tumnnj • ::,!.. Ill' THE NAUTILUS A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL. XXX MAY, 1916, to APRIL, 1917 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy ot Natural Sciences PHILADELPHIA CHARLES W. JOHNSON Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History BOSTON INDEX TO THE NAUTILUS, XXX INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES. Acella haldemani Binney ...... 135 Adula caleforniensis Phil ....... 2 Adula diegensis Dall ....... 2 Adula falcata Gould ....... 3 Adula, Notes on the Californian species of ... 1 Aesopus myrmecoon Dall. . . . . . .27 Ambloxis Raf. 1818 replaces Campeloma 1819 . . Ill, 114 Amnicola deserta (pi. 5, figs. 8, 9), vol. xxix, . .111 Amnicola neomexicana Pils. (pi. 5, figs. 4), vol. xxix, . Ill Amphissa bicolor Dall ....... 27 Amphissa columbiana Dall, n. n. for corrugatum Rve . 27 Amphissa versicolor var. cymata Dall . 27 Amphissa versicolor var. reticulata Dall . . . .27 Anculosa — Leptoxis . . . . . . . .114 Angitrema (Tryon) — Pleurocera Raf. . . . .114 Ariolimax californicus, the conjugation of ... 22 Astarte quadrans as food for flounders .... 132 Ataphrus pembertoni Hall & Ambrose, n. sp . . .70 Avicula gregorii Hall and Ambrose, n. sp. ... 69 Bifidaria Clementina oldroydae Vanatta, n. var . . .48 Bifidaria minuta, note on'. . . . . . .84 Brazil, a new land shell from ...... 53 Busycon, the feeding habits of . . . . . .66 Campeloma 1819— Ambloxis Raf., 1818 . . 112,114 Campeloma floridense Call. . . . . . .42 Campeloma, new subspecies of . . . . . .41 Campeloma limum Anth. ..... Campeloma rufum geniculiforme Pils., n. subsp. . . 42 iii IV THE NAUTILUS. Campeloma rufum nieridionale Pils., n. subsp. . . 42 Ceriphasia Swain,, replaces Pleurocera Try on . . .114 Cerithium branneri Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. . . 70 Chitons, fossil Calif ornian . . ... 71 Chromodoris zebra Heilp. ..... 103, 140 Columbella arnoldi Dall, n. n. for C. minima Arnold . 26 Columbella hypodra Dall, n. n. for C. variegata Stearns . 27 Columbella lucasana Dall., n. n. for C. festiva Kiener . 25 Columbella milium Dall, n. n. for C. parva Sowb. . . 26 Columbellidae, notes on the West American . . .25 Common names ..... . 120 Contradens cambojensis (Sow. ), the anatomy of . . 106 Cypraea, monstrosities in. ...... 34 Euconospira missouriensis, a color-marked . . .114 Euconulus chersinus trochulus Reinh., in New Jersey . 72 Eulimastoma, a new subgenus of Pyramidellids . . 73 Eurynia arkansasensis Lea . . . . . .54 Eurynia lienosa Conr. ....... 55 Eurynia subrostrata Say ....... 55 Fresh-water mollusca of Oneida Lake, N. Y. . . .5 Fresh-water shells from Central and Western N. Y. . . 29 Gonidea angulata, the anatomical structure of . . .50 Goniobasis in Western Pennsylvania. .... 4 Goniobasis pennsylvanica Pilsbry, n. sp. . . . . 4 Gwatkin, Henry Melvill (obituary) . . . . .119 Helices, antiquity of the ....... 83 Hemphillia malonei Pilsbry, n. sp. (PI. IV, fig. 9) . .117 Holospira bryantwalkeri Pilsbry, n. sp. (PI. IV, fig. 6) . 124 Horatia (Hauffenia) micra P. & F. . . . . .84 Hyriopsis myersiana (Lea), the anatomy of . .85 Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm 12 Lampsilis luteola group, notes on . . . .74 Lampsilis radiata oneidensis F. C. Baker, n. var. (PI. II). 74 Lampsilis ventricosa satur Lea ...... 56 Lemiox rimosus Raf., the anatomy of . . .39 Leptoxis Raf., replaces Anculosa . . . . .114 Limax Arborum in a Colorado greenhouse. . . . 120 Loboa brunoi von Ihering n. gen. and sp. (PI. IV, fig. 7). 121 Macoma wilcoxi Hall & Ambrose, n. sp . . . .81 Mactra beali Hall & Ambrose, n. sp . . . . .80 Marty n's Universal Conchologist .... 130 Melanella iotoides Bartsh, n. n. for M. iota . . .72 Mesodesma pacifica Hall and Ambrose, n. sp . . .79 Missouri mussels, breeding records of . . . .13 Missouri River as a faunal barrier . . . . .92 Mollusca from San Bernardino Co. , Cal., additional records. 37 THE NAUTILUS. V Mollueca of Cincinnati ....... 67 Mollusks collected at Castle Island, Boston, a list of . . 129 Neosimnia catalinensis Berry, n. sp. (PI. 5, fig. 3) . .21 New Jersey shells ........ 72 New Mexico, a new pleistocene mollusk locality in . . 134 New species from the cretaceous and tertiary of California 68, 77 Notes . -12, 24, 48, 56^ 71, 83, 96,120, 132 Nudibranchs, method of preserving ..... 142 Nudibranchs, the nature of conical bodies in the mantle . 103 Opeas mauritianum Pfr. in Philadelphia, Pa. . . .12 Operculum evolution, notes on. . . . . .97 Oregon, snails from near Mt. Hood . . . . .117 Oreohelix pilsbryi Ferriss, n. sp. . . . . 102 Ostrea titan Conr. var. perrini Hall & Ambrose n. var. . 80 Ovula from California, a new . . . . . .21 Oxychona bifasciata Burrow (PI. iv, figs. 4, 8). . . 127 Oxychona bosciana blanchetiana Moricand (PI. iv, figs. 2, 3) 127 Oxychona, notes on the bifasciata group of . . .125 Oxychona pyramidella currani Bartsch, n. subsp. . 53, 128 Panopea smithii Hall & Ambrose n. sp. . . .79 Parametaria Dall, n. n. for Meta Rve. . . . .25 Pecten clarkensis Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. ... 68 Pecten tolmani Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. . . . 82 Pholadomya harrigani Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. . . 77 Pleistocene mollusca from Callaway Co. , Mo. . . .64 Philomycus (Pallifera) arizonensis Pils., n. sp. . .119 Planorbis dilatatua and P. sampsoni . . . .95 Pleurocera of Try on becomes Ceriphasia Swains . .114 Pleurocera Raf. , replaces Angitrema of Tryon's Monog. . 114 Pleurocera subulare Lea . . . . . . .122 Pleurodonte (Zachrysia) torrei Henderson, n. sp. (PI. I). 49 Polygyra albolabris Say 140 Polygyra albolabris major and fuscolabris. . . .24 Polygyra brevipila cherokeensis Clapp, n. subsp. . . 3 Polygyra labrosa fimbriata Clapp ..... 139 Polygyra zaleta . . . . . . . .140 Popular names of shells ....... 87 Publications received . . . . 9, 48, 59, 96 Rafinesque's genera of fresh-water snails .... 109 San Diego drift shells 83 Scalenostoma babylonia Bartsch . . . . .74 Scalenostoma rangii de Folin ...... 73 Schloenbachia templetoni Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. . . 78 Shell hunt in the Black Range 99 Shells of Mt. Monadnock, N. H 57, 84 Sierra Nevadas, shell collecting in 92 VI THE NAUTILUS. Smith, Edgar A. (obituary) ...... 84 Sonneratia rogersi Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. . . .69 Strobilops floridana in New Jersey . . . . .72 Strornbiformis lapazana Bartsch . . . . .134 Strombina colpoica Dall, n. n. for C. subulata Sowb. . 28 Strombina fusinoidea Dall, n. n. for C. fnsiformis Hinds . 28 Strombina liacina Dall, n. sp. . Strombina paceana Dall, n. sp. . . . . .28 Subemarginula golischae Dall, n. sp. . 61 Subularia Monts. , on the status of . . . . 133 Subularia metcalfei A. Ad. ... .133 Teredo diegensis Bartsch, n. sp. . 48 Teredo from the West Coast of America, a new. . . 47 Unionidae ...... .13 Unio giganteus Barnes, observations on . .61 Unio, the Rafmesque — Poulson collection of . .43 Valvata micra, note on ..... Vitrea (Paravitrea) conecuhensis Clapp .... 138 Viviparus and Campeloma, new subspecies of . . .41 Viviparus contectoides Binn. in Boston, Mass . . .72 Viviparus contectoides compacta Pilsbry, n. subsp. . Viviparus contectoides impolitus Pilsbry, n. subsp. . .41 Viviparus malleatus in Boston, Mass. Zachrysia, a new Cuban .... .49 THE NAUTILUS. Vll INDEX TO AUTHORS. 77 Ambrose, A. W . 68, Baker, Frank C 5,74,135 Bartsch, Paul 47, 53, 72, 73, 92, 133 Berry, S. S 21, 37, 83 Blake, J. Henry 132 Byne, St. G Chace, E. P 71 Clapp, Geo. H. ... 3, 138 Cockerell, T. D. A . 11, 9, 120 Crozier, W. J 103, 140 Ball, Wm. H. . 1, 25, 57, 61, 84 Ferriss, Jas. H Frierson, L. S. ........ 61 Goodrich, Calvin . ...... 122 Greger, Darling K. . . . . . . 64, 114 Hadley, E. E. ... .... 83 Hall, E. B. . . ... 68, 77 Heath, Harold . . 22 Hedley, Charles . 97 Henderson, John B . Henderson, Junius ... . 49, 134 Johnson, C. W 48, 57, 72, 87, 130 Lowe, H. N. . Maury, Carlotta Joaquina ..... Ortmann, Arnold 39, 50, 54, 85, 106 Pilsbry, H. A. . 4, 9, 41, 58, 84, 95, 109, 117, 119, 124 Smith, H. H 24 Sterki, V 84 Utterback, W. I ... 13 Vanatta, E. G. . . 12, 48, 72 Von Ihering, H. ........ 121 Walker, Bryant ... .... 43 Warren, Shields 66, 129 Winkley, H. W 120 IHE NAUTILUS. Vor. XXX. MAY, 1916. No. 1 NOTES ON THE CALIFORNIAN SPECIES OF ADULA. BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. The genus Botula was proposed by Morch. in 1853, in the second part of the Yoldi catalogue, page 55, for Modiola vagina Lamarck and M. fusca Gmelin, the latter better known as M. cinamomea Lamarck. The former seems not to differ materially from the typical Modioli except in its less arcuate form, and the latter by its small size, incurved umbones and boring habit must be relied on to carry the genus if it is valid. The group now under con- sideration differs but little from Botula so typified, the species grading from one to another so as to nearly bridge the gap be- tween Botula and Lithophaga. It can hardly rank higher than a subgenus at most. The subgenus Adula was proposed by the brothers Adams in December, 1857, in their " Genera of Recent Mollusca," for the single species Mytilus soleniformis of Orbigny, 1846, from Payta, Peru. The generic name was used again in 1861, by Henry Adams for a Planorbis, probably by inadvertence. The typical species of Adula differs from those of the California coast by having more nearly central umbones, if Orbigny 's fig- ure can be relied upon. The earliest of the Californian species to be noticed was : 2 THE NAUTILUS. ADULA CALIFORNIENSIS Philippi. Modiola californiensis (Esch. ms. ) Philippi, Zeitschr. Mai. for 1847, p. 113. California, Eschscholtz. Adula stylina Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1863, p. 644, 1864 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd ser., vol. 14, p. 425, Dec. 1864 ; Smithsonian reprint, p. 237, 1872. Neeah Bay, Wash. Modiola (Lithophagus) schmidtii Schrenck, Amurl. Moll., p. 500, pi. 21, figs. 4-7, Oct. 1867. West coast of Sakhalin Island, Sea of Tartary. Adula californiensis Dunker, Conch. Cab., neue Ausg., viii, pt. 3, Lithophaga, p. 22, pi. 5, fig. 19, 1882 ; Index Moll. Mar. Japan, 1882, p. 227. Distribution. Neeah Bay, Wash, to San Diego, Cal., North- ern Japan and the Sea of Tartary. This species is shorter than A. falcata, and destitute of the of fine transverse surface sculpture which in the latter recalls that of some species of Lithophaga. It is slender, with the radial ridges rather emphasized and the shell substance has usually more or less dark bluish coloration. The posterior dorsal area (where it has not been cleaned off by a collector or dealer) has a more or less velvety pile, such as is often found on Modiolas, underneath which the peri- ostracum has a brilliant polish. The umbones in the adult are invariably eroded. The Japanese specimens, received from Hirase, are quite identical with those from California. ADULA DIEGENSIS Dall. Modiolus diegensis Dall, NAUTILUS, xxiv, No. 10, Feb. 1911, p. 110. San Diego, Cal. (young shells). Distribution. San Francisco Bay to San Diego, and Cape St. Lucas. The young specimens of this species are apparently free-living and have less of the arcuation found in the last species, which is a borer. The adult shell has the posterior portion much more capa- cious than in A. californiensis, nearly twice as wide and high as in specimens of the latter of the same length. The color seems variable. The young shells described by me were dark bluish, THE NAUTILUS. the adults later received from Mrs. E. P. Chace were brownish. The relations of this group to Myrina remain to be cleared up. ADULA FALCATA Gould. Lithodomus falcatus Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist, iv, p. 92, Nov. 1851; Monterey, Cal.; Gulf of Cal. Shells, Apr. 1852, p. 30, pi. 6, fig. 9. Lithodomus gruneri Reeve, Conch. Icon. Lithodomus, 1857, pi. iii, fig. 12. "New Zealand" in error. Lithodomus (Lithophaga) falcatus Gould, Otia. Conch., p. 213, 1862. Adulafalcata Dunker, Conch. Cab. neue Aueg., viii, pt. 3, Lithophaga, p. 22, pi. 4, figs. 1, 2, 1882. Distribution. Straits of Fuca to San Diego, Cal., and south- ward, boring in indurated clay and soft sandstone. This is the largest of the genus and distinguished from either of the other Californian species by its much greater length and the sculpture of the periostracum. POLYGYRA BREVIPILA CHEROKEENSIS, NEW SUBSPECIES. BY GEO. H. CLAPP. Differs from typical brevipila (NAUTILUS, xx, p. 110) by its uniformly smaller size and darker color. In both these respects it resembles cohuttensis, for which it might be taken at first sight ; but the form and details of apertural structures are almost exact reproductions, in miniature, of brevipila. At pres- ent, it seems better to regard the new form as a sub-species of brevipila, though a well marked one. The fact that it has been found in two localities, twenty miles apart, shows that it is not merely a dwarfed local variety. It should be remembered that nearly all the species of Stenotremes are markedly constant in size, even when they have a wide geographic range. Diam. 7 mm. alt. 5 mm. whorls 5. Type locality : near Pleasant Gap, Cherokee Co, Ala., "in a shady but dry ravine on the mountain side, about 1200 ft. generally under stones." Collected by Herbert H. Smith, Aug. 4 THE NAUTILUS. 1915. A single specimen was found near Cave Spring, Floyd Co. Ga. about 20 miles N. E. of the Alabama locality. Types no. 7871 of my collection. Paratypes in collections of Academy of Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Alabama Museum of Natural Hist., and cabinet of Dr. Bryant Walker. Polygyra brevipila, cherokeensis and cohuttetwis form an interest- ing and very natural group, differing from stenotrema, hirsuta and their allies by the continuous free lip and the shape of the lip notch. Other common characters are the fine, closely-set hairs and very convex, rounded body whorl. The fulcrum is long. The known localities are all in the southern extension of the Allegheny mountain range, from N. W. Georgia to central Alabama. All the species occur in wooded but rather dry ravines on mountain sides, and they commonly conceal them- selves by clinging to the lower sides of stones. Polygyra brevi- pila was collected in such a ravine, about 2000 ft. above sea level ; cohuttensis at about 1500 ft. ; and cherokeensis at 1200 ft. GONIOBASIS IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. BY H. A. PILSBRY. GONIOBASIS PENNSYLVANIA n. sp. The shell is oblong-conic, rather solid, smooth ; periostracum strong and persistent, of a buffy citrine color. The spire is conic, with straight or slightly convex outlines, and is more or less eroded, the erosion beginning at an early age. The young up to a length of about 6 or 7 mm. are acutely carinate periph- erally, the carina appearing as a welt or seam immediately above the suture on the spire ; after which the periphery becomes merely convex or somewhat flattened. The last whorl is large, tapering downward. Aperture more than half the total length, ovate ; outer lip very slightly sinuous, almost straight in pro- file view. Parietal callus rather thin. Length 16.5, diam. 10, length aperture 10 mm. Length 16, diam. 8.3, length aperture 9 mm. THE NAUTILUS. 5 Operculum with the nucleus at about the lower sixth of the total length. Distribution. — Ohio river system in western Pennsylvania. Ohio River at Coraopolis (type locality ; S. N. Rhoads, Sept. 1898); Neville Island, Allegheny Co.; Beaver River below Wampuin (Rhoads); Allegheny River (E. A. Randall, 1868); Pittsburgh (H. S. Stupakoff, 1895). Type and cotypes No. 73954 A. N. S. P. While related to G. depygis (Say) and G. livescens (Mke. ), this species is readily known by its short spire, bright olivaceous yellow color and the strong, persistent cuticle. It was found in abundance by Mr. Rhoads, and was listed by him as Gonio- basis depygis (NAUTILUS XII, April, 1899, p. 137). Though I have not seen the specimens, it is apparently what Dr. Ortmann catalogued as Goniobasis translucens Anth. (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 52, 1913, p. 328). If so, it occurs as far upstream as Warren Co., Pa. Some individuals have two rather wide carob-brown bands, occupying the middle of the spaces above and below the per- iphery. Sometimes there are narrow bands very near the suture and columella, the latter visible inside. THE FRESH- WATER MOLLUSC A OF ONEIDA LAKE, NEW YORK. BY FRANK C. BAKER. Oneida Lake lies near the center of New York State in lati- tude 43° north and longitude 75° west. Oswego and Oneida counties border the lake on the north and Onondaga and Madi- son counties on the south. It is 27 miles southeast of Lake Ontario. The lake is oriented almost directly east and west, which is the longer axis, and is 21 miles in length by 5.50 miles in greatest width. The level of the lake is 369 feet above the sea or 124 feet above Lake Ontario. The greatest depth recorded is 55 feet, which occurs about one and a half miles southeast of Cleveland. The shores are relatively very low, as the lake is in the bed of an ancient glacial lake, lacking the 6 THE NAUTILUS. bold character of the land in the vicinity of the Finger Lake region farther south, where lakes Cayuga, Seneca, etc., lie in preglacial rock-cut valleys. The general depression of the country immediately surrounding the lake produces low, swampy shores on many parts of the lake, especially at the east and west ends. Large swamp areas occur in Big Bay, Maple Bay, west of Constantia, and at the east end where Fish Creek enters the lake. Oneida Lake is the largest inland body of water in the State, having an approximate area of 80 square miles and a shore line of approximately 65 miles. The areas bordering the shores are always shallow and usually deepen rather abruptly, forming in many places submerged terraces of greater or less width. These terraces are either sandy or bouldery in character, usually the latter, the rough water washing out the fine particles and removing them to the quieter bays and protected areas near the points. For this reason the points are always stony and bouldery and the bays sandy. A notable fact is the almost total absence of mud on the shores of the west end of the lake, mud areas being confined to a few small spots, principally at the mouth of small creeks. The shallow zones bordering the shores, 6 feet or less in depth, are from 200 to 1600 feet in width, and the approximate area of shallow water within the 6- foot contour is estimated to be upwards of 6f square miles or 8 per cent, of the entire area. This is significant when it is remembered that this shallow zone is nearly all covered with vegetation and is the area which supports all of the animal life and affords breeding grounds for the majority of the fishes in the lake. If we include the bottom area enclosed by the 12-foot contour, below which little or no vegetation lives, we find the total approximate area to be 8366 square acres (13 square miles), which afford feeding grounds for fish and other aquatic animals. The west end of the lake, which is the only part at present investigated, is very shallow, scarcely exceeding 20 feet in depth beyond Frenchman Island. The noteworthy species are Physa ancillaria warreniana, Plan- orbis binneyi, and Lymnsea stagnalis lillianae, which appear to be new records for the State. These species are common in Toma- THE NAUTILUS. 7 hawk Lake, Wisconsin, where they occupy habitats similar to those in Oneida Lake. This is an interesting case of distribu- tion. Acella haldemani, Bythinia tentaculata and Vivipara con- tectoides add new localities to the State. The 10 species of Pisidia, 4 of which are still undetermined, is noteworthy. Margaritana had previously been reported from Oneida Lake and the record is now substantiated. A number of common species are reported for the first time from this general region. No list of Oneida Lake mollusks is known to the writer. Beauchamp, however, published an excellent list of the Mol- lusca of Onondaga County, some years ago, and this is the only paper on the mollusks of this region known to the writer. Further studies will doubtless raise the list to upwards of 100 species and races. Additions are to be expected in Pisidium, Sphserium, Musculiuin, Amnicolidse, Valvata, Physa, and Galba. The studies from which this list has been compiled have been carried on by the writer for the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University under the direction of Professor C. C. Adams, Forest Zoologist, for the purpose of ascertaining the relation of the molluscan fauna to the feeding habits and breeding grounds of the fish fauna of the lake, especially the food and game fish. Full information concerning the ecological associations and economic value of the mollusks recorded may be found in Technical Bulletin No. 4, now in press, published by the College of Forestry. The author is indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, Dr. V. Sterki, and Dr. Bryant Walker for assistance in determining critical molluscan material. CLASS PELECYPODA Family Unionidte. Lampsilis luteola (Lam. ) Anodonta cataracta Say. Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin) Anodonta marginata Say. Lampsilis borealis (Gray) Anodonta implicata Say. Lampsilis iris (Lea) Anodonta grandis Say. Nephronajas li gam en tin a Anodonta grandis footiana (Lam. ) Lea. Strophitus edentulus (Say) Alasmidonta undulata (Say) Strophitus undulatus (Say) Elliptio complanatus (Dillwyn) S THE NAUTILUS. Family Margaritanidce Margaritana margaritifera (Linn6) Family Sphaeriida. Spharium striatinum (La- Pisidium variabile Prime. marck) Pisidium compressum Prime. Sphcerium vermontanum Pisidium compressum Icevigatum Prime. Sterki. Musculium securis (Prime) Pisidium henslowanum Musculium rosaceum (Prime) (Sheppard) Pisidium ferrugineum Prime. Pisidium, 4 undet. spp. Pisidium xquilaterale Prime. CLASS GASTROPODA. Family Viviparidse. Vivipara contectoides W. G. Campeloma decisum (Say) Binney. Campeloma integrum (DeKay) Family Amnicolidae. Amnicola limosa (Say) Somatogyrus subglobosus (Say) Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry Gillia altilis (Say) Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry, Bythinia tentaculata (Linn6) variety Family Valvatidee. Valvata tricarinata (Say) Valvata bicarinata normalis Walker Family Pleuroceridx. Goniobasis livescens (Menke) Family Physidee. Physa ancillaria warreniana Physa Integra Haldeman. (Lea) Physa gyrina Say Family Ancylidse. Ancylus tardus Say Ancylus parallelus Haldeman. Ancylus fuscus C. B. Adams. THE NAUTILUS. 9 Family Planorbidae. Planorbis trivolvis Say Planorbis campanulatusS&y. Planorbis trivolvis Say, var- Planorbis parvus Say. iety Planorbis hirsutus Gould. Planorbis binneyi Try on. Planorbis exacuous Say. Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Family Lymnaeidee. Lynmaa stagnalis lillianx Acella haldemani (Deshayes) Baker. Galba palustris (Mueller) Pseudosuccinea columella (Say) Galba catascopium (Say) Pseudosuccinea chalybea Galba emarginata (Say ) (Gould) Family Succineida. Succinea retusa Lea. Succinea avara Say. New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse University. PUBLICATIONS DECEIVED. THE CRUISE OF THE TOMAS BARRERA : THE NARRATIVE OF A SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION TO WESTERN CUBA AND THE COLORADOS REEFS, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE GEOLOGY, FAUNA AND FLORA OF THE REGION. By John B. Henderson.1 — This is the narra- tive of a six weeks cruise during May and June, 1914, planned by the author with the advice of Dr. Carlos de la Torre of Havana. Other naturalists invited to join the party were Mr. George H. Clapp, Dr. Paul Bartsch, Mr. C. T. Simpson, Sr. Manuel Lesmes and Victor J. Rodriguez. Preparators and assistants, an am- phibious Patron (Captain) and a crew of seven completed the party. The Tomas Barrera was 65-foot fishing schooner, and the route was to Cape San Antonio and return to Havana. In- land trips were made to Pan de Azucar, the Sierra de Vinales, Pan de Guajaibon and other places. 'Pp. 320; G. P. Putnam's Sons. 10 THE NAUTILUS. Several of the classics of natural history were inspired by tropical America, but so far as we remember, no nature book of interest to the general reader has taken Cuba, our nearest tropical neighbor, for its subject. Although the author has special knowledge of mollusks, it is quite evident that he is first of all a lover of nature. Now it is the little Cuban tody which appeals to him, and again, a big luminous beetle or a marvelous palm. His description of the reef pools with their strange and beautiful families, of the wierd land crabs and their ways, and of collecting marine animals with a submarine electric light, stick in one's memory. What naturalist can read about the " Cove of delight" in the Vinales Sierra without longing to visit that wonderful region. The human interest which even the most vivid nature-book needs, is supplied by the adventures and misadventures of the party from day by day, and the contact with Cubans, for whom the author evidently has a sympathetic liking. Thirty-seven full-page illustrations, charming Cuban views, and characteristic animals and plants, add much to the interest of the volume. The bird plates, by Fuertes, and those of coral-pool fishes, are in color. Those who have been in the tropics will renew their thrills in Mr. Henderson's pages, while naturalists who have not had that experience as yet, may realize the conditions a naturalist finds among the sierras, "mogotes" and on the coral reefs of Cuba.— H. A. P. REVIEW OF SOME BIVALVE SHELLS OF THE GKOUP ANATINACEA FROM THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA. By William Healey Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 49, Nov. 1915). Pending the appearance of a comprehensive work on the West American marine shells, the series of descriptive and revisionary papers by Doctor Dall is indispensable to working conchologists. The present one deals with a group which has been little studied on the West Coast. Six new species of Thracia, six of Cyatho- donta, three Kennerlyia, one each of Coelodon, Foveadens and Lyonsia are described, several being from such well-known localities as Santa Barbara and San Diego Bay. Others are THE NAUTILUS. 11 from points between Alaska and the Strait of Magellan, and one, Oyathodonta cruziana, from Santa Cruz, West Indies. PRODROME OF A REVISION OF THE CHRYSODOMOID WHELKS OF THE BOREAL AND ARCTIC REGIONS. By W. H. Dall. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, pp. 7, 8, Jan, 25. 1916). An extended and intricate subject is presented here in tabloid form. A few changes affecting well-known American species may be noted. Chrysodomus dims becomes Searlesia dira (Rve. ). Ckrysodomus or Sipho idandicus and related species belong to the genus Coins. Chrysodomus kelseyi becomes Exilia kelseyi (Dall). REDISCOVERY OF POURTALES' HALIOTIS. By John B. Hender- son. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 48, 1915). In 1869 Count Pourtales dredged a Haliotis in the Straits of Florida, which was subsequently destroyed in the Chicago fire. It was de- scribed from memory by Dr. Dall in 1881, as Haliotis pourtalesii. In 1911 Mr. Henderson, dredging on the "Pourtales Plateau'1 off Key West, in 90 fathoms, had the good fortune to secure another specimen, which is described and figured in this paper. It was first announced in THE NAUTILUS, vol. 25, p. 81. As Haliotis on the Eastern American coasts had become almost mythical, this was one of the most interesting finds of recent years in those waters. A species from the Galapagos, which Dr. Dall had subsequently identified as H. pourtalesii, is renamed Haliotis dalli Henderson. Both are figured. THREE NEW SPECIES OF ANODONTITES FROM BRAZIL. By Wm. B. Marshall. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, Dec. 1915). A salmonea, A. darochai are A. aurora are new species from Ceara, Brazil. A LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED IN ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO, TEXAS AND OKLAHOMA BY DR. E. C. CASE. By Bryant Walker. (Occ. Papers Mus. of Zool., Univ. of Michigan, No. 15. Dec., 1915). These lists record shells taken from stream debris in many localities, often remote from places which have been 12 THE NAUTILUS. visited by conchologists. It is a valuable addition to our knowl- edge of these arid-region faunas. NEW FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM THE OZARK MOUNTAINS. By Anson A. Hinkley (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 49, Dec. 1915). The following new species are described: Anculosa arkansensis, Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis and Somatogyrus crassilabris 1 all from the North Fork of White River, near Norfolk, Arkansas. THREE NEW HELICES FROM CALIFORNIA. By S. S. Berry. (Univ. of California Publications in Zoology, Vol. 16, No. 9. January 5, 1916). Epiphragmophora petricola, E. tudiculatarufi- terrae, and Polygyra pinicola are described as new from the San Bernandino Mts., near Redlands and back of Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., respectively. H. A. P. NOTES. OPEAS MAURITIANUM (Pfr. ) — Subulina octona (Brug.) was reported from green-houses at Philadelphia, Pa. in THE NAUTI- LUS volume vi, p. 107, (1893) and volume xi, p. 120 (1898). Upon examining one of these sets collected by Mr. Robert Walton, I found one specimen of Opeas mauritianum (Pfr.) This is an addition to the " Mollusk Fauna of Philadelphia" published by Mr. Morris Schick in THE NAUTILUS, volume viii, p. 133 (1895). The specimen is in the collection of The Acad- emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, tray No. 113421. We also have Opeas mauritianum in the the collection from a green-house at Garfield Park, Chicago, Illinois, being A. N. S. P. No. 91237, collected by Mr. F. C. Baker in 1906 ; also No. 11748 collected at Washington, D. C.. by Mr. E. Lehnert many years ago. — E. G. VANATTA. WE have learned with deep regret of the death, on the 26th of March, of DR. WILHELM KOBELT, the distinguished German conchologist, at the age of 76. 1 This species was first defined by Walker, in NAUTILUS vol. 29, p. 53. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXX. JUNE, 1916. No. 2 BREEDING RECORD OF MISSOURI MUSSELS. BY W. I. UTTERBACK. The following record includes twenty-six of the most repre- sentative species of the different subfamilies of Naiades for Missouri. Actual numbers of mussels are recorded for those collected in north and northwest Missouri but no definite rec- ord of numbers of sterile and gravid individuals could be kept by the author in his survey of the Osage River from the latter part of June to the middle of August while under the direction of the U. S. Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa.1 The revised nomenclature for the Naiades is followed in this report since the revival of Rafinesque 2 has been accepted by the leading students, and since, too, it has been found that the glochidial and marsupial characters are the best bases for classification ; 3 however, for the sake of clearness, the more familiar names appear as synonyms in parentheses after the revised names. In the following tables the kinds of glochidia are indicated thus : Lamp. = Lampdlis type (i. e. , suboval - subelliptic, spineless glochidia). An.=Anodonta type (i. e., subtriangular, spined glochidia). Prop.=Proptera type (i. e., axe-shaped, spined-spineless glo- chidia). 'U. S. Bu. Fish.. Econ. Cir., No. 10, 1914. 2 L. S. Frierson, 1914 a, (NAUTILUS, xxviii, pp. 6-8 ; E. G. Vanatta, 1915 a, (Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila., pp. 549-559). 3 Dr. A. E. Ortmann, 1911 b, (Mem. Carnegie Mus., iv, pp. 279-339 ; 1912 h, (An. Car. Mus., viii, pp. 222-365). 14 THE NAUTILUS. 8 PH OQ ft •4 M 1 O O 03 w I D 00 o K OQ O 03 O S5 M Q K U 03 03 O • « o ~ f \ — 3 1 e h- i M u si >- i Q o "S O M a "S. B cc o 3 bC 3 t- ! y y y 1 t- o "^ 5 -§• * y 1 V» 1 •4 w 0) pa c t- i * h (> ^ 1 ^ 1 w P-, p: "~ V ( IB " K ~ o •<* S -f H c CJ M t k MUSSEL SPECIES a: C PC >w» < C h- | fr ^ -!l •" •"** 0 C- " r* ^ ^ < 5- ^ •c ^ C5 i C>? ** Qaadrula plicata MEGALONAIAS HEROS (Sav")... ^" rt 0) ) ^ v— i t B H il s C ^c ^— • R •"^ H e t c h t Si c t '3 ^ ^* ^ e « -e P- li 0^2 ' C Tritogonia tuberculata (Simp. ) ROTTTNDARIA TUBERCULATA (Raf.).., Quadrula tuberculata (Simp.) ELLIPTIC PILATATA (Raf.) ., s~ > K — • Unio tetralasma (Say) OBLIOUARIA REFLEX A (Raf.).. > r™ c^ w Tt ic « o oc O! o i— i THE NAUTILUS. 15 "S: 5 O a •§: a a a ~ - - - = ' '=&»• = K ^ 3 i 3 X: ^ 3 ^ ta 1 " H H H o H « M H •g X X X ^ O hH Q _,_; H a. XXX 5 OD 2 tb o 3 M ^s M H "5 K M x : x H < 1-3 . M a 3 H X X X X h k X >< k >-5 a Sf k M X H ^ H c- X 6 "*< ^ 5 (K X a> (• X >• 1 H X j X i X „ 4 K ! K !• 1 XXX X 1-3 /• r a •s 3 J j x^». « V. s c ,*- ~s •- 4 02 *" -s M t -: ^ X- - ; 4 ^ -r ^ a>-£ '-i - J ^ •• : ; * • — - t P™" 5 j,^r™ e : - 5 (1) (^ ' c 1 '*'— ' i ^ r-ffC" a> ' 0 1 r^* ^~ -, ^/ ' P x-~'*' G X ^" 2 ; - X M ^ "•« Q g h OQ 2 ° §i! o t 3 « H •• ci,**- O o < ** S^c/ 3^«CB^ '•2TT: ll 2c fi j « rt 2 ^ 5 T « "I p dS3Sh3'S' Minpsilis subrost AMPSIUS ANOD ; ; i P 9 < 3 i 5 a - ^ 3 H H — o a H 0 ^ ; i - !'£ )g 3 s 5.2 •4 ~— ii i— ; ^ •< A ^~i •» 5- i : , -NH-I x i M< i£ 5 « J ^ - od ci O - T— 1 T- H >- )H p 1 C1" •1 F- 5 rr if 1 •— 1 1- - r- 5 H 16 THE NAUTILUS. Special attention would be directed to the fact that this record includes four instances of the male discharging sperm, one in case of Lasmigona complanata (Say), two instances of Lastena suborbiculata (Say) and one of Lampsilis cardia (Raf.), all observed in the laboratory aquarium. In case of both com- planata and suborbiculata this physiologic fact disproves the report that, like their nearest allies, Lasmigona compressa (Lea) and Lastena ohiensis (Raf. ), are hermaphroditic. Another in- stance of sperm discharge for Lampsilis cardia was observed in nature. This discharge was observed as a tiny stream of milky white cysts. Upon examination with a lens, magnifying 385 diameters, these cysts were observed to be hollow globular masses of sperm, each cyst revolving through the water by means of the flagella of hundreds of sperm cells thrust out through the matrix. It was the pleasure of the author to ver- ify the observations of Dr. A. E. Ortmann, (191 la, p. 319), in discovering on several instances the female of this same species, (cardia), buried in the gravel with only the siphons, mantle flaps and two blackish ovisacs exposed. The ribbon- like flaps waved to and fro in an undulating manner and occas- sionally a white leaf-like conglutinate would be discharged. It was noted that the marsupia of this species were sterile and receptive on occasion of the sperm discharge. Another physiologic observation, made in the laboratory, should be mentioned here in connection with the reproductive functions of the Naiades and that was in case of the rotary motion of the late embryos of Pleurobema obliqmim coccineum (Conrad) and of Lastena ohiensis (Raf.). These are noted to be revolving clock-wise around one axis at the rate of about fifty times per minute. This phenomenon may be common with all species of Naiades and the reason why only seldom seen may be because of the short duration of this embryonic activity which may be necessary in the final development into the glochidial stage, for it was only in this structural stage that this rotary motion was seen. The most prolific and continuous breeder, found by the writer, is Lasmonos fragilis. This mussel, being the predomi- nant form in northwest Missouri and thus being the most THE NAUTILUS. 17 accessible, ample opportunity was given to obtain the most complete record and has been found gravid with ripe glochidia every month of the year except for March and August. How- ever, high water prevented the keeping of a complete record for any species during March. In all probability fragilis bears glochidia throughout this month also as more individuals of this species were found in glochidial gravidity during the month immediately preceding than at any other time of the year. Hence, we would conclude that this species is bradytictic (i. e., a long-period breeder) with an overlapping breeding season. Lastena ohiensis and Strophitus edentidus may be classed likewise because of the same character in that they also overlap in their breeding season. The fact of non-parasitism as the normal habit of these last mentioned may account for their eccentricities of breeding season. We may also account for the very peculiar marsupial structures of S. edentidus because of this independent metamorphosis of its larva. As far as now known all species of Naiades, except the last named, are dependent upon fish-hosts as their natural distributors ; however, the wide distribution of both S. edentidus and L. ohiensis has been considered to be due to the buoyancy of the placentulae, (gelatinous cords holding glochidia), discharged by the former and also to the very light papery shells of both juvenile and adult of the latter. Probably this account will show the smallest gravid individual on record. On March 3, 1913, a gravid Proptera laevissima } bearing mature glochidia, was collected by the writer in Lake Contrary, St. Joseph, Mo., measuring 89 mm,, in length, and on September 10, 1914, 61 laevissima were collected, 32 of which were found gravid with ripe glochidia. Strange to say, these female shells were all smaller than the other 29 males ; however, none in this collection exceeded 43 mm. in length, two being only 39 mm. long. Upon further study it may be found that these so-called laevissima are really distinct species and that the occurrence of smaller shells may be found to be normal, as seen in case of Obliquaria reftexa and of Plagiola lineolata (Raf. ) (=P. securis [Lea]). The Breeding Record kept herein corresponds with those of 18 THE NAUTILUS. Ortmann, Sterki,1 Surber,2 Howard,3 Lefevre and Curtis * in the exceptions which these authors make for the general rule that the species of the sub-family Unioninae are short-period breeders (tachytictic) and those of the sub-families Anodontinae and Lampsilinae are long-period breeders (bradytictic). The writer agrees with Surber 2 and Howard 3 that Megalonaias heros should be classed as doubtfully bradytictic. Probably it would be more nearly correct to consider heros as tachytictic with the latest breeding season known. Another case of eccentricity of breeding season is that of Obliquaria refieoca. Although this species belongs to the sub-family possessing long period of gravidity as the rule, yet the writer has only found it sterile during every month of the winter season. Amygdalonaias donaciformis has also been found to be sterile in a few instances throughout the winter months, yet this knowledge may be too meagre to estab- lish it as a short-period breeder. However, being found gravid with mature glochidia the early part of June may be partial evidence that this species is bradytictic. The writer is able to verify Surber' s discovery that donaciformis produces the smallest glochidmm (0.060x0.063 mm.) on record,2 and also that, in its metamorphosis, the encysted young shows the unusual growth of adult shell beyond the margin of the glochidial shell. In keeping this record it was occasionally noted that in a few cases, especially as found in Lasmigona complanata and Lasmonos fragilis, that the marsupia would contain early and late embryos, and even mature glochidia, at the same time. However, this irregularity is doubtless abnormal since uniformity of develop- ment and maturity is the rule for all species. It may be of interest here to state how the author has been enabled to distinguish sterile females from males of those species which have no sexual dimorphism of shell and no definite dif- ferentiation of marsupium and of post-ventral mantel margin as seen in the Unioninae and Anodontinae. In most cases, as 1 1903a (American Nat., xxvii, pp. 103-113). 2 1912a (U. S. Bu. Fish., Doc. 771 ). 3 1915 (Nautilus, xxix, pp. 4-11). 4 1912 (U. S. En. Fish., xxx, Doc. No. 756). THE NAUTILUS. 19 pointed out by Dr. Ortrnann, even a macrospic examination will enable one to note that the septa (vertical partitions for the ovisacs) of the sterile marsupium are distinctly more crowded than those that separate the gill chambers of the male gills. A histologic study shows five or ten gill filaments between the septa of the sterile marsupium or brood pouch. Tables 2 and 3 are summarized accounts made out from com- plete individual records kept on the regular form issued by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries for Biological Stations. These indi- vidual accounts of the different species comprehended the sterile females as well as those gravid with early-late embryos and mature-immature glochidia. As proof of this record the author still holds in his possession the preserved anatomical material, gravid with glochidia and also much that is gravid with early and late embryos. The soft parts have been preserved with the shells, the latter having been cleaned in a solution of sodium carbonate (Na2COs) made by dissolving five pounds of this chemical in five gallons of water. Then the soft parts were preserved in the marked shells after the right valves were cut loose and temporarily examined afield when the best studies can be made before the tissues are contracted or discolored by the preservative. The best preservative for the whole speci- mens has been found by the author to be 70 or 80 per cent, alcohol, since such preserving fluids as formaldehyde contain so much free acid that the shell is deteriorated by the chemical reaction upon the limy composition. While the writer was engaged for over three years in procur- ing data for his illustrated and descriptive catalogue of the Naiades of Missouri l it was his good fortune to discover a few glochidia, which follow in the descriptive table here, as the first on actual record. The author is indebted to Dr. T. Surber for his acknowledgement of the novelty and also for his verifi- cation of measurements of these glochidia. The author is confident that fertilization of the ova takes place in the suprabranchial canals and when more data is at hand this determination may be set forth as a well-proven phe- 1 American Midland Naturalist, Vol. iv, l'JM-1916, Plates I-XXVIII. 20 THE NAUTILUS. £ « CO CS >. S3 CJ — ^ ri "o "> ^ cs HI >^ *c M O) "3 CD ^ ""3 •"S ,-. e3 GO cfl g "T^ «•* 1- a i C£ O u CO EM "H CO CO p4 o »22 fc y* *" ^ p _3 a 0) 0) 4) CJ 3T ., en CJ csi • 5| 6C 03 en O « •ji O 6 3 3^ -4-i Jd 1 0> .1 j2 •^ 2 •*_> _= 5 SH -M r_j 60 W) [Sj .SP -2 3 C53 S 'a CO 'a, CO 'a, CO 'Si CO CO CO 'a CO o 3 o .2 3 ^a o o 1.1 •g .£• "« .2* "3 60 "3 1 .^ <* a c "*j o 13 0 "3 c .2 "3 "3 a a S 3 w 8 1 3 co 3 CO 3 CO 3 CO "C 5 3 cc "a 3) CO V CO « O P S3 io rH CO 0 CO rH O rH o co O 0 c^ 'O 0 co H 1^ S^ fc . 60 «O ^ O o •0 iO o a ° 0 CO CO C-l r^ >o 'S' ___^ o 1 i a a •3 en s ^^ ^ CO o> « DH ?2 ei* c? ^ ^ ' 8 a. •S 5 1 "§ CO, a CO a si CQ '1 CO a ~ § s ^^ ,0 _i •3 s ^0 s "s 51 B 3 S Amblema perplic Rotundaria tubet Pleurobema obliq Uniomerus tetral Lastena suborbic C'arunculina par Eurynia brevicul i — i ei co' -p 0 CO t- THK NAUTILUS. nomenon. The physiologic preliminaries for ovulation have been noted by the writer on many instances in his detailed studies of two most accessible species of this State. It was found that the ovisacs were frequently distended with water before being rilled with eggs, a reproductive function that may be necessary in all species in order that the ova may not be injured, that greater numbers may be admitted and that the laminae may be stretched to a thinness more suitable for the aeration of the embryos. A NEW OVTJLA FROM CALIFORNIA. BY S. STILLMAN BERRY. NEOSIMNIA CATALINENSIS, new species. Shell very thin, fusiform, swollen above the middle, maxi- mum diameter contained about 2^- times in the length ; color a nearly pure porcelain or pearly white, the extreme ends tinted with brownish yellow for a distance of 2 to 3 mm. Surface polished and glossy ; closely and finely longitudinally striate, the striae readily visible to the eye and rather irregular, a few being somewhat coarser than the remainder. Spiral sculpture comprising some 20-25 low cords at each end, becoming min- utely wavy as they are intersected by the longitudinal striae ; indications of an extremely faint wavy spiral striation over the rest of the shell are discovered by a strong lens. Shell pointed at both ends, but distinctly more produced at the apex than the base. Outer lip not greatly thickened, bordered by a narrow white callus ; retracted at both ends, in each instance with an obscure angle. Columella sinuous ; a low spiral fold and channel at the summit obliquely encircling the axis. Length 23 mm. ; maximum diameter 8-i mm. Type : Cat. No. 1224 of the writer's collection. Type Locality : 50 fathoms, off Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, California (Avalon Aquarium, August 1906). Remarks: The type and a young specimen from the same locality taken by J. H. Paine in 1903 are before me. N. cata- linensis does not seem to be very similar to any of the related 22 THE NAUTILUS. forms which I can find to have been described from this region. It is a more delicate and inflated species than either variabilis C. B. Adams or vidleri Sowerby, if I am correct in my deter- mination of these forms, and not at all close to either. It seems to be nearest to the 0. barbarensis Dall, but the latter is much more compact, more solid, and more highly tinted, as well as usually of considerably smaller size. While it is possible that the relatively thin callus on the lip is indicative of immaturity, another large specimen which has come to my notice from the San Pedro Channel agrees in this as in every other particular. A figure will appear on a plate of this volume. TEE CONJUGATION CF ARIOLIMAX CALIFOHNICUS. BY HAROLD HEATH. The newly hatched young of Ariolimax caltfornicus measure approximately five eighths of an inch in length, and under favorable conditions become from three to three and a half inches long at end of four months. Full-sized adults, measur- ing in the neighborhood of eight inches, probably reach such dimensions in not over ten months. A three-inch individual possesses all of the essential features of the adult, though the constitutent organs of the reproductive system are of small size. For several years the specimens of this species that are used for class dissection at Stanford University have been collected from a nearby and comparatively circumscribed area along the San Francisquito creek where the conditions throughout are uniform. It was therefore surprising to find that annually fully five per cent of the large-sized animals dissected in the classroom lacked the penis entirely, while in an equal number it was abnormally undeveloped when compared with that of smaller individuals which had not yet reached sexual maturity. As the years went by the conviction became stronger that at some previous time the penis in all such specimens had been cast off, and that its diminutive proportions in otherwise fully formed animals represented a regenerative stage. To test the correctness of the hypothesis fully two hundred THE NAUTILUS. 23 animals were placed in an enclosure, and were fed for several weeks. Preliminary steps in the reproductive process (the so- called Liebspiel) were noted on several occasions, but evidently complete union never took place since no young were produced. More definite information, therefore, was sought in the field, but conjugation evidently takes place at night since on two days only — and those dark and gloomy in the early morning- was the act witnessed. Prior to the act of conjugation each individual viciously bites the side of its mate (faced in the opposite direction), then violently retracts the head which gradually is protruded before the next onslaught. The intensity of this first phase gradually lessens as the bodies become curved about each other, thus finally bringing the genital papillae in contact. The penis of one individual only is then inserted, and after a period of several hours the two animals commence to draw apart. In both of the observed cases, when the penis had become exposed to the extent of about half an inch, one of the animals turned its head and commenced to gnaw upon the walls of the organ. These biting movements were unusually vigorous, and therefore in marked contrast to those witnessed during the feeding process but practically identical with those in the initial stages of con- jugation, and within ten minutes had so scotched the penial walls that the exposed portion had stretched to an inch in length. The other animal (subsequent dissection in one case showed it to be the possessor of the intromittent organ con- cerned) now took part in the process, and within a very few minutes the penis was entirely severed. All four of the animals were subsequently killed and dissected. In two of the individuals the gnawed-off penis extended from the genital pore through the proximal section of the oviduct to the distal, blind end of the seminal receptacle. The walls of the oviduct were in a high state of contraction, and only with the greatest care was it possible to dissect out the penis without destroying the surrounding tissue. In the other two specimens the penis was wholly absent, and the vas-deferens extended to to the genital pore — a condition of affairs exactly duplicated in some of the other animals examined on previous occasions in 24 THE NAUTILUS. the laboratory. As no other cases of conjugation were encoun- tered it has not been possible to determine whether the penis regenerates or not, though I am firmly convinced that it does. Whether this act of mutilation invariably takes place is not known, and the significance of the process is far more obscure. It is possible the amputated penis may act as a plug to retain the spermatozoa in the seminal receptacle, or on the other hand it may be that the presence of a human observer or some natural enemy brings with it unusual conditions, such as jarring the earth or some specific scent, and that the severing of the intro- mittent organ is a provision whereby the animals are enabled to separate more rapidly than usual. The fate of the penis is likewise unknown ; it evidently is either absorbed or, what is more likely, is cast out before the eggs pass to the exterior. NOTES. POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS MAJOR AND P. A. FUSCOLABRIS. — Clapp mentioned that you wanted to examine the animal of Polygyra albolabris major Binn. I happened to have one. So send it. The form ranges through Southern Alabama and I have found it as far north as Wetumpka. In Central and Northern Ala- bama the common large southern form of albolabris is pretty generally distributed, though not very common : some speci- mens approach major in size. ' ' The form which you called P. albolabris fuscolabris is as far as I know confined to the Cumberland Plateau and outlying masses (Monte Sano etc. ) in Madison and part of Jackson Cos. Judging by the shells alone, I should be very much inclined to call this a distinct species. Ordinarily it is flatter than albolabris and always it can be easily distinguished by its peculiar luster as if varnished lightly : this is due to microscopic sculpture. Some of our specimens are larger than the average major. By the way, you must have had a specimen which was not quite mature : in full-grown shells the lip is white and the body of the shell is rather dark brown." — HERBERT H. SMITH. Having dissected the specimen of P. a. major sent, I find it identical with P. albolabris anatomically, and its status as a sub- species rather than a distinct species is therefore confirmed. — H. A. PILSBRY. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXX. JULY, 1916. No. 3 NOTES ON THE WEST AMERICAN COLUMBELLIDAE. BY WILLIAM HEALEY BALL. During the arrangement of the Columbellidae from the West Coast of America in the collection of the National Museum it was found that a number of the names needed revision, and several other notes were made which may be useful to students pending the preparation of a general manual of the mollusks of this region. The genus usually known as Meta Reeve, or Conella of H. and A. Adams (but not of Swainson), is in need of a new name, for Reeve's Meta of 1859 is preoccupied by Koch for a well- known genus of spiders since 1835. I propose for it the new name Parametaria. The large series at my disposal shows that the differences used by Reeve to split up these shells into species are not of specific value, some specimens having a rounded, others an angulate or keeled shoulder ; &c, &c. It is not improbable that there is really but one species. For it the earliest name is " Conus" dupontii Kiener, 1850, which will supersede Reeve's name of cedonulli given in 1859. It is positively known only from the Gulf of California and adjacent regions. Columbella f estiva Kiener, 1841 (not of De Laborde, 1830) from the vicinity of Cape St. Lucas and south to Panama, may take the name of C. lucasana. Columbella terpsichore Sowerby, 1822, and C. lyrata Sowerby, 1832, are identical. Columbella (Anachis) parva Sowerby, 1844, being preoccupied 26 THE NAUTILUS. by " Bwdnum" parvum H. C. Lea, 1841, may take the specific name of C. milium. Columbella (Anachis) minima Arnold, 1903 ; not of Tenison Woods, 1878, nor of Sacco, 1890, may be renamed arnoldi. Columbella (Anachis) guatemalensis Reeve, 1859, and tessellata C. B. Adams, 1852 (not of Dunker, 1871) should be united with C. lentiginosa of Hinds, 1844. Columbella gaskoini Carpenter, 1857, is identical with C. (Anachis) taeniata Philippi, 1846. Anachis petravis Dall, 1908, proves to be identical with A. subturrita Carpenter, 1866. Nitidella cribraria Lamarck, 1822, is preoccupied by Gmelin under the name of ocellata, 1792. N. lavigata Linne, 1758, and N. dichroa Sowerby, 1844, have been received by the Museum as from Panama, which I believe to be an error. Both are known to be Antillean. The latter is also N. elegans Dall, 1871, not of Adams, 1850. Nitidella incerta Stearns, 1892, is probably to be referred to the subgenus Alia. jV. cervinetta Carpenter, 1857, is identical with N. baccata Gaskoin, 1851. Nitidella dalli E. A. Smith, 1880, is a synonym of N. gouldi Carpenter, 1857 ; but not of Columbella gouldi Reeve, 1858. In 1870 I segregated from the heterogeneous species listed by H. and A. Adams under the name of Astyris, 1853, a group of three or four species to carry the name, of which A. rosacea Gould, 1840, was later selected by Fischer as the type. C. clausil'iformis Kiener, 1834, proposed as type by Try on, 1883, belongs to the older genus Aesopus Gould, 1860, and cannot serve as type of Astyris. The characteristic Californian group of bright-colored shells, which have been by the writer and others carried under the name of Astyris, should be included under the subgenus Alia, H. and A. Adams, 1853. C. unifasciata Sowerby, from Peru and Chile, is the type of Alia. C. gausapata Gould, may be considered a good species, which ranges from Port Etches, Alaska, to San Diego, California. Under carinata Hinds, 1844, may be included as varieties cali- forniana Gaskoin, 1852, and hindsii Reeve, 1858. These forms THE NAUTILUS. 27 are represented nearly over the range of the species which ex- tends from San Francisco Bay, south to Salina Cruz, Mexico, and perhaps even farther. C. (Astyris') variegata Stearns. 1873, is preoccupied by C. variegata Menke, 1828, and may take the specific name of hypodra. Nitidella filosa Stearns, being preoccupied was called Colum- bella stearnsi by Trjron, 1883 ; it is referable to the genus Aesopus. A minute species four millimeters long, of a whitish color more or less tinged or spotted with brown, almost duplicates Aesopus stearnsi in form and sculpture, though so much smaller than the Florida species. I have named it Aesopus myrmecoon. It ranges from San Pedro, California, to Point Abreojos, Lower California. (U. S. Nat. Museum Cat. No. 105498). The genus Amphissa H. and A. Adams, 1853, is characteris- tic of the Northwest Coast, and is typified by " Buccinum" corrugatum Reeve, 1846. But this is not the Buccinwn corru- gation of Brocchi, 1814, and, since it is very abundant on the coast of British Columbia and in Puget Sound, it may take the name columbiana. It ranges from the Alaska Penin- sula to San Pedro, California. The Amphissa bicolor Dall, 1892, was unfortunately named. When fresh it presented distinct brown spiral bands on a pale olivaceous ground, but, as in many of the deep-water species, the coloration has not proved permanent and the banding is now hardly perceptible, the whole shell being of a light olive tint. Amphissa versicolor Dall, 1871, ranges from Oregon to San Diego, with its metropolis apparently in the Bay of Monterey. There are several marked varieties: cymata Dall, with distinct brown axially waved lines on a white ground; lineata Stearns, 1872; incisa Dall, with sharply cut regular sculpture and beautifully mottled coloration (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 223- 294); and reticulata Dall, of a uniform whitish color, very acute spire, and fine regular corded spiral sculpture crossed by about 17 nearly straight axial narrow ribs. This form is usually in rather deep water, and ranges from Port Althorp, Alaska, to off San Diego, California in 62 to 183 fathoms. It is about the same size as A. versicolor but has a much more acute snire and 28 THE NAUTILUS. straighter axial ribs, and may prove on further study to be specifically distinct. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 210004). Columbdla fusiform/is Hinds, 1844, is not the species so named by Anton, 1839, or Orbigny, 1844. It is a Strombina and may take the name of fusinoidea. It is a Panama species. Columbella subulata Sowerby, 1847, is not C. subulata Duclos, 1840. It is a Strombina and may be hereafter called S. colpoica. It ranges from the Gulf of California to Panama. Strombina lilacina Dall, is a short stumpy white species with an acute spire, the latter with a lilac flush in perfect specimens; the axial riblets are inconspicuous, but the spiral sculpture is of regular strong channeled grooves with wider flat interspaces, about nine on the last whorl; the distal end of the pillar pro- jects beyond the outer lip, with a very deep recurved short siphonal sulcus; there is no dorsal hump, and the shell is about an inch long. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 219764). It has been received from the Gulf of California and Manzanillo. Another species which seems to be undescribed, I propose to call Strombina paceana, as a tribute to the author of the excel- lent bibliography of the Columbellida in the fifth volume of the Proceedings of the Malacological Society, London. It is 37 mm. long, of which the spire takes 20, and the maximum diameter is 10.5 mm. There are more than ten whorls (nucleus lost); the spire is acute, with a narrow turriculation at the suture: the upper whorls are flattish and smooth, the last whorl and a half coronated in front of the suture by about nine small pustules. The shell is mostly dark brown with a silky periostracum. The aperture is narrow and edentulous, 15 mm. long. It has been obtained from Scammon Lagoon, L. Cal., and the Gulf of California. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 130616). The word Strombina was used by Bronn in 1849 in a large sense to include Aporrhaidee, Strombidse, &c. According to the best usage this does not affect its use as a generic name. I have therefore not adopted the clumsy Strombocolumbus proposed by Cossmann in 1901 to replace Strombina. This author was probably misled by the brief entry in Scudder's nomenclator given to Bronn' s Strombina. It may be added that the type of Alia is C. unifasciata Sowerby, selected by Chenu in 1859, not THE NAUTILUS. 29 C. carinata Hinds, as given by M. Cossmann; the type of Am- phissa is corrugala Reeve, not A. versicolor; the type of Mela is dnpontii Kiener, not phiUppmarum Reeve; Fischer's name for Strombina bicanalifera is Bifurdiim, not Bifurdna, as per Coss- mann; Conidea Swainson, 1840, is a synonym of Pyrene Bolten, 1798, but its type is Buccinum punctatum Bruguiere, 1789, not Columbetta punctata of Lamarck, Sowerby and others; the type of Anachis H. & A. Adams, 1853, is scalarina Sowerby, which is quite distinct from rugosa Sowerby, cited by Cossman; the type of Atilia is sitffktsa Sowerby, not minor Scacchi; these cor- rections have already been indicated by Mr. Pace, for the most part, and point clearly to the advisability of consulting original sources rather than relying on quotations by other authors. FEESHWATEK SHELLS FROM CENTRAL AND WESTERN NEW YORK. BY CARLOTTA JOAQUINA MAUKY, PH. D. Some years ago the writer made extensive collections of molluscs from the lakes of Central and Western New York. The preliminary determinations of the species were verified by comparisons with specimens in the Say and Lea collections at Philadelphia and Washington ; and doubtful cases were referred to Dr. Pilsbry, Dr. Dall, or Mr. Charles T. Simpson, who kindly passed judgment upon them. Thus every effort was made to make the identifications correct. Large numbers of individuals were obtained to observe the ranges of variation among the different species. The writer presented the collection to the Museum of Cornell University where it is on exhibition. From many of these lakes the mollusca have never been before recorded, nor have dredgings for deep-water forms been made except ours in Cayuga Lake. It is also interesting historically that Say obtained several types from this region. The mollusca were found to be most abundant in sheltered coves where the water is shallow and sun-warmed ; and in the inlets and outlets of the lakes. 30 THE NAUTILUS. The following is a list of the species and the lakes in which they were found : — Lampsilis cariosa Say. Cayuga Lake. Lampsilis iris Lea. Cayuga Lake. Lampsilis luteola Lam. Cayuga, Little York, Canandaigua, Chautauqua Lakes, Genesee River. Lampsilis luteola var. rosacea DeKay. Cayuga Lake. Lampsilis radiata Gmelin. Cayuga, Cayuta, Little York Lakes. Obovaria ellipsis Lea. Niagara River (From Dr. Sager). Ptychobranchus phaseolus Hild. Chautauqua Lake. Strophitus edentulus Say. Cayuga, Canandaigua, Green, Chau- tauqua Lakes. Anodonta cataracta Say. Cayuga, Cayuta, Little York Lakes. Anodonta fiuviatilis Lea. Cayuga, Cayuta, Little York Lakes. Anodonta grandis Say. Cayuga, Cayuta. Chautauqua Lakes. Anodonta grandis Say var. footiana Lea. Canandaigua, Hem- lock, Chautauqua Lakes. Anodonta grandis Say var. decora Lea. Chautauqua Lake. Anodonta fragilis Lam. Cayuga Lake. Anodonta implicata Say. Cayuga Lake. Anodontoides ferussacianus var. buchanensis Lea. (Anodonta subcylindracea Lea). Cayuga, Little York Lakes. Symphynota costata Raf. (Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes). Ca- yuga Lake. Alasmidonta marginata Say. (Alasmidonta truncata Wright). Tioughnioga River. Unio complanatus Sol. Cayuga, Canandaigua, Little York Lakes. Unio gibbosus Barnes. Chautauqua Lake. Sphaerium partumeium Say. Fall Creek, Ithaca. Sphaerium simile Say. Cayuga, Cayuta, Hemlock, Conesus, Chautauqua, Silver Lakes. Sphaerium striatinum Lam. var. Chautauqua Lake. Sphaeriwm transversum Say. Fair Grounds, Ithaca. Pisidiwn compression Prime. Cayuga Lake. Pisidium virginicum Bourg. Hemlock Lake. THE NAUTILUS. 31 scutellatum Sterki. Chautauqua Lake. Limnaea catascopium, Say. Cayuga, Canandaigua, Chautau- qua Lakes. Limnaea catascopium white variety. Chautauqua Lake. Limnaea columella Say. Cayuga, Conesus, Cayuta, Silver Lakes. Limnaea elodes Say. Fall Creek and Cayuga Lake (Say's type locality). Limnaea elodes var. umbrosa, Say. Conesus Lake. Limnaea emarginata Say. Cayuga, Chautauqua Lakes. Limnaea humilis Say. Dwyer's Pond, Ithaca. Limnaea stagnates Linn. var. appressa, Say. Fall Creek at Ithaca and Canandaigua Lake. Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Cayuga, Cayuta, Canandaigua, Chatauqua Lakes. Planorbis bicarinatus var. major. Fall Creek, Ithaca. Planorbis campanulatus Say. Silver, Cayuta, Chautauqua, Conesus Lakes. Planorbis deflectus Say. Fall Creek, Ithaca, Cayuga, Cayuta, Hemlock, Chautauqua Lakes. Planorbis exacutus Say. Cayuga, Chautauqua Lakes. Planorbis hirsutus Gould. Chautauqua Lake. Planorbis lentus Say. Fair Grounds, Ithaca and Cayuga Lake. Planorbis parvus Say. Cayuga, Chautauqua Lakes. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Chautauqua, Canandaigua, Conesus Lakes and Glacial Kettle near Ithaca. Planorbis trivolvis var. corpulentus Say. Segmentina armigera Say. Cayuga Lake. Ancylus diaphanus Hald. Cayuta Lake. Ancylus parallelus Hald. Fall Creek, Ithaca and Cayuga Lakes. Ancylus rivularis Say. Cayuga, Chautauqua Lakes. Physa ancillaria Say. Owasco, Chautauqua Lakes. Physa gyrina Say. Fall Creek, Ithaca. Physa, heterostropha Say. Chautauqua Lake, Fall Creek at Ithaca, Courtland Pond. Pleurocera subidare Lea. Cayuga Lake. Elimia virginica Say. Cayuga, Conesus Lakes. 32 THE NAUTILUS. Elimia virginica var. muUilineata Say. Cayuga Lake. Bythinia tentaculata Linn. Cayuga Lake, Seneca River at Waterloo. Bythinella attenuata Hald. Chautauqua Lake. Byihindla nickliniana, Lea. Chautauqua Lake. Amnicola granum Say. Chautauqua Lake. Amnicola limosa Say. Cayuga, Chautauqua, Cayuta Lakes. Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry. Cayuta Lake. Amnicola pallida Hald. Chautauqua Lake. Valvata sincera Say. Cayuga Lake. Valvata tricarinata Say. Cayuta, Chautauqua, Owasco Lakes. Vivipara contectoides Binney. Cayuga Lake. Campeloma decisa Say. Cayuga, Canandaigua, Conesus, Chau- tauqua Lakes. After making this collection from the shallow waters of the lakes, the question naturally arose whether a deep-water mollus- can fauna exists in Cayuga Lake. To determine this, Professor G. D. Harris and the writer aided by Dr. Pilsbury, now of Ann Arbor University, made three dredgings from east to west across the lake between the Ithaca Lighthouse and Estey's Glen. A United States Fish Commission dredge, weighting about fifty pounds, with a net attached was employed. As the dredge was worked by hand power with a windlass, it was not feasible to go below about 200 feet. The maximum depth of Cayuga Lake is about 450 feet. This deep is in the middle of the lake at a point north- east of Toughannock Point (formerly known as Goodwin's Point), some miles north of our furthest section. These dredgings proved very conclusively that molluscs are abundant from the shore line to about ten feet, after twenty-five feet they become very scarce, the dredge yielding only a few Amnicolas and broken fragments of shells, the occupants having apparently been preyed upon by fishes. In the greater depths no signs of mollusca or of plants were found. There was only a very fine grey mud entirely barren of life. We believe this to be due partly to the great depth of the Finger Lakes; but much more to the extremely low tempera- THE NAUTILUS. 33 ture of the water of Cayuga Lake, which even in midsummer is very cold except in sun-warmed shallows. It is interesting to compare the present molluscan fauna of Cayuga Valley with its Pleistocene ancestry of which fossil re- mains ' occur in a delta terrace between Toughannock Falls and Frontenac Beach, about twenty feet above the present lake level. These Pleistocene forms include: Lampsilis luteola Say. Lampsilis ventricosa Barnes. Anodonta fragilis Lam., (marginata Say). Anodonta yrandis Say. Anodonta grandis var. footiana Lea. Sphserium simile Say. Pisidium compression Prime. Pisidium virginicum Bourg. Limnaea palustris Mull. Limneea elodes Say. Physa heterostropha Say. Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Planorbis deflectus Say. Planorbis lentus Say. Planorbis parvus Say. Amnicola limosa Say. Valvata tricarinata Say. Campeloma decisa Say. These mollusca were approximately synchronous with the Pleistocene forms of the Don Valley beds of the Toronto forma- tion, one-hundred and seventy miles northwest of Ithaca. They apparently lived during the Peorian, or Fourth Inter- glacial Period. The colony was established by Mississippian and St. Lawrence molluscs coming in from the West. After the annihilation of the colony by the advance of the ice, everyone of the interglacial species re-established itself when the ice finally retreated, and all are now living in the waters of Cayuga. 1 See C. J. Maury, Interglacial Fauna in Cayuga Valley. Journ. of Ge- ology, 1908, vol. xvi, no. 6, pp. 565-5(57. 34 THE NAUTILUS. ON MONSTEOSITIES IN CYPRUS.. BY ST. G. BYNE, M. SC., F. L. S. It will doubtless interest those who make a special study of the genus Oypraa if I enumerate some of the monstrosities which occur in the collections of myself, friends and museums. It is very remarkable that so many species inhabiting the Islands of New Caledonia should have their extremities pinched, and ab- normally prolonged or rostrated. Many of these have had definite varietal names assigned to them by Dautzenberg and others. I have included dwarf adult specimens which seem to be especially abundant in the Andaman Islands judging by a large consignment which I have examined from that locality. One sometimes meets with shells which have been damaged and repaired by the animal. C. tigris L. (a) A few examples from Sarawak abnormally flattened and gibbous. (b) Having a strong ridge running longitudinally over the dorsal surface. This seems to be due to one half being more thickly coated with calcium carbonate than the other, (c) Miss A. Foster of Bournemouth possesses two small unusually heavy examples. The dorsal surface is coated with a thick greyish-green enamel. The anterior ex- tremities are pinched up and strongly rostrated. C. caputserpentis L. Having a small dark brown protuberance upon the base. C. lurida L. Two specimens from Naples whose extremities are curiously pinched and flattened out, and resembling New Caledonian forms. C. arabica L. var. niger Roberts. This rare black variety from New Caledonia is well known to collectors. C. arabica L. Mr. C. P. Richards of St. Anstell possesses in his collection a remarkable adult example, with greatly produced spire, the mouth reduced one third its normal length by some hard foreign substance being wedged in and coated over with enamel by the animal, thus altering the shape of the shell evi- dently to accommodate itself to the new conditions. C. histrio L. Although many consider this to be a variety of C. arabica, yet I am of opinion that it should be raised to spe- THE NAUTILUS. 35 cific rank in future lists, as its differences in form and color are more than varietal, (a) very conical. Indian Ocean. C. moneta L. var. barthelymi Bernardi. Having the extremi- ties constricted and prolonged. A rare variety from NCAV Caledonia. C. annulus L. I cannot agree with those who consider this to be merely a variety of C. moneta, as the average specimen of each is so different in character. One can easily separate the varieties of annulus and moneta by the aid of the excellent de- scriptions by S. Raymond Roberts in Tryon's Manual Conch, vol. vii, pp. 177-8. (a). A dwarf specimen in the Manchester Museum measur- ing 11 mm. (b). var. noumeensis, Marie. Dautzenberg mentions a speci- men from New Caledonia, in the Bordeaux Museum, 30 mm. long. C1. caurica L. This varies greatly in form from being long and narrow, to almost circular. A friend informs me that he has two hundred specimens all differing in shape and color. I have a specimen whose dorsal surface is decorticated so as to resemble that of a C. tabescens. C. caurica L. var. concava Sowb. described in 1870, by Sowerb)7 (from H. Owen's MSS) in his "Thesaurus Conchylior- um." Said to be from the R. Gambia, W. Africa. Is the locality correct for this Indian and Pacific Ocean species. C. caurica L. var. nana Melvill. A dwarf form of var oblon- gata, Melv. C. erosa L. var. chlorizans. An olive-green dwarf form (18 mm. long — Richards). C. erosa L. Dwarf type specimen measuring 17 mm. C. lynx L. var. caledonica Crosse. This well-known variety has the extremities pinched and extended, making the shell much narrower than the type. C. lynx L. Having the aperture curiously widened out on one side. C. mauritiana, L. (a). Frequently occurs extremely conical in shape. (b). Somewhat resembling C. mus, v. bicornis in having a distinct lump above posterior extremity, (c). A dwarf shell in my collection from the Andaman Islands measuring 48.5 x 32 mm. This is absolutely adult in every particular, and is probably unique. C. mus L. var. bicornis Sow. In my experience there seem to be many intermediate forms between a good pronounced specimen of this variety and the type. 36 THE NAUTILUS. C. stercoraria L. (a) I have two dwarf specimens of the type measuring 33.5 and 35 mm. (b) Mottled with patches of a paler colour, the whole having a gangrenous appearance, caused by a disease of the mantle. C. stercoraria L. var. gibba Gmel. More conical than the type and having the sides heavily flounced as in C, arabica, var. rcticulata. C. arabicvla Lamarck. A fine example with the outer lip much extended beyond the posterior extremity. C. algoensis Gray. A very pinched-up humped shell, quite an abnormality. C. umbilicata Sow. A fine example in Mr. Richard's collec- tion, 103 mm. long, with the outer lip extended into a curious flange on the anterior extremity. C. pantherina Sol. (a) The outer lip so extended that the animal has contracted it into the shape of a letter V at the posterior extremity, (b) Having a proboscis-like protuberance projecting a quarter of an inch from the posterior end of the dorsal surface at an angle of forty-five degrees, probably caused by a barnacle, (c) Variety theriaca Melv. Having a large whitish callosity on the posterior end of the dorsal surface giving the shell a very remarkable appearance, (d) The base mark- edly convex, giving the shell a rocking-horse-like motion when the ends are pressed against a smooth surface, (e) The dorsal surface strongly corroded by a disease of mantle. Red Sea and Philippines. Some specimens of C. tigris collected by Mr. Stanley Gardiner in the Seychelle Islands are similarly attacked. C. exanthema L. Abnormally flattened on dorsal surface. (Miss Foster). C. onyx L. var. adusta Chemn. A specimen in the Manchester Museum has a barnacle attached, partly enameled over and colored like the rest of the shell. Dautzenberg in his paper " Sur quelques deformations chez des Cypra?a de la Nouvelle-Caledonie" in the Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. liv, has enumerated the following varie- ties, many of which are subject to melanism : neglecta, L., var. marteli, Dautz. stolida, L., var. crossei, Marie. mappa, L., var. montrouzieri. Dautz. vitellus, L. var. subrostrata, Dautz. errones, L. , var. compressa, Dautz. aselht-s, L., var. bougei, Dautz. 31 mm. long ! clandestina, L. , var. marteli, Dautz. punctata, L., var. rostrata, Dautz. cribraria, L., var. rostrata, Dautz. erosa, L., var. protracta, Dautz. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXX. AUGUST, 1916. No. 4 ADDITIONAL RECOEDS OF MOLLUSCA FROM SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. BY S. S. BERRY. Deferring for the present any attempt to revise the list pub- lished some years ago (NAUTILUS, vol. 23, pp. 73-79, Nov., 1909), it may be desirable to record the following additional species from my rapidly-accumulating notes on the mollusks of San Bernardino County. A few of these are new to California, while one or two are reported for the first time from the Pacific drainage as distinguished from that of the Gulf of California. VALLONIA CYCLOPHORELLA Ancey. Mill Creek Canyon, alt. 4600-5000 feet (S. S. B., July, 1910). HELIX ASPERSA Mu'ller. I have not seen this European garden pest in Redlands until the present season, when some specimens were handed me by W. F. Chance. It is already abundant in certain parts of the city, notably in gardens on Olive and Palm Avenues. VlTREA ALLIARIA (Miller). Walnut Avenue, Redlands (A. G. Smith and S. S. B., Jan., 1914, etc.), abundant. VlTREA MILIUM PUGETENSIS (Dall). Waterman Canyon (A. G. Smith, Jan., 1914). Probably identical with the Redlands specimen previously reported as milium. The specimens agree with the description of V. m. meridional^ Pilsbry and Ferriss, but except for their slightly 38 THE NAUTILUS. larger size do not seem very different from Seattle specimens of pugetensis. BlFIDARIA PENTODON (Say). Mill Creek Canyon, alt. 4600 feet (1 specimen, S. S. B., July, 1910). BlFIDARIA HEMPHILLI Sterki. Waterman Canyon (S. S. B., Nov., 1913). This species does not seem to have been reported previously north of San Diego. It is a common form in this canyon. VERTIGO MODESTA PARIETALIS Ancey. Common in Bluff Lake Meadow, alt. 7550 feet (S. S. B., July, 1910), and other alpine cienagas. VERTIGO MODESTA CASTANEA Sterki. Holcomb Meadows, east of Sugarloaf Peak, at altitude of 8300 feet (S. S. B., Aug. 18, 1913). VERTIGO OVATA (Say) var. Mill Creek Canyon, alt. 4600 feet (S. S. B., July, 1910). PUNCTUM CONSPECTUM PASADEN^E Pilsbiy. Walnut Avenue, Redlands (S. S. B., Jan. 21, 1916). AGRIOLIMAX CAMPESTRIS OCCIDENTALS Cooper. Cienagas above Bear Lake, alt. about 7000 feet (S. S. B. , Aug., 1910). Determined by Mr. Vanatta. SUCCINEA STRETCHIANA Bland. Should replace the name S. oregonensis in my former lists. ANCYLUS sp. Prospect Park, Redlands (A. G. Smith, Dec., 1910); road- side pool, near San Bernardino (S. S. B., Aug., 1911). A small species which it is not yet possible to identify satisfac- torily with any of the named forms. I have not chanced upon any previous records of this genus for the entire southern sector of California. PLANORBIS OPERCULARIS Gould var. Marsh at Knight's Ranch, Bear Valley, alt. 6750 feet (Mrs. Kate Stephens, Aug., 1903). The specimens are not typical. According to Dall's synopsis of the races of operculari? in his Land and Fresh Water Mollusks of the Harriman Alaska Ex- THE NAUTILUS. 39 pedition, they would possibly come under centervillensis Tryon. GOMDEA ANGULATA Lea var. Chino Creek, near Ontario (R. H. Tremper, April, 1911). The specimens are somewhat like a small form of G. a. harold- iana Dall, but are more produced in front. PISIDIUM ROPERI Sterki. Abundant in Dry Lake, north slope of San Gorgonio Moun- tain, alt. 9050 feet (S. S. B., Aug., 1913). The specimens were determined by Mr. Vanatta. Those from lower altitudes previously reported as P. californicum Newcomb MS. are per- haps the same. THE ANATOMY OF LEMIOX RIMOSTJS (RAF.). BY A. E. ORTMANN. LEMIOX RIMOSUS (Rafmesque) 1831 = MICROMYA C^ELATA (Conrad) 1834. See: Simpson, Synops. Nai., 1900, p. 525, and Descr. Catal. Nai., 1914, p. 34. Lemiox rimosus Frierson, NAUTILUS, 28, 1914, p. 7. I collected this species at the following localities: Holston River, Turley Mill, Grainger Co., and Mascot, Knox Co., Tenn.; North Fork Holston River, Hilton, Scott Co., Va., and Rotherwood, Hawkins Co., Tenn.; Clinch River, St. Paul, Wise Co., Va., and Clinton, Anderson Co., Tenn.; Powell River, Combs, Claiborne Co., Tenn. At the latter locality, a gravid female was found on Sept. 12, 1913 (with glochidia). Anal and supraanal openings separated by a moderately long mantle connection, which is somewhat shorter than the anal, and considerably shorter than the supraanal. Anal with fine papilla?, branchial with large papillae. Palpi with the posterior margins connected at base only. Gills of the usual Lampsiline structure; inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal sac, but often there is a short slit posteriorly (not more than one-fourth of the length of the abdominal sac). Marsupium of the Lampsiline type, located in the posterior section (less than one-half) of the outer gills, kidney-shaped; 40 THE NAUTILUS. leaving a small posterior part of the gill non-marsupial. There are about 12 ovisacs on each side in my gravid female. In the female, the mantle margin in front of the branchial opening has the inner edge nearly parallel to the outer. The outer edge is denticulate posteriorly (corresponding to the den- ticulate margin of the shell). The inner edge has, just in front of the branchial, a few small papillae, and then it is lamellate and elevated, and rather smooth. Farther in front, there are again a few small papillae. This differentiated part of the inner edge reaches nearly to the middle of the lower margin. The lamellar elevation is very distinct, and sharply defined from the anterior and posterior papillate part, and is slightly longer than either of them, and, in the specimen at hand, somewhat thickened, with a blunt edge (of course, the specimen is con- tracted by the action of the alcohol; it is probable that this edge was capable of some sort of expansion). In the region of the lamella, the inner edge of the mantle is farthest remote from the outer, but not much so, and there is no sudden drawing apart of the mantle edges (as in the genus Truntilla). In the male, the female structure of the inner mantle is indi- cated in a rudimentary condition: the papillae are extremely small, and the smooth lamellar part is present, but thin and hardly elevated. Color of the soft parts whitish. Edges of mantle brownish, blackish in the region of the anal and branchial, and the outer edge is spotted black and brown in this region, chiefly in the female. A black streak runs along the inside of the inner edge in front of the branchial, extending, in the female, upon the lamellar elevation, which is entirely black. Edge of marsupium pale (without black pigment). Glochidia subovate, higher than long. L. 0.21, H. 0.26 mm. The genus Lemiox is a Lampsiline form with very peculiar shell characters, the most remarkable of which is the sculpture of the posterior part of the shell by rugose wrinkles, which pro- duce, in the female, a distinctly, but irregularly, denticulate or scalloped margin of the shell. The postbasal expansion of the female shell is rather small, but distinct, and corresponds, in its location, to the lamellar expansion of the inner mantle edge. THE NAUTILUS. 41 Beak sculpture distinctly double-looped, consisting of three to four bars, the first one or two bars subconcentric. According to the soft parts, this genus belongs in the group of Lampdlinae which have a differentiated mantle edge in front of the bran- chial; but with regard to the particular structure of this edge, it is unique, in having papillae as well as a short, elevated la- mella. It is not very closely allied to Lampsilis, which has a large and long mantle flap, but stands nearer to the Eurynia- type, and possibly most closely to Carunculina (recte: Toxolasma Raf. ), and we might regard the short lamella of Lemiox as an- alogous (or possibly even homologous) to the "caruncle" of Carunculina. But it cannot be united with the latter on account of the shape of the lamella, and the sculpture of shell and beaks (it differs also by the nearly complete connection of the inner lamina of the inner gills). Simpson placed the species with Micromya (now a subgenus of Eurynia), but the structure of the mantle edge as well as the shell is distinctly different. There is no question that this form should be regarded as the representative of a distinct generic type, Lemiox, and that it should be placed in the vicinity of Eurynia and Toxolasma (— Carunculina'). In the denticulations of the edge of the shell, there is some resemblance to the genus Truncilla, but there is no considerable space between the edges of the mantle, as in that genus, and also in other characters, Lemiox is entirely different from Trun- cilla. NEW SUBSPECIES OF VIVIFARUS AND CAMPELOMA. BY H. A. PILSBRY. VlVIPARUS CONTECTOIDES IMPOLITUS n. Sllbsp. The shell is heavier than contectoides, rough and with irregular growth-lines and wrinkles, and often somewhat malleated ; shoulder more conspicuous ; and on the last whorl the bands are obsolete. The umbilical perforation is very narrow or closed. Length 39, diam. 31.5 mm. Type no. 66701 A. N. 42 THE NAUTILUS. S. P., collected by H. E. Sargent in a marsh on the Paint Rock River, Jackson Co., Alabama. VlVIPARUS CONTECTOIDES COMPACTUS n. SUbsp. The shell is compactly coiled, imperforate ; whorls a little less inflated than in contectoides. Length 27.5, diam. 20.5 mm. Type no. 27731 A. N. S. P., from Dougherty, Georgia. Also from Chetachee creek, Ala., both lots from the Wheatley collection. CAMPELOMA RUFUM MERIDIONALS n. subsp. The shell is short, solid, dull citrine, paler at the shoulder ; surface having fine growth-lines as usual, crossed by many weak, minute and crowded spiral striae. Spire shortly conic, the summit eroded. Last whorl strongly shouldered, the shoulder narrow ; very convex in the peripheral part. Aperture large, brown within in the upper two-thirds. Lip slightly sinuous. Columellar callus moderate. Length 29.3, diam. 20.3, length of aperture 17.8 mm. Length 29, diam. 21.3, length of aperture 18.2 mm. North Carolina : Little Sugar Creek ; Crozier's Branch, Ca- barrus Co. (type loc.), also Georgia. Type 122781 A. N. S. P. Distinguished by its short, obese shape and distinct striation. CAMPELOMA RUFUM GENICULIFORME n. subsp. This race is like the preceding in color and sculpture, but differs in outline. The spire is elevated, and the whorls have a broad, horizontal shoulder, below which the wall is nearly vertical, as in typical C. genicula (Conrad). It differs from genicula by the brown color in the mouth and on the eroded summit. Length 31.5, diam. 20.4 mm., length of aperture 16.8 mm. Dooley Co., Georgia. Type 122782 A. N. S. P. CAMPELOMA FLORIDENSE (Call). "Campeloma floridense Call MS." (as synonym of C. linnim}, Call, Bull. Washburn College Laboratory of Natural History, vol. 1, No. 5, p. 159, 160, pi. 6, fig. 7 (May, 1886). This species was mentioned as a MS. name under Campeloma limum by Mr. Call, who apparently had not seen the true THE NAUTILUS. 43 Paludina lima Anth., as his description does not fit it, being partly drawn from the Florida species, partly compiled from Anthony. The shell has a rather short spire and large aperture, it varies on different parts of the same specimen, and in different speci- mens from dark citrine to blackish brown. The interior is chocolate, chestnut-brown or dark indian-red ; the invariably dark color being highly characteristic. The surface has unequal, minute, spiral strise. The last whorl is somewhat compressed below the narrow subsutural shoulder. Columella rather heavy, nearly white. A large specimen measures, length 34.6, diam. 22.3, aperture 19.8 mm., 4 whorls remaining. So far as known, this species is restricted to the St. Johns River and tributary creeks, in Florida. Mr. Johnson and the writer dredged it in Lake County. It is one of the most distinct species, owing to its color. Campeloma limum (Anth.) is a more slender, green species with a smaller mouth, bluish within, and a more or less dis- tinctly subangular periphery. Melantho decampi W. G. Binney is a synonym of C. limum. THE RAFINESQUE-POULSOH UNIOS. BY BRYANT WALKER. In publishing the complete list of the Rafinesquean Unios in the Poulson collection with their modern equivalents, Mr. Vanatta has rendered a distinct service to all students of the American Naiades. Now, for the first time, we, to whom the specimens are inaccessible, are informed exactly as to which of the species familiar to us under Simpsonian designations are represented in that famous collection and their names as iden- tified by Rafinesque himself. While, with a single exception, it is not claimed that these are the original types of Rafinesque' s species, and it is explicitly stated that the ultimate recognition of any of Rafinesque' s species "depends upon whether it could be identified by de- scriptions published prior to any other recognizable name fo r 44 THE NAUTILUS. the same species," nevertheless it is a distinct advantage to know exactly what Rafinesque in 1831 understood or claimed to be the species that he had described in 1820. The author has presented a tentative synonymy of the species represented in the Poulson collection, " if they were recognized and the names dated from 1820." In this suggested arrange- ment, Rafinesque' s genera and subgenera are ignored and all of his species are treated as Unios and synonymy is based entirely on the supposition that they were described as Unios. In this, the author seems to have overlooked Rafinesque' s explicit statement, (p. 298), as to his method of compiling hi& Monograph. In 1819, Rafinesque had proposed to divide the North Amer- ican Unios, "provisionally," into eight subgenera. In 1820, in his " Monographic," after referring to this fact he says: "Since then, having increased my species and verified their characters, it appears to me to be proper to make from them many genera and subgenera, but to humor ("pour complaire") naturalists, who might hesitate to adopt the changes in nomen- clature that the discoveries necessitate, I will give the name of Unio in the second place to all new species, observing to those, who would assign them all to the genus Unio, which thereby would contain more than seventy species, that it would be necessary in the description of the specific characters to repeat those of my new genera, this would render the definitions of the species long and prolix." In accordance with this statement, throughout the Mono- graphic he first prints his name for the species in italics and then, "pour complaire," adds in parenthesis and in Roman type the popular or conventional name. If, instead of adopting this system, he had in every instance stated in his explanatory remarks that for those who did not adopt his new genera the species would be an Unio, there could be no possible doubt of his intention to use his new gen- eric terms. And, in view of his explicit statement, I do not see how any other inference can be properly drawn from the method that he did adopt. There is not to be found anywhere in the Monographic the slightest intimation that he had eve? THE NAUTILUS. 45 any doubt as to the correctness of his new classification or that in any degree he intended to impugn its validity. If I am right in this contention, much of the tentative syno- nymy proposed by Mr. Vanatta will have to be reviewed. In view of the fact that the adequacy of Rafinesque's original descriptions is expressly left in abeyance, it would seem to be better to retain the Simpsonian names until all of those ques- tions can be definitely determined. Expressly reserving, therefore, all questions relating to the adequacy of Rafinesque's original descriptions and simply to determine "the effect on nomenclature if they were recognized and the names dated from 1820," taking the species in the order given by Vanatta, it would appear to be necessary to make the following changes : Truncilla. brevidens Lea. Described by Rafinesque as Obliquaria interrupta. It is not, therefore, preoccupied by Unio solenoides interrupta and, if identifiable, would take precedence over Lea's name. Truncilla sulcata (Lea). Unio sulcatus Lea (1830) is not preoccupied by Pleurobema mytiloides sulcata Raf. (1820). But Obliquaria obliquata Raf. , if identifiable, would have priority. Plagiola securis (Lea). Obliquaria depressa Raf. (1820) is not preoccupied by the Unio depressa Lam. (1819). But both Say (1834) and Conrad (1834) have given preference to lineolata Raf. over depressa Raf., although the latter has page precedence. This they had the right to do under the Code and, if identifiable, Rafinesque's name will take precedence over Lea's. Plagiola elegans (Lea). Truncilla truncata Raf. (1820) is not preoccupied by Unio truncataSpeng]. (1793). If identifiable, Rafinesque's name has priority over Lea's. MetaplataRaL is subsequent to both. Tritogonia tuberculata Bar. Unio tuberculata Bar. (1823) is not preoccupied by either Obliquaria tuberculata Raf. or Obovaria striata tuberculata Raf. (1820). But Obliquaria verrucosa Raf., if identifiable, has priority for the species. 46 THE NAUTILUS. Cyprogenia irrorata (Lea). Obovaria stegaria tuberculata Raf. is not preoccupied by Obliquaria tuberculata Raf. But Obovaria striata tuberculata has page precedence. If identifiable, stegaria Raf. (1820) has priority over irrorata Lea (1830) as the specific name. Unio gibbosus Bar. Barnes' name (1823) is not preoccupied by Amblema gibbosa Raf. (1820). But Unio dilatata Raf. (1820), if identifiable, has priority. Unio pusillus Lea. Obliquaria pusilla Raf. (1820) did not prevent the use of of pusillus for a Unio by Lea in 1840. Lea's name will, there- fore, stand. Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea). Simpson did not separate asperrima Lea varietally from lachrymosa as Vanatta's remark would indicate. If identifiable, Rafinesque's name, quadrula, has priority and would become the specific name and, if separable varietally, lachrymosa Lea would become a variety. Quadrula pustu losa ( Lea ) . Obliquaria retusa Raf. (1820) is not preoccupied by Unio retusa Lam. (1819). If identifiable, Rafinesque's name would have priority over Lea's. Quadrula subrotunda (Lea). Unio subrotunda Lea (1831) is not preoccupied by Obliquaria subrotunda Raf. (1820). However, sintoxia Raf. (1820), if identifiable, has precedence over subrotunda Lea. The statement that " many of Rafinesque's species have been credited to Conrad by Mr. C. T. Simpson " is hardly fair to the latter. Conrad did sufficiently describe and figure a consider- able number of species in his " Monography " of 1836, which he credited to Rafinesque. At least one of these, U. cordatus, does not agree with the specimen under that name in the Poul- son collection as identified by Vanatla. Simpson states ex- pressly that he had made careful and repeated attempts to identify Rafinesque's species and that, while he found quite a number that should be recognized and which he did recognize, as to the remainder he was "utterly unable to make anything THE NAUTILUS. 47 out of them." Having reached this conclusion, the only thing that he could do was to credit the species described in the Monography under these indeterminable names to Conrad. The list of names proposed by Rafinesque and not mentioned in Simpson's Synopsis is also misleading. Of the twenty-three " Unios " listed, only three were described as distinct species of Unio by Rafinesque : eight are varieties of certain species of Unio, while the remaining twelve are made up of one species and eleven varieties described under various different generic names. It would certainly have been better if Simpson had given a complete list of all of the species named by Rafinesque as long as he attempted to compile such a list at all. But the value of quoting indeterminable species is questionable and so far as nomenclatoral purposes are concerned, they are practical!}' nomina nuda. In conclusion, Mr. Vanatta proposes new names for three species described by Lea and Conrad under names supposed to be preoccupied by Rafinesque. One of them, Pleurobema simpsoni, proposed for Unio striatus Lea seems unnecessary as Rafinesque' s striata was described as an Obovaria and not as an Unio. If Rafinesque's Unio nigra and Unio viridis are identifiable, the other two changes proposed are proper under the Code. These changes are but a foretaste of what is likely to happen to very many of the familiar names used for our American species, when the thankless and interminable task of collating all of the varietal names used for the Unionidae from the begin- ning has been completed and the unnecessary and vicious pro- visions of the Code in regard to the standing of varietal names is enforced according to the letter of the law. A NEW TEREDO FROM THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA. BY PAUL BARTSCH. In looking over the West American Teredinidae in the collec- tion of the U. S. National Museum, I find an undescribed species from the San Diego region which may be called : 48 THE NAUTILUS. TEREDO DIEGENSIS new species. Expanded portion of pallets ovate, tipped at the distal end, which is the smaller, by a thick black distally truncated corneous cap. A complete description and illustration of the shell, which is like typical Teredo, will follow shortly in a monograph on the American species of this family. There are six lots of this species in the collection of the U. S. National Museum from San Diego, California. The type is registered under Cat. No. 74219 U. S. N. M. NOTES. BlFIDARIA CLEMENTINA OLDROYDAE, N. VAR. — Shell similar to B. dementina St., but it lacks the basal fold. The angular la- mella has a transverse depression, which gives it a double ap- pearance in the face view. Length 1.9., diam. .9 mm. From Santa Barbara Island collected by H. HemphilJ in October 1902. The type is No. 113848 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., donated by Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd, in whose honor it is named. — E. G. VAN ATT A. VIVIPARUS MALLEATUS Reeve. — In the NAUTILUS, Vol. 19, p. 35, July 1915 I published a note on the occurrence of this species in Massachusetts. That the colony is still thriving is shown by Messrs. Wm. J. Clench and Kendall Foster who ob- tained over 50 specimens this spring, varying from 10 to 45 mm. In cleaning one of the larger specimens I obtained from the oviduct a specimen measuring 6 mm. — C. W. JOHNSON. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. THE PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA OF GREAT BRITAIN. By F. W. Harmer F. G. S. Part II, pgs. 201-302. (Palaeontographical Society 1914). This part contains the Pleurotomidae. A number of new species are described and all of the species are figured on seven plates. THE NAUTILUS. PLATE I. PLEURODONTE TORRE! HENDERSON. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXX. SEPTEMBER, 1916. No. 5 A NEW CUBAN ZACHRYSIA. BY JOHN B. HENDERSON. PLEURODONTE (ZACHRYSIA) TORREI n. sp. PI. I. Imperforate, depressed, solid, straw color with russet streaks strongly arched forward, darker just behind the aperture. Four whorls, first -| subtly spirally lirate and then malleated ; the rest finely costulate striate, the striae arching forward and becoming wavy and complicated on the last whorl, and especially in the peripheral region, by two sets of revolving striae, one microscopically fine, giving under the lens a wrinkled appear- ance. There is a smooth shining area about the base. Last Avhorl abruptly descending in front, strongly carinated, the carina directed upward, so that the whorl is concave above and convex below except in the last \ whorl, where the carina is less obvious and the whorl becomes swollen and convex above. The outline of the final \ whorl is nearly straight, and bulges out into a gibbous ring about the aperture. Aperture small, very oblique, truncate oval. Peristome thickened, slightly ex- panded, white ; basal margin horizontal, nearly straight, form- ing an obtuse angle with the curved outer lip ; obsoletely toothed near the insertion of the columella. Major diam. 31 ; min. diam. 25 ; height 17 ; ap. (inside) 11 by 8^ mm. Locality: Farallones de Canipu, " Cayo del Rey': in the Mayari hills of Oriente Province, Cuba. The shell has a lop-sided appearance, attenuated on the left, and swollen on the right side. The peculiar shape suggests a 50 THE NAUTILUS. deformity ; but many specimens taken without other forms or variation preclude such conclusion. The species is more closely comparable with P. guantanamensis and P. proboscidea than with any other of the group ; but from these it is separable by the revolving sculpture and the up-tilted carina. It is the only carinated Zachrysia yet observed. THE ANATOMICAL STKUCTUEE OF GONIDEA ANGULATA (LEA). BY A. E. ORTMANN. The specimens at hand belong to the var. haroldiana Dall (Smithson. Misc. Coll. 50, 1908, p. 499; Hannibal, Proc. Malacol. Soc. London 10, 1912, p. 127, pi. 6, f. 10 ; Simpson, Descript. Cat. Nai., 1914, p. 466). They have been collected by H. Hannibal in Coyote Creek, Milpitas, Sta. Clara Co., California, partly on March 31, 1913, and partly in June, 1913. Over two dozen were received, among them males, sterile and gravid females. Anal and supracmal openings separated by a well-developed mantle-connection, which is about f as long as the anal, and about half as long as the supra-anal. Inner edge of anal with fine papillae. Branchial opening separated from the anal by the gill-diaphragm, its inner edge with large papillae ; branchial well defined anteriorly by the sudden disappearance of the papillae. Palpi subfalciform, their posterior margins connected for about the half of their length. Gills long and broad, the inner the broader. Outer gill gradually narrowing in front, its anterior end at the highest point of the line of attachment of the mantle, quite distant from the palpi. Inner gill narrowing more suddenly, and its anter- ior end about midway between palpi and anterior end of outer gill or at two thirds of this distance, but there is always a space behind the palpi. Outer lamina of outer gills entirely con- nected with mantle. Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac, except at its anterior end. Behind the foot, the two inner laminae of the inner gills are connected. Thus the gill-diaphragm is complete. THE NAUTILUS. 51 Gills with well- developed septa, running parallel to the gill filaments and forming water tubes. However, the septa are not all continuous, but are often interrupted, chiefly so toward the proximal (basal) part of the gill, and, toward the edge, frequently shorter septa are intercalated. In the female, all four gills have marsupial structure : the septa are much heavier and more closely set than in the male ; this structure is most evident in the central parts of the gills, while at the anterior and posterior ends it resembles more that of the male. The heavy septa in the middle of the gills of the female are frequently perforated by subcircular holes, so that here the interruptions of the septa assume a rather regular arrangement. When gravid, all four gills of the female are charged. The gills, when fully charged, are only slightly swollen, with edges remaining sharp, and often there are no ova at the ends of the gills, chiefly the anterior end. The outer gills are charged first, and thus there are some individuals in which the inner gills have not yet received ova. The ova only incompletely stick together in the shape of placentae, and easily fall apart. Glochidia moderately large, subovate or nearly subcircular : they represent, in outline, a segment of a circle cut off by the hinge line ; but the circle is not regular, being more narrowly rounded in the middle of the ventral margin. There is no trace of hooks. Valves of the glochidium rather strongly convex. Length and height about equal, 0. 19 mm. None of the gravid females collected on March 31 had glo- chidia, but such were present in some specimens collected in June. This, and the additional facts that in some females the gills were not yet fully charged in March, and that some were discharged in June, demonstrate that the beginning of the breed- ing season falls at the end of the month of March and that it lasts at least till June : a rather unusual time in North-American Nayades. Color of soft parts grayish or brownish white, without any marked or characteristic tints. This species originally was described as an Anodonta, and Simpson (1900 and 1914) placed it in his group of Homogenae, which largely (with the exception of the last three genera) 52 THE NAUTILUS. corresponds to my subfamily Anodontinae (Ortmannn, Naut. 23, 1920, p. 117 and Ann. Cam. Mus. 8, 1912, pp. 224 and 278). However, it does not belong here at all. It is true, the rudimentary condition of the hinge suggests its affinity with the Anodontinae, and what Simpson knew about the anatomy did not conflict with this. But the material at hand proves conclusively that none of the characters of the Anodontinae are present. It is, indeed, a member of the family Unionidae (as defined by myself 1. c. ), for it has a complete diaphragm formed only by the gills ; it has a supraanal opening ; the gills have septa and water tubes running parallel to the gill filaments. However, the facts, that all four gills are marsupial ; that the charged gills are only moderately swollen, with sharp edges ; that no system of secondary water canals is developed within the gills ; and that the glochidia are not triangular and have no hooks, place Gonidea with the subfamily Unioninae. Within this subfamily, the genus has quite an isolated posi- tion, offering a curious mixture of primitive and advanced characters. The most primitive features are, that all four gills are marsupial in the female, and the interrupted character of the septa. This latter character is quite unique, suggesting even the ancient family of the Margaritanidae. The rather long mantle-connection between anal and supraanal openings does not agree with the more primitive types of the Unioninae (Fus- conaia etc.), but rather with the more advanced ones (Unio, Elliptic), while the rudimentary condition of the hinge again is unique in the subfamily, exhibiting an advanced condition, which is not known, except in the genus Lastena (see Naut. 28, 1915, p. 106). The simple beak sculpture (4 to 5 subconcentric bars) appears as primitive. The glochidia are also of a primi- tive shape, agreeing with the shape generally found in Unioninae. Hannibal (Science, 36, Dec. 20, 1912, p. 865) has suggested an amended division of the Nayades into families and subfami- lies. I am not prepared to accept this as proposed, but I believe we shall be finalty compelled, chiefly for the sake of convention, to follow his fundamental idea, namely that my subfamilies ( Unioninae, Anodontinae, Lampsilinae) should rank as families. Then my Unioninae would become Unionidae (not THE NAUTILUS. 53 Quadrulinae, as Hannibal proposes, for I emphatically want to retain the European Unio in this group), and certain groups of my " Unioninae" should be elevated to the rank of subfamilies. Of the genera treated by myself in 1912 (1. c. p. 239, 240), eight (Fusconaia to Uniomerus) should form the subfamily Quadrulinae ; the European Unio should form the subfamily Unioninae, and Parreysia and Lamellidens probably should form a third subfamily. In addition, another new subfamily should be erected for the present genus, that of the Gonideinae, with the characters of shell and soft parts as indicated above. However, I refrain at present from working this out in detail, since there are yet many, chiefly exotic (Asiatic) genera, which require further study. A NEW LANDSHELL FKOM BRAZIL. BY PAUL BARTSCH. Among a lot of shells collected by Mr. H. M. Curran on the Rio Grungugy, Bahia, Brazil, is an Oxychona which differs from any of the described forms, and which I take pleasure in naming after the discoverer : OXYCHONA PYRAMIDELLA CURRANI. New subspecies. The shell strongly suggests Oxychona pyramidella (Wagner) described in his Testacea Fluviatilia Brasiliana, page 22, plate 16, figures 1 and 2, 1827, but differs from it by having the spire entirely white. The lip of our shell is of old-rose color while the broad basal band, which terminates a little before reaching the aperture, is liver-brown with a glaucous suffusion. The basal band is about one-third of the width of the base and is separated from the peripheral angle by a narrow white zone about one-fourth the width of the brown band. Our shell has seven whorls and measures : height 18.4 mm., greater diameter 22 mm., lesser diameter 18.6 mm.; the aperture measures from the columella to the outer angle of the keel 12.5 mm., from the columella to the posterior angle 6 mm. The type is Cat. No. 322281 U. S. N. M. 54 THE NAUTILUS. I am greatly indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for comparing our specimen with material in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. STUDIES IN NAIADES. BY A. E. ORTMANN. ( Concluded from Vol. 29, page 67. ) EURYNIA (MICROMYA) ARKANSASENSis (Lea). (See: Lampsilis ark. Simpson, 1900, p. 557). Three males and three sterile females from Saline River, Benton, Saline Co., Ark., collected by H. E. Wheeler, July 13, 1911. Mantle-connection between anal and supraanal moderately long, but shorter than either opening. Anal with distinct or indistinct crenulations. Branchial with papillae. In front of branchial, the inner edge of the mantle is slightly lamellar in the female, with a series of about a dozen very small, rather distant, and somewhat irregular papillae, accompanied by a streak of black pigment. These papillae are smaller than those of the branchial opening, and are most distinct anteriorly. They are smaller than those of vanuxemensis, but agree very nearly with those of constricta. In the male, the streak of black pigment is present, but the papillae are represented by mere crenulations. Posterior margins of palpi connected at base. Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal sac. Mar- supium of the sterile female with 20 to 25 ovisacs, its edge pale brownish. This species also in the shell resembles E. vanuxemensis and constricta, but it is more swollen and has more anterior beaks. The female has the characteristic shape of these species, but the enlarged and truncated posterior part is more evenly rounded, and the posterior end not so much produced. At least one of my females (the largest) has an indication of the " constriction" seen in old specimens of the two other species. THE NAUTILUS. 55 EURYNIA (MicROMYA) LiENOSA (Conrad). (See: Ortmann, 1912, p. 340). In addition to the specimens investigated previously (from Mississippi), I received a gravid and discharging female from H. E. Wheeler, collected May 19, 1911, in the Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, and several gravid females collected in September, 1911, in Big Deceiper Creek, Gum Springs, Clark Co., Arkansas. The glochidia agree with those decribed previously, but their general shape should be called subspatulate, with almost straight anterior and posterior margins. Length, 0.20; Height, 0.27mm. EURYNIA (EURYNIA) SUBROSTRATA (Say). (See: Lampsilis s. Simpson, 1900, p. 546). Specimens from Big Deceiper Creek, Gum Springs, Clark Co., Ark., collected by H. E. Wheeler, September, 1911. Two were gravid females, one with eggs, the other with glochidia. Mantle connection between anal and supraanal long, over twice as long as the short anal, and somewhat longer than the supraanal. Inner edge of anal crenulated, that of branchial with papillae. In the female, the inner edge of the mantle, in front of the branchial, carries a row of numerous, small, but distinct papillae, which are subcylindrical or subconical, of rather uniform size (the largest in the posterior part), and are somewhat distant from each other. A black streak extends from the branchial to a certain distance forward. In the male, the black streak is short, and the papillae are rudimentary and very distant from each other. Palpi with one-third of the posterior margins connected. Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal sac, but sometimes a small hole is present at the posterior end of the foot. Marsupium in the posterior half of the outer gills, in my specimens, with 18 to 25 ovisacs. Edge with some blackish - brown pigment. Glochidia subovate (not subspatulate), higher than long. Length, 0.21; height, 0.26 mm. They are closely allied to those of E. nasuta, but are distinctly smaller (0.25 X 0.29 mm. in nasuta). 56 THE NAUTILUS. The glochidia have been figured by Lefevre and Curtis (Bull. Bur. Fish., 30 [1910], 1912, pi. 8 f. 13, 14, 15), and the fig. 13 gives the shape correctly, but measurements have not been published. Lefevre and Curtis (Journ. Exper. Zool., 9, 1910, p. 95), point to the glochidia of this species as having a shape, which might be regarded as transitional toward the '' axe-head " (or "celt") glochidia of Proptera. This is quite right; but the glochidia found in the subgenus Micromya of Eurynia are yet closer to the axe-head type. The same authors have published (1910, pi. 1, f. 2; 1912, pi. 6, 1 2), a general figure of the soft parts of the gravid female. In shell characters, this species is near E. nasuta (Say), but the papillae of the mantle edge are somewhat larger, and not as closely set. This makes it, to a degree, transitional between typical Eurynia and the subgenus Micromya. With regard to the glochidia, E. subrostrata is more closely allied to E. nasuta. Also E. recta (Lamarck) has subovate, and not subspatulate glochidia. LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSA SATUE (Lea). (See: Simpson, 1900, p. 527). A number of specimens from the Old River of the Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Ark., collected by H. E. Wheeler, on May 19 and June 26, 1911, among them gravid females with glochidia, discharging on the latter date. Soft parts entirely like those of L. ventricosa (Barnes). Glochidia like those of L. ventricosa in shape, subovate, but distinctly smaller. Length, 0.22: height, 0.25 mm. (0.25 X 0.29 in ventricosa^). This form, according to Simpson, is " a rather delicate, dark colored variety of ventricosus." There is nothing "delicate" about my specimens. The form satur was founded upon a female, and the male has never been figured. I have males. Both sexes differ from ventricosa by greater convexity of the valves, more prominent umbones, and by dark color. The peculiar emargination of the posterior margin of the female is an individual character, restricted to old specimens. Some of my younger specimens are lighter in color, dark olive-green, and have rays. A very similar form is L. excavata (Lea) THE NAUTILUS. 57 (Mississippi to Georgia), but this has a rather sharp posterior ridge. Eastern excavata are also much lighter in color, but I have specimens from Jackson, Miss., which are as dark assatur. On account of the glochidia, I have the suspicion, that satur might be a good species. Intergrading specimens are not known. NOTES. Recently the Boston Society of Natural History received from Prof. Edward S. Morse a pamphlet with the following title on its cover — " PUBLICATIONS OF THE 0. G. B. III. MOL- LUSCA OF CINCINNATI. CINCINNATI: L. A. BURDSAL, PRINTER. 1876." Wishing to know the origin of this publication, our Librarian wrote to the Cincinnati Society of Natural His- tory and the following information was received from Mr. Lester D. Collier, through the kindness of Mr. Charles Dury. "The pamphlet described was published by some Woodward High School boys and the Burdsal mentioned was one of them. The letters 0. G. B. stands for " Our Geological Boys ". Wm. Doherty was one. I was well acquainted with these boys, who were much interested in geology. The list of shells was made by them from specimens collected here and mostly by them. Some of them are dead and most (if not all) of them, gone from here. This is my recollection of it". The paper con- tains twelve pages, including the title page, " List of the mollusca existing in the neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio". The preface is dated August 6, 1876. The list contains 103 species. — C. W. JOHNSON. SHELLS OF MT. MONADNOCK, N. H. — Mt. Monadnock, where I am staying (for the last seven summers) being mostly spruce- clad and often very dry during the late summer, is a very poor collecting ground for snails. However the excessively wet last July has started them out and by the energetic collecting of Miss Rebecca Kite and myself we have succeeded in getting representatives of the following species from between 2,000 and 3,000 feet altitude, all rare. Polygyra albolabris Say. 58 THE NAUTILUS. Polygyra palliata Say. (2 specimens). Polygyra thyroides Say. (1 dead and broken shell). Pyramidula alternata Say. (2 specimens). Pyramidula cronkhitei catskillensis Pils. Strobilops virgo Pils. (1 specimen). Succinea obliqua Say. (2 specimens). Zonitoides arboreus Say. (The least rare species). Vitrea radiatula Alder. (1 specimen). Agriolimax agrestis L. Philomycus pennsylvanicus Pils. Limax sp. indet. (1 specimen). — WM. H. BALL. PUBLICATIONS EECEIVED. MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC MACTRINAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA. By Earl L. Packard (Univ. of California Publ., Bull. Dept. of Geology, Vol. 9, No. 15, pp. 261-360, pis. 12-35, May, 1916). This thorough and interesting account of the fossil Mactrinae of that region has also considerable bearing on the recent forms. Spisula voyi Gabb, described as a Callista (1869) is found to be the same as S. alaskana Dall 1894. Eight new species and one new variety are described. The illustrations are excellent. NEW MIOCENE FOSSILS. By Axel Olsson (Bull. Amer. Pal- eontology, Vol. 5, No. 27, 32 pp., 3 pis., July, 1916). In this paper are described and figured 34 new species and 3 new varieties of mollusca from the Yorktown, Duplin and Choptank formations of Virginia, North Carolina and Maryland, and one species from Alum Bluff, Fla., also a new subgenus Heterocerithiopsis. A PRELIMINARY CATALOG OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPHAE- RIID.E. By Victor Sterki, M. D. (Annals of the Carnegie Mu- seum, X, 1916). The last general work on our species of this family was that of Prime published in 1865. The growth of collections of freshwater shells since that time has been enormous, and large THE NAUTILUS. 59 areas entirely or quite imperfectly unrepresented in the older collections have been explored. More intensive work and better methods of collecting have resulted also in a great increase of species known from the older States. Most of the material col- lected in recent years has been studied by Dr. Sterki, who has now given us a systematic catalogue, with distribution, synony- my and descriptions of new forms. The recent species admitted by Sterki and by Prime number as follows: Sphaerium Musculium Eupera Pisidium (Species . . 31 23 2 88 (Subspecies .8 9 0 49 Prime. Species. . . 17 13 1 17 While there has been great increase in all the genera, during the past 50 years, Pisidium has been enlarged far more than the genera of Sphaeria, in which specific characters are more obvious. To conchologists Pisidium is much what Crataegus is to the botanists. A classification into subgenera is given on pages 472-4. The subgenera Lacustrina (type Pisidium idahoense) and Fontinalina (type P. fontinale} are new. We may inquire whether authors who give preference to the principle of tautonymy in type selection (International Rules, Art. 30, I, d) would consider Oyclas cornea the type of Corneocyclas F£r., which in that case would replace the subgenus Corneola Clessin. Dr. Sterki has a monograph of the American Sphseriida? under way. Until this is published, conchologists will find the present catalogue in- dispensable.— H. A. P. SOME DIRECTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLECTING THE SPHAERIID.E AND AQUATIC GASTROPODS. By Victor Sterki, M. D. This paper, following the preceding, will be found useful by all conchologists collecting freshwater shells, as it gives the methods which have proved most effective. A TRIP TO ISLANDS IN LAKE ERIE. By Calvin Goodrich (Annals Carnegie Mus. X, 1916, pp. 527-531). The record of a collecting excursion made by Dr. Clapp, Dr. Bryant Walker, Mr. Lucas Beecher and the author in July, 1915, 60 THE NAUTILUS. to the group of islands belonging to Ohio and Ontario, of which only two, Put-in-Bay and Green (formerly Strontian) have appeared in previous conchological literature. Lists of the land shells of seven islands are given with a resum6 of the geological history of the islands during successive stages of glacial time. The exceptional interest of these faunas as indices of the rate of evolutionary change, giving definite data on the question of the age of well-marked insular races, is alluded to. The paper forms an introduction to the following one. NOTES ON THE LAND-SHELLS OF THE ISLANDS AT THE WESTERN END OF LAKE ERIE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW VARIETIES. By George H. Clapp, (Annals Carnegie Mus. X, 1916). The new forms are as follows: Pyramidula solitaria strontiana, Green Island. Pyramidula solitaria roseoapicaia, North Harbor Island. Pyramidula solitaria mynesites, Mouse Island. Pyramidula alternata eriensis, Middle Sister and other Islands. Polygyra profunda strontiana, Green, North Harbor, Middle Sister Island. Polygyra albolabris goodrichi, Middle Sister Island. "Many of the larger shells of these islands show distinct insular modification. . . . Others are indistinguishable from the mainland forms, and this is particularly true of the shells of Put-in-Bay island, where there seems to have been no change in the species we found." The divergence from mainland forms of the species is notably different on different islands, as in the cases of Pyramidula solitaria strontiana, and roseoapicata. Dif- ferent species are diversely modified, so that the differentiation of the races does not appear directly related to the insular con- ditions, though such relations might become obvious on further investigation. It may be a case of isolation products, due to different mutations occurring in the several colonies. Important facts for evolution might follow further study of the physical, faunal and floral conditions of the islands. At all events, the little exploration by Messrs. Clapp, Goodrich and Walker has opened up an interesting field for research. A form similar to P. alternata eriensis is found in some of the islands off the New England coast. An excellent plate of shell- figures and diagrams showing variation curves illustrate the paper. H. A. P. & C. W. J. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXX. OCTOBER, 1916. No. 6 A NEW SUBEMARGINULA FROM CALIFORNIA. ' BY WILLIAM HEALEY BALL. Among some specimens sent for examination from California I find a new Subemarginula collected by Mrs. W. H. Golisch of Los Angeles at San Nicolas island of the Santa Barbara group. SUBEMARGINULA GOLISCH.E n. sp. Shell of moderate size, radiately ribbed, concentrically zoned and radiately striped with dark rose color, the worn apex green- ish, the interior whitish, the extreme edge of the slightly cren- ulated interior margin with the external coloration showing through. Sculpture of rather strong radial ribs, corrugated more or less by strong incremental rugosities, alternated in front and behind with a single feebler rib, on the sides there are two or three minor riblets between the major ribs ; apex rather acute, somewhat anterior ; marginal notch shallow, its groove distinct on the internal face of the shell ; the number of major ribs in the type specimen is about twenty. Length 20 ; apex behind the notch 7 ; width 13 ; height 7.5 mm. In a general way this shell looks like one of the varieties of Fissurella volcano Reeve, except for the entire apex. OBSERVATIONS ON TTNIO GIGANTEUS BARNES. BY L. S. FRIERSON. Although the common and striking plicated shells were among the first of the Western Unios to receive names, their nomenclature is still considerably confused. 62 THE NAUTILUS. The first species to be named was the plicatus. Although that Thomas Say described it in Nicholson's Encyclopedia, was an easily ascertainable fact, Dr. Lea persisted throughout his life in denying this, and he credited the species to LeSueur ; an error in which he has been largely followed. Say's type came from Lake Erie, and it has been claimed therefore that his species is really the flattened form widely known as undulatus. But in 3830 Mr. Say wrote the " plicatus is a species with very prominent umboes." Therefore the pli- catus (s. s. ) is that form which, as Barnes wrote, "can stand on end." The more common form of the same species which has flattened umboes, is very generally called undulatus Barnes. This is an error of nomenclature for two distinct reasons. The earliest name for this form is costata Rafinesque. The descrip- tion of costata has been said to be inadequate, but without good reason, for Rafinesque' s figure is unquestionably that of a plicate shell. His statement that its "disc is flattened" pre- cludes the plicnta, (s. s. ) and the statement that the "animal is yellow" excludes the multiplicatus. The two forms above named constitute a single species, con- nected by myriad links. The third form is readily distinguished by its umboes being covered with literations. It is widely but erroneously called heros Say, or multiplicatus Lea, neither of which names should be used, since either of them have been preceded by at least two (if not three!) names. The earliest name is almost certainly peruviana Lamarck. But because of ambiguity this name cannot be used.1 Another name is the undulatus Barnes, almost universally applied to the costata, but is without doubt the heros Say! Barnes' statement among others, that its "disc is tuberculate below the beaks" almost alone proves this contention. As in the case of peruviana, the iden- tity of undulatus has been thoroughly confused by authors, about half identifying it with heros, the others with costata. Luckily there can be no doubt concerning the identity of the 1 Lea stated that Lamarck's Unio peruviana was what has commonly been known as U. plicatus. This identification is entirely borne out by the figure n Encyclopedie Methodique, cited by Lamarck — EDS. THE NAUTILUS. 63 name which we now adopt for this magnificent Naiad, Unio giganteus Barnes 1823. This very appropriate name has been totally overlooked by systematists. Simpson, it is true, mentions it ; but he credited it to Lea, saying, ' ' Dr. Lea does not describe this but only states that it is in Dr. Mitchell' s collection. Probably it has never been described." (Synopsis, 1900, page 767, note 4.) Unio giganteus was, however, described as a named variety of his crassus which, as is well known, embraced the plicate shells. (His Variety "jfif," is typical Lake Erie plicata /) Following the general description of crassus, Barnes writes— "Variety (i) Unio giganteus. Mississippi. Dr. MitcheW s col- lection." The variety (i) deserves particular notice. A single valve sent by Professor Douglass to Dr. Mitchell weighs fifteen ounces. It is in every respect a gigantic shell. The distance between the points of the two lobes of the cardinal tooth is one inch ; the length of the lateral tooth, three inches ; diameter of the posterior cicatrix, one inch, and its depth, one-fourth of an inch. This species, of which four specimens were obtained by the N. W. Expedition, might perhaps constitute a separate species under the designation of Unio giganteus. It is three times the size of the largest Unio crassus mentioned by Mr. Say and M. Lamarck. Three specimens — Diameter 2.9, Length 4.8, Breadth 7.2, 3.0, " 4.6, 7.0, 3.1, 4.7, 7.1, are pre- served in Dr. MitcheW s collection. Another specimen — Diameter 2.9, Length 4.9, Breadth 7.0, and weighing fourteen ounces, is preserved in Gov. Cass's collection, Detroit. Habitat. The Mississippi, near Prairie du Chien. Prof. Douglass. These specimens labeled "giganteus," in Dr. Mitchell's col- lection, were mentioned by Mr. Lea, who (in Obs., vol I, page 31, footnote) writes — "The giganteus of Dr. Mitchell's collec- 64 THE NAUTILUS. tion is also a peruviana which occurs in our western waters of a larger size and more ponderous than any species we know of." The reader will note that Lea identified the giganteus as per- uviana. At this time (1829) he regarded all the plicate shells as being one species. He never mentioned giganteus again ! Can it be that this omission arose because of his very evident wish to protect his name of multiplicatus ? With the possible exception of peruviana, the giganteus is the earliest name given to the species, as well as the most appro- priate. Following Lea, Simpson placed "giganteus" (Lea) under plicatus. The giganteus of Barnes however can be noth- ing else than heros. No other Naiad attains the dimensions given by him. This species has recently been erected into a separate genus by Utterback, whence its proper name is now Megalonaias giganteus Barnes, 1823. PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCA FROM CALLAWAY COUNTY, MISSOURI. BY DARLING K. GREGER, COLUMBIA, MISSOURI. During the past season, engineers in charge of river improve- ment being carried on near Mokane, Mo., called my attention to two localities where an abundance of fossil or semi-fossil shells were being unearthed, and upon their invitation to con- duct me to the localities, both were examined, and collections made. The first place visited was an excavation on the east bank of Middle River, a short distance below the point of its entrance into the gorge of the Missouri. At a depth of twenty-six feet below the level of the flood-plain of the Missouri River, in a black, sticky clay the following species were gathered: Polygyra profunda, Succinea ovalis f, Polygyra albolabris, Gastrodonta ligera, Polygyra thyroides, Helicina occulta, Polygyra elevata, Pyramidula solitaria. Polygyra clausa, Pyramidula alternata, Polygyra appressa, Pyramidula perspectiva, THE NAUTILUS. 65 Polygyra mflecta, Helicodiscus parallelus, Polygera fraterna, Catnpeloma subsolidum, Polygyra monodon, Pleurocera sp. ? , Polygyra hirsuta, Sphaerium transversum. The second locality examined was an exposure of typical loess in the government quarry a short distance above the town of Mokane on the M. K. & T. R. R. The full section of strata exposed in the quarry face measures approximately seventy feet ; rising abruptly from the flood-plain of the river, the Jeffer- son City formation (Ordovician) presents a precipitous face of sixty feet followed by a layer of tough, bluish clay, interspersed with worn fragments of limestone ; upon this bed of clay is deposited a layer of loess that varies in thickness but having probably an average of nine feet. The loess is capped with a layer of soil rich in humus and supports a flora typical of the Missouri Bluff region. While occasional specimens of the species listed were found throughout the entire thickness of the loess, it was only in a thin zone, about sixteen inches from the base, that they were collected in abundance, in fact they are so abundant in this zone as to attract attention from the highway below, by the white line they present at the top of the quarry, being even more pro- nounced than the Ordovician-Pleistocene contact. Of the entire series collected from this exposure, all have lost their color markings and uniformly present the usual chalky appearance common to the fossils of the loess. A few are filled with a heavy iron-stained deposit ; others are filled with the surrounding loess mass and occasionally speci- mens are unfilled and crumble to dust upon their removal from the matrix. Careful examination of all fragmentary as well as the better preserved shells in the collection gathered at this place fails to detect a single aquatic species, the fauna being composed wholly of land forms, and their being massed together in a single layer can be readily explained as an accumulation left in a depression after a torrential rain. However, a misinterpretation of condi- tions, such as presented in this locality, combined with a lack of knowledge of the habits of the forms found, has led a number 66 THE NAUTILUS. of writers to use just such evidence to advocate the theory of a fluviatile origin for the widely distributed beds of loess in the Missouri Valley region. By passing a quantity of the material from the shell zone over a set of sieves of different mesh. I was enabled to recover a number of very minute species, some of them, notably Cary- chium exile Lea, being quite abundant. List of species from the government quarry near Mokane, Mo. : Polygyra albolabris, (a) Pyramidula solitaria, (c) Polygyra appressa, (a) Pyramidula alternata, (a) Polygyra appressa, small Pyramidula alternata, small var., (c) var., (c) Polygyra elevata, (a) Gastrodonta ligera, (r) Polygyra multilinear, (r) Helicodiscus parallehis, (c) Polygyra thyroides, (c) Vallonia pulchella, (a) Polygyra zaleta ?, (c) Vallonia sp. indet., (r) Polygyra fratema, (c) Bifid aria contracta, (c) Polygyra monodon, (c) Bifidaria armtfera, (c) Polygyra hirsuta, (c) Bifidaria procera?, (r) Zonitoides arborea, (r) Carychium exile, (a) Zonitoides minuscula, (c) Helidna occidta, (c) (a) == abundant, (c) == common, (r) == rare. THE FEEDING H \BITS OF BUSYCON. BY SHIELDS WARREN. Last September I made a series of observations on the feed- ing habits of Busycon at Hyannisport, Massachusetts. This place was well suited for the work, since both B. canalicidata and B. carica occur plentifully, and oysters and quahaugs are fairly numerous. All these observations were made under natural conditions. There are two distinct stages in the feeding habits, the first when the animal is small and the shell weak, the second when the animal is grown and the shell strong. In the first stage they are incapable of attacking a large lamellibranch, and eat carrion and small univalves, such as Nassa, which o.ccur abund- THE NAUTILUS. 67 antly on the flats. To get at the Nassa, they envelop the shell in the foot until it is asphyxiated, and then clean out the animal with the radula. In the second stage the quahaug and oyster are the chief articles of food, and, contrary to the general opinion, the radula is not used to bore through the shells, but the edges of the valves are chipped away against the lip of the Busycon's shell. I was led to take up these investigations by the following facts : in examining radulae of the Busycons I noticed that they were not so worn as in the borers Polinices and Urosalpinx ; the lips of their shells are almost invariably chipped : and the dead quahaug shells on the flats were not bored but chipped. Subsequently I found that Mr. Harold S. Colton had de- scribed (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila ; 1908) the feeding of B. canaliculata as observed in the aquarium of the University of Pennsylvania. The following statements are quoted from his summary. " They (canaliculata and carica') open the shells of oysters by wedging their own shell between the valves and tear out the flesh with their radula. They probably treat quahaugs in the same way. "Sycotypus will attack any except Venus." He also states that the whelk waits until the bivalve opens and then inserts its shells between the valves. Mr. C. W. Johnson suggested to me that the bivalves might have been weakened by life in the aquarium, and this is pro- bably the explanation of the shells' opening their valves while gripped in the Busycon's foot. Also while B. canaliculata will not attack quahaugs as early in life as B. carica, since the lip of its shell remains almost paper-like until the animal is well grown, I found two large specimens eating quahaugs. The Busycons I observed ate in the following manner. An oyster is held in the foot with the hinge toward the canal, while a quahaug is grasped in such a way that the hinge is toward the columella, but in both cases the edges of the bivalve are left free. In the majority of cases the Busycon rests on its foot with the canal pointing upwards at an angle of about 30°. The foot is slowly contracted, about six times a minute, and the 68 THE NAUTILUS. edge of the oyster is brought against the inner edge of the lip with considerable pressure and then drawn inward and toward the canal. A small piece is chipped from the edge of the oyster and the process repeated until a gap is made large enough to to admit the radula, which then tears out the flesh. This method of getting at the animal explains not only the rough- ened and chipped condition of the lip of the Busycon, but also the chipped oyster and quahaug shells. Occasionally I have found a live quahaug with its edge much chipped but still intact, so the whelk does not always succeed. Usually, how- ever, it encounters but little difficulty. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES FROM THE CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY OF THE TESLA, PLEASANTON, SAN JOSE, AND MT. HAMILTON QUADRANGLES, CALIFORNIA. BY E. B. HALL AND A. W. AMBROSE. INTRODUCTION. During the paleontological work at Stanford University, for a folio covering the Tesla, Pleasanton, San Jose and Mt. Hamilton Quadrangles, several new forms were found. In order that the names of these might be established, the writers decided to publish the descriptions of the same. The writers' thanks are due Dr. James Perrin Smith for his assistance to the writers in this work. HORSETOWN — MIDDLE CRETACEOUS. PECTEN CLARKENSIS n. s. Hall and Ambrose. Description. Shell small, two specimens found averaging 17 mm. in altitude, little higher than long, compressed, thin, sub- circular, equivalve and equilateral ; ears equal, moderately small, base regularly rounded, margins smooth. Surface marked by 20 or 21 radiating nearly equal ribs, being two or three times the width of interspaces that terminate abruptly a little way from margin, also by obscure lines of growth. Dimensions. Alt., 16mm.; latitude, 16mm.; longitude, 18 mm. ; hinge line (restored and approximate) 9 mm. ; diam- eter, 11 mm. THE NAUTILUS. 69 Notes. Characterized by definite number and character of ribs, and easily distinguished from P. operculiformis, P. califor- nicus, P. complexcosta, and P. interradiatus. Named in honor of W. 0. Clark. Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif. Locality. Found by W. 0. Clark on the San Jose Quadrangle, two and a half miles Northeast of Milpitos, just at beginning of foothills and a little north of serpentine outcrop. Horizon. Horsetown, middle Cretaceous. AVICULA GREGORYI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose. Description. Shell oblique, subcompressed ; ears very un- equal ; beaks moderate, anterior; cardinal line straight ; anterior ear short and angular with small byssal notch ; posterior ear broad ; anterior margin regularly rounded from near umbo to base, posterior margin straight and sharply rounded to base, basal margin forms an excentric curve, most produced behind. Ears gradually round into body of shell. Surface marked by numerous faint, but distinct, radiating ribs. Dimensions. Altitude 7 mm.; longitude 9 mm.; hinge line 5 mm. ; diameter. Notes. Distinguished from A. pellucida by ribs, byssal notch and lack of acuminate posterior ear. Named in honor of A. E. Gregory, Stanford University, Calif. Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif. Locality. One and one-half miles S. 10 W. of Carnegie, Tesla Quadrangle. Horizon. Horsetown, middle Cretaceous. SONNERATIA ROGERSI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose. Description. Shell small, not often above a diameter of 4.5 mm. ; discoidal, laterally compressed and flattened ; umbilicus not large, about one-quarter total diameter, funnel form due to sloping sides and gradual increasing thickness of shell ; sides converge gently toward periphery; ventral surface subquadrate; surface ornamented with about sixty transverse flexuous ribs which usually cross the ventral surface and terminate in about one-quarter as many distinct tubercules upon the shoulder of 70 THE NAUTILUS. the umbilicus. The ribs show a tendency to bifurcate from these ridge-like tubercules, and become less distinct on the sides of the shell, curving gently backward, and becoming very dis- tinct and wider near the outer margin where they turn decid- edly forward. The suture line is simple, consisting of a few broadly rounded saddles and wide lobes having very short branches. Saddles little indented, and are bifid with rounded denticles and incisions. Lobes unequally tripartite. Notes. This form easily distinguished from S. stantoni, as it has nearly twice as many ribs, a lack of fine lines, striations on ribs and interspaces, and a greater size. Named in honor of Professor A. F. Rogers, Stanford University, Calif. Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif. Locality. Three-quarters of a mile South of Carnegie, Corral Hollow, Tesla Quadrangle. Horizon. Horsetown, middle Cretaceous. CHICO — UPPER CRETACEOUS. ATAPHRUS PEMBERTONI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose. Description. Shell medium, thick, rather flattened, spire low; whorls four, rounded, enlarging rapidly anteriorly, and revolv- ing a little obliquely; whole body being about twice as large as penultimate. Aperture oblique, subcircular. columellar lip thick and rather straight. Surface smooth, marked only by occasional very faint lines of growth; umbilical region covered by a smooth callus, which merges insensibly into general surface. Dimensions. Alt., 12 mm.; lat., 18 mm.; alt. of body whorl, 7 mm. ; alt. of aperture, 9 mm. Notes. Distinguished from A. crassa by its size, higher spire, and non-rounding of columellar lip. Named in honor of J. R. Pemberton. Type. Museum, Stanford University, California. Locality. Jordan Ranch, Arroyo del Valle, Tesla Quadrangle, Alameda County. California. Horizon. Lower Chico, upper Cretaceous. CERITHIUM BRANNERI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose. Description. Shell elongate, slender; whorls numerous, prob- THE NAUTILUS. 71 ably eight, two apical whorls being lost, rounded on sides; suture linear, impressed. Surface marked by numerous, slightly curved longitudinal ribs, about twenty-six to a volution; these are more prominent near upper suture of the whorl and become very indistinct at the lower suture ; very fine striae cover both ribs and interspaces, running parallel with ribs ; ribs and inter- spaces crossed alike by numerous shapely elevated revolving threads, running parallel to suture. These produce a small node at each crossing of the longitudinal rib one-quarter of the way down on the lowest whorl, one-third down on the second, one-half down on the third, and the entire way down on the remaining whorls. Aperture, sub- circular ; inner margin some- what thickened and curved. Dimensions (less several apical whorls). Alt,, 16mm.; lat., 7 mm.; alt. of body whorl, 13 mm.; alt. of aperture, 4^ mm. Notes. Named in honor of Dr. John C. Branner. Type. Museum, .Stanford University, California. Locality. One mile north, 20° west of Tesla and Corral Hollow, Tesla Quadrangle. Horizon. Middle Chico, upper Cretaceous. ( To be continued) NOTES. FOSSIL CHITONS. In working over some fossil shells from the Pleistocene strata of Deadman's Island, San Pedro, California, I find that I have three species which are not listed by Arnold in his "Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro." Katherina tunicata Sby. One perfect anterior valve. Ischnochiton conspicuus Cpr. One perfect posterior valve. Mopalia hindsii (Sby. ) Rve. One central valve in good con- dition. These were identified by comparing with recent specimens. Ischnochiton conspicuus is found living in this vicinity and has been reported fossil from the Pleistocene at Signal Hill, Long Beach, by Mr. T. S. Oldroyd. (NAUTILUS, vol. 28, page 80.) 72 THE NAUTILUS. Katherina tunicata and Mopalia hindsii are found living at Mon- terey and farther north but are not found living in this locality. — E. P. CHACE. VlRIPARUS CONTECTOIDES BlNN. IN BOSTON, MASS. This species has recently appeared in great numbers in the Lake in the Public Garden. Adults measuring 23 mm. (slightly eroded) are comparatively scarce, but specimens measuring from 9 to 13 mm. are abundant. Mr. E. G. Vanatta has recorded it from the lily pond, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia (NAUT. vol. 26, p. 84, 1912). As this species is frequently kept in aquaria, it has probably been introduced in the Lake with goldfish which are annually placed there. — C. W. JOHNSON. MELANELLA IOTOIDES. — When I published Melanella iota in my " Report on the Turton Collection of South African Marine Mollusks," Bulletin 91, U. S. National Museum, page 67, plate 19, fig. 2, 1915, I overlooked the existence of a previously de- scribed Melanella bearing this name ; namely, Eulima iota C. B. Adams, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., p. 422, 1852. My shell therefore requires a new name, and may be known as Melanella iotoides. — PAUL BARTSCH. NEW JERSEY SHELLS. — The following species of shells were picked from leaf-mould collected by Mr. Bayard Long on April 7th and May 19th, 1916, near Garden Lake Station, west of Clementon, Camden county, New Jersey. The Euconulus and Strobilops are southern species new to the state : Polygyra albolabris Say, P. thyroidus Say, P. fallax Say, Pupoides margin- atus Say, Bifidaria armifera Say, B. contracta Say, B. pentodon Say, Vertigo tridentata Wolf, V. milium Gld. , Strobilops fioridana Pils., Vallonia excentrica St., Columella edentida Drap., Polita hammonis Strom., P. indentata Say, Striatura milium Mrse. , Zon- itoides arborea Say, Z. minuscula Binn., Agriolimax campestris Binn., shell only, Euconulus chersinus trochulus Reinh., Helico- discus parallelus Say, Punctum pygmseum Drap., Succinea avara Say, and Carychium exiguum Say. — E. G. VANATTA. THE NAUTILUS. PLATE II. C\J UNIO RADIATUS ONEIDENSIS BAKER. HE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXX. NOVEMBER, 1916. No. 7 EULIMASTOMA, A NEW SUBGENUS OF PYRAMIDELLIDS AND REMARKS Off THE GENUS SCALENOSTOMA. BY PAUL BARTSCH. Additional material received by the United States National Museum makes it necessary to create a new subgenus for the Pyramidellida typified by Odostomia (Scalenostoma) dotella Dall and Bartsch (Bull. 68, U. S. N. M., p. 230, 1909). Scalenostoma must be referred to the family Melanellidae (= Eulimidae) . There is a wonderful resemblance between Eulimastoma and Scalenostoma as far as texture of shell and sculpture are con- cerned, and it was this resemblance and the absence of repre- sentatives of the genus Scalenostoma that caused me to consider this a Pyramidellid in the past. Material now at hand shows that Odostomia (Eulimastoma') dotella Dall and Bartsch has an obliquely tilted, deeply immersed nucleus, a Pyramidellid character, while Scalenostoma has the usual attenuated, acute, non-sinistral tip. The following synonymy should be noted : Scalenostoma Deshayes, Cat. Moll. He de la Reunion, pp. 58- 60, PI. vii, figs. 26-8, 1863. Type Scalenostoma carinatum Des- hayes=Subeulima Souverbie, Journ. de Conch, xxiii, p. 296, 1875. Type Subeulima lamberti Souverbie. The west American members of the genus Scalenostoma are: SCALENOSTOMA RANGII (de Folin). Chemnitzia rangii de Folin. Les Meleagrinicoles p. 61, PI. 6, fig. 1, 1867. Odostomia (Scalenostoma) rangii, Dall and Bartsch Bull. 68, U. S. N. M., p. 230, PI. 30. fig. 2, 1909. Odostomia 74 THE NAUTILUS. (Scalenostoma) rangii, Bartsch, Proc. U. S. N. M., No. 1906, p.. 307, 344, 1912. SCALENOSTOMA BABYLONIA (Bartsch). Odostomia (Scalenostoma) babylonia Bartsch, Proc. U. S. N. M., No. 1903, pp. 287-8, PI. 38, fig. 3, 1912, Odostomia (Scale- nostoma) babylonia Bartsch, Proc., U. S. N. M., No. 1906, p. 307, 344, 1912. The South African species of this genus which I described in the Report on the Turton Collection of South African Marine Mollusks, Bull. 91, U. S. N. M., p. 70, PI. 19, fig. 6, 1915, as Subeidima magniftca must now be called Scalenostoma magnifica (Bartsch). DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY OF LAMPSILIS FROM ONEIDA LAKE WITH NOTES ON THE L. LUTEOLA GROUP. BY FRANK C. BAKER. LAMPSILIS RADIATA ONEIDENSIS F. C. BAKER. Plate II. Shell elliptical in outline, rounded at both ends, somewhat compressed ; dorsal margin slightly curved, ventral margin rounded, notably so in the male shell ; female shell produced postbasally ; surface usually roughened by growth lines, rarely smooth ; epidermis olive-green, the posterior half usually black or brown, obscuring the markings ; a few dark green rays of the radiata type are present on some shells ; umbones promi- nent, inflated, but little elevated above the contour of the dorsal margin ; unbonal slopes rounded ; cardinal teeth of the left valve double, rather heavy, serrated, the anterior cardinal higher than the posterior and pyramidal in shape, the posterior cardi- nal rectangular somewhat compressed ; the pit between the cardinal teeth is deep and wide ; there is a small, narrow pit at the base of the anterior cardinal tooth ; cardinal teeth of right valve two in number, triangular, the anterior small, compressed, the posterior large, elevated above the anterior, forming a trun- cated pyramid ; the pit between the teeth is narrow and deep ; the anterior cardinal of this valve is reduced to a mere remnant in some individuals ; the ridge joining the cardinal and lateral THE NAUTILUS. V5 teeth is heavy and bears one or more tubercles ; lateral teeth as in radiata; anterior adductor muscle scar, posterior adductor muscle scar, and dorsal muscle scars more heavily impressed than in radiata ; nacre bluish-white, slightly iridescent. All of the specimens seen have their umbones eroded. Length 56, height 36, breadth 21 mm. $. " 53, 35, " 20 mm. 9. " 51, 37, " 20 mm. $. 60, 40, 24 mm. ?. 66, 41, " 27 mm. iphragm ophora fidelis G ray. Polygyra columbiana Lea. Pristiloma sp., fragment. Circinaria vancouverensis Lea. Circinaria sportella hybrida Ancey. Goniobasis plicifera silicula Gld. PHILOMYCTJS IN ARIZONA. BY H. A. PILSBRY. In the course of our desert journey of 1910, the Santa Rita Mountains, in southern Arizona, were visited. The party (Messrs. Ferriss, Daniels, and the writer) camped at the head of Agua Caliente canyon, somewhat above the 7000-foot contour. A two-day trip was made eastward across Madera canyon, and over the saddle north of Old Baldy, dropping down the eastern slope of the range to about the 6800-foot line. Some slugs picked up here (our Station 17). were thought to be all Agrio- HIIKIX, but on closer inspection, three Philomycus were found in the lot. It is a new genus for Arizona ; in fact, the place is over a thousand miles southwest of any record in this country. The species may be called Philomycus (Pattifera) arizon&nsis, n. sp. It is 20mm. long, the sole 1.8 mm. wide. Color: above bister, below snuff brown (in alcohol). Jaw with few ribs. Type and two smaller specimens are No. 115575, A. N. S. P. HENRY MELVILL GWATKIN. Professor H. M. Gwatkin, widely known as a special student of molluscan radulse, died during the first half of November. He was born at Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire, England, July 30, 1844, and was educated at Shrewsbury School and St. John's College, Cambridge. He took his B. A. at Cambridge in 1867, and was a Fellow of St. John's College from 1868 to 1874, Theological Lecturer from 1874 to 1891, and Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History from 1891 to the time of his death. He was Gifford Lecturer at Edinburgh, 1903-05, and in 1897 re- 120 THE NAUTILUS. ceived the honorary D.D. degree from Edinburgh. In 1882 he published " Studies of Arianisrn." It is very interesting to find that a man who thus gave his life to theological studies, should have chosen for his hobby such a subject as the radulse of the mollusca. His collection, which I was permitted to examine when in Cambridge some years ago, is amazingly rich, doubt- less far exceeding any other. He was indefatigable in securing material from all over the world, and was able to prepare good mounts from animals long dried in the shell. Unfortunately the shells themselves were not usually preserved, so in case of doubtful identifications there will be no ready means of con- firming the assigned names. It is understood that the whole col- lection has gone to the British Museum. — T. D. A. COCKERELL. NOTES. COMMON NAMES : Speaking of common names reminds me of the time I lived in Branford, Connecticut. I used to hear the name "Squaw Clam" frequently. I found the name originated from the fact that in the duck season the old squaws fed on these forms. So I made up my mind to find out what a squaw clam was. I tried Mulinia lateralis with one man : I got " yes, that' s it. " Tellina tenera with another, ' ' yes, that' s it, " Macoma with another, "yes, that's it." I don't know how many species I tried, but I found that squaw clam embraced so many that no genus would hold them. — H. W. WINKLEY. LIMAX ARBORUM IN A COLORADO GREENHOUSE. — In a green- house at Boulder, devoted principally to the growing of tropical orchids, numerous slugs have recently appeared, and have proved extremely destructive to the plants. I have before me a Cattleya flower absolutely ruined by them. There is every reason to believe that the slugs came with a consignment of orchids from Denver, but how they reached Colorado remains unknown. The species is Limax arborum, as I was able to con- firm from an examination of the penis-sheath, which shows the so-called flagellum very well. The specimens are very uniform, all belonging to the variety subrufa LeComte, having the body a rather pale and translucent reddish, mantle with the usual black bands and a nebulous or evanescent median one, back with two grey bands, lateral bands not developed. _ It seems that this particular form is common in Belgium, and it may be supposed that it reached America with garden plants from that country. — T. D. A. COCKERELL. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXX. MARCH, 1917. No. 11 LOBOA BRUNOI N. G., N. SP., A LAND SHELL FROM THE BRAZILIAN ISLAND OF TRINITY. BY DR. HERMANN VON IHERING. The present Director of the Brazilian National Museum at Rio de Janeiro, Dr. Bruno Lobo, has rendered to science an excellent service in accompanying, with some employees of that museum, the expedition which in the present year was under- taken by the Admiralty for political and military reasons. It will be a matter of great interest to know the geological and biological results of the expedition. Dr. Bruno Lobo has kindly charged me with the study of the Mollusca which have been collected by the expedition. I shall give information on the matter in the official publication, but there is one point which I desire to communicate immediately to my competent friend, Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, hoping to hear his opinion. Among the marine shells I have found also a small land shell, which evidently inhabits this island. The shell is quite intact and not worn in its sculpture, but of a chalky white aspect not rare in shells exposed to an arid environment. The shell is of a stenogyroid habitus and seems to me the represen- tative of a new genus of the family Achatinidae. I give here the description accompanied by a figure. LOBOA BRUNOI n. g., n. sp. PI. IV, fig. 7. The shell has a conic-turreted form and is of rather solid texture, perforate, of a dirty chalky-white color. The whorls, 122 THE NAUTILUS. in number 7^, are convex and separated by a deep suture. The last whorl is a little longer than the spire, descending only at its end. The apex is obtuse, first ascending then descending, smooth, shining. The two embryonic whorls are sculptured with irregular longitudinal wrinkles and numerous very fine pores, which exi&t also in some of the following whorls. The whorls of the spire are ornamented with feeble longitudinal ribs which are somewhat irregular and sometimes bifid and with numerous impressed spiral lines. The aperture is small, some- what oblique, occupying one-third of the total length of the shell. The peristome is sharp, simple, the columellar lip dilated above, reflected, somewhat thickened and covering the umbilical chink. The parietal callus is broad, white, and forms a straight line connecting the outer lip with the columella, with which it forms an obtuse angle. The length of the shell is 19.5, the diameter 7.3, the alt. of the aperture 6.5, the diameter of the aperture 4 mm. The unique specimen, found at the Brazilian Island of Trin- ity, is kept in the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro. The species is dedicated to my distinguished colleague, Prof. Dr. Bruno Lobo, Director of the National Museum of Natural His- tory and Anthropology at Rio de Janeiro. House de Joinville, Est. de St. Catharine, Brazil, 20th of September, 1916. PLEUROCERA SUBULARE LEA. BY CALVIN GOODRICH. Lea's Melania subularis1 came from the Niagara river. It is a shell common to the waters of Lake Erie, especially the north- ern and western shallows. A form, recognizable superficially as different, occurs in the lake tributaries. These river shells, as a rule, are lighter of structure, less polished and, whorl for whorl, somewhat larger than lake shells. The percentage of dark shells in the streams is, I would say offhand, lower than in 'Philos. Trans. IV., p. 100 ; 1831. THE NAUTILUS. 123 the lake. But the differences are so slight that they do not warrant distinction even as a sub-species. I believe it was this stream form that Anthony had before him when he described his Melania neglecta,1 from the Great Miami river, " near Dayton, Ohio." The descriptions of subu- laris and neglecta might be interchanged and cause little or no perplexity to the student. In September, 1916, I collected in the Great Miami at Tadmor, about ten miles north of Dayton, and in January last, collected over exposed gravel bars of the river at Dayton itself. Save that there seem to be an unusual number of distorted specimens among these shells, I cannot see any marked differences between them, and recognized subulare of the lake drainage. Anthony mentioned two varieties, one banded, the other "plain, horn-color, or with bands but faintly indicated by an almost imperceptible difference of color in the interior of the mouth." Heavy specimens of this latter variety, with " remarkably expanded outer lip," were separated by Lea under the name Trypanostoma labiatum.* In the Tadmor lot, I have specimens running from thin attenuated forms to the ro- bust labiatum of expanded lip, banded and unhanded, all of the same colony. In a family so variable as the Pleuroceridae, there can be little justification for Lea's action, if only because the dignifying of one form with a name makes it a duty to name the other forms — a business that would pile up the no- menclature like ore-heaps around a blast furnace. Melania intensa Anthony s is simply a "purple-black " variety of subulare. Such shells occur more or less commonly in local- ities where subulare flourishes. I collected nearly a handful in the Wabash river at Logansport, Ind., last year. One can get black and partly black shells. In a sending b}^ A. J. Brown from Spring river, Fulton county, Ark., was a specimen black from apex to a little beyond the beginning of the last whorl. At that point the animal seems to have run out of coloring matter, finishing the shell in pale yellow. 1 Ann. Lye. N. Y., p. 128 ; March, 1854. 2Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 174; 1862. 3Keeve, Monog., sp. 371. 124 THE NAUTILUS. In the synonymy of subulare may be included Trypanostoma pallidum Lea.1 This is merely an extreme form, such as occurs somewhat rarely among fresh-water Gastropoda. It represents an old-age development, denied to all except a few animals of unusual vitality or unusual good luck in escaping hardships and enemies. Judging by the figure in Tryon 2 (the description suggests difficulties) Melania tracta Anthony, placed by Tryon in the synonymy of Pleurocera elevatum Say, is the pallidum stage of subulare growth. Pleurocera subulare is probably the most widely distributed member of its genus, inhabiting from easternmost Ontario to Minnesota, Kansas and Arkansas. East of the Mississippi it does not appear to go below the line of the Ohio river. Con- sidering the variableness of the family, the characteristics of this species are remarkably constant. There is slight difference between the subulare of the Great Lakes region and that of streams of northern Arkansas. The synonymy of this species may be set down as: Melania subularis Lea, 1831. Melania tracta Anthony, 1850. Melania neglecta Anthony, 1854. Melania intensa Anthony mss., Reeve, 1860. Trypanostoma pallidum Lea, 1862. Trypanostoma labiatum Lea, 1862. A NEW HOLOSPIRA FROM CHIHUAHUA. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. HOLOSPIRA BRYANTWALKERI n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 6. A species of the subgenus Haplocion. The shell is rimate, cylindric, the upper third tapering, summit mucronate. Very pale flesh-colored. Sculpture of closely set riblets, narrower than their intervals, very straight and retractive on the upper, 'Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 173; 1862. 2 Monograph of Strepomatidae, Washington, p. 96; 1873. THE NAUTILUS. 125 arcuate on the lower whorls. There are 43 riblets on the penult whorl. In the conical part of the spire the riblets are partly hollow, and broken down in places. The whorls are quite con- vex, and in the lower part of the conical portion they overhang a little. The last whorl is well rounded below, and carries the aperture forward shortly in advance of the ventral outline of the shell. Aperture is small, almost circular, a little oblique, with a quite flat, reflected and continuous lip. The internal axis is simple. Length 19.5, greatest diam. 5.3 mm.; 14£ whorls remain, the embryonic whorls being broken off. Aperture 4 mm. long, measured outside peristome. Rio Conchos. Chihuahua, Mexico, not far above its confluence with the Rio Grande, collected by Mr. B. H. King, 1912. This species is larger than any similarly sculptured Haplocion. An entire specimen would have about 17 whorls, with a length of slightly over 20 mm. The holotype is in coll. Bryant Walker, no. 36935. With the preceding there were two specimens figured in pi. 4, fig. 5, which appear referable to H. pasonis Dall. The riblets in the last whorl are slightly closer than in a specimen of the original lot of pasonis, but I can find no material difference. They measure : Length 21.6, diameter in the middle 6.6 mm.; 11|- whorls. Length 21.4, diameter in the middle 6.1 mm.; llf whorls. NOTES ON THE BIFASCIATA GROUP OF OXYCHONA. BY H. A. PILSBRY. The genus Oxychona contains conic, acutely carinate, thin and light-colored snails of eastern Brazil, evidently arboreal, distri- buted from the Province of Rio to that of Bahia. Although very similar in ehape to the Helicid genus Papuina, I was led to place the group in the Bulimulidce, near Drymseus and Zaplagius, by the characters of the teeth and embryonic shell. 126 THE NAUTILUS. Dr. von Ihering, who considered the group in a valuable paper1 has confirmed this classification. Having occasion lately to go over the specimens in the Acad- emy collection, it became evident that the synonymy of 0. bi/asciata, the most widely known of them, had been made too comprehensive by Pfeiffer, who has been followed by subse- quent authors. Certainly two, probably three species seem to have been lumped ; though closely related they appear to be distinct. References to the literature may be found in Manual of Conchology V, p. 128 ; XI, p. 181 ; XIV, p. xxxvii, 154. Partial Key to species of Oxychona. a Last whorl descending deeply below the keel in front ; shell pitted above the keel and suture ; aperture with a rather long "spout," the lip but slightly expanded above it, white ; alt. 15, diam. 22 mm., between Rio and Campos, State of Rio de Janeiro. 0. lonchostoma (Mke. ). a' Last whorl not descending in front. b. Shell higher than wide. 0. gyrina. b'. Shell wider than high. c. Lip above the angle well expanded and calloused within ; outlines of spire nearly straight ; peri- tome white or pale pink. 0. bifasciata (Burr). c'. Lip scarcely or not expanded above the angle, sinuous. d. Peristome white or pale pink, basal margin rather wide; u spout " moderately developed. 0. bosciana (Fe"r. ). d'. Peristome rose-colored throughout, basal mar- gin narrow. Spout longer. 0. pyramidella (Wagn.). I have not seen lonchostoma, gyrina or typical pyramidella, all of them described nearly a century ago, and not recorded by any subsequent collector. 0. mimarum is not sufficiently known to contrast with the figured species. Notes on the other species and their subspecies follow. 1 Analyse der Siid-Amerikanischen Heliceen. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. , Phila.,XV, 1912. THE NAUTILUS. 127 OXYCHONA BIFASCIATA (Burrow, 1815). PI. IV, figs. 4, 8. This is described by Burrow as "white with two purplish brown transverse bands and a dark brown apex. Inhabits Per- nambuco." The figure, shows the outer lip to be expanded and thickened within ; it measures, length 18, diam. 18 mm. Specimens in collection of the Academy are variously banded (pi. IV, figs. 4, 8), and have two very small dark spots behind the upper lip in two specimens, none in two others. The upper lip is well expanded, calloused within, the callous thicker near the periphery, giving the inner edge a sinuous contour. The basal lip is wider than in blanchetiana, and the last whorl is barely concave above the keel, not pinched out as in blanchetiana. The outlines of the spire are almost straight. In one of the four ex- amples the tip of the apex is dark. In one of the specimens the lip has the faintest roseate tint, which becomes distinct at the columellar insertion. The others have a white lip ; and this was no doubt the typical color, as a colored lip would have been mentioned by Burrow. Length 15, diam. 16.4 mm.; 6^ whorls. Length 15.4, diam. 17 mm.; 6^ whorls. OXYCHONA BOSCIANA (Ferussac). Ferussac's figured type shows dark bands a short distance below and above the periphery, another below the suture ; the upper two bands spreading ?nto blotches behind the lip ; spire slightly concave, and the latter part of the last whorl strongly so near the periphery, causing the aperture to be conspicuously produced, spout-like. The upper lip is sinuous, and not at all expanded. Length about 16|-, diam. about 21 mm. Lip white. Helix bosciana was mentioned in the Prodrome, but first defined by three figures in the Histoire naturelle, pi. 64, fig, 1. This is one of the old plates, drawn by Bessa and engraved by Coutant. I do not know the date of issue, but it was probably not long after 1820. OXYCHONA BOSCIANA BLANCHETIANA (Moricand, 1833). PI. IV, figs. 2, 3. Mem. Soc. de Phys. et d' Hist. Nat. de Geneve, vi, p. 539, pi. 1, f. 3. 128 THE NAUTILUS. This is the best known form. Typically it is white above, with two dark blotches behind the lip, but as often there is also a narrow dark band a short distance below the suture, and sometimes an interrupted one above the carina. The base has a band, often split, near the periphery. Upper lip not expanded. Lower lip reflected, white or faintly pinkish. Outlines of spire concave. Length 17.4, diam. 19.5, or somewhat smaller. This form was collected by Blanchet in the environs of Bahia. It appears to differ from typical bosciana only in color, and its status as a subspecies is very dubious. It is probably a mere color- form of bosciana. Hidalgo has figured another variety of bosciana, collected by the Spanish Expedition around Rio Janeiro, which seems rather out of the range of the species (Viaje al Pacifico, Moluscos, pi. 1). It is evident that the species has various local color-races, about which we know very little at present. OXYCHONA PYRAMIDELLA (Wagner, 1827). This is a form having the general shape of bosciana, with two bands above, one below the periphery of the last whorl. The aperture seems to be produced outward in a narrower spout than in bosciana, upper lip apparently not expanding, and the whole lip rose-colored. The habitat given is the province of Bahia, "in sylvis mediterraneis inter montem sanctum et flumen S. Francisci." The figures are rather poor, and series of speci- mens are needed to determine whether it is to be ranked as a subspecies of bosciana or as a distinct species. OXYCHONA PYRAMIDELLA CURRANI Bartsch. PI. IV, fig. 1. See NAUTILUS for September, 1916, p. 53. Rio Grungugy, Province of Bahia. Figures of the type of this handsome race are now given. It differs conspicuously from blancheliana by the more pinched keel, the longer external spout of the aperture, more sinuous, broadly rose-bordered lip, and other features fully described by Dr. Bartsch. The microscopic sculpture is the same. It appears to be more elevated than 0. pyramiddla, with somewhat diverse color-pattern. THE NAUTILUS. 129 OXYCHONA MIMARUM AtlCey. Oxychona bifasciata var. mimarum Anc. , Le Nat., 1901, p. 93. Pilsbry, Man. Conch. XIV, p. 154. This unfigured form from Minas Geraes is probably specifically distinct. Not seen by the writer. A LIST OF MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT CASTLE ISLAND, BOSTON. BY SHIELDS WARREN. Castle Island, Boston Harbor, is an interesting collecting ground owing to the number of mollusks that flourish there under the adverse conditions necessarily present in a great sea- port. The main channel to the inner harbor passes the island, and every ebb-tide strands much of the water-front debris on its shores. Although the island would seem an unfavorable habitat for even hardy mollusks, it is one of the best collecting places for nudibranchs in the vicinity of Boston. In the early spring considerable numbers come there to breed, particularly Acantho- doris pilosa and Lamellidoris bilamellata, and I have found scat- tered specimens of these and other species from October to June. The shore of the island on the east and south is sand and gravel with scattered boulders, and is sand and mud, with patches of eel-grass, elsewhere. Between Castle Island and City Point are extensive mussel flats ; and clay, dredged from the neighboring channel and dumped beside the bridge, contains numerous valves of oysters and quahaugs similar to those found in the excavations for the Boylston Street Subway. Litorina littorea is very plentiful on the rocks and is gathered by the Italians for food. The imbricated form of Thais lapillus is fairly abundant. Below is a list of the mollusks I have collected on the island, and which seems to be fairly representative of the whole of Boston harbor. Species marked with an asterisk have not been obtained living. 130 THE NAUTILUS. Ostrea virginica.* Pecten magellanicus.* Anomia aculeata. Anomia simplex. Mytilus edulis. Modiolus modiolus. Modiolus demissus plicatulus.* Clidiophora goiddiana. Venus mercenaria.* Ensis dir edits. Mesodesma arctatum. My a arennria. Saxicava arctica. Acmaea testudinalis. Polinices heros. Polinices triseriata. * Crepidula fornicata. Crepidula glauca. Crepidula plana. Cingula acideus. Lilorina liltorea. Litorina obtumta palliata. Litorina rudis. Lacuna vinda. Urosalpin x cinereus. * Thais lapillus. Aledrion obsoleta. Aledrion triviUata. Coins stimpsonii. Aeolidia papillosa. Coryphella, ritfibranchialis man- anensis. Polio lessonii. Acanthodoris pilosa. Lamellidoris bilamellata. Lamellidoris muricata. MARTYN'S UNIVERSAL CONCHOLOGIST. A copy of this rare work has recently been obtained by the Boston Society of Natural History. Bernard Quaritch, in de- scribing this copy in his catalogue, says — "4 vols. atlas 4to, with colored frontispiece, 2 engraved plates of medals and J60 plates containing 322 colored figures. Contemporary tree-calf, neatly rebacked. With the [John] Townly book plate. "The copy agrees with that in the British Museum (Natural History) and is quite complete. The complete work in four volumes is very rare although the first two are comparatively common. Even Sir Joseph Banks was unsuccessful when en- deavoring to obtain the entire work. Evidently Martyn only completed copies by order. Other than the copy offered, only one example has occurred for sale by auction in London since 1895 and I have been able to trace the sale of only eight copies for upwards of 50 years prior to that date. The Roscoe copy sold for £32 2 s. 6d. and the Fonthill example for £52.10 s." The Society's copy cost £21. THE NAUTILUS. 131 Dr. Wm. H. Dall in the Proc. U. S. National Museum, 1905, vol. 29, pages 415-432, gives a very interesting account of Thomas Martyn and an exhaustive description of the first two volumes, containing 80 plates, based on a copy in the U. S. National Museum and a similar copy in the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences, Philadelphia. In the publication, 1907, vol. 33, pages 185-192, Dr. Dall gives some supplementary notes, based on a copy in the library of Mr. John B. Henderson of Wash- ington, also consisting of 80 plates, together with some notes received from Mr. Charles Hedley referring to a four-volume copy in the Australian Museum, Sidney. The size of the copy in the U. S. National Museum is 11 x 12£ inches and the one in the Academy of Natural Sciences is 12| x lOf inches, while Mr. Henderson's copy is 16 J x 16^ which is the size of the copy obtained by the Society. The latter copy has in Vol. I, the first and second engraved title pages both dated 1784, the engraved dedication to the King, introduction preface and letter including 39 pages, two plates of medals, and 'explanatory table of the 40 plates. Vol. II has only the second title-pages same as in Vol. I, 1784, and ex- planatory table of the 40 plates. Vol. Ill has only the first title-page, same as in Vol. I, 1784, and explanatory table of the 40 plates. Vol. IV has only the first title-page, same as in Vol. I, 1784, and explanatory table of the 40 plates. Dr. Dall says the first two volumes were issued in 1784, Volume III in 1786 and the work completed probably in the spring of 1787. In the Society's copy, in the explanatory table for Vol. IV, figure 135 is (Cochlea) denrachates not dentrachates and figure 137 is (Cochlea) caelata not cretata as given in the explanatory table of the copy in the Australian Museum. In the Henderson copy Dr. Dall says plate 59 has two views side by side. In the Society's copy only one view is given. All of the other plates agree with that copy. In the NAUTILUS, vol. 22, p. 72, Mr. S. S. Berry refers to a copy comprising four volumes in the library of the Leland Stan- ford Junior University. This work lacks the explanatory table for the plates of the fourth volume. This is apparently the only other set of four volumes in America. In 1913 Mr. Berry 132 THE NAUTILUS. obtained a copy of the first two volumes of this work (NAUTI- LUS, Vol. 27, p. 95). In the same volume of THE NAUTILUS, page 107, Mr. George H. Clapp, of Pittsburg, described a copy in his library. The two volumes are bound in one and trimmed to lOf x 13T7^ inches. The sizes of the bound volumes appar- ently vary according to individual tastes. The size of the title pages in the Society's copy would not admit of trimming; the plates of medals are about 14 x 11 and the explanatory tables llf x 11 inches; the actual size of the paper on which the plates are printed is 11 x 13£ inches, but the ruling or "neat- line'11 surrounding the shells varies between 7 x lOi. The plates are mounted on a heavy blue-gray paper. — C. W. JOHNSON. NOTES. ASTARTE QUADRAN3 AS FOOD FOR FLOUNDERS : — While Walking along the beach on the ocean side, North of Provincetown, Cape Cod, I chanced to come upon a complete dried skeleton of the common flounder. The flesh had been removed by the beach Crustacea etc, so that no muscle or entrails was visible, except the dried ligaments which held some of the bones together. In the space where the stomach had been, was a pile of Astarte quadrans, eighty-six valves in number, varying in size from the adult 9/20 inch to 3/20 inch, all in good condition and the majority having intact the ligament connecting the valves. Not a specimen of any other shell was present, although in the locality where the flounder lives are found several species of small shells. This shows one of three things, viz : — that this fish had the ability to discriminate ; or had found a spot where only this shell existed; or an epicurean fondness for "little-neck" As- tarte.— J. HENRY BLAKE. MR. HORACE F. CARPENTER began in September of 1916 to install his collection of shells in the upper south room of the main building of the Roger Williams Park Museum, Providence, R. I., and at this date upwards of 4,000 species have been placed on exhibition. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXX. APRIL, 1917. No. 12 THE STATUS OF THE GENUS SUBULARIA MONTEROSATO. BY PAUL BARTSCH. In 1853, H. & A. Adams published in vol. 1, pp. 237-238 of their work on the ' ' Genera of Recent Mollusca ' ' the genus Leiostraca, defining it in the following manner : "Shell turreted, subulate, flattened, widest from side to side, polished, smooth, semipellucid ; sides with a thin varix ex- tending as far as the apex of the spire ; aperture oblong, en- tire ; inner lip distinct, callous, slightly sinuous in the middle ; outer lip flexuous. "Ex. L. bilineata, Alder, pi. 25, fig. 3. Shell, L. Metcalfei, A. Adams, fig. 3, a. "The most curious circumstance about the type of this genus is the fact of its being compressed from before backwards, with a varix on each side, as in Bursa and Pythia. ' ' Species of Leiostraca. acuta, Sow. Mindorensis, Adams and Reeve bilineata, Alder solitaria, C. B. Adams. bivittata, H. and A. Adams subulata, Donov. (bilineata, Adams and Reeve) unilineata, Adams and Reeve fulvocincta, C. B. Adams varians, Sow." Metcalfei, A. Adams Since the characters of the genus are based upon the shell, and pi. 25, fig. 3 shows the head of an animal only, while fig. 3a, Leiostraca metcalfei A. Ad. shows the shell characters above defined, we may take Leiostraca metcalfei A. Ad. as the type of the genus. Even if we were to admit all the species listed by 134 THE NAUTILUS. H. & A. Adams as a possible field for type selection, Leiostraca metcalfei A. Adams is the only one that meets the full charac- terization of their genus, all the others being members of the genus Strombiformis Da Costa, 1778. Unfortunately, Albers, in his Die Heliceen, p. 156, 1850, used the name Leiostracus, which was considered homonymous with H. & A. Adams' Leiostraca by Monterosato in his paper on Nomenclatura Generica e Specifica di alcune Conchiglie Medi- terranee, p. 103, 1884, where he published the substitute name Subularia with the statement " (= Leiostraca, H. e A. Adams, 1853, non Leiostracus Albers, 1850)." Subularia metcalfei (A. Adams) therefore became the type of Subularia Monterosato. The whole may be condensed into the following formula: Subularia Monts., 1884, type Subularia metcalfei (A. Ads. ) = Leiostraca H. & A. Adams 1853, type Leiostraca metcal/ei A. Ads. ; not Leiostracus Albers 1850. Since Subularia and Strombiformis have been sadly confused in the past, I add a copy of a figure of the type of Subularia (pi. 5, fig. 2), and of a typical Strombiformis (pi. 5, fig. 1, Strombi- formis lapazana Bartsch). A NEW PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSK LOCALITY IN NEW MEXICO. BY JUNIUS HENDERSON. In the spring of 1916 Dr. Max M. Ellis, with Messrs. G. C. Roe and B. Jaffa as assistants, while collecting fishes in New Mexico, found a deposit containing many small land and fresh- water shells. It is in the bank of the North Spring River, about two and a half miles below (east of) Roswell. The valley was evidently at one time deeper than now, but had been partly filled by mud, sand and fine gravel. More recently the stream has cut into the deposit to a depth of fifteen feet. The thick fossiliferous stratum is at the base of the bluff, extending into the water and possibly far below, and is covered by about ten feet of soil, chiefly adobe. Twenty pounds of the weathered material yielded (in addition to abundant fragments of Chara and other plants, a few fragments of mammal bones and 400 caddis cases of the genus Helicopsyche) the following mullusks : THE NAUTILUS. 135 3500 Pisidium spp. (loose valves). 373 Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. 2 Carychium exiguum Say. 23 Pupoides marginatus (Say). 20 Bifidaria armifera Say. 5 Bifidaria contracta Say. 5 Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella Pils. 136 Bifidaria procera cristata Pils. & Van. 2 Pupilla muscorum (L. ). 5 Vertigo sp. 5 Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill. ). 2 Polita indentata (Say). 400 Zonitoides minuscidus (Binn.). 13 Helicodiscus eigenmanni arizonensis Pils. & Fer. 2 Succinea sp. 15 Planorbis antrosus Conrad. 100 Planorbis parvus Say. 100 Physa virgata Gld. 6 Ancylus rivularis Say. 4500 Paludeslrina seemani (Ffld.). There were also 75 seeds of " Snow-on- the-Mountain," Di- chrophyllum marginatum (Pursh), but they may have been blown into the weathered material recently and hence may not be fossil. They are entirely unaltered. The same collectors obtained 30 Planorbis antrosiis Conrad and 5 Physa sp. about two miles below the head of the North Spring River west of Roswell, but did not bring in any of the weath- ered material or stop to examine the deposit thoroughly. NOTES ON ACELLA HALDEMANI (DESH.) BINNEY. BY FRANK C. BAKER. Notes on the ecology of this the slenderest of our Lymnaeas are rare, and its whereabouts during a large part of the year has been a matter of conjecture. Dr. Reynold J. Kirkland of Grand Rapids, Michigan, has collected the species extensively and his observations are of interest in connection with the 136 THE NAUTILUS. writer's notes which follow. Kirkland says,1 "This is a deep water species, which migrates shoreward in the fall, doubtless for spawning purposes, as adults only have been captured, but this should be verified by dissection. September 25 is the earliest date they have been taken, and they remain until ice forms, how much longer is not known. ' ' Sargent " reports them in Heath Lake, Minnesota, in the fall, and adds, ' ' Where do they keep themselves in the summer? ". This question can now in a measure be answered as the species has been found in July in Lower South Bay, Oneida Lake, in several localities. The specimens collected were all young, none exceeding 11 mm. in length, the greater number being 3 to 5 mm. long. They were invariably found on the leaves or stem of the pond- weed (Potamogeton interrupts). It is evident that they do not retire to very deep water but only to the zone where this pondweed, or perhaps other suitable vegetation grows. This may be in water from two to six feet deep. The shells are very difficult to find, as in life they are nearly the color of the plant and look exactly like a young leaf beginning growth. This plant is admirably adapted for the use of this snail, its leaves being very long and exceedingly narrow and flat. Five specimens gave the following measurements: Whorls 2; length 3.0; breadth .6; aperture length 1.5; breadth .5 mm. Whorls 2£; length 4.0; breadth 1.0; aperture length 2.0; breadth .75 mm. Whorls 2^; length 5.5; breadth 1.4; aperture length 2.0; breadth 1.0 mm. Whorls 3; length 8.0; breadth 1.7; aperture length 3.5; breadth 1.0 mm. Whorls 3£ ; length 10.5 ; breadth 2.5 ; aperture length 5.0 ; breadth 1.5 mm. The whorls are usually flat-sided as in the adult shell, but in two specimens they were somewhat rounded. Adult speci- mens from Nicholson's Bay, Oneida Lake, measure : 1 Baker, Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America, page 197, 1911. 2 NAUTILUS, IX, page 127, 1896. THE NAUTILUS. 137 Length 25.0; breadth 4.0; aperture length 10.0; breadth 2.25 mm. Length 25.0; breadth 4.0; aperture length 10.0; breadth 2.0mm. Length 23.0; breadth 4.0; aperture length 10.0; breadth 2.5 mm. Adults are said by Kirkland to appear in Reed's Lake, Mich- igan, about September 25 and to be common until Thanksgiving Day or later. They were observed in the west end of Oneida Lake, in several places, on September 10 and continued to be noted until the middle of October, when they were quite abun- dant. At this time work was discontinued by the writer.1 No adults were seen in July, 1916, at which time several of the habitats were visited in which Acella was abundant in the fall of the previous year. It is evident, from the observations of Kirkland, Sargent, and the writer that Acella migrates to deeper water sometime in the late fall or early winter, probably when ice forms to such an extent that the surface vegetation upon which it rests and feeds is destroyed. That it will resist cold weather is shown by the observations of Kirkland who found it on Thanksgiving Day when the ice had formed, and by the writer who collected it in October when the water was so cold that it numbed the fingers, in fact ice had formed the morning of the same day. Acella is purely an inhabitant of vegetation, at least as far as the recorded observations indicate, and as far as known has never been found on any other material. Kirkland and Sargent note it on the under side of lily leaves. In Oneida Lake it has been noted on the following vegetation : Smith's bullrush (Scirpus smithii) on the stem. Floating pond-weed (Potamogeton natans~) on leaves and stem. Pond-weed (P. interruptus) on leaves and stem. White water-lily (Castalia odorata) on leaves and stem. Yellow water-lily (Nymphaea advena) on leaves and stem. The habitat in Oneida Lake is invaribly a sheltered cove, bay, or other spot protected from violent wave action. 1 Baker, Technical Bulletin, N. Y. State College of Forestry, IV, pages 283-284, 1916. There are also other references to the ecology of the species in other parts of the volume. 138 THE NAUTILUS. Information concerning the breeding habits of Acella are still a desideratum. It occupies the surface in shallow water (one to three feet) in the fall ; but where does it lay its eggs ? None were observed in the fall of 1915 though adults sexually mature were collected. It may be that the animal descends to the pond-weed zones in the winter and lays its eggs on the Potamo- geton and that they subsequently hatch out in the spring. Certainly, as young were found in July which had 3^ whorls and were 10 mm. long, they must have been hatched at the latest in the spring. We are ignorant, also, of whether the maximum growth is completed in one or more years. There is much about this most characteristic Lymnaeid that is still to be learned. Neio York State College of Forestry, Syracuse University. NEW LAND SHELLS FROM ALABAMA AND ARKANSAS, WITH NOTE ON POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND P. ZALETA. BY GEO. H. CLAPP. VITREA (PARAVITREA) CONECUHENSIS n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 5, 6, 7. Shell thin, depressed, umbilicate, the umbilicus being about 1 mm. in diameter and showing all the whorls ; color light horn, highly polished ; whorls 6, the first five closely coiled, the last rapidly expanding. Surface sculptured with spaced, unequal, radial grooves stopping at the periphery, which is slightly sub- basal. Aperture subtriangular, lower lip slightly flattened and reflected where it joins the columella. Adult shells are tooth- less, but a young shell of 4£ whorls, 2f mm. in diameter, shows a single pair of small tubercular teeth. Diameter 4^-, altitude 2|- millimeters. Evergreen, Conecuh Co., Alabama. Collected by Herbert H. Smith. Types No. 8111 of my collection. Paratypes in collection of Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich. This species resembles Vitrea simpsoni Pils., but has about one more whorl in the same diameter ; it is also less depressed, and the basal lip is less flattened. THE NAUTILUS, XXX. PLATE V **-" - 6 8 1. STROM ^ IFOR MIS LAPAZANA BARTSCH. 2. SUBULARIA METCALFEI A. AD. 3. NEOSIMNIA CATALINENSIS BERRY (p. 21). 4. AMNICOLA NEOMEXICANA PILSBRY. 5-7. VITREA CONECUHENSIS CLAPP. 8. 9. AMNICOLA DESERTA PILSBRY. THE NAUTILUS. XXX. PLATE VI. 4 5 CROZIER: CHROMODORIS ZEBRA HEILPRIN. THE NAUTILUS. 139 POLYGYRA LABROSA FIMBRIATA n. Vat. Differs from the type in having a well-developed peripheral fringe of two or three rows of hairs about 0.25 mm. in length, the hairs also showing as a sutural fringe, and the "prostrate hairs," of Eland's original description, are much more elevated. On the base are spiral rows of short, erect bristles continuing to the umbilicus. Aperture typical. Diameter 11, altitude 6 mm., whorls 5. Sulphur City, Washington Co., Arkansas. Collected by A. J. Brown, Jan., 1917. Types No. 8112 of my collection. Paratypes in collection of A. J. Brown. Fifteen adults and as many young examined. Over forty labrosa from seven localities in Arkansas and twenty from Galloway, Mo. , including one from Bland and two others labeled "Identified by Bland," were examined. Three shells from Clinton, Ark., show traces of hairs and three fresh shells in the Galloway lot also show some hairs, but in neither case are they as prominent as in the Sulphur City shells. In P. A. N. S., Feb. 1903, p. 202, Dr. Pilsbry says : " In all other Stenotremes except P. barbigera (Redf. ) the cuticular hairs form a comparatively close pile. ... In no other (except pilsbryi} do they form a series of circular, concentric fringes. P. barbigera has a single fringe of similar filaments, usually persisting at the suture only." This is true of the average cab- inet specimen, but both barbigera and spinosa have a peripheral as well as a sutural fringe, and both have hairs arranged in spiral rows on the base when carefully prepared, as shown by hundreds of specimens collected by Herbert H. Smith in Ala- bama, and I have shown in the NAUTILUS, Vol. XXVII, p. 12, that P. edwardsi has well developed fringes when fresh. In the note on edwardsi there is a mistake in giving the length of the hairs as 1 mm., it should be £ mm. When the note on P. edwardsi was written I had forgotten that A. G. Wetherby had called attention to this same fact in his very valuable paper "Some Notes on American Land Shells," No. 1, p. 2 of an undated "separate." The paper was published in the Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 140 THE NAUTILUS. NOTE ON Polygyra albolabris AND P. zaleta. In some regions where P. albolabris and zaleta are found to- gether occasional elevated specimens of the former or depressed ones of the latter occur and it is very difficult, at first glance, to say to which species they belong. If, however, the shells are examined under the microscope with a magnification of about 25 diameters they can be readily separated, as zaleta looks polished in the high light while albolabris is dull. This is due to the fact that between and on the ribs of albolabris are fine, vertical wrinkles in the epidermis which are absent in zaleta. As a rule zaleta is also much lighter in color than albolabris, or if dark specimens are found they are generally much lighter on the base, and just behind the aperture there is invariably a patch of much lighter color than the body of the shell. SOME STRTJCTUEAL VARIATIONS IN CHROMOBORIS ZEBRA. W. J. CROZIER. Contributions from the Bermuda Biological Station for Kesearch, No. 64. Abnormalities of a minor character are by no means uncom- mon in nudibranchs, and, while these features are usually not of any great morphological significance, some of them seem sufficiently curious to warrant description. I have noted sev- eral such deviations from the typical structure while examining a large number of specimens of Chromodoris zebra Heilprin. Smallwood (1910) has described some of the variations in the coloration of this animal, and has also referred to the vari- ability shown by the branchiae, particularly in the manner in which one or several of these organs terminate by division of their free ends into several parts. I have elsewhere (Crozier, 1917) made note of the variation in the number of the glandu- lar papillae which occur upon the ventral surface of the poster- ior border of the mantle. Variation in the branchiae is, in fact, somewhat more frequent and more extensive than Smallwood observed. Not unusually, branchia? are to be seen which not only divide to a greater or less extent at their tips, but also show a branching at some THE NAUTILUS. 141 distance from the tip (Fig. 1). In many instances the presence of an accessory branchia arising in this way is unaccompanied by duplication of the pointed tips. The high sheath which surrounds the branchial rosette is normally quite smooth. In only one of the many hundreds of Chromodoris which I have handled was there noted any other condition. In this single specimen, however, there were three distinct ridges running from the dorsal surface to the external margin of the branchial collar ; two of these ridges were ex- tended in an anterior direction, their edges being sharp and prominent, while the third, less conspicuously developed than the other two, was on the left side of the collar. The appear- ance of these structures is shown in Figure 2, where may be seen the manner in which the ridges were united with the collar. The edge of the mantle occasionally shows evidence of injury, and this may explain the origin of modifications found at the anterior end of the mantle in several specimens. These modi- fications consisted in a well-defined median indentation of the buccal veil, which was thus symmetrically bilobed. But this region of the mantle is almost always folded at the margin to some extent, and since the pigment pattern frequently shows no local disturbance at the region of the indentation, the feature which is shown in Figure 3 (particularly at c) may be merely an unusually strong expression of a tendency to wavy folding. The " rhinophores " of Chromodoris (cf. Arey, 1917), which are usually straight, may appear somewhat bent near the tip, or may even assume a slightly corkscrew shape. In one indi- vidual there was found a bifurcating " rhinophore " on the left side ; the one on the right side was normal. As shown in the accompanying sketch (Fig. 4), the rhinophoral collar (c) had grown in such a manner as to accommodate the additional structure. One specimen occurring among a lot of 231 collected early in January, 1917, was found to possess a striking modification of the rhinophoral collars. Figure 5 depicts the condition refer- red to, which consists in the fusion of the two pockets, into which the " rhinophores " are respectively retracted, so that but a single depression provided with a single collar is present 142 THE NAUTILUS. in this particular animal. The posterior edge of the collar was higher than the anterior one, and when both " rhinophores " were retracted this posterior border of the collar was folded over the anterior edge in such a way as to lead to the appearance of two minute openings into the single pocket. Agar's Island, Bermuda. REFERENCES AREY, L. B. 1917. The sensory potentialities of the nudibranch " rhino- phore." (Proc. Amer. Soc. Zool., 14th Ann. Meet.) Anat. Record. Vol. 11, No. 6, p. 514-516. CROZIER, W. J. 1917. The nature of the conical bodies on the mantle of certain nudibranchs. NAUTILUS, Vol. 30, p. 103-106. SMALLWOOD, W. M. 1910. Notes on the hydroids and nudibranchs of Bermuda. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1910, Part I, p. 137-145. DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES, Plate VI. FIG. 1. Branching gills. FIG. 2. Ridges about the branchial collar; a, anterior; 6, posterior; c, branchial collar (gills not shown); d, triangular depressions. FIG. 3. Lobed condition of the buccal veil. FIG. 4. A bifurcate rhinophore; c, collar of rhinophore. FIG. 5. Fused rhinophoral pockets; a, rhinophores extended; 6, retracted. A METHOD OF PRESERVING LARGE NUDIBRANCHS. W. J. CROZIER. Contributions from the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, No. 65. Those who have had occasion to study collections of nudi- branchs, especially when they include specimens of the larger tropical species, have doubtless often wished that the organisms submitted for their examination had been so preserved as to exhibit in more natural fashion the appearance of these crea- tures when alive. After various attempts to secure good prepa- rations, I find that the simple procedure herein outlined gives tolerably fair results. The method has been tried almost ex- clusively upon Chromodoris zebra, but it seems likely that other large forms will yield equally good preservations when treated in the same way. A saturated solution of cocaine hydrochloride is made up in sea water, and 2-3 cc. of this solution is then injected into the THE NAUTILUS. 143 heart (or into the region of the heart) of Chromodoris by means of a syringe and hollow needle. A " Record " syringe, such as is used by surgeons, is useful for this purpose. Within an hour or so — depending on the temperature, on the size of the animal, and on the exact amount of the narcotic that has been injected —the nudibranch will be fully anaesthetized, usually with the gills and rhinophores fully extended; frequently also the genital papilla will be protruded, and the pharynx everted. It is ad- vantageous to add a few crystals of chloretone to a small vol- ume of sea water containing the nudibranch; furthermore, several injections of the cocaine may sometimes yield a better result than a single dose. When completely anaesthetized, the animal may be killed and fixed in 75 per cent, alcohol. Precipitated slime, on the surface of the body, can be subsequently removed with a camel's hair brush. In order to avoid the distortion which inevitably results if these large nudibranchs are fixed while they rest upon the bottom of a dish, it is well to suspend them vertically in the fixing fluid until they are killed and begin to harden. This may be done by gripping the caudal extremity of the foot be- tween the jaws of a light "artery clamp" or some similar in- strument; or a thread may be sewn through the foot for this purpose. The injection of a relatively small amount of a narcotic usually gives much better results than does the attempt to anaes- thetize these nudibranchs by adding magnesium sulphate, or chloretone, to the seawater containing them. In the latter method, not only does the surface frequently become covered with a number of vesicular blebs, edematous in appearance, but also the proper time for removal to the killing fluid must be selected with considerable care. A similar procedure, involving the injection of chloretone into the body-cavity, has been em- ployed by Pearse1 with holothurians. The proper penetration of the fixative is of course important for the conservation of the internal organs. This result may be assured if a fair volume of the fixative is employed, and if in addition an incision several centimeters long is made along the edge of the mantle (preferably on the left side) previous to immersion in the fixative. Frequently it is desirable that the normal integumentary 1 Pearse, A. S. , 1910. Eine Methode, um Holothurien in ausgedehntem Zustande zu konservieren. Zeits. f. biol. Tech. u. Method., Bd. 2, p. 94-95. 144 THE NAUTILUS. colors of the nudibranch should be preserved as faithfully as possible. Two fluids which I have found useful with Chromo- doris zebra are Merkel's fluid and the sublimate-acetic mixture (saturated aqueous solution of sublimate plus 5 per cent glacial acetic acid). The sublimate mixture in particular gives a very fair preservation of the blue pigment of Chromodoris, which ia permanent for six months at least, if not for a longer period. The sublimate precipitates the blue substance so that it is no longer soluble in aqueous alcohol, and at the same time renders it insensitive to the acetic acid, which otherwise would cause the substance to become pink. Possibly the platinic chloride in Merkel's fluid has a similar action, since I find that both mercurous salts and platinic chloride precipitate the blue pig- ment from aqueous solutions. Agar's Island, Bermuda. TO SUBSCRIBEKS. For twenty-seven years the present editors of THE NAUTILUS have tried to furnish to the lovers of conchology a little monthly keeping them in touch with the progress of the science and offering all who had interesting papers and notes a medium of publication. The generous appreciation of our subscribers has been our reward for this labor of love. Now we have to announce to our friends, that after due con- sideration, the editors have decided to issue the paper as a quarterly, beginning with Volume 31. There are many reasons for this change. First perhaps is the saving in time on the part of the editors, and second, the fact that we can handle longer articles to much better advantage. It is proposed to make each quarterly number 40 pages and to increase the subscription price to $2.00. While we greatly regret the latter change, it becomes imperative under present conditions. We will cheerfully do the work, expecting you to pay the printer. As in the past author's separates and illustra- tions are furnished at the expense of the authors. The first number of the quarterly series will appear in July. Taking for granted your sincere and earnest cooperation as in the past, the editors will endeavor to make the future numbers of THE NAUTILUS indispensable to students of mollusca. H. A. P. AND C. W. J. MBL LIBRARY 17UU Z /OJ •I