THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY JOURNAL . DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL. XXXIV JULY. 1920, to APRIL, 1921 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences PHILADELPHIA CHARLES W. JOHNSON Curator of the Boston Society of Natural Hurtoiy BOSTON INDEX TO THE NAUTILUS, XXXIV. INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES. Achatinella bulimoides 27 Achatinella lehuiensis meinickei P. & C., n. subsp 109, 110 Acruroteuthis, new name for Acroteuthis Actiiionaias pectorosa Conrad 89 Alaska, notes on a collection of shells from 67 Alasmidonta minor Lea 87 Alasmidonta raveueliana Lea 87 Ampullaria elongata Dall, n. sp 133 Aiiachis minuta Oldroyd, n. sp 114 Arkansia wheeleri Ortm. & Wkr 141 Brachiopod genera, notes on certain 69 Brasilia Clarke 70, 138 Brasilica Greger 70, 138 Brasilina Clarke 139 Bucciiium undatum 60 Carunculina moesta Lea 89 Cephalopods, note on a preoccupied generic name 66 Chapadella Greger, n. gen 70 Chione, a new Peruvian 93 Chione meridionalis Oldroyd, n. sp. (pi. 4, figs. 3, 4) .... 93 Chiton, a new Alaskan 22 Chiton tuberculatus, sex-correlated coloration in 30 Clathrodrillia diegensis Oldroyd, n. sp 115 Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.) 14, 28 Columella edentula Drap 28 Conradilla caelata Conr 90 Conus californicus fossilis Oldroyd, n. sp 116 Coptothyris Jackson (Pereudesia Dall) 69 Craspedopoma lucidum Lowe 113 Drornus dromus Lea 88 IV THE NAUTILUS. Epitonium clarki Oldroyd, n. sp 115 Ensis directus Conr 60 Euconulus fulvus (Miill.) 14 Eurynia nebulosa (Conrad) 90 Eurynia perpurpurea (Lea) 90 Eurynia vanuxemensis (Lea) 91 Ferrissia adarnsi Walker, n. sp. (pi. 3, figs. 7-9) 74 Ferrissia blandi Walk., n. sp. (pi. 3, figs. 10-12) 75 Ferrissia jamaicensis Walker, n. sp. (pi. 3, figs. 1-3) .... 73 Florida, shells of Orlando 31 Florida, shells of the east coast 119 Fusconaia barnesiana Lea 83 Fusconaia cuneolus Lea 82 Fusconaia edgariana Lea 83 Fusconaia pilaris Lea 81 Galba vahlii (Beck) 68 Gastrocopta holzingeri agiia Pils 29 Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella Pils 13 Gastrocopta rupicola Say 108 Gonyodiscus cronkhitei Anthonyi Pils 14 Gonyodiscus shimeki cockerelli Pils 5 Guatemala mollusca 37 Haplotrema concava Say 28 Helicina occulta Say 64 Hemisinus ruginosus Mor 47 Hinkley, Anson A. (obituary and portrait) 55 Lampsilis higginsii Lea, anatomy of 80 Land mollusks of the Belgian Congo 102 Land shells from Beaver Co., Pa 28 Land shells of Chokoloskee Key and Cape Sable, Fla 108 Land shells of Southern Florida 93 Lasmigona holstonia Lea 87 Lastena lutea Raf 87 Lexingtonia dolabelloides Lea 83 Liguus at Marco, Florida 139, 140 Liguus fasciatus simpsoni, n. subsp 140 Loess deposits near Alton, Illinois 61 Lucidella tantilla Pils 108 Lymnaea emarginata Say and L. ampla Mighels, type localities of 77 Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say 10 Marine mollusca about New York City 59 Medionidus conradicus Lea 90 Modiolus demissus Dillwyn, in San Francisco Bay 91 Mussels, on the erosion and thickness of shells of the fresh water 15 THE NAUTILUS. V Naiad Fauna of the Mississippi River, notes on the 80 Navajo Nation 1 North Dakota, shells from Jamestown 29 Olivella biplicata Sowb 117 Olivella boetica, new varieties 118, 119 Oreohelix depressa 6, 12 Oreohelix clutei Ferriss, n. subsp 5, 13 Oreohelix cumrningsi Ferriss, n. subsp 5, 12 Oreohelix neomexicana Pils 5 Oxystyla floridensis Pils 108 Pachycheilus indiorum (Morelet) 44 Pachycheilus lacustris (Morelet) 37 Pachycheilus pottsianus Hinkley, n. sp 54 Pegias fabula Lea 88 Paravitrea multidentata (Binn.) 28 Pecten magellanicus Grnel 60 Pecten (Patinopecten) rhytidus Ball, n. sp 77 Pecten ( Plagioctenium ) hallae Ball, n. sp 76 Pecten landi Cooke, n. n 137 Pecten vaun Cooke, n. n 137 Pennsylvania, land shells from Beaver Co 28 Physa humerosa interioris Ferriss, n. subsp 2, 4 Planorbis similaris Baker 68 Planorbis trivolvis Say 10 Plebecula Lowe 133 Pleurobema oviforme Conrad 85 Polita indentata umbilicata Ckll 14 Polygyra auriculata Say 31 Polygyra dentata Ferriss 28 Polygyra multilineata altonensis Baker, n. var 65 Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker, n. var 66 Portland catalogue, species named in the 97, 124 Praticolella bakeri Van 31 Psammacoma brasiliana Ball, n. sp 132 Ptychobranchus subtentum Say 88 Publications received 31, 70, 104 Pupilla hebes mut. albescens Ferriss 8, 14 Pupilla syngenes Pils Pupoides marginata Say 14 Pyramidula cumberlandiana Lea (pi. 1, fig. 1) 24 Pyramidula cumberlandiana alabaina Clapp, n. var. (pi. 1, fig. 3) 25 Pyramidula cumberlandiana columba Clapp, n. var. (pi. 1, fig. 5) 25 Pyramidula from Alabama, a new species of 23 Pyramidula picta Clapp, n. sp. (pi. 1, fig. 4) 23 VI THE NAUTILUS. Pyramidula rupestris in Maine 58 Pyramidnla rupestris var. nylanderi Morse, n var. (fig. 1) 59 Pyramidnla shimekii Pils 63 Razor shell, the leaping 95 Schasicheila walkeri Hinkley, n. sp 53 Schizoplax multicolor Ball, u. sp 22 Siphonaria japonica (Don.) 141 Solen ensis L 96 Sowerby, George Brettingham 137 Spisula solidissima 59 Strobilops strebeli guatemalensis Hinkley, n. subsp 52 Succinea retusa Lea 10, 28, 62 Tapes philippinarum in the Hawaiian Islands 107 Tegula hemphilli Oldroyd, n. sp 115 Thysanophora homi 13 Tornatina tumida Oldroyd, n. sp 116 Turritidae vs. Turridae 27, 57 Vallonia gracilicostata Reinh 14 Valvata lewisii helicoidea Dall 68 Venus stutzeri Don 141 Vermetus nodosus Oldroyd, n. sp 116 Vertigo modesta insculpta Pils 14 Vitrina alaskana Dall 14 Viviparus waltoni Tryon 31 Wilder, William 101 Zioii National Park, shells of 140 Zonitoides alachuana Dall 14 Zonitoides nummus Van. in Indiana . 70 THE NAUTILUS. vii INDEX TO AUTHORS. Baker, Frank C 61, 67 Berry, S. S 57, 66 Clapp, Geo. H 23, 70, 108 Clarke, John M 138 Cockerell, T. D. A 102, 113, 133 Cooke, C. Montague 109 Cooke, C. Wythe 137 Crozier, W. J 29 Ball, Wm. H 22, 27, 76, 97, 124, 132 Daniels, L. E 30 Ferriss, Jas. H 1 Fulton, H. C 138 Greger, D. K 69 Grier, N. M 15, 80 Hanna, G. Dallas 91, 142 Hinkley, A. A 37 Jaeot, Arthur 59 Johnson, C. W 36, 72, 106, 143 Meinecke, William H 110 Morse, Edw. S 58 Moore, Clarence B 139 Nylander, Olof 0 77, 119 Oldroyd, Mrs. Ida S 93 Oldroyd, T. S 114, 117 Ortmann, A. E 81, 141 Pilsbry, H. A 31, 36, 72, 101, 106, 109, 140 Shepard, James 95 Thaanum, D 107 Thompson, Lillian D 100 Vanatta, E. G 28, 31, 93, 140 Walker, Bryant 32, 55, 73 THE NAUTILUS. Vol. XXXIV JULY, 1920. No. I THE NAVAJO NATION. BY JAS. H. FEERISS. ( Concluded. ) In northeastern Arizona sandstone and shale of different periods are the prevailing types, geologically. The Carrizo range and a small country about sixty miles north of Hoi- brook, Arizona, and a few needles thrust through the desert floor here and there belong to the igneous group. Less than one-tenth is limestone, and in character of little worth to the snail industry. Vegetation is not so plentiful or varied in character as in the region lying southward to the Mexican border, but much of the material is new to collectors, and some of the species new to science. At an elevation between 6,000 and 7,000 feet juniper (/. monorperma) and pinyon (P. edulis), and up to 8,500 feet yellow pine (P. ponderosa), quaking asp, spruce and oak pre- vail, with columbines, phlox, aconitum, larkspur in the usual mountain profusion. Ferns are rare. W. N. Clute, editor of the American Botanist, and the pres- ent writer, both of Joliet, 111., were invited to join the class of 1919. They needed no urging. The good ship Ford, chafing at its Tucson anchorage was in line at Flagstaff July 1. Leav- ing the Lowell Observatory with the Normal School faculty and several pleasant people, a run was made over to Grand View, on the Grand Canyon, about 70 miles, to organize, get acquainted and make a fresh start. It is one of the best views of the 2 THE NAUTILUS. canyon. The auto parties camp here, but the hotel, now owned by W. R. Hearst, is idle. The forest rangers' camp is nearby but otherwise there is no settlement here at present. Sonorella coloradoensis (Stearns) was found at the type locality. Scenery, fine air and the yellow-blooming century-plant (Agave utahensis) were of particular interest. Tuba City was our next camp, and it was necessary to return to the San Francisco Mountains, 14 miles from Flagstaff to cross the Painted Desert. This is the fourth time we have passed this range with a peak of 12,794 feet and everlasting snow. Surely Oreohelix is up there in the quaking asps, but no conchologist has made a track so much as on the foothills. At Cameron (Tanner) crossing was made over the canyon of the Little Colorado on a suspension bridge built by the govern- ment. There was but a thread of water in the muddy flats one or two hundred feet below. A little scratching here during the luncheon hour did not turn up anything in the rocks or drift. The road was fairly good and the autos hummed along merrily over wide stretches of black lava, pebbled agate, iron marbles and other geological curiosities, and at other stretches, for a change, painted canyon walls and miles of grotesque wind- made statues furnished entertainment. Although delayed four hours in starting we traveled 122 miles and went into camp early that day at Tuba. Purchased from the Mormons, this is now a government city of schools, agency buildings, an agri- cultural experiment station and a hospital. Sand is the chief product of Tuba City, but springs are numerous and the fields of grain and the orchards were thrifty. At the boiling spring in our camp a new Pisidium and Physa humerosa interioris, n. subsp. were gathered. Also cases of the case-fly and a fair collection of dragon flies. A large scarlet species was the prize. John Lee, of Mountain Meadow memory, was one of the founders of Tuba. Later he established Lee's Ferry on the Colorado, and later again at Mountain Meadow met his Water- loo. On the rocks of Moenkoppi Wash is the village of Moen- koppi. The homes and stores of these ancient cliff-dwellers were closely inspected by the clasg, also their fields of corn, THE NAUTILUS. 3 orchards and vineyards, hundreds of acres. School diplomas, photographs and three-colored illustrations decorated their walls, and clocks and sewing machines seemed home-like. They are neat housekeepers, hospitable and surely happy. These so-called Quaker Indians, the Hopis, and also the more or less war-like Navajos, Utes and Piutes, with a few goods bought from the traders — salt, sugar, baking powder and calico — live as they have always lived. They are farmers with fields of grain, alfalfa and vegetables in the low spots of the desert; operators in live stock, manufacturers of blankets, pottery and jewelry. The estimate of 1912 gave this nation 330,000 horses, 33,000 cattle, 1,500,000 sheep. They dress in styles of their own, in dwellings cling to their ancient architec- ture and keep their blood pure Indian. The Hopi has perma- nent dwellings, four and five stories high, and perhaps may be the original inventor of the Philadelphia sky-scraper apartment. The Navajo with his solitary and temporary hogan of sticks and mud, the Ute and Piute with tepees of skin or canvas, follow their flock to the herding grounds, all at peace, one with an- other, really not knowing tribal boundaries. There may be a two-thousand-dollar auto in the front door yard of Mr. Navajo if the ground is that level. The remainder of the familv sur- it plus may be invested in government bonds, a banner with a star in gold hanging from a door that is something like a muskrat home, but they make their own moccasins and calico breeches, and some of them still think they can whip the United States. Since we broke camp one of those cockey white men, prospect- ing for minerals against Indian instructions, was found lying by a water hole on our trail and the signs of his taking-off were Navajo. The Hopi is a model Indian. He saves his money, never had a quarrel with Uncle Sam, and without government boun- ties has made his own living. A trader told us that when a Navajo sold him ten dollars worth of wool he traded out the full amount and asked for nine dollars more of credit, but the Hopi left a quarter and took home nine seventy-five in cash. The Navajo refused to dig for pottery, as the flu had given them a scare; but we liked them and their splendid horses were 4 THE NAUTILUS. kindly, well-broken and intelligent. Without a guide or guid- ance they carried us for miles over naked sandstone where there was not a scratch to mark the trail. Saddles of Navajo make are in good taste and stand up well with the best of the saddler's art. "Boy, boy," came from a group of smiling Hopis at Tuba, pointing to cavalry pantaloons as the girls climbed into cars. The dogs barked, and with the government veterinarian in his own Ford to lead us, the sand flew over the dunes to Kaibito. Here Wetherill and his horses had been waiting for three days. The cars were stored in the trader's wool house, and two days later we threw down the shovels and anchored those horses and mules in the junipers of Endische Springs at the south foot of Navajo Mountain. There had been little opportunity for collecting, but while watering our stock at two branches of Navajo Creek the drift was found rich in small shells. The streams contained excel- lent drinking water and were twenty or thirty feet in width. A large amount of timber had been floated down from the mesas, but we were traveling fast. Physa humerosa interioris was found in the stream among the horsetails and water cress. With the best of water spouting from the rocks, a beautiful view and a delightful climate we settled down into a permanent camp, began to feel acquainted and call each other by front names. These pupils and instructors were a splendid group of uncomplaining pottery diggers. Nearly every western state was represented. Their forebears had been pioneers from Plymouth Rock to California, and thus good sense and the square deal came just natural. From the southern approach Navajo Mountain is an oblong dome, regular in form, longer east and west, without peaks or precipices, "rising four thousand feet above the flat floor of the Rainbow Plateau, an island in the midst of a sea of water-worn and wind-worn brilliantly colored sandstone," says Gregory. A nearer view and a little travel finds precipices in plenty. In fact so rough were the crags we found but one horse trail to the upper levels, and that ended at War God Springs about half way to the summit. Here at the springs is a fairly level bench THE NAUTILUS. 5 in the yellow pine about a mile in width along the southern and eastern slopes. The talus covered with quaking asp largely composed of heavy sandstone blocks is an ideal situation and Oreohelix was at home. The summit of about two hundred acres fairly level is heavily clothed in spruce, and over the top, under the precipices are occasional springs that feed the streams crossing the Rainbow trail below. Many fairy bowers, coves and valleys are hidden here for botanists and snail seekers. Here we found a new Phlox (clutei); Oreohelix yavapai cum- ming.n n. subsp. and Gonyodiscus skimeki cockerelli Pils. were found in their most robust form. All of the mountain is sandstone, or so near it that shells and their hunters notice no difference. "Cretaceous sand- stones cover the top and Jurassic (?) sediments constitute the flanks," to speak authoritively. The sandstone for the whole region is rather variable in character due perhaps to the several binding materials — lime, silicon, iron, manganese, etc. Many specimens were brought to camp, and Prof. Scott's verdict ran to sandstone with an occasional decree favorable to petrified wood. Navajo Mountain has good soil for snail life, so fertile it is not probable that all the species were gathered. At a spring on the south slope known to us as the Red Rock Spring, Oreo- helix yavapai clutei n. subsp. was discovered accidentally in the grass and rose bushes. Succinea avara was also here in the bogs. Among the rocks of a large canyon west of Endische Springs we found the bones of Oleohelix yavapai neomexicana Pils., but found no live ones. This canyon heads in a saddle near the main peak of the mountain and for convenience may be known as Big Pine Canyon until further orders. The north and northeast slopes were not fully explored although three of our party camped at War God Springs the better part of a week. The great rock slides of those slopes probably contain the best snaileries. Four Oreohelix tribes per mountain is a new record for Arizona. Before returning home Mr. Wetherill and his Indians led the way to the War God Springs and then on foot to the top of the mountain for the view over the San Juan country, and then b THE NAUTILUS. around the base of the mountain on horseback to the Rainbow Bridge. On the mountain top an Oreohelix depressa came to the surface following a shower of rain, in every way almost identical to the shells found by Henderson and Daniels at stations 22 and 23, 1915, near Ogden, Utah. The forest rub- bish about the springs was alive with Pupas and Zonitids and Vallonias. A few Oreohelix yavnpai neomexicana Pils. were in the rock slides. The outlook from the crest overlooked the Rainbow Bridge, the canyons of the San Juan, other canyons; bridges, caverns, domes, sunlights and shadows, white, brown, and all the reds and all the shades of the amethyst. Also the plateaus beyond the Grand Canyon, the Henry Mountains, 11, 410 feet, the Blue, 11,445, Aquarius 10,100, LaSal 12,271. Also the white and black mesas and the Carrizo mountains to the south and east were in view. The Rainbow Bridge is in the strict rainbow form and with some of its colors. But 30 feet in thickness, with its 309 of altitude and 208 width, in lightness of architecture it seemed something of steel. The average camera does not give an accurate estimate of sharp hillsides and scenery large as this bridge. It rained a little these evenings, but the bridge kept us dry, and at a camp in Surprise Canyon blankets were spread in wind holes of the cliff. To imitate the swallows, heads and feet were made to peep out a little. At the bridge one of the party imitated the pack rats for a little while and for the first time in his desert experience made a complete collection of fleas. The chute of Zane Grey is an interesting feature of this trail, so narrow it seemed the walls in passing could be touched with either hand, and so high the passage was gloomy. Abduction Cliff and the balanced rock that exterminated the wicked band were true to photographs, one on the trail the other at Navajo Creek, thirty miles away. In fiction, details in scenery and character should be true to life, though a little latitude may get through of a geograph- ical character. We know Grey's Roaring River, and we camped for weeks at the corral he helped to build for Silver THE NAUTILUS. / Mine; we know his Painted Desert, and have struck his trail in so many places we know his details are accurate and well done. Hon. David Rust, of Kanab, schooled at Leland Stanford University, an editor and twice a member of the Utah legisla- ture, said the only fault "here is that Gray deals in ancient history." Well, so it is with many of us. We do not ask to have witchcraft, intolerance, superstition or any of those dis- gusting household remedies spread on the records. David and his son, David Jordan, gave us a pleasant surprise at Endische Springs. They were cousins of mine and it was our first meeting. Our mothers' ancestors, Ezekiel Brown and wife and two sons were kidnapped by the New York Indians and kept in captivity nearly four years. Rust and Ferriss thus in- herited their wild ways, and had much in common to talk about. Ferriss all his life, too, because of this family episode, has been tracking New York Indians, especially up and down Wall Street. A couple of young boys from New York City, taking in the sights from Zion Park to Mesa Verda, were in the care of the Rusts, Arnold W. Kohler, Jr., and Chas. P. Schulzheimer. Though but seventeen they were live wires educationally and went off at the end of a few days with the hearts of us all. They saw a large yellow snail walking up the rocks at Rainbow Bridge, a Sonorella, perhaps, but we found only Succinea avara, Physa humerosa interioris and Papilla hebes. Loaded with pottery and other material historic, after a few weeks of toil we returned to Kaibeto, assisted by Navajos and their horses. Here we met John Lee, a grandson of the Lee Ferry John, who brought in a report that we were at Navajo Mountain in a starving condition and that the girls had worn out their shoes. The Lees may be a little peculiar, but in a sparsely settled country rumors seem to spring from the ground and spread remarkably fast. It is a day's journey from Kaibeto to Marsh Pass via Red Lake, by auto or across country by horseback. The Dean and our Navajo friend Leslie made the journey on horseback, for there were ruins on the way. The main party returned to Red Lake and switchbacked to the Pass. The roads had been damaged by late rains and both parties were a day late. THE NAUTILUS. The trader at Red Lake opened house for us and between the stores of the trader and our camp chest it was something like a return to civilization. The living room above the store was well equipped and the ladies took possession, the gentlemen making their nests in the sand-dunes. These trading posts are constructed much on the plan of the old frontier forts. The buildings are strong, the counters high and sometimes screened, for in their trade discussions the Navajos may resort to direct action. A few traders have lost their lives in these disputes and some of their goods. One of these was an elder brother of Wetherill. We look back with much pleasure to the over night at Red Lake. The road to Marsh Pass led through the Klethia valley. Lake reservoirs, fields and corrals by the road side, luxuriant sun- flowers and^fire-weeds promising greater agricultural develop- ment, is our recollection of the ride. Marsh Pass is a rocky cut between the Black and Skeleton Mesas. An abundance of fire- wood and water stored in natural cisterns make this a conveni- ent camping place, and Leslie kept camp while the entire class on foot explored the ruins for a couple of daj^s in Laguna Canyon. It was a pleasing journey of six miles along the floor of the canyon with high cliffs and palisades to the noted Betatakin ruins of 148 rooms. A rain storm overtook the lagging snail party, and while they were crouching under overhanging cliffs they were given an exhibition of many bridal- veil falls break- ing over the precipices. The forest dooryard at Betatakin was somewhat damp the remainder of the day, but the quaking asps and spruce were swarming with Pupillidse, and here was found something new, Pup ilia hebes mut. albescens. The damp collectors by a fire and protected by the city arch slept the sleep of the honest toiler and dried their clothing. The ladies descended ladders from the roofs and spread their blankets on the smooth sandstone flooring. The gentlemen slept on rocky shelving above the houses and the Dean, Casabianca to the core, stayed by the cooking beans and got wet. 11 Betatakin is a homelike spot," is the first thought of the visitor. The arched cavern in the cliff is 400 feet in width, THE NAUTILUS. 460 in heighth, opening to the west, has an easy approach, a spring of excellent water at the base, a heavy forest and a wall five hundred feet or more high, and a small stream of water in front. It seems the most delightful and romantic of situations for village life. The ruins have been partially restored by the government, and our class for the coming summer propose to make it their home while exploring a number of newly-discov- ered ruins near by. Supplies will be assembled at Kayenta. A return to the main branch of Laguna Canyon and a walk of eight or ten miles further from camp the following day in which the party was somewhat delayed and strung out by the ripe currants along the trail, brought us to the Keet-Seel ruins. This city has about the same number of rooms as Betatakinr the arch was about the same, but faced east. The forest wTas not as heavy, the water not as convenient, it had not been res- tored as it should be, and access was a little difficult. The approach is negotiated by steps cut in a deep slope of sandstone for about forty feet with a hand-rail laid flat on the surface for safety. Thus those who approach must come humbly on all fours. The pottery was a rich find at these ruins and there still remain many wagon loads of the broken material. The probabilities are that the Hopis were compelled to leave these delightful homes against their will; that they were too easily penned up here by the war- like Navajos and their Apache cousins. At least the Hopis now live on the small and high mesas of the desert where they can see out in every direction, watch their flocks and fields and get a fair view of all who ap- proach. Such is the theory. The decorations upon pottery, the architecture of dwellings and community buildings, with timber, corn and pumpkin rinds preserved these hundreds of years by the overhanging arches, are substantially the same as those now in use by the Hopis of Moenkopi and Walpi. Upon the return journey bones of Lymnxa in the bed of the creek, in banks, washes and ant-hills above started an investi- gation, and it was found that these shells were imbedded in a streak of marl and peat soil sometimes a dozen feet below the canyon floor. Wetherill told us that thirty-five years ago the valley contained a chain of swamps fed by the stream. A sim- 10 THE NAUTILUS. ilar condition was found at Fredonia, Arizona, by Ferriss and Daniels in 1910. The older residents said that twenty-five years before the Kanab Wash was clothed with grass and there was merely a few damp spots here and there along the valley, that the cattle had cut a trail down the valley and this trail had been deepened year after year by the stream. In 1910 the water of Kanab Wash was 90 feet below the floor of the valley and a permanent stream was of such a volume as to be known as a river. A recent freshet had taken out the community dams storing water for domestic use at Kanab and Fredonia, and the village streets were still muddy from the disaster. Perhaps these two streams and many others had a big cut the same sea- son and by the same freshet. We see much evidence of this cutting and also of some filling. Perhaps after a stream here is cut to the bed rock it again fills with brush wood and soil washed from above. Lymnsea stagnalis appressa Say was found in the canyon peat and it may perhaps still be found alive in some of the ponds and lakes of the mesas. We saw the lakes but an auto party is too fast for pond snails. Lymnsea (Galba*) palustris (Mull). Lynvnaa proximo, Lea, Lymncea (Pseudogalba) parva, Planorbis trivolvis Say, and Suceinea retusa Lea, now a stranger to the locality, were also gathered; but the material was in poor con- dition, the shades of night were coming fast, all alone in an Indian country and it had been a twelve-hour walk. It was ten before the camp fire was beckoning at Marsh Pass. Wetherill came to escort us to his home at Kayenta the next morning, and then led us two more days on horseback through Monument Park where peaks, steeples and effigies more than a thousand feet high seem to stick up through the plateau floor. While waiting for the snake dance, nearly a week of delight in desert literature, paintings, photographs and evening lectures was our lot at this club-like home. It is something of a head- quarters for the government explorers, and for all sorts of writers, artists and students who desire to know something of the Navajos. The party divided here, one half returning home, the other going on to the snake dance at Walpi. The journey of two THE NAUTILUS. 11 clays by auto was made in five, owing to weather conditions. We enjoyed the journey through the Chinlee valley where with government assistance thousands of acres of corn were under cultivation, and the side-winder rattler was added to our col- lection. We also stumbled into Ganado, headquarters of the Hubbel string of trading posts established some forty years ago. Hon. Lorenzo Hubbell, its head, many years a representative of the territories of New Mexico and Arizona in Congress, was at home. Here was another museum of Indian baskets, blankets, paintings, desert books and the many things Indian we were looking for. Paintings of all the patterns in blankets used by the Navajos were on the walls, and one hundred at least of the original portraits in sepia of Indians by that best of artists, Elbridge Ayer Burbank. Lorenzo Hubbell, Jr., of Oraibi, was a delightful acquaint- ance. In an empty Buick he overtook us the next morning after the Ganado visit. ' ' Throw in a lot of those dunnage bags and some of those girls and I will help you the next ten miles; the road is rough that far," he said; and we went to it and built a bridge. When the flood from the cloudburst had passed we ran ahead into another cloudburst and built another bridge, the men folks, including Hubbell, pulled off their shoes, rolled up their pantaloons and waded through the mud and cactus for half a day in their bare feet, built bridges, dug out machines with shovels and their bare hands, pushed and slipped and tumbled until dark, and Hubbell stayed with us through it all. He was plainly that kind. When the cowboys and Indians saw him at a distance they grinned the width of their face, came up, slipped off their horses and shook hands heartily. Humiliating to relate, an Indian boy with a burro was em- ployed to pull out a car we could not push, and did it. On another occasion two men of our party, stuck upon the hillside of the San Juan, had their machine pulled over the top by a Najavo woman and her burro, with merely a rope around the donkey's neck. The snake dance of the Hopis terminates an annual nine-day 12 THE NAUTILUS. religious ceremony, a prayer for rain. Here were seven hun- dred spectators from coast to coast, as interested and respectful as these deeply religious Indians themselves. About sixty or seventy live snakes were carried around the ring in the mouths of the priests, one snake at a time. Twenty or more of these exhibits were the common poisonous rattler — the side-winder or Edwards' massasauga (SiMruris catenatus edivardsi B. & G.), and the other the prairie rattler (Crotalus confluentiis Say). No fangs were pulled, no persons bitten, no fainting, none were awe-stricken. There was no frenzy. Everybody cool and sat- isfied. Even those who paid a dollar for a watermelon or fifty cents for a loaf of bread ate calmly, politely and said nothing. The party again divided at Holbrook, and at Galup Mr. Clute left for home and Cummings and Ferriss made a side trip to Montecello, Utah, via. the Ship Rock agency and Cortez, Colorado, thus avoiding the Ute Mountain and passing over the toes of Mesa Verde with its great ruins. The Blue Range, known on some of the maps as the Altas Abajo, is about eight miles from Montecello. The walking is good and the lumber road lands one at the sawmill on the north fork of the Montezuma Creek, the very heart of the moun- lain range. These peaks are covered by thick groves of aspen and spruce with large open spaces of coarse grass and slides of sandstone fringed with wild currants and raspberries. Here again Oreohelix y. cummingsi was found abundant in the shale and also scattered among the rock slides and the aspens, with 0. cooperi and 0. depressa. At station 365 a few cummingsi were found approaching the albino form. At station 370 in tall grass 0. cooperi was variable in size, also in the same en- vironment in the vicinity of the copper mines, our Sta. 366. As a rula these were much smaller than those found in the aspens. The collecting conditions are ideal and this range should he further explored. In the few days given to the work collections were not made farther than a couple of miles from the sawmill in any direction. Some of the maps show that it is about forty miles from the sawmill to the Elk ridge on the west. It was heart-breaking to leave without shaking hands with THE NAUTILUS. 13 the La Sal range, so convenient to Montecello, a stage running to the La Sal P. 0. at the foot of the range. Then, too, there was the Carrizo range a short distance from where we crossed the San Juan at Ship Rock, but duty called us away from this new and prosperous agricultural section. (This is thrown in because the Dean had just harvested over 3,000 bushels of wheat from less than seventy acres of sage-brush land. ) September 13th the party again divided, Ferriss to Joliet and the Dean for Tucson, taking with him a couple of young Wetherills to the University, adding with his machine that much to our desert journey. The girls did their part like men, there was no sickness, no accidents, no great adventures and it was the most enjoyable picnic ever in the most country per acre ever. Concerning the little ones: Pupilla syngenes Pils. and syngen.es dextroversa P. & F. seek the well-drained hillsides where grass roots and spawls of stone lying upon the soil furnish shelter. So far they have not been gathered in deep forest conditions where pupas mostly congregate. The first of these was found alive in the grassy hummocks under the dry cliffs of the Black Mesa at Marsh Pass and again at Kayenta. The other was associated with Oreohelix y. clutei in the rose bushes and grass at Red Rock Spring on the south slope of Navajo Mountain. Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pils.), Pupoides hordaceus (Gabb) and Gastrocopta cristata (Pils. and Van.), of the plains, are seldom found alive. When dead shells appear in the ant- hills a little patience and some time may obtain a few live ones in the grass, chips of wood or surface stone in that vicinity. The great harvest of these (dead) has been found in the drift of streams draining the plains. Thysanophora horni at Brownsville, Texas, is at home in leaf mold of the mesquit thickets, and has colors and bristles. In Arizona it is found under conditions so dry no other snail ex- cept Succinea avara will keep it company, but it thrives and is found in large numbers with the Chtsnaxis pupas in rock piles shaded by cliffs. The Thysanophora ingersolli group keep company with the 14 THE NAUTILUS. Pupillidae, Zonitoides, Gonyodiscus, Vallonia, Vitrina alaskana, Euconulvs, and Cochlicopa lubrica, in deep rock slides and damp forest rubbish. Some of the others than those mentioned in this paper are here located from the notes: Pupilla hebes (Anc. ), fossil beds of Laguna canyon; leaf mold Navajos and Blue Mountains and the Black Mesa at the Rainbow Bridge, in moss and horsetails (Equisetum). Pupilla hebes mut. albescens, now published for the first time, in the aspens at the Betatakin ruins, abundant and variable, sometimes toothed, albino. Pupilla blandi Morse, drift of Chinlee and wash near Adamana. Gastrocopta ashmuni (St.), drift of a wash from the north, near Adamana, Arizona, and in the drift of a branch of the Chinlee near the Utah boundary. Gastrocopta procera mcclungi (Hanna and Johnson), drift near Adamana. Vertigo ovata Say, drift near Adamana and Navajo Creek near the Tso ranch, and fossil beds of Laguna Canyon. Vertigo coloradoensis arizoniensis^ Pils. & Van., fossil beds of Laguna Canyon, drift of Chinlee near Utah boundary. Vertigo modesta insculpta Pils., War God and Two Springs, Navajo Mountain, Blue Mountain, Snow Spring near Monte- cello, Utah, drift of Navajo Creek near Tso ranch. Vallonia gracilicostata Reinh., Blue Mountain and the fossil beds of Laguna Canyon. Others collected that seem to be common to the region wher- ever conditions are favorable were the following: Vallonia per- spectiva St. and cyclophorella Ckll. , Gonyodiscus cronkheitei anthonyi (Pils.), Zonitoides alachuana (Dall), arboreus (Say), Polita in- dentata umbilicata (Ckll.), Euconulus fulvus (Miill), Vitrina alaskana Dall, Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.), Pupoides marginata (Say), Gastrocopta pilsbryiana (St.), Succinea avara (Say). THE NAUTILUS. 15 CN THE EROSION AND THICKNESS OF SHELLS OF THE FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. BY N. M. GRIER, PH. D., HOLLINS COLLEGE. In connection with another investigation, I had opportunity to summarize what is apparently most of the literature dealing with these little discussed and connected phases of the ecology of the Naiades, and now wish to present it in the light of other points this investigation brought out. Hey (1), compared shells of U. pictorum and U. tumidus from the Ouse and Foss Rivers in England. The Ouse River is a wide and deep stream with a great deal of mud and receives a variety of drainage material. Hey believed the erosion of the shells in it was due either to the dissolved C02 in the water, or the rapidity of the current, for in the FOBS River, where condi- tions were generally opposite ones, they showed little such dis- figurement or none. Shrubsole (2) states erosion in shells may be attributed to the low percentage of lime in the water, which he analyzed, and found to be positively correlated with this fact. Beauchamp (3), also, felt that erosion might be due to dissolved carbon dioxide, for he found that shells were con- siderably eroded in streams flowing through limestone forma- tions; moreover dead shells in water containing an abundance of lime were similarly affected. March (4), however, states that shells from districts highly charged with C02 have thin shells, which are not eroded at the beaks, and was inclined to attribute this to the absence of humic acid, ' ' which does not occur where limestone does; or the absence or excess of chalk." Cooper (5) states that badly deformed shells are found in water of excessive saltness, while Baker (6) noted in Cardium, a marine pelecypod, that thinness of shell seemed correlated with the saltness of the water. Finally, Rich (7) tells of some shells ( Vnio complanatus*) from a soft-water lake in New York which were almost free from lime. Further on in this paper it will be shown that while the waters of Lake Erie contain more lime than those of the Upper Ohio Drainage, shells are comparatively thicker in the latter. It is at once observed that more of the above writers ascribe 16 THE NAUTILUS. erosion of shells to the presence of C02 in the water. This is also confirmed in a way from the interpretation of geologic data, which gives evidence of the solvent power of ' ' carbonic acid. ' ' Not only is C02 being continually liberated in nature in other ways, but there is hardly any doubt but that the interaction of humic acid often present in streams with lime may also produce C02. Thus the observation of Shrubsole, whose shells were collected from a drainage containing a diversified material, may plausibly fit in here. Of course the fact must never be excluded that coarser material carried along by the current also plays a part in the erosion of shells, but the consequences of such a factor may be intensified by the chemical reactions which already may have taken place. Most of the eroded shells I have ex- amined come from streams having an abundance of gravel. Again, it is probable that in some cases an abundance of lime in a stream may neutralize the humic acid before the latter can produce any marked effect. Later on, some evidence will be presented in support of March's contention to the effect that high CaC03 content of the water somehow inhibits absorption of material, preventing the shell from becoming as thick as it might. This, however, is only a phase of the well-established principle that living cells are able to control the absorption of substances used in their metabolism. Since it is admitted that the lime of shells comes from the water in which they live, there is reason to think there may be some correlation — positive or negative — between the amount of lime present and the thickness of the shells. Several investigators have indicated their probable attack of this prob- lem, but so far there does not seem to be any published results. Having already secured data on the thickness of the shell and reduced it to a convenient factor, (the thickness just superior to the pallial line directly beneath the umbo, divided by the height), I found a publication of the U. S. Geological Survey (8) which fortunately gave analyses of the water at the same or what seem to be reasonably adjacent points to where my material had been collected. All the localities concerned — col- lecting, and points where analysis of water was taken, are indi- cated in the data which appear to correlate for my conclusions in the table. THE NAUTILUS. TABLE SHOWING RELATION OF CACO3 CONTENT OF WATER TO THICKNESS OF SHELL.* al "§ C to M ID ffl o ^ t^ TO Parker, Tarentum. Natrona, Pittsburgh. McKeesport, Monongahela. Erie, Pa. At nearest point, Meadville. -ta 'o G- | nj O> B 7s - .a§ « .; >-> a 1« "! C« C3 PH&H OJ 03 'L. i- ww B g oi £ £ c» o Kiskiminitas and Conemaugh Rivers. Tarentum. Exception. Analysis at adjacent points, Sharon and Greenville a greater alkalinity at lower station. i B O 0 03 ^ >* cl si a in « 13 B cS 03 t • FH f— 1 oS o O sS a § '3 o- -t-> oS 13 a in t-* ^ O3 0> -taj .2 — • '•3 o o f— 1 o 'i 00 0 B £ 03 43 (H O3 C • r-l .-H (M O i— * i"- r-i i— 1 t^ SS8 r— I 33 s *— i CD »— * t-— LO C^ LO ^* *£ C3 O ^ CO O^ ^~^ J _,^ — - £ iO ^O t^~ t^* *o ^^ *~o oo c*^ SI Si § ^* ^H ^* O'l ^^ LO ^^ ff^ T— 1 LO *-H i-H 1— 1 »— r— i rH 'cl 3 o ^ o • . . 4) O> ,M cd . s^ . 1 0 . Conoquenessing .... Presque Isle Bay, Lake Eri( ffi • • • -1 . "5 Allegheny River . . . French Creek Allegheny River, Warren , Allegheny Biver, Kelly Kiskiminitas Drainage . Kelly. Allegheny River Little Mahoning Creek Kelly, Allegheny River Shenango River, Clarksvi >-, c Ohio River . . . Monongahela Rive Presque Isle Bay, J c O Allegheny River Ohio River . . . Shenango River, P * '3 o> a. CO c* 1C 09 C a .... a eriganensi a eriaranensi • • - - • . . • r2 i g g 3 3 3 3 a a 3 3 3 3 a ^ ^ a a a a 3333 ^^ J^^ ^"* ^^ 4 03 d ^ a K eurobema obi eurobema obi eurobema obi eurobema obi eurobema obi 3333 o o o o Gd C3 o3 rt a a s a G) Q^ CJ ^ p O 0 O 3 = 33 a) 03 a) 03 «n --'S O O O O o o o 000 00 U3 OC 111 Fuscona o o «s o o o CC CD tfc § SJ 11 |aa i. ^- o iO 10 ' CO r-* T— i r- i T-^ O ' — OOi— <»— "OOOO O w o. o. ' 3aS33S330lea«jaJc8 a §; _g<_g< o _o o _o o o o 0,0.0.0,0.0.0. i «-j *^H *^^ "^ "^ ••" "^ rt rt oj ad oi I r^ r^ r^ n^ ^O ^3 ^C S3 C3 fl fl d W W W W o. o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.aaaaa ._ ._._.._._._._._._ a, o; a) ,) m BB m OB M w d a; 3 a rH I— ( CN (M (M — > THE NAUTILUS. XXXIV PLATE I 1M#C/B ••' t.^Wffl V ••' \- *., GEO H. CLAPP: ON PYRAMIDULA THE NAUTILUS, XXXIV. PLATE II. ACHATINELLA EI.F.GANS NEWC. THE NAUTILUS. 19 111 «S «J «J « *" a lis '•2^ 2 sS 02 a 93 J •< - a » O : -3 ~ •* CD -3 c a •* be • .= » s s o> D > pq u 'W O . a OJ " a> . -a 02 .& , 5 02 as aa 3 a O) 5 45.2 5Sl |§2 n rs C C «J o o -s CO 3D 3 3 a a c« c* 'i'i S 3? 3 3 a a 33 bo 2d b o •-^ ~* +-> a a a c o o o o T? ^ ^3 T3 0000 c c a c OD 3 a rt 1 i OJ c4 a8«4eSeS9S . O 5* ed «3 -*j i- a? « C C C c C. O'S'S'S4'*'4'*'4'' —I. O *^ ^^ ^i ,_* ^ .^j , i ; ^ 2 S g0-0-0-0-0-! •^JOnCLi&ilXihPkCUPH g 2 £ • J5 JS -5 8" "o "o O) i< .- — —•-• >" tn 03 oo a a a a t-. 20 THE NAUTILUS. Stations at which analyses taken with remarks. o - § s.s jl 8 S5 1O»— I 1 — I CO t-M T— t Gt 1— I i— I t— lC<)COCOC O C3 c« a> a> O U C« C3 CO (O c a - !- OOOOO OOcStScScJcStScJeS Qj Q) ^ — — ' — ^ «-' .— ^ — -^ 4S 03 cd fli o9 fl3 od 18 cd •--^^oooocooo OQ ffi BQ 00 ,.-.. saasasaaaaasaaaa ."g THE NAUTILUS. 21 From the table the following conclusion may be drawn, quali- fied of course by the conditions under which the data is pre- sented: 1. In all or the majority of cases discussed from the Upper Ohio Drainage, it appears that the thickness of the shell is positively corre- lated with the percentage of lime in the water. 2. In all the cases of the species from Lake Erie, it appears that the thickness of the shell is negatively correlated with the percentage of CaC09 in the water. Why the shells of Lake Erie do not follow the type of corre- lation obtained for those from the Upper Ohio (should this ap- pear perfectly substantiated), must be largely speculative at present, but the following facts are offered in the light of affect- ing the ultimate explanation. Walker, (9), has already indi- cated the general differences between the shells of L. Erie and their parent forms of the Upper Ohio. L. Erie shells are com- paratively little eroded, shorter, greater relative degree of infla- tion, and in some species other characteristics indicating a de- pauperate type of growth. Certain characteristics of this type are so marked that it has been considered justifiable to assign certain L. Erie shells the rank of varieties (10). Possibly we may recognize the less relative thickness of L. Erie shells as a physiological variation keeping touch with the morphological ones. Dr. Walker in correspondence suggests that these differ- ences as above described may be due to different physical con- ditions present in L. Erie such as the freedom from disturbance, lower temperature and greater alkalinity of the water. Baker recorded Cardium thinnest where the water had the greater saltiness. Comparative and representative analyses of L. Erie and Upper Ohio water show that the former has twice as great alkalinity, and in addition to the greater amount of CaC03 as already pointed out, a greater proportion of sodium and potas- sium sulfates, and a large quantity of magnesium carbonate and sulfate which are not reported from the Upper Ohio Drainage. These latter elements occur in sea water to a higher degree than is usually ever reported for fresh water, and their presence may account in the light of the observations I have given, for the effect brackish water seems to have in nialforming and depau- 22 THE NAUTILUS. perating shells, although of course in this particular case the excess of CaC03 itself, may inhibit extended absorption of itself, or this be prevented by the presence of other compounds. In conclusion, I wish to express my obligation to Dr. A. E. Ortmann, on whose material at the Carnegie Museum these observations were made. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1. Hey, W. C. "Freshwater Shells in the Ouse and Foss." Journal Con- chology, Vol. 3, no. 9, 1882. 2. Shrubsole, G. W. " Erosion of Certain Freshwater Shells." Journal Con- chology, Vol. 2, no. 3, 18. 3. Beauchamp, W. " Eroded Shells." Conchol. Exchange, Vol. 1, p. 50, 1886. 4. March, M. C. " Studies in Morphogenesis of Certain Pelcypods." 4a. Preliminary Note on Variation of U. pictorum, U. tumidus, Anodonta cygnea." Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1910-11, p. 1-18. 5. Cooper, J. E. " Note on Decollated Shells." Journal Conchol. Vol 13, no. 1, 1910. 6. Baker, F. C. " On some Variations of Cardium edule apparently corre- lated to the conditions of Life." Phil. Trans. 1889. 7. Rich, S. C. " An aberrant Form of U. complanatus, Dillwyn." Science, N. S. Vol. XLII, no. 1086, 1915. 8. Lewis, S. G. " Quality of Water in the Upper Ohio River Basin and at Erie, Pa," Water Supply Paper, 161, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1906. 9. Walker, Bryant. " Unione Fauna of the Great Lakes." NAUTILUS 27, 1913. 10. Grier, N. M. "New Varieties of Naiades from L. Erie." NAUTILUS 32, 1918. A NEW ALASKAN CHITON. BY WILLIAM HEALEY CALL. SCHIZOPLAX MULTICOLOR n. Sp. Chiton depressed, broad, wider behind than in front, maroon varied with white streaks, with a rather wide girdle, the surface of which is covered with soft bristles like those of Mopalia mus- cosa, among which are sparsely scattered, irregularly disposed, longer translucent spicules; surface of the valves minutely uni- formly reticulate under the lens, appearing smooth to the un- aided eye; the mesial suture evident, the fifth valve widest, the THE NAUTILUS. 23 posterior valve very small with a subcentral inconspicuous ver- tex at the anterior third; anterior valve with nine, middle valves with two, posterior valves with two slits, the interior lines of which are marked by a row of minute pores; the middle of the valves on each side of the median suture conspicuously porous internally. Length in alcohol 8, maximum breadth 6 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 383018. St. Paul Island, Bering Sea. This differs from the type of the genus S. brandtii Midden- dorff in color, form, characters of the girdle and depression of the body; S. brandtii has nine slits in the posterior valve which is proportionately larger. If additional specimens confirm its peculiarities, S. multicolor may perhaps form a special subdivis- ion of the genus. A NEW SPECIES OF PYRAMIDULA FROM ALABAMA AND NOTES ON P. CUMBERLANDIANA WITH NEW VARIETIES. BY GEO. H. CLAPP. PYRAMIDULA PICTA n. sp. PI. I, Fig. 4. Shell thin, the color markings showing through, broadly umbilicate, the umbilicus dome-shaped, exhibiting all of the whorls to the apex and about one-fourth the diameter of the shell;' whorls very convex above and below with a sharp per- fectly smooth, white carina; apex delicately granulated for nearly a complete whorl before the ribs begin to show, first 2^ whorls rounded then a distinct ribbed carina is formed and the ribbing continues, getting gradually weaker and finally disappearing on the penultimate whorl. There is a distinct impressed line above the carina on the upper whorls. Ribs weak and almost obsolete on the body whorl. Body color a delicate cream tint with irregular, chocolate-brown blotches which stop at the carina; below a row of squarish blotches immediately below the carina and a second row of narrow flame-like markings extend- ing, faintly, into the umbilicus. Lip thin; aperture very ob- lique, much wider than high. Whorls 6. 24 THE NAUTILUS. Greater diameter 20^, lesser 18£, altitude 9 mm. Aperture 9X7 mm. Type. Greater diameter 20, lesser 18£, altitude 10 mm. Greater diameter 18, lesser 17, altitude 10 mm. A very con- vex shell. These shells, over 50 in number, were collected by the late Herbert H. Smith at a place called "Buck Creek Cove" or " No Business Cove," about 3 miles north of Anderson, Frank- lin Co., Tenn., in 1906. Types No. 7101 of my collection, paratypes in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and of Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich. In shape, sculpture and markings, but particularly in the perfectly smooth carina, this species stands out from all others of the group; it is the most distinctly marked and richest in col- oring of all of the Pyramidulas. P. CUMBERLANDIANA (Lea). PI. I, Figs. 1. Sewanee, Tenn. The original description and figure of this species, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., VIII, 229, pi. VI, fig. 61, are very good and agree exactly with the shells found at Sewanee, Tenn., by Bishop Elliott and later collectors. Lea's original locality was "Cumberland Mountains, near Jasper, Tenn.," which is about 20 miles southeast of Sewanee. I have not seen the type but if, as Dr. Binney says, the Sewanee shells are the same, both Lea and Binney failed to note that the ribs become much stronger on the carina giving a saw-tooth effect. Dr. Binney, Terr. Moll., II, p. 216, gives the size as "Di- ameter three-fourths of an inch; axis one-fourth of an inch," or about 19 X 7 mm. W. G. Binney, Manual, p. 258, says: "Greater diameter 15, lesser 13 mm.; heights mm." Of 42 shells in my collection, over half of them from Sewanee, and two labeled " E. Tenn. (Elliott-Bland)" from the Redfield collection, the largest run from 16 to 17 mm. diameter. H. H. Smith collected a few typical shells at Paint Rock, Jackson Co., Ala. At Woodville, Jackson Co. , Ala. , Mr. H. E. Sargent found a form of cumberlandiana with slightly weaker ribs above and be- low and with the upper whorls less shouldered, but it is hardly THE NAUTILUS. 25 distinct enough to be separated. The largest of the Sargent shells that I have seen measures, gr. diain. 18-t, less. 16^, alt. 7 mm., whorls 5f, umbilicus less than one- third of the diameter of the shell. A single shell collected by H. H. Smith in the same locality measures 19f X 8^ mm., whorls 6. In cumberlandiana there is a single row of small, faint, squar- ish, brown markings just below the carina on the base; in the Woodville shells these spots are larger and much darker. Figs. 2. Woodville, Ala. P. CUMBERLANDIANA ALABAMA n. var. PL I, Figs. 3. Gurley, Ala. Differs from the type by its larger size, much finer and flatter ribs and more convex shape; carina white, sharp, but less pinched than in the type and the ribs on the carina much lower and less accentuated. Ground color lighter than in the Sewanee shells and markings darker. There is a single row of squarish flames just below the carina on the base. Umbilicus about one- fourth the diameter of the shell. Gr. diam. 21f , less. 19i, alt. 9£ mm. Aper. 9| X 8 mm. Whorls 6. Type. Gr. diam. 21£, less. 18f, alt. 10 mm. Aper. 9x7 mm. Whorls 6. Huntsville. Collected by H. H. Smith in 1905 on Vincent Mountain, near Gurley and on Smithers Mountain, 5 miles N. W. of Huntsville, both in Madison Co., Ala. Types No. 7132 of rr>y collection (Gurley) and paratypes in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich. P. CUMBERLANDIANA coLUMBA n. var. PL I, Fig. 5. Dove, Term. Like the type in sculpture, color and markings, but not pinched at the carina. Heavily ribbed above and on the carina, but below the ribs are much finer, about 2.1. There is a single row of chocolate brown, diagonal markings immediately below the carina. Gr. diam. 18£, less. 16£, alt. 8 mm. Aper. 7£ X 7 mm. Whorls 5. 26 THE NAUTILUS. Near Dove, Marion Co., Term., on "East slope of Battle Creek valley among rocks." Collected by H. H. Smith in 1906. Types No. 7100 of my collection, paratypes in collec- tions of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich. Had this form been found in any other region it might equally well have been considered a variety of alternata, but being found in the region of cumber landiana I think it best to make it a variety of that species. ACHATINELLA HUNTING IN NORTHWESTERN OAHU. We take the liberty of printing extracts from a letter received some time ago from Mr. Irwin Spalding of Honolulu, in expla- nation of the interesting photograph of living Achatinellas re- produced on plate II. As a general rule, these snails are found "sleeping" by day, on the under side of a leaf as in the pic- ture, under loose bark, or in a knot hole. They are doubtless active chiefly by night. Those who have used the monograph in the Manual of Con- chology know that many species and color-races once abundant are now rare, some doubtless extinct. Dr. Newcomb and Mr. Gulick collected fine tree-shells in quantity where forests are now but a tradition, and their shells are often of color-patterns strange to the modern collector. It is most gratifying to learn that some of these long-lost species are being turned up at higher levels. Mr. Spalding writes as follows: "So many good things have come my way along the land- shell line these last two months that I really don't know how to begin and tell you all about them. To start in with, I spent my three weeks vacation this year collecting on Oahu, started in at Opaeula and worked around through Waimea, Pupukea, Waialee, Kahuku, Leie, finally landing up at Hauula. Only 2367 Achatinella and Amastra for the trip, but here is the best of it all, found four of the supposed extinct species, A. buli- moides ; A. emersoni ; typical old-time, banded mottled A. curta, and last but not least, A. ? ; the latter to be seen in the ac- THE NAUTILUS. 27 companying photograph of six fine adults on a leaf [Plate II]. I will give you six guesses, if you guess their identity I will send you six. As I have hinted more or less where it comes from, I suppose you have guessed correctly at least once out of the six trials, so by bearer you have your shells [they are Acha- tinelli elegans Nc. , from Hauula, long supposed to be extinct] . What do you think of that for a find ? The first trip netted me 40, second 13, and the last 184, each trip representing as many different ridges. I consider this one of the best land-shell finds of the last dozen years or so. "A. bulimoides is as good as extinct. The first day netted me 7, second day but one. The}7 look very much, as Wilder says, like a reversed rosea. The two other species we struck in small colonies, collecting probably a hundred of each. " I was greatly disappointed in the Waialee district, finding none of the old-timers reported from that section. "In the fossil bed at Kahuku I found what Montague Cooke claims is a new species of Amaslra, a form between Leptachatina and Amastra, small and cylindrical. ' ' I am glad that you have come to the conclusion that there are too many Pterodiscus named from Oahu. It was only a couple of weeks ago that I struck a locality west of Palikea in the Waianae Mts. Not the so-called Palikea where Thaanum found his heliciformis, according to the Manual. His locality is Green Peak, marked erroneously on maps as Palikea, — the same place where I found this species some six years ago. Palikea is the high peak northwest of Pohakea gap. Anyway I col- lected well up to a hundred of a species, samples of which I also send." TURKITIDAE VS. TUEEIDAE. BY WM. H. DALL. It is perhaps hardly worth while to spend much more space upon a question of so little real importance as that raised by Mr. Berry, yet as a final contribution I would point out that Prof. Foster admits that Turritidae is correctly formed and criticizes it only from the point of its meaning in classical Latin. 28 THE NAUTILUS. Criticism of meanings in zoological nomenclature has long been given up as hopeless, since zoological Latin is not classical but the colloquial patois of the 18th century. The form Turritidae was the first used and therefore, other things being equal, is entitled to the preference. In the whole of zoological literature, except Adams' Appendix, until lately the Turrii combination does not occur in a single instance, while Scudder gives ten instances of the Turriti form. Even in English we say a castle is turrited and not Turried. Turritus means high, lofty or turrited. Turritidae is the family of the same. Finis ! LAND SHELLS FROM BEAVER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. BY E. G. VANATTA. Mr. James B. Clark collected several packages of leaf mould on the Clydesdale Brick and Stone Company's farm in Beaver County near Ellwood City, about 39 miles north of Pittsburgh, Pa., from which I picked specimens of the species listed below. The examination of the animal of Euconulus sterkii Dall, which is very abundant at this place, revealed a horn upon the tail and tricuspid lateral teeth, proving that this species is a Guppya. The microscopic sculpture of the shell is also like that genus. Polygyra tridentatajuxtidens Pils. Polita hammonis (Strom.). Polygyra prqfunda (Say). Polita indentata (Say). Polygyra denotata (Fer. ). Paravitreamultidentata(~Bmn.'). Polygyra pennsylvanica (Gr. ). Euconulus chersinus (Say). Polygyra thyroidus (Say). Guppya sterkii (Dall). Polygyra albolabris (Say). Zonitoides arbor ea (Say). Polygyra zaleta (Binn.). Zonitoides minuscida (Binn. ). Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Striatura milium (Morse). Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Pyramidida alternata (Say). Columella edentula (Drap. ). Gonyodiscus perspective, (Say). Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull). Panctum pygmasum (Drap.). Haplotrema concava (Say). Succinea retusa Lea. Omphalina cuprea Raf. Carychium exile Lea. Mesomphix inornata (Say). THE NAUTILUS. 29 NOTES. DR. NORMAN MACDOWELL GRIER has been appointed Pro- fessor of Biology in Washington and Jefferson College, Wash- ington, Pa. DR. PILSBRY and DR. BARTSCH will represent the Academy of Natural Sciences and the National Museum respectively at the Pan-Pacific Scientific Congress to be held in Honolulu in August. Communications intended for the September NAUTILUS should be sent to Mr. Johnson in Boston. SHELLS FROM JAMESTOWN, NORTH DAKOTA. — On June 6th, 1912, I had an hour or two to wait for a train at Jamestown, which I improved by taking a stroll along the banks of "Jim ' River in search of mollusks. It is not a likely-looking field for snails as there are only a very few scattering scrubby locust trees along the river banks, but the final count shows ten species, and as one of them is Gastrocopta holzingeri agna (Pils. and Van.) it may be well to put it on record, since the only other records for it I am aware of are in Kansas and southeastern Colorado. I am indebted to Mr. Bryant Walker and Dr. V. Sterki who carefully examined the specimens. Vallonia costata (Mull). Vallonia perspectiva Sterki. Gastrocopta armifera (Say). Gastrocopta holzingeri Sterki. Gastrocopta h. agna (Pils. & Van.). Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull). Vitrea hammonis (Strom). Pyramidula cronkheitei anthonyi Pils. Succinea avara Say. Succinea retusa Lea. — L. E. DANIELS. 30 THE NAUTILUS. SEX-CORRELATED COLORATION IN CHITON TUBERCULATUs.1 — " In adult chitons of this species [in Bermuda] there is noticeable what appears at first sight to be a considerable diversity in the degree to which pigment, of a salmon-pink hue, is developed upon the foot and other soft parts exposed in ventral view. Somewhat less than half of the individuals have the foot, ctenidia, and other soft parts exposed in ventral view. Some- what less than half of the individuals have the foot, ctenidia, and other soft parts of a pale buff color; in the remainder, the foot, head, ctenidia and mantle are to various degrees tinged with salmon-pink or startlingly vivid. This difference is most pronounced during late spring, but persists to some extent throughout the year. The pigmentation is not correlated in any way with size; individuals of any length from 3.4 to 9.2 cm. may be either pale buff or salmon-pink on the ventral sur- face, nor does the intensity of reddish pigmentation, when present, depend upon size. In dorsal view it is quite tmpos- sible to distinguish the two groups of animals, unless the plates be artificially separated to an extreme degree and not even then with any certainty. " The differential coloration proves to be correlated with sex, in the sense that the soft parts of male chitons are never colored pink whereas those of maturing females invariably are, the in- tensity of the pigmentation depending to a large extent upon the state of maturity of the ovary, to a lesser extent, it seems probable, upon the quantity and the kind of the algal food available in differing environments. "The color difference between the sexes of chiton is believed to be of special significance, for the following reasons, because the coloration of the soft parts of the female is directly traceable to metabolic activities associated with the growth of the ovary, and because it provides an example of secondary sexual colora- tion which has no conceivable utility, but is, on the contrary, so far as color is concerned, of a thoroughly accidental nature." — W. J. CROZIER. DYER ISLAND, BERMUDA. 1 Extracts from a more extended discussion under this title in The Amer- ican Naturalist, Jan. -Feb., 1920, pp. 84-88. THE NAUTILUS. 31 SHELLS OF ORLANDO, FLORIDA. — The following notes are from a letter received from Mr. C. H. Baker (July 21, 1915) of Orlando, Florida. As this is all the shells he could find in several years collecting near Orlando and Zellwood, Florida, it was thought advisable to put them on record. In the original description of Praticolella bakeri Van., an A. was printed in Mr. Baker's name in place of an H. by mistake. Specimens taken were mostly along shores of some large con- nected lakes or head of Ocklawaha R. Praticolella bakeri Van. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philada., 1915, p. 196. Praticolella jejuna Say. Polygyra auriculata Say. Found but once and in one locality, several specimens. Not seen at all for five years or upwards. Polygyra uvulifera Shutt. Euglandina rosea Fer. No perfect specimens taken, pretty widely distributed but not common, quite elegant. Planorbis duryi Weth. Frequent, and well distributed. Planorbis scalaris Jay. Frequent, varying almost to the pre- ceding. Ampullaria depressa Say. Relatively large, handsome species, varying a good deal in coloring, common. Viviparus waltoni Try. Our most abundant species, seldom found in original " mint" condition, varying much in coloring, somewhat handsome. Large mounds exist composed almost entirely of this shell (sepulchral mounds along inland water- ways). Gillia wetherbyi Dall. Quite rare, took but 1. Unio buckleyi Lea. Quite generally distributed. Anodonta gibbosa Say. Also common. — E. G. VANATTA. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. ON THE RELATIONS OF THE SECTIONAL GROUPS OF BuLIMULUS OF THE SUBGENUS NAESIOTUS ALBERg. By William Healey Dall (Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. X, No. 5, March 4, 1920). By cut- ting sections various differences in the axis were found, simple, 32 THE NAUTILUS. twisted or having internal nodules, etc. Combined with the external characters, a grouping into 14 sections is indicated. Dr. Ball believes that nothing in the land-shell fauna of the Galapagos group, which these snails inhabit, lends weight to the hypothesis that these islands were ever connected by land with the continent of South America. The snails "were probably transported originally to the Galapagos group by high winds while attached in a state of hibernation to dead leaves or similar light material."— H. A. P. FAUNA OF THE HAMPDEN BEDS AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE OAMARU SYSTEM. By P. Marshall (Trans, and Proc. N. Zea- land Inst., 1919, Vol. 51, pp. 226-250, pis. 15-17). Twenty- seven new fossil mollusks are described. SOME NEW FOSSIL SPECIES OF MoLLUSCA. By P. Marshall and R. Murdoch (Trans, and Proc. N. Zealand Inst., 1919, Vol. 51, pp. 253-258, pis. 19-21). Nine new species are described. MOLLUSCA FROM CENTRAL AMERICA AND MEXICO. By Henry A. Pilsbry (Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1919, pp. 212-223). 16 new species and several subspecies, mainly collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley. The more interesting forms are Averellia ( Tricho- ditcina) hinkleyi and a form of Neritilia, a genus new to the American mainland, found in Guatemala by Mr. Hinkley. A MONOGRAPH OF THE NAIADES OF PENNSYLVANIA, PART III. By A. E. Ortmann, Mem. Carnegie Museum, Vol. LI, No. 1, 1919. This sumptious volume is a fitting envelope for its contents. Indeed the most serious criticism to be made is that it is too luxurious for convenient use, as the weight of the paper used makes the book too heavy to be held in the hand for reading, and necessitates the use of a table or reading desk when con- sulting it. THE NAUTILUS. 33 Beyond question this is the most philosophical and compre- hensive study of the Naiad fauna of this country (or any other, for that matter) that has yet appeared. The elaborate compila- tion of all the records of the Pennsylvania fauna supplemented by the extensive and intensive collections made by the author leave but little to be added by later investigations, and the wealth of anatomical and ecological details will be a revelation to those who have not kept au courant with the trend of modern methods of scientific research. The excellent keys of both generic and specific characters add much to the practical value of the paper to the student. In addition to the details of local distribution, the author has supplied complete summaries of the general distribution of each of the species treated so far as given in the literature, supple- mented by the material in the Carnegie Museum; and his com- ments thereon at once reveal the inadequacy of our present knowledge to furnish a proper basis for an accurate and truly scientific study of the fundamental facts of the origin and dis- tribution of the Naiad fauna of the country and raise many pertinent questions, which can not well be touched upon in this review, but which will undoubtedly excite discussion and in- crease the interest of American students in their local faunas. This study of the fauna of Pennsylvania will be a model for others to imitate for many years to come. The Naiad fauna of Pennsylvania as recognized by the author includes 58 species and 21 varieties. Of these seven species be- long to the Atlantic fauna and two species and one variety, while characteristic of the Atlantic drainage, are clearly deriva- tives from western species. The remainder belong to the Mis- sissippian fauna of Simpson. The systematic arrangement of the various groups represented in the fauna is that which has been elaborated by the author in previous papers and represents the modern tendency to multiply genera. How far this is really advisable is a subject for serious consideration as practically the same results, so far as syste- matics are concerned, can be obtained the use of subgenera, which will sufficiently indicate the differences, while retaining not only the familiar names, but also the larger relationships, 34 THE NAUTILUS. which are apt to be lost sight of in the excessive elaboration of comparatively minor details into generic characters. (See Stone, Science, LI, pp. 427-429, 1920.) The specific nomenclature adopted is that of the ultra- Rafin- esque school and results in the changing of about one-fourth of the names in current use. But the last word has not yet been said in regard to Rafinesque's species. Indeed more than a year ago the author and the present writer undertook to make a careful study of the subject in accordance with the requirements of the International Code of Nomenclature, which is now about ready for publication and which it is hoped will go far towards definitely settling the nomenclature of the North American Naiades. Barring the question of specific names there is much to praise and but little to criticize in the synonymy adopted. It is possible that some of the conclusions reached by the author and based, perhaps, too much on local conditions may be subject to revision when an equally detailed study of the species throughout their entire range can be made. The question of possible hybridization between closely allied species along the line of contact, when elsewhere the specific characters seem to be fixed is one that must necessarily be taken into consideration. The author lays great stress upon his theory that small streams tend to produce a small, flat form which increases in size and rotundity as the river grows larger. While this is apparently true in many cases, there are exceptions, some of which are noted by the author. Amblema elliotti Lea is another notable one. The large, typical form from Othcalooga Creek, a small stream, is much larger than any Amblema from the Coosa. On the other hand, practically all of the species of the Great Lakes are dwarfed and much smaller than the same species from the comparatively smaller tributaries. It would seem that possibly other factors, such as temperature, food supply, chemical con- stituents of the water and other ecological conditions and not simply the size of the stream should be taken into consideration. But all these are comparatively minor matters which do not detract from the worth of the monograph as a whole and which THE NAUTILUS. 35 \fill serve their purpose if they stimulate discussion and research. Both the author and the Carnegie Museum are to be congrat- ulated upon such a notable contribution to scientific literature. — BRYANT WALKER. ONCHIDIIDAE FROM AUSTRALIA AND THE SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS. By Rex W. Bretnall (Records of the Aus- tralian Museum, Vol. XII [Oct., 1919], pp. 303-323, pi. 38). An exhaustive systematic paper dealing largely with the an- atomy of the various species. A REVIEW OF THE AUSTRALIAN TUN SHELLS. By Charles Hedley (Records Australian Museum, Vol. XII, pp. 329-336, pis. 39-44). An interesting review of these large shells. Two new species, Tonna cerevisina (T. variegata Hedley not Lamarck) and T. tetracotula are described and figured. NOTES ON ICELAND MARINE MOLLUSCA. By Hans Schlesch (Naturalist, Jan., 1920, pp. 19 and 20). This paper is based on notes from Gunmunder G. Bardarson's " Mollusca marina Islandiae" (Scientific Society of Iceland, 1919). THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, Vol. 16, No. 3, Jan., 1920. List of officers and members, pp. 69-76. Note on Cypraea bernardinae Preston, p. 76. By J. C. Melvill (— C. lamarckii var. redimita). Reminiscences and practical hints on collecting. By E. Collier, pp. 77-85. Brachypodella nidicostata nov. sp. from Venezuela. By Geo. C. Spence, p. 86. -Four new marine species from South Africa. By J. R. Le B. Tomlin, pp. 87-88. The marine Mollusca from Sussex. By R. Winckworth, pp. 89-95. Succinea oblonga Drapanaud. By Alan Gardiner, p. 95. Notes on the Anatomy and Reproduction of Paludestrina stagnalis. By Capt. H. E. Quick, pp. 96-97. 36 THE NAUTILUS. Parthenogenesis in Paludestrina jenkinsi from brackish water. By H. E. Quick, p. 97. JOURNAL DE CONCHYLIOLOGIE, Vol. 64, No. 3, Oct., 1919. Monographie illustree des Mollusques Oligoceniques des environs de RenneSj par M. Cossmann, pp. 133-199, pis. 4-7. — C. W. J. THIRTY-FIRST YEAR OF THE NAUTILUS. The April number completed the thirtieth year of THE NAUTILUS under the present editors. That it has had sufficient encouragement and support to live so long may fairly be taken to mean that the American conchologists have found it stimu- lating and useful. When the quarterly issue was begun the editors had anticipated increasing the number of pages and illustrations; but for the present THE NauTiLUS is content to hold its own against the rising tide of expense in printing and paper, by the cordial help of the conchological fraternity. It is your magazine. We trust that in this thirty-first year every one interested in mollusks will cooperate in making it more interesting and a greater stimulus to collecting and study. Contributions of articles, illustrations, notes and news items both personal and scientific will be needed; and by no means least, subscriptions. H. A. PILSBRY, C. W. JOHNSON. ANSON A. H1NKLEY THE NAUTILUS. Vol. XXXIV OCTOBER, 1920. No. 2 GUATEMALA MOLLUSCA. BY A. A. HINKLEY. This list is the result of three vacation trips. For the de- terminations I ana indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, Dr. Bryant Walker, Dr. V. Sterki, Dr. Win. H. Dall and others of the National Museum and Prof. F. C. Baker of the Illinois Uni- versity. For accommodations and personal comfort much is due to the kindness of Mr. Landry, Supt. of the United Fruit Com- panies' plantations at Quirigua. To Mrs. Lucie Potts, Pro- prietress of the Jocolo plantation. To Mr. and Mrs. Robert Hempstead of the Chejel and Chama coffee plantations and to others for their various acts of kindness. The list is ar- ranged by localities. LAKE AMATITLAN is some 20 miles south of Guatemala City ; it is two lakes connected by a short strait across which the railroad embankment has been built. Laguna Station is on the south or southwest of the lake, just across the strait. Pachycheilus lacustris (Morelet) is plentiful in the shallow water of the lake. The largest were found among rushes some 40 feet from a hot spring. Egg masses of this mollusk were numerous, much like those of Physa but larger. The fresh masses were clear, changing to yellowish as the young were about to emerge. Some were seen breaking through. Amnicola guatemalensis Walker. Taken near the edge of the water or on driftwood and pumice. Another species of Amnicola was taken with the above. 38 THE NAUTILUS. Potamopyrgus coronatus (Pfeiffer). Taken from a muddy bottom in a sheltered place near a building. Many are smooth with a dark line in place of the row of spines. ACROSS THE LAKE FROM LAGUNA were a number of dried-up pools on the railroad right-of-way, which contained dead specimens of the following species : Succinea recisa (Morelet). Aplexa fuliginea (Morelet). Aplexa tappanensis guatemalensis (Crosse & Fischer). Planorbis orbiculus (Morelet). Planorbis cnltratus (D'Orbigny). Planorbis sp. ? Planorbula obstructa (Morelet) var. anodo-nta (Pilsbry). Soon after passing out of the east gate of Guatemala City, the road descends into a deep ravine with a creek at the bottom; here the only species was Aplexa fuliginea (More- let) ; it was also taken in the basins of fountains in the city. OUT OF THE NORTH GATE the road is bordered by a row of large cedar trees on either side for a half-mile or more, to a cedar grove, then to the edge of a deep ravine where the road-bed is cut out of the high, irregular, precipitous slope until a much lower level is reached, and the road soon ends at the tapia baths. Farther down the canyon can be seen the reservoir. In the cedar grove were found : Drym&us alternans (Beck). Drymccus jonasi (Pfr.). Helicina sp.? One specimen. Pachycheilus largillierti (Philippi). Immature specimens were very numerous in the large pool, the individual rooms and the stream. The only mature specimen found was dead and bleached. From the reservoir were taken : Pseudosuccinea championi (Von Martens). One specimen only. Aplexa fuliginea (Morelet). Physa sp. Varies from smooth to costate forms. Planorbis caribcrus Orb. Segmentina obstructa (Morelet), var. anodonta (Pilsbry). Gundlachia hinkleyi Walker. THE NAUTILUS. 39 L&vapex excentricus (Morelet). Amnicola cisternina (Walker). Amnicola hinkleyi (Walker). Potamopyrgus coronatus (Pfr.). Pisidium sp.? "They appear to be of the same group with a Pisidium from Chili, that is closely related to Pisidium sterkianum from Uruguay ; same shape and appearance, but somewhat smaller. ' ' Pseudofayalina may a Pils. Thysanophora dioscoricola (C. B. Adams) 1 One poor specimen taken from the washings when collecting the Am- nicola. MAYA FARM, QUIRIGUA, a short distance from the Farm Overseer's quarters, are the interesting "Quirigua Ruins", a good description of which appeared in the National Geo- graphic Magazine some years ago. On this farm were found : Aperostoma dysoni (Pfeiffer). Helicina amoena Pfeiffer. Under and about decaying vegetation. Helicina flavida Mke. or trossula (Morel. The identity of the original H. flavida seems to be in doubt. Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shutt.). One specimen. Oxystyla princeps (Brod.). Two live ones taken from banana plants ; dead ones scarce. Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Under chips, scarce. Opeas beckianum (Pfr.). Opeas micro, (Orb.). One specimen. Ccccilioides consobrina veracruzensis (Crosse and Fischer). Leptinaria gu-atemalensis Crosse and Fischer. Euglandina decussata (Desh.). About old logs, under loose bark and other vegetation. A fine species. Guppya elegantula Pilsbry. Guppya grundlachi (Pfr.). Zonit aides minusculus (Binney). Zonitoides elegantula (Pfr.). Under chips. Ammoniceras stolli (Martens). Under chips. Only one specimen, rare. Leptinaria living stonensls Hinkley. 40 THE NAUTILUS. Streptostyla turgidula (Pfr.) var. producta Pilsbry. One specimen. Succinea recisa Morelet. Aplexa impluviata la-eta Martens. Appeared to be feeding on banana leaves which had been thrown into the pool. Planorbula obstruct a anodonta (Pilsbry). Conchens river. Laevapex excentricus (Morelet). Pools by the railroad. Gundlachia hinkleyi Walker. With the above. Potamopyrgus coronata (Pfr.). Rio Conchens. Amnicola conch en sen sis Walker. Rio Conchens. Ampullaria flagellata lattrei C. & F. On banana leaves and cull bunches of bananas which had been thrown away. Mycetopoda sp. Rio Conchens. This mollusk burrows head down until the posterior part is just above the bed of the stream ; the foot is extended nearly the width of the shell farther down in the soil. When removing the first one found a strong pull tore the foot from the shell. Nephronaias ortmanni Frierson. Plentiful in Rio Con- chens ; in one place several hundred were massed together. Glabaris depexa (Martens). With the above; only 01 found. Pisidium guotemalensis (Sterki). Rio Conchens. Sterki says : ' ' Has a hinge of unique formation ; width 5, height 4, diam. 3 mm."; fragile. Pisidium sp. With the above. Sterki says: "Although of the same size and the same appearance, they are evidently distinct from Pisidium singleyi (Sterki). Of the same group, same shape and appearance with a Pisidium from Barbados ; unnamed, so far as I know. ' ' Eupera yucatanensis minima (Pilsbry). Rio Conchens, scarce. LIVINGSTON. Beach and beach drift. Polygyra helictomphala (Pfr.). Only one specimen. Streptostyla ligulata (Morelet). "A very rare species"; the only one found was at the edge of vegetation growth. Helicina flavida (Mke.) or H. trossula (Morelet). Helicina coccinostoma Morelet. First determination was H. oweniana. THE NAUTILUS. 41 Helicina sp. More depressed than any other Helicina found except H. amocna. Lucidclla lirata (Pfr.). Truncatella sp. Two specimens. Cochliopa minor Pilsbry. Spirilla spirilla (Linn.). Plentiful in 1914, scarce in 1917. Thais coronata var. On rocks beyond Cavech village and on piling and breakwater at Puerto Barrios. Melongena melongena (Linn.). In shallow water. Donax seemed a favorite food for this mollusk. S trombus pugilis (Linn.). A few dead ones near Cavech village. Epitonium lineatum (Say). One small specimen. Ccccum sp. One specimen. Littorina nebulosa Lam. On rocks and drift logs ; common. Littorina carinata Orb. Young were very numerous on a perpendicular rock; many were beyond reach of the spray from the ordinary waves. Litiopa melanostoma (Rang). Nerita fulgurata (Gmel.). Beyond Cavech village, on rocks out of the water at low tide. Neritina, punctulata Lam. In Cavech river on rocks near the limit of high tide. Often these shells were nearly covered with small oval cases (of an insect?). Neritina listeri Pfr. Close to N. virginea, only larger. Neritina virginea (Linn.). Numerous on the muddy banks of Cavech river, covered with water at high tide, very plen- tiful on the pebbly beach of Rio Dulce. Neritina lineata reticulata (C. & F.). In thick swampy woods near the beach. Ncritilia succinea guatemalensis (Pilsbry). Just above high tide in a clear pool of Cavech river; with them were a few young N. virginea. Cylichnella bidentata (Say). Two specimens. Haminea solitaria (Say). One specimen. Tagelus poeyi Dall. Mulinia guadelupensis (Reel.). Strigilla pisiformis (Linn). Common on the beach, but both valves together were scarce. 42 THE NAUTILUS. Strigilla flexuosa (Say). Much like S. pisiformis; has not the red coloring of that species. Macoma constrict a (Brug.). Donax striata (Linn.). Donax striata mediamericana (Pilsbry). A small form of striata. Dead shells were more numerous than the live ones, or so appeared. Tivela mactroides (Born). The most common species on the beach ; no live ones seen and both valves together were very scarce. Cyrena solida Phil. Plentiful in Rio Dulce, most mature ones badly eroded. Cyrenoidea guatemalensis Pilsbry. In 1914 one specimen taken near the mouth of Cavech river. Mytilus exustus (Linn.). In masses on rocks and drift logs and under the bluff of the projecting point of land, mostly immature. Mytilopsis sallei (Recluz). Often with M. exustus. ACROSS THE Rio DULCE FROM LIVINGSTON, on the first moun . tain or foothill, is Rio Blanco, a small stream in which were found : Nephronaias calamitarum (Morelet). Pachycheilus pyramidalis (Morelet). Mostly immature. Pachycheilus indiorum (Morelet). Pachycheilus corvinus (Morelet) and the color variety lutescens C. & F. Helicina rostrata Morelet. On top of the hill one broken, nearly fresh specimen was found. The writer has three speci- men received from Thomas Bland many years ago. A short distance west of Livingston were found : Aperostoma dysoni (Pfr.). Amphicyclotus bisinuatus (Martens). Dead specimens. Chondropoma rubicund-urn (Morelet). Scarce. Subulina octona (Chem.). Very plentiful by the side of side streets and paths among decaying vegetation and filth; also found on the hillside in front of the hotel, with Lepti- naria livingstonensis. Oxystyla princeps (Brod.). Bones only. THE NAUTILUS. 43 Leptinaria living st on ensis (Hinkley). In front of the hotel, on the hillside. Brachypodella subtilis pulchella> (Martens). On stones nearly buried in the soil. Averellia • hinkleyi (Pilsbry). One bone. Pachycheilus pyramidalis (Morelet). A creek where it is crossed by the telegraph line. A few fossils were taken at this place. Neritina listeri (Pfr.). Same place as above. MOUNTAINS OF Eio CAVECH and those back of Cavech vil- lage. These are listed together, although there is some dis- tance between. The village is a little farther up the coast than the mouth of the river, the stream having a course oblique with the coast. The mountains or hills of this region are often steeply sloped and covered with thick timber, which keeps down the undergrowth in a great measure, so one can climb without much interference from that source. These limestone hills have many small crevices or openings, afford- ing protection to different kinds of animal life besides mol- lusks. Calocentrum gigas Martens. More plentiful back of the village than elsewhere. See NAUTILUS, Vol. 33, page 79. Ccelocentrum fistula (Morelet). One specimen. Euglandina decussata (Desh.). None living. Euglandina monilifera (Pfr.). Bones. Guppya gundlachi (Pfr.). Scarce. Averellia hinkleyi (Pilsbry). Only bones. Leptarionta trigonostoma (Pfr.). Dead specimens and fragments. Drym&us sulphur e us (Pfr.). Dead specimens and frag- ments. Streptostyla delibuta (Morelet). Streptostyla lattrei (Pfr.). Bones; a fine and well-marked species. Streptostyla schneideri (Strebel). Streptostyla turgidula producta (Pilsbry). Opeas beckianum, (Pfr.). Opeas pumilum (Pfr.). 44 THE NAUTILUS. Subulina octona (Chem.). A mile or more back of the vil- lage, by a well-traveled path. Pseudosubulina martensiana Pilsbry. Leptinaria guatemalensis Crosse and Fischer. Leptinaria livingstonensis Hinkley. Spiraxis livingstonensis Pilsbry. Spiraxis longior Pilsbry. Brachypodella subtilis piilchella (Martens). Of the same color as the limestone on which they live, they are inconspic- uous. The shell hangs parallel with the face of the rock or stands out at an angle. Bothriopupa breviconus Pilsbry. One specimen. C&cilioides consobrina veracruzensis (C. & F.). Helicina amoena Pfr. Helicina flavida Mke. or H. trossula Morelet. Helicina coccinostoma Morelet. Cistula radiosum (Morelet). Found on limestone and dead wood, sometimes hanging by a thread. Some were in motion, but the larger part were attached to the rock or wood of similar color. Chondropoma rubicundum (Morelet). Situated above fal- len trees, base of rocks and under old banana leaves. Some variation in size. Pachychilus indiorum (Morelet). Cavech river. This species prefers shallow water. The finest specimens were on a hillside in thick timber where the water spreads out thin over a flat rock surface marked with irregular seams and de- pressions ; many of these mollusks were barely wet, hundreds of the shells with a mottled and polished surface showing through a thin film of water made an attractive sight to any one interested in the beautiful of Nature. Pachychilus corvinus (Morelet). This mollusk prefers more water than the above. At this locality there is more color variation, from a dark purple to the almost white form known as variety lutescens. Pachychilus largilierti (Philippi). In a small stream, al- most dry, they had collected by the thousands, in small pools, many dead and the rest dying. Nearly all were immature. A few of the largest were taken. THE NAUTILUS. 45 PLANTERA, a banana plantation several miles up Eio Diilce from Livingston. For the first few miles the river is pictur- esque, passing between steep high hills covered with dense vegetation of varying shades of green. Sometimes the slope is broken by an abrupt face of rock. On one such face, larger than the rest, were many obscure figures and markings, in lines of lighter color, said to be drawings of an unknown raoe of people. The appearance was more like the marks from seepage water carrying lime. Pachychilus largillierti (Philippi). Only a few specimens found in a small river which was followed for some four miles. Ampullaria flagellata tristrami C. & F. In a small swamp near the Plantation buildings. Neritina lineata reticulata (C. & F.). With the above. Subulina octona (Chem.). A few in the yard under some loose stone. ESMERALDA. This plantation is on the left bank of Rio Dulce some three miles below the old Fort San Felipe, now in ruins. Guppya gundlachi (Pfr.). Fragments seen along the trail to Rio Saja. Opeas micro, (Orb.). Under trash in front of a hut. Opeas pumilum (Pfr.). With the above. Cacilioides consobrina veracruzensis (C. & F.). Same as above. Succinea recisa (Morelet) or 8. guatemalensis. With above. These are too young to decide to which species they belong with certainty. Helicina amoena Pfr. Amphicyclotus bisinuatus (Martens). Two bones. Ampullaria flagellata tristrami C. & F. On the border of the river among water plants and under drift lodgments. Pachychilus glaphyrus (Morelet). These are between immanis and the obeliscus of the lake. Numerous on the border of the river. Pachychilus pyramidalis (Morelet). Some fine large speci- mens were found in Rio Saja, under drift and other places protected from the force of the current. 46 THE NAUTILUS. Nephronaias dysom (Lea). Found with the above. They were always more or less eroded, a good species. This stream is some five miles west of Esmeralda and the above twro species were the only ones found there. Potamopyrgus coronatus nicaraguanus (Ancey). Plentiful in small bays or recesses of the river. Cochliopa dulcensis Marshall. Common with the other small species taken with a net. Cochliopa izabal Pilsbry. Common. Neritina lineata reticulata C. & F. Neritina Usteri Pfr. Both these Neritina were scarce. Planorbis caloderma Pilsbry. A small species, little larger than Segmentina obstructa, with more tumid whorls. Cyrenoidcs guatemalensis Pilsbry. One specimen. Mytilopsis sallei (Recluz). Numerous, on sticks and stones, often in clusters of many individuals. JOCOLO. This plantation, on the north side of Lake Isabal, is owned and operated by Mrs. Potts, a hospitable lady. The commodious residence among palm and citrus trees is pic- turesque viewed from the small wharf projecting into th" lake. The lake is bordered by rushes, with here and ther small open beaches of sand. On a point some distance above the wharf was a windrow of fine drift, thrown up by a strong wind; this was the only place where drift was found. It evi- dently came down a river near by. This proved quite rich in number of species, but specimens were scattering. The entire windrow was worked over. The region has numerous small streams with beds of rock, gravel and sand, with soft mud where they enter the lake. Nephronaias guatemalanus (von Martens). A few speci- mens referred to this were found in the lake with N. ravis- tellus. It is some higher and lighter colored than that species. Nephronaias ravistellus (Morelet). Common. In 1914 they were found mostly in water two to four feet deep, but in 1917 they were plentiful among the rushes and on the sandy beach up to the water's edge. Nephronaias tabascoensis (Kuster). Mrs. Potts gave the writer a few found by a native. THE NAUTILUS. 47 Ampullaria flagellata tristrami C. & F. Marshy places and along the border of the lake, among the rushes on which the white egg-masses were quite numerous a little above the surface of the water. Ampullaria flagellata lattrei C. & F. On rocks near San Felipe. Pachy chilus glaphyrus immanis (Morelet). Common on the soft mud at the mouth of the streams. Pachyckilus glaphyrus obeliscus (Morelet). The most plentiful Pachychilus in the lake. They are more attenuate and smaller than the closely related immanis. Pachychilus lacustris (Morelet). These appear more like a smoother form of P. obeliscus, and do not agree with P. lacustris from Lake Amatitlan, from which they differ in fewer and flatter whorls, and the suture not as deep. Pachychilus pyramidalis ( Morelet) . Plentiful in clear streams, often concealed in lodgments of brush and leaves. On account of its size and clean living it is preferred for food. They are cooked in stews or soups, croquettes, or roasted. The species often reaches three inches in length. Pachychilus pottsianus n. s. Found only on two hillsides back of Jocolo. Potamopyrgus coronatus nicaraguanus Ancey. Plentiful; varies from a smooth shell to one with strong striations and prominent spines. Cochliopa dulcensis Marshall. With the following two species. Cochliopa hinkleyi Pilsbry. This small flat species of a size that evidently washed through the net in numbers when taking the other small species. Cochliopa izabal Pilsbry. Common, has some resemblance to C. guatemalensis. Cochliopa izabal Pilsbry, mutation peristriata Pilsbry. Hemisinus riiginosus (Morelet). Common in places on the lake shore. In 1914 one immature specimen was all that was found. In 1917 the first were taken in the net with Cochliopa, etc. Later while picking up JVephronaias they were noticed among numerous Pachychilus and could easily have been passed as the young of that genus. Their trail was made by burrow- ing instead of crawling on the surface as with other forms. 48 THE NAUTILUS. They burrowed somewhat like a mole, and often the little mole- like ridge could be followed quite a distance, and the mollusk found working under cover. It is a viviparous genus. When cleaning these shells the embryos run from one to three to the individual. None were noticed with more than three. Planorbis caloderma Pilsbry. Only three specimens taken in the net with the small forms. Planorbis caribaeus (Orb). One small specimen with the above. Ancylus sp. Taken in the net. Euglandina decussata (Desh.). All dead but one. Euglandina monilifera (Pfr. ). One alive, found in the banana field under dead leaves. Salasiella guatemalensis Pilsbry. Under leaves and trash. Guppya elegantula Pilsbry. Lake drift. Guppya gundlachi Pfr. Lake drift. Zonitoides minusculus (Binney). Lake drift. Averellia hinkleyi Pilsbry. Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shutt. ). Lake drift. Strobilops strebeli guatemalensiiS n. subsp. Bulimulus corneus (Sowb. ). Found in a banana field under dead leaves. Drymaeus sulphureus (Pfr.). Bones. Oxystyla princeps (Brod). Dead. Opeas beckianum (Pfr.). Lake drift. Opeas micro. (Orb. ). Lake drift. Opeas pumilum (Pfr.). Lake drift. Subulina octona (Chem.). Leptinaria guatemalensis C. & F. Lake drift. Leptinaria livingstonensis Hinkley. In the fields back of Jocolo. Caecilioides consobrina veracruzensis (C. & F. ). Lake drift. Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Lake drift. Succinea recisa Morelet. Banana fields. Aperostoma dysoni (Pfr.). Under decaying leaves in the banana fields. Amphicydotus bmnuatus (Martens). Scarce. THE NAUTILUS. 49 Helicina amoena Pfr. Helicina tennis var. lindoni Pfr. Helicina fiavida Mke. or H. trossula Morelet. Helicina coccinostoma Morelet. Luddella lirata (Pfr. ). Lake drift. PANZOS, State of Alta Verapaz. The head of navigation on the Polochic River. No land species found here, although a half day was spent on a stroll up the R. R. to a good-sized creek which was followed for some distance and the return made over the mountain, with no results whatever. Ampullaria flagellata trisframi C. & F. Two good large speci- mens, dead, found in a marshy place near the R. R. Pachychilus pyramidalis (Morelet). Young specimens plenti- ful in a creek near the town. Pachychilus mdiorum (Morelet). A few specimens taken with the above. Amnicola panzosensis Walker. From a pool formed by a small stream from a spring or seepage on the mountain side. Pisidium singleyi Sterki. With the above Amnicola. CHEJEL, State of Alta Verapaz. At the end of the R. R. the writer was met by a guide and horses sent by Mr. Robert Hemp- stead, and was conducted to his residence on the Chejel coffee plantation. A nice home on the side of the mountain, some 2000 ft. elevation, with roses, violets and other flowers in the front yard. From the veranda on the other side of the house the mountain side is a steep slope to the base where it meets the base of the next mountain. An extensive mountain view in all directions is seen from this veranda. Pachychilus mdiorum (Morelet). Mr. Hempstead kindly showed me the spring from which we picked up a few speci- mens of this species. These are lighter-colored and do not show the mottled color of those from the Cavech. This was the only species found at Chejel. Pachychilus corvinus (Morelet). Immature specimens I took for this species from a rill that crosses the road on the way to Purulha. £0 THE NAUTILUS. Trichodiscina sargi (Crosse & Fischer). One specimen found in a damp, shaded place at the base of a rock bank near the above rill. This appeared to be an ideal place for mollusks, but a half-hour's search produced nothing more. Drymaeus castus (Pfr. ). On the road to Puruhla one fair specimen a little broken and other fragments evidently dropped by birds were all noticed. Streptostyla nigricans (Pfr.). One immature specimen. Nothing was found from Puruhla to Tactic. TACTIC. Half way between Pancojchl and Coban. Pachychilus corvinus (Morelet). Plentiful in two creeks, one north of town and the other in the south edge of the town. Physa sp. A few quite young noticed in a pool by the road to Coban. On the road between Coban and Chama. Euglandina decussata (Desh. ). A larger form than those found nearer the coast; dead specimens only. Pseudosubulina mitescem Martens. Epirobia polygyrella (Martens). On rock faces exposed to the north. Eucalodium decoUalum (Nyst. ). A subspecies. Dr. Pilsbry says "I have never seen this form before." One dead speci- men. There were also specimens a little smaller and thinner than the above covered with fine oblique striae extending from suture to suture. Amphicydotus boucardi (Pfr.). Pachychilus graphium (Morelet) var. transcendens C. & F. Picked up by the road; probably dropped or thrown aside by some one. CHAMA, State of Alta Verapaz. This plantation of coffee, cacao and rubber is in the mountains near Kio Tsalbha and probably half a mile or more from Rio Negro. It is about 900 feet above the sea and the river is 50 ft. lower. Ampullaria lattrei chamana n. subsp. Four live specimens were brought to the writer by an Indian. Pachychilus pyramidalis (Morelet). Some distance up Tsalbha River from Chama. THE NAUTILUS. 51 Pachychilus corvinus (Morelet). A few specimens. Pachychilus hinkleyi Marshall. Many dead ones, but few living. The water was too high to get the living in the swift current. Pachychilus cinereus (Morelet). Only found in a creek. Probably a peck of these shells were in an old pot saved to burn for lime by Indians. These shells were all more or less muti- lated in preparing them to cook. Physa sp. Two fine specimens taken in a drainage ditch in the Cacao orchard. They have a colored band at different stages of growth as in P. gyrina, the transverse striae are irreg- ular, the fine revolving striae are not as distinct as in P. gyrina. Psoronaias kuxensis Frierson. A small stream at Chama, in sheltered places among the rocks on the bed of the stream, many eroded. Euglandina decussata (Desh.). Euglandina monilifera (Pfr. ). Bluff on the mountain north of Chama. Streptostyla delibuta (Morelet). Bluff. Streptostyla lattrei (Pfr. ). Bluff. Streptostyla sargi Crosse & Fischer. Bluff. Streptostyla sololensis C. & F. Bluff. Streptostyla turgidula producta PiJsbry. Bluff. Salasiella sp. Somewhat like S. hinkleyi, but the second whorl is much longer; one dead specimen from the bluff. Salasiella sp. ' ' Cannot refer to any known species ' ' from the bluff. Ammoniceras stolli (Martens). Three immature specimens in a clearing back of the plantation buildings. Zonitoides minusculus (Binney). River drift. Zonitoides elegantula (Pfr.). River drift. Pseudohyalina puncticipitis Pilsbry. River drift. Guppya elegantula Pilsbry. River drift. Guppya gundlachti (Pfr.). River drift. Lysinoe ghiesbreghti (Pfr.). From the bluff, one very young example. Drymaeus sulphureus (Pfr.). Bones. Coelocentrum fistidare (Pfr.). Variety from the bluff north of Chama. 52 THE NAUTILUS. Macroceramus concisvs (Morelet). From the bluff. Opeas beckianum (Pfr. ). From the bluff. Pseudosubulina talvini Martens? Bluff. Pseudosubulina mitescens Martens. Bluff. Leptinaria elisae (Tristram). Bluff. Caecilioides consobrina veracruzensis (C. & F. ). River drift. Gastrocopta peniodon (Say). River drift. Gastrocopta pellucida (Pfr.). A variety with thickened lip. River drift. Adelopoma stolli (Martens) . One specimen in river drift. Carychium mexicanum costaricanum Martens. River drift. Aperostoma dysoni ( Pfr. ) . In cacao grove. Aperostoma n. sp. On the bluff. Amphicydotus boucardi (Pfr.). Helicina omoena Pfr. Cacao grove. Helicina coccinostoma Morelet, variety anozona Martens. Bluff. Helicina tennis Pfr., var. lindeni (Pfr.), Bluff. Helicina frag His Morelet. Bluff. Schasicheila hinkleyi Pilsbry. Bluff. Schasicheila walkeri Hinkley. Bluff. Eutrochatella nicrodina (Morelet) var. chryseu (Tristram). Bluff and drift. Tomocylus simulacrum (Morelet). Bones scattered in recesses of rocks on the side of the mountain below the bluff. Chondropoma rubicundum (Morelet). Bluff. Lucidella lirata (Pfr.). Bluff and river drift. At the places where the writer has collected different forms of slugs were often noticed. Quite a number were put in alcohol, but only two or three forms of Vagimdus came through in good condition. Descriptions of new species and subspecies. STROBILOPS STREBELI GUATEMALENSIS, n. subsp. Shell depressed, light brown, with fine costae which extend over the base and into the small umbilicus; on the base the costae are smaller and crossed by longitudinal microscopical striae. Sutare well marked, the first one and half whorls are THE NAUTILUS. 53 smooth. Aperture ovate, wide above, narrow below, peristome reflected and chocolate-colored. Height of shell 1£, width mm. " This new subspecies differs from the East Mexico S. strebdi (Pfr. ) by having the periphery more angular; the parietal lamella is more enlarged and prominent at the end, and it has 4f whorls, S. strebeli having a little over 5. S. salvini (Tris- tram) is a higher shell with wider umbilicus." Found in beach drift of Lake Izabal near Jocolo. Types in the Academy coll. and in the writer's coll. ScHASICHEILA WALKERI 11. Sp. Shell globose conic, thin, imperforate, umbilical region de- pressed; varies from brownish-yellow to a horn color, under the light brown cuticle. Whorls four, convex, crossed by fine irregular lines of growth and revolving microscopical striae which begin on the otherwise smooth nucleus. The costae and striae are visible under a glass on removal of the cuticle. Aper- ture subcircular, obtusely angular above with a slight, wide sinus at the base; a callus extends from the columella across the parietal wall to a slight notch at the suture. Operculum missing. Shell measures: height 6, width 6.5 mm. Aperture, length 4, width 2.5 mm. Found at a bluff on the mountain north of Chama, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Named in honor of Dr. Bryant Walker, who is doing good work for the advancement of malacology. Type in collection of the Academy of Natural Science, cotypes in coll. B. Walker and the writer. AMPULLARIA LATTREI CHAMANA n. subsp. A small, rather solid, short-spired race, with many bands of ecru-olive on a ground of deep colonial buff. The interior chocolate with some light bands above, lip with a broad chamois or pale yellow border without bands. The aperture is narrower than in A. lemniscata Crosse & Fischer, which appears to be nearly related. The surface is not 54 THE NAUTILUS. irregularly pitted as in A. lattrei, and the microscopic spiral striae are more plainly denned. The embryonic whorls are dark-colored, almost black. Height 42, breadth 40; aperture, length 33, width 18 mm. Height 40, breadth 37.5; aperture, length 32, width 20 mm. Specimens of exactly this form were collected about twenty years ago at "Rio Negro, Chama," by S. L. Schumo, a mem- ber of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Four specimens were brought to the writer by an Indian; one (figured) is in the Academy coll., one in coll. of Mr. Bryant Walker, one in the Museum of the Illinois University, and the writer has the other. PACHYCHEILUS POTTSIANUS n. sp. Shell pyramidal, solid, smooth, of a dingy olive color; whorls eight, hardly convex, a light shade below the suture, the last slightly and broadly depressed on the upper part, in front of the aperture the periphery is obtusely angular, the angle dimin- ishes with the growth of the whorl until the last of the body whorl is broadly rounded. Suture shallow, distinct. Aperture ovate, angular above, circular below, chocolate-colored within, parietal callus well defined and much thickened above, labium slightly thickened. Operculum ovate, nucleus depressed. When the mollusk is in its natural position the shell as viewed from above has the appearance of the penult whorl being humped and the under side of the shell is nearly always eroded as if it had been worn away in moving about. Four specimens measure: Length 44, width 17. Aperture, length 14, width 8 mm. Length 41, width 17. Aperture, length 14, width 8 mm. Length 40, width 16. Aperture, length 15, width 1\ mm. Length 42, width 17. Aperture, length 14, width 8£ mm. This species was taken from two rills on hillsides, in dense woods. Often there was only enough moisture to keep the shells damp, or they were under fallen leaves; with them where there was a half inch or more of water were P. pyramidaiis, from which they differ in being smaller and without any sculpturing. They are wider than P. indiorum of the same length, and have THE NAUTILUS. 55 not the color markings of that species. The}7 differ from P. corvinus by a more solid texture and a smaller and different shaped aperture. ANSON A. HINKLEY. BY BRYANT WALKER. Mr. A. A. Hinkley was horn at Farmersville, Indiana, No- vember 26, 1857, and died in Du Bois, Illinois, July 23, 1920. Living for a time at Rockford, 111., he moved to Du Bois in 1881. The accompanying portrait though executed in earlier years is still an excellent likeness. Mr. Hinkley was an enthusiastic, energetic, enterprising and most successful collector. I do not know when he first became interested in conchology. His first note on the subject appeared in "The Conchologists' Exchange," the predecessor of the NAUTILUS in 1887. My own correspondence with him began in 1893. He had then already began to specialize on the Pleuro- ceridse, which continued to be his favorite study all of his life. Prior to that time he had taken two trips to Tennessee and had participated in the results of R. E. Call's expeditions to Ala- bama and Georgia. In 1894 and again in 1897 he collected in Tennessee and Alabama. He was also one of the contributors of "the sinews of war" to the remarkably successful work of B. H. Wright in developing the Unione fauna of the southern states in the decade prior to 1900. In 1903 he began the series of collecting trips which have given him a permanent place in the history of American Conchology. In the winter of that year he explored the Coosa and Black Warrior rivers in Alabama. Two remarkable new genera, Amphigyra Pils. and Neoplanorbis Pils., and many new species of Somatogyrus, Ancylus and Quadrula were discovered. Mr. Hinkley was the first to develop the minute species of Alabama, which had been almost entirely overlooked by the early collec- tors in that State, whose attention had been wholly absorbed with the wonderful fauna of Unionidse and Pleuroceridse in that region. 56 THE NAUTILUS. A second trip in the winter of 1904 through Mississippi and to the Mussel Shoals of the Tennessee River resulted in the dis- covery of several additional species of Somatogyrus ; the first living specimens of Pyrgulopsis mississippiensis C. and P. and a fine species of Campeloma that subsequently served to differenti- ate the C. coarctata of Binney from the original coarctata of Lea and establish the validity of C. lewisi Walker, which was typi- cally based upon specimens collected by him in the Vallabusha River, Miss. In the winter of 1906-7 he made his first expedition to Mex- ico and in 1908 a second trip. His collections on these jour- neys developed the remarkable Melanian and Unione fauna of the Panuco River system. Two new genera, Pterides Pils. , Lithasiopsis Pils., a new subgenus Emmericiella Pils., and a great number of new species of both land and fresh-water shells were added to the Mexican fauna. In 1912 he made his first expedition to Guatemala, a second trip in 1913 and a third in 1917. These resulted in large series of many of the rarer species of that region and the addition of many new species of both land and fresh-water forms to science. The material brought back by him from his last trip has not yet been completely worked up and it is probable that the num- ber of new species will be largely increased when that work is completed. The sickness and death of Mr. Hinkley's wife in 1915 and his own subsequent ill health kept him at home in that year and also in 1916 and 1918. In the early part of January, 1919, he joined Messrs. Ferriss and Camp in a long trip "along the Mexican border" which continued until May and has been written up by Ferriss in the NAUTILUS (XXXIII, p. 37). On this expedition he paid special attention to the collection of the minute and fluviatile species. Only a very few of the many new species collected on this trip have, as yet, been published. In the early summer of that year he made a short trip through western Tennessee and Kentucky and planned a thorough ex- ploration of the Duck River, but unfortunately the project was cut short. THE NAUTILUS. 57 The net result of these many years of field work, if my count is correct, has added four new genera, one new sub-genus and one hundred and thirteen new species to the American fauna, a record that will perpetuate his memory for all time to come. Mr. Hinkley was not a voluminous writer, preferring to leave to others the description of his material, but was an occasional contributor to the NAUTILUS from 1887 to 1920. His last note appeared in January, 1920, and an article on his third trip to Guatemala is published in this number. Fifteen species have been named after him, viz.: Holospira hinkleyi Pils. Gundlachia hinkleyi Walk. C&locentrum hinkleyi Pils. Amnicola hinkleyi Walk. Salasiella hinkleyi Pils. Schasicheila hinkleyi Pils. Averellia hinkleyi Pils. Pomatiopsis hinkleyi Pils. Lithasiopsis hinkleyi Pils. Pisidium hinkleyi Sterki. Somatogyrus hinkleyi Walk. Smiorella hinkleyi P. and F. Lymnaea hinkleyi Baker. Unio hinkleyi B. H. Wr. Ancylus hinkleyi Walk. TTTERITIDAE VS. TURRIDAE. BY S. STILLMAN BERRY. By way of completing my own argument, I desire merely a word in reply to the points brought up by Mr. Dall in the last NAUTILUS. I hope he will forgive me for failing to perceive that his statements are in any way relevant to the real point at issue. This is solely and wholly the application of Article 4 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. As I see it, and now on Dr. Ball's own showing in his final paragraph, Tiirritidae as a family name based on Turris is in flat violation of this Article, let alone all admitted principles of Latin orthog- raphy. Were the generic name actually spelled Turritus, the situation would of course be different, and it is merely this that Professor Foster was attempting to indicate; but such a circum- locution is in no way necessary. It is a novel principle that a purely derivative name, such as 58 THE NAUTILUS. that of a family, must stand according to its first spelling, how- ever erroneous. Should it ever come into general favor it would lead to some strange results. The International Code alone must write the "finis" to a discussion of this sort. ON THE OCCURRENCE OF PYBA.MIDULA BTJPESTRIS IN MAINE. BY EDWARD 8. MORSE. Forty years ago while collecting land shells alongside the road in Riley, Maine, 17 miles north of Bethel, I found two specimens of a small Helix, which at the time I mistook for a variety of Planogyra astericus, heing devoid of the elevated rings following the lines of growth ; it was apparently the same size, form and color of P. astericus. Instead of being found in an alder swamp in wet ground, a common habitat of P. astericus, it was found in a hard-wood growth on the side of a hill associated with S. labyrinthica, S. arborea, S. exigua and other common species. Under the microscope I found the proportions of the shell different, as the accompany- ing drawings will show. Fig. 1 is the new form ; fig. 2 is P. astericus drawn on the same scale. Realizing that the shell was new to this country, if not a new species, and not deem- ing it prudent to describe a new species from two specimens, Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 I visited the region again in 1891 in company with Major John M. Gould, who was with me the first time. We searched the woods in vain for a specimen of the shell. In August of this year Major Gould again visited the place but could not find the shell. A recent study of European species leads me to regard this nova as the old Helix rupcstris of Draparnaud, THE NAUTILUS. 59 now Pyramidula. In Taylor's superb monograph of the land and fresh-water shells of the British Isles the author says of P. rupestris: "This species displays a great difference in form, ranging from an almost plauorbular spire to a greatly elevated form with almost dislocated whorls, which has its metropolis in the isles of the Aegean Sea." Mr. Taylor fig- ures a depressed form as var. umbilicata and says this form is more prevalent in the north of Europe. The spire becomes more elevated as the southern range increases. Fig. 3 repre- sents a specimen of Pyramidula rupestris from England. While showing slight differences, the Maine specimens must be regarded the same. If it turns out to be an established variety I would like to dedicate it to Mr. Olaf 0. Nylander, who has done such excellent work in studying and collecting the land and fresh-water shells of northern Maine. It will thus stand Pyramidula rupestris var. nylanderi. NOTES ON MARINE MOLLUSCA ABOUT NEW YORK CITY. BY ARTHUR JACOT. Due to the unusually severe storms of the past winter the beaches about New York City were of special interest to the conchologist. On the one hand, bungalos, hotels, etc., were swept into the ocean bodily, while on the other, great quan- tities of shells were strewn along the shores. At Rockaway Beach from the hospital (beyond the Park) to Edgmeer, a distance of four miles, there was an almost continuous rift of "skimmers" (Spisula solidissima) along the extreme high-tide line, which averaged two feet deep by ten feet wide. At some places these clams were piled up three to four feet deep, at other places they formed a double rift, while at still others (besides the rift at highest tide line) they were strewn as a thick carpet over that part of the beach laid bare at low tide. Counting 50 individuals per square foot, we estimated there were at least 5,000,000 per linear mile. It will be interesting to notice the abundance of this 60 THE NAUTILUS. species along this strip of beach after next winter's storms. It seems as though a large colony has been whipped out for a distance of several miles. At Long Beach (the next beach eastward) there were a dozen or two S. solidissima per linear rod. We tramped over the top of this gigantic funeral pile for a distance of half a mile, starting near the hospital. As a re- sult we picked up 16 specimens of Pecten magellanicus (with the animal) besides a few odd valves. Beyond the half mile the species was not found. The most astonishing find of the day, however, was a large specimen of Buccinum undatum fairly well covered with Hydractinia echinata and occupied by a putrid hermit. This species is of accidental occurrence west of the eastern end of the island. It is not an inhabitant of our sandy beaches. On the channel side of Long Beach where dredges are widening the channel and building up land we found some hundred-odd specimens of Ensis directus freshly cast up. The largest had a width of 1 Vie inches and a length of over 7 inches. A very few were found which were perfectly straight-looking from the outside like a true Solen, but when they were cleaned out and the hinge examined they were found to be Ensis. As I have never found the slightest indi- cation of a Solen in this vicinity, nor as I do not know of a single authentic record of one for our coast, I am forced to the conclusion that the lots in the American Museum collec- tion (as well as those in other museums) labeled New York and forming parts of the collections of shell fanciers have (as is the case with many other species) the wrong locality at- tached to them through carelessness or ignorance. This error seems to have been a common one for this species and it is time it be definitely rectified. This mistake of locality in collections of collectors of shells as a hobby (as the Jay, Haines, Newcomb, etc., collections) is common, so that their collections should not be considered for distributional records of species. THE NAUTILUS. 61 ANIMAL LIFE IN LOESS DEPOSITS NEAR ALTON, ILLINOIS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW VARIETIES OF LAND SHELLS FROM THE SAME DEPOSITS.* BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER. Many years ago Worthen (Geol. 111., Vol. I, p. 315, 1866) reported the remains of a mastodon from near the City of Alton, from a deposit near the bottom of the loess, about thirty feet beneath the surface, where it was separated from the limestone by two to three feet of local drift. It was also stated by Worthen that the loess above the drift contained land and fresh-water shells. The only other reference to this deposit or its animal life, as far as known to the writer, is by Wm. McAdams (Proc. A. A. A. S., Vol. XXXII, p. 268, 1883). Recently Dr. M. M. Leighton, of the Department of Geology, University of Illinois, and also connected with the State Geological Survey, visited Alton and vicinity, and made a careful study of the Quaternary deposits, to determine the stratographic horizon of the concre- tions with which the mammalian remains are associated. Dur- ing his study of the loess deposits he collected from them at different specified levels the remains of molluscan life, and has given me the following statement concerning the character and age of these deposits. "The bluffs just northwest of Alton have a height of from 125 to 175 feet above the Mississippi River. Several quarries are located along the bluffs, which offer fine sections of the Mis- sissippian limestone, some 50 to 100 feet thick, overlain by thin drift and thick loess deposits. "The loess is separable into two deposits, a lower pink loess and an upper buff loess. The pink loess lies unconformably on the glacial till below, the till showing strong evidence of a long interval of weathering before the deposition of the pink loess. The till may well be as old as the Kansan, in which case the pink loess is probably Sangamon; if the till is Illinoian the pink loess cannot be older than late Sangamon, and may be * Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois, No. 14. 62 THE NAUTILUS. lowan or early Peorian. Although the pink color of the loess is believed to be largely original, there is some evidence sug- gesting that the pink loess was weathered somewhat before the deposition of the overlying buff loess. The interval of weather- ing, however, was doubtless brief. The buff loess is leached and oxidized at the top similar to the early Peorian loess (form- erly called lowan), and this strengthens the view that the pink loess is Sangamon. The mammalin remains at the top of the till and the base of the pink loess seem most likely to be early Sangamon. The calcareous concretions with which they are as- sociated are secondary and, hence, later." The mollusks collected embrace thirteen species of land shells, including two that appear to be undescribed. No lacustrine or fluviatile species were obtained (as would be expected), these mollusks being very rare or absent in true loess formations. Worthen's statement of the presence of fresh- water shells may have referred to the genus Succinea, gome species of which occur in the vicinity of water bodies, though the loess Succinea are of the upland species and not the lowland species that are abund- ant near water (Succinea retusa, for example). The species of land shells in the deposit are the same, for the most part, as those found in typical loess deposits in Iowa and adjacent states. Except where mentioned the species are normal in form. The division of the loess into two bodies, differing in color and probably attesting different periods of deposition, indicates that the deposition of the loess has been periodic rather than continuous. This is in line with the findings of Dr. Wm. C. Aid en and Dr. Leighton in regard to the loess associated with the lowan drift sheet in lowa.f The cause of these epochs of loess deposition with breaks between is still a matter of conjec- ture. It is the writer's opinion that it might represent the presence of the lowan ice to the north of the region. Dr. Leighton reports that shells were more or less common at all levels of the loess. The age of these molluscan remains may be tentatively indicated in the following table. It will be noted f Alden, Wm. C., and Leighton, M. M. The lowan Drift, Iowa Geolog- ical Survey, Vol. XXVI, pp. 49 to 212, 1917. THE NAUTILUS. 63 that the pink loess, believed to be of Sangamon age, is the rich- est in number of syecies, and that the characteristic post-Iowan (Peoriari) fossil, Pyramidula shimekii occurs only in the buff loess. Whether this distribution is to be considered as apply- ing to the whole body of the loesses of this area, or is simply the result of local collecting, cannot be known until more ex- tensive collections are made. The collections made by Dr. Leighton are from several localities in both Madison and St. Clair counties and also from different levels in the deposits, and these are believed to represent fairly well the general distribu- tion of the loess faunas of this region. It is probable that a larger number of the minute species could be found as a result of prolonged search carried on especially for them. The mater- ial has been placed in the University of Illinois Museum through the courtesy of the Illinois Geological Survey. They are num- bered P 738 to P 764 of the collection of Palaeontology. TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF Concretionary horizon. (Above underlying till, be- lieved to be Kansan.) Yarmouth interval. Pink loess believed to be of Sangamon age. Upper part of loess. Buff loess. Early Peorian interval. LIFE IN LOESSES NEAR ALTON. Polygyra prqfunda pleistocenica. Castoroides ohioensis (incisor tooth). Mammut americanum (Kerr). (Reported by Worthen.) Polygyra prof undo, pleistocenica. Polygyra multilineata altonensis. Polygyra hirsuta. Polygyra appressa. Pyramidula alternata. Helicodiscus paralellus. Gastrocopta armifera. Zonitoides arborea. Circinaria concava. Succinea ovalis. Helicina occulta. Pyramidula shimekii. Succinea ovalis. 64 THE NAUTILUS. The localities at which shells were obtained, together with the species found at each, are listed below. From the concretionary horizon at the base of the pink loess and at the top of the underlying till; plant number 2 of the Mississippi Lime and Materials Co., Alton, Madison Co. Polygyra prof undo, pleistocenica Baker. Castoroides ohioensis Foster. Given to Dr. Leighton and said to have come from this horizon. Only a single incisor tooth (the left) was collected. The Polygyra was apparently very abundant at this horizon, seven pieces of concretions containing ten specimens of shells. The concretions are of lime which is very hard. Some of the shells are internal casts. From the lower ten feet of the pink loess, plant No. 2 Missis- sippi Lime and Materials Co. , Alton. Many fragments of shells occurred, indicating an abundance of the different species at one time. Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker. A few specimens. Polygyra multilineata altonensis Baker. A few specimens. Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Rare. Gastrocopta armifera (Say). One specimen. From the upper part of the pink loess, plant No. 2 Missis- sippi Lime and Materials Co., Alton. Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker. A few specimens. Pyramidula alternata (Say). A few specimens. Oircinaria concava (Say). One specimen. Succinea ovalis (Say). Several specimens. Helicina occulta Say. One specimen. From cliff of loess near corner Market and East 6th Street, Alton. From pink loess. Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker. Common. Polygyra multilineata allonensis Baker. One specimen. Polygyra appressa (Say). Common. Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Rare. Pyramidula alternata (Say). Not common. Helicodiscus paralellus (Say). One specimen. Circinaria concava (Say). One specimen. THE NAUTILUS. 65 From pink loess at Edgemont, St. Glair Co., north side of interurban railway. Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker. Rare. Zonitoides arborea (Say). One specimen. From lower part of buff loess at Edgemont, St. Clair Co., north side interurban railway. Pyramidula shimekii (Pilsbry). A few very large specimens, one individual measuring 7.10 mm. in greatest diameter. Succinea ovalis Say. The Succineas are apparently this species, although they exhibit some variation, especially in the height of the spire. They are not grosvenorii, which occurs in the loess deposits of Iowa. DESCRIPTION OF NEW VARIETIES. Polygyra midtilineata altonensis n. var. Shell differing from typical multilineata in being larger, the whorls more gibbous, the spire more depressed, and the sutures between the later whorls more deeply impressed; the last whorl begins to rapidly descend on the previous whorl until the upper part of the outer lip rests against the periphery, instead of above this point, as in midtilineata ; the deflection of the upper part of the whorl toward the aperture is also more abrupt, and forms a distinct shoulder at this point; the reflected lip is much heavier as is also the umbilical callus; the spiral color bands and lines are apparently much less numerous than in typical midtilineata. Greatest diameter, 32; height, 19.5; aperture height, 14; breadth, 14 mm. Holotype. U. I. No. P. 740 A. Greatest diameter, 28; height, 15.5; aperture height, 11; breadth, 12 mm. Paratype. U. I. No. P. 740 B. Horizon: Lower ten feet of pink loess, plant No. 2 Missis- sippi Lime and Materials Co., Alton, Madison Co., Illinois. This form of multilineata is so uniformly different from the usual form and size of this species that it seems to require a special designation. It probably occurs in other loess deposits. The greater size and gibbous-shaped whorls are sufficiently characteristic to cause its immediate recognition. This variety is apparently not common in these loess deposits, only four 66 THE NAUTILUS. specimens being obtained by Dr. Leighton. The type material is from the lower part of the pink loess. The variety does not occur (apparently) in the higher or later loess deposits of this region. Polygyra profunda pleistocenica n. var. Shell uniformly smaller than typical profunda, more solid, with slightly higher spire and proportionally smaller aperture and umbilicus; the color bands are developed in but two speci- mens of the 19 specimens examined, the majority of the indi- viduals being unicolored. Greatest diameter, 22; height, 14.7mm. Holotype. U I No. P. 751 A. Greatest diameter, 24; height, 14 mm. Paratype. U I No. P. 751 B. Greatest diameter, 26; height, 14.7 mm. Paratype. U I No. P. 751 C. This race or variety of profunda is the most common land shell in the loess of the vicinity of Alton. The characteristics noted above will easily distinguish it from typical profunda. This variety recalls Polygyra profunda strontiana Clapp (Ann. Carnegie Mus. X, p. 537, pi. xxxii, figs. 13-15, 1916), the sizes being about the same in the two forms. In strontiana, however, the spire is higher and the shell of different shape. Pltistocenica is not common in the lower deposits of the loess near Alton nor in the higher deposits. It reaches its greatest development near the middle of the pink loess, from which the greater number of specimens came. From pink loess on cliff of loess, corner Market and East 6th Street, Alton, Madison Co., Illinois. NOTE ON A PEEOCCUPIED GENEEIC NAME IN CEPHALOPODS. BY S. STILLMAN BERRY, REDLAND8, CALIFORNIA. In 1913 (Zool. Anz., Bd. 42, p. 590) I proposed the name Acroteuthis as that of a genus of cephalopods having the Sepia media Linnasus 1767 as type, the said genus being THE NAUTILUS. 67 practically equivalent to the old Teuthis Schneider 1784, not of Linngeus 1766, which is a genus of fishes. It has recently been called to my attention that Acroteuthis in this sense is itself invalid by reason of the existence of a prior usage of the same name in connection with a fossil genus of the same group of mollusks, a fact which had escaped my notice because of an almost complete lack from my library of the literature of cephalopod paleontology. To remedy this unfortunate situation, I would suggest that the name Acruroteuthis be adopted as a substitute for Acro- teuthis Berry 1913. NOTIS ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF SHELLS FROM ALASKA* BY FRANK C. BAKER. A small collection of Alaska mollusks has recently been given to the Museum of Natural History which is of considerable in- terest. It was collected by Dr. Henry B. Ward, head of the Department of Zoology, University of Illinois, while engaged in survey work for the United States Bureau of Fisheries. The shells were collected incidentally during the months of July and August. The two bodies of water from which the material was collected are in the Copper River drainage and their location is thus described by Dr. Ward: "The two lakes referred to as the locations from which the mollusks came are both in the drainage of the Copper River. Long Lake lies just off the Chitina River, which is the main tributary of the Copper River. The lake is right alongside the Copper River and the Northwestern Railway track, and is some- thing like 150 miles from Cordova. "Saint Anne Lake empties into Lake Klutina, which in turn empties through the Klutina River into the Copper River. This is on the west side of the drainage basin, about 250 miles from the Long Lake locality." * Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois, No. 12. 68 THE NAUTILUS. OUTLET OF LONG LAKE. Galba randolphi (Baker). Half-grown and typical. Galba vahlii ("Beck" Moller). Planorbis similaris Baker. Two young individuals (three whorls) of a small Planorbis are indistinguishable from specimens of similaris of the same size from Colorado. They are not like parvus from near Phila- delphia, having a less number of whorls in specimens of the same size, and the base lacks the reamed-out appearance so characteristic of typical parvus. The two localities are widely separated although the ecological and general climatic condi- tions are the same, the Colorado specimens occurring in a lake at an altitude of 8575 feet (see Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, p. 532, 1919). This small Planorbis will doubtless be found in many places between these extreme localities, when it is discriminated from parvus, Pisidium species. Sterki says of this Pisidium, of which only four specimens were collected, " unknown to me; probably immature." SAINT ANNE LAKE. Galba randolphi (Baker). Half-grown specimens. Galba vahlii ( " Beck " Moller). The lymnaeids referred to vahlii were at first thought to be referable to palustris. The generally thinner, almost paper-like shell and the wide columella callus without well-marked plait seem to place them rather under vahlii. The spire in nearly all of the specimens is very long and the whorls are inclined to be flat-sided, differing in this respect from typical vahlii. This species, like the protean palustris, of which it is a near relative, probably exhibits a wide range of variation. Valvata lewisii helicoidea Dall. A single specimen of Dall's variety of Valvata lewisii occurred with the material from Saint Anne Lake. It corresponds in every way with the original description and figures (Alaska Mollusks, p. 123, pi. ii, figs. 1, 2) but is smaller than the speci- men figured by Dall. The measurements of the Saint Anne Lake specimen are: height 2.2; greatest diameter 4 mm. The THE NAUTILUS. 69 variety has also been seen from Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, col- lected by Professor C. H. O'Donoghue, of the University of Manitoba. It will probably be found to be widely distributed in Canada and Alaska. Sphaerium tenue Prime. Pisidium idahoense Roper. A single specimen each of these two Sphaeriidae was con- tained in the Saint Anne Lake material. These specimens are typical. I am indebted to Dr. V. Sterki for the determination of the Sphaeriidae from this locality as well as from the outlet of Long Lake. NOTES. NOTES ON CERTAIN BRACHIOPOD GENERA. -- A recently pub- lished and valuable paper on the recent species of Brachio- poda in the National Museum (Ball, W. H., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 57, pp. 261-377, 1920) places before students of the Brachiopoda a carefully prepared catalogue of the species contained in the National Museum collection and also brings together from many scattered sources valuable data on geo- graphic and bathymetric range and bottom temperature. The author has also cleared the field of a number of mooted ques- tions in synonymy and it is to be regretted that the paper is not accompanied with illustrations of the new species named. For the Terebratula grayi Davidson 1852, Dr. Dall proposes the subgeneric term Pereudesia, which fact is unfortunate, since J. W. Jackson (Geol. Mag., Decade 6, Vol. 3, pp. 21-22, 1916) used the term Thomsonia in a full generic sense for the peculiar type of structure that obtains in Terebratula grayi and Terebratula grayi transversa, and at a later date (Geol. Mag., Decade 6, Vol. 5, pp. 479-480, 1918), finding the term Thomsonia preoccupied, he alters to Coptothyris, which name will of necessity hold preference over Dr. Dall's Pereudesia. — DARLING K. GREGER. 70 THE NAUTILUS. Brasilica Clark 1913. This generic term was erected by Dr. John M. Clarke (Monog. do Serv. Geol. e Mineral, do Brazil, Vol. 1, pp. 214-216, 1913) with the CentroneUaf mar- garida Derby as the genotype. The use of the term Brasilica is not applicative, in view of the fact that it was employed by S. S. Buckmaii in 1898 for a genus of Ammonites, with the •Jurassic species A. bradfordensis as the genotype. The generic term Chapadella is here proposed for the type of loop structure exemplified in CentroneUaf margarida Derby, the genotype. Chapada is a small village in Matto Grosso, Brazil, near which place H. H. Smith collected the material originally used by Dr. Derby in his paper published in the Revista do Museu. Rio de Janeiro, 1896. — DARLING K. GREGER. ZONITOIDES NUMMUS IN INDIANA. — In looking over a lot of shells collected on Feb. 28, 1904, by the late A. C. Billups from Great Miami River drift, Lawrenceburg, Ind., I found specimens which I take to be Zonit aides nummus Van., so am sending some. This is far out of the recorded range of this species so far as I know. The balance of the shells are what one would expect from that region. A good many of the Z. minusculus have the thickening of the lip, or rather back of the lip, "bourrelet" I believe the French call it. This is not a mark of maturity, as many of the half-grown shells have it. — GEO. H. CLAPP. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. JOURNAL DE CONCHYLIOLOGIE, 1920, Vol. 66, No. 4. Revision des Cypricardiacea et des Isocardiacea Vivants du Museum D'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Par Edouard Lamy. Pp. 259- 307. A very exhaustive treatise on this group of bivalves. PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL, SOCIETY OP LONDON, Vol. 14, PL 1, Apr. 1920. A new subspecies of Papuina tay- loriana from Dampier Island, by Hugh C. Fulton, p. 2. P. tayloriana dampierensis. THE NAUTILUS. 71 Molluscan Notes IV, by Hugh C. Fulton, p. 3. Ennea pal- laryi Preston = E. vriesiana Aucy ; Xestina grunulosa Molldff. = H. danae Pfr. ; Goniostomus subhybridus Da Costa = Buli- mulus (Drymceus) pulcherrimus H. Adams; Pseudachatina daillyana Pilsbry = P. perelongata Rolle ; Neptunca antiqua japanica Dautz. & Fisch. = Chrysodomus intersculptus Sowb. Additions to the List of Recent Middlesex Mollusca. By J. E. Cooper, p. 5. The Affinities of Pyramidula, Patulastra, Acanthinula and Vallonia. By Hugh Watson, pp. 6-30, pis. 1 and 2. On Mitra montereyi, a new Californian species. By S. StiUman Berry, pp. 31-33. On Six Variations of Clausilia, bidentata and Ena obscura, with a locality. By A. E. Boycott, pp. 34-42. On Mitra montereyi, a new Californiaii species. By S. Stillmaii Berry, pp. 31-31. On the Size Variation of Clausilia bidentata and Ena. ob- scura, with a locality. By A. E. Boycott, pp. 34-42. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF THE CERIONID.E. By C. J. Maynard (Pts. 1-5, App. to Vol. 10, Records of Walks and Talks with Nature). ON CERTAIN FOSSIL SHELLS IN THE BOULDER CLAY OF BOS- TON BASIN. By Edward S. Morse (Amer. Jour. Sci., 1920, Vol. 49, pp. 157-165). A very interesting paper. The author believes that the thick fragments found in the various deposits represent the southern Venus campechiensis and not V. mer- cenaria,. A CLASSIFICATION OF THE AMERICAN OPERCULATED LAND MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY ANNULARinxE. By John B. Hen- derson and Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1920, Vol. 58, pp. 49-82). In this paper American ' ' Cyclostomidas " are separated from the Old World groups and placed in the family Amralariidae, the principal character used in sep- arating them being the radula. 72 THE NAUTILUS. ANNOTATED LIST OF THE RECENT BRACHIOPODA IN THE COL- LECTION OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, WITH DE- SCRIPTIONS OF THIRTY-THREE NEW FORMS. By William H. Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1920, Vol. 57, pp. 261-377). The collection of recent Brachiopods in the National Museum is unusually strong, containing 181 different forms, represented by over 6,000 specimens, including many original types. ON THE ANATOMY OF PALUDESTRINA JENKINSI. By C. G. Eobson (Ann. Mag. N. H., 9 ser., V, May, 1920). This species has long been of interest on account of its rapid spread through the waterways of England, Wales and Ireland, and recently from the discovery that it is apparently partheno- genetic. It has a large crystalline style. There is a well- developed pedal gland as in Valvata. In the ovary were seen oocytes but no spermatozoa. There is also an organ corres- ponding to the sperrnatheca. The capacious brood-pouch is excavated in the pallial integument of the right side, and capable of holding over 40 young. The writer has already suggested that P. jenkinsi is a Potamopyrgus; it should be compared with some of the tropical species, none of which have been dissected. — H. A. P. THE RADULA OF THE MITRID/E. By Rev. A. H. Cooke (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1919 [1920], pp. 405-422, 18 figs, in text). A valuable contribution to our knowledge of the radula of this family. The work is based largely on the collection of the late Prof. H. M. Gwatkin. COSTA RICAN LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS. By H. A. Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1920, pp. 2-10, 6 figs, in text). The paper is based on a collection made by Dr. P. P. Calvert and Mrs. Calvert in 1909 and 1910. Five new species are de- scribed.— C. W. J. THE NAUTILUS, XXXIV PLATE III 8 12. WALKER: FERRISSIA OBSCURA ETC. THE NAUTILUS. Vol. XXXIV JANUARY, 1921. No. 3 ANCYLUS OBSCURUS HALDEMAN AND SPECIES REFERRED TO IT. BY BRYANT WALKER. ( Continued. ) Through the courtesy of M. Menard of the Museum of Geneva, Switzerland, I have received photographs and other valuable data in regard to the types of the unfigured West-In- dian species of Ancylus described by Bourguignat and have con- sequently been enabled to differentiate the following species with more certainty that I otherwise should have been. IV. Ferrissia jamaicensis n. sp. PI. Ill, figs. 1-3. Shell depressed, oval, slightly wider at the anterior end; lateral margins equally curved; anterior slope nearly straight, being very slightly convex towards the apex; posterior slope concave; the left lateral slope a little convex; the right lateral slope concave; apex obtuse, excentric, turned toward the right side, obscurely radiately striate, situated about halfway between the median line and the right margin and at about two-fifths of the length from the posterior end; lines of growth fine, but distinct and regular, with traces of subobsolete wrinkles on the anterior slope; light horn color. Length (type) 5.25: width 3.5, alt. 1.5 mm. Length (paratype, Adams' Coll.) 5.1; width 3.25, alt. 1.3 mm. Type locality Jamaica. Also Kingston, Jamaica. Type No. 34825 Walker Coll. Paratype in Adams' Collec- tion. 74 THE NAUTILUS. There are one nearly mature specimen and three immature ones in the Adams' Collection received from Chitty and labeled "obscurm?" from Kingston, Jamaica. My own set of four specimens was received from Sowerby and Fulton as "obscurus" . As these are apparently f ully developed and are quite congruous in character, I have selected one of them as the type. The largest specimen in the Adams Collection is narrower than the type, the apex less eccentric and the posterior slope is longer and nearly straight below the base of the apex. The radial sculpture of the apex is very distinct in this specimen. When additional material can be obtained, it may prove to be, at least, varietally distinct. After carefully reviewing my material I am now inclined to think that the Guadeloupe specimens considered as conspecific in the first part of this paper (NAUT., XXXIII, p. 99), though rather similar, are different. They will be considered else- where. This species is also evidently related to A. beaui Bgt. from Guadeloupe, but as compared with the figures of Bourguignat's type, it is somewhat larger, proportionately not so wide, the anterior slope is less convex, the posterior slope longer and it lacks the distinct radial striation on the anterior slope, which, though not mentioned by Bourguignat, shows very distinctly in the photograph of his type. V. Ferrissia adamsi n. sp. PL III, figs. 7-9. Shell depressed, oval, very slightly wider anteriorly; lateral margins equally curved; anterior slope nearly straight; posterior slope straight below the base of the apex at which point it is slightly incurved; left lateral slope very slightly convex; right lateral slope a little concave; apex prominent, very obtuse, slightl}7 turned toward the right margin, situated nearly on the median line and about one-third of the length from the poster- ior end, radiately striate; surface smooth except for the distinct, rather coarse, regular lines of growth; light horn color. Length 4, width 2.75, alt. 1.25 mm. Type locality Kingston, Jamaica. THE NAUTILUS. 75 Type No. 50983 Walker Coll. Paratype in the Adams Col- lection at Amherst College. I can not approximate this species to any that have been de- scribed from the West Indies; several specimens were in the lot received by Adams from Chitty mixed with the preceding species. Compared with that, adamsi is smaller, more heavily concentrically striate with growth lines, the apex is much more obtuse, more elevated and scarcely at all eccentric. VI. The third form mentioned (1. c. p. 99) as occurring in the Adams' "obscurus' from Jamaica consists of a number of small specimens in both lots, which, at first, I thought repre- sented a distinct species, but after carefully reviewing them again I think it probable that they are young shells of the two preceding species; at least, I do not feel like describing them as distinct from the comparatively small series now available. VII. Ferrissia blandi n. sp. PI. Ill, figs. 10-12. ?Ancylus obscurus Hald., Shuttleworth, Ann. Lye., N. H. N. Y., VI, 1854, p. 72; Diag. Neuer Moll., No. 6, 1354, p. 99. Shell small, slightly elevated, broad oval, a little wider an- teriorly, both ends broadly rounded; right lateral margin nearly straight; left lateral margin somewhat more curved, especially anteriorly; anterior slope nearly straight; posterior slope short and slightly incurved; right lateral slope slightly concave; left lateral slope a little convex; apex prominent, obtuse, slightly turned toward the right side, situated at the posterior third of the length and to the right of the median line, distinctly radi- ally striate; surface smooth except for the fine, regular lines of growth and traces of irregular rippling on the anterior slope; light horn color. Length 2.75; width 1.8, alt. .8 mm. Type locality St. Vincent Island, West Indies. Type No. 50984 Coll. Walker. Paratypes in the Adams Collection at Amherst College. The history of these specimens has already been given. This 76 THE NAUTILUS. little species seems to be quite distinct from any of those de- scribed from the West Indies. It is quite different in shape and proportions from A. bermudensisVan., which is the only one that approximates it in size. Named after the original collector, the late Thomas Bland. Explanation of Plate III. Figs. 1, 3. Ferrissia obscura (Hald.). See NAUT., XXXIII, p. 101. Figs. 4, 6. Ferrissia jamaicensis Walker. Figs. 7, 9. Ferrissia adamsi Walker. Figs. 10-12. Ferrissia blandi Walker. TWO NEW PLIOCENE PECTEN3 FKOM NOME, ALASKA.* BY WILLIAM H. BALL. The U. S. Geological Survey has recently received from Otto Halla of Nome, some fossil shells from a subterranean Pliocene beach reached by a shaft at twenty feet below the surface near the Solomon River. Among these specimens were Astarte car- teriana Dall, a Venericardia like alaskana Dall, but much larger and heavier; fragments of a Chrysodomus, and two magnificent new species of Pecten. Pecten lioicus Dall, and P. kindlei Dall, both markedly peculiar forms of the subgenus Chlamys, had already been obtained from these anciently uplifted and now buried beaches, and doubtless when fully explored they will afford many other things of interest. The characteristics of the fauna indicate a warmer sea than at present exists at Nome, and the species as a rule are larger and heavier than their recent or Pleistocene analogues. PECTEN (PLAGIOCTENIUM) HALLAE n. sp. Right valve convex, heavy, subcircular, with subequal ears, hinge-line wide and straight, the ears sculptured with rather rude incremental lines; radial sculpture of the valve consisting * Published by permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. THE NAUTILUS. 77 of 17 or 18 low, rounded ribs with rather shallow narrower in- terspaces channeled only near the beak; the minor sculpture, if any existed, has been removed by abrasion but there are faint traces of fine radial striae in the interspaces; the hinge has a very large resiliary pit with a narrow ridge on each side of it; the adductor scar was large and the the margins of the valves was undulated by the external sculpture. Height of right valve, 120; width, 125; length of hinge-line, 70; (semi) diam- eter, 28 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333042. A fragment has a width of 147 mm. The nearest relative is perhaps the Pliocene P. cerrosensis Gabb, which has twenty-five much stronger ribs with much narrower interspaces, and a less inflated and smaller shell. PECTEN (PATINOPECTEN) RHYTIDUS n. sp. Right valve very thick and heavy, little inflated, subcircular, with 13 or 14 narrow ribs, here and there subnodulous or slightly imbricated, with much wider flattish shallow inter- spaces; the whole surface is finely radiately striated; there is no minor sculpture except the striation; the hinge-line long, straight, the ears subequal with coarse incremental sculpture; resiliary pit deep and wide, with a strong groove on each side; adductor scar large; valve-margins undulated by the external sculpture. Height of shell, 128; width of shell, 130; of hinge- line, 80; (semi) diameter, 12 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333044. No species of the late Tertiary or Recent fauna resembles this at all closely. THE TYPE LOCALITIES OF LYMNAEA EMARQINATA SAY AND L. AMPLA. MIGHELS. BY OLOF O. NYLANDER, CARIBOU, ME. In 1821 Thomas Say described Lymnasus emarginatus (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., II, 170) discovered hy Aaron Stone in lakes of Maine. The type is apparently lost and the name of the lakes not given. Walter Wells in his book " The Water- 78 THE NAUTILUS. Power of Maine, Augusta, 1869," states: "The total count of those [lakes] represented upon the maps as connected with our rivers * * * not including the multitude of small ponds * * * is not less than one thousand six hundred and twenty." Of the above lakes 1568 are located within the State. In the " Fourth Annual Report of the State Water Storage Commis- sion," 1913, page 322, the number of lakes and ponds in Maine is given as 2,222. I have examined many of the Maine lakes, and from Moose- head Lake in the center of the State north to Temiscouata Lake, in Quebec, has been my collecting ground for over 30 years. I have found specimens of Lymnseus emarginatus Say, that seem to compare with Say's description in only one lake; this is located on the east branch of First River between Long Lake and Cross Lake, Aroostook County, in Township XVII, Range 4, about lat. 47° 10' N., and long. 68° 16' W. It is called Mud Lake or Second Lake. Prof. F. C. Baker has examined in his studies of the " Lymnreidffi of North and Middle America," a large series of specimens from Mud Lake, and his opinion is that we have the true type in this lake. If students of shells will agree with me, let us call this the type locality of Say's Lymntzus emarginatus. For a description of this locality see THE NAUTILUS, Vol. XV, page 127. Prof. Edward L. Morse visited this locality (Mud Lake) in June, 1859, hoping to rediscover Limnsea ampla of Mighels, and gave me a full account of his trip at the meeting of the Boston Malacological Club, Feb. 10, 1913. Prof. Morse in going to this lake, followed the account given by Dr. Mighels, and I followed the published accounts given by both Mighels and Morse. The fact is Lymncea ampla Mighels is not found in Mud Lake (or Second Lake). There is no name on any of the old maps of Mud Lake (or Second Lake). Say's original paper gave the locality: " In- habits Lakes of Maine," and others say "Lakes in northern Maine (Say)." If northern is correct, Mud Lake is the type locality. The type specimen of Lymnaa ampla was lost in the fire that THE NAUTILUS. 79 destroyed the custom house of Portland, Maine, 1854, together with all of Dr. Mighels' specimens. In the summer of 1842 Alexander Longfellow, assisting in the Boundary Survey, collected in Second Eagle Lake, North lat. 47°, four specimens of Lymncea ampla together with Physa andllaria. This lake is also located on the east branch of Fish River and is at this time known under the name of Square Lake. The specimens collected by Mr. Longfellow and illus- trated and published by Dr. Mighels in Boston Journal Natural History, Vol. 4, page 347, pi. 16, came from Square Lake inlet. The great trouble to all workers in natural history is the many changes in the names of places. This might have been avoided if the map makers had not made it their business to change names on every new edition. Specialists and makers of new species in every new edition of their works are changing the names of the species described, each calling them Scientifically Correct. What to-day (1920) is called Fish River lakes was called in 1860 Eagle Lakes; what is now Eagle Lake was called Lake Winthrop in 1860. Square Lake of to-day had the name of Lake Sedgwick in 1860, and was known as Second Eagle Lake in 1842. Cross Lake of to-day bore the name of Lake Preble in 1860, and Long Lake was Cleveland Lake in 1860. The French settlers that live in the vicinity of the Fish River Lakes are still using the old names. Lymncsa emarginata Say and L. ampla Mighels have also undergone several changes during this period of 100 years, as the following list shows: Lymnaus emarginatus Say, 1821. Limnea emarginata Haldeman, 1842. Galba emarginata Baker, 1911. Limncea ampla Mighels, 1843. Radix ampla Morse, 1864. Lymnsea mighelsi Binney, 1865. Lymnsea (Radix) mighelsi Dall, 1905. Limnsea emarginata var. mighelsi Ny lander, 1901. Galba emarginata mighelsi Baker, 1911. What will it be one hundred years from now ? I have some 80 THE NAUTILUS. fine specimens from the original localities that I will exchange with museums and collectors for specimens or publications new to my collections. NOTES ON THE NAIAD FAUNA OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI BIVER.* BY N. M. GRIER. I. On the Anatomy of Lampsilis higginsii Lea. Ortmann (1) is inclined to suspect that this species is merely a local form of L. orbiculata Hildreth, the form of very large rivers with muddy bottom, rather than the northern representa- tive of that species, which some consider to be distinctly south- ern. Examination of the soft parts of higginsii, obtained while in the service of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, con- vinces me of the conformity of higginsii with descriptive mater- ial given for the genus Lampsilis by Simpson (3), and by Ort- mann for L. orbiculata (2). The most important point of resemblance between these two species is the common possession of a mantle flap greatly re- sembling that in L. ventricosa, and which obtains its greatest development in the female. As such a structure in higginsii seems to have been overlooked, detailed description of it fol- lows. The papillae on the posterior border of the mantle ob- tain the greater development, those situated anteriorly being quite stunted when present. At the beginning of the posterior half of the mantle edge, the latter thickens to form a grooved flap which shortly attains a width three times that of the ad- jacent portions of the mantle edge, but which narrows down above the anal opening to a width equal to that of the anterior edge of the mantle. The greatest thickness is obtained at a * Published by permission of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries. 1. Ortmann, A. R., "Notes upon the Families and Genera of Najades". Annals of Carnegie Museum, Vol. VIII, 1912, p. 353. 2. Ibid., "Monograph of the Najades of Pennsylvania, Part III". Me- moirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. VIII, No. 1, 1919, p. 324. 3. Simpson, C. T., " Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades ". B. Walker, Detroit, pp. 77-78. THE NAUTILUS. 81 point approximately f of the distance along the mantle edge from the anterior end, where the edge is produced into a tri- angular process, directed somewhat anteriorly, and which is in the line with the anterior edge of the post-adductor muscle. Above, this process is spotted wtth a medium brown color, and its edge is produced into papillae which become finer towards the coarser ones of the branchial and anal regions. Below, the coloration appears confined to a strip widest near the vertex of the process described, and is succeeded posteriorly by the papillae previously mentioned. WASHINGTON AND JEFFERSON COLLEGE, WASHINGTON, PA. THE ANATOMY OF CERTAIN MUSSELS FROM THE UPPER TENNESSEE. RY A. E. ORTMANN, PH. D. In the Proc. Americ. Philos. Soc. 57, 1918, pp. 521-526, the present writer has published a Synopsis of the Naiades, or fresh- water mussels of the upper Tennessee drainage, assigning each species its proper place in the system. But in some of them the observations on the anatomy forming the basis for the tax- onomic arrangement have not been given. It is the purpose of the present paper to furnish these data, together with additional remarks on species treated previously. I am sorry that I am compelled to introduce again nomen- clatorial changes without fully supporting them; but this will be done in another paper. FUSCONAIA PILARIS (LEA), F. PILARIS LESUEURIANA (LEA), F. PILARIS BURSA-PASTORIS (WRIGHT). (See Ortmann, 1. c. , pp. 527-529.) Anatomy: F. bursa-pastoris (Wr.} in NAUTIL. 27, 1918, p. 90 (incomplete, no gravid females at hand). Gravid females have been found subsequently on the follow- ing dates: May 11, 13, 14, '13; May 20, 22, 23, '14; July 7, 8, 13, '13. They belong in part to the var. bursa-pastoris, in part to the var. lesueuriana, but none have been found belonging to X2 THE NAUTILUS. typical pilaris. Glochidia have been observed from the earliest to the latest date, so that the breeding season begins probably very early in May, and lasts to about the middle of July (tachytictic). In all three forms the anatomy is the same, that is to say, that of the genus Fusconaia, and agrees essentially with that of F. subrotunda (Lea). Also the placentae are of the same char- acteristic subcylindrical (not compressed or lanceolate) shape. Glochidia of the shape and size of those of F. subrotunda : sub- elliptical, higher than long, L. 0.13, H. 0.15mm. In the upper Clinch form of bursa-pastoris, the orange color oj the soft parts and red color of the placentae prevail, whitish specimens being rare. The same is the case in Powell River, at least in its upper parts. Farther down in the Powell (Clai- borne Co., Tenn.), specimens with whitish soft parts outnumber those with orange parts. In the lower Clinch, the specimens (lesueuriana-type~) are nearly all whitish, and only a few with orange color have been found. In French Broad and Holston Rivers, in all three varieties, white soft parts and white pla- centae are the rule all the way up to the forks of the Holston and the Watauga River. Orange soft parts and red placentae are extremely rare. I have only one specimen from Grainger Co., Tenn. (lesueuriana-type), and one from Sullivan Co. (bursa- pastoris-type'). FUSCONAIA CUNEOLUS (LEA), F. CUNEOLUS APPEESSA (LEA). (See: 1. c., pp. 530, 531.) Gravid females: May 16, '15; May 22, '14; May 25, '15; July 5, 7, 8, 13, '13. Glochidia in specimens collected July 7 and 8. Thus tachytictic, breeding from May to July. These two forms have the same anatomy, and belong to Fus- conaia. They agree very well with the account given of F. rubiginosa (Lea) (=flava Raf.). (See: Ann. Carnegie Mus. 8, '12, p. 241.) Of nine specimens preserved, seven have a short mantle connection between anal and supraanal, while in two this is missing, but probably torn. All four gills are marsupial, but in young specimens, the marsupial part of the inner gill is often restricted to the middle THE NAUTILUS. of the gill. The ova form distinct, subcylindrical placentae. The glochidia are subelliptical, nearly semielliptical, about as high as long, L. and H. 0.16 rnm. They are much like those of F. flava, but slightly larger. Color of soft parts of the orange type, chiefly evident on the foot, mantle-margin, and adductor muscles. However, this color is not very intense, often very pale orange, and in young specimens the soft parts are sometimes whitish. The gonads are red, and so are the eggs and placentae, from pink to bright crimson; in some cases they are pinkish-orange. This group undoubtedly represents, in the upper Tennessee, the/am-group of the interior basin. FUSCONAIA EDGARIANA (LEA), F. EDGARIANA ANALOGA (ORTM. ). (See: F. cor and cor analoga, Ortmann, 1. c. , pp. 532-533). Most of the specimens preserved in alcohol represent the flat headwaters-form (analoga), but I have a sterile female (Ander- son Co., Tenn.), which is the swollen typical form. Gravid females : May 13, 14, '13; July 5, 7, 8, '13. Of those preserved none happened to have glochidia. Soft parts identical with those of F. cuneolus, and with those of the^Zaua-group in general. Color in most cases deep orange, chiefly so foot and adductors. I never found specimens with whitish soft parts, and only a few are marked: pale orange. Gonads, eggs and placentae rarely pink, mostly intensely crimson. FUSCONAIA BARNESIANA (LEA) and varieties. (See: 1 c. , p. 534 ff.). The anatomy of this group has been described previously. (See: NAUTIL. 31. '17, pp. 61, 62.) LEXINGTONIA DOLABELLOIDES (LEA), L. DOLABELLOIDES CONRADI (VANATTA). (See: 1. c., pp. 545, 546.) Gravid females : May 11, 13, '13; July 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, '13. Glochidia: May 13 and July 5 (tachytictic). All gravid specimens belong to the compressed headwaters- form (conradi), but I have examined the soft part of males and 84 THE NAUTILUS. sterile females of the swollen form (dolabelloides) of the lower Clinch and the French Broad Rivers. The structure of the soft parts is identical with that of Lex- ingtonia subplana (Conr. ). (See: Ortmann, NAUTIL. 28, '14, p. 28.) It differs from that of the genus Pleurobema chiefly in the cylindrical placentae of deep red color. Anal and supraanal openings separated by a short mantle connection, which is sometimes absent (torn?). Branchial opening with papillae, anal with crenulations. Posterior mar- gins of palpi connected at base. Gills broad, the inner some- what broader than the outer. Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac except at anterior end. Outer gills mar- supial; when charged very little swollen. Placentae well de- veloped, of subcylindrical shape. Glochidia, in the specimens preserved, all unripe, but in one of them, collected on July 5, they were sufficiently formed so as to permit examination of shape and measurements. They are subelliptical in outline, higher than long, L. 0.16, H. 0.13 mm. Color of soft parts orange, in most cases very intensely so, chiefly the foot, adductor muscles, and mantle-margin. Rarely the soft parts are paler, and occasionally they are whitish in young specimens. Among the larger gravid females in one only the shell is marked; " pale, marsupium cream; " but the speci- men clearly belongs here, as is shown by the subcylindrical placentae. Gonads, eggs and placentae generally deep red, but in a few cases, the gonads have been marked as " orange," and in a few other cases the marsupium has been marked as " pink " or " cream color." However, in two male? of the swollen form from French Broad River, the soft parts were pale. This is a remarkable exception, and quite interesting in so far as also other Naiades which the normally tinted tend to assume paler color of the soft parts in French Broad River. According to the soft parts this species is a Lexingtonia. I have (1. c. ) mentioned the beak-sculpture of L. subplana as a possible additional character of this genus. In the present species this consists of a number (six to eight) of fine, rather crowded, irregular, and wavy bars, distinct only anteriorly, THE NAUTILUS. 85 becoming indistinct and effaced in the middle part. Posteriorly, upon the posterior ridge, there are a few (two to three) low, indistinct tubercles, which show no connection with the anterior bars. Thus, anteriorly, the beak-sculpture resembles that of L. subplana, but posteriorly it is different in the development of low tubercles. The description of the shell, as given 1. c. for the genus, should be slightly modified so as to include this species. This refers chiefly to general shape and color pattern of the shell (rays breaking up into blotches). PLEUROBEMA OVIFORME (CONRAD), P. OVIFORME ARGENTEUM (LEA), P. OVIFORME HOLSTONENSE (LEA). (See: Ortmann, 1. c., '18, pp. 550 ff.) I have described the anatomy of the flat headwater-form (argenteum^ under the incorrect name of P. fassinafiis. (See: NAUTIL. 28, '14, p. 31.) Gravid females belonging to this have been collected on the following dates: May 11, '13; May 12, '15; May 13, 11, 15, 16, 20, '13; May 20, '15; July 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, '13. Glochidia have been secured on May 11, 15, 20, and July 8 and 9. This is a tachytictic form, breeding from May to July. Soft parts of the typical Pleurobema-structure, much like that of P. clava (Ortmann, Ann. Cam. Mus. 8, '18, p. 234). Mantle- connection between anal and supraanal openings short, some- times absent. Anal with very fine papillae, branchial with larger papillae. Posterior margins of palpi connected for ^ to £ of their length. Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdom- inal sac, except at anterior end. In the female, the outer gills alone are marsupial. When charged, the placentae are rather distinct, but less so when glochidia are present. They always are lanceolate and compressed, never subcylindrical. Glochidia subelliptical, almost subcircular, about as high as long, L. and H. 0.16 mm. (much like those of P. clava). Sometimes they are slightly higher than long, L. 0.15, H. 0.17 mm. (So in specimens from Chickamauga Creek, Ringgold, Ga. ) Color of soft parts whitish, often with the foot yellowish, pale brown, or pale orange, rarely also mantle-margin and adductors 86 THE NAUTILUS. pale orange or orange- brown. The eggs and placentae are whitish, cream color, pale yellow, but in most cases of a pecul- iar and characteristic pale orange, and also the gonads of the female often have the same color. These colors agree with those of P. clava, but incline more frequently to the pale orange type. It should be remarked, however, that all specimens from Little River, Blount Co., Tenn. (about a dozen) represent a peculiar color variety. The structure of the soft parts is en- tirely normal, but the color is of the orange type, and the pla- centae are bright red (in over half a dozen gravid females). The shells of these specimens do not at all differ from those of the form argenteum, as found in Virginia, except that the color markings of the epidermis are absent, and that the latter is comparatively dark (brown to black-brown). However, all of my specimens of this form are rather large. One of my females from Chickamauga Creek had pink placentae, the others had them cream color, as is normal. Of the typical P. oviforme (form of the rivers of medium size), gravid females have been found on May 11, 13, '13; May 20, 25, '14; July 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, '13. Glochidia are at hand from July 5. The anatomy is exactly like that of P. oviforme argenteum, as described above, and the glochidia have the same shape and size (0.16 mm.). Color of the soft parts whitish, inclining on foot and mantle often to yellowish-brown or pale orange. Ova and placentae white, more rarely cream color or pale orange. Thus, in color, this form more closely resembles P. clava. Of the swollen type, P. oviforme holstonense, I have found only few specimens. No gravid females have been secured, but sterile females and males. The anatomy is exactly as in typi- ical oviforme. Note. Lexingtonia dolabelloides conradi, chiefly in young speci- mens, often resembles the typical P. oviforme in the shell. But in the color of the soft parts they are quite distinct, and the in- tensely orange tints seen in the former have never been observed in the latter. Gravid females of P. oviforme are recognized also by the light-colored placentae, which are not quite so solid a THE NAUTILUS. 87 in Lexingtonia, and have a lanceolate, compressed shape, so that the charged marsupial gills, even in young specimens, are con- siderably more swollen. The two species also differ in the beak-sculpture, which, in P. oviforme, consists of about four subconcentric, rather indistinct bars, which are slightly angular and nodulous upon the region of the posterior ridge; but there is no trace of the fine, wavy, and crowded bars seen on the an- terior side of the beaks in Lexingtonia. LASTENA LATA (RAFINESQUE). (Ortmann, 1. c. , p. 556.) The description of the anatomy will be found in NAUTIL. 28, '15, p. 106. LASMIGONA (ALASMINOTA) HOLSTONIA (LEA). (See: Lasm. (Sulcidaria) badia (.Rcr/. ) (Ortmann, 1. c. , p. 557.) The anatomy has been described in NAUTIL. 28, '14, p. 431. Additional specimens have been obtained subsequently, con- firming the previous account, and furnishing more complete records for the breeding season. Gravid females have been col- lected on Sept. 6, 7, '13; Sept. 8, 12, '15; Sept. 20, '12; and in spring on May 12, '14; May 18, '15. Glochidia have been found as early as Sept. 20; and on the two dates in May, dis- charge of glochidia was observed. Thus this species is brady- tictic, breeding from September to May. ALASMIDONTA (PRESSODONTA) MINOR (LEA). (See: 1. c., p. 580.) Anatomy, see 'Ann. Cam. Mus. 8, '12, p. 295, and NAUTIL. 28, '14, p. 46. Also here additional material has been secured throwing more light on the beginning of the breeding season. Dates for gravid females are as follows: Sept. 2, 4, 5, '14; Sept. 6, '18; Sept. 9, 11, '15; Sept. 17, 20, '12. Glochidia have been observed on the last two dates. This places the beginning of the season in September. ALASMIDONTA (DECURAMBIS) RAVENELIANA (LEA). (Ortmann, 1. c., p. 561.) I have collected a number of specimens of this species in Pigeon River, at Canton, Hay wood Co., N. Car., on May 14, 88 THE NAUTILUS. '14. Of three males and four gravid females, all with glochidia, two of them discharging, the soft parts have been preserved. The breeding season thus ends in May. The anatomy is the same as that of the genus Alasmidonta, as described previously (Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, '12, p. 297), also with regard to color (inclining to yellowish and orange tints). It should be mentioned that the inner lamina of the inner gills is, in two males and two females, entirely connected with the abdominal sac (as is the case in A. inarginata) ; but in one male and two females, it is free in the posterior half or one-third of the abdominal sac. The specimens with the inner lamina partly free are the smaller ones. Glochidia as usual, triangular, with hooks, about as high as long, L. and H. from 0.29 to 0.32 mm. Thus they are smaller than those of A. marginata, where the L. is 0.33, the H. 0.36 mm. PAGIAS FABULA (LEA). (Ortmann, 1. c., p. 562.) Anatomy described in NAUTIL. 28, '14, p. 65. Gravid females, with glochidia, were at hand, collected on Sept. 17, '12. An additional gravid female, with eggs, has been found on Sept. 7, '13. This indicates the beginning of the breeding season in September. PTYCHOBRANCHUS SUBTENTUM (SAY). (See: Ellipsaria subt., Ortmann, 1. c., p. 564.) The soft parts have been described in Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, '12, p. 308, fig. 5. Many specimens have been secured subsequently, confirming this account. It should be added that large females show that the folds of the mareupium are more numerous, and occupy nearly the whole outer gill. Gravid females have been found frequently from Sept. 5 to Sept. 21, but with eggs only, indicating the beginning of the season; on May 20, '13, females discharging placentae with glochidia have been observed, indicating the end of the season. DROMUS DROMAS (LEA), D. DROMAS CAPERATUS (LEA). (1. c. , p. 566.) Anatomy: Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, '12, p. 315, figs. 18, 18a, 18b. The soft parts of the var. caperatus are absolutely identical THE NAUTILUS. with those of the main species. The color of the marsupium is mostly red, more rarely white. Gravid females of the variety have been found on Sept. 7, 8, '14; Sept. 16, 17, 21, '15, mostly with eggs, but already on the earliest date a specimen with glochidia was seen. The latter have the same shape as those of the main species, L. 0.18, H. 0.09 mm. ACTINONAIAS PECTOROSA (CONRAD). (1. C. , p. 569.) Anatomy: Ann. Cam. Mus. 8, '12, p. 325 (as Nephronalas perdix). Gravid females have been found on Sept. 11, 15, '13; Sept. 15, '15; Sept. 17, '12; Sept. 17, '13, all with eggs. Glochidia have been found on May 12, '13, and May 20, ?14, being dis- charged on the last date. Thus the breeding season is from September to May. CARUNCULINA MOESTA (LEA). (See: Toxolasma lividum (Raf.) Ortmann, 1. c. , p. 578.) This form is the upper Tennessee representative of C. glans, but I have a set of an absolutely identical form from the Ozark region (James River. Galena, Stone Co., Mo., collected by A. A. Hinkley), recorded by Hinkley (Proc. U. S. Mus. 49, '15, p. 588) as Lampsilis glans, and I shall include these speci- mens in the following report. I have described (NAUTIL. 28, '15, p. 142) the anatomy of a sterile female of C. glans. Among the specimens of C. moesta from the Ozarks, there are males, sterile females, and one gravid female with glochidia, collected July 30, ' 14. From the upper Tennessee region, I also have males and sterile females, and a gravid female with glochidia, the latter collected on May 16, 15. Thus the breeding season of this form is rather obscure. We should expect it to be bradytictic, and the specimen collected in May would agree with this. However, the presence of glo- chidia at the end of July appears strange; this specimen was discharging, and it might be a case of belated discharge. On the other hand, the beginning of the preceding season can not fall very early in autumn, for among a considerable number of 90 THE NAUTILUS. females found by myself on Aug. 31, '14, not a single gravid one turned up. Wilson and Clark (Bur. Fisher. Doc. 758, '12, p. 48) report glochidia in July for C. glans. All specimens examined have the same anatomical structure agreeing with that of C. glans. The caruncle of the mantle- margin generally is brown, lighter or darker, varying to white or blackish. Its shape is short subcylindrical or hemispher- ical. The edge of the marsupium has black-brown pigment. The glochidia are subovate, higher than long, L. 0.17 to 0.18, H. 0.19 to 0.20 mm., thus agreeing with those of C. parva, as described previously (NAUTIL. 28, '15, p. 181). CO.NTRADILLA CAELATA (CONRAD). (See: Lemiox rimosus (Raf.). Ortmann, 1. c. . p. 574.) Anatomy: see NAUTIL. 30, '16, p. 39. The nomenclature will be discussed elsewhere. The new generic name Conradilla takes the place of Lemiox Raf. , used in the publications referred to. MEDIONIDUS CONRADICUS (LEA). (See: Medionid. plateolus (Raf. ) Ortmann, 1. c., p. 575.) Anatomy: see Ann. Cam. Mus. 8, '12, p. 335, fig. 22, and NAUTIL. 28, '15, p. 142. A misprint in the latter paper should be corrected; the L. of the glochidium is 0.22 mm., not 0.28. The breeding season is now rather well known; gravid females are found from the beginning of September (earliest date Sept. 6), and glochidia as early as Sept. 13; discharge of glochidia has been observed in numerous cases from May 11 to May 20. EURYNIA (MICROMYA) PERPURPUREA (LEA). (Ortmann, 1. c., p. 576. ) Anatomy: see NAUTIL. 29, '15, p. 68. Immature glochidia have been found on Sept. 5, '18, mature ones on Sept. 21, '12. EURYNIA (MICROMYA) NEBULOSA (CONRAD). (Ortmann, 1. c., p. 577.) Anatomy: see NAUTIL. 29, '15, p. 64. Investigation of additional specimens has confirmed the char- THE NAUTILUS. 91 acters given previously. I have collected gravid females as early as Aug. 31. Glochidia were observed first on Sept. 2, so that the breeding probably begins toward the end of August. Dis- charge of glochidia has been seen from May 11 to May 24, and a single discharging female was found on July 5, probably ex- ceptionally belated. My extreme measurement? of the glochidia are: L. 0.21 to 0.23, H. 0.27 to 0.30 mm. EURYNIA (MICROMYA) VANUXEMENSis (LEA). Ortmann, 1. c., p. 530.) Anatomy: see Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, '12, p. 342, and NAUTIL. 29, '15, p. Co. Earliest date for gravid females Sept. 2; for glochidia Sept. 17. Discharge from May 15 to May 25. (The species of the genus Truncilla will be treated in a sep- arate paper.) MODIOLUS DEMISSTJS DILLWIN, IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY. BY G. DALLAS HANNA. One of the supposedly accidental introductions of animal life from the east to the west coast of North America with the ex- tensive attempts to transplant the oyster was the plicated mus- sel, Modiolus demissus. It was first recorded from the new loca- tion by Stearns in 1899 (NAUTILUS, XIII, p. 86) from specimens collected by R. N. Drake in 1894 at a point "3 miles north of Stanford University, ' ' that is, the southern part of San Fran- cisco Bay. The record was repeated by the same author in April, 1900 (Science, n. s., XI, p. 658). "Fine specimens" were again collected, apparently from the same colony, by Doe and Gifford, and recorded by Keep in April, 1901 (NAUTILUS, XIV, p. 115). In his "West Coast Shells," Revised edition, p. 37, 1911, the same author states, " It doubtless came to California with seed oysters which were planted in San Francisco Bay, where it may now be found in considerable numbers." 92 THE NAUTILUS. In his checklist Dall merely states that it is found on the oyster beds of the Bay ( Checklist of Recent Bivalve Mollusks of the N. W. Coast, p. 18, 1916). Packard ( Univ. of Calif. Publ. Zool., Vol. 14, No. 2, p. 257, 1918) states in his report on the mollusca obtained by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Survey of San Francisco Bay that, "Al- though it was not taken by the Survey it is reported to occur within the lower division of the Bay in sufficient numbers to be marketed occasionally." The above is a review of all of the published records of the species on the west coast which are known to the writer. Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd tells me she received specimens some years ago collected by Fred L. Button at Alameda. Henry Hemphill made wonderful discoveries during his extensive collecting on the eastern side of the Bay, among other things, the sand clam, My a arenaria, but his collection does not contain a specimen of the plicated mussel from any west-coast locality. So it may be inferred that he did not find it. Its extensive spread in the bay region however cannot be doubted. Through Mr. R. A. Coleman the California Academy of Sciences recently received 18 beautiful specimens of this mussel. They were taken at Bay Farm Island about one mile south of Alameda on the eastern side of the Bay. They were found living on the mud flats in very considerable numbers at- tached to the roots of Spartina stricta maritima, determined by Miss Alice Eastwood, locally known as wild rice. It is said to be occasionally brought into the markets from this locality. Mr. Coleman states that the mussels were delicious eating. Many of the shells are over a hundred millimeters long and as much as fifty millimeters wide. The epidermis has a very high polish and the umbones have been only slightly eroded, in many cases none at all. Those persons anxious to learn how long it takes to develop a variety, subspecies or species may well keep watch of Modiolus demissus. THE NAUTILUS. XXXIV. PLATE IV. 1,2. CHIONE GNIDIA B. & S. 3,4. CHIONE MERID1ONALIS OLDROYD. 5. AMPULLARIA LATTREI CHAMANA HINKLEY (p. 53). 6-9. ACHATINELLA LEHUIENS1S MEINECKEI PILS. & COOKE. THE NAUTILUS. 93 A NEW PERUVIAN CHIONE. BY IDA S. OLDROYD. CHIONE MERIDIONALIS n. sp. Plate IV, figs. 3, 4. Shell of medium size, somewhat triangular elongate, quite flat; concentrically laminated, the laminae crenated, erect, ten in number, evenly spaced; interstices radiately ridged with fine ribs bundled in threes, evenly spaced. Ligamentary area very broadly excavated, with brown markings. Lunule narrow, elongate, faintly marked with brown and circumscribed by an incised line. Nymphs smooth, like young C. gnidia. Teeth smooth. Valve margins crenulate. Ligament inset, but show- ing externally. Color cream-white, with brown marking, in- terior white. It is something like a young C. gnidia in sculpture, but the laminae are not scalloped as in that species, and it is a small shell compared with that. It is elongate, while C. gnidia is ovate. The accompanying plate will show the difference in the two species. Figures 1 and 2 are C. gnidia. Type locality, Peru. The type is in the University of Cali- fornia Museum, locality number 3135. One specimen is in the Stanford University collection. LAND SHELLS OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA. BY E. G. VANATTA. The following species of land shells were picked from leaf- mould collected by Mr. Clarence B. Moore in Southern Florida during the winter of 1919 and 1920, at stations not recorded in THE NAUTILUS volumes XIX (1905), page 40; XXI (1908), page 99; XXVI (1912), pages 16, 31; XXXIII (1919), page 18. All the records of Bifidaria contracta Say in those lists should be changed to Gastrocopta contracta peninsularis Pils., which differs from the typical contracta as indicated on page 17 of THE NAUTILUS, Vol. XXVI (1912). 94 THE NAUTILUS. Opeas pumilum Pfr. has not been recorded from Florida before. Pumpkin Key, Lee County, Florida. Helicina orbiadata Say. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Pils.). (Bid.). Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils. Thysanophora plagioptycha Polita indentata (Say). (Shutt. ) . Guppya gundlachi ( Pfr. ) . Microceramus fioridanus Pils. Euconulus chersinus (Say). Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Shell Key (Gomez Old Place), Lee County, Florida. Helicina orbiculata Say. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bid.). (Pils.). Liguusf. roseatus Pils. Guppya gundlachi (Ph.). Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Dismal Key, Lee County, Florida [THE NAUTILUS, XXI (1908), 100]. Opeas pumilum Pfr. Buttonwood Key, Lee County, Florida [THE NAUTILUS, XXI (1908), 100]. Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Zonitoides minuscida (Binn. ). Watson's Place (a Key), Chatham River, Monroe County, Florida. Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bid.). Zonitoides m. alachuana (Dall). Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Zonitoides singleyana (Pils.). Zonitoides arbor ea (Say). Lopez Place (a Key), Monroe County, Florida. Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bid.). Zonitoides m. alachuana (Dall). Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Zonitoides singleyana (Pils.). Gastrocopta p. hordeacella (Pils. ). Hamilton Place, Lossman River, Monroe County, Florida. Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils. Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bid.). Euglandina rosea (Fer. ). Thysanophora plagioptycha Guppya gundlachi Pfr. (Shutt.). Zonitoides arborea (Say). Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Zonitoides m. alachuana (Dall). Gastrocopta p. hordeacella (Pils.). Zonitoides singleyana (Pils.). THE NAUTILUS. 95 Lossman's Key, Monroe County, Florida [see NAUTILUS, XXVI (1920), 20]. Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Chevalier Place (a Key), Chatham River, Monroe County, Florida. Helicina orbiculata Say. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Polygyra c. carp enter iana (Bid.). (Pils. ). Polygyra uvulifera (Shutt. ). Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils. Thysanophora selenina (Gld. ). Polita indentata (Say). Thysanophora plagioptycha Eucomdus chersinus (Say). (Shutt.). Zonitoides arborea (Say). Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). Gopher Key, Monroe County, Florida. Helicina orbiculata Say. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Polygyra c. carpenter iana (Bid.). (Pils.). Polygyra uvulifera (Shutt.). Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils. Thysanophora selenina (Gld.). Polita indentata (Say). Thysanophora plagioptycha Guppya gundlachi (Pfr.). (Shutt. ) . Zonitoides arborea ( Say ) . Microceramus pontificus (Gld.). Zonitoides minuscida (Binn.). Liguus c. lossmanicus Pils. Zonitoides singleyana (Pils.) Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). THE LEAPING EAZOR SHELL. BY JAMES SHEPARD. In making a tour throughout the length of Cape Cod in com- pany with my daughter, C. Antoinette Shepard, we arrived at Wellfleet, Mass., on the afternoon of August 30, 1882. We had been on the beach but a short time when we beheld a sight such as we had never before witnessed. The tide was well out, and on the bare sand some rods from the water we noticed numerous small objects leaping up into the air from place to place and in various directions. We knew of nothing which would be likely to be moving about in that manner. Making our way hastily towards them, we found that those nearest to 96 THE NAUTILUS. us disappeared from sight. Consequently we proceeded more cautiously. Much to our surprise and delight these strange ob- jects proved to be a colony of Razors (Solen ensis) roaming over the beach apparently having a frolic. By a strong and quick stroke of their foot the}7 threw themselves up into the air and from place to place. They ascended something like two feet or more above the sand and leaped not less than three feet at one jump. Almost immediately after having landed on the beach at the end of one leap they leaped again, sometimes in one direction and sometimes in another. When their successive leaps were in the same general direction, as they most frequently were, they traveled over the beach about as fast as a person would ordinarily walk. We attempted to catch those which were the nearest to us, running for them as they were about to fall flat on the sand. They carved their foot downwardly, planting the end firmly in the sand and then by a straightening out of the foot rose from a prostrate to an upright position pre- paratory to boring a new burrow and sinking down into the sand with wonderful rapidity. They were so quick in their movements, that although we were with them for about two hours we were not able to catch hold of one before it had com- menced boring into the sand. We succeeded in capturing a few, only a very few, without injuring the shell. These few we grasped when the end of the shell had penetrated the sand something less than one inch. In case the shell had penetrated the sand a full inch or more at the time we grasped them, it was impossible to pull one out without crushing the shell. In our several attempts to do so we not only crushed the shell but also tore the animal asunder, securing only a part of it while the rest remained in the sand. I cannot state how many live Razors we saw that day, but there seemed to be no end of them. We could conceive of no reason as to why so many Razors were then out of their holes, other than that they came out of their own free will as I am confident that they did. But I find at least two scientific pub- lications in which it is stated that "They never voluntarily leave their burrows." One English work is more conservative and probably correct in its statement that "the Solens rarely leave their burrows voluntarily." THE NAUTILUS. 97 I have never had the pleasure of seeing a live Razor except- ing on my visit to Wellfleet. SPECIES NAMED IN THE PORTLAND CATALOGUE : I, AMERICAN. BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. Daniel Solander, a pupil of Linnaeus, came to London in search of fortune, where he died in 1783, at the age of forty- seven years. During his residence he was employed by Sir Joseph Banks to classify the Banksian Collection, afterward included in the British Museum. He also was engaged in arranging and class- ifying the conchological part of the remarkable collection gath- ered by Margaret Cavendish, Dowager Duchess of Portland. This collection is chiefly remembered by its connection with the funeral urn of Alexander Severus, then known as the Barbarini vase, purchased at the sale by the British Museum, renamed the Portland vase, later smashed by a precursor of the militant suffragettes, and wonderfully put together again from its frag- ments by patient work. Solander named many nondescript shells in the Banksian Collection, and his manuscript furnished Dillwyn with many names or synonyms for his Catalogue of 1817. After the death of the Duchess in 1785, her conchological collection, with other zoological, artistic, and historical items, was sold in the following year, and where Solander had named an undescribed species with reference to a figure in one of the earlier iconographies, this name is published in the catalogue prepared by an anonymous compiler and printed in April, 1786. Many of these names were afterward adopted, mostly without acknowledgment, by Bolten, Lamarck, and other later writers. The best known among the American species is our common Unio complanatus. The death of Solander before the publication of any of his new names leaves them dependent upon the Catalogue above mentioned and the citations of Dillwyn. A few of the names are accompanied by a descriptive phrase, 98 THE NAUTILUS. but most of them depend for their status on the citation of figures. The anonymous editor of the Catalogue added a few names on his own account and was apparently a conchologist of some note, but from his classification evidently not E. M. Da Costa. According to Dillwyn (1817) it was George Humphrey. The following list comprises all the American species receiv- ing names in the Catalogue. Those followed by an S are Solander's, the others are by the anonymous compiler. I have included the references to the figures which appear in the Catalogue. It is curious that in the British Cyclopedia of Biography, in which so many nonentities find a place, no reference is made to the Duchess who was such a munificent patron of art, archae- ology and science in her day. The only typographical error to be noted in the work is the confusion by the printer of the names of Martini and Martyn, but the references make it clear in every case which is meant. None of these names are included in Sherborn's Index Animal- ium, 1758-1800. Area fusca S., p. 42, No. 1001, Jamaica, W. I. Gualtieri 87-G. -\-Arcafusca Bruguiere, 1789. Buccinum monodon S., p. 17, No. 372, Tierra del Fuego. Also p. 139, No. 3093. Martyn, Un. Conch., f. 10. =Buccinum calcar Martyn, 1784. Buccinum neptuni S. , p. 29, No. 668; p. 35, No. 859; p. 174, No. 3746. The West India Trumpet shell. Murex tritonis Lin. ex parte, -\-Tritoniumneptuni Bolten, 1798. Buccinum testudo S., p. 98, No. 2148. Seba III, t. 70, f. 2-4. -f- Cassis inflo ta Shaw, 1790. Butta vesicaria S., p. 136, No. 3030; p. 142, No. 3158. West Indies. Seba III, pi. 38, f. 46, 48. =Hydatina physis L. , 1758. Cardium robustum S., p. 58, No. 1358; p. 162, No. 3517. Great American Cockle from Florida. Lister, Conch. 328, 165. THE NAUTILUS. 99 -\~C. magnum Bom (not Linne), 1780, and C. ventricosum Bruguiere, 1789. Helix ovipara, p. 155, No. 3388; Surinam; p. 174, No. 3745, St. Vincent's. a. Lister, 1055, I. --Bulimus ovatus Miiller, 1774. b. Lister, tab. 23. White margin to mouth. =Bulimus oblongus Miiller, 1764? Helix picta, p. 182, No. 3900. Terrestrial shell from the West Indies. Rumphius, Thesaurus, 22, 1, 1739. -i- Helix picta ~Born, 1780. Helix undata, p. 177, No. 3802; p. 183, No. 3924. Lister, 76; Favanne, tab. 63, f. G 3. -\-Helix pellis-serpentis Shaw, 1790, and Solaropsis brasiliensis Beck. Mactra procera S., p. 24, No. 559. Great American Mactra from New York. -\-Hemimactra solidissima Dillwyn, 1817. Murex plicatus S., p. 104, No. 2284. Falkland Islands (Not of Gmelin, 1792). Favanne, tab. 79, f. I. + Trophon patagonicus Orbigny, 1841, as Murex. Mya complanata S., p. 100, No. 2190. Maryland. Lister, 150, 5. = Unio complanatus S. Ostrea grandis S., p. 50, No. 1186; p. 99, No. 2168. Great American compass Pecten from Halifax, North America. -\-Pecten magellanicus Gmelin, 1791-2. Ostrea elongata S., p. 55, No. 1303; p. 151, No. 3312. Purple spot oyster from Virginia. -|- Ostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791-2. Solen plebeius S., p. 42, No. 1005 (bis). Barbados. Lister, Conch. 421, f. 265. -{- Tagelus gibbus Spengler, 1794. Tettina cruenta S., p. 58, No. 1360. Knorr, VI. t. 12, f. 1. -\-Sanguinolaria sanguinolenta Gmelin, 1791-2. Tellina marginalia S., p. 137, No. 3049. Lister, Conch. 387. = Tellina laevigata Linn6, 1758. 100 THE NAUTILUS. Trochus alveolatusS., p. 52, No. 1240. Beehive snail. Lister, Conch. 62, 60. Jamaica. =Helix epistylium Muller, 1774. Venus nimbosa S., p. 175, No. 3761. Florida. Favanne, t. 49, f. II. -\-Macrocallista gigantea Gmelin, 1791-2. Voluta ancilla S., p. 84, No. 1873; p. 137, No. 3061. Straits of Magellan. D'Avila, I, pi. 8, f. s. Voluta angulata S., p. 76, No. 1711. Martini, Conch. Cab. IV, f. 1325. -\-Turbinella scolymus Gmelin, 1791-2. Voluta brasiliana, p. 186, No. 3958. Brazil. Large unde- scribed species with only two plaits on the column. -\-V. brasiliana Lamarck, 1811. Voluta muricataS., p. 142, No. 3142. West Indies. Lister, Conch. 810, 19. -f- Turbinella muricata Born, 1780. Voluta virescens S., p. 26, No. 610; Guinea; p. 136, No. 3020; p. 174, No. 3751. Martini, Conch. Cab. Ill, f. 942, 933. -\-Volutapolygonalis Lamarck, 1811, fide Pfeiffer. COLLECTING AT NAHANT BEACH, MASS. BY LILLIAN DYER THOMPSON. Nahant Beach, very often incorrectly called Lynn Beach, lies just the other side of the boundary line between Lynn and Nahant. This beach is in the shape of an extremely large crescent, and is of the finest quality of sand. On this beach, which fronts the ocean, I collected eleven species one afternoon, while in the rock pools of Little Nahant which tip one end of the beach, we found eleven other species. The rock pools we visited are exactly opposite Egg Rock, and are on the Atlantic side of Little Nahant. In these rock pools I have found many THE NAUTILUS. 101 varieties of crabs and sea anemones, besides many species of mollusks. The following is a list of species collected on the beach and in the tide pools. Those with the asterisk were found dead. On the Beach. Neptunea decemcostata Say.* Solemya borealis Totten * (per- Polinices heros Say. feet). Polinices duplicata Say.* Cyprina islandica Linn.* Aledrion trivittata Say,* Spisula solidissima Dillw.* Coins stimpsoni Morch.* Slliqua costata Say.* Bucdnnm undatum Linn.* Tellina tenera Say.* Ensis directus Conr. Petricola dactylus Sowerby.* Modiolus modiolus Linn.* Lyonsia hyalina Conrad.* In the Rock Pools. Litorina littorea Linn. Acmaea alveus Conrad. Litorina palliata Say. Acmaea testudinalis Miill. Litorina rudis Donovan. Orepidula fornicata Linn. Lacuna vincta Montg. Saxicava arctica Linn. lhais lapillus Linn (banded Mytilus edulis Linn, and plain). WILLIAM WILDER. We regret to record the death of Mr. Wilder in Honolulu, July last. For some years he had been collecting Hawaiian land shells, especially the tree shells, Achatinellidae and Auri- culella, and had brought together a valuable collection. Mr. Wilder is shown collecting Achatinellas in a photograph by Irwin Spalding, published in NAUTILUS for July last, Plate II. We understand that his collection will be secured for the Bishop Museum, Honolulu. — H. A. P. 102 THE NAUTILUS. THE LAND MOLLUSKS OF THE BELGIAN CONGO.* BY T. D. A. COCKERELL. The American Museum of Natural History has issued a series of reports on its Congo Expedition, all characterized by fullness of treatment and abundant and beautiful illustrations. Other similar reports are in course of preparation. The completed series will constitute a guide to the zoology of equatorial Africa, full of interest for the general naturalist and evolutionist, as well as for specialists in the several departments. Among these reports one of the most interesting is that on the Land Mol- lusks, by Dr. Pilsbry. The presentation of the subject is so clear and complete, and the illustrations are so good, that the reader has no difficulty in understanding the characters of the fauna, though he may have known very little about it before. To one accustomed to the mollusks of America or Europe, the tropical African series seems to belong to another world. Even when there is a certain similarity of form, as among the Heli- cida3, the anatomy shows that we are dealing with strange generic types. The closest affinity is of course with the fauna of the Oriental region, yet even that is remote, although some doubt- less very ancient genera range through tropical Asia and Africa. There is here a rather close parallel between the distribution of the land mollusks and the fresh-water fishes. Certain genera of fishes, but with distinct species, occur in the fresh waters of India and of tropical Africa, but the latter region has many re- markable types of its own, in some cases much more allied to neotropical genera than to anything in India. It is evident that Africa, the land of the okapi and the tsetse fly, is a store- house of ancient groups of animals, some of which at least, were formerly much more widely spread. While we thus emphasize the probable antiquity of various African groups or genera, we find remarkable specific diversity, apparently indicating that * Henry A. Pilsbry. A Review of the Land Mollusks of the Belgian Congo, chiefly based on the collections of the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909-1915. Bulletin American Mnseum of Natural History, Vol. XL, p. 370, 23 plates (8 colored), 1919. THE NAUTILUS. 103 the evolutionary process has been active during the latest geo- logical periods. While the Belgian Congo has of course been only very imperfectly explored for land mollusks, about 500 localities are represented, and about 390 species and races have been found. Of these 390 forms, I find 214 reported from one locality only. The case is even stronger than these figures sug- gest, as when two or more localities are given, they are often only short distances apart, or perhaps in some cases different names for essentially the same place. Again, of 214 species and subspecies in the collection reported on, 160 required new spe- cific, racial or varietal names. When we consider the amount of specific and racial diversity thus indicated, making full allow- ances for our imperfect knowledge of the distribution of the re- corded species, it becomes evident that the total existing fauna must amount to some thousands at least. It is well known that the high mountains of tropical Africa are inhabited by certain organisms, especially plants, very closely related to Palsearctic species. In the case of the plants, at least, it is possible that the seeds were brought by birds. Among the mollusks, it is interesting to find a Vitrina high up on Mt. Ruwenzori, near the line of perpetual snow. But after all this is not a typical Vitrina ; it differs in the less extensive mantle, the sculpture of the shell, and in the teeth. Dr. Pils- bry accordingly establishes for it a subgenus (falidivitrina, — the name rather unfortunately chosen, since it is not an inhabitant of the hot lowlands. On comparing the Congo mollusks with those of tropical Asia, some puzzling questions arise. Thus among the slugs there are such similarities that Godwin-Austen formerly placed both African and Indian species in his genus Africarion. He now agrees that the Indian slugs constitute a quite distinct genus ( Pseudaustonia) , and it seems at least prob- able that the Indian series has undergone an evolution similar to, but quite independent of, the African. These conclusions could never have been reached without a study of the soft an- atomy, and thus we are led to treat with some caution those cases of similarity among the smaller shells, the anatomy being unknown. There is, for example, a striking resemblance be- tween some of the African and Oriental species of the Gulella 104 THE NAUTILUS. species, but they may well represent independent developments, especially since they also superficially resemble Pupillidae, to which they are not at all related. Thus the tendency of modern research will probably be to emphasize rather than diminish the separateness of the Ethiopian fauna. It is rather a shock, at first, to see the African slugs hereto- fore called Veronicella or Vaginula referred to L&vicaulis and Pleuroprocta, names proposed several years ago by Simroth. It can hardly be doubted, however, that the VeronicellidaB must be held to include a number of genera, in spite of the great ex- ternal similarity. Dr. Pilsbry is in error, I think, in calling the family Vaginulidse, on the stated ground that the type of Veronicella has not been rediscovered. As a matter of fact the actual specimen described by Blainville is still to be seen in the British Museum, as was explained in Conchologist, 1893, pp. 43-44. It was collected by Sloane in Jamaica, and is properly called Veronicella sloanii (Cuvier). PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. THE JOURNAL OF CONUHOLOGY, Aug., 1920, Vol. 16, No. 4. Census Authentications. By the late W. D. Roebuck, p. 101. "Ground" Clausilias. By Rev. A. H. Cooke, p. 102. Note on Conus chytreus Melvill. By A. T. Hopwood, p. 103. Notes on Kentish Mollusca. By H. C. Huggins, p. 104. The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Audruicq, Pas-de- Calais. By Jno. W. Taylor, pp. 106-117. Editorial Notes, p. 125. The Non-marine Mollusca of Llandudno and District. By H. Beeston, pp. 128-132. PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, Sept., 1920, Vol. 14. Notes on Marginella guttula Sowerby. By John Shirley, p. 51. THE NAUTILUS. 105 Presidential Address — The Armature of Land Mollusca. By G. K. Gude, pp. 52-73. Note on Xylophaga praestans Smith. By J. R. LeB. Tomlin, p. 73. Concerning Edenttellina. By Charles Hedley, pp. 74-76. E. corallensis n. sp. , p. 76, figs. 6-8. Nomenclatorial Notes Relating to British Non-marine Mol- lusca. By A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward, pp. 77-90. The Anatomy of two species of Helicarion from Tropical Africa. By Hugh Watson, pp. 91-118, pis. 3 & 4. H. crypto- phallus n. sp. , p. 97, pi. 4. Mitra burnupiana n. sp., from South Africa. By Rev. A. H. Cooke, p. 114. Note on the dates of publication of the earlier parts of Cap- tain Thomas Brown's Illustrations of the Conchology of Great Britain and Ireland. 2nd edition. By Alexander Reynell, p. 116. CORRELATION OF SHAPE AND STATION IN FRESHWATER MUS- SELS (Naiades). By A. E. Ortmann. (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1920, Vol. 19, pp. 269-312.) The author has ascertained "that the more obese (swollen) form is found farther down in the larger rivers, and passes gradually, in the upstream direction, into a less obese (compressed) form in the head- waters; with the decrease in obesity often an increase in size (length) is correlated; a few shells which have in the large rivers a peculiar sculpture of large tubercles, lose these tubercles in the headwaters." The observations were made in the head- waters of the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers. VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF NAIADES INHABITING THE UPPER OHIO DRAINAGE AND THEIR CORRESPOND- ING ONES IN LAKE ERIE. By N. M. Grier (Amer. Midland Nat, 1920, pp, 211-243, Vols. 2-3 \ In a summary the author says "In practically all the species dealt with a change in nacreous color is observed going down stream from the head- waters to the mouth. . . The shells of L. Erie have a greater 106 THE NAUTILUS. proportion of blues among them than the corresponding shells in the Upper Ohio Drainage. LIGHT PRODUCTION IN CEPHALOPODS. By S. Stillman Berry (Biol. Bull., 1920, Vol. 28, pp. 141-195). An Introductory Survey. NOTES ON SOME UNDESCRIBED CALIFORNIAN HELICES. By S. Stillman Berry (Proc. Gal. Acad. Sci., 4 ser., Vol. 10, pp. 53- 70, pis. 4-6, 1920). Five new subspecies of Epiphragmophora are described and figured. FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM THE JOHN DAY BASIN IN OREGON. By G. Dallas Hanna (Univ. Oregon Publication, Vol. 1, No. 6, 1920). Two new species are described and figured. REPORT OF CEPHALOPODS COLLECTED DURING 1906 BY THE U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES STEAMER "ALBATROSS" IN THE NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC. By Madoka Sasahi (Prac. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 57, pp. 163-203, pis. 23-26, 1920). The paper contains descriptions of 18 new species, three new genera Wata- sella, Chunella and Gonatopsis, and two new families Watasellidae and Eledonellidae. — C. W. J. A MONOGRAPH OF THE EAST AMERICAN SCAPHOPOD MOLLUSKS. By John B. Henderson (U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. Ill, 1920, pp. 1-177, pis. 1-20). This excellent monograph is based upon the material contained in the National Museum, including much dredged by the author, together with the American Scaphopods of the Philadelphia Academy and the Mus. Comparative Zoology. Practically all of the East American material extant has there- fore been studied. The classification is that of Pilsbry and Sharp, with the addition of a new subgenus of Cadulus : PLATY- SCHIDES, type C. grandis Verrill. The specific distinctions of these simple shells are worked out with admirable clarity, in the descriptions and keys for de- termination. All of the species and subspecies are illustrated. 98 species, about one-third of them new, with numerous sub- THE NAUTILUS. 107 species, are recognized. In the Introduction a historical sketch is given, and an interesting account of the geographic distribu- tion.—H. A. P. NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF SHELLS FROM TRINIDAD, CALI- FORNIA. By Eric Knight Jordan (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 58, pp. 1-5). Two new species of Odostomia, 0. euglypta and 0. edmondi, are described. A NEW FRESHWATER MOLLUSK FROM INDIANA. By Bryant Walker (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 57, p. 525). Ferrissia bartschi, from Lake Maxinkuckee. NOTES. TAPES PHILIPPINARUM IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. My infor- mation concerning Tapes philippinarum differs much from Bryan's in NAUTILUS, XXXII, p. 124. A Japanese now living in Honolulu has twice planted this bivalve on the mud flats at Moanalua on Oahu. The first planting did not survive long; the second maintained itself in fine shape up to the present day, when they are abundant enough to be gathered and put on sale in the markets. They are frequently imported from Japan to Honolulu by the barrel for sale among the Japanese. I send you some of these imported shells. — D. THAANUM. M. EUGENE AUBOURG DE BOURY died on April 17, in France, at the age of sixty-three years. A correspondent writes that M. de Boury, though a long-time invalid, had devoted himself with ardor to the study and collection of mollusks of the genus Scalaria. He gathered in the last ten years an extraordinary collection of these beautiful and rare shells for the Paris Museum of Natural History, increasing their series from 300 sets to 3000, exclusive of photographs and illustrations of inaccessible species to the number of 1800 more. This series far surpasses any other extant. He published numerous papers on the genus and indicated many new subdivisions of it, but the great monograph which was his ideal must remain for other hands to prepare. — (Science. ) 108 THE NAUTILUS. LAND SHELLS OF CHOKOLOSKEE KEY AND CAPE SABLE, FLOR- IDA.— Have just run across a big lot of Liguus and Oxystyla that Simpson sent me 3 or 4 years ago and in cleaning them up I shook a small amount of dirt out of a bunch from Chokoloskee Key which yielded the following species. You will note that only two of them are in Vanatta's list, NAUTILUS, XXI, p. 100. Chondropoma dentatum (Say). Truncatella caribaeensis "Sby. " Rve. Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Lucidella tantilla (Pils. ). Thysanophora inaguensis (Weinl.). Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shutt. ). Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Gastrocopta p. hordeacella (Pils.). Varicella gracillima floridana Pils. Euglandina rosea, near parallela (Binn.). Polita dalliana ( ' ' Simp. ' ' Pils. )? juv. Guppya gundlachi (Pfr. )? juv. Zonitoides arbor eus (Say). Zonitoides minusculus (Binn.). Oxystyla fioridensis Pils. The most interesting of the lot is Lucidella tantilla ; there is one perfect adult, three fresh shells that have been bitten in half by some rodent (?), several other fragments and three young. As I only had enough dirt to about fill a 2 X 3 tray you can see it was quite rich. I have noticed that Lucidella tantilla appears to be a favorite food with some beast that bites them fairly in half. Gastrocopta rupicola is frequently treated in the same way, but it is so common that it does not make so much difference. Three miles east of Cape Sable, Simpson collected Oxystyla fioridensis and some Liguus that I take to be solidus, although they are all very thin. They are all dead, but the yellow band- ing of solidus shows on some of them very plainly. — GEORGE H. CLAPP. THE NAUTILUS. XXXIV. PLATE V. 7 6 lid OLDROYD: PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS AND WESTERN OLIVELLAS. THE NAUTILUS. Vol. XXXIV APRIL, 1921. No. 4 A NEW ACHATINELLA FEOM OAHU. BY HENRY A. PILSBEY AND C. MONTAGUE COOKE. Achatinellae of the typical section are very abundant in some spots on the Waianae Range. It is in fact the only place in Oahu where the collector finally has to stop picking, gorged with shells, while the bushes still hang full of them. One feels like Sindbad in the Valley of Diamonds. Snails of the section Achatinellastrum, however, are the greatest rarities. All that have been found up to 1920 could almost be counted on the fingers. A. lehuiensis Gul., and A. lehuiensis gulickiana P. &C., one specimen of each. A. thaanumi P. & C., two specimens; of A. spaldingi a few hundreds, but all from a very small area. The localities of these are widely scattered along the northern side of the range, just within the forest limit so far as known; each species in a single place. Mr. W. H. Meinecke had the good fortune to find another form which we rank as a sub-species of A. lehuiensis, though its locality is remote from Lihue, the localities of A. thaanumi and A. spaldingi lying between them. The new subspecies, how- ever, was taken in some abundance. ACHATINELLA LEHUIENSIS MEINICKEI. PI. 4, figs. 6-9. The shell differs from A. lehuiensis by the wider, more capa- cious form. In color it is polymorphic. The pattern selected 110 THE NAUTILUS. as typical, pi. 4, fig. 9, fig. 8, left, has the last whorl closely streaked with rood's brown, cinnamon and pale pinkish buff, the former predominating, crossed by several darker, burnt umber, spiral bands and lines. A band below the suture white. This pattern fades on the penult whorl, leaving the upper part of the spire and the apex white. In some specimens the streaks are more or less diluted, pi. 4, fig. 7, to the point of disappear- ing, forming transitions to the following. The second main pattern, pi. 4, fig. 6, has a cartridge-buff ground, a sutural band and the spire white; streaks faint or wanting, but there are two dark bands, weakly interrupted, at periphery and on the base; sometimes a third below the subsutural white band. This is much the coloring of A. spaldingi, The columellar fold is rather thin and situated high. The aperture shows the banding vividly within. Outer lip quite thin. Fig. 9, right. Length 15, diam. 9.6, aperture 7.8 mm.; 5f whorls. Fig. 9, left. Length 15.2, diam. 8.3, aperture 7.7 mm. Fig. 8, left. Length 14.5, diam. 9.5, aperture 7.9 mm. Waianae mountains in Haleauau valley, where the trail as- cending Kaala leaves the stream. Cotypes in collections A. N. S. Phila., Bishop Museum and W. H. Meinecke. A. spaldingi is quite distinct from the light form of meineckei by its texture, dull surface, etc. A. thaanumi stands nearer to lehuiensis and meineckei, the unstreaked pattern of the latter ap- proaching it; yet at present thaanumi appears distinct by its coloration and rather solid, smooth shell. Mr. Meinecke's account of the finding of these shells follows. HUNTING ACHATINELLA MEINECKEI AND PARTULINA DUBIA IN THE WAIANAE MOUNTAINS, OAHU. BY WILLIAM H. MEINECKE.1 On Dec. 27, 1918, I took a tramp to Mt. Kaala, Oahu, from Schofield Barracks (Leilehua). . . . On the way up, at the first 1 Letter to H. A. P. THE NAUTILUS. Ill timber, I collected a number of specimens of Achatinella muste- lina and accidentally found one plain Partulina dubia, the first I had ever collected on the north side of the Waianae Range. On Dec. 29, 1918, I returned for more, and found a few plain ones a few yards away from the trail and less than fifty yards from Haleauau stream bed. A scant hundred yards farther up the trail, under the bark and in knot holes of the smooth-leaved lehua trees growing within ami's reach of the very trail, I found several fine specimens of dark, banded P. dubia, very similar to those which I had found in Waimano Valley, above Pearl City, Koolau Range, in 1913. In spite of careful and persistent hunting, they could be found only within a very small area, less than a hundred feet in extent. They were all within fifteen feet of the ground, most of them not more than five feet off the ground. I showed them to Mr. Irwin Spalding, who said that they were the most distinctly banded dubia he had ever seen; but I think that those which I collected in Waimano Valley, above Pearl City, Koolau Range, in 1913, are more distinctly banded, and in some specimens even darker. At the first opportunity, Jan. 5, 1919, I took Mr. Spalding up to the locality and we managed to find a few more specimens in a knot-hole which I had not searched quite thoroughly. Most likely you have seen those specimens in Mr. Spalding' s collection while you were here last summer. No further visits were made by me till June 13, 1920, when I went alone again and managed to find four more excellent specimens of banded dubia, in the same locality. A scant hun- dred yards above this dubia locality and a little farther off the trail — not more than two hundred feet away from the trail on the Haleauau side — I found under the bark on the trunks of the smooth-leaved lehua trees four young specimens of an en- tirely new variety or species of Achatinella. They were all near the ground. I hunted the tree trunks, but the higher I climbed, it seemed, the less luck I had, so I finally settled down to hunt- ing down low. I could not hunt very long then as it was get- ting late. Having collected a few Achatinella spaldingi (with Mr. Spald- 112 THE NAUTILUS. ing on Jan. 12, 1919) from Pukaloa, the next valley, I noticed their similarity, and thought that I had found a few A. spald- ingi. I told Mr. Spalding later that I had found a few A. spald- ingi in Haleauau, but he only laughed and seemed to discredit the find. Upon my return from Kau, Hawaii, last September, I had the good fortune of meeting my old-time hiking partner and friend, Mr. Daniel B. Langford, whom I am sure you know quite well. I showed him the shells two days before he left here for Japan. On Oct. 9, 1920, I again went out, this time to look particularly for more of the new shells. I could not find any more banded P. dubia, but managed to get a few young specimens of the new shell [Achatinella lehuiensis meinickei]. As before, these were all found under the bark of the smooth-leaved lehua trees, from within a foot of the ground to about six feet. Some were on the outside, crawling. The higher up the tree I went the less I found and the smaller the specimens. At ten or twelve feet above ground I found none, so I concluded to hunt "off the ground." Here again the shells seemed to be confined to a very small area, not more than a hundred feet across, or possibly 200 ft. Late in the afternoon, there being no other place to hunt (I had hunted every plant in sight, even the Hilo grass), I concluded to try the top of a large lehua tree on which I had found several young specimens. Here I found on the leaves, at the tip-top of the tree, some thirty to forty feet above the ground, several large shells which I believe to be adults. Again on Oct. 31, 1920, I went up the same trail to help the Trail and Mountain Club of Honolulu mark the trail to Kaala with signboards. I put in a good half-hour's hunt of the very same lehua tree gone over two weeks before, and was rewarded by finding over a dozen good specimens of A. 1. meineckei and several A. mustelina on the very same branches, side by side. Being on a tramping trip I had to move on, so I presume that there are at least a few more specimens still to be found. I kept the specimens alive for one week, then let them drown in water for about twenty hours, after which they were readily removed from their shells. I kept each animal and its shel 1 THE NAUTILUS. separate from the rest and put six of them (those which I could see seemed to have embryonic shells within) in separate vials and numbered the animals and their shells to correspond. The rest I preserved en masse. Unfortunately I did not keep the animals of the banded P. dubia, so I cannot send you any of them. It might be well to note here that the A. I. meineckei seemed to be much darker, even to a purplish appearance in some cases, when alive and after drowning, but appeared very much lighter immediately after the animal was pulled, due no doubt to the color of the animal, as the shells are verv thin. * •> NOTES ON CRA8PEDOPOMA LUCIDUM, LOWE AND OTHER MADEIRA SNAILS. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL. In the Madeira Islands there is only one genus of Cyclosto- moid shells, Craspedopoma. It is represented by four species, all described by Lowe, living to-day only on the main island of Madeira. One of them, C. lucidum Lowe, is common to the fossil beds east of Canical, Madeira, and is said to occur fossil on the Southern Desert Island and on Porto Santo. Wollas- ton is very explicit about the Porto Santo records, citing three localities, and remarking that the specimens are rather small. I could not find any trace of it there, and Mr. A. C. de Noronha and the Rev. Drummond Paterson, who have collected much more extensively, have also failed to find it. Near Canical, in Madeira, it occurs in the well-known beds along with Plebecula bowditchiana (Fer. ), Geomitra delphinula (Lowe) and many other shells. These shells are cited by Wollaston as ' ' subfossil ' ' , but they are properly regarded as fossils, and by all available criteria should be Pleistocene, perhaps Lower Pleistocene. Several of the forms are extinct, and the representatives of some of the living species are appreciably different from their de- scendants. Thus the common Leptaxis undata (Lowe), found in quantity fossil, mixed with P. bowditchiana, is larger than ordinary living specimens. It may be regarded as a distinct 114 THE NAUTILUS. race (grandior, n. var. ), max. diam. 29-30.5 mm. In this peculiarity the fossil L. undata falls in line with other species, thus P. bowditchiana is a sort of large edition of the common living P. punctulata (Shy.) of Porto Santo. At the Mount Church, above Funchal, I found C. lucidum alive, and made notes on the animal. The tentacles are dark grey, with black basal collar; eyes prominent, black; head and foot pale reddish ochreous, suffused with dusky; front of head, below tentacles, with about six transverse dusky lines; an elongate dark patch on each side above mouth; a large suffused rosy area behind each eye, visible when the light shines through the animal; sole pale ochreous, not divided, but foot emarginate posteriorly. The Mount is about 1900 ft. above sea level. At higher altitudes in Madeira snails seem to be very scarce. Thus around the Pico do Serrado, at about 3000 ft., the only snail I could find was Geomitra calva (Lowe), though I obtained three species of slugs. These slugs were Milax gagates, the typical jet black form, Arion hortensis (new to Madeira) and Limax maxi- mus. At lower altitudes the M. gagates are plumbeous, (var. plumbea Moquin-Tandon). Many years ago I described M. gagates var. maderensis, a dark brown variety from Madeira. It is now clear that it is only a color-variation, not in any sense a local race. Everything indicates that all the Madeira slugs have been introduced, though some of them have been in the island a long while. I found Arion hortensis also at Madeira, and on the Portella Pass another addition to the fauna, Agrio- limax laevis. NEW PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS FBOM CALIFORNIA. BY T. S. OLDROYD. ANACHIS MINUTA, n. sp. Shell small, thick, nuclear whorls smooth; preceding whorls four in number are cancellated by strong straight longitudinal ribs and nearly equally strong revolving ridges, three on each whorl. Whorls slightly convex, sutures broad and sunken; cancellations equally strong, on the whole length of the shell. THE NAUTILUS. 115 Aperture small and curved, outer lip thick, with two dentations within. Length, 4; breadth, 6 mm. Type is in the Oldroyd collection Stanford University. Type locality, upper Pleistocene at Santa Monica. Collected by Dr. Frank Clark, Santa Monica. EPITONIUM CLAKKI, n. sp. Plate V, fig. 13. Shell white, thin, nuclear whorls missing, with 7 well- rounded post-nuclear whorls; varices 14 in number, not all con- tinuous; making a half turn around the spire, and with a short spine near the sutures. Shell encircled by fine thread-like spiral striations not very close together; on the top of each whorl near the suture it is entirely smooth but on the base of the whorl the lines are closer together, or in pairs; the lines ex- tend over the whole base close to the umbilicus. Aperture ovate, outer lip thickened. Length, 19; breadth, 8 mm. Type is in the Oldroyd collection Stanford University. Type locality, upper Pleistocene at Santa Monica. Collected by Dr. Frank Clark, of Santa Monica in whose honor it is named. TEGULA HEMPHILLI, n. sp. Plate V, figs. 11 & lla. Shell a fossil, thick, depressed, spire slightly conical; color, a reddish brown and mottled in appearance. Whorls four in num- ber, with slightly angulated shoulders, encircled with a row of faint nodules. The whole shell, covered with a coarse wavy striation. Base flattened, slightly concave. Aperture oblique; umbilicus wide and deep. Height, 16; breadth, 20 mm. Type, University of California. Type locality upper Pleisto- cene at Pacific Beach, San Diego, Cal. The type and four other specimens were collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill, in whose honor the species is named. CLATHKODRILLA DIEGENSIS, n. sp. Plate V, fig. 12. Shell elongate, spire elevated, apex acute, nucleal whorl smooth; seven postnucleal whorls. The whorls of the spire are crossed by slanting ribs, sutures deep. On the top of each whorl there is a wide revolving groove; on the base of the upper whorls there is one groove, on the next to the last whorl there are two, the body whorl shows the lines of growth and is 116 THE NAUTILUS. grooved to the end of the canal. Outer lip thin and broken T the notch shows small on the last line of growth. Aperture el- liptical; columella curved, slightly encrusted. There is a slight umbilical fissure. Length, 23; breadth, 9 mm. ; length of aper- ture including canal 9 mm. Type, University of California, coll. Type locality, upper pleistocene, at Pacific Beach, San Diego, Co. The type and three other specimens were collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill. CONUS CALIFORNICUS FOssiLis, var. nov. Plate V, fig. 9. This answers the description of Conus californicus with the exception that it is much larger, stronger, and with spire much more elevated. Length, 40; width, 19; height of spire 14 mm. angle of spire 70. Type is in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University. Type locality, lower San Pedro series, Nob Hill cut, San Pedro. This variety is found in both the upper and lower San Pedro beds. VERMETUS NODOSUS, n. sp. Plate V, fig. 10. Shell a fragment; length, 46; breadth, 11 mm.; smooth and perfectly^round and curved, septate within. The specimen has three large pear-shaped nodes, two of which are opposite each other, over the septum, one lengthwise of the shell, and the other crosswise. Type is in the Oldroyd collection Stanford University. Type locality, lower San Pedro series of the Nob Hill cut, San Pedro. TORNATINA TUMIDA, 11. Sp. Plate V. fig. 8. Shell cylindrical, smooth, white, whorls five including the nuclear, which is small and sunken; spire rather flat, sutures deeply channeled; aperture nearly the length of the body whorl; posterior end narrowed, anterior much dilated and rounded toward the columella, which is strongly plicated, and covered with a light incrustation extending nearly to the top of the whorl. Length. 6; breadth, 3^ mm. Type is in the Oldroyd collection Stanford University. Type locality Lower San Pedro series of the Nob Hill cut, San Pedro, Cal. THE NAUTILUS. 117 SOME VARIETIES OF WESTERN OLIVELLAS. BY T. S. OLDROYD. Conrad described Olivella pedroana from a fossil found at San Pedro, in 1854, but the figure is more like what Carpenter de- scribed as 0. intorta ; this is plentiful in the Upper San Pedro, and not at all like 0. boetica Cpr., described by him in the re- port of the British Association for Advancement of Science, published in London in 1864. The following is Carpenter's description, not a very full one, 0. boetica, narrow, dull, thin. This has erroneously been called anazora, tergina, petiolata and rufifasdata. Habitat between San Diego and San Pedro, Santa Barbara, Monterey, Oregon, the region on each side of the Columbia River, Puget Sound and Vancouver Island. Type locality not given. Sowerby in Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Vol. 4, gives the type locality as British Columbia. They are quite plentiful at Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, but most of them are a reddish brown in color; they are also found in Puget Sound and all along the coast of British Columbia, and Alaska up in the Bering Sea. All of the northern 0. boetica are much the same in shape but in the farther north they grow larger and more beautifully striped, a creamy white with zigzag markings of brown, these have also been found in Puget Sound, and it would be more practicable to call the northern specimens all the same. The 0. boetica in the region between San Pedro and San Diego vary from those in the north, both in color and shape; in fact, though it is not generally known, there are two distinct varieties in this region, different in size and shape, the smaller of the two which I will describe is also found in lower California, living, and is very plentiful in the upper Pleistocene at San Pedro. Olivella biplicata Sowerby was described in the Tankerville Catalogue in 1825. The type locality is Monterey; it is also found further south in San Luis Obispo County. Although they vary somewhat in shape of spire yet they are easily dis- tinguished, being thicker, broader, and with a much larger callus spot than the San Pedro variety. Those found in the 118 THE NAUTILUS. Strait of Juan de Fuca and British Columbia are different, as are those found in Lower California. The West Coast Olivellas are very variable, they differ on some of the Channel Islands, and on some of the islands of the north. I have picked a type from the most prevalent forms along the cost. As far as the recent shells are concerned, we could get along without this division, but they all occur as fossils at San Pedro in various horizons and therefore I suggest these varietal names as a help and convenience in working over the fossils. There has been a color variety described by Mr. Vanatta, but I have used only the form and general outline of the shells, as the fossils have all lost their color. OLIVELLA BOETICA DIEGENSIS, n. var. Plate V, fig. 2. This differs from the typical shells of British Columbia, in the color being a light drab, sometimes mottled; not as oval in outline, spire longer and running more sharply to a point. Length, 19; breadth, 8 mm. Type in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University. Range San Diego to San Pedro; living. Pleistocene in upper San Pedro. OLIVELLA BOETICA MEXICANA, n. var. Plate I, figs. 3. This differs from var. pedroana in being smaller, more slender, spire not running quite as sharply to a point. Length, 10; breadth, 4 mm. Type is in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University. Type locality, Scammon's Lagoon, Lower California. Pleistocene, the upper San Pedro. Living at San Pedro. Collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill. OLIVELLA BIPLICATA FUCANA, n. var. Plate V, fig. 4. Shell broader across the middle and lower part of the aper- ture than var. angelena ; spire running more sharply to a point from the middle of the shell. Color more uniform, being a light drab. Length, 28; breadth, 14 mm. Type in Oldroyd collection, Stanford University. Living. Type locality, Straits of Fuca, near Cape Flattery. Pliocene at San Pedro. THE NAUTILUS. 119 OLIVELLA BIPLICATA PARVA, n. var. Plate V, fig. 7. This var. is nearest angdena, but much smaller, a little broader in proportion; outer lip more curved, shell more highly colored and variable in color; found in the upper Pleistocene at San Pedro. Length, 14; breadth, 8 mm. Type in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University. Type locality, Point Abreojos, Lower California. Collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. (All figures natural size. ) Fig. 1. Olivella boetica Carpenter, Alaska. Fig. la. Olivella boetica Carpenter, Vancover Island, typical. Fig. 2. Olivella boetica diegensis, n. var. Fig. 3. Olivella boetica mexicana, n. var. Fig. 4. Olivella biplicata fucana, n. var. Fig. 5. Olivella biplicata typical. Monterey. Fig. 6. Olivella biplicata angelina T. S. Oldroyd. Fig. 7. Olivella biplicata parva, n. var. Fig. 8. Tornatina tumida, n. sp. Fig. 9. Conus californicus fossilis, n. var. Fig. 10. Vermetus nodosus, n. sp. Fig. 11. Tegula hemphilli, n. sp. Fig. 12. Clathrodrilla diegensis, n. sp. Fig. 13. Epitonium clarki, n. sp. COLLECTING SHELLS ON THE EAST COAST OF FLOEIDA IN THE WINTERS 1891 AND 1892. BY OLOF O. NYLANDER. Collections made at Jacksonville, Pablo Beach, Indian River and Lake Worth Inlet, were partly named and compared with specimens in the museums at New York City, New Haven, Conn., Boston and Cambridge, Mass., in the summers of 1892- 93. A number of the species however were not named until this winter by Mr. T. Van Hyning of the Florida State Museum 120 THE NAUTILUS. and Dr. Paul Bartsch of the U. S. National Museum, and I am under many obligations for their kind assistance. The specimens were picked up in a general way and no special effort was made to secure large series or the minute species. As my residence is in the extreme northern part of Maine and I have only a small library on shells, I will follow Bulletin No. 37, U. S. National Museum, by William H. Ball. Al- though the classification is not up to date, it has a great ad- vantage as nearly all are familiar with the names used in that work. In December, 1891, around Jacksonville I obtained many dead specimens of Polygyra vannostrande Bid. and P. jejuna Say, and in the St. John's River Vivipava georgiana Lea and Cyrena carolinensis Lam. In January, 1892, I made two trips to Pablo Beach on my first visit going towards Mayport. For a distance of four miles the beach was covered with the large valves of Cardium magnum Born; such a mass of shells I had never seen. On my second visit, a week later, there was not a Cardium to be found or hardly anything in the line of shells. The two trips to Pablo Beach yielded the following species: Purpura floridana Conr. Two specimens. Labiosa (Raeta) canaliculata Say. Three single valves. TeUina alternata Say. Five perfect specimens. Dosinia discus Rev. Four fine specimens. Petricola pholadiformis Lam. One single valve. Pholas costata Linne. Single valves common. Pinna seminuda Lam. Common. Pinna muricata Linne. Common. Donox variabilis Say. The sand at low water mark was filled with these shells. Area incongrua Say. Few fine specimens. Area ponderosa Say. Two living specimens. Cardium robustum Sol. Common. In the month of February I started on a four weeks trip from Jacksonville to Titusville by rail, and then by steamer the whole length of Indian River to Jupiter and Lake Worth. While examining the limestone outcrops at Rock Ledge on Indian THE NAUTILUS. 121 River, I picked up two specimens of Mytilopsis leucopheata Conr. and one Planorbis duryi Wetherby. In many places oyster beds are common, and in the Indian River narrows the man- grove roots between high and low water mark were completely covered with young oysters. Three weeks in March, 1892, was spent at Lake Worth, the most beautiful place on the Florida coast, with the Gulf stream close to the shore. Much of my time was spent in looking at the living forms of everything found below low water in the inlet, and a collection of many objects was made. I had no special collecting outfit, so the small and minute forms were practically left out. The inlet of Lake Worth was at that time a lonely place, only occasionally a sail boat passed in and out, and at low tide I could wade across. At the time of my visit to Lake Worth two residents at Palm Beach had small collec- tions, Mrs. Nelsson and her children collected after storms and had some shells that I did not see and claimed they were the only specimens found by any collector at Palm Beach proper. Mr. J. J. White at the time a resident of Palm Beach had a small collection of named shells collected mostly at Lake Worth. Mr. White published two articles in THE NAUTILUS, Vol. XI, page 31 and Vol. XII, page 142, about the specimens collected by him and his description of the locality is good. Shells collected at Lake Worth inlet: Ostrea virginica Gmel. Young specimens common. Ostreafrons Linne. Single valves. Ostrea cristata Born. Single valves. Anomia simplex Orb. Common on old logs. Spondylus spathuliferus Sowb. A few single valves. Pecten irradians var. dislocatus Say. Single valves common. Pecten ornatus Lam. Single valves common. Pecten nodosus Linn. Several single valves. Pecten fuscopurpureus Conr. Single valves common. Avicula atlantica Lam. One fine specimen. Margaritiphora radiata Lam. One fine specimen. Pinna muricata Linn. Common. Pinna seminuda Lam. Common. Modiolus demissus Dillw. Several. 122 THE NAUTILUS. Modiolus tulipus Linn. Area occidental™ Phil. Several fine living specimens. Area transversa Say. One fine specimen. Area secticostata Rve. One single valve. Area campechensis Dillw. Six fine specimens. Pectunculus pennaceus Gmel. Four single valves. Divaricella dentata Wood. One fine pair. Lucina tigrina Linn. Several fine specimens. Chama macrophylla Lam. One specimen and single valves. Cardiutn isocardia Linn. Several fine specimens. Cardium muricatum Linn. Single valves. Liocardium serratum Linn. One fine valve. Liocardium mortoni Conr. Common. Venus mortoni Conr. One single valve. Chione cancellata Linn. Common. Chione intapurpurea Conr. One fine single valve. Anomalocardia cuneimeris Conr. Several. Pitaria simpsoni Dall. One single valve. Pitaria fiuminata Menke. One fine specimen. Tagelus gibbus Spengler. One good specimen. Tellina magna Spengler. One large single valve. Tellina brasiliana Lam. Several fine specimens. Macoma cerina C. B. Adams. Common. leredo navalls Linn. Common in timbers. Bulla occidentalis A. Adams. In Lake Worth common. Haminea guildingi Swainson. In Lake Worth common. Melampus lineatus Say. In Lake Worth common. Siphonaria naufragum Stearns. Lake Worth inlet few. Terebra dislocata Say. Common. Conus proteus Hwass. One partly broken specimen. Cancellaria reticulata Linn. Few. Oliva literata Lam. Several large specimens. Marginella apicina Menke. Common in Lake Worth. Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener. Two young shells. Fasciolaria distans Lam. Beach-worn shells. Fulgur pyrum Dillw. Three specimens. Fulgur canaliculata Say. Beach-worn shells. Fulgur perversa Linn. One large living shell 11 inches long. THE NAUTILUS. 123 Fulgur carica Linn. Large dead shells, common north of inlet. Melongena corona Gmel. Old shells in Indian camp sites in Lake Worth. Tritonidea tinda Conr. Few shells. Natsa vibex Say. Common. Columbella mercatoria Linn. Six specimens. Murex pomum Gmel. One large dead shell. Murex rufus Lam. One shell found at Palm Beach. Murex ? A large much worn shell. Eupleura caudata Say. One specimen, Lake Worth. Muricidea floridana Conr. Common on old logs in inlet. Purpura deltoidea Lam. Three specimens. Janthina fragilis Lam. Several living specimens on beach. Tritonium chlorostoma Lam. Five dead specimens. Tritonium pileare Lam. Seven good specimens. Tritonium olearium Linne. One good specimen. Tritonium femorale Linne. One good specimen. Cassis cameo Stimpson. Two badly worn shells on beach. Cassis tuberosa Linn. One good specimen at old inlet. Cassis testiculus Linn. Two good specimens. Cassis inflata Shaw. Fine specimen, common. Dolium galea Lin. One large fine specimen and several small ones. Pyrula papyratia Say. Three specimens. Cyprcea exanthema Linn. Ten specimens, two very large. Cypraa cervus Linn. One good specimen. Cyprxa tpurca Linn. Several good specimens. Trivia pediculus Linn. Common. Strombus gigas Linn. Common. Strombus pugilis Linn. Two specimens on beach. Strombus bituberculatus Lam. In Lake Worth, common. Strombus costatus Gmel. One good specimen. Cerithium caudatum Sow. Two specimens. Cerithium semiferruginum Lam. Two specimens. •Cerithium floridanum Morch. Common in Lake Worth. Cerithium algicola C. B. Adams. Few. Cerithium literatum Born. Few. 124 THE NAUTILUS. Cerithium muscarum Say. Few. Modulus fioridanus Conr. Common. Litorina lineata Phil. Common. Ampullaria depressa Say . Shells inhabited by crabs. CrepidulafornicataSay. Worn specimens. Crepidula plana Say. Small specimen in dead shells. Natica canrena Lam. Two dead shells. Ncrita duplicata Say. Several good specimens. Sigaretus perspectivus Say. One good specimen. Turbo crcnulaius Gmel. Living on dead logs in inlet. Astraea tuber Linn. Many fine large specimens were collected, Livona pica Linn. One large dead shell. Calliostoma jujubinum Gmel. One good specimen. Ncrita peloronta Linn. One large shell. Nerita versicolor Lam. One good specimen. Neritina virginea Linn. Common in Lake Worth. Ceratozona rugosa Sow. On lime rock in inlet. Argonauta argo var. americana Dall. One specimen. Spinda peroni Lam. Common on beach. Of the land shells at Lake Worth, Euglandina rosea Fer. and Polygyra septemvolva Say seemed common. MOLLU80AN SPECIES NAMED IN THE PORTLAND CATALOGUE, 1786, PABT II, FOBEIGN SPECIES. BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. (Concluded from p. 100.) ANOMIA SANGUINEA S., p. 184, No. 3928. Scarlet Anomia from New Zealand. -}- Terebratula sanguined Leach, 1815. ARCA LABIATA S., p. 185, No. 3947. Davila, 1, pi. 18. +Arca concamera Bruguiere, 1789; and -\-Gucullaea auriculifera Lamarck, 1819. ARCA NODULOSA S., p. 98, No. 2158; p. 100, No. 2194. China. Gualtieri, pi. 87, E. Not of 0. F. Miiller, 1776. ARGONAUTA HIANS S., p. 44, No. 10556; p. 174, No. 3798. China. Brown paper Nautilus. Rumphius Thes. 18, B, -\-A. Hans Dillwyn, 1817. THE NAUTILUS. 125 ARGONAUTA NAVICULUS H., p. 44, No. 1055 a. Rumphius, Thes. 18, 4. +A. nitida Lamarck, 1822. ARGONAUTA NODOSA S., p. 96, No. 2120; p. 173, No. 3734. Tuberculated paper Nautilus. Cape of Good Hope. Rum- phius, Thes. 18, 1. -{-Argonauta tuberculata Shaw, 1811. BUCCINUM GALE A S. , not Lin., p. 61, No. 1399 a. The great Oriental tun shell. ?+Z)o/mm melanostoma Jay, 1839. BUCCINUM IRIS S., p. 14, No. 301; p. 64, No. 1455; p. 153, No. 3356. Martyn, 1, f. 2 b. =Buccinum prismaticum Martyn, 1784. BUCCINUM CALCARATUM S., p. 133, No. 2961. Gualtieri, 31, F. =Murex hippocastaneum Born, 1780. BUCCINUM CEPA S., p. 61, No. 1399 b. The great Mediterranean tun shell. =Dolium galea (Linne), 1758. BUCCINUM CORONARIUM S., p. 160, No. 3495. New Zealand. The great waved lip Buccinum. Martyn II, f. (45). =Buccinum succinctwn Martyn, 1784. BUCCINUM DUBIUM H., p. 188, No. 2998. Smooth terrestrial shell of a pale brown color, with several rows of brown spots on each volution. ?=Ampulla priamus Bolten, 1798. BUCCINUM MURICATUM H., p. 104, No. 2296. Favanne III, x 3. + Colubraria obscura (Reeve), 1844. BUCCINUM NEREIDEUM S., p. 33, No. 776. Mediterranean Trumpet Shell. + Triton nodiferus Lamarck, 1819. BUCCINUM PANDURA S., p. 17, No. 371; p. 103, No. 2262. The pink Harp from Guinea. -\-Harpa rosea Lamarck, 1822. BUCCINUM PUSTULOSUM S., p. 88, No. 1960. Rumphius, Thes. 49, B. -\-Ranella argus Guielin, 1791-2. BUCCINUM TAURINUM S., p. 142, No. 3158. China. Lister, 841, 69. =Terebra subulata Linne", var. (1767). BUCCINUM TRITONIS H., p. 29, No. 68; p. 32, No. 765. Oriental Trumpet Shell. =Murex tritonis Lin. (ex parte), 1758. BUCCINUM TRITONIS S., p. 29, No. 68; p. 33, No. 776; p. 35, No. 839. Mediterranean Trumpet Shell. -{- Triton nodiferus Lam. (=BuGcinwm nereideum Solander, No. 776). BULLA IMPERIALIS H., p. 155, No. 3391. Pink-mouthed poached egg, from the Friendly Islands. =0vula tortilis Martyn, 1784. 126 THE NAUTILUS. BULLA ZONATA S., p. 164, No. 3561; p. 172, No. 3758. Born, f. 1, tab. 9, 1780. China. =Bulla amplustre Born, not Lin. -\-B. velum Gmelin, 1791-2. CARDIUM HYSTRIX S., p. 116, No. 2550. Gualtieri, 72, B. ? -\-Cardium indicum Lamarck, 1819. CARDIUM IMPRESSUM S., p. 155, No. 3389; China, p. 188, No. 3996; Tranquebar. Born, t. 2, f. 15, 16. Pink spotted variety of the Venus heart cockle. =Cardium cardissa Born, not Lin. -|-C. roseum Gmelin, 1791-2. -\-C. jun- oniae Lam., 1819. CARDIUM PROTRUSUM S., p. 178, No. 3825. China. Lister., 319, 156. +Cy. humanum Wood, Ind. Test. 1818, not of Linne^ 1758. CARDIUM SPINOSUM S., p. 105, No. 2297. Mediterranean. Favenne 52, A 2. =C. echinatum Linne", 1758. CONUS ARANEOSUS S. , p. 76, No. 1714; p. 106, No. 2328. Spiderweb cone from China and Coromandel. Martini. Conch. Cab., Vol. II, fig. 676. -f C. araneosus Hwass, 1792. CONUS ARCHITALASSUS S. , p. 189, No. 4017. Amboyna. Argen- ville, Suppl. tab. 1, figs. M, N; Martini, Conch. Cab. II, vign. No. 26, figs. 1, 2, p. 214. +C. ammiraUs var. gran- ulatus Lam., 1822; not C. granulatus Gmelin, 1791-2. CONUS AUGUR S., p. 44, No. 1046. Knorr, VI, tab. 13, fig. 6. -fC. magus Born, 1780, not of Linne. -\-C. augur Bru- guiere. CONUS FuscATUsS., p. 160, No. 3491. China. Martini, Conch. Cab. II, f. 693. = C. fuscatus Born, 1780. CONUS MAPPA S., p. 116, No. 2554. "China." Knorr, 1, tab. 8, f. 4. —Conas cedonulli L. var. mappa Hwass, 1792. CONUS NOCTURNUS S., p. 156, No. 3411. China. Martini, Conch. Cab. II, f. 687, 688. +G nocturnus Hwass, 1792. CONUS PULCHER H., p. 179, No. 3844. Coast of Guinea. Lister, 772. Not C. pulcher A. Adams, 1853. ? C. proteus Hwass. CONUS QUERCINUS S., p. 67, No. 1501. Martini, Conch. Cab. II, f. 657. =C. cingulum Martyn, 1784. -)-C. quercinus Hwass, 1792. THE NAUTILUS. 127 CONUB UNDULATUS S., p. 180, No. 3866. Gualtieri, 25, 1 (f. A A). =Conus textile Linne, 1758. CHAMA LAZARUS var. PANNOSUS S., p. 96, No. 2123. Rumphius, Thes. 48, 3. =C. lazarus Linn£, 1767, -\-damaecornis Lamarck, 1819. CLIO S., p. 115, No. 2520; not of Linne. Davila 1, pi. 20, figs. D, E, e. Represents three forms of Cavolina. CYPRAEA AURORA S., p. 10, No. 197; Otaheiti; p. 178, No. 3831. Orange Cowry, from the Friendly Islands. =C. aurantia Marty n, No. 59, 1784. CYPRAEA PANTHERINA S., p. 50, No. 1206. Lister, 681, 28. -\-Cypraea guttata Lamarck, 1810. -\-C. tigrina Lam., not Gmelin. CYPRAEA PUSTULATA S., p. 106, No. 2330. Orange warted cowry from China. Lister, 710, 62. -\-C. pustulata Lamarck, 1810. HELIX ALBA H., p. 186, No. 3970, not of Gmelin. A terres- trial sinistral shell from the E. Indies. Lister, t. 33, 32 and 46. Favanne, 63 E. =Amphidromus sp. indet. (?citrinus auct. ) HELIX ERUBESCENS H., p. 187, No. 3973. Lister, 24, 22. =H. pudica Miiller, 1774. HELIX OTIS S., p. 38, No. 925. Favanne, t. 63, f. 11. -{- Labyrinthus otis Beck, 1838. HELIX PLICATA S., p. 18, No. 400. Favanne, pi. 61, f. D. 10; not plicata Born, 1780. ?=Ampullaria sp., or Natica. HELIX VITELLUS H., p. 26, No. 601. Rumphius, Thes. 22, 1. =Natica vitellus Linn£, 1758. ISOGNOMA LIGNEA S., p. 9, No. 176. =0strea isognomum Linne", 1758. ISOGNOMA RIGIDA S., p. 115, No. 2516. Pulu Condore. Lister, 227, 62. =Pedalion Solander, 1770. ISOGNOMA PERNA S. , p. 137, Mo. 3041. China. =0strea perna L., 1767. LEPAS CORNUCOPIAE S., p. 101, No. 2216. Argenville, 26, D. -{-Anatifer pollicipes Bruguiere, 1789. HELIX INSIGNITA H., p. 176, No. 3794. Lister, 67, 68. Helix marginella Gmel. 128 THE NAUTILUS. MACTRA NIVEA H., p. 29, No. 678. Great white Mactra from the coast of Guinea. ?Le Fatan of Adanson. MUREX ELONGATUS S., p. 65, No. 1479. Favanne, pi. 79, f. H. -\-M. davus Kiener, 1841. MUREX FJMBRIATUS S., p. 106, No. 2327; p. 136, No. 3038. Martyn, 1, f. 6 c, Favanne, 37, H. 1; Davila, 1, pi. 10. = Trophon geversianus Pallas, 1769. MUREX RETICULARIS H., p. 12, No. 240, Sicily. Born, 11, 5, 1780. =Murex reticularis Linne, 1758. MYA GIGAS S., p. 101, No. No. 2213. Mediterranean. Lister, 414, 258. =Panope glycymeris Born, 1778 (as Mya). MYA OVALIS S., p. 134, No. 2983. Lister, 146, 1; not of Pul- teney, 1799, or Donovan, 1801. + Unio batavus Maton and Rackett, 1807. MYTILUS CASTANEUS S., p. 69, No. 1560. Lister, Conch., 154, 9, Vir [ginia] . = Unio complanatus Sol. MYTILUS LINGUA S., p. 77, No. 1718. Amboyna. Humphrey's Conch., pi. 2, f. 2, 1770; Petiver, Gazoph. 32, 9. =Patella unguis L., 1758. =Lingula unguis Lam., 1799. MYTILUS PICTUS S., p. 158, No. 3458. Painted muscle, bright green, waved with brown, from the Mediterranean. Knorr, IV, t. 15, f. 5. =M. ungulatus Linne, 1758. MYTILUS UNGUIS S., p. 172, No. 3717. Amboyna. Humphrey's Conch., pi. 2, f. 2, 1770; Petiver, Gazoph. 32, 9. =Patella unguis L., 1758. NAUTILUS SCROBICULATUS S., p. 182, No. 3906. Great umbili- cated Nautilus from New Guinea. Lister, 552, 4; Knorr, IV, t. 22, f. 1. OSTREA PURPUREA S., p. 189, No. 3091, New Holland; p. 174, No. 3741. China; p. 177, No. 3878. =0. cucullata Born, 1780. PATELLA AURICULARIA H., p. 154, No. 3384; p. 187, No. 3983. Amboyna. China. Rumphius, Thes. 40, N (as an oper- culum). -\-Dolabella rumphii Cuvier, 1817. PATELLA FUNGOIDES H., p. 55, No. 1301. Mushroom limpet from Cape of Good Hope. Humphrey's Conch., pi. IV, f. 16, 1770. + Patella fungoides Bolten, 1798. PATELLA GORGONICA H., p. 105, No. 2302. Humphrey's Conch., Ill, f. 8, 1770. THE NAUTILUS. 129 PATELLA MACROSCHISMA H., p. 71, No. 1601. Humphrey's Conch., pi. 7, f. 3, 3, 1770. PATELLA MYTILIFORMIS S., p. 42, No. 990; p. 58, No. 1359. Falkland Islands. Humphrey's Conch., Ill, f. 9, 1770. = Patella mytilina Helbling, 1779. -\-P. gondola Bolten, 1798. PATELLA OCULUS-HIRCI H., p. 105, No. 2302. Humphrey's Conch., pi. 2, f. 6, 1770. =Patdla oculus Born, 1778. PATELLA PULCHRA H., p. 105, No. 2302 b; p. 135, 2995. Cape of Good Hope. Humphrey's Conch., t. 2, f. 8, 1770. PATELLA UMBRACULUM H., p. 178, No. 3830. Umbrella limpet from China. Humphrey's Conch., pi. 5, f. 5, 1770. -}-Patella umbella Gmelin, 1791-2. PINNA RIGIDA S., p. 136, No. 3040; p. 138, No. 3078. Knorr, II, t. 26, f. 1. + Pinna rigida Dillwyn, 1817. PLACUNA PLACENTA S., p. 8, No. 136; p. 16, No. 353 a. China; p. 140, No. 3119. Chinese window shell. =Anomia placenta Linne, 1758. PLACUNA EPHIPPIUM S., p. 16, No. 353 b. Polish saddle shell. =Anomia ephippium Linne, 1758. SERPULA ATTRAHENS S., p. 106, No. 2331, Madagascar. Hum- phrey's Conch., pi. VII, f. 15, 1770. SERPULA GIQANTEA H., p. 6, No. 97; Oriental. Seba III, pi. 94, largest fig. p. 186, No. 3955, Luconia, 21 inches long. =Ser}>ula gigantea Pallas, 1766. SERPULA TORTUOSA H., p. 184, No. 3939. Humphrey's Conch., pi. 11, f. 4, 1770. SOLEN PALLIDUS S., p. 42, No, 1005 a. Lister, t. 412, lower figure. Solen sp. indet. SOLEN ROSTRATUS S., p. 160, No. 3487, China; p. 167, No. 3624. A large fine violet Solen from China. Valentyn, Biv. 13, No. 5. -\-Sanguinolaria dipkos Gmelin, 1791-2. STROMBUS AMPLUS H., p. 28, No. 658. Brander, Foss. Hant. pi. 6, f. 76, 1766. =Hippochrenes amplus (S. ). STROMBUS AURIS DIANAE H., p. 29, No. 679; p. 64, No. 1452. Pulu Condore, Martyn, 1, f. 1. =Alata aratrum Martyn, 1784. STROMBUS LUCTATOR H., p. 87, No. 1926; Brander, Foss. Hant. pi. 5, f. 64. 130 THE NAUTILUS. STROMBUS SINUATUS H., p. 189, No. 4022. Seba III, 62, 3; Favanne, 22, A. 2. -{-Strombus laciniatus Dillwyn, 2817. STROMBUS TRICORNIS H. , p. 5, No. 50. Martini, Conch. Cab. Ill, f. 843, 845. Lister, No. 873, f. 29. -\-Strombus tri- cornis Lamarck, 1822. STROMBUS TRUNCATUS H., p. 133, No. 2967; p. 150, No. 3507; p. 169, No. 3655. E. Indies. Davila 1, t. 12, f. 14. -\-Pterocera bryonia Gmelin, 1791-2. TELLINA CRUENTA S., p. 10, No. 187. Knorr, VI, t. 12, f. 1. -\-Sanguinolaria sanguinolenta Gmelin, 1792. TROCHUS GRANOSUS H., p. 87, No. 1942. New Zealand. Martyn, f. 37, 1784. —Trochus granosus Martyn, 1784. TROCHUS ONUSTUS H., p. 4, No. 31. -\-Xenophora conchyliophora Born, 1780. TROCHUS SOLARIS S., p. 86, No. 1914, New Zealand. Martyn, 1, f. 30, g. =Trochus heliotropium Martyn, 1784. TROCHUS SULCATUS H., p. 113, No. 2481. New Zealand. Der Naturforscher IX, t. Ill, f. 5, 6. Martyn, f. 33 (=35) r. ( Trochus sulcatus) : -j- 1. cookii Gmelin, 1792. (Schreibers, 1788.) TROCHUS TECTUS H., p. 187, No. 3982. All Saints Id., West Indies. Lister, 628, 14 (bad). ?+T. americanus Gmelin, Jamaica. TURBO CORNUTUS S., p. 147, No. 3235, China. Davila 1, pi. 5, f. I. -fT. cornutus Gmelin, 1791-2. TURBO SMARAGDUS H., p. 11, No. 229. New Zealand. =Limax smaragdus Martyn, f. 73, 1783. TURBO UNDULATUS H., p. 18, No. 408; p. 178, No. 3828. New Holland. =Limax undulatus Martyn, f. 29, 1784. VENUS ARCTICA S., p. 138, No. 3074. Lister, 426, 267. =Sax- icava arctica Linne, 1767. VENUS EROSA S., p. 71, No. 1603; p. 186, No. 3961. New South Wales. Chemn. VI, 336. -\-Cyrena zeylanica Lamarck, 1818. + Venus coaxans Gmelin, 1791-2. VENUS PUNCTATA S., p. 98, No. 2150. Amboyna. Rumphius, Thes. 43 G. -\-Cytherea meretrix Lamarck, 1818. VOLUTA AMPHORA S., p. 30, No. 708; p. 181, No. 3874. Martini, Conch. Cab. Ill, 780, Africa. -f-F. (Cymbium) diadema Lamarck, 1811. THE NAUTILUS. 131 VOLUTA ANGURIA S., p. 64, No. 1448. Great brown African melon. Martini, Conch. Cab. Ill, 767. + V. neptuni Gmelin, 1791-2. VOLUTA ARAUSIACA S., p. 26, No. 611; p. 186, No. 3965. Amboyna. Rumphius, Thes. 37, 2. -f Valuta vexillum Gmelin, 1791-2. VOLUTA CITHARA S., p. 96, No. 2122; p. 182, No. 3902; p. 190, No. 4030. Seba III, pi. 65, f. 1, 2. +F. armata Lamarck, 1811. VOLUTA ELONGATA S., p. 30, No. 707; p. 143, No. 3161. Martyn, t. 1, f. 25, New Caledonia. =Limax fibratus Martyn, 1784. (Placostylus f. ) VOLUTA FILOSA S., p. 76, No. 1705. Martyn, f. 22, 1. =Mitra nexilis Martyn, 1783. VOLUTA GRAVIS S., p. 103, No. 2274. Malacca Str. Martini, Conch. Cab. Ill, 95, f. 916, 917. + Turbinella rapa Lamarck, 1822. VOLUTA HAUSTRUM S., p. 137, No. 3054. China. Martini, Conch. Cab. Ill, 781. -f Valuta (Oymbium) tessellata Lamarck, 1811. VOLUTA IMPERIALIS S., p. 183, No. 3913. Luconia. Martini, Conch. Cab. Ill, f. 934-5. -j- Valuta imperialis Lamarck, 1811. VOLUTA INCOMPTA S., p. 96, No. 2116. South Seas. Martyn, f. 19, 1. =Mitra tessellata Martyn, 1784. VOLUTA INCRASSATA S., p. 13, No. 264; p. 131, No. 3696; p. 105, No. 2315. Martini, Conch. Cab. Ill, f. 499, 500. -\-Oliva angulata Lamarck, 1811. VOLUTA MELO S., p. 41, No. 969. Martini, Conch. Cab. Ill, f. 772, 773. -{-Valuta indica Gmelin, 1791-2. VOLUTA NOBILIS S., p. 6, No. 89; p. 172, No. 3711; p. 183, No. 3926. East Indies. China. Martini III, f. 774-6; Lister, 769, 6. + Valuta scapha Gmelin, 1791-2. VOLUTA PEPO S., p. 87, No. 1940; p. 100, No. 2204. Martini, Conch. Cab. Ill, f. 768-70. Great brown melon from Guinea, -f- Valuta navicula Gmelin, 1791-2. -f- V. neptuni Gmelin, ex parte, fide Pfr. VOLUTA PONDEROSA S., p. 25, No. 566; p. 189, No. 4023. East 132 THE NAUTILUS. Indies (reversed shell, a dextral one figured by Favanne, pi. 35, f. 1). Martini, Conch. Cab. Ill, f. 916. -\-Turbi- nella rapa Lamarck, 1822. VOLUTA SCABRIUSCULA H., p. 85, No. 1913. Martyn, f. 21. —Mitra sphaerulata Martyn, 1784. VOLUTA SCAFA S., p. 41, No. 969 a; p. 136, No. 3039. Guinea. Adanson, t. 3, f. 2. Martini, Conch. Cab. Ill, t. 70, f. 764. -f Valuta porcina Lamarck, 1811. VOLUTA VIRESCENS S., p. 26, No. 610; p. 136, No. 3020; p. 174, No. 3751. Guinea. Martini, Conch. Cab. Ill, f. 932, 933. -f- Valuta polyzonalis Lamarck, 1811. TWO NEW SOUTH AMERICAN SHELLS. BY W. H. BALL. A bunch of Gorgonians was recently received from the Pau- lista Museum, San Paulo, Brazil, which were growing on bi- valve shells. The latter were separated valves often in good condition. The locality is San Sebastian Island off the south- ern coast of Brazil. Among them was a Macoma-like shell which appeared to be new. The subgenus Scissula includes species like T. decora Say, which have the hinge of Angulus and an external oblique sculp- ture of incised lines. The present shell however has two deeply bifid teeth in the right and one in the left valve with no trace of a lateral lamina in either valve. It therefore bears the same relation to Macoma, subgenus Psammacoma as Scissula does to Angulus in the Tellina group. I propose therefore to institute a new section for it. PSAMMACOMA (TEMNOCONCHA) BRASILIANA n. sp. Shell white, equivalve, subequilateral, thin, compressed, dorsal slopes subequal; anterior end broadly rounded, posterior end obscurely obliquely truncate but hardly angulate at the junction with the broadly arcuate base; sculpture of incremental lines upon which are impressed sharp regular grooves about THE NAUTILUS. 133 three to a millimeter, at first concentric but about the anterior third of the valve becoming oblique, and becoming obsolete near the posterior third; beaks inconspicuous; interior chalky white, the muscular impressions subequal, the pallial sinus rounded, in front, mostly free from the pallial line and falling a little short of the anterior adductor scar; the ligament is short and the margins smooth. Length 35; height 23; diameter 8; the vertical from the beaks behind the anterior end 17 mm- U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333023. AMPULLARIA (FELIPPONEA) ELONGATA n. sp. Shell solid, conic, of three and a half flattish whorls separa- ted by a distinct, almost channelled suture (the apex deeply eroded); shell substance grayish to slate color, with irregular broad spiral purple lines, the whole covered with an olivaceous, thick, polished, dehiscent periostracum of a brittle character; base rounded, umbilicus only a narrow chink behind the thin raised inner lip; aperture pear-shaped, smooth inside, showing the color bands; margin sharp-edged, not continuous across the body. Height of decollate shell 29; of last whorl 25; of aper- ture 17; of maximum diameter 19 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 333024. Habitat. Uruguay River, Dept. of Paysandu; Dr. F. Felip- pone. It is interesting to get another and quite distinct species of this subgenus which seems characteristic of Uruguay River fauna. The present species differs most obviously from the type, F. neritiniformis, in the flat-sided spire and absence of an umbilicus. THE GENUS PLEBECULA LOWE. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL. At the fossil-beds near Canigal, Madeira, the large globular shells of Plebecula bowditchiana (F£r. ) occur in hundreds of thousands weathered out of the fine sand. In Porto Santo we find similar deposits, but nearly all the species are different, in 134 THE NAUTILUS. spite of the fact that the mountains of the smaller island are plainly visible from the vicinity of Caniyal. Between Porto Santo and Madeira is deep sea, and it is evident that the islands could not have been united within the life-time of existing species of snails. Nevertheless, among the scant half-dozen forms common to the Caniyal and Porto Santo deposits is P. bowditchiana, one which would seem among the least likely to be accidentally transported across the sea. It is a heavy white shell, resembling in a general way the well-known Leucochroa candidissima of the Mediterranean basin. The vast quantities at Canigal suggest at first a former climate very different from that of today, but the snail was doubtless adapted to arid or semiarid conditions, such as prevail now at the eastern end of Madeira. The sandy wastes of the locality swarm with living snails at the present time, but they are with inconspicuous ex- ceptions Helix pisana, probably introduced long ago from Africa by the Moors. The P. bowditchiana, however, would need more cover than exists now, as they were nocturnal, hiding by day, if we may judge by the habits of their living relatives. I have carefully compared the Madeira and Porto Santo P. bowditchi- ana, thinking that some differences might be found, but they are unquestionably identical. There is, however, this differ- ence ; the Porto Santo specimens show a much wider range of variation. This may be taken to indicate that the species evol- ved on Porto Santo, and the one or more examples which somehow reached Madeira started a colony which remained essentially true to the type represented by the immigrants. Twenty P. bowditchiana from Porto Santo varied as follows in dimensions, the first figure of each pair being the length, the second the diameter at right angles to the axis, both in mm. 15. 18 (1), 15.20 (1), 16.20 (2), 17.19 (1), 18.21 (2), 20.22 (1), 21.22 (2), 21.23 (1), 22.22 (1), 22.24 (2), 23.23 (3), 24.27 (1), 25.24 (1), 25.25 (1). The shell having a length less than 18 mm. (obtained in the vicinity of the Fonte d'Areia) consti- tute a distinct form or variety, which may be named reducta. They are not only small, but differing from the related small P. punctulata, they are broadened, with a strongly and evenly arched outer lip, so that the whole shape is very like that of THE NAUTILUS. 135 Helix hortensis. The one I take as typical of the variety meas- ures 16 by 20 mm., and the apex, with curved rows of granules, is delicately tinted with orange, giving the shell a more recent appearance than usual. This may be the latest phase of bow- ditchiana, but its resemblance in form to more ordinary snails might be taken to indicate greater antiquity. I was not able to make out distinct zones in the Porto Santo fossil beds, although some species abound in one place, and are rare or absent else- where. The sandy deposits are broken down by the weather, and the shells loosened upon the surface. Many of these are again covered, as the wind blows the sand, and the lime again cements the deposit, so that it is quite possible to find shells of entirely different ages mixed together. In fact the very modern H. pisana is being thus incorporated, and no doubt in years to come it will be possible to dig pisana and bowditchiana out of the same fossil-beds, just as if they had been strictly contem- poraneous. In order to show the greater uniformity in the Canigal P. bowditchiana, I give the measurements of 156 shells, citing the two dimensions as before. 18.19 (1), 18.21 (1), 19.20 (2), 19.21 (7), 20.20 (6), 20.21 (18), 20.22 (8), 21.21 (9), 21.22 (22), 21.23 (7), 21.24 (3), 22.21 (1), 22.22 (12), 22.23 (28), 22.24 (2), 23.22 (1), 23.23 (5), 23.24 (13), 23.25 (1), 24.22 (1), 24.24 (2), 24.25 (4), 26.25 (1). The nearest living relative of P. bowditchiana is P. punctulata (Sowerby), exceedingly common on Porto Santo, and found also on the outlying islets, even the isolated Ilheo de Nordeste. It hides under rocks, more or less buried in the ground, and I never saw it crawling abroad. A remarkable feature is the opaque white mantle, which, when the animal is within the shell, looks at first sight like a dense white epiphragm. The genitalia show a very long slender flagellum. The living ani- mal may be described as follows : Animal whitish translucent ; tentacles and neck above dark grey, nearly black ; foot very broad, caudal end very broad and flat ; a large black mark on each side posterior to tentacles ; mantle opaque white (speci- men from Villa Baleira). The shells vary much in color, some being very dark. Two bands, never seen in bowditchiana, are 136 THE NAUTILUS. nearly always present, but on the Ilheo de Baixo, on Jan. 22, I found a creamy-white bandless variety, which may be called var. lactescens. This form was also known to Wollaston. The distribution of H. punctulata is peculiar. It has not been re- corded from Madeira, but a rather small and peculiar race (avellana Lowe) occurs both living and fossil on Bugio, the southernmost of the Desertas. At the fossil-beds near Canigal, Madeira, however, I found a specimen of undoubted P. punctu- lata, measuring 13 by 14 mm., thinner than bowditchiana, and still showing faint traces of the bands. It has a recent appear- ance, and may not be truly fossil. Whether P. punctulata really lived in Madeira, may still remain somewhat uncertain, as Baring and Ogilvie Grant (Zoologist, Nov. 1895) report finding seven whole H. pisana in the stomach of a kestrel, and it is conceivable that an owl pellet might contain an unbroken snail shell. The P. punctulata in Porto Santo suffer severely from an enemy, the broken shells being found very commonly under rocks. From the position of these remains, it was impossible that the enemy should be a bird, and the small lizards (Lacerta dugesii) so common under the rocks probably could not break the shells. Baring and Ogilvie Grant (loc. cit.) speak of the great spider of Porto Santo (Lycosa madeirana Walck. ) as feed- ing on snails, and I have no doubt that this is the mysterious enemy of P. punctulata. In the face of such an enemy, P. bow- ditchiana, with its large and thick shell, would have a great ad- vantage over its smaller relative. The common P. vulgata (Lowe) of Madeira has the same white mantle, and is evidently strictly congeneric. According to Pilsbry this is the real nitidiuscula of Sowerby, though not that of Wollaston. The soft parts of vulgata from Funchal were described as follows : Animal with foot broad, white ; tentacles black ; dorsal side of head and neck very dark, abruptly contrasting with the white foot ; mantle opaque white. The habits of vulgata seem to be much like those of punctulata, though it is perhaps less retiring. There is a large Lycosa (L. blackwallii Johnson) in Madeira, which may prey upon it but it seems to be absent from the lowlands about Funchal, where P. vulgata abounds. THE NAUTILUS. 137 NEW NAMES FOR WEST INDIAN TERTIAEY PECTENS. BY C. WYTHE COOKE. Doctor T. Wayland Vaughan has kindly called my attention to the fact that the names vaughani and waylandi applied by me in 1919 to extinct species of Pecten from the West Indies had already been used by Ralph Arnold for different species of the same genus. For these preoccupied names I propose to substi- tute the following : PECTEN VAUN Cooke, n. n. Synonym • Pecten vaughani Cooke (not Arnold), Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pub. 291, p. 133, pi. 8, figs. 2-4, 1919. Occurrence : Anguilla formation (upper Oligocene), Crocus Bay, Anguilla. PECTEN VAUN var. FLABELLUM COOKE, n. n. Synonym : Pecten vaughani var. flabellum Cooke, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pub. 291, p. 134, pi. 8, figs. 6-7, 1919. Occurrence : La Cruz marl (middle Miocene), La Cruz and Santiago, Cuba. PECTEN (Chlamys) LANDI Cooke, n. n. Synonym : Pecten (Chlamys) waylandi Cooke (not Arnold), Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pub. 291, p. 131, pi. 7, figs. 4a, b, 1919. Occurrence: La Cruz marl (middle Miocene), Santiago, Cuba. GEOEGE BRETTINGHAM SOWERBY. George Brettingham Sowerby, F. L. S. (the third G. B. S.), died on Jan. 31st at his residence at Richmond, Surrey, Eng- land. Eldest son of G. B. Sowerby (II), he was born in Lon- don, Sept., 1843. He commenced business as a conchologist about 1860. Many important collections passed through his hands during the 56 years he was in business, his retirement taking place in Jan., 1916. He was a fellow of the Linnean 138 THE NAUTILUS. Society, an original member of the Malacological Society of London and a member of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. He described in various publications about 720 new species of recent shells. Amongst his most important works we might mention: "Marine Shells of South Africa," 1897, with Ap- pendix, 1897. " Illustrated Index of British Shells," 2nd Ed- ition, 1887. "Thesaurus Conchyliorum," part of monograph of Turbo and whole of part 44, supplement to Conus and Valuta. He leaves a widow, one son and two daughters. A most genial and generous character endeared him to all his friends and acquaintances. — H. C. F. NOTES. THE HEAVENLY TWINS. — Your correspondent in the NAUTI- LUS for October 20 (p. 70), Mr. Darling K. Greger, has started a nomenclatorial smoke screen which is provoking an unwonted excitation of my risibles. One must not deal cacophonously with so serious a matter as the substitution of new scientific names for old ones, especially when a felony is contemplated. So this case must go to the jury. It is stated in the note re- ferred to and which I beg your permission to comment upon as I am the discordant cause behind it, that in 1913 I introduced the name Brasilica for a genus of Devonian brachiopods pecul- iar, as far as now known, to Brazil, but that in so doing I com- mitted trespass as the term Brasilica (according to your corre- spondent) had been employed in 1898 by Dr. S. S. Buckman for a genus of Ammonites, in view of which interference an opening was presented for the creation of a new name into which Mr. Greger forthwith intrudes a proposed substitute, Chapadella. I was not aware of the magnitude of my offending until I received from Dr. Buckman a note on the subject which was intended for you, Mr. Editor, but which I have ventured to withhold as it innocently perpetuates an error. I am confi- dent Dr. Buckman will pardon me for using his authority to ex- plain that he never made use of the name Brasilica. Being a THE NAUTILUS. 139 good latinist he naturally would not. His genus-name was Brazilia. And so in his judgment and on the face of Mr. Greger's impeachment, Brasilica had a right to live. Alas! neither did I use the term Brasilica, hut Brasilia; and here I am, mutatis mutandis, just as bad a trespasser on Dr. Buckman's preserve as if Mr. Greger's commentary had been right. Who is to decide in this very delicate point on nomenclatorial ethics, whether upon an indictment false and disproved, I can be con- victed and fined. Perhaps it may be seemly for me to intimate that it is polite, when practicable, to permit an author to him- self correct his errors when they are shown to him. If he will not, then he is beyond grace. Doctor Dall, in his great wisdom, disposes of the matter thus: (Letter of February 21, 1921.) "There is no Brasilica Clarke. Ergo, Brasilica Greger = 0. Chapadella Greger = Brasilica Greger = 0." In the presence of this formula I propose to rechristen this brachiopod genus with the name Brasilina. — JOHN M. CLARKE. LIGUUS AT MARCO, FLORIDA. — Marco, as you know, is a set- tlement at the north end of Key Marco, or Marco Island. When we were collecting Liguus in 1904-6-7, we found none at Marco, and the inhabitants knew of none there then, though the tree snails were remembered as having been at Marco some years before. Also, a man told us he had in the past found "blue snails" near Marco and had been in the habit of ship- ping them to a curio dealer in Key West. He gave me the dealer's name and address. We carefully examined the trees where the man reported the discovery of the blue Liguus but we found no snails of any kind there. Now (January, 1921) Albert Addison tells us that his son Chester, some weeks ago, saw snails having blue stripes on them in a thicket in sight of the houses of Marco, the same place I think where the man years before spoke of having found blue snails. We searched carefully this thicket, which now is small, and found some Liguus there, which I am sending you by insured parcels post [Liguus fasciatus roseatus} but none of the blue variety, as you will see. 140 THE NAUTILUS. I am inclined to believe that the snails of Marco were nearly all killed by some unusually cold spells, but that a very few not found by us in our early visits here have been increasing in numbers in the trees of the thicket in question since then.- CLARENCE B. MOORE. Capt. W. D. Collier, the leading citizen of Marco for a great number of years, informs me that there were no Liguus snails at Key Marco in his early days, but that forty-eight years ago he brought tree snails from Middle Cape (Cape Sable) and "planted" them at Caximbas, Goodland Point and Marco, all on Key Marco. He had been that winter with Prof. Velie of Chicago collecting Liguus on the lower coast and on the Keys along Hawk Channel to Key West. They searched all those Keys but he never saw or heard of Liguus showing any blue coloring. He states that Liguus, after the planting at Marco, developed and spread until they became numerous, but he thinks they subsequently were almost killed out by severe cold . M. G. MILLER. NOTE ON A VARIETY OF LIGUUS. — In my paper on the vari- ations and distribution of Liguus in Florida I figured a form from Lignumvitse Key (pi. 37, figs. 4c, 4d) which I took to be a form of var. lignumvitae, having only three specimens. Mr. Simpson has recently named this form Liguus solidus lineatus (In Florida Wilds, Frontispiece, fig. 3). He states that among more than a thousand specimens examined he always found it distinct. It appears that the name lineatus is preoccupied by Achatina lineata Valenc., 1833, which was based upon another variety of the old Liguus fasciatus. To avoid having two varie- ties with the same name in the same species or closely related species, I would propose for the shell figured on my pi. 37, fig. 4c the varietal name LIGUUS FASCIATUS SIMPSONI, the type being no. 128063 A. N. S. P.— H. A. PILSBRY. SHELLS OF ZION NATIONAL PARK, UTAH. — Fossil specimens of Polita indentata Say, Gonyodiscus cronkhitei Nc., and Succinea avara Say, imbedded in several pieces of limestone from Zion THE NAUTILUS. 141 Canyon, were presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by Louis H. Bregy. He also donated specimens of Oreohelix haydeni var. oquirrhensis Hemp, and 0. strigosa var. depressa Ckll., which he collected at The Narrows, Zion Canyon, Zion National Park, S. W. Utah. This would indicate that 0. h. oquirrhensis Hemp, probably inhabits the entire length of the state. — E. G. VANATTA. SlPHONARIA JAPONICA Donovan AN EARLIER NAME FOR S. COCHLEARIFORMIS Reeve. — This common Japanese species was first described and very well figured in Donovan's Naturalist's Repository, III, 1825, pi. 79, as Patella japonica. It was col- lected by a Mr. Stutzer. On pi. 78 of the same work Venus stutzeri Don. is figured, also from Japan. This is Circe seripta L. var. personata Desh. , and earlier than Deshayes. — H. A. PILSBRY. A NEW LOCALITY FOR ARKANSIA WHEELERI ORTMANN & WALKER. This new genus and species was described in NAUT- ILUS, 25, 1912, pp. 97-100, from Old River, at Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Arkansas. This is, as Wheeler has informed us (NAUTILUS, 31, 1918, p. 112) an "ox-bow" lake of the Ouach- ita River, a few miles above Arkadelphia, and this place, and the Ouachita River below Arkadelphia (Wheeler, 1. c. p. 121), have remained, so far, the only localities from which this rare shell has been reported. Recently a large number of Naiades from various parts of Oklahoma has been donated to the Carnegie Museum by D. K. Greger, of Fulton, Mo., collected by him in 1919. Among them was a single dead shell of Arkansia -wheeleri, in fair con- dition, from Kiamichi River at Antlers, Pushmataha Co., Okla- homa, a tributary of Red River, in the southern portion of the state. This considerably extends the range of this species, and we might expect to find it more widely distributed in the streams running southward from the Ozarks into the Ouachita and Red Rivers in southern Arkansas, northern Louisiana, and southern Oklahoma, and it might also exist in the Red River drainage in northeastern Texas. — A. E. ORTMANN. 142 THE NAUTILUS. PUBLICATIONS EECEIVED. LAKE MAKINKUCKEE, A PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. By Barton Warren Evermann and Howard Walton Clark. 2 Vols. Publication No. 7, Department of Conservation, State of Indiana, Indianapolis, 1920. The mollusks are treated on pages 41 to 75 of Vol. 11 of this, the most exhaustive work on the ecology of any body of water in the United States. Very full and valuable notes are given on the food habits and general biology of the 14 species of Unionidte which are recorded. The remainder of the list, furnished in part by Dr. Paul Bartsch, contains 79 species and subspecies of freshwater bivalves and univalves and 57 land snails. This brings the total number of species and subspecies of mollusks from this small Indiana lake and its environs to 130. Such a large number has probably not been previously recorded from a similar equal area in the same latitude. — G. DALLAS HANNA. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Jan., 1921, Vol. 16, No. 4. On Obeliscus (Protobeliscus) riparius (Pfr. ). By Geo. C. Spence, p. 135. Obituary Notice: Edward Collier. By R. Standen, p. 136. The Non-marine Mollusca of Llandudus and district. By H. Beeston, pp. 136-144. Evolution in the Molluscan Radula. By The Rev. A. H. Cooke, pp. 145-150. Note on Conus lineatus Solander and Conus lineatus Brug. By A. T. Hopwood, p. 151. Scheme for the division of British marine area into census areas. By R. Winckworth, pp. 152-155. Description of a new Galeomma from Bombay. By J. R. le B. Tomlin, p. 156. Description of Antimitra (?) hewitti n. sp. from South Africa. By J. R. le B. Tomlin, p. 156. Pisidium parvulum Clessin in the Great Ouse and the Severn. By C. Oldham, p. 158. THE NAUTILUS. 143 MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CERTAIN MUSSEL SHELLS FOUND IN LAKE ERIE COMPARED WITH THOSE OF THE CORRESPONDING SPECIES FOUND IN THE DRAINAGE OF THE UPPER OHIO. By Norman McDowell Grier. (Ann. Carnegie Museum, Vol. 13, pp. 145-182, 1920.) MARINE MOLLUSKS OF HAWAII. By Henry A. Pilsbry. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1920, pp. 296-328, pi. 12. with 11 figs, in text.) Forty-five new species and subspecies are described, with keys to the described species of Hawaiian Terebra and Mitra.— C. W. J. THE WEST AMERICAN MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILIES RISSOEL- LIDAE AND SYNCERATIDAE AND THE RlSSOID GENUS BARLEEIA. By Paul Bartsch. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1920, Vol. 38, pp. 159-176, pis. 12, 13.) NEW FRESH WATER SHELLS FROM GUATEMALA. By William B. Marshall. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1920, Vol. 58, pp. 301- 302, pi. 17.) THREE NEW SPECIES OF PLEUROCERIDAE. By Calvin Good- rich. (Occas. papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 91, pp. 1-5, pi. 1, 1921.) NEW FLORIDIAN SUBSPECIES OF THE GENUS LIGUUS. By Charles T. Simpson. (Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, 1920, Vol. 33, pp. 121-126.) Eighteen new subspecies are described. SUMMARY OF THE MARINE, SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSKS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST OF AMERICA, from San Diego, California, to the Polar Sea, mostly contained in the collection of the United States National Museum, with illustrations of hitherto unfigured species. By William Healey Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 112, 1921, 217 pages, 22 plates. "To the preparation of this sum- mary the author has brought the results of more than 50 years' study of the molluscan fauna of the northwest coast." Its ap- pearance has long been looked forward to by West Coast con- 144 THE NAUTILUS. chologists, and indeed by all who are interested in American marine shells. There are no descriptions, but a reference is given to description and figure, if published. A large propor- tion of the descriptions have appeared in the widely-distributed Proceedings of the National Museum, and so are generally ac- cessible to those concerned. A great number of moderately large and striking shells are recorded from Bering Sea. The array of Chrysodominse and Bucdnidae is astonishing, and so far as I know unparalleled anywhere else in the world. The Californian fauna comprises 996 of the 2122 species enumerated. 151 species are exclusively abyssal, and 136 species are common to the Atlantic, nearly all belonging to the Arctic seas. In the list Dr. Dall has frequently used subgeneric names in place of generic. It appears to the writer that since a binomial name is defined as consisting of the generic combined with the specific name, it would be better to conform to the ordinary usage. The distinction between genus and subgenus is of course largely a matter of individual opinion or of current use, but one cannot logically consider a given group to belong to both taxo- nomic grades. In more important matters there appears little to criticize and much to commend and admire. When Dr. Dall took up the study of West Coast mollusks some 468 species had been recorded. The enormous advance he has made in all branches of the science, with the help of many zealous workers on the coast, is shown by this volume. It is a splendid record of the achievements of a generation of conchologists, and an inspiration for those to come. — H. A. P. THE CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS OF NORTHEASTERN COLORADO, AND THE FOOTHILLS FORMATIONS OF CENTRAL COLORADO. Colo. Geol. Surv. Bull. 19. By Junius Henderson. While con- cerned mainly with Mesozoic geology and paleontology, there are some references to recent mollusks, as on p. 45 where the shells of Greasewood Lake, near Osgood, and of some similar eph- emeral lakes are discussed. — H. A. P. '