THE NAUTILUS A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL. XXVIII MAY, 1914, to APRIL, 1915 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy ot Natural Sciences PHILADELPHIA CHARLES W. JOHNSON Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History BOSTON S-3// INDEX TO THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII. INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES. Acmaea, notes on some northwest coast 13 Agaronia gibbosa Born 103 Agarouia gibbosa auraiitia Johns, n. var 103 Agriolimax from Guatemala 55 Agriolimax guatemalensis motaguensis Ckll. n. subsp. . . 57 Alasmidonta (Pegias) fabula (Lea) 65 Alasmidonta (Pressodonta) minor Lea 46 Alasminota Ortmann n. subgen. of Symphynota 41 Amygdalonaias donaciforniis Lea 67 Ancylida?, notes on the classification of 23 Annularia eburnea prestoni Ramsden n. subsp 50 Annularia mayensis Torre & Ramsden n. sp 50 Anodonta oregonensis Lea 43 Antillean Paleogeography, notes on 84 Area limula Conr. on Long Island 85 Arkansas, Unione fauna of Cache River 73 Ashmunella heterodon Pils 112 Ashmunella mogollonensis Pils 110, 112 Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss 110 Bathytoma from the upper pleistocene of San Pedro, Cal., a new form 64 Bathytoma clarkiana Rivers n. sp. (PL III, f. B. C.) .... 64 Billu'ps, A. C. (obituary) 34 Birds transporting food supplies 71 Boston Malacological Club 82 Brachiopoda, retention of color 93 Brachypodella brooksiana Gundl. (PL I, f. 5) 5, 6 Brachypodella obesa and suturalis Weinl 132 Brachypodella ramsdeni Torre n. sp. (PL I, f. 2) 5 Brachypodella torreana Ramsden n. sp. (PL I, f. 1) ... 4 British Columbia, notes on mollusks from 87 (* * " \ m) IV THE NAUTILUS. Bulimulus schiedeanus in Texas 132 Bursa bubo L 80 Bursa rubeta L 80 Bursa tenuigranosa Smith 80 Caecilioides gundlachi in Florida 131 Campeloma lewisii Walker n. n. (PL V, f. 3) 126 Campeloma ponderosum coarctatum Lea (PI. V, f. 4-7) . 125 Carunculina Simpson, genus 68 Carunculina parva Barnes 129 Carunculina texasensis Lea 141 Cephalopoda of the Hawaiian Islands 72 Cephalopoda, West Coast 22, 23, 47 Ceratodiscus ramsdeni Pils. (see Vol. 27, p. 134), PL I, f. 6-8 1 Circinaria caelata Mazyck, note on 12 Cochlicopa lubrica in Western Pennsylvania 96 Color ornamentation in fossil Brachiopods 93 Correspondence from Japan and China 90 Crenodonta perplicata Conr 21 Cuba, land shells from Varadera (Cardenas) 106 Cuba, land shells of 1, 49, 133, 136 Diplopoma torrei Ramsden n. sp 134 Ectracheliza truncata Gabb., a Hemisinus 84 Elliptio lanceolatus Lea 32 Emarginulinae, notes on West American 62 Fusconaia selecta Wheeler n. sp. (p. 4) 76 Fusconaja askewi Marsh 20 Gonidea angulata 143 Gundlachia, the earliest notice of a species of the genus. 128 Gundlachia or Navicella ? 132 Helix hortensis from a Maine shell heap 131 Hemisinus in Antillean Oligocene 84 Hemphillia glandulosa B. & B 87 Hemphill, Henry (obituary) 58 Lasmigona Raf 40 Lastena lata Raf 106 Leptachatina cookei Pils. n. sp 61 Lexiiigtonia Ortmann n. gen 28 Lexingtonia subplana Conr 29 Lucidella tantilla Pils. (PL II, f. 5) 50 Lymnaea auricularia Lea 119 Lymnaea emarginata mighelsi, absent in old localities ... 95 Lymnaea, classification of 116 Lymnaeids, a provisional key to the subgenera and species of North America 119 THE NAUTILUS. T Macroceramus richaudi liueatistrigatus Pils 51 Maine mollusca, additions to the list of 18, 48 Medionidus conradicus Lea 142 Microceramus longus Henderson n. sp 136 Modiolus demissus Dillw., and var. granosissimus Sowb. 35 Mollusca, some European 10 Molluscan fauna from vicinity of Bolinas Bay, Cal 25 Mollusks from Magician Lake, Cass and Van Buren Coun- ties, Mich Musculus phenax Dall. n. sp 138 Najades, studies in 20, 28, 41, 65, 106, 129 New Mexican expedition of 1914 109 New Mexico, shells of Duran 37 Newspaper conchology 70 Notes 10, 22, 35, 47, 60, 70, 83, 95, 131 Octopus 47 Oliva annulata Gmel 103 Oliva bulbosa Bolt 101 Oliva caerulea Bolt 102 Oliva carolinensis Conr 114, 140 Oliva fulgurator Bolt 115 Oliva funebralis Lam 100 Oliva ispidula Linne 102 Oliva ispidula var. samarensis Johns n. var 103 Oliva litterata Lam 114, 139 Oliva oliva Linne 99 Oliva reticularis Lam 114 Oliva sayana E,av 139 Oliva sericea Bolt 97 Oliva spicata Bolt 115 Oliva tigrina Lam 100 Oliva tricolor Lam 102 Oliva variegata Bolt 101 Olivaucillaria urceus Bolt 103 Oreohelix barbata Pils 110 Ostrea elongata Solander (0. virginica Gmel.) Ostrea fischeri Dall n. nom 1 Ostrea serra Dall n. sp Ostrea tubulifera Dall u. sp 3 Paludina coarctata and incrassata Lea (PL V) 121 Panopea geiierosa, possible transportation of 47 Pecten nucleus irradians, statistical study in variation of 52 Petricola dactylus Sowb. in Buzzards Bay 95 Physa acuta Drap. (PL III, f. A) 70 Physa heterostropha Say in Europe 69 VI THE NAUTILUS. Pleistocene, a remarkably rich pocket of fossil drift from the 80 Pleurobema fassinans Lea 31 Pleurobema friersoiii Wright 30 Pleurobema missouriensis Marsh (PL V, figs. 1, 2) 140 Pleurodonte sagemoii goodrichi Ramsden n. subsp 49 Polygyra colmttensis Clapp n. sp 78 Polygyra inflecta mobiliensis Clapp 11. var 128 Postpliocene shells of Providence and Lupus, Mo 15 Prolasmidonta Ortmann n. subgen 44 Proptera capax Green 67 Publications Received 12, 35, 59, 72, 84, 96, 108 Puncturella caryophylla Dall n. sp 63 Puncturella cognata Gould 6? Puncturella cooperi Carp 63 Puncturella cucullata Gould 63, 87 Puncturella falklandica A. Ads 63 Puncturella galeata Gould 64 Puncturella longifissa Dall n. sp 63 Puncturella major Dall 64 Puncturella multistriata Dall n. sp 63 Pupilla muscorum xerobia Pils. n. subsp. (PL II, f. 1, 2) 38 Quadrula pustulata Lea 21 Ranella lampas of authors, notes on 80 Rhytidopoma tollini Ramsden n. sp 135 Rimula mazatlanica Carp 62 Rumina decollata in Texas 11 Shells from Sussex Co., N. J 11 Simpsonaias Frierson n. gen 7, 40 Simpsoniconcha Frierson n. gen 40 Squid, Monterey Bay and Oregon 22, 23 Subemarginula yatesii Dall 62 Symphynota (Alasminota) holstonia 43 Symphynota, observations on the genus 40 Tertiary fossils on Long Island 85 Thysanophora hornii (Gabb) 110 Tornatellides pilsbryi Cooke n. sp 79 Unionidae, remarks on classification of the 6 Unione fauna of Cache River, Arkansas 73 Unio crassa Ritz 33 Unio pictorum Linn 32 Urocoptidae, new Cuban species of 4, 5 Urocoptis mayensis Torre & Ramsden n. sp 51 Urocoptis pilsbryana Ramsden n. sp. (PL I, f. 3, 4) .... 4 Urocoptis scobinata Ramsden n. sp 133 THE NAUTILUS. vii Valvata pisciualis in Canada 10 Valvata tricarinata basalis Van. n. var 105 Valvata tricarinata iiifracarinata Van. n. var 104 Vertigo alabamensis Clapp n. sp 137 Vertigo alabamensis conecuhensis Clapp n. subsp 137 Vertigo oscariana Sterki 137 Vitrinella from Boston, Mass., a new fossil 38 Vitrinella shimeri Clapp n. sp. (PI. II, f. 6-8) 39 Volvidens, new genus 41 Zeidora flabellum Ball 62 Viii THE NAUTILUS. INDEX TO AUTHORS. Baker, Frank C S Baker, Dr. Fred 90 Berry, S. S 22 Boettger, C. E 69 Chace, B. P 47, 144 Clapp, Geo. H 78, 96, 128, 131, 132, 137 Clapp, Wm. F 38, 82, 132 Cockerell, T. D. A 10, 55 Colton, Harold S 52, 116, 119 Cooke, C. Montague 79 Dall, Wm. H 1, 13, 58, 62, 128, 138 Ferriss, Jas. H 11, 48, 109 Frierson, L. S 6, 40 Gratacap, L. P 85 Greger, Darling K 93 Hanham, A. W 87 Hannibal, Harold 23 Henderson, John B 40, 106, 136 Johnson, C. W 35, 60, 95, 97, 114, 131, 144 Latchford, F. E 10 Lermond, N. W 18 Mazyck, Wm. G 139 McAtee, W. L 72 Nylander, Olof 0 89, 95 Ortmami, Arnold 20, 28, 41, 65, 106, 129, 141 Pilsbry, H. A 12, 36, 37, 60, 61, 84, 132 Eamsden, Chas. T 4, 49, 133 Eivers, J. J 64 Sampson, F. A 15 Torre, Carlos de la 5 Vauatta, E. G 11, 35, 80, 104, 143 Walker, Bryant 121, 140 Wheeler, H. E 73 Winkley, H. W 48 THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII. PLATE I 6 1. BRACHYPODELLA TORREANA. 2. B. RAMSDENI. 3.4. UROCOPTIS PILSBRYANA. 5. B. BOOKSIANA. 6,7,8. CERATODISCUS RAMSDENI. THE NAUTILUS. Vol.. XXVIII. MAY, 1914. No. 1 NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN OYSTERS. BY WILLIAM H. DALL. On endeavoring to review the oysters of the Pacific Coast some notes were made which seemed likely to be of use to students. OSTKEA IUIDESCENS Gray, 1854; Cpr. Maz. Cat., 1856. The brief diagnosis of the earlier name is not sufficient to identify this with 0. prismatica Gray, 1825. 0. spathulata Sowerby, 1871, is based on a worn upper valve of 0. iridescens. The species is known to range throughout the Gulf of California and to Mazatlan. I have not compared the African species listed by Carpenter under the same name. O. MEGOUON Hnnley, 1845. (0. yallus Val., 1846, and 0. taylori Gabb, 1866). From the Gulf of California to Peru. Fossil in the West Indies. O. FISIIEKI Dall, n. nom. (O, jacob&a Rochebrune, Bull. Mus., Paris, 189-'), not of Linne. 1758). Rude, dark purple, sharply plicated, with an inner purple margin, valves subequal,and interior opaque white. Named in honor of W. J. Fisher who made large collections in the Gulf of California and Alaska. This species grows large and heavy, and is only known from the Gulf of California. O. VEATCHII Gabb, 1866. Large, rather roundly plicated, internally with olive, brown stains '/ THE NAUTILUS. and white margin. Lower California and the Gulf. Fossil at San Diego and Cerros Island. O. CUMINGIANA Dunker, Abbild. II, 1847. (0. amaraCpr., 1857; O. angelica Rochebrune, 1895. A variety, 0. mexicana Sowerby, 1871). The typical form has olive greenish interior, the margin with many small plic.ntions, the exterior white. The variety is deeply cup-shaped with blackish interior margin. The species ranges from Lower California to Panama. O. PALMUI.A Carpenter, 1857 (0. lucasiann Rochebrune, 1895). Puget Sound to La Paz, Mexico. Margin bounded inwardly by a line of minute pustules, interior dark or greenish. This might well be an extreme mutation of the preceding species but needs connecting links and has a more north- ern distribution. O. SERRA Dall, n. sp.? Lower California to Panama. Like the West-Indian species which grows on gorgonians, narrow, plicate, with flatfish upper valve, deep lower valve, greenish outside? inside white with black margin ; shell two to three inches long, about an inch wide. If mexicana occupied a similar situs the result would be somewhat similar. O. COLUMBIENSIS Hanley, 1845. (O. ochracea and tulipa of Sowerby, 1871, not 0. tulipa Lamarck ; 0. turturina of Roche- brune, 1895). On mangroves. Lower California to Peru. Large, thin, purplish. O. LURIDA Carpenter, 1864. Sitka to Cape St. Lucas. 0. rufoides is (he thin, long variety grown in a current. 0. expansa the form adhering to a flat surface ; sometimes reaching the shape called by Carpenter laticaudatus. O. ELONGATA Solander, 178fi. (0. virginica Gmelin, 1792; 0. rostrata and floridensis Sowerby, 1871 ; 0. virginiana, canadensis and borealis Lamarck, 1819.) Transplanted from the middle Atlantic coast it has failed to re- produce its kind, as the water is too cold for the spat to live in. THE NAUTILUS. O. CONCHAPHILA Carpenter, 1856. Mazatlan to Panama. This prettily painted form seems likely to retain specific rank. 0. CHILENSIS Philippi. Gulf of California to Chile. This is the large edible Gulf species, referred by Carpenter to 0. virginica, which it much resembles except in wanting the purple muscular impression. It has numerous synonyms. 0. retusa Reeve, of the Hawaian Pliocene is also very similar. O. CHILOENSIS Sowerby, from southern Chile, is small, round, and feebly plicate, but may be a degenerate variety of 0. chilensis. O. MULTISTRIATA Hanley, 184G. Gulf of California to Panama. Usually small and flat with brown and purple blotches on the white inner surface. Easily identified by the sharp radial stria; of the outer surface which is usually a purple tint. OSTREA TUBULIFERA Dall, n. Sp. The specimen serving as type for this species was collected in the Gulf of California by Henry Edwards ; it is suborbicular, about 45 mm. in diameter, nearly flat, with a whitish nacre, brilliantly pol- ished inside, purple clouds showing through, and with a translucent irregularly crenulated margin. The ligamentary area is narrow and very inconspicuous ; on each side of it the margin is pustulate for a short distance ; the outer surface is mostly dark purple, dull, minutely corrugated and densely covered with small erect tubules of a dark reddish-brown color, 2 to 4 nim. high and from f to 1 mm. in diam- eter. Only those at the extreme margin communicate with the interior of the valves, and these are fissured on the distal side. Those of the surface behind the margin are completely tubular. The attached valve was not obtained. Several beachworn specimens from Panama have lost their tubules and exhibit only a vermicularly corrugated surface. The attached valve is very flat and irregular with a very wide but very short area. These specimens are of •<* faded purple, but are probably the same species as the valve from the Gulf of California. The only species at all approaching this in character is the 0. spinosa Quoy, which comes from a widely differ- ent region, and has a very prominent, direct and produced ligament- ary area. THE NAUTILUS. NEW CUBAN SPECIES OF UROCOPTID.E. BY CHARLES T. RAMSDEN. UKOCOPTIS (!DIOSTEMMA) PILSBRYANA n. sp. PI. I, figs. 3, 4. The shell is white, truncate, retaining 14 or 15 whorls in the adult stage, the truncation closed by a very convex plug ; upper third tapering, the remainder cylindrical. Whorls flat, the last two or three convex ; base with a very weak revolving cord or none. The. surface is dull, with sculpture of low axial ribs, which are narrow and weak in the middle of each whorl, enlarged at both ends, which abut against ribs above and below, the ribs being, as it were, con- tinuous from whorl to whorl. In the upper part of the shell, some of the ribs are hollow, as in U. uncata. Where unworn, the surface between ribs is finely, sharply striate axially. The last whorl is shortly free in front, and near the aperture it is dilated peripherally and flattened above and below. The aperture is small, shortly fusiform, the narrower part peripheral in position. The peristome is expanded at the outer part, elsewhere reflected. Internal axis is simple and slender in the first three whorls, then a spiral lamella bearing a few projections arises, soon followed by corresponding hooks from below, forming a stage of about two whorls where there are pairs of converging hooks. This is followed by a stage in which there is a broad, smooth superior lamella, and strong hooks arising from the basal partition at intervals of about half a whorl (fig. 4). Finally, in the last two whorls the hooks disappear and the spiral lamella becomes low and finally disappears. Length 15.5, greatest diameter 3.8 mm. Length 16.5, greatest diameter 3.6 mm. Locality, " La Hembrita," Monte Toro, Guantanamo. This remarkable species closely resembles U. uncata externally, but differs widely from that, and from all other known species, by having a smooth spiral lamella in the whorls of the cylindrical part of the shell. The peculiar axial armature of U. uncata and other species of the subgenus Idiostemma has been figured by Pilsbry in his monograph of Urocoptidf. BRACHYPODELLA (GYRAXIS) TORREANA, n. sp. PI. I, fig. 1. The shell is extremely slender, retaining the apex perfect (two THE NAUTILUS. O left figures) or losing very few whorls (two right figs.) in the adult stage; widest at the upper third; white. Whorls 25—26, rather strongly convex, the first four smooth, the rest regularly and closely striate, the striae nearly straight, strongly oblique, about as wide as the intervals. Last half whoi 1 free and deeply descending, sharply striate. The free part is cylindrical and forms about one-fifth of the total length of the shell. Aperture circular, oblique, with broadly flaring, trumpet-like peristome. Internal axis very slender and gyrate. Length 17.3, greatest diameter 1.8 mm. Length 15, greatest diameter 1.7 mm. Locality, "La Hembrita," Monte Toro. This charming species is related to B. brooksiana, but differs by the less swollen shape, more numerous whorls and shorter " neck " of the last. Moreover, the last whorl is cylindrical in U. torreana, but in U. brooksiana it has a conspicuous basal keel. Specimens of U. brooksiana are figured, pi. I, fig. 5, for comparison with the new species. By the want of a basal keel and the convex whorls, B. torreana is more nearly related to B. turcasiana, a far smaller species. Named in honor of my friend Dr. C. de la Torre. The figured types have been deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences. A NEW CUBAN SPECIES OF BRACHYPODELLA. BY CARLOS DE LA TORRE. BRACHYPODELLA (GYRAXIS) RAMSDENT, n. sp. PI. I, fig. 2. The shell is very slender, the greatest diameter contained 12 or 13 times in the length, whitish, slightly shining, widest at about the upper fourth, composed of about 25 whorls, adult shells usually hav- ing lost a few. The whorls are convex, and the last five or six have a rounded ridge (or basal carina) above the suture, and a slight con- cavity above the ridge. The last half whorl is free and descends spirally in a long " neck," the basal carina prominent on the upper half of the neck, but gradually disappearing, leaving it nearly cylin- drical near the aperture, which is triangular-rounded, oblique, and very small. Sculpture of rather irregular, very oblique striae ; the D THE NAUTILUS. free part of the last wliorl having sharper, more widely-spaced rib- lets. Internal axis slender, moderately gyrate in the later whorls. Length 24, greatest diam. 1.8 mm. Length 22.5, greatest diam. 1.9 mm. (truncate). Collected at " La Lechuza," Monte Toro, by Mr. Charles T. Ramsden, to whom the species is dedicated. This is a much larger shell than B. booksiana Gundl., with less swollen spire, and much less strongly gyrate axis. The basal carina is visible on more whorls, the neck is shorter, and the sculpture less regular. It is a very interesting addition to the subgenus Gyraxis. REMARKS ON CLASSIFICATION OF THE UNIONIDJE. BY L. S. FRIERSON. In 1820 and in 1831 C. S. Rafinesque published descriptions of a large number of Unionidce. Of these, he is credited in the '* Syn- opsis of the Naiades, C. T. Simpson, 1900," with but seven or eight species. Conrad, having access to specimens labelled by Rafinesque, gave a list of such species as he identified. Except in such cases as when a patent error can be shown we are bound to accept Conrad's identifications. The fact that Conrad made mistakes at times, can have no weight, for no author is free from these. Conrad, however, only awarded to Rafinesque those species described in 1820. Those described in 1831 have uniformly been dumped by all subsequent authors (known to the writer) in the trash-pile of " indeterminate Unionidse." There is no valid reason for this, as several of these latter species are clearly and unmistakably recognizable. In place of seven or eight species, Rafinesque is entitled to precedence in at least thirty. An annotated synoptical table is is process of making, and will be published shortly. Because of the important bearing of these facts upon modern classification, this preliminary sketch is given, from the latter point of view, for our author was a genius in the art of proposing genera. (1) LEPTODEA Rafinesque, 1820. Type leptodon Rafinesque (= tenuissimus Lea). If this species should prove to be congeneric THE NAUTILUS. I with fragilis Rafinesque (== gracilis Barnes) the genus Pareptera Ortmann, 1911, must become a synonym. (2) ELLIPSARIA Rafinesque, 1820. Type (by elimination) fasciolaris Rafinesque (= phaseolus Barm-s) must reduce to synonymy the genus Ptychobranchus Simpson, 1900, type phaseolus Barnes. (3) AMBLEMA Rafinesque, 1820. Type (by elimination) costatus Rafinesque, 1820, must take the place of Qrmodonta Schluter, 183G. (4) HEMISTENA Rafinesque, 1820, (a contraction of Hemilastena) proposed tentatively for Lastena lata, is of course a synonym. Hence the application of this generic term by Mr. C. T. Simpson, to the ambigua Say (= hildreihianus Lea) can not stand. For this shell, ambigna Say, I therefore propose the new generic term Simpsonaias. (5) EPIOBLASMA Rafinesque, 1831. Type biloba Rafinesque, 1831, (=foliatus Hildreth) must replace the subgentis Dysnontia Agassiz, 1852. (6) TOXOLASMA Rafinesque, 1831. Type (by elimination) liv- idus Rafinesque, 1831, (=glans Lea) must take the place of the subgenus Carunculina Simpson, 1900, type texasensis Lea, and the group really should have generic standing. (7) LEMIOX Rafinesque, 1831. Type rimosus Rafinesque, 1831 (== ccelatus Conrad). Since this exceedingly characteristic species deserves generic rank, it must, for this species at least, take the place of Micromya Agassiz. (8) DECURAMBIS Rafinesque, 1831. A subgenus proposed for Alasmodon marginata Say, variety truncata (= scriptum Rafin- esque) and atropurpureum Rafinesque, 1831 (== raveneiiana Lea). This subgenus must displace Rugifera Simpson, 1900. (9) BARIOSTA Rafinesque, 1831. Type ponderosus Rafinesque, 1831, a synonym of crassidens Lamarck (= trapezoides Lea), is antedated by Amblema Rafinesque, unless the U\crassedens Lamarck (= trapezoides Lea) should prove to be, as Conrad suggested, of a different group from the plicatus group. (10) SULCULARIA Rafinesque, 1831. Type (by elimination) badium Rafinesque (= Marg. holstonia Lea) must be regarded as a subgenus of Symphynota Lea, as constituted by Simpson, 1900, re- placing in part the subgenus Pressodonta Simpson, 1900. (11) DIPLASMA Rafinesque, 1831. Type D. marginata Rafin- esque, must take the place of Lamellidens Simpson, 1900, type 8 THE NAUTILUS. marginalis Lamarck. The failure to recognize this well-defined genus by most subsequent authors is a very remarkable fact. In the preparation of the above remarks I am indebted in a very large degree to my friend Dr. A. E. Ortmann. MOLLTJSZS FROM MAGICIAN LAKE, CASS AND VAN BUREN COUNTIES, MICHIGAN. BY FRANK C. BAKER. Magician Lake lies between Van Buren County on the north and Cass County on the south. It is about two and a half miles long and half a mile wide. The banks on the north border are high but on the south, east and west they are for the most part low and swampy. The lake occupies an elongated depression in the Wis- consin drift and contains four deep holes, 40 to 60 feet in depth. The shores are shallow and shelving, and, with the exception of one or two short intervals, one may wade entirely around the lake. The outlet is at the southeast side (known as Silver Creek), and empties into the West branch of Dowagiac Creek, which drains into the St. Joseph River, a Lake Michigan stream. The migrations of the mol- lusks have probably been largely by the way of the St. Joseph, although some of the species may have reached this spot in post- glacial time via the Kankakee-St. Joseph portage ; but the fauna as a whole probably reached these lakes by way of the Chicago outlet when Lake Michigan was in the Lake Chicago stage. It is evident that Magician Lake was once much higher, with a large, wide out- let, for high terraces may be seen on the south, and also bordering tlie outlet. Ancient marl beds exist, now covered by three feet of peat, containing mollusks of a colder climate, attesting the ancient occupancy of this lake by icy waters. Mollusks were notably abundant in individuals and species. The species are listed by ecological regions. My thanks are due to Dr. Herman S. Pepoon for assistance in collecting much of the material. Beach debris South Shore, all dead shells. Alasmidonta calceola (Lea). Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Planorbis antrosus angistomus Lampsilis luteola (Lam.). Hald.. Sphaerium simile (Say). Planorbis parvus Say. THE NAUTILUS. Spliaerium striatinum (Lain.). Musculium truncatuui (Lincl). Valvata tricarinata Say. Amnicola limosa (Say). Amnicola lustrica (Pilsbry). Physa heterostropha Say. Fhysa integra Hald.. Physa niagarensis Lea. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Planorbis campanulatus Say. Planorbis deflectus Say. Segmentina armigera (Say). Galba obrussa decani pi (Stivng). Succinea retusa Lea. Succinea avara Say. Pyramidula cronkliitei anthonyi Pilsbry. Zonitoides arborea (Say). Vitrea rhoadsi Pilsbry. Polygyra thyroides (Say). Planorbis campanulatus Say. Sandy beach on north side of Lake, water one to four feet deep. Alasmidonta calceola (Lea). Amnicola limosa (Say). Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry. Anodonta marginata Say. Campeloma integra (Hald.). Anodontoides ferussacianus sub- Physa heterostropha Say. cylindraceus Lea. Pliysa niagarensis Lea. Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Planorbis parvus Say (dead). Lampsilis luteola (Lam.). Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes). Valvata tricarinata Say. Marsh above marl bed, east of Magician Lake cottages. Physa gyrina Say. Planorbis antrosus angistomus Aplexa hypnorum (Linn.). Hald. Paludestrina nickliniana (Lea). Heavy damp woods south side of lake. Succinea retusa Lea. Strobilops virgo (Pilsbry). Pyramidula cronkliitei anthonyi Polygyra thyroides (Say). Pilsbry. Zonitoides arborea (Say). Vitrea hammonis (Strom). In swale in woods. Sphaerium occidentale (Prime). Aplexa hypnorum (Linn.). Segmentina armigera (Say). Hemlock Island, west end of lake. The center of the island is about twenty feet above the level of the lake. All shells were found under old bark or fallen pieces of trees. Succinea retusa Lea (found on Zonitoides arborea (Say). vegetation at margin of island). Vitrea indentata (Say). Polygyra monodon (Rackett). Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Galba obrussa (Say). Galba parva (Lea). 10 THE NAUTILUS. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry. NOTES. VALVATA PISCINALIS IN CANADA. — I found last autumn in Homsher Bay, Toronto, inside the " sea-wall," a flourishing colony of Valvuta piscinalis Miill. There was much rubbish along the shore, including straw and marsh grass, such as is used abroad in packing fragile articles for export ; and I have no doubt these little strangers were introduced from England or Eastern Europe in some such material. Another alien — long however known to have be- come established in the United States and at Cornwall in Ontario — Bythinia tentaculata L., abounds nearby, in the lagoons on the islands in Toronto Bay. I may add that these quiet waters also harbor fine specimens of Anodonta cataracta Say (fluviatilis Dillw.) and Ano- donta grandis Say. Their occurrence in the same locality should end forever the contention that one is the eastern form and the other the western form of the same species. The same ecological con- ditions, and the commingling in the same water of the spermatozoa of both, would necessarily result in hybrids or extinction of differ- ences if the two species were not naturally distinct, and each capable of preventing fertilization by the other. — F. R. LATCHFORD. SOME EUROPEAN MOLLUSCA. — The receipt of a new part of Taylor's beautiful monograph of the Land and Freshwater Molluaca of the British Isles reminds me of an observation on Helicigona arbustorum var. alpicola Fer., a small rather elevated variety of a yellowish color, with one band or none, which I found on the summit of the Rigi, in Switzerland. The soft parts were uniformly pale reddish instead of dark, and although Taylor states that the animal of this species varies independently of the shell, it seems possible here the two things go together, the alpicola form being perhaps a valid subspecies. At Zurich and Gersau, Switzerland, I found typical arbustorum ; at the latter place also the yellowish bandless form. The varieties of H. arbustorum, with additional bands, fig- ured by Taylor, are very interesting, but certainly the form with an THE NAUTILUS. 11 extra hand below the principal one should be separated from the true bifasciata, in which the extra band is above. Taylor's pi. XXXIV, t'. 13, may accordingly be called v. infrafasciata. At Wangen, Baden, I noted that the Helix pomatia were of full size, distinctly larger than >he form observed in Switzerland (Gersau, Fluelen). Observa- tions on the variation of //. nemoralis and hortensis yielded nothing of special interest ; at Wangen H. hortensis v. lutea with bands OUOOO, 123(45) and 1(23)45. At Schaffhausen H. hortensis lutea 00000. At Gersau H. hortensis lutea 12345. At Fluelen H. nemoralis rubella 00000. At Zurich the Arion ater was dark reddish brown, with bright orange-vermillion foot-fringe. At Wangen the A. ater presented the beautiful bright red var. rubra, which I had never had the pleasure of finding before, but also the red-brown variety. At Troyes, France, Helix fruticum was found in both the reddish and whitish varieties. I was pleased to find Helicodanta obvoluta, which I had never collected before, at Brugg, Switzerland. Helicigona lapicida was found at Brugg and at Wangen. — T. D. A. COCKERELL. RUMINA DECOLLATA IN TEXAS. — Mr. Camp found a large colony of Rumina decollata Linn£, in a Brownsville, Texas, garden, and succeeded in getting a few without losing the points, carrying them in cotton. They are larger than my Charleston or New Orleans specimens and less uniform in general architecture. The largest measured 30| alt., 11 mm. diam J. H. FERRISS. LAND SHELLS FROM SUSSEX Co., N. J — The following species were picked from leaf mould collected by Mr. Bayard Long, near Big Spring, Springdale, near Newton, Sussex Co., N. J. : Polygyra albolabris (Say). Vitrea indentata (Say). Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Euconulus chersinus (Say). Polygyra monodon fraterna Euconulus sterkii (Dull.). (Say). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn). Bifidaria armifera (Say). Gastrodonta suppressa (Say). Bifidaria contracta (Say). Pyramidida alternata (Say). Bifidaria corticaria (Say). Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Pils. Vertigo gouldii Binn. Punctum pygmseum (Drap.). Vertigo milium Gld. Garycldum exile H. C. Lea. Cochlicopa labrica (Miill.). 12 THE NAUTILUS. The entire set was donated to the Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia. C. exile and P. c. anthonyi were the most abundant forms in the col- lection, and E. sterkii is, I believe, new to the State. — E. G. VANATTA. NOTK ON CmciNARiA c^ELATA MAZYCK.— In the Catalogue of American Land Shells published in NAUTILUS XI. (p. 128), this form was subordinated lo C. duranti, as a sub-species. By the cour- tesy of Mr. Mazyck, I have been able to examine the type specimen of c&lata. On going over the series in the collection of the Acad- emy, no specimens were found connecting it with duranti, and I now believe it to be a distinct and well-characterized species, one of the handsomest of the genus. — H. A. PILSDRY. MR. A. A. HINKLEY made a brief mid-winter journey to Guate- mala, obtaining some interesting additions to his former collections there. A fine series of the large Pachycheiti of Lake Ysabel and environs was taken. Among the land shells he secured a good series of the splendid Ccdocentrum gigcts \. Mart. — II. A. P. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MOLLUSC A OF MISSOURI (ex- clusive of the Unionida). — By F. A. SAMPSON. Trans, of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, xxii, July 18, 1913. The various State catalogues which have been brought out in the last ten or fifteen years have recorded data of great value to the student of distribution of mollusks, indispensable to inquiries into the origin and migrations of the several groups of our fauna. Missouri is an especially inter- esting state. Lying near the western border of the humid area, the northern border of the Ozarkian fauna, and within the peri- pheral range of some Austral forms, it is an area where numerous species reach their extreme range. Mr. Sampson has given in this catalogue the results of many years of work in the state, a total of 117 species and varieties, and some 900 locality records. Among the species first described from Missouri we note two not in Mr. Sampson's list : Polygyra blandiana Pils. and Ferr. and Amnicola missouriensis Pils. — H. A. P. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXVIII. JUNE, 1914. No. 2 NOTES ON SOME NORTHWEST COAST ACMAEAS. BY WILLIAM H. DALL. Since Dr. Philip Carpenter's review of the Acmaeas of the North- west Coast (Am. Journ. Conch., II, 1866) all writers on the subject, including myself, have to a large extent, if not entirely, accepted his conclusions as to their nomenclature. Having occasion to revise the magnificent series of these shells in the National Museum, I have recently reviewed the whole nomen- clature from the beginning, and to my surprise and dismay found that Dr. Carpenter, in his desire to perpetuate the manuscript names of his friend Thomas Nuttall, had frequently ignored the rules alto- gether, had adopted names which he knew to be preoccupied, and in several cases misidentified early authors' species. Mr. Robson of the British Museum had intimated to me some time ago that the no- menclature of these limpets was in a very bad state of confusion, but until I came to work over them myself I had no realization of the true condition. In extenuation it must be remembered that fifty years ago the necessity of strictly conforming to the rules was little appreciated, and many excellent naturalists of that day are responsible through their carelessness for much of the trouble now encountered. In reviewing the work of an author who like Eschscholtz gave several names to mutations of the same species, the most acceptable way is to take his first name for the consolidated species and put the others in synonymy. Dr. Carpenter, however, in choosing in such 14 THE NAUTILUS. cases did not follow this method. However, as the first reviser, his selection may be considered final, or we should practically have to chauge all his names. In the space here available it is not practic- able to give (i full discussion, but the final results may be noted. Acmaea cassis Eschscholtz. is a splendid form of A. pelta (Esch.) Cpr., and A. fimbriata Gould, is synonymous. Acmaea pelta Cpr., has five or six synonyms, and as tolerably distinct mutations includes nacelloides Dall ; monticola pars (Nutt.) Cpr.; and olympica Dall (Pilsbry, Man., pi. 8, figs. 92, 93, 94). Acmaea patina (Esch.) Cpr., has many synonyms, and, as recog- nizable mutations, ochracea Dall ; emydia Dall (the Arctic testudin- alis of my 1871 paper); cribraria (Gld.) Cpr.; and parallela Dall; the latter corresponding to the A. alveus of the Atlantic coast. Acmaea persona Eschscholtz, is not Carpenter's persona (which is a mutation of digitalis Esch.) but is the shell Carpenter called cumingii in 1866 ; though not the same as the prior cumingii of Reeve. A. persona is a fine species, and I have a large series rang- ing from Alaska Peninsula to Socorro Island. Acmaea digitalis Eschscholtz, is the northern form which merges into umbonata (Nutt.) Reeve, southward ; and then into textilis Gould, at its southernmost range. Part of Gould's scabra of 1846 is the same as textilis Gld. + persona Cpr. (not Esch.) + oregona (Nutt. MS.) Cpr. Acmaea scabra Gould, 1846 (from type), is the shell later named spectrum (Nutt. MS.) Reeve, and is generally known under the latter name, which of course must be discarded. Acmaea scabra (Nutt. MS.) Reeve, 1855 (not of Gould, 1846), must take the earliest synonym, which seems to be limatula Cpr., 1866. Acmaea var. funiculata Cpr., merges by imperceptible degrees into the later tenuiscuJpta Cpr., and that into mitra Eschscholtz. Acmaea persona Esch. (not Cpr.), merges southward into strigil- lata Cpr. Acmaea semirubida Dall, resembles triangularis Cpr., but is more oval in outline, with crimson rays on a white ground ; it ranges from the Gulf of California to Panama. Scurria aeruginosa (Midd., 1847, as Patella, with a wrong habitat) is an earlier name for the shell generally known as mesoleuca Menke, 1851, from the Gulf of California. THE NAUTILUS. 15 In studying these mollusks it is necessary to remember t' at the different species often have an almost identical series of color varia- tions, so that if one is guided chiefly by color, there is a liability to put together mutations belonging to different species. There is little doubt that food greatly influences and directly changes both the color and texture of the outer layers of the shell, while the form is directly related to the situs of the individual. An interesting fact in the distribution of these animals is the evi- dence they give in favor of the probability of the former existence of an elevated ridge or range roughly parallel with the coast of Cali- fornia and the peninsula, and of which the Santa Barbara Islands, Guadelupe, and Socorro are the only supermarine indications at the present day. It looks as if there was a second gulf or inlet between this range and that of Lower California, so that the cool-temperate species were able to extend as far south as Socorro on the western coast of the western range, while the more tropical forms were able to reach far to the North in the warmer waters of the inner area between the outer range and the continent to the east of it, including what is now the Gulf of California. POSTPLIOCENE SHELLS OF PROVIDENCE AND LUPUS, MISSOURI. BY F. A. SAMPSON. Several trips to these two places have given many specimens. Providence, Boone County, is on the north side of the Missouri river, a place now of only a few houses, but formerly, in the days of steamboat travel on the river, a large town and important shipping point. The grading for the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad along the river cut into the bluffs, and uncovered the deposits con- taining great numbers of postpliocene land shells. The deposit is of later period than the Kansas loess, and is not the fine silt of the loess, but is of clay intermixed with stones of various sizes. Lupus is almost opposite on the other side of this river, in Moni- teau County, where the grading for the river route of the Missouri Pacific railroad uncovered the b^ds with the fossil shells. A mile above Lupus was the former town and steamboat landing of Mt. Vernon, a town of which no trace now remains. On both sides of the river the rocky bluffs are of Chouteau limestone, resting on beds 16 THE NAUTILUS. of Devonian, and capped by Upper Burlington limestone. The Chouteau fossils, especially the crinoids, are interesting, and the type specimen of one species came from Mt. Vernon, while Provi- dence has given the types of many fossils. The most of the shells found at both places are now found living in the neighborhood, while others have not been found in any nearby county. The following species have been collected : Polygyra profunda Say. The largest of the Providence shells are of 31 mm. diameter, but the Lupus shells up to 34 mm. averag- ing smaller size, but more plentiful and some preserving the color band. So far this has not been found living in the state except at Courtney, in Jackson County, near Kansas City. Polygyra albolabris alleni Weth. At both places fine shells from 26 to 32^ mm. diameter are common, and more plentiful at Lupus. The living shells have been found in the neighborhood to about the same size, but from a rock pile in an open field near Columbia they were only 23 to 25 mm. and very similar to the still smaller ones found in a cemetery at Kansas City. Polygyra thyroides Say. Of fifty shells picked up at Providence thirty-six were thyroides edentata, and of thirty-seven at Lupus twenty-five were the same. Polygyra elevata Say. Not much variation in size, somewhat smaller at Lupus, and all similar to the living ones found on both sides of the river. Some that seemed to have been entirely mature were edentate. Polygyra clausa Say. Scarce at both places. Polygyra pennsylvanica Green. This is rather uncommon at both places. A walk of three miles along the railroad, during which many thousand shells were picked up or seen, gave but a single one of this species. It is not now found living in this part of the State. Polygyra appressa Say. These are of the three-tooth variety found rather plentifully in many places in Missouri. On both sides of the river the shells vary much in size, many being larger than those now living in the neighborhood. It is the most plentiful shell at Providence, but scarce at Lupus. The shells variedjn size from 15 to 22 mm., and many of the smaller ones have only a trace of lip teeth. Polygyra inflecta Say. Sparingly found at both places, but some- times uncertain as to whether fossil, or simply dead shells that had dropped from higher parts of the bluff. THE NAUTILUS. 17 Polygyra fraterna Say. The same may be said of this as of the last. From both places. Polygyra monodon Rack. From both places. Polygyra hirsuta Say. Sparingly at both places. The ordinary size is of 7 mm. diameter, but one from Providence is of 9 mm. and somewhat differing from the smaller ones in other respects. Succinea ovalis Say. A single one found at Lupus. Gastrodonta ligera Say. A single one was found at Lupus. At some places in Boone county the living ones are plenty. Helicina occulla Say. In my report of the Shells of Missouri this was given as Helicina orbiculata tropica. It is rather scarce on both sides of the river, and has never been found living in the State. Vitrea indentata Say. From Lupus. Vitrea hammonis Strom. Some young shells from Lupus were probably of this species. Zonitoides minusculus Binne. From Lupus. Zonitoides milium. From Lupus. Bifidaria armifera Say. At Lupus. Bifidaria contracta Say. These and other minute shells were not found imbedded in the dirt, but in clearing the larger Polygyra of the dirt that filled them a number of small shells were found. These and some smaller Pupillidce that have not been identified, were found at Lupus. Pyramidula solitaria Say. This at Providence is perhaps as abundant as P. appressa, but at Lupus it is rare and somewhat smaller. Pyramidula alternata Say. At Providence they are of good size and not plenty ; at Lupus rare and smaller. Pyramidula perspectiva Say. A single specimen was found at each place. Helicodiscus parallelus Say. From Lupus. Garychium exile H. C. Lea. From Lupus. An idea of the comparative number of the species may be had from the results of a walk along the railroad for three miles on the Providence side, during which hundreds of shells were picked up or seen, among which were only four prof undo, one pennsylvanica, one clausa, and one alternata, while soltiaria and appressa were abund- ant, and elevata next in abundance. 18 THE NAUTILUS. ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF MAINE MOLLUSCA. BY N. W. LERMOND. Since the publication of my Catalogue of the Mollusca of Maine in 1909, the following species and varieties, some new some old, have been added to the list : MODIOLARIA SUBSTRIATA, Gray. One young specimen of this species was collected by John A. Allen. It was attached to an old bottle in Portland Harbor, near Hope Island. MACOMA TENTA, Say. Four dead specimens were taken by the writer in Aug., 1909, in the Georges River, near Taylor's Point, Gushing Shore, in six fathoms, on a muddy bottom. Specimens were submitted to Prof. Pilsbry for determination. ODOSTOMIA (MENESTHO) BISUTURALIS OVILENSIS, Bartsch. The type of this subspecies was taken by Henry W. Winkley in Sheepscott River, Lincoln County. See Bartsch's Pyramidellidae of New England and Adjacent Region, p. 107. TURBONILLA (PYRGISCUS) CASCOENSIS, Bartsch. "The type and two additional specimens, Cat. no. 203,795 U. S. N. M., come from Casco Bay, Maine." See page 96 of Bartsch's Pyramidellidze. Dr. Bartsch does not state when, or by whom,, these specimens were collected. ClNGULA HARPA, ? One specimen taken by Henry W. vVinkley, at Eastport summer of 1913. Of this rare find, Mr. Winkley writes me as follows : "1 think my identification correct. Formerly reported from 150-500 fathoms. I like to capture a stray bird now and then — it is fine sport." COLUMBELLA (ASTYRIS) LUNATA Say. Several live specimens of this species were dredged by Henry W. Winkley in the Sheepscott River at Damariscotta and by myself in Maple-juice Cove and Broad Cove, near mouth of the George* River, Knox Co., during the summer of 1912. The latter locality is the most northern record for this species. THE NAUTILUS. 19 RETUSA OBTUSA var. TUHRITA. Reported by Mr. Dwighr Blaney from Frenchman's Bay. MUSCULIUM ROSACEUM Prime. A few specimens (immature) taken by Dana W. Sweet in Sandy River, Franklin County, and by the writer in Georges River, North Warren, Knox County. MUSCULIUM RYCKHOLTI Normand. Fairly plentiful in the small ponds of Warren and Thomaston, Knox County. MUSCULIUM PARVUM St (?). Six specimens of a Musculium were collected by the writer dur- ing past season in the Georges River at North Warren, Knox Co., and sent to Dr. Sterki for determination. MUSCULIUM SECURIS (" form or even variety," Sterki). Collected August 17, 1913, in Georges River, North Warren. They were returned labeled as above. MUSCULIUM WINKLEYI St. Taken at Saco, York County, by Henry W. Winkley, and at Avon, Franklin County, by Dana W. Sweet. PlSIDIUM MONAS St. Six specimens — one nearly full grown, others juv. — taken August 17, 1913, in Georges River, North Warren, by the writer. Dr. Sterki, to whom the material was submitted, remarks as fol- lows : " rather like the type from Michigan. Some examples, prob- ably of same, though a little larger, from Aroostook Co. (Nylander)." PlSIDIUM PUNCTATUM Var. SIMPLEX St. Two specimens, almost full grown, taken by the writer in George River, North Warren, Aug., 1913. PlSIDIUM VARIABILK, var. CICER Pr. Eleven immature specimens taken at same time and place as above. PISIDIUM MINUS (Adams). A few specimens taken by the writer in Black River, Warren, Knox Co., season of 1909, and in Mill River, Thomaston, 1909 and 1910. 20 THE NAUTILUS. PlSIDIUM ABDITUM Var. LACTEUM St. Two live specimens and a few single valves taken in Georges River, North Warren, season of 1913. PlSIDIUM SPHAERICUM St. About twenty specimens, mostly immaculate, a few nearly full grown, taken Aug., 1913, in Georges River, North Warren. AMNICOLA SCHROKINGERI Frauenfeldt. Collected by Rev. Henry W. Winkley, at Saco, York county. LTMN^EA DESIDIOSA var. PLICA Lea. Collected in Buckfield, Oxford County, by John A. Allen. PLANORBIS HIRSUTUS Gld. (= albus Mull) and P. DEFLECTUS Say. Were inadvertently omitted from my published list. The former has been reported from Aroostook, Knox and Penobscot counties ; the latter from Aroostook, Knox, Oxford and Penobscot counties. VERTIGO NYLANDERI St. Woodland, Aroostook Co. (Nylander). See NAUTILUS, Vol. XXII, p. 107. STUDIES IN NAJADES. BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN. (Continued from Vol. XXVll, p. 91.) FUSCONAJA ASKEWI (Marsh). (See : Quadrula a. Simpson, 1900, p. 786.) A number of specimens, among them males, sterile and gravid females, from Sabine River, Logansport, De Soto Par., Louisiana, were received from D. S. Frierson, mostly collected on August 1, 1912, but one gravid female was collected on September 21. In all females (altogether eleven) all four gills had marsupial structure, and in five gravid ones all four gills were charged. But in one gravid individual only the outer gills contained glochidia; but the inner gills had distinctly marsupial structure. Since there were placentae and fragments of them in the suprabranchial canals and the cloaca cavity, this specimen was caught in the act of discharging. The breeding season probably ends in August, but the gravid spec- Jmen, with glochidia, collected on September 21, is remarkable. It THE NAUT1LCS. 21 seems that in lower latitudes the breeding time does not depend strictly on the season. For instance, I have a gravid female, with eggs, of Fusconaja undata (Barnes) from the Ouachita River, Arka- delphia, Clark Co.. Arkansas, collected by H. E. Wheeler on Sep- tember 3, 1912, while another one, recorded previously (Ortmanm 1912, p. 241) was obtained in the same condition March 21, 1911. F- askewi has a short mantle connection between anal and supra- anal, which was absent (torn?) in a few cases. Anal with very fine papillae, branchial with distinct papilla?. Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac, except at anterior end. Posterior margins of palpi connected for about one-half of their length or a little less. In the female, all four gills are marsupial. Placentae well devel- oped, subcylindrical, and, according to a communication from Frier- son, red " in most cases." Glochidia without hooks, semielliptical, higher than long. Length, 0.13, height, 0.15 mm. Color of soft parts partly destroyed in alcohol, but there are indi- cations that mantle edge, adductors, and foot, had a more or less pronounced tendency to be orange-brown. Frierson informs me, that in life the soft parts may be orange or whitish. This species clearly belongs in the undata-trigona-rubiginosa group, and is not at all related to the species with which it has been placed by Simpson (1900, p. 786), at any rate, it is not related to Elliptio beadleianus (Lea) (see Ortmann, 1. c. p. 268), although it resembles this species somewhat in the shell; but this is clearly a case of convergency. CRENODONTA PEKPLICATA (Conrad) (See Ortmann, 1912, p. 248). A gravid female, with glochidia, was received from H. E. Wheeler, from the " Old River " of the Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Arkansas, collected June 26, 1911. Another discharging female, is at hand from Sabine River, Logansport, De Sota Par., Louisiana, collected by L. S. Frierson, August 1, 1912. Also in this species the breeding season seems to be subject to considerable variation : ripe glochidia are present as early as June 26, and as late as August 6. The glochidia of the present specimens are absolutely like those observed previously. Length, 0.20; height, 0.21 mm. QUADRULA PUSTULATA (Lea) (See Simpson, 1900, p. 781). Wabash River, New Harmony, Posey Co., Indiana, collected 22 THE NAUTILUS. Aug. 8, 1912, by A. A. Hinkley. Aside from several very young ones, the sex of which could not be ascertained, there were two large males, and a gravid female, discharging glochidia. The date (Aug. 8) indicates the end of the breeding season. Anal opening separated from the supraanal by a short mantle- connection, but in the largest male the two openings are united, the mantle-connection being undoubtedly torn. Anal with the inner edge almost smooth, branchial with distinct papillae. Posterior margins of palpi connected for about one-half of their length. Inner lamina of inner gills free from the abdominal sac, except at anterior end. In the female, all four gills are marsupial. The shape of the placentae could not be observed, since the female was discharging, and the glochidia filled the suprabranchial canals and cloacal cavity in large, loose masses. But many glochidia were yet lodged in all four gills. Glochidia subovate, higher than long, of medium size. Length, 0.20; height, 0.24 mm. Color of soft parts apparently of the whitish type. This is a true Quadrula, allied in its shell characters to Q. lach- rymosa (Lea). From Q. pustu/osa (Lea) it is rather sharply dis- tinguished by the glochidia, which are considerably larger in the latter species, 0.23 X 0.30 according to Lefevre and Curtis (Journ. Exp. Zool., 1910, p. (J8, fig. 1, F), while I found them (in speci- mens from "West Virginia) to be 0.22 X 0.29 mm. (To be continued.} NOTES. ANOTHER GIANT SQUID IN MONTEREY BAY. — Since the publi- cation of my note in the NAUTILUS of February, 1912, I have been informed of the occurrence of another big squid in the same region as the one previously reported. Hoping to secure further details, I laid the note to one side, but as no further data have been forth- coming, it may be well to publish the record that it may not be lost. Such information as I have been able to obtain was furnished to Dr. Harold Heath of Stanford University by Mr. K. Hovden, Man- ager of the Booth Canning Company at Monterey, who happened to be fortunate enough to see the specimen. About October 12, 1912, some Italian fishermen in Monterey Bay T11IO NAUTILUS. 23 encountered and captured an immense squid, thereupon bringing it to shore. Its gross measurements I have been unable to ascertain, but the animal is stated to have weighed close to 500 pounds. The arms were about a yard long, and the general color of the animal a dark red. Mr. Hovden endeavored to purchase the specimen for five dollars, but this sum was refused by the fishermen, who devoured the prize raw — S. S. BERRY. LARGE SQUID on the Oregon coast, is thus reported by the New- port (Oregon) Journal. — Mrs. C. L. Hansen, wife of the lightkeeper at Heceta lighthouse, 30 miles south of here, and her daughter dis- covered a squid half out on the rock but a few yards away. Several of the long tentacles were reaching further, while the ugly head with the parrot-like beak was well out of water. The huge goggle eyes were fixed upon the two people. Mrs. Hansen called to her husband, and the squid slipped back into the water as he approached. It could be plainly seen, however, alongside the rock. Mrs. Hansen then called Fred Deroy, the assistant keeper, and with a long gaff hook and grappling rakes the two men succeeded in landing and killing the monster. The tentacles were seven feet long and the body 28 inches, making it over 16 feet from tip to tip. The body proper was over six feet long and of mottled brown color. It had a diamond-shaped tail about 27 inches across. NOTE ON TIIE CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANCYLIDAE. — Dear Editors: The receipt of the February number of the NAUTILUS has recalled to my attention the fact that for nearly two years I have before me without opportunity to complete it a paper on the classifi- cation of the Ancylidae that had circumstances been otherwise would have prevented a serious misunderstanding on the part of Mr. Walker of my ideas on the ancestry of the fresh-water limpets. That Grabau's statement that " our modern patelliform species are prob- ably not primitive types " is, I think, plausible, but it is nevertheless true that several families of the fresh-water pulmonates show by their development a much more recent simple patelliform stage such as I described that probably does not have anything to do with the prim- itive stage indicated by Grabau. I very much doubt that the dextral genera Lanx, Fisherola, Laevapex, Acroloxus and Gundlachia are actually as closely related to Ancylus, Brondelia, and Ancylastrum as supposed. The latter 24 THE NAUTILUS. genera in their late development, if they do not maintain it to matur- ity, possess a coiled shell and upon this the limpet-like shell of Ancylus is secondarily developed. It may be further noticed that these latter genera are all sinstral and I am under the impression that the anatomy corresponds closely. At any event it is quite dif- ferent from that of Lanx, Laevapex (Ferrissia) and Gundlachia, which do not show any evidence in their post-embryological develop- ment that they ever possessed a coiled shell though I suspect they did at one time far back in their history. I have been hoping to study the early development of one of these genera but it is a little out of my line at present. The latter genera should, I think, at least be segregated in another family, the Laevapecidae, with sub- families Laevapecincz and LancincB, and probably another subfamily for the secondarily coiled forms that may belong here. In this case my statement regarding the simple patelliform ancestors would refer to this family since it was the development of these and not that of the Old World group that I studied. In regard to the generic classification of the Laevapecidas there is opportunity for considerable disagreement of opinion. I ' have called attention to the fact that in Lanx, Fisherola and Zalophancylus the sculpture is solely concentric and the apex lies along the medial line, the genera being distinguished chiefly by the position of the apex, which may be central, sub-central, or terminal, arbitrary characters perhaps, but ones which run through a number of species that seem to group together in other respects. In Gundlachia, Kincaiditta* Laevapex, and Ferrissia the problem is much more difficult. I am not by any means sure that I can always tell a non-septate Gund- lachia or Kincaidilla from a Ferrissia. Our local species look easy; but after comparing Walker's figures of African Ferrissias I would not hesitate to call most of the latter non-septate Gundlachias, though I believe Walker knows Ferrissias better than I do. I am sorry that Walker has not examined the post-embryonic stages of some large Ferrissia that actually shows the development from Laevapex. Both Ferrissia and Lanx show unmistakable indi- cations of derivation from a very low-spired form such as is repre- sented by Laevapex and Walkerola respectively, as I have observed in at least two species in the former genus and three in the latter. This form I should regard as the least specialized modern type among the Laevapecidse — HAROLD HANNIBAL. !Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond. x, 1912, p. 147 ff. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXVIII. JULY, 1914. No. 3 THE MARINE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA FROM THE VICINITY OF BOLINAS BAY, CALIFORNIA. BY BRUCE L. CLARK. Bolinas Bay lies about ten miles to the north of the Golden Gate. It is one of the few coves along the rocky coast of Marin County where good collections of marine shells may be ob- tained. W. M. Wood in vol. xi, no. 5, p. 49 the NAUTILUS, de- scribes Bolinas Bay as the " Conchologist's Paradise;" cer- tainly there are very few places along the coast of middle California where specimens may be found in such great abundance. At Bolinas we find two different types of shore line, the long spit which nearly cuts off the bay from the ocean and the rocky beach. Duxbury Eeef, about two miles to the south- west of the town of Bolinas, extends out into the ocean for over a mile. This is bared at low tide and is one of the best localities that can be imagined for collecting certain rock-lov- ing species. For a more complete description of this locality the reader is referred to the paper mentioned above. In March, 1913, the Pacific Conchological Club took a trip to Bolinas Bay for the purpose of making collections at that point. The material collected on this excursion was turned over to the writer for determination. This collection was con- siderably augmented by Mr. Daniel Emery, who visited Boli- nas Bay at a later date. He collected out on the reef and 26 THE NAUTILUS. obtained certain species that had never been reported in this vicinity before. The list of species given below is the largest ever reported from Bolinas Bay. It includes a number of forms that had heretofore not been reported as far north. Two other lists of species from this locality have been published, one by Robt. E. C. Stearns in 1866, the other by W. M. Woods in 1897. Mr. Stearns published a list of eighty-three marine species.1 Mr. Wood, to whose paper reference has already been made, listed seventy-nine species. The number of species in the collection of the Pacific Conchological Club is ninety-seven. To this may be added those listed by Stearns and Wood and not found in the Pacific Conchological Club collections, making a total of one hundred and twenty-seven species from this locality. Species collected at Bolinas Bay by the Pacific Conchological Club. Amphineura Ischnochiton raymoudi Pils. Cryptochiton stelleri Midd. Mopalia vespertina Gould Mopalia muscosa Gould Pelecypoda Adula falcata Gould Adula stylina Carpenter Anomia lampe Gray Cardita subquadrata Carpen- ter Cardium corbis Martyn Chama exogyra Conrad Chama pellucida Sowerby Cryptomya ealiforuica Con- rad Macoma balthica Linnaeus Macoma cf. inflatula Dall Macoma inquinata Deshayes Macoma nasuta Conrad Macoma secta Conrad Macoma, n. sp. ? Modiola recta Conrad Monia macrochisma Deshayes Mytilus californicus Conrad Mytilus edulus Linnaeus Paphia tenerrima Carpenter Paphia staminea Conrad Paphia staminea rugerata Desh. Paphia staminea Conrad var. orbella Parapholas californicus Con- rad Petricola carditoides Conrad Pecten giganteus Gray Pecten hastatus Sowerby Pholadidea penita Conrad Platydon cancellatus Conrad Saxicava pholadis Linnaeus 1 Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. iii, p. 275. THE NAUTILUS. 27 Saxicava rugosa Linnaeus Saxidomus uuttalli Conrad Schizothagrus nuttalli Conrad Seniele mbropicta Dall Siliqua Incida Conrad Siliqua nuttalli Conrad Solen sicareus Gould Spisula catilliformis Conrad Tellina bodegensis Hinds Tellina button! Dall Zirphea crispata Linnaeus Xylotrya setacea Tryou Gasteropoda Acmaga asmi Middendorf Acniaea scabra Eschscholtz Acmasa spectrum Reeve Acmasa mitra Eschscholtz Acmasa pelta Eschscholtz Acmasa patina Eschscholtz Acanthina engonata Conrad Amalthea cranoides Carpen- ter Amphissa corrugata Reeve Amphissa versicolor Dall Bittium eschrichti Midd. Calliostoma costatum Martyn, Cerithidea califomica Hald. Chrysodomus dims Reeve Columbella (Astyris) gausa- pata Gould Columbella (Astyris) gausa- pata carinata Hinds Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula nivea Gould Species collected by Robt. E. not found in the collection of Amphineura Tonicella lineata Wood Diala sp.? Epitonium indianorum Hinds Fissuridea aspera Esch. Haliotus rufescens Swains Haliotus cracherodii Leach Lacuna porrecta exaequata Carpenter Littorina planaxis Philippi Littorina scutulata Gould Margarites acuticostatus Cpr. Megatebennus bimaculatus Dall Nassa cooperi Forbs Nassa fossata Gould Nassa mendica Gould Nassa perpinguis Gould Ocinebra lurida munda Cpr. Ocinebra lurida Middendorf Ociuebra interfossa Cpr. Odostomia tenuis Carpenter Olivella biplicata Sowerby Olivella intorta Carpenter Polynices lewisii Gould Polynices draconica Dall Purpura foliata Gould Tegula funebrale A. Adams Tegula brunuea Philippi Tegula montereyi Kien Tegula pulligo Martyn Thais lamellosa Gmelin Thais lima Martyn Thais saxicola Valenciennes Turris incisa Carpenter Turris ophiderma Dall C. Stearns at Bolinas Bay and the Pacific Conchological Club. Pelecypoda Clidiophora sp. 28 THE NAUTILUS. Macoma secta var.edulis Nutt. Pholadidea ovoidea Gould Semele nibiolineata ' ' auct. non Conrad" Venempis lamellifera Con. Gasteropoda Acmaea insessa Hinds (Na- cella insessa Hinds) Acmaea instabilis Gld. (Na- cella instabilis Gld.) Acmaea triangnlaris Cpr.1 Fissuridea murina Dall (Gly- phis densiclathrata Rve.) Species collected by W. M. Wood at Bolinas Bay and not found in the Pacific Conchological Club collections or in the list given by Stearns. Lacuna unifasciata Cpr. Lacuna solidula Sby. Muricidea californica Hinds Murex trialatus Sowerby Ocinebra lurida Midd. var. aspera Bairs Tegula montereyi Kien (Chlorostoma pfeifferi Phil.) Thais lamellosa var. ostrina Gould Amphineura Mopalia hiudsii Pelecypoda Entodesma saxicola Baird Kellia laperousii Deshayes Lithophagus plumulata Hani. Lyonsia californica Conrad Mytilimeria nuttalli Conrad Pholadidea parva Tryon Saxicava arctica Linn. Gasteropoda Crepidula navicelloides Nut- tall (C. nivea Gould) Haliotes fulgens Phil. Hippouyx tumens (Amalthea tumeus Cpr.) Margarites pupilla Qould STUDIES IN NAJADES. BY A. E. ORTMANN. (Continued from page 22.) LEXINGTONIA nov. gen. Shell subquadrate or subtrapezoidal, with slightly elevated beaks, and well developed hinge teeth. Beaks not much an- According to Keep probably a variety of A. paleacea Gld. THE NAUTILUS. 29 terior. Outer surface without sculpture. Epidermis lighter or darker brownish, with rather indistinct rays, which are narrower or wider, and do not break up into blotches. Beak sculpture distinct, consisting of rather numerous (six to eight), rather crowded, subconcentric ridges, which form an indistinct, rounded angle upon the posterior ridge, and are in front of this somewhat wavy and corrugated, but without showing any distinct zigzag pattern. Toward the disk, they disappear. Nacre whitish or pinkish. Soft parts more or less orange. Anal separated from the supraanal by a well-developed mantle connection, which is shorter than the anal. Anal with small, but distinct papillae, branchial with somewhat larger papillae. Inner lamina of inner gills free. Only the outer gills are marsupial in the female, when gravid, they swell but little, and the placentae are 'subcylindrical (not compressed and lanceolate), rather solid, and of red color. Glochidia semielliptical, of medium size, without hooks. Type : Unio siibplanus Conrad. This genus stands near Pleurobema and Elliptic, and differs from either chiefly by the subcylindrical, red placentae, and by the beak sculpture. The placentae resemble much those of Fusconaja, but this genus has all four gills marsupial, and the beak sculpture is much more simple. In the beak sculpture, Lexingtonia is peculiar, and might even be said to approach Rotundaria, The general shape of the shell much resembles that of Fusconaja nibiginosa (Lea). Lexingtonia apparently is a collective type, uniting characters found in several other genera, with one character of its own (beak sculpture), and thus the best way out of the difficulty is to create a new genus, which stands between Fusconaja on the one side, and Pleuro- bema and Elliptic on the other. LEXINGTONIA SUBPLANA (Conrad). (Unio subplanus Con- rad, Monogr. Union. 9, 1837, p. 73, pi. 41, f. 1, from " branch of James River" (== North Eiver), Lexington, Rockbridge Co., Va.— Simpson, Pr. IT. S. Mus., 22, 1900, p. 720: "North Carolina and Virginia"). I found seven specimens of this species. One was found at 30 THE NAUTILUS. the type-locality on June 7, 1912, and proved to be a gravid female, with the glochidia fully developed. The others were found about 7 or 8 miles below in North River, above Buena Vista, Rockbridge Co., Va. : 2 males, 2 sterile, and 2 gravid females, one of the latter with eggs, the other with the glo- chidia just beginning to form. The largest is a male, length 40.5, height 27.5, diameter 13.5 mm., the next largest, a female, measures, length 40, height 27, diameter 15 mm. The shape of the shell is somewhat variable : Conrad's figure represents a rather long specimen ; I have such specimens, but others are shorter. The figure shows no trace of rays, but sometimes these are rather distinct. In Simpson's system (1. c., pp. 719-720), this species forms the group of U. striatulus, together with three others: stria- tulus Lea, amabilis Lea, and brimleyi Wright. I have no doubt that these are indeed closely allied, and should not be astonished, if they finally should prove to be all the same spe- cies. Of striatulus and brimleyi I am rather strongly inclined to think that is the case. The essential characters of the soft parts have been men- tioned in the description of the genus. It should be noted that the mantle connection between anal and supraanal is present in all of my specimens, and although shorter than the anal, is better developed than in the species of Fusconaja, Quadrula, Plethobasus, and Pleurobema. The comparatively distinct papillae of the anal should also be noted. The color of the abdominal sac and the gills is grayish- white; foot paler or darker orange, adductors pale orange. The charged outer gills of the gravid female are bright red (like those of Fusconaja rubiginosa) . Also the gonads are red. Placentae subcyliudrical, sometimes very slightly com- pressed, but only near the base ; they are rather solid and can easily be taken out entire, even when glochidia are present. Glochidia semielliptical, without hooks. Length and height the same, 0.18 mm. PLEUROBEMA FRIERSONI (B. H. Wright) (See: Quadrula fr. Simpson, 1900, p. 787). A number of specimens of typical friersoni were received THE NAUTILUS. 31 from L. S. Frierson, collected August 1, 1912, in Sabine River, Logansport, De Soto Par., La. Others were sent by H. E. Wheeler from the Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Ark., collected at various dates. Among them were two gravid females, collected May 19, 1911, one with eggs, the other with unripe glochidia. The specimens from. Ouachita River are not typical frier- soni, but resemble this species greatly; they are quite var- iable in shape, but in the average more oblique. Whatever they are, the anatomy of these two forms is identical. The structure of the soft parts is that of the genus Pleuro- bema, with the outer gills only marsupial. The placentae are lanceolate and compressed. Glochidia not fully mature, but their shape could be made out ; they are semielliptical, higher than long, approximate size, length 0.13, height 0.15 mm. The soft parts seem to have been whitish in all. This species belongs near to P. riddelU, as described by me previously (1. s., p. 262). I first thought they were this species, till Mr. Frierson called my attention to friersoni, and I think he is right. Whether the specimens from Jackson, Miss., are actually riddelli, remains to be seen. PLEUROBEMA FASSINANS (Lea) (See: Simpson, 1900, p. 762). A number of specimens from North Fork Holston River, Saltville, Smyth Co., Va., collected by myself on September 17, 1912. Anal opening separated from the supraanal by a short mantle-connection, its inner edge with fine papillae. Bran- chial with larger papillae. Posterior margins of palpi con- nected for about one-half of their length. Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac, except at anterior end. In the female (many were examined) only the outer gills are marsupial, having much more crowded septa than the inner gills. No gravid females were found. In all specimens, the soft parts were grayish-white to pale- brown ; in one case, foot and adductor muscles have been marked as orange-brown. None of the shells has been marked as having had red gonads. 32 THE NAUTILUS. The natural affinities of this species remain yet to be inves- tigated. It seems to be a true Pleurobema, but represents, in the shell, a peculiar type, which has no closer relation to any of those, of which the soft parts are known. ELLIPTIC LANCEOLATUS (Lea) (See: Unio lane.., Simpson, 1900, p. 734). I collected, on June 3, 1912, two specimens, one a gravid female, in Mountain Run, Culpeper, Culpeper Co., Va., and about a dozen, part of them gravid, on June 5, 1912, in Rapi- dan River, Rapidan, Culpeper Co., Va. All gravid females had eggs, and thus the beginning of the breeding season falls probably in May. Structure of soft parts identical with that of E. complana- tus, and chiefly with E. product us, agreeing with the latter in the rather long mantle-connection between anal and supra- anal (almost as long as anal). (See : Ortmann, 1812, p. 270.) Structure of marsupium in the gravid female as described in E. complanatus ; only the outer gills are marsupial, the eggs are whitish, forming rather distinct, lanceolate and com- pressed placentae. UNIOPICTORUM (Linnaeus) (See: Ortmann, 1912, p. 274). In 1911, I have received from W. Israel a number of gravid specimens from Germany. They were collected on May 12, 15, 22, 27, and 28, 1911. Some of those collected on May 22, 27, and 28 had glochidia, and on May 22 some were in the act of discharging. The investigation of the marsupium shows that the outer gills are only moderately swollen, when charged, and that the edge remains sharp and is not distended. The eggs form lanceolate and compressed placentae, which are not very solid, and when glochidia are developed, there is no or very little cohesion between them; they fall easily apart and pass out of the suprabranchial canals in loose, irregular masses. No traces of lateral water canals have been observed, and the ovisacs remain open below. The glochidia are of the Anodonta-type, as was known THE NAUTILUS. 33 before, being subtriangular in outline, and having hooks. But they are rather small, length and height being about equal, 0.21 rnm. This is entirely at variance with the statement of Harms (Zool. Jahrb. Anat., 28, 1909, p. 332) and Haas (Pr. Malacol. Soc. London, 9, 1910), quoted in my text, p. 275, that they are 0.29 mm. long. But possibly this is simply a slip of the pen or a misprint. UNIO TUMIDUS Eetzius. I have gravid specimens, received from W. Israel, collected in Germany on May 22 and 27, 1911. One of the first date had unripe glochidia. The structure of the soft parts is exactly like that of U. pic- torum. The glochidia are immature, and the hooks are not yet developed. In general shape they resemble much those of U. pictorum, but they seem to be smaller, 0.19 mm. ; but this should be confirmed by the measurements of ripe glochidia. UNIO CRASSUS Retzius. W. Israel sent me gravid females from Germany, collected on May 2, 12, 25, 26, and on June 6 and July 21, 1911. Glo- chidia were found in specimens collected on May 26 and June 6, on the latter date they were being discharged. In addition, a single gravid female with eggs was collected on December 24, 1910, but this is regarded by W. Israel as an exceptional case. Also the date July 21 appears as somewhat abnormal. The normal breeding season apparently lasts from April to June. Also here the structure is similar to that of U. pictorum. Placentae distinct only, when eggs are present, and not very solid. In the discharging female the glochidia were in the suprabranchial canals in loose, irregular masses. Glochidia of the same shape as in U. pictorum, but slightly smaller, and less high in proportion to length ; length 0.19-0.20, height 0.18- 0.19. THE WATER CANALS IN THE MARSUPIUM OF THE ANODONTINAE. Lefevre and Curtis (Bull. Bur. Fisher, 30, 1912, p. 133) re- gard the lateral or secondary water canals ("respiratory 34 THE NAUTILUS. canals") of the charged marsupium of the Anodontinae as a special device for aeration, not of the embryos, as I believe, but of the blood of the gravid female, the mother. Their ar- gument is, that it is hard to see that a canal shut off from the embryos by a membrane could increase the facilities of aera- tion. I think, this argument rests upon a complete misunder- standing of the requirements and actual conditions; a canal, which permits a circulation of water within the gill, although separated from the embryos by a thin membrane, surely gives a better chance for aeration of the embryos, than the complete absence of such a canal, and, consequently, the complete ab- sence of any water circulation within the marsupial gill. The mass of embryos inside of the water tubes is of such a char- acter, that it would completely choke up the ostia, and there would be only a water current over the outer faces of the gill, separated from the embryos by the whole thickness of the gill-lamina, which is considerable. For this reason, I em- phatically must maintain my first opinion, that the lateral water tubes have the function of furnishing breathing water for the embryos and glochidia, and not for the mother. (To be continued.) A. C. BILLUPS. Mr. A. C. Billups died early in June at his home in Law- renceburg, Indiana. He was known to couchologists as an ardent collector of shells, his chief interest being in fresh- water species. Besides his conchological work, Mr. Billups was known as an entomologist, a pursuit in which he took especial delight and satisfaction. In his business as a mechan- ical engineer, Mr. Billups traveled extensively for a time, in- stalling power plants of various kinds; and this gave many opportunities for collecting in those branches of natural his- tory which interested him. It also gave opportunities for personal intercourse with brother naturalists, many of whom will hear of his death with sincere sorrow. Mr. Billups is sur- vived by his wife and son, Mr. C. F. Billups. THE NAUTILUS. 35 NOTES. MR. T. VAN HYNING has recently been appointed Librarian of the Experimental Station, and Director of the Museum of the Florida State University ; his address is now, Florida State University, Gainesville, Florida. MODIOLUS DEMISSUS Dillw. and var. GRANOSISSIMUS Sby.— Dr. Dall, in the Trans. Wagner Inst., iii, 796, 797, has pointed out that Modiola plicatula Lam. (An. s. Vert., vi, 1819, p. 113) is preceded by Mytilus demissus Dillw., Descr. Cat. Rec. Shells, Vol. I, 1817, p. 314, described from Virginia and Caro- lina. He suggests using the name demissa for the southern form with beaded sculpture, and plicatula for the northern specimens with smoother ribs. All the examples from the Caro- linas loaned to me by Mr. Mazyck were the same as the north- ern specimens; so, unless the beaded form actually is also found in Carolina, the name granosissima Sowerby (Proc. Mai. Soc. London, xi, 1914, p. 9) from Andaras, S. America, and Florida, will have to be used for the Florida beaded var- iety. M. plicatula will then become a synonym of demissa Dillw. — E. G. VANATTA. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. ON THE ANATOMY OF CONUS TULIPA LINN, AND CONUS TEX- TILE LINN. By H. 0. N. Shaw (The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, Vol. 60, pt. 1, pp. 1-60, April, 1914). A clear and concise account of the anatomy of these two in- teresting shells, illustrated by 6 plates and 12 text-figures. ANATOMIE DBS CLAUSILIES DANOISES, I, LES ORGANES GENI- TAUX. Par C. M. Steenberg (Mindeskrift for Japetus Steen- strup, xxix, pp. 1-44, 1914). A well worked-out study, full of interest to workers in the anatomy of land snails. THE PLIOCENE MOLLUSC A OF GREAT BRITAIN. By F. W. Harmer (Palaeontographical Society, 1913, pt. 1, pp. 1-200, 36 THE NAUTILUS. pi. 1-24, Feb., 1914). This part covers the non-marine species and a portion of the marine Gasteropoda. The author's treat- ment of Buccinuni and allied genera is very interesting. Of B. undatum 12 varieties are recognized. To the form which is also found on the eastern coast of North America the var- ietal name of littoralis King (1846) is used. There is appar- ently an older name for this form — undulatum Moller (Kroyer's Tidsskrift, vol. iv, p. 84, 1842) which was adopted by Stimpson. Some sixteen other species of Buccinuni are described and figured, including a number found living on the Banks of Newfoundland. A new genus Searlesia is proposed for the group of which Trophon costifera S. V. Wood is the type.1 The Chrysodomus dirus Eeeve =i«cmts Old. =sit- kensis Midd. of the Pacific coast probably belongs to this genus. Neptunea decemcostata Say is considered a variety of N. despecta Linne. The author is very conservative, using most of the older generic names, rather than those now adopted by most conchologists. The work is indispensable to one studying the boreal fauna, from the intimate relation of British Pliocene with recent North Atlantic species. The figures are excellent phototypes. — C. W. J. LAND SHELLS FROM THE TERTIARY OF WYOMING. By T. D. A. Cockerell. (Bull. Arner. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, pp. 323- 325.) Professor Cockerell's studies in tertiary insects and land shells of the Rocky Mountain region are giving us glimpses of a fauna of surpassing interest. His last paper describes several types new to America. Protoboysia is a Pupoid snail with the last whorl running up the spire nearly to the summit ; length and width 31/2 mm. It differs from the Indian Boysia by a peculiar construction of the last whorl. Boysia sinclairi and B. phenacodorum are forms which ' ' can- not at present be distinguished from Boysia." With these species which certainly seem to have Oriental relations, were found a Vitrea, a Thysanophora, Pyramidula ralstonensis and Oreohelix megarche. All are from the Clark's Fork Basin. — H. A. P. 'The species of Searlesia resembles Urosalpinx rather closely. It is re- markable that so large a number (12) should be found in one restricted area. THE NAUTILUS, XXVI11. PLATE II OO U. 1 T"l m along the edge of the walk in a few minutes. In 25 years collecting in the Sewickley Valley I have found this species de- cidedly rare so their sudden appearance in the center of the village is very interesting. With the lubrica were a number of Vallonia excentrica St., which has become very common all through the valley in the past few years. The specimens of lu- brica, you will note, area small compact form averaging 5 mm in length. — GEO. H. CLAPP. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. A new Pearly Fresh-water Mussel of the genus Hyriafrom Brazil. By L. S. Frierson. Proc. U.S.N.M., Vol. 47, p. 363, pi. 12. Hi/ria amaznnia n. sp. List of Moilusca of Harding and Perkins counties. South Da- kota Geological Survey, Bull. No. 6. 1914, pp. 95, 96. By Wm. H. Over. In this little-known region, every contribution is of value, giving records from the wide gap between the better known States on the east and west. The Land and Fresh-water Molluscs of the Dutch West Indian Islands. By Dr. J. H. Vernhout. Notes Ley den Museum, Vol. 36, pp. 177-189. A useful compilation, with a bibliogra- phy, and some new records for Curacao. THE NAUTILUS VOL. XXVIII. JANUARY, 1915. No. 9 FURTHEB NOTES ON THE OLIVIDAE. BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON. I. ORIENTAL SPECIES. As one very important work (Chenu's Illustrations Conchyl- iologiques, Oliva by Duclos)was not available at the time I wrote my previous notes (NAUTILUS, xxiv, pp. 49-51, 64-68, 121-124) on several species of Oliva, the names of which were affected by adopting the oldest recognizable characterization, it seems well at this time to briefly review the subject. I will therefore give a more complete synonymy of the species, together with some additional notes, hoping thus to show more clearly the changes in nomenclature and the relationship of the species and varieties. 1. OLIVA SERICEA (Bolten). Porphyria sericea Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 33, 1798. 0. textilina Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., xvi, 309, 1810. Var. tremulina Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 310, 1810. granitella Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 314, 1810. obtusaria Lam., Anim. sans vert., vii, 436, 1822. hepatica Lam., (not Marrat) Ann. du Mus., xvi, 320, 1810. fumosa Marrat, Thes. Conch, iv, pi. 9, f. 119. 98 THE NAUTILUS. Var. olympiadina Duel, (pars) in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 13, f. 11, 12. Var. nobilis Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 2, figs 3 a-c, 1850. Var. pica Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 310, 1810. concinna Marr. , Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 7, f. 100, 101. Var. tenebrosa Marr. , Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 13, f. 177. Var. ponderosa Duclos, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 14. f, 8, 9. Var. miniacea Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 33, 1798. miniata Link, Besch. Rostock Samml. , pi. 2, p. 95, 1807. erythrostoma Lam., Ann. Du Mus., xvi, 309, 1810. magnified Ducros, Revue critique du genre Oliva, p. 30, pi. 1, f. 4. 1857. azemula Duclos, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 15. f. 10, 11, (decorticated) Var. porphyritica Marr. (pars) Thes. Conch., pi. 7, f. 105. Var. sylvia Duclos (pars) in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 14, f. 12. Var. marrati Johns., Naut., vol. xxiv, p. 51, 1910. la. Subsp. irisans Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., xvi, 312, 1810. Var. zeihmica Lam., Anim. sans vert., vii, 436, 1822. mazaris Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 22, f. 7, 8. Var. ornata Marrat, Illus. Conch., iv, pi. 7, f. 102, 103. cylindrica Marr. (not Sowerby) Thes. Conch, iv, p. 14, f. 193, 594. lignaria Marr., Illus. Conch., iv, pi. 14, f. 195, 196. Var. cryptospira Ford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, p. 99, f. 3, 4. Var. fordii Johnson, Naut., vol. xxiv, pi. 51, 1910. Both Bolton and Lamarck refer to the same figure in Martini (Conch. Cab., ii, tab. 51, f. 559) which represents the finely marked, indistinctly banded form, with a light cream-yellow aperture. Length 70-85 mm. Under the Var. tremulina is grouped a large series connecting sericea with miniacea, but typified by having a white or bluish white aperture. It was not figured by Lamarck but all the authors seem to agree — although several intermediate figures are given. The typical form is that figured by Reeve, pi. 4, f. 6c ; Weinkauff, pi. 17, f. 2 ; Marrat, pi. 8, f. 117. 0. fumosa is only a dark smoky form. The Var. olympiadina is restricted to THE NAUTILUS. 99 figures 11 and 12, an albinic form. Nobiiis represents the large three-banded form, pica the brown form with large white sub- triangular spots, and tenebrosa the almost or entirely brown form. Length 70-100 mm. The thick, light-colored var. ponderosa is intermediate between forms referable to tremulina on the one hand and miniacea on the other. The latter both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figures by Martini (Conch. Cab., ii, tab. 45, figs. 476, 477). I have restricted the porphyritica to the small form (45- 55 mm. ) with bands of bright purple spots, of which I have recently received specimens through Mr. Wm. N. Southern, collected by Mr. Frank E. Rand, at Ponape, Caroline Islands. The name of sylvia is applied to the orange-yellow form with a red aperture, and marrati to the dark brown red-mouthed form as figured by Marrat, (Thes. Conch., pi. 7, f. 109), represent- ing a parallel variation to that of tenebrosa and fordi. The subspecies irisans, though poorly defined, is the oldest name and has already been applied to various forms of this group by authors. There is only one figure referred to by Lamarck that can be considered as irisans (Martini, Conch. Cab. II, Tab. 561); the others are questioned. This figure has not a callous spire and the description " spire acuminate" does not apply to the low callous-spired forms, figured by WeinkaufT, Marrat and Duclos, but to the form figured by Reeve (PL 6, fig. 8b). Figure 8d is the orange-yellow acutely spired zeilanica and fig. Sa the low callous-spired ornata. The typical cryptospira is light yellow with only slight traces of dark marking (Thes. Conch., pi. 9, f. 125) while furdi is the dark brown, callous- spired form (Thes. Conch., pi. 9, f. 126). There is also a pure white, callous-spired form (albescens}. 2. OLIVA OLIVA (Linne). Valuta oliva Linne", Syst. Nat., 10 ed. p. 729, 1758. Porphyria vidua Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 35, 1798. CylindrusnigellusM.eu.scla.Qn, Mus. Gevers. , p. 376. 0. maura Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 309, 1810. 0. mauritiana (Martini) Marrat (pars) Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 10, 1870. 100 THE NAUTILUS. Var. fenestrata Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 34, 1798. fvsca Link, Besch. Rostock. Samml., p. 95, 1807. Var. fulminans Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 312, 1810. Var. sepulturalis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 311, 1810. Var. madeaya Duel.; in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 23, f. 13-16. fabreii Ducros, Revue critique du genre Oliva, p. 43, pi. I, f, 8, 1857. The species oliva Linne cannot be ignored, in the light of our present ruling in nomenclature ; while a composite species, the prevailing form is readily recognized as Hanley in his "Shells of Linneus " page 215 says : — "Still it is not unworthy of remark that the Oliva nigrita of Karsten (0. maura of Sowerby, Genera Shells) has been indicated as the principal variety or form in the 'Museum Ulricae' and that all cited engravings (Argenville alone excepted) of the tenth edition of the 'Systema' wherein the species originally appeared, pertain to that shell". The plain olive-green or yellowish form is fenestrata; with broad ir- regular longitudinal stripes, fiihnmans ; with narrow irregular stripes and bands sepulturalis ; with a light pearl-gray ground color and less conspicuous markings the more pronounced var. madeaya. 3. OLIVA TIGRINA (Lamarck). 0. tigrina Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 322, 1810 (not Menschen). 0. holoserica (Martini) Marrat, Thes. Conch., pi. xiii, f. 179, 181. 0. atkonia Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 5, f. 22, 23 (Pv- ) 0. stainforthii Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 19, f. 40 (juv. ) Var. fallax Johnson, Nautilus, xxiv, 65, 1910. The dark brown form resembling 0. oliva is the var. fallax, representing the color variation common to many species. 4. OLIVA FUNEBRALIS (Lamarck). 0. fnnebralis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 332, 1810. 0. labradorensis (Bolten) Marr. , Thes. Conch., pi. xi, f. 146-148. THE NAUTILUS. 101 0. leucostoma Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 29, f. 14-16. 0. propinqua Marr., Thes. Conch., pi. xi, f. 141-142. 0. avelana (Lam.) Marr. Thes. Conch., pi. xi, f. 149-150. 0. glandiformis Marr. (not Lam.) pars, Thes. Conch., pi. xii, f. 174, 175. 0. giliola Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 30, f. 5, 6. An extremely variable species, the limits of which are very difficult to define. The figure cited by Bolten is unrecogniza- ble. 0. avelana as figured by Marrat probably represents faded examples, of which I have seen similar colored specimens. Under glandiformis Marrat figures at least two species ; figure 173 is a form of elegans, the others probably variations of this spe- cies. The figure referred to by Lamarck as glandiformis can not be identified. 5. OLIVA BULBOSA (Bolten). PorphyriabulbosaBolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 34, 1798. Olivaundulata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 318, 1810. Valuta ventricosa Dillw. , Cat. Recent Shells, i, 515, 1817. Var. inflata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 319, 1910. picta Reeve, Conch. Icon. Oliva, sp. 79, pi. 26, f. 79 (juv.) ovum-raUi Ford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 139. (decorticated). Var. tuberosaBolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 37, 1798. bicingulata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 319, 1810. bicincta Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. xiii, f. 189. Var. fabagina Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 325, 1810. crassa (Martini) Marrat, Thes. Conch., iv, pi. xiii, f. 186, The typical form has undulating longitudinal stripes, both Bolten and Lamarck referring to the same figures (Conch. Cab. ii, Tab. 47, f. 507, 508). Var. inflata has only small bluish- gray spots and bicingulata two dark brown bands. Var. fabagina is irregularly clouded with dark brown. Pure white examples constitute the var. alba. 6. OLIVA VARIEGATA (Bolten) Porphyria variegata Bolt, , Mus. Bolt., p. 33, 1798. 0. evania Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 22, f. 3, 4. 102 THE NAUTILUS. 0. zebra Kuster, Conch. Cab., Oliva, Tab. 5, 6, 1878. Var. reticulata (Bolten). Porphyria reticulata Bolt. , Mus. Bolt., p. 33, 1798. 0. sanguinolenta Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 316, 1810. The grayish-white reticulated form is typical. The dark olive-green, finely reticulated form is the var. reticulata. In the latter case both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figures (Martini, Conch. Cab. ii, Tab. 48, f. 512, 513). 7. OLIVA TRICOLOR Lamarck. 0. tricolor Lam., Ann. du Mus., 316, 1810. 0. guttida (Martini) Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. xii, f. 165-168. var. philantha Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 22, f. 5, 6. This species is more closely related to variegata than to elegans. The var. philantha is the light-colored form often approaching 0. caerulea in external appearance. 8. OLIVA OERULEA (Bolten). Porphyria caerulea Bolt., Mus. Bolt., xvi, p. 313, 1810. 0. episcopalis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 313, 1810. Var. lugubris Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 317, 1810. The var. lugubris is based on the small form heavily clouded with brown, as figured by Duclos, (Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. xi, f. 5, 6.) also by Marrat (Thes. Conch, iv, pi. 4. f. 48). It was not figured by Lamarck. 9. OLIVA ISPIDULA (Linne) Valuta ispidula Linne, Syst. Nat., 10 ed. p. 730, 1758. 0. hispidula Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., Oliva p. 14, ispidula pi. 8. 0. tigridella Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 9, f. 13, 14. Var. stellata Duel. Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 8, f. 11, 12. Var. taeniata Link, Besch. Rostock Samml. , pi. 2, p. 98, 1807. Var. fiaveola Duel., Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 7, f. 17-20. Var. Candida Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 322. This extremely variable species, most readily distinguished THE NAUTILUS. 103 by its brown aperture, has several well marked varieties. Var. stellata is white Avith coarse brown markings and low spire, taeniata white with a broad subsutural b&nd,—flaveola is yellow with a white aperture and Candida is an albino form. Speci- mens from Sarmar, Philippines, collected by Mr. E. L. Moseley, are all uniform in color, representing the dark reticulated form (Thes. Conch., fig. 248). This might bear the varietal name of samarensis. 10. OLIVA ANNULATA (Gmelin). Valuta annulata Gm el. , Syst. Nat., p. 3441, 1790. 0. leucophaea Lam. Ann. du Mus. , xvi. p. 314, 1810. Var. amethystina Bolten., Mus. Bolt., p. 35, 1798. aurata Link, Besch. Rostock. Samml., pi. 2, p. 97, 1807. guttata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 315, 1810. cruenta (Solander) Dillw., Cat. Recent Shells, i, 514, 1817. maculata Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 16, f. 1-5. Var. mantichora Duel., Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 16, f. 7, 8. emicator Marrat. (Pars), Thes. Conch., pi. 5, f. 57, 60. It seems unfortunate that the pale abnormal form should have to be the type of the species, instead of the beautiful ame- thystina. To the latter both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figures by Martini (Conch. Cab. ii, Tab. 46, f. 491, 492). Many specimens of the var. mantichora show the same malfor- mation of the typical form — an elevated ridge at the periphery. 11. AGARONIA GIBBOSA (Born). Valuta gibbosa Born, Test. Mus. Caes., p. 215, 1780. Valuta utriculus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3441, 1790. Oliva gibbosa Marrat, Thes. Conch, iv, pi. 19, f. 307 (pars). Oliva (Agaronia} gibbosa Tryon, Manual Conch., v, 90, f. 85-87, 1883. ' The dark brown specimens are usually decorticated. The orange-yellow form might bear the varietal name of A. g. auran- tia, n. var. 12. OLIVANCTLLARIA URCEUS (Bolten). Porphyria urceus Bolt., Mus Bolt., p. 37, 1798. Oliva brasilana Lam. , Ann. du Mus., xvi, 322, 1810. 104 THE NAUTILUS. Valuta pinguia Dillw., Cat. Recent Shells, i, 516, 1817. Oliva ( Olivancillaria) brasiliana Tryon, Manual Conch., v, 90, pi. 36, f. 88. TWO NEW VAKIETIES OF VALVATA. BY E. G. VAN ATT A. VALVATA TRICARINATA INFRA CARINATA n. var. fig. 1, 2. Shell globose, depressed, translucent, early whorls orange colored, body-whorl greenish gray, spire moderately elevated, apex obtruse, suture linear, whorls 3£, rapidly increasing, last whorl flattened above, with an impressed line near the suture, slightly angular at the shoulder, periphery rounded, surface polished, provided with irregular growth lines. Umbilicus wide, deep, funnel-shaped, surrounded by a strong carina. Aperture oblique, orbicular, slightly angular at the suture and base, parietal wall short, lip thin. Alt. 2.53 diam. 3.48 apert. alt. 1.74 diam. 1.55 mm. Type in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences number 12087 from White Pond, New Jersey, collected by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and Mr. S. N. Rhoads in 1895. Also in the collection from Hamilton, Ontario (Robert Walton); Mohawk, New York (Dr. James Lewis); Post Pliocene at Halcyon Lake, THE NAUTILUS. 105 Duchess Co., New York (W. S. Teator); Post Pliocene at White Pond, New Jersey (Dr Joseph Leidy); and Saginaw Bay, Michigan (Prof. M. Miles.) Differs from V. t. xi/n/i/c.r, Old by having a basal carina and from F. t. confusa Wkr. by lacking a keel at the shoulder. VALVATA TRICARINATA BASALIS n. var. figs. 3, 4. Shell discoidal, thin, translucent, greyish corneous, spire truncate, slightly elevated, apex impressed, suture linear, shal- low. Whorls 3^, the first ones with a median carina, body- whorl slightly descending at the aperture, with two strong carina?, the upper surface between the suture and the shoulder keel flat, slightly convex between this and the peripheral ca- rina, base evenly rounded to the rather large deep umbilicus, surface rather dull, sculptured with irregular growth striee. Aperture irregularly truncate orbicular, lip thin, angular at the suture, upper carina and peripheral keel ; base and colum- ella evenly arcuate, upper lip straight. Alt. 2.56 diarn. 4.15, apert. alt. 1.69, diam. 1.74 mm. Type in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences number 11995 from the Hudson River, New York (W. M. Gabb). Also in the collection from Vermont (J. S. Phillips). Differs from V. tric.arinata Say by lacking the basal carina, and from V. t. confusa Wkr. by the absence of a basal keel and in having a peripheral carina. 106 THE NAUTILUS. LAND SHELLS FKOM VARADERO (CARDENAS) CUBA. BY JOHN B. HENDERSON. Varadero is a little settlement of winter cottages planted in the sands of a long narrow peninsula that encloses the Bay of Cardenas. There is a core of pleistocene coral rock more or less densely covered with scrub growth with many cacti as a feature. Besides this there is only the beach sand on the one side and mangrove swamps on the other making altogether a most uninviting field for land-shelling. The following list represents only a few hours collecting but is probably almost a complete census of the region. Oleacina solidula Pfr. Cerion sagraianuni Pfr. subulataPfr. " hologlyptum Obeliscus homalogyra Shuttl Pils. Varicella (Pich. ) gracillima Pfr. Liguus fasciatus Mull. Thysanophora selenina Gould Guppya gundlachi Pfr. ' ' boothiana Pfr. Pupoides marginatas Say Volvidens tichostoma Pfr. Bifidaria sp. Cepolis cubensis penicillata Chondropoma pictum Pfr. Urocoptis poeyana variegata Pfr. dentatum Say " garceana Presas (var) Alcadia hispida Pfr. Macroceramus gundlachi Pfr. Eutrochatella rupestris Pfr. Microcerarnus gossei Pfr. u denticulatus Gundl. STUDIES IN NAJADES. BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN. LASTENA LATA (Rafinesque). Simpson, Pr. U. S. Mus. 22. 1900 p. 654.— Descr. Cat. 1914 p. 453. I have collected a number of specimens in Clinch River, at Cleveland, Russel Co., Va., and at St. Paul, Wise Co., Va., among them three gravid females (May 13 and 14, 1913), one THE NAUTILUS. 107 of which (May 13) had glochidia, the others eggs. Additional specimens, the females not charged, were found on Sept. 7 and 8, 1914 in Clinch River at Clinton and Edgemoor, Anderson Co., Tenn. This shell has been taken by Simpson (1. c. ) for a form allied to Anodonta, and I have accepted this view, and have treated the genus Lastena with the subfamily Anodontincs (Ann. Carnegie Mus. S. 1912 p. 297); but in the description (p. 298) of the soft parts of the sterile female, I have called attention to the fact, that typical Anodontine characters have not been ob- served in the marsupial gills : there were no traces of lateral water tubes, and no thickened tissue at the edge. The present specimens show conclusively that Lastena does not belong to the Anodontina, but that it is a member of the subfamily Union inse. Also the fact that in May females with eggs were found, indicates that this is a tachytictic form (sum- mer breeder), and not a bradytictic, as the Anodontina are. My previous description, as far as it concerns the anal and supraanal openings, the branchial opening, the palpi and gen- eral features of the gills, is confirmed by the present material. To this, however, should be added the peculiar shape of the foot, described by Simpson as : "very large club shaped, capable of great extension ". This is a very important charac- ter of the genus, and is found in no other North American Naiad, and in this feature Lastena can be compared onl}1 with the South American Mycetopoda, which, however, belongs to an entirely different family. When contracted, the foot does not show its remarkable features ; but in life, when extended, it is extremely elongated, at least as long as the shell, of subcylin- drical, somewhat compressed shape, with a distal swelling. Apparently, the foot serves as a permanent anchor, and is not withdrawn into the shell under ordinary circumstances, even when the shell is closed, and hence the closed shell is gaping at the anterior end. The marsupium of Lastena lata is restricted to the outer gills, and not the whole outer gill is marsupial, but only the middle portion of it, about one half of the length of the gill. The an- terior and posterior sections remain non-marsupial. The 108 THE NAUTILUS. charged part is moderately swollen, with the edge remaining sharp. The ova or glochidia form lanceolate, moderately devel- oped placentae. Glochidia almost semicircular, slightly oblique, inequi valve, with one one end somewhat narrower, the other somewhat wider. They are distinctly longer than high. Length 0.19; height 0.15 mm. The lower margin is uniformly and broadly rounded, and there is no trace of a point or a hook. Color of soft parts (in life) pale, as described previously ; placenta whitish. Lastena belongs to the subfamily Union in tie of the family Unionidae, and is most closely allied to Elliptic. This is also supported by the shape of the shell and the beak sculpture. However, Lastena differs from Elliptic (and from all other genera of the Unioninae) by several important characters, which are unique, and would possibly entitle it to the rank of a subfamily, in case the Unioninae should be elevated to a family. In the shell, the most prominent feature is the reduction of the hinge, a case very rarely observed in the Unioninae (the only other one known to me is Gonidea'). In the soft parts, the structure is like Elliptio, but the restriction of the marsupium to the middle part of the other gills is peculiar, and so is the extreme develop- ment of the foot. Also the glochidia, although of the general Unionine type, are unusual on account of their obliquity. Lastena represents a unique specialization of the Elliptio-type, and is a very good genus, which, in the systematic arrangement, should follow Elliptio and Uniomerus. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, No. 24. New and interesting Neocene fossils from the Atlantic Coastal Plain, by Axel Olsson. Numerous new species from the Miocene of Vir- ginia to Florida are described. The blue clay marls of the lower James river valley are considered to belong to the Yorktown formation, and not, as some geologists have stated, to the Calvert. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXVIII. FEBRUARY, 1915. No. 1O OUR NEW MEXICAN EXPEDITION OF 1914. BY JAS. H. FERRISS. The Ashmunella territory, so far known, lies in the south- western corner of New Mexico and the south-eastern corner of Arizona. A line drawn south-westerly from Sante Fe, N. M., 500 miles to Nogales, Arizona, will mark the northwestern side. A line starting 125 miles eastward of Santa Fe, in San Miguel county N. M., running parallel with the former line to the Organ Mountains in Donna Anna county will mark the south- eastern boundary. Southward the genus is not known below the Mexican line. There is much territory near at hand that remains unexplored. Following the scouting expedition of 1913 a second scout- ing expedition, assisted by Mr. L. E. Daniels was made into this territory in the summer of 1914. In a heavy farm wagon, accompanied by Mrs. Ferriss and Miss Nellie Shepherd, artist of Oklahoma city, and with plenty of time, canvas and provis- ions, the steps of the expedition of 1913 were retraced from Clif- ton up the San Francisco and Blue rivers to Cosper's ranch, a distance of 50 miles ; then continued up the Blue to its head, and to Luna, New Mexico, all in a northerly direction. From Luna the party turned south-easterly across the San Francisco Mountains of New Mexico, (not Arizona,) to the Mogollon mountains of New Mexico by the way of Alma. The state of Arizona also, by the way, has a range of Mogollon Mountains, further west. 110 THE NAUTILUS. Colonies of Ashmunella pilsbryana were found about the Har- per ranch, Copper King Mountains, four miles above Clifton, continuing to the mouth of the Blue river ; and Sonorellas of different groups to the mouth of the little Blue, a distance by river of about 25 miles. Many of these colonies were dead, and in others it was diffi- cult to find more than two or three shells alive. The removal of the trees has changed natural conditions ; formerly where deep shade and a moistened leaf-mould existed, the soil now baked by the sun, is barren of vegetation. Particularly is this true within twenty miles of the cities and villages. The Mexican is an industrious wood cutter. A white fungus growth also takes posession of the rocky slides which in death turns black, and carries all the lower vegetable life with it. Larger shell life is seldom found in these fungus-stricken areas, where the dead shells lie thick. While the Sonorellas are found often in the shady, ideal snail talus, some of the colonies survive the timber stripping, and thrive fairly v/ell among dry rocks on southern exposures, often in company with Thysanaphora hornii, and if in limestone, with Holospiras. For thirty miles above the Little Blue river only the smaller species were obtained — mostly Vallonias, Thysanophoras, Eu- conulus and Helicodiscus. In the next twenty miles a dozen col- onies of the larger Oreohelix were located. Again Oreohelix was found at about 8000 ft. elevation, while crossing the San Fran- cisco range from Luna to Alma ; also on Lisa Creek, draining the San Francisco Mountains. The upper San Francisco river upon this trail had nothing to offer ; but at Mongollon, 7500 feet, the snails were again found friendly. A colony of small Oreohelix barbata Pils. , was found in the suburbs of that city and from that point to Willow creek, 9000 feet, Ashmunella mogollonensis and the larger Oreohelices were never out of sight, presenting interesting variations in size, color and form, and also with the numerous albinos. At this altitude vegetation and snails thrive equally as well as in eastern Tennessee, also grazing grasses, and the party camped here for a couple of weeks. The trout were fine. Another colony of Oreohelix barbata was found at this elevation. THE NAUTILUS. Ill Turning south and eastward from Mogollon, the larger Oreo- helix disappeared from the gulches. The higher peaks, and the largest and most promising canyon, Whitewater, were left un- explored. The wagon needed a broken road, and as the track down the San Francisco had been destroyed by floods we kept the Silver City road for about thirty miles, then turned south- west at Cactus Flats, driving through a beautiful pasture coun- try for about forty miles. It was so beautiful that we went in- to camp and cleaned shells for a couple of days on the bank of a shaded stream. Leaving this pasture country, where we trotted the horses the only time on the trip, the party returned easterly again, and over a rough hilly country of Juniper and rattle-snakes, drove for two and one-half days, to Steeple Rock, a mining town in its resting period. South again fourteen miles to Duncan on the Gila, then thirty-two miles down the river, northwestward, to Clifton. The cowboys cross from Mogollon to Clifton in one day, but it took seven days of travel with a farm wagon. Al- together in three months we made a journey of 335 miles. Apparently the same snails inhabit this land here, in a direct and pure line of ancestry from those living upon the land before the mountains were uplifted. The conditions after the uplift upon the White and Blue Mountains of Arizona and the north- ern slope of the Mogollons in New Mexico remain about the same, and with the isolation and the 100 miles of deserts, rivers and mountains between, the Ashmunellas and the Oreohelix are the same. This also remains true of the shells in the Kaibab plateau, northern Arizona. On both the northern and southwestern slopes of the Mogol- lons are found all the forms, colors and sizes of 0. barbata, that the Chiricahua mountains, 125 miles south, have given. This is the only member of the southern mountain groups that has traveled, outside of the small forms, such as Pupas, Thysanophora and Vallonias. Where the peaks are sharper, divided by dry gulches, the snails divide into species, varieties and groups. In one limestone slope of the Dragoon mountains a dike of granite 50 feet in thickness divides the Holospiras into two dis- tinct species. 112 THE NAUTILUS. Upon the slopes of the mountains of southern Arizona and New Mexico and the knobs and peaks of the desert this specific development is intensified, and it is but a short distance from one species of Sonorella to another. Of the four leading genera of this region, the Sonorellas are best fitted to cope with the drouths and the woodchoppers. If it is limestone country, the Holospiras are tenacious. Both are found in very hot and dry rocks, doing fairly well. Sonorellas, two alive, were found near Castle Rock upon the homeward journey. Other promis- ing prospects were left for another season. This Sonorella fam- ily follows the mountains down to 3,000 feet in Arizona. Nearly every little hill in Pima count}7, Arizona, has its own species of Sonorella. Returning to our subject, the Mogollons, two side trips were made into the mountains on foot from Glenwood, New Mexico. In the Little Whitewater canyon one of the smallest of Ash- munellas was obtained. A two-days journey in the Cave Creek Canyon secured a larger Ashmunella and Oreohelix barbata, in large quantities. One juvenile of the larger Oreohelix only came to the net. Another journey of two days was taken up the Dry Canyon, six miles south of Glenwood. Six miles up the Valley a camp was made. Here the precipices boxed in the stream so completely the canyon was not scarred by man or cattle, the stream was full of pound trout, and the slides full of snails. The Glenwood Ashmunellas had teeth upon the lip, but no lamella or tooth upon the parietal wall. One species measured ten mm. in diameter, the other twelve to fourteen and one-half. In the Dry Creek canyon, measurements ran from ten to sixteen mm. and as to teeth, ran the scale from none to three and a lamella. In twenty colonies there were about as many varia- tions in species and forms, and in some colonies, as with Ash- munella heterondon. Pils., all variations in teeth existed. Oreohelix barbata varied still more in size and form, with some liberality in color. Ashmunella mogollensis came in about six miles above camp, and here the vegetation was so luxuriant that Ashmunellas were found in the weeds they slept in. The miner who owned the THE NAUTILUS. 113 cabin at that point was a tight-wad and had locked the door when he left, and thus we slept out a couple of nights. The Mogollon Mountains at this point run up to 10,500 feet and are termed rough. The roughness consists of granite, quartzite, and various forms of igneous rock, so far as snail hunters have explored. Rocks resembling limestone, and so termed, were found to be a volcanic product. Above 7,000 feet the timber is heavy and plentiful. Yellow and White Pine, White and Cork Bark Fir, Pseudo Hemlock, Oak and Quaking Asp predominate. Cotton woods, Sycamore and Walnut dominate the lower valleys, and the Junipers rule in the foot-hills. It is a large range for the Southwest, at least 100 miles long and thirty to forty wide ; drained southward by tributaries of the Gila, the San Francisco and the Membres rivers. The indications furnished by these few canyons in a large number opening to the South point to a fruitful field. A well equipped party would require at least one year in which to make a hasty survey. The rainy season starts about the first of July and continues until the middle of August. The sum- mer of 1914 was something unusual however and we had a shower every day except three. Rain however is pleasing to snails. After a good shower they travel over the stones for half a day. The climate above 5000 feet is cool enough for comfort at that season of the year — in truth the temperature is perfect. The mountains of the Southwest are inexhaustible to the con- chologists of this generation. Should any desire to assist in this work, in the Mogollon or other ranges of which we have know- ledge, the}' will find us prompt with both information and advice. There is a larger country than we can hope to explore, all within the states of New Mexico and Arizona. In another article we hope to give a detailed account of the snails collected, in cooperation with Dr. Pilsbry, — a companion on other Arizona and New Mexico expeditions. 114 THE NAUTILUS. FUKTHEB NOTES ON THE OLIVIDAE. BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON. II. OCCIDENTAL SPECIES. OLIVA CAROLINENSIS (Conrad). 0. cylindrica Sowerby, Quart. Jour. Geol., vi, p. 45, 1849 (pars) not cylindracea Borson 1820 = cylindrica Duel., not cylindrica Marr. 1870. 0. litterata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 315, 1810 (not Bolten 1798) Dactylus carolinensis Conr., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., xiv, p. 563, 1863. 0. circinata Marrat, Thes. Conch., iv, p. 21, pi. 17, f. 277, 1871 ; Johnson, NAUTILUS, xxiv, p. 123, 1911. Var. citrina Johns. , NAUT., xxiv, p. 123, 1911. In substituting a name for 0. litterata Lam., pre-occupied, I used 0. circinata Marr. , overlooking the fact that it had previ- ously been described by Conrad as a fossil from the Miocene of North Carolina, the synonymy being given by Dr. Dall in his work on the Tertiary Fauna of Florida (Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 44, 1890). As Sowerby's name cannot be considered, I have adopted that given by Conrad. The Miocene and Pliocene forms cannot be separated from the recent. The var. citrina is the bright yellow form occasionally found on the Gulf coast of Florida. OLIVA RETICULARIS Lamarck. 0. reticularis Lam., Ann. du Mus,, xvi, 314, 1810. 0. tisophana Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 17, f. 17, 18. 0. memnonia Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 17, f. 19, 20. 0. olivacem (Meuschen) Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 4, f. 46, 47, 51-53. 0. sowerbyi Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. f. 114, 115. 0. reclusa Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 17, f. 264. 0. mercatoria Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 17, f. 269. Var. m'vosa Marr. , Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 17, f. 276. Var. bifasciata K lister ; Conch. Cab., Wienkauff, Oliva, p. 38, tab. 10, f. 8, 9. THE NAUTILUS. 115 hepatica Marr. (not Lamarck), Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 3, f. 27, 28. formosa Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 3, f. 29, 30. Var. olorinella Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii. pi. 7, f. 15, 16. quersolina Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 11, f. 7, 8. pallida Marr. (not Svvainson), Thes. Conch, pi. 25, f. 472. Although not as variable as its Pacific analogue, 0. spicata, from the west coast of Mexico and Central America, there are several well marked variations and some confusion owing to many of the older authors uniting some forms of the two species. Var. nivosa is the large cylindrical form ; when banded with brown it is the bifasciata. The white form is olorinella. 0. pal- lida Marr. may possibly represent the albino form of another species. OLIVA FULGURATOR (Bolten). Porphyria fulgurator Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 36, 1798. 0. fusiformis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 318, 1810. 0. ispidula Link, Besch. Rostock, Samml., part 2, 1807 ; Marrat, Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 2, f. 15-17. bullata Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 24, f. 448. Var. obesina Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 17, f. 9, 10. Both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figure by Martini (Conch. Cab. ii, tab. 51, f. 562). Specimens are frequently more or less clouded with brown. OLIVA SPICATA (Bolten). Porphyria spicata Bolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 35, 1798. P. arachnoidea Bolt., Muss. Bolt., p. 36, 1798. P. litterata Bolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 36, 1798 (not Lamarck, 1810). 0. araneosa Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 315, 1810. 0. melchersi Menke, Zeit. fur Mai., p. 24, 1851. Var. hemphilli Johns., NAUTILUS xxiv, 122, 1911. Var. subangulata Philippi, Abb., xix, tab. 1, f. 2. Var. oniska Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 32, f. 9. perfecla Johns. , NAUTILUS xxiv, 122, 1911. 116 THE NAUTILUS. Var. pindorina Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 12, f. 10, pi. 17, f. 7, 8. punctulata Marr. Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 2, f. 12, 13. harpularia (Lam.) Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. 14, f. 28 (decorticated). Var. venulata Lam. Ann. du Mus., xvi, 313, 1810. reticularis Reeve (pars) Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 10, f. 16 b. obesina Reeve (pars) Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 10, f. 16 c. mariae Ducros, Rev. crit., p. 50, pi. 2, f. 26. Var. graphica Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 3, f. 36. porcea Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 3, f. 35. oblonga Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 2, f. 14. Var. violacea Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 4, f. 56. Var. ustulata Lam., Anim. sans vert., v, 620, 1822. oriola Duel, (not Lam.), in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 11, f. 1, 2. fuscata Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 2, f. 20-22. brunnea Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 4, f. 54, 55. Var. polpasta Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., PI. 17, f. 1, 2. Var. cumingi Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. xi, f. 19. ligneola Reeve (pars) Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 21, f. 57 a b (juv.) Bolten and Lamarck again refer to the same figure by Martini (Conch. Cab., ii, tab. 48, f. 509). Bolten refers to it a second time as his type of arachnoidea, while the figure he refers to as the type of his litterata (Conch. Cab., ii, tab. 46, f. 488) is not suffi- ciently characterized for varietal distinction. The above varie- ties were briefly diagnosed in my previous paper (NAUTILUS, xxiv, p. 122, 1911). ON CLASSIFICATION IN GENERAL AND THE GENUS LYMNAEA IN PARTICULAR. BY HAROLD SELLERS COLTON. The value of the generic name is the subject of this paper. To illustrate this, the genus Lymnaea is considered. The most recent classification of this group is that of F. C. THE NAUTILUS. 117 Baker in his admirable " Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America" (Chicago Academy of Sciences Pub. No. 3, 1911) p. 120. Whereas the older classifications considered shell characters alone, this author "proposed to classify the Lym- nreids by the characters of the shell, genitalia (shape of pros- tate, relative size and form of the penis and penis-sac) and radula. ' ' On a basis of these criteria he has split the genus Lymnsea as defined by Haldeman 1840, Gould, Binney 1868, Dall 1871, Tryon 1872 & 1884 and more recently by Dall in 1905, into six genera: — Lymneea^ Pseudosuccinea, Radix, Bulimntfct, Acella and Galba. He has done this mainly by raising a number of sub- genera and sections of former authors to generic rank. I wish to ask this question : Is this at the present time justifiable ? (1) Baker lists 103 species arid varieties of the old Lymntza in this work. Of but 33 have anything of the anatomy, radula and genital organs been studied. Therefore the shell characteristics are the important ones after all. (2) All these new genera are based largely on quantitative characters. The only qualitative character mentioned is the radula and this is given quite a sub- ordinate place in the classification. (3) In his diagnosis of the genus Galba in his key he states that the " Penis (epiphallus) is shorter than the penis-sac" (Penis).1 However, for two of the species of this genus the epiphallus is longer than the penis. See Baker p. 263 and 277. In the mind of the writer our present knowledge will not al- low us to make a comprehensive classification of the Lymnseids based on the anatomy of the snail. We know too few species well. On the other hand the shell characters alone in a mollusk with such a generalized form of shell as have the Lymnseids are not characters on which one can base much reliance. On account of these reasons the writer would make the rec- ommendation that the old genus Lymncea should be retained in the sense that it has been used for the past seventy years. These 1 1 am indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for calling my attention to the fact that Baker has called the e/ iphalins the penis, and the true penis he has called the penis-sac. In this paper I will adhere to the general usage and refer to the epi- phallus and penis instead of penis and penis-sac. 118 THE NAUTILUS. new genera of Baker will then become sub-genera. The sub- genera of Baker will be reduced to sections with one exception, viz. , that of Simpsonia, now Pseudogalba, be retained as a sub- genus. This form seems to the writer, on account of the char- acter of the radula, to be sufficiently different to cause its re- moval from the sub-genus Galba. We have then the following classification :— Genus Lymncea Lamarck. Subgenus Lymnsea contains the stagnalis group. Subgenus Pseudosuccinea contains the columella group. Subgenus Radix contains L. auricularia. Subgenus Bulimnsea contains L. megasoma. Subgenus Acella contains L. haldemani. Subgenus Pseudogalba (Simpsonia) contains the humilis and obrussa, umbilicata and parva groups. Subgenus Galba contains the section Galba, and the palustris, catascopium and emarginata groups. The classification recommended above has certain advantages over that proposed by Baker in that it indicates differences be- tween groups of snails but does not commit one to place a shell the anatom}^ of whose animal is unknown in a given genus. It can be provisionally placed in a subgenus by superficial resem- blance and if later changed will not affect the generic name. It is by the generic name that animals are catalogued. This is a very important practical matter and one that cannot be too much emphasized. To change generic names without an over- whelming amount of evidence in favor of the change is hinder- ing instead of advancing the science. Species and minor groups on the other hand cannot be too much subdivided. It is an advance to describe every variation that can be distinguished. Of this work Bateson (Problems of Genetics, p. 249) says :- "They will serve science best by giving names freely and by describing everything to which their successors may possibly want to refer and generally by subdividing their material into as many species as they can induce any responsible society or journal to publish." It must not be thought that the writer of this is trying in any way to slight the value of Baker's work. It is a work of very great value and splendidly arranged. The clear statement of what we know of the group and what we do not know is most important. It is a model which many should follow. It has been the constant companion and guide of the writer for the past two years. He does not wish this paper to be considered a criticism but rather as an appendix to THE NAUTILUS. 119 that work, making it, if possible, still more valuable to stu- dents of American mollusks. To recapitulate : generic names are those by which animals are catalogued, therefore should not be changed without overwhel- ming evidence in favor of the change. This value of the genera in cataloguing has not been sufficiently emphasized. A PROVISIONAL KFY TO THE SUBGENERA AND SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN LYMNAEIDS. BY HAROLD S. COLTON. The following is a preliminary key to some of the best known species in the genus Lymnaea. It is based on a careful study of the wealth of material in Baker's Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America. To this the writer has added a little that has come under his observation during the past eight years that he has been working with this group. It must be noted that L. auricidaria appears in two places in the key. This is because the radula of the Philadelphia form is different from the radula of the Chicago form. It must be remembered also, as stated in the preceding article that the radula and character of the reproductive organs are the important characters in classification as the shell is such a gen- eralized form. This being the case it will be of value in locat- ing but 33 species and varieties as the other 73 have been de- scribed by shell characters alone. When they have been stud- ied the key no doubt will have to be much modified. The writer found it impossible to sub-divide the groups in his key. The species within a group are distinguished by shell characters alone, and although one familiar with species can dis- tinguish them without much difficulty, it is almost impossible to state the differences in a few words. This key is intended as a supplement to that of Baker p. 125. It makes no pretense of completeness. The writer, therefore, would be glad to hear of any practical difficulties arising in its applicaton. In the following key the ratio between the aperture length and the shell length is referred to as the " ratio." GENUS LYMNAEA :- Fresh-water pulmonate mollusks. Shell : normally dextral, rarely sinistral, ovately oblong to elongate. Animal: with a short, wide, rounded foot. Tentacles : flattened. Central tooth of the radula unicuspid ; laterals bi-or tri-cuspid. Male and female genital openings separate and on the right side. Mantle margins contained within the shell. 120 THE NAUTILUS. (I) The first lateral tooth of the radula has three cusps, the others two. The epiphallus longer than the penis. Color pat- tern of the mantle conspicuous. Adult with a flaring lip (Subgenus Radix) L. auricularia p. 179 (II) The lateral teeth of the radula with two cusps. (1). 1st cusp grooved : epiphallus less than penis. (Subgenus Acella) L. haldemani. . . . .p. 192 (2). 1st cusp ungrooved. (A) Axis gyrate : epiphallus J of penis — (Subgenus Lymnaa} — Stagnalis Group. . . .p. 136 (B) Axis not gyrate. Epiphallus equal or less than the penis but over £. (Subgenus Gaiba). (a) with not evident spiral sculpture— Galba Group . .... p. 200 (b) with evident spiral sculpture, (aa) Ratio between two and three — Palustris Group . . . . .p. 298 Ratio between 1^ and two. (aaa) Ovate shell, narrow inner lip, no true umbilicus — Catascopium Group . . p. 377 (bbb) Bulbous shell, wide inner lip and umbil- cus — Emarginata Group . . .p. 408 (III) Lateral teeth with three cusps. (1) Axis gyrate. (A) Epiphallus less than the penis ; shell succiniform Subgenus Pseudosuccinea — Columella Group . p. 162 (B) Epiphallus less than the penis. (a) Shell thin and transparent — color pattern of mantle visible through shell — lip flaring in adult — ratio less than 1|. (Subgenus Radix) L. auricularia . . . . p. 179 (b) Shell solid bulimiform — ratio greater than 1^. (Subgenus Bulimnea). L. megasoma . . . . .p. 183 (2) Axis not gyrate (Subgenus Pseudogalba). Epiphallus usually shorter than the penis. (aa) Inner lip flattened out and excavated. L. umbilicata . . . . .p. 236 (bb) Inner lip erect. L. parva . . .p. 243 (b) Epiphallus usually longer than the penis, (aa) 10 mm. long, has 5 whorls L. humilis. . . . . . p. 25 (bb) 10 mm. long, has 4 whorls L. obrussa. . . . . .p. 270 THE NAUTILUS. XXVIII. PLATE V WALKER: ON CAMPELOMA, ETC. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXVIII. MARCH, 1915. No. 11 ON PALTJDINA COARCTATA AND INCRASSATA LEA. BY BRYANT WALKER. The descriptions of both of these species were read by Dr. Lea before the American Philosophical Society on Dec. 16, 1842 and were published on or before Jan. 3, 1843. Since that time they have led a varied and precarious existence at the hands of subsequent authors. Lea's types were, in both in- stances, single, imperfect specimens received from Dr. Foreman without any more precise locality than that of "Alabama." Lea never figured either of his species. But this was done by W. G. Binney twice, though the two figures in each case are so dissimilar that it does not seem possible that they could have been drawn from the same specimens, were it not so stated by the author. Binney in his preliminary "Descriptive Catalogue of the species of Amnicola, Vivipara, etc. of North America", pub- lished by the Smithsonian Institution in 1862 and purporting to be " proof ", not only published a figure of the type of coarc- ata, but also one of "a perfect specimen " from the Lea collec- tion. In this paper he recognized the species as a valid one, but added to it as synonyms the exilis and lima of Anthony. In the same paper he also figured the incrassata and gave it specific rank. In this final work, "Land and Freshwater Shells of North America, Part III," (1865), he omitted the figures of covrrtata 122 THE NAUTILUS. published in 1852 and gave a new figure of the type, (fig. 108) and also presented his own description of the form as he under- stood it, which he illustrated by two figures under one number, (fig. 106). Both his description and these figures are excellent and represent a well marked form, which is abundantly found in the southern states from Alabama to Arkansas. He also re- tained the synonymy given in 1862. In this work he referred incrassata to Lithasia and gave a new and better figure of the type. In the Conchologia Iconica, (1863), Reeve followed Binney in uniting coarctata Lea and exilis Anth., but considered lima as specifically distinct. His figure of coarctata represents exilis and was drawn from the same specimen figured by Binney, as Anthony's type. In 1869, Dr. Jarnes Lewis, (Am. Jour. Con., V, p. 34), from the examination of a series from the Coosa River in the Wheatley collection, came to the conclusion that "all the probabilities of the case point very strongly to the supposition that the true coarctata is a young shell from the Coosa River which, when mature, received the name^owderosa." While express!}7 refus- ing " to decide any question of difference or of identity between ' ponderosa'1 of the Coosa and of the Ohio system of rivers," Dr. Lewis was evidently very strongly inclined to the opinion that the two forms were specifically distinct. On p. 36, Dr. Lewis also refers to specimens from Corinth, Miss., in the Wheatley collection labeled " coarctata Lea," which seem to be identical with the coarctata of Binney and concludes : " It is needless to add that this species is not coarctata} it is one, which in a care- ful review of this genus, should receive a distinct designation." Apparently, Dr. Lewis has long before come to the same conclusion, as Binney states that as early as 1862, there were in the Smithsonian Museum, specimens of his, Binney 's, coarctata from Jackson, Miss., labeled " compressa Lewis." Dr. Lewis, however, never published any description of his compressa and, so far as I have been able to ascertain, never re- ferred to it in any of his writings. Later, however, in his "Fresh-water and Land Shells" of Alabama, (1876), he somewhat modified his opinion. In the THE NAUTILUS. 123 body of the Catalogue, he lists nolani, coarctatus Lea and incras- satus as varieties of ponderosus and the coarctatus of Binney as decisus (coarctate var. ) In the appendix, however, he states that " it is inferred that coarctata and incrassata are identical with the shells Mr. Tryon calls nolani" and "if the species really be distinct from ponderosus, it should receive the name of coarctata or incrassata, either of which has priority of nolani." He also says "a slender variety of M. decisa occurring in Big Prairie Creek has been confounded with the Coosa shell that Mr. Lea calls coarctata. There are peculiarities of form and color that should forbid the association of the Prairie Creek shell with the Coosa River coarctata. " Tryon, in his Continuation of Haldeman's "Monograph of the Fresh- water Univalve Mollusca of the United States," (1870), separated the Coosa River form of ponderosus as a dis- tinct species under the name of nolani. He gave incrassata specific rank with decapitata Anth. as a synonym and figured both, apparently, from the type specimens. He also recog- nized coarctata as a distinct species with exilis Anth. as a syn- onym, and thinks "the Alabama locality (for coarctata) some- what doubtful." His figure represents the typical form and not the coarctata of Binney. In 1886. R. E. Call published an elaborate paper "On the Genus Campeloma Rafinesque with a revision of the Species," (Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab., I, pp. 149-165). His treatment of Lea's coarctata is very blind. Apparently by some oversight, he makes no reference to Lea's coarctata in his synonymy. But he includes Binney's (1865) figure of Lea's type, (PI. IV, fig. 10), in the figures stated on p. 155 to represent subsolidum Anth. Why he did not give precedence to Lea's name, if he intended to unite the two forms, is difficult to understand. He refers both incrassata Lea and decapitata Anth. to decisum as synonyms and adds : " Melantho (Paludina} coarctata, ex auctores in partim non Lea ( = subsolidum Anthony)." Just what this was intended to mean is perplexing, as he refers Binney's figures of his coarc- tata (PI. iv, figs. 8 and 9), to subsolidum on p. 155. With this exception, there is no reference to Lea's species in his paper save some cursory remarks in his discussion of lima Anth. 124 THE NAUTILUS. In a later paper, ( " On Geographic and Hypsometric Distribu- tion of North American Viviparidae," Am. Jour. Sci., xlviii, 1894, pp. 132-141), however, he seems to have adopted Bin- ney's conception of coarctata, which he recognizes as a valid species. In connection with C. subsolidum, he states that "to the south of Missouri, it is replaced by its congener, Campeloma coarctatum Lea". And on p. 137, he says "over all the states from Arkansas south to Texas and east to central Ala- bama ranges a form, to which Mr. Lea gave the name of Camp- eloma coarctatum. It appears to be most nearly related to Camp- eloma subsolidum, being related to it as Campeloma lima, is related to Campeloma rufum ' ' . From a careful study of a very considerable amount of ma- terial from Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas and Missouri collected by Wheeler, H. H. Smith, Hinkley, Singley and others, including the Lewis collection, I have come to the conclusion that Dr. Lewis was entirely right in his judg- ment as to these several forms. Figures 4 to 7 on my plate are from shells in his collection and no doubt, were considered by him at the time he prepared his Alabama Catalogue. Lea's incrassata is a deformed, depauperate specimen. Mr. W. B. Marshall of the National Museum has kindly compared the original of my figure 4 with Lea's type and writes : " It is like Lea's type of incrassata in practically every detail. Your shell is a trifle larger". Figure 5 is a larger example of the same kind, less aberrant and connecting up directly with the typical form. Figure 6 is the typical coarctata of Lea and is also the normal 37oung shell of Try on' s nolani. Figure 7 is the mature form of fig. 6 and the usual manifestation of the Coosa form known as nolani. It grows larger than that occasionally and is frequently more inflated. But, on the whole, the Ala- bama form is differentiated from the typical ponderosum of the Mississippi system by its more elongated, more cylindrical and less inflated form. I have seen no specimens that agreed ex- actly with Tryon's figure 10. It would seem either to be an extreme, aberrant example or to have had its peculiarities ex- aggerated in drawing. But there can be no doubt but that the three forms described as incrassata Lea, coarctata Lea and nolani THE NAUTILUS. 125 Tryon are individual variants of the same species. Whether the Alabama race should be considered simply a variety of the typical ponderosum of the Mississippi system or be given speci- fic rank is largely a matter of individual opinion. Dr. Lewis was evidently, at one time, inclined to consider them specific- ally distinct, but his latest opinion was, apparently, different. Personally I am inclined to consider them local races of a com- mon species. The name that should be used for the Alabama race presents an interesting question. Incrassata and coarctata were not only described at the same time, but both descriptions were pub- lished on the same page, incrassata preceding coarctata. If the rule of priority applies to page precedence, it would be neces- sary to use Lea's first name, incrassata. But this would be very unfortunate ; for the specific type would be an immature, de- formed and depauperate example. On the other hand, while the type of coarctata is also a young shell, it is, nevertheless, a perfectly normal one and represents the species much more cor- rectly. It is, therefore, very desirable to use that name, if it can be done without violating the provisions of the International Code. On referring the question to Dr. Pilsbry, he replies :— "In this kind of a case, it is held that the first reviser may select which name may hold. Jordan and some others consider position on a page as giving "precedence," a view which has been vigorously combated and which has not been supported by the International Committee on Nomenclature, who hold that all names on one page, or indeed in one work, were pub- lished simultaneously (see Opinion 40 of the International Com- mittee on Nomenclature). Personally I believe in Jordan's view, as an artificial precedence is better than no rule. You have, however, the right to decide either way under the rules". Under this opinion and for the reason above given, I select "coarctata Lea" as the name to be used for this form. The synonymy, therefore, becomes as follows : CAMPELOMA PONDEROSUM COARCTATUM (Lea). PI. V, figs. 4-7. 1843. Paludina coarctata Lea, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., II, p. 243. 1862. Vivipara coarctata W. G. Binney, Desc. Cat., p. 30, figs. 50-51. 126 THE NAUTILUS. 1865. Melantho coarctata W. G. Binney, L. & F. W. Shells, III, p. 53, fig. 108. 1869. Melantho coarctata Lewis, Am. Jour. Con., v, p. 34. 1870. Vivipara coarctata Tryon, Mon., p. 32, pi. 15, fig. I. 1876. Vivipara (Melantho) ponderosus coarctatus Lewis, Fauna of Ala., L. & F. W. Shells, pp. 24 and 40. 1886. Campeloma subsolidum Call, Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab., I, pi. iv, fig. 10. 1843. Paludina incrassata Lea, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., II, p. 243. 1862. Vivipara incrassata W. G. Binney, Desc. Cat., p. 34, fig. 58. 1865. Lithasia incrassata W. G. Binney, L. & F. W. Shells, III, p. 65, fig. 65. 1870, Vivipara incrassata Tryon, Mon., p. 29, pi. 15, fig. 7. 1876. Vivipara (Melantho) ponderosus incrassatus Lewis, Fauna of Ala., L. & F. W. Shells, pp. 24 and 40. 1886. Campeloma decisum (part) Call., Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab., I, p. 156. 1870. Vivipara nolani Tryon, Mon., p. 25, pi. 12, figs. 10-11. 1876. Vivipara (Melantho) ponderosus nolani Lewis, Fauna of Ala., L. & F. W. Shells, pp. 24 and 40. 1886. Campeloma ponderosum (part) Call, Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab., I, p. 154, pi. Ill, figs. 8-9. This disposition of Lea's coarctata necessitates a new name for the coarctata of Binney. I propose to call it Campeloma lewisii in memory of Dr. James Lewis, who was the first to recognize its specific distinctness from Lea's coarctata. The synonymy will be as follows : CAMPELOMA LEWISII n. n. PI. V, fig. 3. 1865. Melantho coarctata W. G. Binney, L. & F. W. Shells, III, p. 52, fig. 106. 1869. Melantho sp.? Lewis, Am. Jour. Con., v, p. 36. 1876. Vivipara, (Melantho) decisus (coarctate var. ) Lewis, Fauna of Ala., L. and F. W. Shells, pp. 24 and 41. 1886. Campeloma subsolidum (part) Call, Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab., I, p. 155, pi. iv, figs. 8-9. 1894. Campeloma coarctatum Call, Am. Jour. Sci., xlviii, p. 137. THE NAUTILUS. 127 Binney's description of his Melantho coarctata, is very apt and his figures, (fig. 106), are excellent, though smaller than the species frequently attains in its maximum development. For this reason and because there is no locality indicated for the shells figured by Binney, I have chosen as the types a series from the Yallabusha River, Grenada Miss., collected by Hinkley. The figured type, apex eroded and with only three whorls re- maining, measures alt. 38.75, diam. 23.5 mm. I have before me a specimen from Village Creek, Hardin Co. Texas, collec- ted by Singley, which, with only two whorls remaining, meas- ures alt. 42, diam. 25.5 mm. Campdoma lewisii is an abundantly distributed species in the southern states, ranging west from Alabama, through Missis- sippi and Louisiana, to Texas and north to Missouri and (pos- sibly) to southern Illinois, (See Baker, Bull. Ills. St. Lab. N. H., vii, 1906, p. 89). Apparently it flourishes to the best ad- vantage in the warm waters of the southern rivers as the speci- mens from Mississippi and Texas are larger and heavier than those from northern Alabama and Arkansas. Compared with subsolidum, which it apparently replaces in the Gulf States, it is a thinner, lighter shell, the spire is usually more or less flattened and the suture less impressed and the whorls lack the shoulder, which is usually well marked in sub- solidum. It is more closely related to decisum but differs in size, shape and texture, the suture is less impressed, the spire more produced, the body whorl proportionately longer and the aper- ture is a more elongated oval. I have it before me from the following localities : Flint River, Gurley ; and the Tombigbee River, Demopolis, Ala. ; Big Black River, Durant ; Tombigbee River, Columbus ; Tallahatchee River, Abbeville ; Yallabusha River, Grenada ; Pearl River and Conway's Slough, Jackson and a branch of the Tangipahoa River, Pike Co., Miss.; Lake Bisteneau, Bienville, La.: Caddo Lake and Village Creek, Hardin Co., Texas, Cypress Creek, Ouachita River and Old River, Arkadelphia ; Big Deciper Creek, Clark Co. ; Cache Creek, Nemo and the St. Francis River, Lake City, Ark. and "Missouri." 128 THE NAUTILUS. POLYGYRA INFLECTA MOBILENSIS NEW VAE. BY GEO. H. CLAPP. A very interesting form of P. inflecta has recently been found by Mr. L. H. McNeill in Mobile, Ala., and as it seems to be constant, having been found in two different parts of the City and on Dauphine Island, I have named it as above. It differs from the type in being flatter, with the last whorl less swollen beneath, the teeth small and weak, and in always having the umbilicus partly uncovered ; white to light-horn-color but " when found the shells are covered with a black, very ad- herent coating". On Dauphine Island, in the Gulf just at the entrance to Mobile Bay, Mr. McNeill found dead shells of the same form. The majority of the shells have about one half whorl less than the typical form, from Mobile, as shown by measurements below. Six examples, the largest to smallest, measure : Gr. cliam, 11^, alt., 6 mm. whorls 5 5| « « 41. " 5£ " " 5 " 4i 10 J, "5 4f 10, " 5J " 4| Five typical shells from Mobile measure : — Gr. diam. lOf, alt. 6f mm. whorls 5 " lOf, " 6| " " 5 " IQi, « 6^ " 5 IQi "6 "5 " 10^ " 6i " " 5 Types number 7163 of my collection. THE EARLIEST NOTICE OF A SPECIES OF TBE GENUS GUNDLACHIA. BY WM. H. BALL. Rummaging through the volumes of the "Skrivter" of the Natural History Society of Copenhagen in which Lorenz Spengler THE NAUTILUS. 129 printed many of his papers toward the end of the 18th century, 1 recently came on a little paper by Martin Vahl on a new spe- cies of Patella. Vahl was a Danish Naturalist who wrote chiefly on vertebrates, and after whom Morch named the Greenland species of Lymncea. It is probable that he was also interested in botany, as he relates that he found his Patella (in the Linnean sense) on the blades of a species of the genus Aponogeton from the East Indies. He states that of the Linnean species of Patella, it is nearest to P. fornicata and porcellana (both now placed in the genus Crep- idula). His shell was of about the size of a grain of wheat, horny, fragile, smooth, with a reticulation of brown lines ; the apex short, blunt, basal and somewhat incurved ; the base with a transverse horizontal lip less than a quarter of the basal length. The station of the shell in fresh waters on the blades of Apono- geton in the East Indies. The shell is not figured, but it seems certain that nothing but a species of the group called Gundlachia can correspond to this description, read in 1796, and published in 1798, in the fourth volume of the Skrivter, part 2, pp. 153-5. He called the species Patella aponogetonis. It was not until 1849 that Pfeiffer proposed the name Gundlachia for a Cuban species. STUDIES IN NAJADES. BY A. E. ORTMANN. ( Continued from page 69. ) CARUNCULINA PARVA (Barnes). (See Ortmann, 1912, p. 338.) I received a number of specimens from Arkansas through H. E. Wheeler. Gravid females, with glochidia, were collected in the Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark County, on May 19 and June 23, 1911. Among many specimens collected in Saline River, Benton, Saline County, on July 13, 1911, no gravid 130 THE NAUTILUS. females were present. The same was the case in specimens from Big Deceiper Creek, Gum Springs, Clark County, collected September 25, 1911. Of two gravid females collected in Mal- vern Creek, Malvern, Hot Springs County, June 10, 1912, one had eggs, the other glochidia. Another female, collected August 9, 1912, by A. A. Hinkley in Big Creek, Solitude, Posey County, Indiana, was gravid with eggs. As will be remembered, I found myself gravid females with eggs in Pennsylvania on June 17, 1909. Thus eggs are known to occur on June 10, June 17 and Au- gust 9, while glochidia were present on May 19, June 10 and June 26. These records are rather confusing. It may be that the beginning of the breeding season is irregular (June to Au- gust), and that the glochidia are discharged in June, so that the end and beginning of the season overlap. But this should be studied more closely. In the female the inner mantle- edge in front of the branchial has the following structure: First, immediately in front of the branchial, there is a group of four to six small papillae with black base and whitish tips; then follows a slightly lamellar expansion of the inner edge, which is right in front of those papillae thickened, so as to form the "caruncle." This carun- cle may be white or brownish (chestnut), of various shapes, cylindro-conical, or pyramidal, or semi-globular, sometimes somewhat divided. In front of the caruncle the edge is slightly wavy and disappears soon. The group of small papillae, with their black base, form a more or less marked black spot, and sometimes this black color extends forward and backward, for- ward so as to enclose the base of the caruncle, backward along the base of the papillae of the branchial. Also in the male the group of small papillae is present and marked by a black spot, and in front of this the inner edge is slightly lamellar, but without a caruncle. In most of the specimens recently investigated, the supraanal opening was not closed, but normal, separated from the anal by a mantle connection a little shorter than the supraanal, but as long as or slightly longer than the anal. But in one speci- men from Malvern, a male, the supraanal is undoubtedly THE NAUTILUS. 131 closed, thus confirming my previous observation in Pennsyl- vanian specimens; but this character is apparently not constant. Glochidia subovate, anterior, ventral, and posterior margins forming a rather regular curve. They are somewhat higher than long, but not quite so high as in Lea's figure (Obs. 13, 1874, pi. 21, f. 3). Length, 0.18; height, 0.20 mm. ( To be continued. ) NOTES. HELIX HORTENSIS FROM A MAINE SHELL HEAP. — Dr. Glover M. Allen, in company with Mr. James F. Porter, while exca- vating in a shell heap on Great Spruce Head Island, Penobscot Bay, found Helix hortensis at a depth of from one to two feet below the surface, associated with bones of the large extinct mink — Mustela macrodon Prentiss. Although this mink has probably not been extinct for any great length of time, the asso- ciation of the two forms is another evidence in support of the conclusion that the presence of H. hortensis in North America is in no way associated with its settlement by Europeans. Mr. Porter also found a fresh specimen! of H. hortensis near Duck Harbor, Isle au Haute, Me., anew locality for the species. — C. W. JOHNSON. C^CILIOIDES GUNDLACHI (PER. ) IN FLORIDA : — In March, 1914 Mr. John B. Henderson sent me two bags of dirt gathered on the south bank of the Miami River about two miles above Mi- ami, and in it I found four specimens of the above species. This may be the species collected by Bartlett in Florida many years ago and called " C. acicula" by Binney ; Manual, p. 429, as acicula has never been found there';,by recent collectors. Pils- bry, Manual of Conchology, second series, Vol. XX, p. 43, states that the shells found by A. D. Brown at Princeton N. J., "no doubt imported with West Indian plants," are gundlachi although Binney recorded them in the Manual as acicula. — GEO. H. CLAPP. 132 THE NAUTILUS. BULIMULUS SCHIEDEANUS ( PER. ) IN TEXAS : — In May 1913, Mr. Walter E. Koch found dead shells of this species near Ter- lingua, Brewster Co. , Texas which are indistinguishable from Mexican specimens. The largest measures 41^x2H mm, with seven whorls. — GEO. H. CLAPP. Dr. Ortmann informs us that he has received a letter from Dr. F. Haas, of the Senckenburg Museum, Frankfurt a. M. He is in Spain. At the beginning of the war, he was in the High Pyrenees, and descending into French territory, was seized. All his belongings were taken from him by the French authorities, including his collections, and he was finally permitted to pass over into Spain. After many hardships, on account of lack of funds, he was at last taken care of by a branch-plant of an electric company of his home town. He is now there, and his address is : Care of Sociedad Electro-Quimica, Flix (Tarragona) Spain. VIVIPAROUS UROCOPTID^E — While going over Urocoptids in the Museum I noticed that Brachypodella (Liparotes) obesa and sutu- ralis (Weinl.) are both viviparous. Shells of both species con- tain young of two or three whorls. You may already know this, but I do not find it recorded. — W. F. CLAPP, Museum of Comparative Zoology. GUNDLACHIA OR NAVicELLA ? — As a supplement to Dr. DalFs article on the earliest notice of Gundlachia it may be as well to mention that on looking over Vahl's paper I was struck by the resemblance of his "Patella" to the genus Navicella. I see that Tryon (Man. Conch. X) has taken the same view. — H. A. PILSBRY. THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII. PLATE VI. 2a 1-3,5. RAMSDEN: CUBAN LAND SHELLS. 4. HENDERSON : MICROCERAMUS LONGUS. 6-8 CLAPP: NEW SPECIES OF VERTIGO. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXVIII. APRIL, 1915. No. 12 ON SOME NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS. BY CHARLES T. RAMSDEN. Among numerous interesting finds in the district of Guanta- namo during the winter, three very distinct forms are selected for the following descriptions. Others are being worked up, and the descriptions will shortly follow. UROCOPTIS (ARANGIA) SCOBINATA Torre and Ramsden, n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 3. The shell is column-shaped, the upper half tapering to a rather wide truncation ; waxen white, the base livid brown near the lip, both within and externally ; without gloss ; sculp- tured with thin, delicate rib-strise which are stronger near the lower suture on each whorl, and are distinctly crimped ; the irregularities being regular in successive riblets give an appear- ance of spiral sculpture. The whorls are nearly flat, parted by a distinctly impressed suture. The upper breach is closed by a flat, vertical septum, usually concealed by persistence of part of a whorl above it. The last whorl has a very prominent carina defining the base, which is slightly con- vex. The aperture is vertical, irregularly rounded, bluntly angular at the termination of the keel. Peristome thin, reflected, adnate for a short distance above. The internal axis bears a 134 THE NAUTILUS. single smooth median lamella which becomes very much weaker in the penultimate whorl. Length 33.5, diameter 6.5 mm ; 13 whorls remaining. Length 31.5, diameter 6.5 mm. Locality. — Subida a "La Hembrita", Monte Toro, Guanta- namo. Type No. 111446 A. N. S. P., paratypes in collections of Torre and Ramsden. This species differs from U. sowerbyana Pfr. in the following details. The delicate riblets are distinctly crimped, while in sowerbyana they are even ; the basal carina is decidedly more prominent ; the axial lamella is thinner, and in the penultimate whorl it is weaker ; the lip is shortly adnate above ; finally the color of the aperture differs. The mantle of the animal is black, with white flames widest at the upper suture, and some small white spots between the flames. In life it shows through the shell, as in the figure. The jaw and radula of this species have been examined by Dr. Pilsbry, who supplies the following notes. The jaw is ex- tremely thin, composed of about 65 delicate narrow plaits, the middle ones forming a triangular area of short plaits. The radula has about 19.1.19 teeth, shaped like those of U. (Esochara) fabreana. The central tooth is very narrow as in Esochara. The dentition of the subgenus Arangia was not known before, but it confirms the inferences drawn from the shell as to the general position of the group. By the greater number of teeth it is more generalized than the other Cuban subgenera of Urocoptis. DIPLOPOMA TORREI, n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 1, la. The shell is scarcely perforate, pupiform, truncate, slightly more than four whorls remaining in the adult stage ; russet vinaceous or almost white, with some small darker spots dis- posed in vertical series and upon the subsutural projections. Sculpture of very low, rather wide, rounded spirals on the last 2 or 2^ whorls, becoming strong at the base and in the umbilicus of the last whorl ; about seven of these spirals visible on the penultimate whorl. Vertical sculpture of crowded, fine rib-striae, which are slightly thickened where they pass over the spirals. The whorls are moderately convex, broadly ap- THE NAUTILUS. 135 pressed and irregularly, deeply lacerated above. The aperture is slightly longer than wide : peristome narrowly reflexed, thin, fluted, and having a small lobe at the upper extremity. The operculum shows three whorls and a gray sunken nucleus externally, the whorls flat and tangentially striate, separated by a deep narrow7 suture. The inner face is concave and light yellow. The edge shows the two layers separated by a very deep cleft. Length 15, diam. of last whorl, above the aperture 7 mm. ; longest axis of aperture outside peristome 6 mm. Locality. — Ojo de Agua range, between Guantanamo and Ramon de las Yaguas. Types No. 111445 A. N. S. P., para- types in Ramsden collection. This species differs conspicuously from D. architectonicum in both shell and operculum, but the latter has the very deep peri- pheral cleft characteristic of the genus. It was a great surprise to come upon a new species of this group. RHYTIDOPOMA TOLLINI, n. sp. PI. vi, fig. 5. The shell is umbilicate, conic, composed of 4^ strongly con- vex whorls. The summit is somewhat mamillar and distorted, the first whorl extremely convex, smoothish, next half whorl narrower. The last two whorls have a sculpture of very irreg- ular, in part twinned axial lamina? which are enlarged at inter- vals in spiral bands, of which there are about 12 on the last whorl at the aperture; those on the inner (umbilical) side crowded, the rest widely spaced and larger, giving the appear- ance of coarse, low, spiral cords. The suture is irregular by the unequal prominence of the lamina?. The last whorl is barely free at the aperture. Peristome is simple, not expanded, but having a small lobe at the sutural extremity. The operculum lodges lid-like upon the edge of the peris- tome. It is circular, concave within, flat externally, composed of about 7 narrow, closely-wound whorls, which are obliquely striate and parted by a rather deep, narrow suture. Length 7, diam. 7 mm. Locality. — Fifteen miles south of Media Luna, on the Pilon road, collected by 0. Tollin. Type no. 111444 A. N. S. P., paratypes in coll. Ramsden. 136 THE NAUTILUS. A species of peculiar form. No other Rhytidopoma (= Cteno- poma, preoccupied) is of this shape. A slight approach to the sculpture of R. tollini is seen in R. perspectivum. In life the shells are thickly coated with soil. MICROCERAMUS LONGUS, N. SP. BY JOHN B. HENDERSON. Among a lot of shells recently received from a limestone hill belonging to the Cubitas range in northern Camaguay Province, Cuba, is a new Microceramus belonging to the gossei group but quite distinct from that well-known and widely-distributed species. It is figured on plate vi, fig. 4. I give the following diagnosis : Shell imperforate, turrited, tapering above the tenth whorl to an entire apex. Nuclear whorls two, ribbed. Opaque cor- neous brown streaked with wide white patches. Sculptured with oblique, closely pressed strire, about 50 on lower whorls. Below and sometimes crossing the suture an irregularly spaced row of white nodules or bosses, less frequent in upper whorls. Whorls 15, well rounded in upper series becoming almost flat on cylindrical portion of shell. Base shows a very faint keel. Aperture slightly oblique, almost round, with white and very feebly expanded lip, the converging ends separated by smooth parietal wall. Axis simple. Length 14, diam. 3.5 mm.; length ap. 2.75 mm. Length 12, diam. 4 mm. Length 10, diam. 3.25 mm. In the lot received there is but little variation in color or dis- position of white sutural nodules, but some range in size. The large number of whorls and the general facies of the shell at once suggests the Spiroceramus group, but the absence of an axial lamella precludes it. Type no. 111447 A. N. S. Phila. ; topotypes in coll. J. B. H. THE NAUTILUS. 137 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF VERTIGO, WITH NOTES ON OTHER FORMS. BY GEO. H. CLAPP. VERTIGO ALABAMENSIS n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 6, 6a, 66. The shell is cylindric-oval, perforate, convex, sutures well impressed, the last whorl somewhat tapering below, bulging above, and deeply constricted over the palatal folds ; crest well marked. Lip well reflected, pale brown, and deeply constricted opposite the upper palatal, simple above the constriction, and with a strong callous or internal collar running down and con- necting with the columella. Denticles 7, the parietal high, sinuous and deeply entering ; angular strong, flat ; upper pal- atal deep, very high in front and tapering to the rear, lower palatal very deeply seated, inner end back of the subcolumellar lamella, both palatals distinctly showing from the outside as white lines. Columellar lamella strong flat ; subcolumellar bifid, strong ; basal fold distinct, set on the callous collar just below the subcolumellar lamella. Length 1.8, diam. 1.0 mm. — Length of aperture 0.69, width 0.63 mm. "Among rotting leaves in a ravine near junction of North River with Black Warrior, Tuscaloosa Co., Ala." (H. H. Smith 1909). VERTIGO ALABAMENSIS CONECUHENSIS n. subsp. Plate, vi, figs. 7, 7a. At Evergreen, Conecuh Co., Ala., Mr. Smith found a variety (No. 9158) which differs from the type in being shorter and more globose with the teeth less strongly developed and the basal fold absent in all shells examined. Length 1.53, diam. 1.0 mm. Length of aperture 0.58, width .63 mm. The types of these are in my collection ; paratypes in coll. A. N. S. Phila. VERTIGO OSCARIANA Sterki, variety. Plate vi, fig. 8. This rare species was taken at Evergreen, Conecuh Co., Ala- bama. The specimens are more transparent than the types, and a little less strongly striate, but they agree in the characters of the aperture. 138 THE NAUTILUS. A NEW SPECIES OF MODIOLARIA FROM BERING SEA. BY WILLIAM HEALY BALL. Iredale has selected as type of Musculus Bolten, 1798, the species Mytilus discors Gmelin, the Musculus of Klein having no nomenclatorial standing. Therefore the familiar name Modio- laria becomes a synonym. In a handful of dry algae sent from the Pribiloff Islands, Bering Sea, by Mr. G. Dallas Hanna, and profusely in- habited by the fry of Mytilus edulis, Turtonia minuta and young Haloconcha reflexa, a number of specimens which seemed un- duly inflated for young Mytilus were noted. Placed under the microscope these were recognized as something new, though a casual glance would hardly have led to their separation. Musculus phenax n. sp. Shell small, very solid, inflated, brownish or bluish black, mytiliform; anterior end very short, but with the beaks extend- ing slightly in front, attenuated, rounded, compressed below, with two or three radial impressed sulci; posterior end widen- ing, rounded, the dorsal margin with an obscure angle about midway, the base behind the sulci convexly arcuate; the beaks blunt, inflated, conspicuous; surface polished, with inconspicu- ous incremental irregularities; interior blackish purple, with a very strong nymph for the ligament, and three or four denticles where the external sulci meet the margin. Length 7.7, maxi- mum breadth 4.5, maximum diameter 4.0 mm. Habitat. St. George Island, Pribiloff group, Bering Sea, living among algae, to which the specimens adhere by a strong byssus. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 271733. This would certainly be taken for a young Mytilus without careful examination. The most obvious differences are the greater inflation; the anterior portion (which is usually pale in the Mytilus) is dark; the inflated beaks which do not quite reach the anterior end, and internally the hinge characters. It agrees with M. vernicosa Midd. in not forming a byssal net over the valves. THE NAUTILUS. 139 OLIVA LITTERATA, LAMARCK. BY WM. G. MAZYCK. In the February Nautilus Mr. Johnson substitutes Conrad's name Oliva carolinensis for 0. circinata, Marrat, which he had previously used for this well-known shell, Lamarck's name having been pre-occupied by Bolten, overlooking the fact that Dr. Edmund Ravenel had published the name Oliva sayana twenty-nine years before Conrad's description of Dactylina carolinenis. The little shelf of books which I dignify with the title of " my Library" furnishes the following facts : In 1834 Dr. Ravenel published a Catalogue of the Recent Shells in his Cabinet, on page 19 of which we find these entries : " 0. litterata, Lam. 20 Ceylon. * 0. Sayana, South Carolina. * 0. litterata, Say. * These shells are certainly distinct, and therefore should be distinguished by different names. The 0. Sayana, sometimes exceeds 3 inches in length — fine specimens are rare — worn speci- mens not uncommon on the coast of South Carolina." In 1874 a second edition of this Catalogue was issued and on page 16 we read : " 512 0. litterata, (0. Sayana, Rav. ) Sull. L, S. C. " — a clear indication that he recognized the specific identity of the shells which he had formerly considered distinct. I find no further allusion to Ravenel's name until 1889 when Dr. Dall mentions it as a synonym of 0. litterata Lam., in Blake Moll., part 2, p. 133. With these facts before us it appears that the correct synonymy is OLIVA SAYANA, Ravenel. Oliva litterata, Lamarck, Ann. Mus., xvi, p. 315, 1810. Oliva literata, Say, Am. Conch., pi. 3, 1830. Oliva sayana, Ravenel, Cat., p. 19, 1834. Oliva cylindrica, Sowerby Quar. Jour. GeoL, vi, p. 45, 1849, pars. 1 1 Fide Johnson. 140 THE NAUTILUS. Strephona literata, Tuomey & Holmes, Pleioc. Foss. S. C., p. 140, 1857. Olivancillaria ( Utriculina) litterata, H. & A. Adams, Gen. i, p. 141, 1858. Dactylina carolinensis, Conrad, Pro. Ac. Nat. Sci., p. 563, 1862. Oliva circinata, Marrat, Thes. Conch., iv, p. 21, 187 1.1 Olivet litterata, (0. Sayana. Rav. ) Ravenel, Cat., p. 16, 1874. PLEUROBEMA MISSOURIENSIS MARSH. BY BRYANT WALKER. This species was described by the late William A. Marsh in 1901 in THE NAUTILUS, xv, p. 74. The types were collected by the late Ellwood Pleas in the Black River near Poplar Bluff, Butler Co. , Mo. It has not as yet been found by any other collector. It was not figured by the author, and owing to this fact and the rather unfortunate comparisons with other species made in the remarks accompanying the description, it has always been a conundrum to other students of the Unionidse. After Mr. Marsh's death in 1913, his collection of Unionidse was acquired by Mr. L. S. Frierson and myself. The four specimens of missouriensis mentioned by Marsh were found and the type and one other are now in my collection. The other two belong to Mr. Frierson. The specimen now figured (pi. V, figs. 1, 2) is marked "Type" on the interior of the right valve. The examination of these specimens shows that the systematic position and relationship of the species was misunderstood by Mr. Marsh. Missouriensis is not a Pleurobema, but is a Quadrula of the subrotunda group as defined by Simpson. It has no resem- blance to P. bigbyense Lea at all. The comparison with P. hart- manianwn Lea is equally fallacious and would seem to have been based upon a misapprehension of that species, for which, perhaps, he is not to blame. Hartmanianum is restricted to the 1 Fide Johnson. THE NAUTILUS. 141 Alabama drainage system, but Simpson states that Lea, him- self, had identified certain shells from the Clinch River as that species. This may have been the source of the erroneous com- parison. At any rate, in the collection of the late Mrs. George Andrews were shells from the Holston River, which had been identified by Marsh as hartmanianum, and it seems probable that it was with such shells that the comparison was made. These shells are identical with the form that he subsequently described as Q. beauchampii. Both this species and his Q. an- drewsii are hardly distinguishable from globata Lea and pilaris Lea and, indeed, all of these forms, together with lesueurianus Lea, form a natural group of inosculating races, which ma}' represent simply a phase of subrotundum Lea. In the French Broad, Tellico and Hiawassee rivers there is found a form that is more compressed than typical pilaris and which would seem to be nearer to lesueurianus. It is with this form that missouri- ensis is most closely allied and, until a final and authoritative disposition can be made of the entire group, it must be con- sidered as the western representative of that very perplexing aggregation . STUDIES IN NAJADES. BY A. E. ORTMANN. (Continued from page 131.) CARUNCULINA TEXASENSIS (Lea) (See Ortmann, 1912, p. 339). I have specimens from the Old River of the Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Ark., among them gravid females, collected by H. E. Wheeler on July 17, 1911, which had in part eggs, in part young glochidia, and females with eggs col- lected August 20, 1912. L. S. Frierson sent gravid females with eggs and ripe glochidia, collected August 1, 1912, in Sabine River, Logansport, De Soto Par., La. Thus also here the breeding season remains obscure, but conditions might be the same as in C. parva. A specimen from Logansport, col- lected Aug. 1, was discharging. 142 THE NAUTILUS. Soft parts very much like those of C. parra, but the black spot behind the caruncle is not well marked, but represented by a black streak, extending along the branchial opening for- ward to the base of the caruncle, and beyond. Caruncle globu- lar, subcylindrical, or pear-shaped, brownish or white, and quite conspicuous upon a black base. In the male, the black streak may be distinct or obscure, and the caruncle is entirely missing. Rest of the anatomy as described previously; in one specimen, however, the inner lamina of the inner gills was free for only about one half of the length of the abdominal sac. In all spec- imens, the supraanal was open. Glochidia identical with those of C. parva, Length: 0.18. Height: 0.20 mm. Garunculina glans (Lea.) (see: Lampsilis (Carunndwa) glans Simpson, 1900, p. 565). A sterile female from the Old River of Ouachita River, Arka- delphia, Clark Co., Ark., collected by H. E. Wheeler, July 17, 1911. Inner edge of mantle, from branchial to caruncle, and a little in front of the latter, with a black streak, this streak, most in- tense just behind the caruncle, forming an ill-defined black blotch. Caruncle subcylindrical, brown. Edge of sterile marsupium dark brown (no dark pigment seen here in C. parva and texasensis") . MEDIONTIDUS CONRADICUS (Lea). (See Ortmann, 1912, p. 335.) Only one male and a gravid female were at hand when I de- scribed the anatomy of this form. Recently I have collected a large number in North Fork, Holston River, Saltville, Smyth Co., Va. (September 17, 1912), and in Clinch River, Richland and Raven, Tazewell Co., Va. (September 20 and 21, 1912), and preserved the soft parts of six males, two sterile, and six gravid females. All of the latter have glochidia, but in some they are immature, thus indicating the beginning of the breed- ing season early in September. Soft parts as described, and inner lamina of inner gills always free, except at anterior end. Marsupium as described, but THE NAUTILUS. 143 larger in larger specimens. Ovisacs as distinct as in other forms; their number may go up to 20 and even more. The marsupiuin assumes, when larger, the normal, kidney-like shape, but there is always a considerable part of the gill, at the posterior end, non-marsupial. Inner edge of mantle, in front of the branchial, with very variable papillae. My former description apparently represents not the normal condition, for in the present material the papillae are posteriorly (near the branchial) generally very indistinct, often absent, and only anteriorly there are one, two or three rather long ones, of subcylindrical shape (but hardly "hair- like"). Glochidia as described before, almost subspatulate (with anterior and posterior margins nearly straight and forming an indistinct angle with the lower margin). They are much higher than long. Length 0.28, height 0.27 mm. (former measurements 0.22 x 0.28). I have seen in none of the specimens from the Holston and Clinch Rivers a trace of the byssus of the adult shell. Color of soft parts: whole mantle, and also the gills and pos- terior part of abdominal sac, suffused with black. Mantle margin intensely black posteriorly. The charged marsupium is white, without pigment on the edge, and contrasts strongly with blackish color of the rest of the gills. I think Medionidus is a good genus, distinguished by char- acter of shell and soft parts. The location of the marsupium, and of the marsupial swelling of the female shell is different from that of the allied genera (chieliy Eurynia), but also shell sculpture and papillae of mantle offer good characters. ( To be concluded. ) NOTES. GONIDEA ANGULATA Lea. In a letter from Mr. John A. Allen who has been collecting shells in Oregon, especially about his home in Oswego, he states, that Gonidea angulata Lea was in great abundance in the canal which connects Tualatin River with Oswego Lake, Clackamas Co., Oregon. Only a few young ones were seen. The Gonidea were well sunk in the gravel, 144 THE NAUTILUS. probably were obliged to be, to escape being washed out by the winter floods. Perhaps the juvenile specimens were sunk so as to be practically invisible. Where the canal passed through hard clay, the Gonidea live in holes something like Petricola ploladi/ormis Lam. " I wonder how they made the holes?" The canal is not for boats, but carries water for power. At most places it is a trough blasted through rock, and here the Gonidea are very abundant in the running water ; but it also lives in the still water of the lake. — E. G. VANATTA. A REPAIRED SHELL. — While digging Zirfaa gabbi Tryon, at Anaheim Bay, Cal. recently I took one about 2-J inches long that had repaired a very bad break in its shell. One valve was whole but the other had been broken from end to end, the break being nearly straight and not far from the umbones and a piece of the shell as large as a 25-cent piece was entirely gone from the lower end of the valve. At the line of the break the pieces of shell had separated \ inch and were fastened together by new shell nearly to the original outline. The new shell was somewhat translucent and lacked the characteristic sculpturing of the shell. In the same bank of red clay I get Pholas pacifica Stearns, Platyodon cancellatus Conrad, and Schizothcerus nuttallii Conrad. — E. P. Chace. On the occasion of the dedication of the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research of the University of Pittsburg, February 26th, the honorary degree of Doctor of Science was conferred upon Mr. George Hubbard Clapp, president of the board of trustees of the University. Dr. Paul Bartsch has been made Curator of Marine Inverte- brates of the National Museum. As conchologists we hope that his new responsibilities will not diminish his activities along molluscan lines. PUBLICATIONS EECEIVED ILLUSTRATIONS OF A THOUSAND SHELLS, part 2, By Y. HIRASE, Kyoto, Japan, Jan. 1915. The second part of this unique work, is fully as interesting as the first. It contains 105 excellent figures making the total for the two parts 200. The author shows indomitable zeal in promoting the study of Japanese mollusks. He deserves all the encouragement possible, and we wish him success. — C. W. J. MBl. y i?yy