventu- ally prove to be the non-septate forms of Gundlachia. At the same time, if the evidence afforded by the North American species is to- be relied upon, it is only certain species of "•Ferrissia " that ever be- come septate. There is no evidence, so far as I know, that the typical species of Ferrissia ever form a septum. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1870. Blanford, W. T. Observations on the Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia. 1862. Bourguignat, J. R. Spicileges Malacologiques. 1883. Bourguignat, J. R. Histoire Malacologique de 1'Abys- sinie. 1882. Clessin, S. Conchylien Cabinet, Ancylien. 1869. Dohrn, H. Die Binnenconchylien der Capverdischen Inseln. Mai. Blatt., XVI, pp. 1-23. 1881. Fischer, H. Manuel de Conchyliologie. 1909. Germain, Louis. La Malacographie de 1'Afrique Equi- toriale. Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gen. (5), I, pp. 1-165. 1913. Germain, Louis. Mollusques de la France, II. 1848. Gould, A. A. Proc. B. S. N. H., II, p. 210. 1902. Grabau, A. W. Studies of Gastropoda. Am. Nat., XXXVI, p. 917. 1912. Hannibal, Harold. A Synopsis of the Recent and Terti- ary Mollusca of the Californian Province. Proc. Mai. Soc., Lon- don, X, p. 112. 1894. Hedley, Charles. On the Value of Ancylastrum. Proc. Mai. Soc., London, I, p. 118. 1895. Hedley, Charles. On the Australian Gundlachia. NAUT., IX, p. 61. Mr. John Farquhar of Grahamstown, Cape Colony, two specimens of a fully matured Gundlachia from that region. To which, if any, of the recently de- scribed species of Ferrissia from South Africa this form is to be approximated I am as yet uncertain. But the occurrence of the genus from both of the ex- treme ends of Africa is certainly a matter of great interest. THE NAUTILUS. 131 1874. Jickeli, C. F. Fauna Land und Susswasser Mollusken Nord-Ost Afrikas. 1872. Mousson, A. Revision de la Faune Malacologique des Canaries. 1902. Ortmann, A. E. The Geographical Distribution of Freshwater Decapods, and its bearing upon Ancient Geography. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XLI, pp. 267-400. 1904. Pallary, Paul. Quatrieme Contribution a 1'etude de la faune malacologique du Nord-ouest de PAfrique. Jour, de Conch., LII, pp. 1-58. 1909. Pallary, Paul. Catalogue de la Faune Malacologique d'Egypte. Mem. L'Inst., Egypt, VI. 1894-1900. Taylor, J. W. Monograph of the Land and Fresh- water Mollusca of the British Isles, I. 1878. Wollaston, T. V. Testacea Atlantica. 1904. Walker, Bryant. Notes on Eastern American Ancyli. NAUTILUS, XVIII, pp. 75-83. 1912. Walker, Bryant. A Revision of the Ancylida? of South Africa. NAUT., XXV, pp. 139-144. 1885. Westerlund, C. A. Fauna der Palaearctischen Region, V. UNION OF THE WABASH AND MAUMEE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS. BY CALVIN GOODRICH. If only as a matter of record, it may be worth while to set down the fact that the drainage of the Great Lakes and that of the Ohio became united in the great flood of March-April, 1913. A little southwest of Fort Wayne, Ind., the St. Mary's River, tributary to the Maumee, approaches within three miles of the Little Wabash River, belonging to the Ohio system. The land between is known as " The Prairie " and the dividing line of the two drainage basins upon it is not perceptible to the human eye. It was across this stretch that the St. Mary's River sent its flood waters last spring, and no doubt it was responsible in no small measure for the damage wrought at Peru and Logansport some distance down the Wabash. The Wabash and Erie canal, now many years abandoned, skirted 132 THE NAUTILUS. '' The Prairie " and entered the main stream of the Wabash not far below Huntington. There is excellent reason for believing that the Unione fauna of the Maumee has received additions, by means of this canal, since the days when the upper part of what is now the Maumee water course served as a southward flowing outlet for the glacial lake Maumee. Such additions are Quadrula cylindrica strig, illata (B. H. Wright), Pluerobema clava (Lam.), Plagiola securis (Lea) and Symphynota complanata (Barnes). Q. cylindrica strigil- lata has proceeded down the river as far as Antwerp, Ohio, and clava as far as Defiance. Knowledge of securis is confined to one specimen found in a clammer's camp just below Fort Wayne. The lower- most station for complanata is New Haven, about seven miles below Fort Wayne. While this species is known to two other streams within the Great Lakes drainage, it is unquestionably a new comer in the Maumee. Call records Obovaria retusa (Lam.) from the St. Joseph, which receives the name of Maumee at Fort Wayne. It is highly probable that he had before him specimens or Quadrula pus- tulosa, much produced forward, free of tubercles and suggestive of retusa. This form is to be seen not infrequently in many parts of the Maumee. The Naiades of the Maumee and the upper parts of the Wabash now very nearly approximate one another, counting the recent ad- ditions for which the Wabash and Erie canal may be thanked. In a rather hurried collecting excursion along the main stream of the Wabash from St. Henry, Ohio, to Bluffton, Ind., last fall, Unio crassidens Lam. and Quadrula heros (Say) (possibly) were the only species lound which are unknown to the Great Lakes drainage. In case either of these species appears some day in the Maumee, its presence might reasonably be accounted for by glochidia-bearing fish which crossed the divide in the course of the flood of 1913. It is convenient here to chronicle the finding of Unia tetralasmus sayii Ward, a stranger from the southern drainage, in Cedar Creek, Lucas County, and Toussaint Creek, Ottawa County, Ohio. These small streams empty into Lake Erie and are only a few miles apart. Further exploration is necessary before it is wise to speculate as to the reason for the appearance of the species so far from home waters. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXVII. APRIL, 1914. No. 12 A NEW CUBAN LAND OPERCULATE. BY H. A. PILSBRY. During a recent visit 10 Cuba Dr. Henry Skinner, in the intervals of entomological researches, collected a few land shells. Some dirt scraped up on the San Carlos Estate, near Guantanamo, contained over twenty species of shells, including the following new species, which is named in honor of Mr. Charles T. Ramsden, Manager of the Estate, in acknowledgment of his attainments in Cuban ento- mology, ornithology and conchology. The new species is by far the smallest cyclophoroid snail yet known from Cuba, and is further of interest for the reason that it is a dis- tinctly phylogerontic or aged form, such as the writer has found in numerous other Antillean groups. The snail fauna of the West In- dies contains many groups bearing the marks of old age, and in all probability approaching extinction. Sometimes this is manifested by extravagant development of spines, hollow ribs or knobs, often by more or less uncoiling in the later stages of growth. Some other families of the fauna show no signs of decadence. The systematic position of the new species is doubtful, since none retained the operculum ; but it is evidently congeneric with the Hai- tian shell described as Geratodiscus solutus Henderson and Simpson (Nautilus XV, p. 73, pi. 5, figs. 1, 2). Both of these species seem related to the Cyclotus minimus Gundl., of Pfeiffer (Mon. Pneumon. Ill Suppl. 2, p. 16; Suppl. 3, p. 31.) which has been referred to Crocidopoma, a subgenus of Aperostoma, but I believe incorrectly. The operculum of C. minimus is extremely peculiar. The nucleus is 134 THE NAUTILUS. at the external border. A smooth, wedge-shaped area radiates towards the columellar margin, and the areas above and below this are lamellose, the lamellae at right angles to the sides of the median wedge. This is quite unlike all known genera of the region. CERATODISCUS RAMSDENI n. sp. The shell is minute, planorboid, the spire slightly sunken, um- bilicus open, conic, showing all the whorls. Whorls 2§, tubular, the last whorl descending slightly and becoming free from the pre- ceding a short distance behind the aperture. Initial half whorl smooth ; following whorl having several raised spiral threads ; sub- sequent whorls with sculpture of fine, somewhat irregular growth- lines only. The aperture is slightly oblique, not quite circular, the inner border being a little straightened. The peristome expands just perceptibly, and is not or scarcely thickened. Alt. 1.3, diam. 3 mm. Guant&namo, Cuba, on the San Carlos Estate, numerous speci mens. This species is far smaller than C. minimus, and differs by the re- striction of spiral sculpture to the first neanic whorl, and by the free end of the last whorl. In C. minimus the spiral sculpture continues upon the last whorl. Although the specimens of C. ramsdeni were dirty when collected, I doubt whether they are so in life. (?. mini- mus carries a peculiar, bicarinate coat of dirt, firmly cemented on with mucus, and which almost or quite conceals the shell. C. solutus H. &. S., of Haiti, is a larger shell, more depressed, with the last whorl free for a greater distance. The new species will be illustrated next month, together with various other new Cuban shells. NOTES. BY JAS. H. FERRISS. A set of Oreohelix iowensis Pils. from Prof. B. Shimek of Iowa City, with gentle washing and a slight touch of oil exhibited their pink bands, though resurrected from their tombs in the Loess where they slept some thousands of years. The syringing also brought out five juveniles from one specimen, and some of those were also banded. THE NAUTILUS. 135 While telling "snake stories" I will tell them all. In our col- lections of 1910 in the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona (Pilsbry, Daniels and Ferriss), we found a thin and small Sonorella belonging apparently to a new group, near S. rowelli (Newc.), Again we found a member of the same group in the Santa Catalinas, and last year I extended it into the Grahams and Peloncillos. The habitat and habits of Sonorella are usually dry, but these were wet, with a fondness for deep woods and old logs. It was found easily in the dark gulches of the Catalinas last summer, and in its vicinity a bitter odor was noticed, something like that given out by Parnassus grass, skunk cabbage, and a Tennessee goldenrod. It came from the snail. As I picked it from its resting place it shot out a drop or two of juice into the air, but that was the extent of the disturb- ance. The odor soon disappeared and was not repeated. Of the hundreds found of this odorous group I saw only three shells broken by the chipmunks, and very seldom a dead one. Last summer I gathered over 300 Sonorellas of the rinconensis group in one slide of rock, and found only two alive. Often mice and chipmunks defeated me entirely in slides containing both Oreohelix and Sonorella. Robert Camp, a student and collector of birds, now at Browns- ville, Texas, has found more delight in snail collecting than in truck gardening, and is now sending out some of the finest Texans pro- duced. That region is peculiarly adapted for good colors and good health in snails. His Euglandina texasiana Pfr. (not singleyana W. G. B.) are perfect as perfect can be, for I was down there in January and helped him catch 'em. He sent me in Arizona last summer some Planorbis cultratus Orb. and Segmentina obstructa (Morel) he had found in the dry Texas soil from four to six inches deep. Turned loose in a cup of Arizona water they were soon crawling about. In January we collected in a cotton field that had been cultivated four years, and on the edge of the field in the shade arid unbroken ground found the shell alive four inches down in stiff black soil, cracked so long that the cracks were lined with moss. The live shells however were not in the cracks but in the sections of black and baked soil. In a low spot of the field, a springy place, we found them also with a Succinea, Physa and Pla~ norbis liebmanni, Dkr., but none were alive. The latter resembles the Segmentina except in wanting teeth. It is also larger. The P. cultratus is thin as a sheet of ledger paper and very delicate in ap- pearance. 136 THE NAUTILUS. On this Texas journey we went up the Rio Grande as far as Rio Grande City. In Louisiana I visited Mr. L. S. Frierson and saw his collection of Uniones with great profit. I heard the story of Dr. W. S. Strode of my own State, barefooted, attempting to kick down a cypress knee in Lake St. Charles. These knees in color sometimes do look like a toadstool of tropical growth. I also learned that Mr. Frierson was well supplied with Anodonta suborbiculata Say. He found a fragment of that rare queen of the Anodontas at the edge of a pond near his village and employed a gen- tleman of color to gather them at a nickel per clam. Two days later the black imp of darkness drove up to his house with a two-horse team, the wagon box full of A. suborbiculata. I did not find Rev. H. E. Wheeler at Arkadelphia, Ark. These Methodist conchologists move too often. CUBAN COLLECTING ; SAN DIEGO DE LOS BANDS. BY JOHN B. HENDERSON. Mr. Charles T. Simpson and the writer recently made a collecting trip to San Diego de los Banos. This old and very dilapidated Cuban town is about seventy five miles west of Havana and lies just at the entrance to a pass through the southern range of the Sierra de los Organos and is an admirable starting point for daily collecting excursions into the mountains. This is given as the type locality of a number of species and judging from its frequent reference in Cuban lists it must have been a favorite field for the older collectors who first made known Cuba's remarkable land snail fauna. The actual town itself lies in the lowlands and therefore offers nothing to the collector for Cuba's level plains and valleys are almost destitute of shells. On account of this fact Cuba still maintains three quite dis- tinct land shell faunas, each inhabiting its own mountain system. These three systems were once separated by the sea and developed their own island faunas, but now that a general elevation of the whole region has connected them all by dry land a mingling of the three faunas might naturally be expected. Such, however, is the case only to a very slight extent. The connecting land areas are lowlands, the tobacco fields, the cane fields and cattle ranges of the island. With a very few exceptions the Cuban land shells can- THE NAUTILUS. 137 not find proper conditions for life in the lowlands and the three mountain faunas of the island are almost as effectually separated as when the sea surrounded them. The great mountain system of western Cuba (Organos) haa suf- fered rapid erosion and it now happens that whole ranges once a part of the main system have been so cut down by atmospheric forces that they exist today only in the form of more or less detached hills, — or " mogotes " as the natives call them. These mogotes, in point of size, may be quite respectable mountains with all the pinnacles and organ-pipe peaks so characteristic of the region, or they may be but a comparative handful of worn down boulders appearing like a little hump on the level landscape. They are practically always heavily wooded and maintaining as they do all the conditions of life needed by the snails, they possess each and every one a little i'aunula of its own, — modified, of course, by long isolation from the main range. This accounts in one way for the great richness in Cuba of species. Nature has brought this about by dividing her mollusks into thousands of little preserves and isolating them. As erosion cuts down the mogotes and their quarters become more and more restricted the mollusks that can adapt themselves and fight the battle of life the best, persist, — they generally become smaller in size, while others not so adaptable disappear. Thus every mogote has a surprise or two for the collector, — usually a new species or subspecies of Urocoptis. In most countries there are certain genera of land or fresh water shells that appear to be especially plastic or quick to modify their forms to meet new conditions. In the Bahamas the Cerions, in Europe the Clausilias, in the United States the Pleuroeeratidas and in Cuba the Urocoptis. If these last had received the kind of appli- cation that some genera in other parts of the world have received, there would be in Cuba about a thousand species of them, — that is after the mogotes had all been explored. But these Urocoptids have much to tell of what has happened to Cuba in the past. They almost indicate three separate migrations into the island from dif- ferent sources and at different times. One of these may prove to be along a ridge once connecting Cuba through Camaguay, Santa Clara, and the Isle of Pines with Central America, an immigration quite distinct from the one supposedly into Pinar del Rio from Yucatan. Until the land operculates of Cuba shall have been wholly revised as 138 THE NAUTILUS. to genera they can tell but little, indeed, they can only confuse the student. The names Chondropoma, Choanopoma, Colobostylus, Tudora, etc., mean nothing applied indiscriminately as they are. When Simpson and I first attacked the mountains about San Diego our first impression was that we were gathering the very same species taken before many miles west at Vinales, Sumidero etc., and it was easy to fancy ourselves back in our old haunts of two years ago. We were, however, deceived by the similarity only of the species of the two localities. The majority are different species, especially, as one might anticipate, among the Urocoptids. It is only the genera and the sections that are the same. The delights of mogote collecting are hard to exaggerate, and there are many mogotes all about San Diego de los Banos. Each is a little treasure trove full of life and a bower of tropical luxuriance and we worked them all within a distance of several miles of the town. A day spent on La Guida, a splendid mountain of the main range, will give perhaps a good example of our daily work while at San Diego. An early morning walk of about six miles brings us to the "sacred presence " and we leave the so-called road to ford a river and plunge into the fearful jungle at the base of the mountain. There are no shells in this jungle, but upon reaching the actual base of the mountain great rocks are first met and among them the dead shells give an index to what we may expect when we get up a little higher. Traveling is most difficult here until the first line of rocks is passed and the steep sides are reached. Then somebody picks a Cepolis parraiana off a tree and we begin to look sharp for Liguus. Then we reach a region of huge masses of limestone broken off and fallen from the great cliffs above, all smothered in vegetation. Here we discover on the rocks and the trees Urocoptis irrorata and in the smaller crevices Urocoptis guirensis, sazosa and one or two closely allied species. Simpson calls out that he has a Macroceramus (elegans), and then we grub for a time in the soil about the bases of the rocks and turn out Megalomastoma mani and that splendid Alcadia (Emoda) sagraiana, and there are also here many smaller things as Lyobasis angustata, Pichardiella acuticostata and its curious variety korrida of Pilsbry. Climbing still higher we reach the foot of the great perpendicular wall towering naked above us for several hundred feet, and new conditions are at once met. Eutrochatella regina is very common and we cease even to gather it. An occa- THE NAUTILUS. 139 sional colony of Eutrochatella acuminata keeps our enthusiasm warm, and then we discover a colony of that perfect little gem among land shells, Eutrochatella chrysochasma, with its pinkish cast and flaming red aperture. The big Ghondropoma shuttleworthi are quite abundant and we only take the best looking specimens, but the more rare Chon. sagebieni is much more shy ; we get but a few of them living. Annularia blaini is everywhere, and we tell our Cuban guide not to take any more of them. An occasional Pleurodonte (7%e/.) rangeliana with its commoner cousin PL auricoma is taken. Oleacina o. straminea and the smaller solidula along with the species that have the incised lines upon their spires are fairly abundant. Less so are the Rectoleacina cubensis and R. episcopalis, but they are there to be had for the search. Some one warns the rest that it is getting time to pull out for home, and we reluctantly drop the work and scramble back to the river, an hour at least to go half a mile. In the river we enjoy the luxury of a swim in the cool, clear water, and revive our energies for the long " hike " back. Wherever the naturalist wanders there is always a beyond that is gilded by imagination and mystery. From a high point we could gaze into a beyond of high sierras among which our native guide pointed out the great Pan de Guajaibon, far away and indistinct as a cloud peak above the mass of mountains. Guajaibon has always been our dream mountain for future conquest. It was visited a half century ago by that most enterprising of Cuban collectors, Charles Wright, but since then it has guarded well its conchological treas- ures. DISTRIBUTION OF SOME FRESH WATER SHELLS OF THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER VALLEY IN MAINE, NEW BRUNSWICK AND QUEBEC. BY OLOF O. NYLANDER. For many years I have been collecting shells in the valley of the St. John's River and its tributaries, the Aroostook and Fish Rivers in Maine, and Madawaska and Green Rivers in New Brunswick and Quebec. Every tributary has some interesting forms, of which many are peculiar to a single locality. Many of the tributaries of St. John's River are in the forest. It is a lumbermen's field for harvest, and great quantities of logs are floated down these rivers every year. Sawmills large and small are to be found nearly every- 140 THE NAUTILUS. where. The sawdust and other waste is thrown in the water, and is forming extensive deposits in the river and tributaries. It is very destructive to Molluscan and other animal life. Anodonta marginata Say. Is distributed in the main river and the lakes and tributaries on muddy bottom. Common. Alasmidonta undulata Say. St. John's River at Fort Kent and Conners. Also in the Aroostook and Fish Rivers. Rare. Margaritana margaritifera Linne. Is found in the Aroostook River and some of its tributaries. I have not seen M. margaritifera in any of the St. John's River tributaries above Grand Falls. If it is living in the upper part of St. John's River it is rare. Unio complanatus Solander. Generally distributed in the Aroos- took and Fish Rivers, rare in the St. John's River. In Temiscouata Lake is a small form of this species that is common in deep water in the lakes of Maine (Fish River lakes). Sphaesrium striatinum Lamarck. Common on rocky bottom in Fish River, in St. John's River at Fort Kent, and in Madawaska River at St. Rose. Ancylus borealis Morse. In 1899 I found five specimens of this rare shell in the St. John's River at Fort Kent. Lymncea (Galba} emarginata Say. Second Eagle Lake, Fish River and St. John's River at Fort Kent, abundant on rock bottom feeding on Conferva. Lymncea ( Galba~) emarginata mighelsi Binney. This variety is represented by fine large specimens at Square, Cross, and Portage Lakes. The type of Lymncga ampla Mighels came from Square Lake. Lymnaa ( Galbd) emarginata canadensis Sowerby. A large col- ony was found on rocky bottom on the north side of Mt. Wissic, Temiscouata Lake, Province of Quebec. The colony is located in a partly sheltered cove in water two to ten feet deep or more. Among those found here I have noted certain peculiarities that are common to all species that are found on rocky bottom in more or less shel- tered position. Each colony has its peculiar variations and need a geographical name to express their habitat rather than a specific designation of any individual. See F. C. Baker's work on " The LymnaBidas of North and Middle America." Physa heterostropha Say. Common in the St. John's River at Fort Kent, also in the Fish and Aroostook Rivers. THE NAUTILUS. 141 Physa ancillaria Say. Common at Square Lake inlet ; dredged in Second Eagle Lake and Portage Lake on Fish River. A single specimen was seen at Mt. Wissic, in Temiscouata Lake. Physa sayii Tappan. A large colony exists in the Caribou stream at Caribou village, Me. A second locality is at the Third Falls on Green River, New Brunswick. The shells are common below the falls and of large size. Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Common in the St. John's River at Fort Kent, in the First Lake on Green River New Brunswick, and in the Fish and Aroostook Rivers, Maine. Planorbis bicarinatus aroostookensis Pilsbry. Has only been ob- served in the towns of Woodland and Caribou, Maine. Planorbis bicarinatus portagensis Baker. It is apparently a deep water form and is found in Fish River, Maine. Specimens of this variety are also found in First Lake, Green River, New Brunswick. Planorbis companulatus Say. Common in Fish River Lakes, Maine, and First Lake, Green River, New Brunswick. Planorbis defactus Sny. Salmon Brook, Aroostook County, Maine, and First Lake, Green River, New Brunswick. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Is well distributed in the Fish River Lakes and in the Aroostook River Lakes. It is represented in the First Lake, Green River, New Brunswick, by a large form with the whorls somewhat flattened. Of landshells, Succinea retusa Lea is common around Temiscouata Lake. Polygyra albolabris Say, is common on Mt. Wissic, Temiscouata Lake. Pyramidida striatella and Zonitoides arboreus seem to be common in the Northern part of New Brunswick. Zooyenitis harpa Say, I have collected near Green Mt. on Green River. Succinea ovalis Say is common at Grand Falls, New Brunswick. Polygyra monodon cava Pilsbry was collected at St. Leonards, New Brunswick. When a complete survey can be made of the St. John's River there will be many interesting varieties or mutations discovered. This survey should be made before the lumber operators and the sawmills have destroyed the most important lakes and tributaries. 142 THE NAUTILUS. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. CATALOG OF THE MOLLUSCA OF SOUTH CAROLINA, by William G. Mazyck (Contributions from the Charleston Museum, II, 1913). Little has been published bearing directly on the Mollusca of South Carolina since the days of Ravenel. A new catalogue is therefore hailed with much pleasure. The Introduction, giving a history of the local conchological work, is very interesting. The list of stu- dents began with Mr. Stephen Elliott, of Charleston, who was a correspondent of Say and Rafinesque. Following him were Dr. Edmund Ravenel, who published two catalogues of his collections. Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes and Lieut. J. D. Kurtz both published cata- logues of the shells of the State. The list contains 424 entries, but a considerable number of names, quoted from former catalogues, are synonyms, as noted below. New forms described are : Polygyra hopetonensis var. charleston- ensis. Marginella spilota (Ravenel MS.), from Sullivan's Island. Epitonium elliotti, Pawley's Island. Turbonilla kurtzii, Sullivan's Island. Cyclostrema zacalles, entrance of Charleston Harbor. Lamp- silis tenerus (Ravenel MS.), Santee Canal. There are many interesting locality records. Rumina decollata is reported to be gradually spreading through the State. Maculo- peplum junonia is very rarely found on Sullivan's Island. Numer- ous species, which we usually associate with the Florida fauna, are recorded. In these days, when mollusk nomenclature is so unsettled, the making of a local list covering so wide a range of families and genera is fraught with difficulties. Moreover, the author had to in- clude many earlier records which could not be checked up, among the authentic materials of his own collecting. The authorities for such records are given, and they must be accepted for what they are worth. These difficulties have naturally resulted in some discrep- ancies and duplications, which it may not be amiss to note here. Tornatina canaliculata and Cylichna oryza belong to different families, and can not both be placed in the genus Acieocina. Busy- con eliceans is only a variety of carica, and plagosum of pyrum. " Chrysodomus islandicus " Linn6, is now recognized to be a truly Arctic species, and belongs, together with pubescens and stimpsoni, to the genus Tritonofusus. Seila terebralis is now known as S. THE NAUTILUS. 143 adamsi, H. C. Lea. There seems to be some confusion in the species of Area. A. limula and lienosa are only found fossil ; the latter has been confused with the recent secticostata Rve. (jloridana Con.")- A. holmesii is a synonym of campechensis, and pexata and americana are only varieties. Plicatula cristata is a synonym of gibbosa. Anomia ephippium is restricted to Europe, our species being A. sim- plex. Mytilus domingensis is a synonym of M. exustus Linne. Mytilus cubitus is a synonym of Modiolus citrinus Bolten, and M. plicatulus=demissus Dillw., Lithophaga appendiculata and attenuata are synonyms of L. bisulcata. L. caudigera and forficata are syno- nyms of L. aristata Dillw., L. lithophaga Gibbes (not Linn£)— niger Orb., Chama lazarus=macerophylla Gmel., Cardium pictum= serratum, Dactylina=Pholas, P. costata and truncata are now placed •in the genus Barnea. P. semicostata and M. pusilla are synonyms of Martesia striata Linn 6, M. smithi=carib(za Orb. — C. W. J. NOTES. CERION SAGRAIANUM INTRODUCED INTO SOUTH AFRICA.-- In August, 1913, I sent some live Cerion sagraianum Pfr., which I had received from Cuba, to Dr. Pecker, Grahamstown, Cape Colony, Africa. The Doctor wrote me that he had placed them in a certain part of his garden, and that they had made themselves at home. They burrowed under the dead leaves. He is going to let me know from time to time how they get along. Dr. Paul Bartsch, suggested that I write to you regarding this experiment, in ordes that a proper record of the planting may be made which would save considerable trouble sometime in the future — G. W. PEPPER. HESPERARION HEMPHILLI MACULATUS — A few days ago my friend Mr. S. N. Knudsen gave me a living slug found among plants received at Boulder, through a wholesale house in Denver. The slug proves on examination to be H. hemphilli var. maculatus Ckll. It is immature, and the genitalia do not show their proper charac- ters, but everything visible agrees with the form to which it is as- signed. It must be confessed, however, that the distinctions be- tween If. niger and H. hemphilli are rather unsatisfactory, especially in view of the variation in the genitalia of H. niger observed by Pilsbry and Vanatta. The two supposed species also occupy the 144 THE NAUTILUS. same territory. It will be useful to give a description of the living H. h. maculatus. Length when crawling about 27 mm.; light greyish olivaceous, the head and anterior part of mantle paler and yellower, the ocu- liferous tentacles reddish ochreous. With a lens the surface of the animal is seen to be sprinkled with pale dots. Mantle almost im- maculate, only a few obscure small dark or dusky spots. Sides of body caudad of mantle with conspicuous scattered black spots, none very large. Sole pale, without dark markings. In alcohol the animal is about 14 mm. long ; mantle 6 mm., appearing dusky with pallid margins ; margin of foot wholly immaculate. Shell convex, 3^ mm. long, 2^ broad, white, opaque. Jaw with eleven flattened ribs, occupying the middle half. Teeth about 27-1-27, the lateral four or five with short blunt cusps. — T. D. A. COCKERELL. SOMETIMES LOCALITY ADDS INTEREST TO A SHELL. — In Notes, December, 11)11, p. 95, appeared a word on Vallonia in Chicago. My offer to send some to anyone interested brought many replies, and led to friendly exchanges. I now have two other " finds " to share. The first is Pisidium hiiachucanum Pils., collected in Colo- rado at an elevation of 7500 feet. Found in one little pond about 10 by 12 feet, all hidden in tall grass. The other, Planorbis vermi- cularis Gld., collected on Modjeskas ranch California in summer of 1913. These were from an artificial pond away off in the desert, miles and miles 4< away from anywhere. " Puzzle — how did they get there? On feet of aquatic birds? If anyone wishes specimens of these let him speak. — EDWIN E. HAND, Wendell Phillips High School, Chicago, 111. NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS. — There has been no change in the subscription price of THE NAUTILUS since it was established twenty-five years ago. In the meantime the cost of printing has gradually increased. It has only been through the sale of back volumes that we have been able to meet the expenses of publication. This year a further advance in the cost of printing leaves us no alternative but to increase the subscription price to $1.50 per year, beginning with the May number, Volume XXVIII. Such increase will preserve that proper relation between receipt and expenditure which is essential to the continued existence of the journal — THE EDITORS. MBL/WHOI LIBRARY UH 17UT 1J