THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL. XXXVI JULY, 1922, to APRIL, 1923 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy ol Natural Sciences Philadelphia CHARLES W. JOHNSON Curator of the Boston Society of Natural Histoiy Boston ^^*0 INDEX TO THE NAUTILUS, XXXVI. INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES. Abalone, coUeoting on an 17 Acmgea patina Esch.., note on 71 Actinonaias carinata Barnes 100 Alasmidonta calceola Lea 98 Alabina Dall = Fenella A. Ads 27 Amblema costata Raf 48 Amblema perplicata elliotti Lea 75 Amnicola judayi Baker n. sp 19 Amnicola limosa porata Say 20, 25 Anodon longinus Spix 8 Anodonta grandis Say 97 Anodonta grandis grijalvae Morelet 9 Anodontites, observations on the genera Leila and 7 Anodontoides birgei Baker, n. sp 123 Anodontoides ferussacianus Lea 98 Aperostoma Troschel, Type Cyclostoma mexicanum Mk.. 14 Aperostomatinse 14 Arcidens confragosus Say 97 Argentina, two new bivalves from 58 Arion hortensis in Maine 105 Ashmnnella hebardi Pils. & Van., n. sp 119 Busy con maximum var. tritonis Con 10 Carychium magnificum Hanna . .' 141 Carunculina parva Barnes 100 Chiorsera dalli, a critique on Professor Harold Heath's. . 86 Cooke, Jeanette M. (obituary) 30 Crenella faba Miiller on the coast of Maine 104 Cyclonaias tuberculata Raf 48 Cypraea ostergaardi Dall 71 Cypraea pacifica Ostergaard, note on 71 (iii) / "7 7 ^»f IV THE NAUTILUS. Donax variabilis Say 60 Drillia roseobasis Pils. & Van 132 Dysnomia (Tnincillopsis) triquetra Raf 102 Elliptio dilatatus Raf 97 Epiphra^mophora fidelis Gray destroying creepers 61 Epiphragmophora fidelis Gray climbing trees 144 Epiphragmophora fidelis oregonensis Lea 14 Epiphragmophora mormonum Pfr 12 Euparypha pisana mut. taylori CklL, n. n 45 Fasciolaria gigantea var. reevei Jonas 11 Fenella A. Adams, note on 27 Ferriss collection injured by fire 104 Florida, fossil shells from the St. Lucie Canal 10 Fusconaia iiibiginosa parvula Grier 19 Fusconaia succissa Lea 73 Fusconaja ebenus Lea 48 Gemma gemma purpurea in Florida 32 Goniobasis edgariana Lea 115 Haliotis fulgens Phil 18 Hawaiian marine shells 120 Helix depressiformis and H. prostrata Pease, the iden- tity of 17 Helix oregonensis Lea, the status of 12 Hemilastena ambigua Say 98 Lampsilis anodontoides Lea 54, 101 Lampsilis gracilis Barnes 99 Lasmigona (Alasminota) holstonia Lea 83, 129 Lasmigona complanata Barnes 96 Leila grayana Frierson n. n. for Anodonta. exotica Gray. . 9 Leila sowerbyana Frierson n. n. for Anodonta trautwini- ana Sowb 9 Lemniscia calva race vetema Ckll. nov 46 Leptinaria charlottei n. n. for L. imperforata Baker not Strebel 32 Leptodea leptodon Raf 99 Ligumia ellipsiformis Con 100 Liguus near Cape Sable, Florida 109 Limax flavus L 105 Lioplax subearinata Say 20 Localities of N. Calif omian land snails — a correction. ... 32 Lymnsea (Galba) minnetonkensis Baker, n. sp 23 Ljrnangea (Galba) winnebagoensis Baker, n. sp 22 Lymnsea caperata warthini Baker, new subspecies 125 Macoma (Psammacoma) platensis Dall, n. sp 59 Margaritana monodonta Say 47 THE NAUTILUS. V Margaritana murma Heude 43 Margaritana, observations on (the genus 42 Margaritana simpularis Heude 43 Marine mollusca found about New York City, review of. . 59 Megalonaias gigant^ea Bar 48 Megalonaias triumphans Wright 74 Melibe leonina Gould, with special reference to the use of the foot in the nudibranchiate mollusk (Pis. 2-5) .. . 86 Mollusks dredged from San Diego Bay, Cal 33 Mya arenaria, an abnormal shell of 28 Mycetopoda longina Spix 9 Naiades, A new genus and species of American 1 Naiad fauna of the Upper Mississippi River, Notes on the 46, 96 Nematurella in Califomian Miocene 140 Nodalaria cronina Walker, n. sp. (PI. 1, f. 2, 3) 5 Notes 31, 71, 104 Nudibranch, a new Cladohepatic 133 Obliquaria reflexa Raf 99 Obovaria retusa Lam 99 Ochthephila (Callina) rotula mut. grisea Ckll. nov 45 Ochthephila (Discula) attrita mut. nigra Ckll. nov 45 Ochthephila (Discula) attrita race contracta Ckll. nov.. . 45 Ochthephila (Tectula) bulverii mut. albescens Ckll. nov.. 45 Olea hansineensis Agersborg, new genus and species .... 133 Oxstyla floridensis Pils. near Cape Sable 109 Pearl mussels, an indication of the value of artificial prop- agation of 53 Pecten (Chlamys) felipponei Dall, n. sp 58 Pisidia, some notes on minute 39 Pisidium cruciatum Sterki 40 Plagiola lineolata Raf. (P. securis Lea) 99 Planorbis caloderma Pilsbry, new species 143 Planorbis opercularis Gould (Helix prostrata Pease) ... 17 Planorbis umbilicatellus Ckll 21 Plethobasus cyphyus Raf 49 Pleurobema cordatum Raf 49 Pleurobema georginum Lea 78 Pleurobema hagleri Frierson 81 Pleurobema modicum Lea 82 Pleurobema pyramidatum Lam 96 Pleurotoma roseotineta Dall 132 Pleurotoma testudinis Pils. & Van., new name 132 Polygyra germana vancouverinsulae Pils. and Cooke, n. sub. sp 38 Vi THE NAUTILUS. Polygyra multiliueata algonquinensis Nason 21 Poteria Gray 14 Proserpinellidse 84 Proserpinidse 85 Proptera alata Say 99 Pseudoleila, Type anodonta ciconia Gould 8 Publications received 34, 62, 106, 139 Quadrula asperata Lea 76 Quadrula heros Say, a large 25 Quadrula pustula Lea 47, 54 Quincuncina burkei Walker, n. sp. (PL I, f. 1 and 4) . . . . 3 Quincuncina Ortmann, n. gen 1 Eambles of a midshipman 49 Simpsoniconcha ambigua Say 98 Snails destroying creepers and their eggs, notes on 61 Strophitus conasaugaensis Lea 130 Strophitus edentulus Say 98 Symphynota compressa Lea 97 Tritogonia nobilis Conr 47 Trochomorpha swainsoni Pf r. (Helix depressiformis Pease) 17 Types of Ferussac's subgenera of Helix 31 Unio crassidens Lam 96 Unio declivis Say 127 Unio geometricus Lea 127 Unio haleianus Lea 128 Unio tetralasmus Say 127 Unioninge and Anodontinae from the Gulf Drainage, Anat- omy and taxonomy of 73 Vancouver Island, land shells of 37 Vancouver, B. C, Observations on land shells of Stanley Park 106 Viviparus japonicus from another locality in Boston .... 105 Viviparus contectoides W. G. Binney 105 Wheat, Silas C. (obituary) 103 Wisconsin and Minnesota, ney Lymnaeas from 22 Wisconsin, new species and varieties of moUusca from Lake Winnebago 19 Zonitoides cookei Pils., n. sp. (fig. 1) 38 Zonitoides minusculus alachuanus Dall, a scalariform specimen of 105 THE NAUTILUS. Vll INDEX TO AUTHORS. Baker, Frank C 19, 22, 123, 125 Baker, Fred 30, 32 Baker, H. B 14, 84 Barney, R. L 53 Berry, S. S 32 Bowles, J. Hooper 61 Button, Fred L 71 Cockerell, T. D. A 44 Cooke, C. Montage 17, 37 Ball, W. H 27, 58 Frierson, L. S 7, 42, 126 Goodrich, Calvin 115 Grier, N. M 46, 96 Hanna, G. Dallas 12, 141 Jackson, Ralph W 144 Jacot, Arthur 59 Johnson, C. W 10, 103, 105 Kelsey, F. W 17 Kjerschow-Agersborg, H. P 86, 133 Lermond, N. W 104 Mant, C. F 106, 120 Marshall, W. B 25 Morse, Edw. S 28 Mueller, J. F 46, 96 Orcutt, C. R 33 Ortmann, A. E 1, 73, 129 Pilsbry, H. A 17, 31, 37, 71, 119, 132 Remin^on, Jr., P. S 49 Simpson, C. T 109 Sterki, V 39, 62 Vanatta, E. G 119, 132 Van Hyning, T 105 "Walker, Bryant 1 THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XXXVL PLATE I. 1,4. QUINCUNCINA BURKEI WALKER. 2.3. NODULARIA CRONIN/E WALKER. Fhe Nautilus. Vol. XXXV JULY, 1922. No. 1 A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF AMERICAN NAIADES BY A. E. ORTMANN AND BRYANT WALKER The generic diagnosis, and the anatomical work on which it is based, was done by Ortmann. The determination of the specific distinctness of the form was made by Walker before any anatomical work had been done and the specific description has been prepared by him. QuiNCUNCiNA Ortmann. The genus Quincuncina is founded upon the new species Quin- cuncina burkei Walker. I have received from the late H. H. Smith from the Choctahatchee River, Blue Springs, Barbour Count}^ A-la., several shells and the soft parts of seven other, five males, one barren and one gravid female, the latter col- lected Mav 12, 1915. Supraanal opening present, separated from the anal by a short mantle-connection. Anal opening about as long as the supraanal, its inner edge finely crenulated. Branchial opening about as large as the anal with distinct papillae. Palpi sub- falciform, their posterior margins connected for about one-half of their length. Gills of normal Unione shape and structure. Inner lamina of inner gill free from abdominal sac except at its anterior end. Since the gill is rather short, the connected portion is about 2 THE NAUTILUS. one- third the length of the abdommal sac. Gill diaphragm of the usual type. Septa of the gills, in the male, moderately developed, not very closely set; in the female, all four gills serve as marsupium^ and the septa are strongly developed and stand close together. When gravid, the gills do not swell much and the ovisacs (water- tubes) are filled with sub cylindrical placentae. The gravid female at hand had only embryos in an early stage, but no glochidia. The color of the placentae could not be ascertained in consequence of the preservation in alcohol, in which they appear grayish-white. The most characteristic anatomical feature of the present species is found in the marsupium, which is formed by the four gills, and has sub cylindrical placentsg. In these particulars it re- eembles only one genus, Fusconaia, and also the rest of the anatomy does not differ from that of this genus. However, in shell characters, this species is distinct from all known species of Fusconaia. In the latter we never see any sculpture on the disk and the beak sculpture is quite poorly de- veloped, simple and concentric. In Quincundna we have a rather complex zig-zag sculpture on the shell, following the subconcentric beak-sculpture. Certain species of Quadrula have indications of the sculpture (Q. cylindrica, for instance) ; but these species differ from the present one by the lanceolate and compressed placentae. How- ever, there are two species which have been placed in Quad- rula, U. infucatus Conrad and U. kleinianus Lea, which have a sculpture much like that of Quincuncina burhei. Of U. kleini- anus, Lea (Journ. Acad. Phila., 1863, p, 404, and Obs. 10, 1863) has described the soft parts and, so far as the description goes, it agrees very well with the present species, except that the inner lamina of the inner gill is said to be free only half the length of the abdominal sac and that the anal opening is de- scribed as smooth; these are very insignificant differences, in- deed. The most important character mentioned by Lea is that all four gills of kleinianus are marsupial. H. H. Smith has sent me the soft parts of two males of in- fucatus. Also here the anatomy is the same so far as can be THE NAUTILUS. observed. The inner lamina of the inner gill agrees with Q. burkei, while the anal opening is smooth as in U. kleinianus. It is more than probable that U. infacatus and kleinianus also belong to our new genus Quinciincina, the type of which is Q. burkei. It is a very primitive form of the subfamily Unioninx and stands, in its anatomy, close to Fusconaia^ from which it differs, however, by the very peculiar sculpture of the shell, which, indeed, is rather unique among North American Naiades. The generic diagnosis of Quincuncina would be as follows: Soft parts of the type of the family Unionidae^ subfamily Unioninse^ much like those of the genus Fusconaia. All four gills marsupial, when charged not much swelled, and with sub- cylindrical (not lanceolate and compressed) placentae. Shell sculptured. The beak sculpture subconcentric, and followed upon the disk by bars of zig-zag type extending to a considerable distance and being much broken up so as to offer, at least upon parts of the disk, a quincuncial arrangement of nodules. Quincuncina burkei Walker. Plate I, figs. 1 and 4. Shell of moderate size, subrhomboid, very inequilateral, sub- solid, somewhat inflated; beaks only slightly elevated above the hinge-line, their sculpture consisting of strong, subcircular ridges, stronger along the umbonal ridge and curved up sharply behind, fading out anteriorly and becoming nearly parallel with the growth-lines; anterior end regularly rounded; base line curved; posterior end somewhat produced, subtruncate, curving down rather abruptly and subangulated as it approaches the posterior point, which is below the median of the disk; pos- terior ridge strong and angulated by the junction of the surface ridges; posterior slope with strong ridges, curving upwards, ex- tending from the posterior ridge to the posterior margin, these form a sharp angle on the posterior ridge with heavier ridges extending downward and forward, which become more or less broken and tuberculous toward the margin and much weaker on the anterior end where they assume a rather quincuncial arrangement; epidermis in mature shells black or sometimes dark brown, in young shells brown or occasionally greenish- 4 THE NAUTILUS. yellow, in which case obscure radial stripes of darker green are visible; pseudocardinals double in both valves; in the right valve the anterior is low and oblique, the posterior strong and erect; in the left valve the anterior is rather long and projects obliquely forward, the posterior is larger, erect and more or less split up; the laterals, two in the left valve and (usually) one in the right are only a little curved, that in the right valve is sometimes more or less inclined to be double; beak cavities not very deep nor compressed; anterior muscle scars well marked, the superior one deep and extending under the base of the an- terior pseudocardinal; posterior muscle scars distinct, but not deeply impressed; nacre light purplish, deeper in the beak cavi- ties and iridescent behind. Length 51.4, height 31.5, diam. 18.5 mm. Type locality, Sikes' Creek, a tributary of the Choctahatchee River, Barbour County, Ala. Also in the Choctahatchee River, Blue Springs; Pea River at Elamville, Clio and Flemings' Mill and Campbell's Creek near Clio, Barbour County, and Hurri- cane Creek, near Hartford, Geneva County, Ala. Type, No. 41626, Coll. Walker. Cotypes in the Alabama State Museum and the Carnegie Museum. This very distinct species was first discovered in the Pea River at Elamville, Ala., by Joseph B. Burke and is named after him by the request of the late H. H. Smith. So far as known it is restricted to the Choctahatchee drainage system. There is some variation in shape and considerable in sculp- ture shown in the series from the several localities listed above. As shown by the figure the type is quite distinctly biangulated at the posterior extremity, but in many specimens the upper angle disappears and the dorsal outline curves directly down to a sharp posterior point. The surface sculpture is some times nearly obsolete. This is quite marked in the shells from Hur- ricane Creek and the Pea River at Clio. On the other hand the series from Campbell's Creek are larger and have a much coarser sculpture than any of the other lots. The largest specimen seen is in this lot and measures 67.5 x 38 x 23 mm. The species is extremely subject to erosion and for this reason THE NAUTILUS. 5 the type was selected from the series frora Sikes' Creek, which were in much better condition than those from the Choctahat- chee, which supphed the alcohoHc material on which the gen- eric diagnosis is based. The description of the beak sculpture is based on a single young shell from the Pea River, which is nearly in perfect con- dition. As stated in the generic diagnosis the affinities of this species lie clearly with U. infucatus Con. and U. Jcleinianus Lea. It differs from both in its more elongated shape and less com- pressed beak cavities. But the peculiar surface sculpture is the same in all. NoDULARiA CRONiNiE u. sp. , Walker. PL I, figs. 2-3. Shell of moderate size, oblong, subinflated, rather solid; beaks obtuse; situated at about one-third of the length from the anterior end, heavily radiately folded; anterior end regularly rounded; basal margin curved, fullest in the middle, more rapidly anteriorly and less so towards the posterior end; dorsal margin nearly straight to the end of ligament where it is ob- tusely angulated as it passes into the posterior margin, which is oblique, meeting the basal margin in a broadly-rounded point below the median line; posterior ridge low, rounded, wider and flatter as it approaches the posterior point; the posterior slope has a series of strong corrugations, which curve upwards to the posterior margin, the upper ones are prolongations of the beak sculpture, the lower ones are wider and more or less irregular and disappear below the median line; in front of the beaks is a series of small ridges curving upwards, the upper ones con- nected with the beak sculpture, the lower ones are not and gradually disappear before reaching the median line; the beak sculpture in the centre extends only a short distance from the in- curving of the beaks; entire surface elsewhere smooth with very fine lines of growth; color brownish or reddish-yellow, slightly tinged with green towards the beaks and in that region with fine, radiating lines of a darker green than the general tinge; pseudocardinals in the left valve two, triangular, flattened, crenate, especially the inner one, on the edge, practically united 6 THE NAUTILUS. on the ligamental side, but separated below by an oblique groove, which receives the inner pseudocardinal of the right valve; pseudocardinals in the right valve two, the inner the larger and quite heavily crenated, the outer narrow and smooth; laterals two in the left valve and one in the right, rather slender and nearly straight; beak cavities deep; anterior muscle scars separate and impressed; posterior only slightly impressed; nacre salmon color, more intense towards the beaks, shading into bluish-white below the pallial line and at the ends where it is very iridescent. Length (type), 42.1, height 28.5, diam. 19.2 mm. Length (paratype), 38.3, height 24.3, diam. 17.6 mm. Length (type), 100.00, height .677 %, diam. .466 %. Length (paratype), 100.00, height .637 %, diam. 4595 %. As shown by the comparative measurements the paratype is proportionately not quite so high and a little more inflated than the type as might well be expected from the fact that it is evi- dently a younger shell. The color is a brighter yellow, which extends to the basal margin, otherwise it is in all respects sim- ilar to the type. Type locality, Zambesi River, at Mongu Sealu in the Barotze Valley, North Rhodesia. Type, No. 59694, Coll. Walker. Paratype in the collection of Mrs. Howard of Somerset East, Cape Province. Two specimens of this fine species were sent in by Mr. H. C. Burnup of Maritzburg, Natal, who received them from Mrs. Howard. They were collected by Mrs. Edwina Cronin after whom it is named. It differs from all of the described African species in the dis- tinctive sculpture of the anterior and posterior slopes. In order to be sure that the species had not been already de- scribed I submitted photographs of the type to Dr. Louis Ger- main of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, the well- known authority on African moUusca, and he assures me that it is quite distinct from all of the described species. THE NAUTILUS. 7 OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENERA LEILA AND ANODONTITES BY L. S. FRIERSON The edentulous shells of South America, classed by Dr. Lea as Anodonta, were placed by Simpson (1900) in the two genera Leila and Glabaris, both of Gray. The latter genus was subdivided into three sections: Glabaris proper, s, s., Styganodon, and Virgula. This arrangement was practically retained in Simpson's Cata- logue of 1914, but the generic name of Glabaris (with the typi- cal section of course) was changed to Anodontites Bruguiere. But because of the radical difference between the Anodontites crispata Brug., type of the last named genus, and the Anodonta exotica Lam., type of the displaced genus Glabaris, the two genera can scarcely be considered synonymous, though thus treated by Simpson, as shown. As Ortmann has recently hinted (in Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, Vol. VIII, 1921) the type of the section Anodontites, s. s. , and that of the section Styganodon really belong to the same subgeneric group, and in consequence, when the genus Anodontites is adopted, the subgenus Styganodon must be dropped. But as constituted by Simpson, in his two works, but notably in his Catalogue, the Anodontites is easily seen to be composed of radically diverse elements, and a need of segregating the units thereof into groups more closely and naturally allied inter se, becomes more and more apparent. This can be done expeditiously, and in the writer's opinion, most naturally, by the wholesale removal from the genus Anodontites, of the group w^hose leading member is, perhaps, the Anodonta trapezialis Lamarck, and placed them in the genus Leila. This will be the more easily done since it will but in large measure restore the status quo ante Simpson; many conchologists having so written many, if not all of the species thus indicated. The enlarged genus Leila will then embrace all of those South American Naiades, whose general outward appearance so closely resemble that of the North American Anodonta grandis Say. 8 THE NAUTILUS. These shells differ from the emended Anodontites in having shells of greater size, yet, in proportion, of thinner texture, and of greater inflation. Their coloring and polish of epidermis are also noticeable differences. Internally, they differ in a more or less sinuous post-pallial line. Most of all, probably, they are to be differentiated by the greater extension of the pallial line, beyond the posterior adductor muscle scar. In some instances this extension reaches the ligamental sinus. This extended pallial line may be noted in the figure given by Lea of his Anodonta forbesiana ; and also in the recent figure given by Ort- mann (Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, Vol. VIII, 1921, Plate XLIV, Fig. 2) of the Anodontites riograndensis Ihering. It is shown perfectly in a fine example of Leila bahiensis Kuster before me. Lastly, it is shown in a large specimen of Leila trapezialis Lamarck. It is likely that this feature follows from the usual gaping posteriors of the group, thus throwing the work of excluding undesirables from the cavity of the gill chambers, upon the post-mantle edges; this in turn brings about a development of the pallial muscles in that region, and the pallial line noted, evidences their presence. The genus is naturally divided into two subgeneric groups. Leila s. s. Type, Anodonta blainvilliana Lea. Pseudoleila. Type, Anodonta ciconia Gould. The latter section being proposed by Crosse & Fischer, 1893. A study of the species listed in Anodontites leads to some con- clusions at variance with those of the Catalogue and Synopsis. Some of the more interesting are submitted herewith. Anodon longinvs Spix., 1827. This species is listed in the Catalogue as an Anodontites (Pg. 1446), but the writer agrees with Clessin, Sowerby, Dr. Lea and Von Ihering, that it is really a Mycetopoda. Both Lea and Sowerby place it as a synonym of Mycetopoda siliquosa D'Orbigny, but that species is almost square posteri- orly, while the present species is roundly pointed. It agrees much better with that very poorly named species Mycetopus subsinuatus Sowerby, 1868, a species quite often devoid of the subsinuate basal margin for which Sowerby named it. THE NAUTILUS. 9 A shell lies before the writer, collected in Guatemala by A. A. Hinkley, which has exactly the shape of Knster's figure of longinus, a species recently identified as the M. subsinuata Sowerby, by Ortmann, and I think correctly. The writer therefore writes the species as follows: Mycetopoda longina Spix., 1827. Mycetopiis subsinuatus Sowerby, 1868. Anodonta grijalvae Morelet, 1884. Simpson placed this species in GlabariSj 1900 =^Anodontites, 1914. A study of the fine figure given by Crosse and Fischer (1893) seeming to show the usual small, semi-oval, ligamental sinus, characteristic of the North American Anodonta grandis Say, the type specimen in the British Museum was critically examined for the writer by the late Curator, Mr. Smith, who confirmed this impression. Specimens of Anodonta grandis Say, from southern Texas, having very full, high umbones, and very inequilateral in shape, so closely approximate Morelet' s shell that the writer places it as one of the myriad phases of that shell. Anodonta grandis grijalvae Morelet, 1884. Anodonta grijalvae Morelet. Glabaris grijalvae Simpson, 1900. Leila soioerbyana, new name. Anodon trauttviniana Sowerby, Fig. 134. This species is of course nothing like that of Lea's as Sowerby had it. From its nearest of kin, Anodon rioplatensis Sowerby, it differs most remarkably in the extremely short anterior margin, as well as in some other less obvious characters. Leila grayana, new name. Anodonta exotica (Gray) Sowerby, Fig. 57. This species differs from Anodonta moricandi Lea (with which Simpson doubtfully identifies it) in being considerably larger, with higher umbones, and the posterior point is on a line with the base, instead of about half-way the altitude, etc. 10 THE NAUTILUS. Simpson gives for the genus Anodontites a masculine ending, but Ortmann observes that since the type was originally written Anodontites crispata by its author, the genus should be regarded as feminine. FOSSIL SHELLS FROM THE 6T. LTJCIE CANAL, FLORIDA BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON I recently examined a small but interesting collection of shells secured by Mr. Frederick Nelson, an engineer, while at work on the dredge that is digging the St. Lucie Canal to Lake Okeechobee. This canal is to be a deep water canal with locks. About eight miles from the east coast the canal passes through a strip of pine woods and it was while excavating there at a depth of about 40 feet below the surface that the shells were obtained. There were six specimens referable to Busycon maximum var. tritonis Conr. of the Duplin beds of North Carolina. The younger specimens were almost typical of that horizon, but in form the older ones resemble small examples of the recent B. carica Gmel. They are broad and thick in proportion to their size, but lack the very large spines and enlarged canal of the body whorl, characteristic of the recent var. eliceans Montf. of the Indian River, Florida. In all cases the enamel of the aper- ture was well preserved. The four Busycon perversum L. were also peculiar, one young specimen was a typical var. contrarius Conr. of the Duplin, while a second was a form common in the Caloosahatchie Pliocene, called obrapum by Grabau (Amer. Nat., Aug., 1903), characterized by a small rounded body whorl, with a long straight canal. The others are huge adult shells, with broad low spires, the body whorl slightly encroach- ing on the preceeding whorl at the suture, the canal short and somewhat curved; as a whole they resemble the recent shells of the eastern coast of Florida. One was perforated by the boring sponge, and the other had the enamel of the aperture well THE NAUTILUS. 11 preserved. Some grayish sand that was obtained from the in- terior of the latter shell contained the following species: Crepidula fornicata L (juv. ). Pleuromeris tridentata Say. Crepidida aculeata Gmel. Chione cancellata L. Eulima sp? (polished) Chione pygmaea Lam. Astyris lunata (with color Dosinia discus Rve. (juv.). markings). Donax variabilis Say (common). Oliva mutica Say. Donax fossor Say ? Mangelia cerina K. & S. Malinea lateralis Say. Area transversa Say. Corbula sp? Glycymeris pectinata Gmel. The other large shells were two Fasciolaria gigantea Kien., about 20 inches in length. One has small nodes on the shoul- ders of all the whorls, the other has the shoulders and nodes both wanting, except in a few of the early whorls. If recent, the latter would be considered a very large example of the var. reevei Jonas. A number of Oliva sayana Rav. ( 0. litterata Lam.) were highly polished and some some showed the dark brown letter-like markings, a large Crepidula fornicata L., two large thick shells of Venus campechensis Gmel. (V. mortoni Con.), a large valve of Glycymeris americana Defr., and two modern looking oyster shells, constituted the collection. With the meager data and material at hand, it is difficult to draw any definite conclusions. Mr. Nelson said that shells were first obtained at about 35 feet and as deep as 45 feet. Two beds may therefore be involved. Dr. Wm. H. Dall in his ''Tertiary Fauna of Florida" (Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Vol. 9, pt. 6, p. 1594) says: -'The Miocene appears as a soft limestone rock in the vicinity of Jacksonville, and has been traced by material from artesian wells on the east side of the peninsula as far south as Lake Worth." Although many of the recent shells listed are found in the Miocene, Busycon maxi- mum tritonis and B. perversum contrarius, are the only ones in any way characteristic; the form obrapum 1 have only seen from the Florida Pliocene. The formation deserves a careful study. 12 THE NAUTILUS. THE STATUS OF HELIX OREGONENSIS LEA BY G. DALLAS HANNA Lea described Helix oregonensis in 1838 ^ from an immature specimen collected by Thomas Nuttal near the junction of the Willamette and Columbia Rivers in Oregon. The type is now deposited in the U. S. National Museum but through some curious error it has catalogued with it an adult shell of typical dupetithouarsii such as grows only in the vicinity of Monterey Bay, California. How this happened may never be known. Certainly if they were collected together Lea would have de- scribed the adult shell. Whether the association of these two specimens influenced Binney or not may likewise never be known; but he placed oregonensis as a synonymy of dupetithou- arsii in his writings and most conchologists have followed him. Matters stood thus until 1912 when Henry M. Edson* re- vived Lea's name as a substitute for the widely known Epiphrag- mophora mormonum of central California. Some western con- chologists have accepted his reasoning at its face value and have proceeded to change the names on their labels as a result. It would seem that Edson's article contains too many assumptions and misstatements to warrant such acceptance without further inquiry. I have attempted such an investigation and have arrived at a very different conclusion. Edson appears to have relied upon Pfeififer's original descrip- tion of mormonum and had no authentic material for compari- son. He states that the species has been collected at Klamath Falls, Oregon, " which is close to the original locality of oregon- ensis.^^ The two places are across the state from each other, 250 miles apart. Moreover the Klamath Falls record is based upon reputed material in the " Washington State Museum, fide H[arold] Hannibal." Mr. F. S. Hall, Curator of that Museum has advised me (letter dated March 2, 1922) that there is no such material in the institution from Klamath Falls. 1 Observations, Vol. II, p. 100, pi. XXVIII, fig. 9, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, p. 100, pi. XXIII, fig. 85, 1839. » Nautilus, Vol. XXVI, p. 49. THE NAUTILUS. 13 Through the courtesy of Dr. Paul Bartsch I was permitted to make a careful examination of the type specimen oregonensis in Washington in January, 1922. It is unquestionably a young shell of the fidelis group. This might be suspected since it came from the heart of the fidelis country. It seems to belong to the small race afterwards called minor by Binney ^ and should replace that name. The small subspecies has been reported from Seattle and other places and the collection of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences contains many specimens from Portland, Oregon (near the type locality of oregonensis) The Dalles, Oregon and elsewhere in that state. The name mormonum should therefore remain as it was be- fore, applicable to the shells from Mormon Island, Sacramento California. It really represents a group of variants similar to tudiculata, traskii and californiensis groups and typical mormonum seems to be restricted solely to the type locality. Fortunately, through the aid of Dr. Emmett Rixford we have considerable collections from there for comparison and others from that gen- eral region, but it is not yet time to revise all of the various elements which may be grouped about mormonum ; some other territory must be visited before the work can be done well. There is a small race of mormonum which is similar to the small race of fidelis and with a sufficient amount of material from in- tervening country the two species might be connected with in- tergrades. This however may be said of arrosa^ tudiculata, cal- iforniensis, etc. Lea described H. nuttalliana at the same time as oregonensis; and it is generally admitted that with the first he was dealing with fidelis, the same having been placed in the synonymy of that species for many years. It may seem strange that he did not place his oregonensis with his equivalent of fidelis. The two however are so different in the extremes that without a large series of specimens intergradation would probably not be sus- pected. With the same scanty material to-day, any reputable conchologist would probably duplicate Lea's action. The following summarizes my conclusions: ^Man. Am. Land Sh,, p. 121, fig. 91, 1885. 14 THE NAUTILUS. Epiphragmophora fidelis (Gray), Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1834, p. 67. H. nuttalliana Lea, Obeervations, Vol. II, p. 88, 1838. Chiefly found in the Coast Ranges. Epiphragmophora fidelis oregonensis (Lea), Observations, Vol. II, p. 100, 1838. A. f. minor Binney, Man. Am. Ld. Shells, p. 121, fig. 91, 1885. Chiefly found at some distance inland from the coast. Epiphragmophora mormonum (Pfeiffer), Proc. Zool. Soc, Lon- don, 1857, p. 109. So far as known found only at the type locality. Subspecies hillebrandi (Newc. ) cala Pilsbry and buttoni Pilsbry have been described. Epiphragmophora dupetithouarsii (Deshayes), Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 360. Confined to the vicinity of Monterey Bay, California. APEEOSTOMATINAE BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER As indicated below, three exceedingly unfortunate changes from the customary usage are necessary. 1. Aperostoma becomes the generic title of what is usually known as Cyrtotoma mextcanum. 2. Poteria (genus and subgenus s. s.) replaces both Ptychoco- chlis and Plectocy dolus as the name of the West- Indian group usually regarded as a subgenus of Neocydotus. 3. The closely related mainland species forming the subgenus Neocydotus {Aperostoma of authors), also take Poteria as their generic title. Gray allowed Poteria to remain as a nude name for ten years after its proposal, but finally defined it in the British Museum Catalogue of the Cyclophoridse (1850). Her- mannsen (1852) and Pfeiffer (1852) recognized the name, but it appears to have been entirely omitted from later authors. List of generic and suhgeneric names Megalomastoma Swainson (1840). Type (designated) M, hrunnea ''Guilding" Swainson (1840), from St. Vincent. Aperostoma Troschel (1847). Type (Hermannsen, 1852) Cydostoma mexicanum Menke (1830), from Mexico. THE NAUTILUS. 15 Farcimen Troschel (1847). Type (Gray, 1847) Turbo tortus Wood (1828), from Cuba. Poteria Gray (1840-1847, nude; 1850). Type Turbo jamaic- ensis (Chemnitz) Wood (1828), from Jamaica. Platystoma "Klein" Moerch (1852), not Meigen (1803). First used by Moerch as a synonym of Cydotus. Oyrtotoma Moerch (1852). Type (monotype) Cyclostoma mexicanum Menke. Crocidopoma Shuttleworth (1857). Type Cyclostoma floccosum Shuttleworth (1857), from Haiti. Buckleyia Higgins (1872). Type (monotype) Aperostoma montezumi "Hidalgo" Higgins (1872), from Ecuador. Tomocyclus Crosse and Fischer (1872). Type T. gealei C. and F. (1872), from Mexico. Amphicy dolus Crosse and Fischer (1879). Type Oydostoma boucardi "Salle" Pfeiffer (1857), from Mexico. Habropoma Crosse and Fischer (1880). Type Oydostoma mexicanum Menke. Neocyclotus Crosse and Fischer (1886). Type Oydostoma dysoni Pfr. (1851), from Honduras. Ptychocochlis Simpson (1894). Type Turbo jamaicensis (Chemnitz) Wood. Plectocydotus Kobelt and Moellendorff (1897). Type Turbo jamaicensis (Chemnitz) Wood. Oeratodiscus Simpson and Henderson (1901). Type C solutus S. and H. (Naut., 1901). Compare Pilsbry (Naut., 1914). Neopupina Kobelt (1902). Type Megalomastoma flavula Swainson (1840), from Porto Rico. Key to genera and subdivisions A. Shell heliciform to planorbiform. B. Operculum corneous { Amphicy clotece). 0. Shell planorbiform. Ecuador to southern Colom- bia. Genus Buckleyia. C. Shell heliciform. Z). Peristome reflected and thickened. Mexico. Genus Aperostoma {-\- Oyrtotoma -{-Habro- poma). 16 THE NAUTILUS. D' . Peristome simple or thinly reflected. Mexico to Lesser Antilles. Genus, Amphicyclotua. B' . Operculum calcareous (Neocycloteae). Tropical Amer- ica. Genus Poteria. E. Periphery of operculum double because of ob- liquely raised, spiral, calcareous lamella, which overlaps the outer edge of the basal plate. Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti. Subgenus Crocidopoma. E'. Periphery of operculum simple, or briefly double at the termination of the last whorl; spiral, calcareous lamella almost vertical along inside of whorls. Tropical America. F. Spiral lamella of operculum prominent; re- mainder of basal plate with oblique, sup- porting riblets. Antilles. Subgenus Poteria B. B. (-j- Ptychocochlis -{-Pledocydotus). F'. Whorls of operculum simply thickened at their inner edges; oblique riblets scarcely visible. Typically mainland. Subgenus Neocydotus. B". Operculum unknown; shell discoid and minute (max. diam. 5 mm.). Cuba and Haiti. Genus Cerato- discus. A.^ Shell pupiform to turrite; apex usually deciduous; operculum corneous. (^Megalomastomeae. ) B. Shell rimate to perforate; either pupiform or with per- istome but slightly reflected. Antilles, Ecuador (??). Genus Megalomastmna. C. Shell pupiform; peristome reflected and thickened. Cuba and Haiti. Section Farcimen. C Shell elongate; peristome simple. Porto Rico. Section Neopupina. C". Shell elongate; peristome thin, slightly reflected and often double. Porto Rico and Lesser An- tilles. Section Megalomastoma s. s. B'. Shell perforate, turritiform, and with broadly reflected peristome. Southern Mexico and Guatemala. Genus Tomocydus. THE NAUTILUS. 17 THE IDENTITY OF HELIX DEPRESSIEORMIS AND H. PROSTRATA PEASE BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND C. MONTAGUE COOKE Two of Pease's Helices described ^ from the " Central Pacific " have baffled all attempts at identification by other naturalists. The present writers, separately and together, had time and again gone over the descriptions, finally giving them up, as the types could not then be found in the Pease collection. One of us (C. M. C. ) recently worked over Pease's shells at Cambridge, finding the original specimens of both H. depressiformis and H. prostrata, which had been misplaced in the collection. These have now been examined by both of us. The specimens of H. depressiformis were contained in a vial also containing examples of Pterodiscus alatus (Pfr. ). Labels of both species in Pease's handwriting were present. Pease's species proves to be a very young shell of Trochomorpha swainsoni (Pfr.), a Raiatean (Society Island) species. We find that the unique type of Flanamastra peaseana Pils. (Man. Conch., XXI, 130) is a still younger example of the same species. Its local- ity "Hawaiian Islands " (from Pease) was clearly erroneous. Helix prostrata Pease turns out to be Planorhis opercularis Gld., a common West American shell. We were able to examine the dentition, as the animal was dried in one of Pease's specimens. Pease's description is fairly good, but it is hardly surprising that the species was not recognized before; the generic reference and locality eSectually disguised it. COLLECTING ON AN ABALONE BY F. W. KELSEY Some of my young friends who collect shells at the seashore may be interested in the following method of getting specimens for a collection, when better means are not at hand. » Proc. Zool. Soc. , London, 1861, p. 670. They were placed with doubt in the genus Planamaslra in Manual of Conchology, XXI, pp. 131, 132. 18 THE NAUTILUS. On May fourteenth of this year I took a boat trip to the Cor- onado Islands, in Mexican waters, about twenty miles south- west of San Diego. Arriving at the anchorage at high tide, shore collecting was out of the question, so I went out with the skipper and mate in a glass-bottomed boat to a portion of the cove known as the "Marine Gardens". The water is very clear and at points where it is from two to three fathoms deep the view of the waving kelp, sea moss, grasses, shells and many colored fish is exceedingly interesting. With a long-handled trident, or spear, the skipper would occasionally dislodge an abalone from the rocks, turn it over on its back and with a prong of the spear pierce the flesh of the mollusk and bring it up to the boat. About a dozen fine speci- mens were thus obtained, one being Haliotis corrugata Gray and all the remainder Haliotis fulgens Phil. The backs of several shells were covered with moss and other growths which I re- moved with my pocket knife from the backs of seven shells to be brought home for examination. The scrapings were treated to an all-night bath in a three-percent solution of formalde- hyde, then rinsed and thoroughly dried, when they were shaken out and carefully examined for shells. From the material scraped from the seven shells I picked ninety -four specimens, including the twenty-five species which follow. Amphissa versicolor Dall. Orepidula dorsata Brod. Assimijiea califomica Cooper. Columbella aurantiaca Dall. Cerithiopsis columna Cpr. Columbella gausapata Gld. Lasea rubra Mont. Eulithidium substriatum Cpr. Lacuna unifasciata Cpr. Acmaea paleacea Gld. Lacuna solidula Loven. Acmaea rosacea Cpr. Mangilia striosa C. B. Ads. Acmaea asmi Midd. Littor ina planaxis ^utt (juv. ). Saxicava rugosa Linn. Odostomia americana D. & B. Philobrya setosa Cpr. Odostomia tenuisculpta Cpr. Marginella regularis Cpr. Phasianella compta pulloides Cpr. Psephis tantilla Gld. (1 valve). Fissurella volcano crucifera Dall. Cardita subquadrata Cpr. Pecten, sp. (juv.). THE NAUTILUS. 19 NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIKS OF MOLLUSCA FROM LAKE WINNEBAGO, WISCONSIN, WITH NEW RECORDS FROM THIS STATE BY FRANK C. BAKER (Concluded from p. 133) The lake forms of gibbosus are all referable to Grier's sterkii, which is the lake manifestation of this species, though they are smaller than the Lake Erie specimens listed. The Winnebago shells are like Ortmann's figures (1920, pi. 8, fig. 3). Meas- urements of the Winnebago form are given below: Length 61, height 33, width 19 mm., per cent 31. Length 63, height 32, width 20 mm., per cent 31. Length 64, height 34, width 20 mm., per cent 31. Fusconaia rubiginosa parvula Grier. Winnebago Lake, gravel and boulder bottom, one to ten feet in depth. The Lake Win- nebago shells seem referable to the Lake Erie form distinguished by Grier. Measurements of the Wisconsin shells are given below: Length 56, height 44, width 32 mm. Length 55, height 40, width 25 mm. Length 34, height 33, width 24 mm. Length 38, height 32, width 19 mm. Parvula is an offshoot of rubiginosa rather than of trigona, if the Lake Winnebago specimens are referable to the Lake Erie variety. Rubiginosa is common in the Fox River and it is from this stock that the lake shells have sprung. The parvula here considered are wider than the river form, more trigonal and strikingly swollen anteriorly. A single specimen from Lake Winnebago (number 3 in the measurements above) is markedly trigonal and approaches trigona in general shape. The epi- dermis is yellowish-brown, becoming darker in old specimens. Amnicola judayi n. sp. Shell ovate conic, rather wide, widely umbilicated, with rather more than 5 very convex whorls separated by deeply im- pressed sutures; whitish or corneous, sometimes light brown, .shining, lightly striate longitudinally; apex acute; aperture 20 THE NAUTILUS. roundly ovate, a trifle oblique; peristome continuous, somewhat flattened where it is in contact with the preceding whorl. Length 5.0, width 3.3; length of aperture 2.0, width 1.5 mm. Holotype. Length 4.4, width 3.1; length of aperture 2.0, width 1.6 mm. Paratype. Ofl Doemel Point, Lake Winnebago, on a sandy mud bottom,. in nine feet of water. Associated with Amnicola limosa porata is a large form of Amnicola which cannot be referred to any described species. It resembles cincinnatiensis in general form, but is smaller with more rounded whorls and a wider umbilicus. It is larger than winkleyi Pilsbry (Naut., Vol. 26, p. 1), with wider whorls and more upen umbilicus. It resembles Trj^on's figure of schrokin- geri Ffld. (Con. Hald. Mon., pi. 17, fig. 1), but is very much larger than that species. It belongs to the group with project- ing first whorl and not to the limosa group which is flat on the apex. Judayi is one of the most graceful of the Amnicolas, and I take great pleasure in dedicating it to Dr. Chancey Juday, of the University of Wisconsin. lAoplax subcarinata (Say). Lakes Winnebago and Butte des Morts, sand and mud bottoms, in water one to 13 feet in depth; Omro, Fox River, mud bottom, water 2-3 feet deep. There appear to be several forms of Lioplax included under the name subcarinata. The Winnebago Lake shells have subcarinate whorls, which in a large majority of specimens are rounded without a sign of a ridge or carina. Say especially mentions the apex which he describes as "truncated and re-entering", is a peculiar feature which seems to be characteristic of all the material examined from Wisconsin. This is a physiologic character, the truncation and subsequent replacing of the spire with a rounded plug taking place after the shell has acquired five full whorls. All of the young have perfect spires with regularly coiled, rounded whorls. Young shells 8 J mm. long have five whorls, mature shells 16 mm. long have but 4 J whorls; the adult shells, if unmodified, would have 6-7 whorls. Binney's figure 118 fairly well represents the true subcarinata^ The Winnebago shells measure as follows: THE NAUTILUS. 21 Length 18, width 11.5; aperture length 8, width 6 mm. Length 14, width 10.1; aperture length 7, width 5 mm. Subcarinata Hves in shallow water in the river and deep water in the lakes. Probably the deeper water of the lake provides the same cool temperature and oxygen supply as the shallow parts of the flowing river. Flanorbis umbilicatdlus Ckll. This little-understood species occurred in several places near Lake Winnebago, always in swales or quiet pools. These specimens are somewhat larger than specimens from Colorado and the west. A few individuals have fine, regularly disposed ribs on the base of the shell, where the growth lines are somewhat raised. Polygyra multilineata algonquinensis Nason. The shells from the Winnebago region are all smaller than typical multilineata and the spire is more elevated. These seem nearer Nason' s variety algonquinensis than any other form (see Nautilus, Vol. 19, p. 141). Three specimens measured as follows: Greatest diameter 21.5; height 15 mm. Greatest diameter 22.0; height 15.5 mm. Greatest diameter 18.5; height 13.0 mm. Literature Cited. Anthony, John G. 1865. Descriptions of New Species of North American Unionidae. Amer. Jour. Conch., I, pp. 155- 164. Grier, N. M. 1918. New Varieties of Naiades from Lake Erie. Nautilus, Vol. XIX, pp. 9-12. Ortmann, A. E. 1919. A Monograph of the Naiades of Pennsylvania. Part TIL Systematic Account of the Genera and Species. Mem. Carnegie Mus., Vol. VIII, No. 1. Pilsbry, H. A. 1912. A New Species of Amnicola. Nauti- lus, Vol. XXVI, p. 1. Walker, Bryant. 1911. A Check-list of the Michigan Mol- lusca. Mich. Acad. Sci., 13th An. Rep., pp. 121-129. Tryon, Geo. W., Jr. 1870. Monograph of the Fresh-wster Univalve Mollusca of the United States. Continuation of Hal- deman's Monograph. 22 THE NAUTILUS. NEW LYMNAEAS FSOM WISCONSIN AND MINNESOTA WITH NOTES ON SHELLS FROM THE LATTEE STATE* BY FRANK C. BAKER Lymnaea (Galba) winnebagoensis n. sp. Shell elongated; rather thick and solid; periostracuni very light horn color; surface dull, lines of growth crowded, coarse, crossed by more or less deeply incised spiral lines; nuclear whorls 1 J, small, well rounded, dark wine or light horn colored ; whorls 7, flatly rounded, the body whorl more convex; spire long, forming a very regular sharp-pointed cone, longer than the aperture; sutures impressed; aperture ovate; peristome slightly thickened within by an inconspicuous varix edged with purple; inner lip rather wide, reflected and appressed tightly to the columellar region, leaving a very narrow umbilical chink, and forming a wide callous deposit on the parietal wall; colu- mella with a heavy, oblique plait, twisting the axis. Length 26, width 12.2; aperture length 12, width 6 mm. Type. Length 22.5, width 10.4; aperture length 10, width 5 mm. Paratype. Length 19, width 10; aperture length 10, width 5 mm. Par- atype. Length 18, width 9.1; aperture length 9.1, width 4.2 mm. Paratype. Length 15.5, width 7.1; aperture length 7.2, width 3.5 mm. Paratype. Length 6.9, width 3.2; aperture length 4, width 1.6 mm. Paratype. Types No. zll826, Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois. Type locality. Oshkosh, Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin. Habitat. When young and immature on vegetation in pro- tected places, like coves and bays. When adult in deeper water on gravel and sand bottom. * Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, Univergity of Illi- nois, No. 18. THE NAUTILUS. 23 This characteristic species evidently belongs to the catascopium group of Lymnaeas, having the same texture of shell as the lake forms of that species and occupying the same kind of habitat. It differs from all varieties of catascopium in its long, pointed spire, small aperture, and fiat-sided whorls. It some- what resembles some large individuals of Lymnaea catascopium adamsi Baker from the St. Clair flats near Detroit, Mich., but is much larger and has a differently shaped spire and aperture (see Mon. Lym., p. 393, pi. 42, figs. 5-8). It somewhat re- sembles Lymnaea nashotahensis Baker, a Pleistocene fossil found in Wisconsin, but the whorls of that species are more rounded with deeper sutures. Lymnaea danielsi Baker also approaches this species in general form, but the whorls are rounder, the aperture more elongate with a heavier plait on the columella. The aperture is also peculiarly effuse, a character not shared by vnnnebagoensis . Winnebagoensis is an abundant mollusk in all parts of Lake Winnebago, the shore debris often being made up largely of this species. A more detailed paper on the ecology of this and other species found in this lake is being prepared. Lymnaea (Galea) minnetonkensis n. sp. Shell elongated, fusiform, rather thin; periostracum light horn color; surface dull to shining, sometimes spermaceti-like, lines of growth crowded and crossed by deeply incised spiral lines; nuclear whorls 1^, small, well rounded, light horn or dark wine colored; whorls 6-7, flatly convex, the body whorl often much flattened; spire long, pointed, forming a rather wide cone about as long as the aperture; sutures well impressed; peristome thickened within by a heavy varix edged with dark red or purple; inner lip rather wide, reflexed and tightly appressed to the columellar region leaving a small umbilical chink; a wide callous deposit is formed on the parietal wall; columella with a heavy oblique, twisted plait. Length 27, width 13; aperture length 14, width 7 mm. Type. Length 31, width 15.6; aperture length 16.7, width 8 mm. Length 27, width 14.5; aperture length 14.5, width 7 mm. Length 22.5, width 12.4; aperture length 12, width 6.1 mm. 24 THE NAUTILUS. Length 26.5, width 13; aperture length 13.7, width 7 mm. Length 22, width 12; aperture length 12, width 6 mm. Length 22.6, width 18; aperture length 12.5, width 5.6 mm. Length 24, width 12; aperture length 13, width 6 mm. Types No. zll827, Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois. Type locality. Assembly grounds. Lake Minnetonka, Min- nesota. MinnetonJcensis is also a species of the catascopium group of Lymnaeas, in which the spire is lengthened and more acute and the body whorl is more elongated and compressed than in the typical catascopium as found in Michigan and New York. It is also much larger than catascopium. It resembles two species of Lymnaeas which occur in lakes; danielsi Baker, which has a longer spire with rounded whorls and a peculiarly effuse aperture with a marked columellar plait; and winnebagoensis (herein described) which has a longer spire, flatly and sharply conical, with flat-sided whorls, a narrower shell and a shorter, wider aperture (compare the measurements on previous page). Winnebagoensis also has a thicker shell. The Minnesota shell occurs in countless numbers in Lake Minnetonka, the shore debris being composed largely of this species. No living speci- mens were found, the time spent at the lake being limited. The three species of Lymnaeas mentioned and described herein are evidently related and are probably expressions of a response to habitat conditions, hence ecological species. The lakes of the northern part of the United States and Canada abound in such ecological species, to which region most of these variations are conflned. Several days were spent in southeastern Minnesota during the latter part of June, 1920. Lake Minnetonka and the vicinity of St. Paul were the principal localities visited. The following were collected. Beach debris, south side of lake near assembly grounds. Lake Minnetonka, Hennepin County. Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Planorbis deflectus Say. Lampsilis luteola rosacea (De Planorbis exacuus Say. Kay). Planarbis parvus Say. THE NAUTILUS. 25 Sphaerium sulcatum (Lamarck). Physa sayii Tappan. Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say Physa niagarensis Lea. Lymnaea (Galba) minnetonkensis Vulvata tricar inata (Say). Baker. Amnicola limosa porata Say. Lymnaea (Galba) obrussa de- Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry. campi Streng. Succinea retusa Lea. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Succinea avara Say. Planorbis campanulatus Say. Vitrea hammoiiis (Str5m. ). Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Planorbis a. unicarinatus Hald. Banks of Mississippi River, St. Paul, Hennepin Co. Polygyra profunda Say . Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker. A specimen compar- ing in size and shape with the form named pleistocenica (see Nautilus, XXXIV, p. 66) occurred with normal profunda. It was marked by one wide band of color above the periphery. Zonitoides arborea (Say). Helico discus par allelus (Say). Vitrea hammonis (Strom.). Strobilops virgo (Pilsbry). Pyramidula alternata (Say). Small stream flowing through ravine on bank of Mississippi River, St. Paul. Aplexa hypnorum (Linn.). Lymnaea (Qalba) eaperata Say. Physa walkeri Crandall. Succinea ovalis Say. A LARGE QUADRTJLA HBHOS SAY BY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL Assistant Curator Division of MoUusks, United States National Museum The collection of the United States National Museum contains the left valve of an unusually large and internally fine specimen of Quadrula ( Orenodonta) heros Say. Mr. Ernest Danglade of Vevey, Indiana, formerly of the United States Bureau of Fish- eries obtained the specimen from a pearl fisherman who had crushed the other valve. In transmitting the shell to the Mu- seum Mr. Danglade sent the following note: "The shell was 26 THE NAUTILUS. found in Eagle Creek, near Eagle Station, Kentucky, on October 10, 1917. This stream flows through a fertile soil on a lime- stone formation and of course the water is naturally hard. This condition, in connection with an abundance of food, no doubt accounts for the unusual size and thickness of the shell, as well as the quality of the material. " The locality is in Carroll County, Eagle Creek flowing into the Kentucky River a few miles above the junction of the latter with the Ohio River. This is the largest shell of its kind ever seen by Mr. Danglade, who, as an attache of the Bureau of Fisheries, has observed and handled thousands of shells of this species. It is much larger than any other specimen in the National Museum. The following data relating to size should be of interest: Length 216 mm (about S^ inches). Height 150 mm. (about 6 inches). Diameter (if both valves were present would be) 70 mm.^ about 2i inches. Perimeter 600 mm. (nearly 2 feet\ "Circumference", (i. e., around the shell crosswise to the length) would be 14 J inches. This is two inches larger than the specimen whose measurements were given by W. 8. Strode- in the Nautilus, IX, p. 116. Weight of this valve about 723 grams (1 pound, 9 J ounces). Weight of whole shell must have been about 1446 grams (3 pounds, 3 ounces). Capacity of this valve, 295 c. c, about 18 cubic inches. Capacity of whole shell about 590 c. c, about 36 cubic inches. Amount of material in this valve 263 c. c, about 16 cubic inches. Amount of material in whole shell about 526 c. c, about 32 cubic inches. When gorged with water the specific gravity of the animal must have approximated that of water itself, so that it is rea- sonable to believe that the contents of the shell when living weighed about 590 grams (about 1 po*und, 5 ounces) and that the shell, the animal and the water enclosed in the shell had a combined weight when collected of about 2036 grams (nearly 4 pounds, 8 ounces). THE NAUTILUS. 27 The beak is somewhat eroded but the rest of the exterior of the shell is in good condition and most of the periostracum is well preserved. Internally the shell is rather fine, the nacre being silvery and iridescent. The cardinal and lateral teeth as might be expected are massive, the muscular scars and pallial line are deeply impressed. Doubtless the shell was at about the limit of size attainable to this species but there is nothing about the shell itself (other than its great size) to indicate that there will be no further growth. Apparently the shell-secreting organs of the animal were in full vigor and in readiness to perform their function should further growth of the animal require enlarged accomoda- tions. It seems probable, too, that the secretion of calcareous matter was still going on and that if the animal had been per- mitted to live there would have been a further thickening. The specimen is Cat. No. 346631, U. S. N. M. NOTE ON FENELLA A. ADAMS BY WM. H. DALL Fenella (originally spelled Finella by a typographical error) was described by Adams in 1860 and has suffered many vicissi- tudes. The species have been referred to the Rissoidae, Pyra- midellidae, Cerithiidae, and Litiopidae. Carpenter made the error of identifying West American species with Mesalia^ Styli- ferina, and Alvania, and a species of HaUstylus with Fenella, which, as well as Adams' typical species, is figured by Tryon in his Manual. The fortunate discovery in the collection of the National Museum of specimens of Adams' typical species received directly from him man}?- years ago, has enabled me to positively identify Fenella with Alabina described by me in 1902. It has a normal protoconch of about three smooth brown turbinate whorls which definitely removes it from the Pyramidellidae. The data given by Fischer about the animal might apply to a Bittium or a Rissoidj but from an examination of dried specimens I have 28 THE NAUTILUS. been able to determine that the operculum is multispiral and circular, which definitely removes it from the Rissoidae. Dried Japanese and Hawaiian specimens were tested for the radula without success but finally a specimen of Alabina diomedae Bartsch from California yielded the desired item, which proved to resemble the radular structure of Lampa^iia, as figured by Troschel in Das Gebiss der Schnecken. This definitely settles the Cerithioid relations of the genus, which may find a place near Blttium in the general system, as I placed it in my sum- mary of the Marine Mollusks of the Northwest Coast of America. AN ABNORMAL SHELL OF MYA AEENARIA BY EDWARD S. MORSE The many deformations in the shells of Mollusca have often been described and figured and their causes easily explained. Some of these deformations have been due to injuries to the shell in its early stages, others are due to an arrest of develop- ment— atrophy, or an access of growth — hypertrophy, as are the usual causes of malformations among the higher animals and man. In shells these malformations generally consist in the case of gasteropods of the whorls being separated, elongation of the spire, extra knobs, spines, ribs or keels or simple monstrosi- ties; reversed twirls of the spire in dextral shells, supernumer- ary teeth in the aperture. These and other modifications of the shell are readily understood. I now present an example of an abnormal growth which has so far been inexplicable to me, and it is hoped that some reader of the Nautilus will solve the prob- lem. Recently I received the right valve of the common clam, Mya arenaria, from my friend Major John M. Gould, who re- ceived it from Levi C. Carter of Loudville, Maine, who got it at Marsh Island, midway between the Kennebec and Penobscot Rivers. On the anterior portion of the shell a conspicuous raised flat- tened rib appears which starts near the beak and continually widens with the growth of the shell, and at the margin projects THE NAUTILUS. 29 a considerable distance beyond as shown in the figures. An examination of the shell under a lens reveals that by some acci- dent at a very early stage the margin of the shell was broken and there began to form a shallow raised ridge very narrow at first but continually widening as the shell increased in size until at the margin of the shell it was not only 20 mm. in width, but projected 7 mm. beyond the margin of the shell. This flattened rib radiated from the umbone as any rib would radiate in a lamellibranchiate shell. The extraordinary character of this rib is that it is hollow, the interior is open throughout, as the wire A-B in the figure shows, the posterior half is interrupted by col- umns of nacreous material which run from the shell to the upper portion of the tube, indeed there seems to be a partition sepa- rating the tube into halves. The upper part of the ridge is broken away for a distance of 25 mm. from the umbone, en- Fig. 1. Abnormal Mya arenaria. abling one to examine the floor of the ridge, and this shows a distinct depression in the shell; on the inside of the shell there is a marked swelHng or thickening of the nacre to the extreme border. The upper wall of this ridge projects 5 mm. below the lower wall, which in itself projects 3 mm. below the margin of the shell, thus one is enabled to examine the inner wall of the tube and it is nacreous. Dried animal matter was picked out of the tube. To build this tube a membrane must have had a mantle margin which would secrete layer after layer of shell as the strong lines of growth indicate, as well as epidermis, and the surface of the membrane must have poured out its nacreous layer as the tube is so lined, yet the normal growth of the shell is not interrupted in any way. In some manner a portion of the mantle must have been displaced at the time of the injury to the young shell, if turned back it must have again become reflexed 30 THE NAUTILUS. to bring the edge of the mantle free again. It is unfortunate that the specimen was not preserved alive. The other valve of the shell was perfectly normal. I cannot recall among the lamellibranch or gasteropod shells, either normal or abnormal, a tubular process, indeed the nearest approach is seen in the little tubular processes on the periphery of Aspergillum. JEANETTE M. COOKE Miss Jeannette M. Cooke died at her home on Point Loma in the city of San Diego, California, on October 21st, 1920. She was widely known among conchologists on account of the valu- able material which she had accumulated from Lower Califor- nia, which has gone into many of the great museums of the world and into a very large number of private collections. She was born at Westford, Vermont, on March 10th, 1843, but went to Elyria, Ohio, when about nine years old. She came to San Diego in 1882 and opened "The World Curio Store" in 1886. This she maintained until about 1908 when she retired from business and moved to Point Loma. Early in the history of the store she sent out a boat in charge of Captain George D. Porter and John Johnson for the purpose of collecting all sorts of marine life on the coast of Lower Cali- fornia. She made several changes in her boats and, about 1895, she purchased a small Chinese junk which had been built in San Diego, and which they rechristened "The World". In this boat these two men went for a more extended cruise into the Gulf of California. Tiburon Island, the largest island in the Gulf of California, is inhabited b}" the notorious Seri Indians, who are the Ishmae- lites of that region, their hands having been against all of their neighbors from their earliest recorded history. Mies Cooke told the writer that Capt. Porter had promised her that under no circumstances would they land on Tiburon Island. Neverthe- less, about the end of October, 1896, they did land on this large island, were ambushed and killed by the Seris, and their boat THE NAUTILUS. 31 was looted and burned. An investigation made by the Mexican Government at the request of our State Department ehcited the fact that they had landed from a small boat and gone along the beach to collect. A band of Indians ambushed them upon their return, killing Johnson at the first fire, but Porter man- aged to reach the small boat on the beach and killed five of the Indians before they killed him. After this Miss Cooke made no attempt to organize further collecting along the Lower California Coast, contenting herself with the purchase of stock and the turning over of the large ac- cumulations of former years. She early became interested in the conchological side of her work and started many years ago to make a private collection which had reached rather large dimensions at the time of her death. She furnished the types of a large number of new species and varieties, most or all of which were described by the late Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, Dr. W. H. Dall and Dr. Paul Bartsch. Probably the most remarkable one of these was taken on Guadelupe Island o5 the Lower Cali- fornia Coast and was described by Dr. Stearns as Uvanilla regina. This shell seems to be a perfect Uvanilla, but specimens taken long after the description was written showed the operculum to be Trochoid. In accordance with Miss Cooke's expressed desire, her private collection has become the property of the Theosophical Society and Universal Brotherhood, of which she was a member, and is held at their International Headquarters on Point Loma. Fred Baker. Point Loma, Cal. , May 25, 1922. NOTES. Types of Ferussac's Subgenera of Helix. A few of the subgenera of Ferussac's Tableau Systematique seem to be still without definitely designated types, or at least I have not found them. Types are here selected. Cochlodina F6r., p. 61. Type Clausilia bidens Draparnaud. Cochlohydra F6r. , p. 26. Type Helix putris L. 32 THE NAUTILUS. Cochlogena Fer., p. 58. Type Bulimus guadaliqyensis Brug. These designations have no effect upon current nomenclature of the groups concerned. The type of Helicogena F6r. is some- what doubtful. Gray (P. Z. S., 1847, p. 171) mentions Helix acutangula, but that species is not in F^russac's list. On p. 173 he mentions H. candidissima, which is one of F6russac's species. The name Helicogena has generally been used for the Helix jpomatia series, but I have not seen any early designation of one of that group as its type. — H. A. Pilsbry. Gemma gemma purpurea (Lea) was recently found by Mr. Frank J. Keeley in vast numbers in Indian River, near Hawks Park, Florida. They occurred in a patch of about a foot di- ameter, the layer of living shells about 2 inches deep. It was on a mud bar about a foot above low water. Handf ulls of pure shells could be scooped up. — H. A. P. Note on Leptinaria imperforata Fred Baker. In my re- port on the Land and Fresh- Water Mollusks of the Stanford Expedition to Brazil, published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for December, 1911, I described, at page 646, and figured, a new species as Leptinaria imperforata. I have just discovered that this name was used by Strebel in 1882, as reported fully in the Manual of Conchology, Second Series, Vol. 18, p. 317, pi. 42, fig. 28, so that my name becomes a synonj'-m. I suggest that my species shall be known as Leptinaria charlottei. — Fred Baker. Localities of Northern Californian Land Snails: a cor- rection. There is a regrettable error in my paper on "Some Land Snails of Shasta County, California," appearing in the Nautilus for October, 1921, which should be corrected before it is perpetuated. Not having access at the time the paper was written to a sufficiently detailed map of California, and being ignorant of the point myself, I perforce followed the field label which accompanied the specimens reported upon. This read ''Two miles north of Weed, Shasta County, California." Ac- cess to a better map, which I did not gain until too late to THE NAUTILUS. 33 change the statement on the printed page, has since shown that Weed is really in Siskiyou County. To avoid being misleading the title of my paper should therefore have read, " Some Land Snails of Siskiyou and Shasta Counties, California." It may be added that the date '' 1192" on p. 38 of the same paper should read " 1920", as correctly appears elsewhere. — A. Stillman Berry. MoLLusKs Dredged from San Deego Bay. Near the foot of State Street, San Diego, California, a long strip of ground formerly covered at high tide, has been filled in by dredgings from the adjoining portion of San Diego Bay. A large portion of these dredgings consist of pure sand, but many tons of shells have also been taken from the bay and used in this new-made ground. In spots probably more than 10,000 cubic feet of broken shells have thus been deposited, and a few notes on these dredgings may be of interest. Chione contributes the greatest bulk to these shell masses; in my boyhood days 0. fluctifraga was the most abundant clam collected for food from San Diego Bay. C. undatella and C. succinata being comparatively rare in the gatherings for food; C. fluctifraga is vastly in the minority, however, in these dredg- ings, C. succinata being easily the most abundant content. Tagelus californianus is a very prominent constituent in some of these beds, but in many places I find Crucibulum spinosum lead- ing easily numerically. Among the Macomas, M. nasuta is the most abundant; Semele pulchra is not rare though not conspicu- ous; Donax is nearly absent — only a few valves of our two com- mon species being observed in the acre or more of ground in- spected. In my boyhood Cardium elatum was not rare in our bay, but I have not heard of a living specimen having been found here in the last thirty years; a few fragments were found in these shell heaps, while C. substriatum was abundant, and a few frag- ments of C. quadragenarium were observed; C. procerum seemed to be absent, indicating that the dredge had not touched any of the pleistocene deposits surrounding portions of our bay — the -ishell sands containing nothing that could be ascribed to a past age. 34 THE NAUTILUS. Moerella meropsis and Angulus carpenteri, and a few valves of Cooper ella subdiaphana, Metis alta (few), Pecten acquisulcatus, P. monotimeriSj fragments of Modiolus capax, many valves of Ostrea lurida, a single valve of Leda, another of a Nucula^ and many valves of a Glycyrneris, Lucinisca nuitallii^ Heterodonax bimacu- latus, Solen rosaceus, Cryptomya californica and a few fragments- of Mactridae, and numerous valves of Corbula luteola, conclude the census of the bivalves. Dentalium neohexagonum in abundance, and occasionally one of another species, with numerous specimens of Cadulus nesioteSy Bullaria goiddiana, Rictaxis punctocaelata, and thousands of Acteocinas were observed. Cerithidea californica, and occasion- ally specimens of Melampus olivaceus, one large Olivella biplicata and hundreds of 0. hoetica and other forms doubtfully referred to 0. pedroana and 0. porteri^ were found. One Marginella jewettii, many of M. subtrigona and M. regularis, one Hyalina californica^ and several Merovia pyriformis, were among the small species. Acmaea depicta and A. paleacea were not rare, but only one A. insessa was found. Alectrion fossata, mendicaj cooperij perpinguiSj and what we used to call tegula^ were noted, and Anachis and Alia were plentiful in spots. One Murex festiva and one Tritonalia poidsonii were the sole representatives of these genera. Fifty or so specimens of Epitomium and one or two Melanella rewarded my search, lurbonilla and Odostomia, Ceri- thiopsis and Bittium, Crepidula rugosa, Phasianella compta, one Polinices reclusiana, and a few Omphalius ligulatuSy a very few Litorina scutulata^ nearly complete the list of species, except for three or four forms formerly termed Caecum^ not yet specifically determined. — C. R. Orcutt. PUBLICATIONS BECEIVED. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, Apr., 1922, Vol. 16, pt. 1:— On the Pseudo-genus Pseudomarginella v. Maltzan. By the Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke, pp. 3-5. The Radula of the Volutidae. By the Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke, pp. 6-12. THE NAUTILUS. 35 Note on Reproduction of Turritella. By Lieut. -Col. A. J. Peile, p. 13. Some Notes on Radulae. By Lieut. -Col. A. J. Peile, pp. 13-18. A List of the species and genera of Recent Mollusca JSrst de- scribed in "Le Natualiste." By Hugh C. Fulton, pp. 19-31. Note on the British species of Anomia. By R. Winckworth, pp. 32-34, pi. 1. Note on a Holocene Deposit at Penton Hook. By J. E. Cooper, pp. 35-36. Note on the genera Neptunea and Syncera. By W. H. Dall, p. 36. A Reply on the genera Neptunea and Syncera. By T. Ire- dale, p. 37. The nomination of "Recent" fossil mollusca. By T. Ire- dale, pp. 37-38. The status of Helicella and Polita. By Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, pp. 38-40. On the connection between etyle-eac and intestine in Gastro- poda and Lamellibranchiata. By Guy C. Robson, pp. 41-46. On the genesis of the designation of '* types " among Mala- cological writers. By A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward, pp. 47-51. On the Pisidium gassiesianum of Dupuy. By A. W. Stelfox, pp. 52-53. Report on the Gassies collection of Pisidia in the Musee d'histoire Naturelle de Bordeaux. Bj A. W. Stelfox, pp. 54-57. New Pearly Fresh-water Mussels from South America. By Wm. B. Marshall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mue., Vol. 61, pp. 1-9, pis. 1-3, 1922). Eight new species and one new genus — Diplodontites are described and figured. The Miocene of Northern Costa Rica. By A. A. Olsson (Bull. Anjer. Pal., Vol. 9, pt. 1, pp. 1-168, pis. 1-15, 1922). The material on which this monograph is based represents over two years of field work by the author in Panama and Costa Rica. There is a chapter on the stratigraphy of the region, 36 THE NAUTILUS. with a general correlation with other beds. Over 100 new species and varieties of Gastropods are described. The dearth of family names makes the grouping of genera somewhat con- fusing. The genus Halia is now placed in the Volutidae. — C. W. J. Revision of W. M. Gabb's Tertiary Mollusca of Santo Domingo. By H. A. Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1921, pt. 2, pp. 305-435, pis. 16-47 and 48 figs, in text). This work reviews the more recent papers, and forms a com- plete r6sum6 of the subject. Numerous new species and sub- species are described. The illustrations are unusually fine and the artist, Miss Helen Winchester, deserves great credit in show- ing so clearly the beautiful sculpturing of the shells. — C. W. J. The Mollusca collected by the University of Michigan- Walker Expedition in southern Vera Cruz, Mexico. By H. Burring- ton Baker. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. U. of M., No. 106, 1922. Though handicapped by high water, about a dozen species and subspecies were taken in the San Juan River system. The value of the groups Leptonaias, Sphenonaios^ Actinonaias and their synonyms is considered at some length, and the follow- ing are described as new: Elliptio (Sphenonaias) liebmanni cuatoto- lapamensis, Actinonaias (Disconaias) walkeri, Lampsilis rovirosai sanjuanensis and LampsiUs ruthveni. He considers Lampsilis fim- briata Frierson a small-river form of Actinonaias discus (Lea).^ Ampullaria patula catemascensis is a new subspecies w^hich ap- pears to be quite distinct — an unusual condition among Mexi- can Ampullariidse. Among the land shells, the synonymy of some perplexing Helicinidse is considered, and there is a discussion of the Guppya-Euconulus group, with figures of the dentition. Thy- sanophora pilsbryi n. sp. is described, and a key to species of the region is given. Miraverellia is a new subgenus for Averellia sumichrasti (C. &F. ). The Unionidse are fullj^llustrated in series showing variation^ changes with age, etc. It is by such careful studies as this that we may hope to get somew^here near an understanding of these perplexing Mexican Unionidse and their tangled nomenclature. — H. A. P. ^ By an error of some sort, this name is spelled disea on p. 22. The Nautilus. Vol. XXXV OCTOBER, 1922. No. 2 LAND SHELLS OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. BY H. A. PILSBRY AND C. MONTAGUE COOKE. During part of July and August one of us (C. M. C. ) spent some time at Vancouver Island. Land shells were nowhere found in abundance, and in many places they seemed entirely wanting. Yet not much time was given to the search. Vancouver Island, about four miles south of Union, in pine forest along road, above a deposit of fossil sea shells. On the ground and under bark. 24 & 25/vii/18. Epiphragmophora fidelis (Gray). Polygyra columbiana (Lea). Polygyra germana vancouverinsulse P. & C. Haplotrema vancouverensis (Lea). Zonitoides arborea (Say). Striatura milium pugetensis (Dall). Pristiloma stearnsi ( Bland) . Euconulus fulvus (Miill). Vancouver Island, near lower end of Cameron Lake, in open pine forest above hotel. Most of the specimens under dead bark on the ground. l-12/viii/18. Epiphragmophora fidelis (Gray). Polygyra columbiana (Lea). Polygyra germana vancouverinsulse P. & C. Haplotrema vancouverensis (Lea). 38 THE NAUTILUS. Haplotrema sportella (Gld.). Zonitoides arborea (Say). Zonitoides cookei Pils. Polita hammonis (Strom). Striatura milium pugetensis (Dall). Pristiloma stearnsi (Bland). Euconulus fulvus (Miill). Pmictum pygmseum (Drap.). Vertigo columbiana Sterki. Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill). POLYGYRA GERMANA VANCOUVERINSULvE n. Subgp. The shell is more openly umbilicate than typical germana with a decid- edly stronger, higher parietal tooth. Hairs of the surface space very delicate and more or less fully deciduous in adults. Height 4.5 diam., 6.8 mm.; 5 J whorls. Cameron Lake. Type 44538 A. N. S. P. ; paratype in Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Also found about 4 miles south of Union. DESeiRIPTION OF A NEW ZONITOIDES. BY H. A. PILSBRY. Zonitoides cookei n. sp. Fig. 1. The shell is discoidal, the spire very slightly convex, umbil- icus regularly diminishing inward, very nearly one-fourth the Fig. 1. Zonitoides cookei. diameter of the shell; whitish, glossy, smoothish, under the microscope showing faint growth lines and on the upper sur- THE NAUTILUS. 39 face an excessively minute, close and shallow spiral striation on the last 2 or 3 whorls. The whorls increase slowly and are rather convex, the suture rather deeply impressed, last whorl rounded peripherally. The aperture is rather narrow, crescen- tic. Height 1.7, diam. 3.6 mm.; 4^ whorls. Cameron Lake, Vancouver Island. Type no. 130623 A. N. S. P. Specimens also contained in the Bishop Museum. This species is distinguished by its very low spire of nar- rowly coiled whorls, and especially by the narrow aperture. The generic reference is uncertain, as we do not know whether it possesses the Vitrea or the Zonitoides type of teeth, and the shell characters are not decisive. However, the suture is deeper than in our small species of Vitrea or Polita. Named for Dr. C. Montague Cooke. SOME NOTES ON MINUTE PISIDIA. BY V. STERKI. Recently Mr. A. W. Stelfox kindly presented me with a few fine specimens of Pisidium torquatum Stelfox, with a note saying that they are what B. B. Woodward ^ has described as parvulam Clessin. That species is well established and distinct, to judge from Clessin' s' description and figures, though both somewhat inadequate, and from authentic specimens. From Woodward's description and figures, 1. c. , it is evident that his parvulum is an entirely distinct species, which Stelfox has named torquatum. Woodward's specimens were from Denmark and he stated that the species had not been met with in the British Isles, either recent or fossil. That is evidently to be understood of both, parvulum Clessin and the one described by him. As stated by Stelfox, his specimens, from England, resemble the Nearctic P. pundatum, as to size and shape; they are 1.5 mm. long, well ^ Catalogue of the British Species of Pisidium in the British Museum, 1913, p. 105. Pis. II, f. 6, IV, f. 8, XVII, fs. 3-6. 'Cycladeen, in Kiister and Chemnitz, 1879, p. 17, PL 1, fs. 17-21. 40 THE NAUTILUS. inflated, mature or very nearly so, and have a slight ridge on each beak. But the hinge is quite different, much like that of cruciatum St.,^ stout, with the plate broad, the principal laminae (''lateral teeth") massive, and a short ligament. The right cardinal, c3, is of the same peculiar formation; its posterior part curving downward and apparently forward, merging into the projecting edge of the plate (an equivalent of the hypothet- ical c If), thus forming a well-enclosed groove for the reception of c 2, the left anterior cardinal. The latter is much smaller than in cruciatum, and so is c 4. The lamina a I, especially, is short and considerably projecting inward; a III is wanting, as it is in some cruciatum^ and p III is quite small and rather proximal. These features are in marked contrast to those shown in the figures of ^^parvulum^\ in Woodward's, 1. c, and so far as present evidence shows, the two appear to be distinct species, even of different groups. For over thirty years ' P. cruciatum has held a unique posi- tion among the known species and forms, by its peculiar hinge formation and the shape of its umbonal ridges, which, by the way, are quite constant, unlike those of P. compressum, fallax and punctatum, also supinum A. Schmidt and henslowanum Shep- pard, which are vestigial or wanting in some forms. Probably the species is of an old race, or group, now isolated, and the more it is interesting to know of a related form from east of the Atlantic. Of other minute Nearctic Pisidia, 1.5 to 2.2 or 2.5 mm. long when mature, there are now about a dozen known, w^ell estab- lished, most of them distributed over wide areas, and of quite different groups. Temple Prime has described three of them, in 1851.* Of about half as many somewhat larger ones there ^ P. cruciatum and punctatum, The Nautilus, VIII, pp. 97-100, PI. II, fs. 1-13 (Jan., 1895). ^ P. cruciatum and punctatum, also fallax, were first found, or noticed, in 1891, among coarse gravel and sand of the Tuscarawas River, Ohio. ^ The size given to P. ferrugineum (see Mon. Corbiculadse, p. 71), 4.25 mm. long, is a mistake, or error; of thousands of specimens seen, all are quite small. THE NAUTILUS. 41 are minute forms and subspecies; and some others have been under doubt and scrutiny for years. Large numbers of speci- mens have been overlooked or thrown away by collectors sup- posing them to be merely young and of no value. In fact, the young of all are of interest. Critics have not been friendly to these small forms. To cite one example: Prof. Richard Ellsworth Call^ says: "The young [of Pisidia] are found in older shells in the spring and again in the fall, and have recently been described in the ' Nautilus, an amateur conchological journal, under a number of names." This dictum evidently applies in first order to P. cruciatum and punctatum.' From the figures, any amateur beginner, or any school boy, could see that the mussels were full grown; the same is shown by the hinge. In the second place, their young are also figured on the same plate. In the third place, large num- bers of specimens at all stages of growth had been collected and examined for four years before the descriptions were published. Be it added that those two species are as distinct and valid as any in the animal kingdom, now known to be widely distrib- uted, recent and fossil. If a man wants just to condemn, to show his own superiority, he does not want to know facts and shuts his eyes to the plainest evidence. This, of course, is not a personal matter but one of principle. If, after careful revision and comparison, a species is believed not to be distinct and valid, it is fair to say so and state the reason. But "wholesale" condemning without even an at- tempt at considering evidence, means undue discrediting of the whole work done on a subject. It is hardly necessary to add that the small and minute forms of Pisidium are of as much in- terest, at least, as the larger ones, with respect to morphology, systematics and distribution. ^ A Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue of the MoUusca of Indiana, written in 1898, in Indiana, Department of Geology and Natural Kesources, Twenty- fourth Annual Keport, 1900, p. 437 (also 358). 42 THE NAUTILUS. OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS MARGARITANA WITH A NEW SUB-GENUS. BY L. S. FRIERSON The type species of this genus, M. margaritifera, does not live in waters having any considerable amount of lime in solution, which fact has not perhaps been given its due weight in the ex- planation of the great gaps in the territory occupied by it, such as almost the whole of the central portion of Northern America. This unoccupied territory is usually explained upon the theory of the glacial age, but it is hard to understand why the ice-coyered regions were not repopulated pari passu with the melting of the ice sheets. There are two closely akin species living in America, separated by the space between Pennsylvania and Alabama, and Utah and Louisiana, these being the marga- ritifera and hembeli. The latter species is generally supposed to live in the waters adjacent to New Orleans, since Conrad's original envois came from that city, but the collector. Dr. Hale, lived also in Alex- andria, near which place the great alluvial deposits of the Red and Mississippi rivers join the sandy, pine clad hills of Louisi- ana, and from one of the ' ' clear water ' ' creeks flowing out of these hills, the writer has obtained numbers of Conrad's shell, and it is almost certain that this creek is the type locality. From a similar environment Mr. B. H. Wright obtained the same species in Alabama, i. e., from the lime free creeks of the pine hill section. The Alabama shells are heavily sculptured, but these from Louisiana are often quite smooth, and the re- semblance to the type is striking. Three species occur in Europe, (to which dozens of names have been affixed). These are the margaritifera, whose lateral teeth are almost obsolete; the crassa, whose laterals are quite well developed, and the auricularia, of Spengler, recently re- discovered by Dr. Haas in Spain. The latter appears to be the analogue of M. hembeli in being sculptured, and like the latter, grows in the southern portion of the range. THE NAUTILUS. 43 In the Chinese territory three or four species exist, of which however but two are listed as such in the current Hterature. The type species has as usual received several names, but pre- serves its identity remarkably well. The Margaritana laosensis Lea in having well-developed lat- erals, may be said to be the analogue of the crassa. In this genus also belongs one, certainly, and possibly three or four species which have been placed in other genera, as will be shown. Margaritana murina (Heude), 1877. Unio murinus Heude. Ptychobranchus murinum Simpson, 1900. Uiiio compressus Simpson (non Heude), 1900. That Heude' s Unio murinus is a member of Margaritana is shown in its close agreement in shape, in its color, both of epi- dermis and nacre; in its obsolete and short lateral teeth, and perhaps most strikingly, in the characteristic elongate-elliptical posterior adductor scars. Ptychobranchus pfisteri has differently colored epidermis and nacre; its laterals are well developed, and, as Heude observed (subsequently) its lateral teeth and ligament are of equal length, and the posterior adductor is short and nearly rolind. Heude states that the beaks of murinus are widely and profoundly undulated, whence the species is made the type of the subgenus Heudeana. Margaritana simpularis (Heude), 1884. Unio simpularis Heude. Unio modestus Heude, 1877. Parreysia simpidaris Simpson, 1900. Parreysia modesta Simpson, 1914. The dimensions of this species given by Heude would indi- cate quite an inflated shell, whence Simpson placed it tenta- tively in Parreysia, but no errors are at once so common, so difficult of detection, and impossible of correction as those of concrete numbers, while on the other hand the character given by Heude, ^' compressed ^\ allows no compromise. Heude com- 44 THE NAUTILUS. pared his species several times later on, and he states that it resembles the murinus, ectj and chiefly among other characters, in its obsolete laterals. The species appears to be closely allied to murinus, and is probably a variety of it. Heude changed his first name, since that was preoccupied, and this was followed by Simpson in his Synopsis of 1900, but in his Catalogue of 1914 he uses the name modesta, on the ground that the modestu» F6r. not having been described by Ferussac, was a nomen nudum. Simpson forgot the Unio modestus Kiister, 1856. The decumbens Lea, is usually listed as a member of Margar- itana, but Lea's type, which is the single example known, has been carefully inspected by the writer, and it is absolutely nothing more than a pathological specimen of one of the Unia complanatus aggregation, and the name should be dropped from lists of valid Naiades. Specimens before me bearing the name of Ptychobranchus laevis Haas, from Saghalien, are unquestionably Margaritana, but since they were obtained from a dealer, and I have seen no fig- ure of Haas' species, I hesitate to approximate them, yet they agree with his description very well. VARIATION IN MOLLUSCA OF THE MADEIRA ISLANDS. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL. Boog Watson, in 1892 (Journ. Conch., Vol. VII, no. 1), re- marked that the many endemic land snails of the Madeiras were all distinct. "Between themselves there is no swaying of the lines to and fro, they do not bifurcate, they do not pass over from one form into another, they give ofiE no spots maturing into distinct species." In the presence of a large series of these shells it is difficult to see how Watson could have formed such an opinion, as there are in fact numerous "critical" forms. There is also a considerable amount of "individual" or local variation, some examples of which are recorded below. One- fact is curious, that no one seems ever to have found a sinistral mutation. THE NAUTILUS. 45 I use the name Ochthephila Beck, as it turns out that the genus of Diptera supposed to preoccupy it was called Ochtiphila. Ochthejjhila (Tectula) bulverii (Wood) mut. albescens nov. Shell greenish-white. Slopes of Pico do Facho, Porto Santo. ( A.. C. de Naronha. ) Ochthephila (Discula) attrita (Lowe) mut. nigra nov. Shell reddish-black, very dark, with the umbilical region broadly, and the region of the aperture to about 3.5 mm. back of the lip, creamy white; spire obscurely flecked with creamy. South slope of Pico d'Anna Ferreira, Jan. 21, forming a small local colony, but the normal form also present (Cockerell). Ochthephila (Discula) attrita race contracta nov. Shell small, max. diam. 8.5 to nearly 9 mm.; lip usually very thick, aper- ture contracted, a heavy callus usually present on parietal wall. I. Baixo, Jan. 22 (Cockerell), and practically the same thing in the vicinity of the Pico do Castello on the main island. All the shells are dead and white, and apparently the race is extinct. It appears to be an ultra-xerophytic form. The character of the base readily distinguishes it from papilio Lowe, common on Baixo. Ochthephila (Callina) rotula (Lowe) mut. grlsea nov. Shell pale gray, flecked with creamy white; the albino form. Porto Santo, main island, 1921 (Cockerell). Two shells were found. Euparypha pisana mut. rosea Costa, 1879. Shell pale pink, without evident markings. Locally common in one place north of Villa Baleira, Porto Santo, Jan., 1921 (Cockerell). Euparypha pisana mut. coalita Taylor. Shell black, with slender light bands, my specimen somewhat more melanic than Taylor's figure. This was found in the same vicinity as rosea, together with other varieties, and it is evident that the peculi- arities of color cannot be ascribed to climatic conditions. Euparypha pisana mut. taylori n. n. (H. pisana s. v. donatii Taylor, Monog. L. & F. W. Moll. Brit. Is,, 1912, pi. xxxi, f. 20). I have exactly this form, which Taylor figures from Portugal, from the south side of the Pico d'Anna Ferreira, Porto Santo, Jan. 11, 1921 (Cockerell). Taylor also figures it as var. carpiensis, but it is quite different from true donatii or carpiensis. Gwyn Jeffreys (Brit. Conchology) reported H. virgata from 46 THE NAUTILUS. Madeira, where it certainly does not occur. The present variety- may have been taken for it. Lemniscia calva (Lowe) race veterna nov. Shell 11 mm. max. diam., sometimes as small as 9.5 mm. Pleistocene fossil in the beds east of Cani9al, Madeira, common. It is not certain that calva belongs to Lemniscia. Paiva's galeata is congeneric with calva. In the Norman collection at the British Museum, speci- mens of calva are labeled galeata. NOTES ON THE NAIAD FAUNA OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER.* II. The Naiades of the Upper Mississippi Drainage, f BY N. M. GRIER and J. F. MUELLER. While it was the original intention to limit this list to those species actually found in the Mississippi river above its junc- tion with the Ohio, the fullest consideration of the topic has led us to include all species authentically reported from the entire Upper Mississippi Drainage. The larger number of the listed species were collected while the writers were engaged in Mussel Survey and Appraisal work for U. S. Bureau of Fisheries in part of that region during the summer of 1920. The remaining species in the list have been obtained by the rechecking of the available literature dealing with or bearing upon the Naiades of this region as indicated in the accompanying bibliography. Species having an apparently doubtful or accidental record have been omitted. The nomenclature used is that recently formu- lated by Ortmann and Walker (12), but for convenience there is also added the equivalents of the different species in the syn- onomy of Simpson. (14) *Published with permission of the Commissioner of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. fContribution from U. S, Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa, and Biological Laboratory Washington and Jefferson College. THE NAUTILUS. 47 Family Margaritanidae Ortmann. 1. Margaritana monodonta Say. Simpson — Illinois and E. Iowa. Similarly reported by Baker (1), and Call (3), from the same regions. We did not find it above this region. Family Unionidae (D'Orbigny), Ortmann. Sub-Family Unionidae (Swainson), Ortmann. 2. Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). Simpson — entire Mississippi drainage. Common. Wilson and Danglade (18), St. Croix drainage. 3. Quadrula pustulosa prasina (Conrad) =(var. schooler aftensis Lea) Geiser (5), and Call (3), report this shell from Iowa. We did not encounter it north of there. Reported by Lapham (9), from Fox River. 4. Quadrula nodulata (Ra.i.) = Quadrula pustulata (Lea). Simpson — Mississippi R. and tributaries from E. Iowa south to Louisiana. We did not collect this species. It is found abundantly at Fairport, Iowa in the main river. 5. Quadrula quadrula (^R3ii.) = Quadrida lachrymosa (Lea). Simpson — entire Mississippi drainage. St. Croix drainage. Casually distributed. 6. Quadrula fragosa ( Con. ) . Specimens are known from Iowa City, Iowa, Cedar River, la., and from the Spoon, Kaskaskia, Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, Illinois. Closely related to the preceding species. Vide Strode (15). 7. Quadrula verrucosa ('R3ii.) = Tritogonia tuberculata (Barnes). Simpson. Mississippi drainage area generally. Red Wing, Minn. Reported from S. Minnesota by Lapham (9), and Call (3). Not common. 8. Tritogonia nobilis (Conr.). Simpson reports this shell from the Red River of the North to Mississippi. We did not collect this shell, although the Bureau of Fisheries has it recorded from L. Pepin. 48 THE NAUTILUS. 9. Quadrula metanevra (Raf. ). Simpson — Mississippi drainage area except its southern por- tion. Southern Minnesota (7). Red Wing. Abundant locally. 10. Quadrula metanevra var. wardii (Lea). Reported by Simpson from Iowa. 11. Megalonaias gigantes (Bar.) = Quadnda heros (Say). Simpson — Mississippi drainage area generally. Rare in L. Pepin and more plentiful above than below it. 12. Amblema costata (Rai.) = Quadrula undidata (Barnes). Simpson — Mississippi drainage area generally. Wilson and Dan glade (18), St. Croix drainage. Common. Believed by H. W. Clark to be another tributary stream species. 13. Amblema peruviana (ljSim.) = Q. plicata (Say). Simpson, Upper Mississippi south to Arkansas, etc. Wilson and Danglade (18), St. Croix drainage. 14. Fusconaja ebenus (Lea.) = Quadrula ebenus (Lea). Simpson, Mississippi drainage area generally, except western portion. Apparently does not go into N. and C. Minnesota. We collected it at Red Wing, Minn. No longer common. 15. Fusconaja flav a (Raf. ) = Q. rubiginosa (Lea). Simpson — entire Mississippi drainage. Wilson add Danglade (18), Red River of the North. A tributary stream species. 16. Fusconaja undata (Barnes). Simpson — entire Upper Mississippi drainage. Var. trigona (Lea), seemed especially abundant in L. Pepin. Reported from N. and C. Minnesota. Common. 17. Cyclonaias tuberculata (Raf. ) = Q. tuberculata Raf. Simpson — Mississippi drainage area generally. This species was formerly more abundant in certain areas of the Upper Mis- sissippi, but is now clammed out. According to Clark this is another headwater, tributary stream species. 18. Cyclonaias granifera (Lea) = Q. granifera (Lea). Simpson — northwest to Iowa. Baker (1), found it at Mc- Gregor, Iowa. Clark reports this species from L. Pepin to Fair- port. THE NAUTILUS. 49 19. Pleihobasus cyphyus (Rsii. )=^Pleurobema aesopus (Green). Reported by Grant (6) and Holzinger (7) from Minnesota. We encountered our first specimen of it at the foot of L. Pepin. Comparatively rare and more abundant at present in the sloughs. 20. Pleurobema cor datum (Raf. ) = Q. obliqua (Lea). Reported by Baker (1) from Iowa. Specific localities are de- sirable. Probably more southern in distribution. Ortmann considers this species as not specifically diSerent from Pleuro- bema coccineum (Con.). 21. Pleurobema catillus (Conr. )==Q. solida (Lea). Simpson, Mississippi R. north to Minnesota. Collected above Red Wing. According to Wilson and Danglade (18) no ^'Quadrulae" are found in the Mississippi River proper above the falls of St. Anthony, a fact which has a bearing upon the distribution of all mussels of the Quadrula type in these regions. 22. Pleurobema coccineum (Con. ) = Q. coccineum (Con.). Simpson — entire Upper Mississippi drainage. Wilson and Clark, drainage of Red River of the North. We did not en- counter it. It is apparently a small tributary species. ( To be continued. ) BAMBLES OF A MIDSHIPMAN II. BY P. S. REMINGTON, JR. After leaving Guantanamo, Cuba, the squadron headed south for the Panama Canal. We passed within sight of Jamaica but did not stop, much as I should have liked to collect there. For several days we drove steadily on, manoeuvring as we went. It was a most maddening sight to me after we had made a good day's run, to see the Admiral mount the bridge and commence sending up signals for manouvres which would turn us about and start us back toward Cuba. However, schedules are inflex- ible things in the Navy, and we must not arrive ahead of time. At length we awoke one morning to see the white-topped mountains of Panama coming in view over the horizon, and 50 THE NAUTILUS. already we could see the indigo-blue so characteristic of the Caribbean, beginning to turn gray as we got in closer to shore. In a few more hours we were dropping anchor just inside the breakwater at Colon, and viewed the low buildings and palm- fringed shore with much interest. Alas, before we could go through the Canal we must coal ship, a job which everyone, from skipper down, cordially hates. Everyone turned out in his dirtiest clothes, officers and all, and shoveled down the shutes the never-ending piles of coal that the big cranes dropped on board. It is remarkable how much coal can be stored in a battleship. By noon next day we were through cleaning ship, and the first liberty party went up the Canal to Gatun to ex- amine the locks and the dam. We were also taken to Coco Sola Point and shown the Atlantic defenses of the Canal. Those huge disappearing guns seemed mighty formidable to us. When word came that we were going through the Big Ditch, all was excitement. I have been through the Canal five times since, but it still holds as much wonder and interest for me as it did the first time, and I should like to go through again. The Gatun locks, which raised us from sea level eighty-two feet to the level of Gatun Lake, are a marvel of engineering skill. It seemed strange to see a whole squadron of battleships steam- ing through a lake far inland, with forests and hills on either hand and pelicans flying around our boys. There is room for several more squadrons of battleships to anchor also in this great lake, made by the damming of the Chagres River. Culebra Cut, with its sheer walls towering above our fighting tops, held our interest no less than the lake had. By late after- noon we had completed our voyage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and passed out into the latter to dock at Balboa. On my first visit to the Canal Zone in 1919 I did not know, unfortunately, that that very efficient collector, Mr. James Zetek, was a resident of the Zone. Consequently my attempts at collecting were not well rewarded. I was also handicapped by the lack of time. We were all taken on an official party to Flamenco Island to see the Pacific defenses, and while there I strayed off to examine the breakwater for shells. What was my delight to find the rocks covered with fine large specimens THE NAUTILUS. 51 of Chlorostoma pellis-serpentis ! Further search revealed some very fine Planaxis planicostata and many large-sized Nerita ornata. The rocks were paved with large Chiton stokesii. The number of specimens I was able to carry was limited to what I could stuff in my pockets, as I had brought no receptacle of any kind and we were in an ofiicial party. I managed to bring away a very fair representation, however. That matter proved far less difficult than the business of cleaning them. I finally gave it up, wrapped the shells in paper, and sealed them in tin boxes. This was all the collecting I was able to get in on my first trip, as we steamed back through the canal the next day, bound for Cuba again. On my second visit to the Canal Zone the following year, I had the forethought to write to my old correspondent, Mr. E. P. Chace, of Los Angeles, asking if he knew of any collectors in the Canal Zone. At his suggestion I wrote to Mr. James Zetek, who kindly assured me of a warm welcome on my arrival. As we were to spend several days at Balboa, I felt certain of seeing more of the conchological treasures of Panama than I had on my first trip. My expectations were fully realized. Once more we steamed through Gatun Lake and between the narrow sides of Culebra Cut, and docked again at the now familiar Balboa. As soon as I got shore leave, I called up Mr. Zetek and was told to come right up to his laboratory at the Public Health Department of the Ancon Hospital. I shall always remember the kindness with which he welcomed me and placed the facilities of his lab- oratory at my disposal. He set aside his work for the day and took me on a collecting trip to Bella Vista, where he has made so many rare finds. Not the least enjoyable part of the trip was our visit to a mangrove swamp, where we found thousands of Cerithidea montagnei and C. pidchra, together with Littorina varia and a fine specimen of Linatella wiegmanni. Deep in the mud, we could hear the Areas snap their valves. Soon we came out on the beach where a wealth of species rewarded our search. Here we found three species of Thais, four AnachiSj several Cerithium, Turritella, Nerita, Litorina, Natica, Arcularia Solen, Paphia, Anomalocardia, and many others. We filled our 52 THE NAUTILUS. bags till we were weary, and the sun began to get low. Realiz- ing that we had several hours work ahead of us to clean our catch, we hastened back to the laboratory after supper and worked till late. A rather humorous incident, which always brings a smile when I recall it, took place on my return to the ship. It seems that the Officer of the Deck had orders to open all packages brought aboard to ascertain that no liquor was being smuggled aboard (Panama is as wet as the ocean). Consequently when I came over the gangway with my big box of shells, I was stop- ped and asked what the package contained. Visions of having my box opened to the vulgar gaze of the laity arose before me, and I desperately sought for means to ward off such a disaster. Finally, I summed up my courage and answered: "Sir, on my honor as a Midshipman, I have no liquor in my possession." The officer smiled and passed me on! The next day I had the pleasure of taking dinner with Mr. Zetek and his family and enjoyed a meal cooked Panama style. Afterward I spent an enjoyable afternoon inspecting part of Mr. Zetek' s collection, and was presented with a large number of his duplicates, making together with what I had collected, a very fair representation of Panamanian fauna. Mr. Zetek' s re- marks on the history and customs of Panama were highly interesting. It would be a waste of time to give a list of the species col- lected at Panama, as Mr. Zetek' s list is more complete on that point than mine would be. I refer my readers to that for more complete information. All too soon we weighed anchor for Honolulu, a sixteen days' run, and rapidly left the jungle-clad hills of Pan-ama behind. I was comforted, however, in my regret at leaving so congenial a country, by the knowledge that we were due to coal again at Balboa on our way back to the States, and that I would have at least one more try at the wonderful shell fauna of Panama. For the present, it was westward ho, and we all settled down to our long voyage toward the alluring isles of hula maidens and Achatinellas ! THE NAUTILUS. 53 AN INDICATION OF THE VALUE OF ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION OF PEARLY MUSSELS BY R. L. BARNEY Director U. S. Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa In 1913 there was practicalized through the investigations of Drs. George Lefevre and Winterton C. Curtis of the University of Missouri, an artificial method of propagation of fresh-water mussels. The method, based on the peculiar natural history of the mussels — especially on the parasitism of fishes by the em- bryo mollusks — is artificial only in that it requires the handling of the proper host fishes and the embryo mussels. The arti- ficial propagative method is, indeed, merely assistance lent the natural reproductive processes, but by such assistance the plan results in a thousand fold increase over unaided reproduction. Complying with the requirements set by the natural propaga- tive process of the mussel, the artificial method is simply the collection of a large number of fishes of appropriate species, their temporary confinement in a large receptacle of water, and the introduction into the water of a million or two glochidia (embryo mussels) of the mussel to be propagated. These glo- chidia are taken directly from the marsupia of a " ripe ' ' gravid female shell. Within perhaps five or ten minutes the fishes so confined are quite heavily parasitized by the glochidia and, with an infection of possible 3,000 or more glochidia, — the amount of parasitism depending on the size of the fish, the temperature of the water, and other factors, — they are liberated into the water of their natural habitat where in due season the fully - matured embryos free themselves of their hosts and, dropping to the bottom, take up life as independent organisms. This method of propagation has been carried on yearly since 1913 with a view toward repopulating the depleted mussel beds of several streams of the Mississippi drainage and, therewith, to furnish a continual supply of raw material for button manu- facture. During the past fall data have come to hand which suggest, 54 THE NAUTILUS. within certain limits, the value of this method of mussel pro- pagation. In 1913 propagating crews operating on the White River, Arkansas, under the direction of the U. S. Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Fairport, Iowa, liberated in that stream 4,500,000 embryo yellow sand- shells (Lampsilis anodontoides) on this species' hosts, the long- and short-nosed gars (Lepisosteus osseus and platostomus) . The following two years there were liberated respectively 743,000 and 309,000 embryos of this mussel in the parasitic condition. After 1917 the propagation of the yellow sand-shell was discontinued because of inability to obtain gravid females of this species at the times when the crews operated on this river. When this work was done, the primary purpose of the propagation was to increase the muckets (Lampsilis liga- mentina) of the river. This mussel may be propagated during seasons when it is impossible to obtain gravid sand-shells. Through the kindness of Mr. F. C. Vetter, President of the Hawkeye Pearl Button Company, Muscatine, Iowa, there has been obtained shell-test records of 61 carload shipments of com- mercial shells from Augusta, Arkansas, on the White River in the vicinity of which town the sand-shell has been propagated. These tests covered shipments received by the company during the period from 1915 to 1821 inclusive. The test records of this company were taken on its own initiative and for its own purposes. Each record represents a single sample or two samples of 100 pounds each of the button shells as they arrived at the cutting plant in Muscatine. The samples were made by a shell-sorter and were taken as an index of the average assort- ment of shells of the different commercial species in the car- loads and on the river bottom from which they came. A record has been kept of the percentage of yellow sand-shells, nigger- head shells (Quadrula ebenus), pimplebacks (Q. pustulosa and pustulata), washboards (Q. heros and plicata)^ and of miscel- laneous shells, pigtoes (Q. undata), mapleleafs (Q. lachrymosa), etc. THE NAUTILUS. TABLE I 55 Artificial Propagation of the Yellow Sand-shell in the White KivER, Arkjlnsas, and its Frequency in Commercial Shell Shipments from Augusta Year 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 Average. Artificial propagation with sand- shell glochidia 4,500,000 743,000 809,000 34,000 11,000 Carloads 3 10 4 8 10 10 16 Per cent of yellow sand- shells in commercial shipments ^0 2 6.1 7.2 9.2 11.6 7.2 6.7 »7.3 Per cent of niggerhead sand-shells in commercial shipments ^76 »59 56 45 49 55 47 8 51.3 Table I shows the extent of propagation of the yellow sand- shell during the period of years considered and the percentage of shells of this species and of niggerheads in carload shipments from Augusta, Arkansas, to the Hawkeye Pearl Button Com- pany, Muscatine, Iowa. These two mussels are the only two species considered inasmuch as the others are of minor import- ance because of their comparatively much lower frequency and because of their smaller commercial value. Test records were begun by the button manufacturing company in 1915. Records of percentages of shells in shipments previous to this time are not available. Figures representing percentages of yellow sand- shells and niggerhead mussels are the averages of the test records taken during the given years. The 1915 record for ^ Special shipment of three carloads containing no yellow sand-shells; these were sorted out for foreign shipment. 'Figures based on eight carloads; two of the ten carloads of this year were special carloads containing no yellow sand-shells. ^ Omitting 1915 and 1916 special shipments. 56 THE NAUTILUS. niggerhead shells covers three shipments of that year of certain special carloads of shells sorted by the clammers to give a higher count of niggerhead shells and thus a better money return. The sand-shells were kept separate for sale to foreign shippers and, therefore, none were included in the shipments. The 1916 record also contained two similar carloads, but these have not been included in the computations. From table 1 there is noted from 1917 through 1919 a marked increase of yellow sand-shells in carloads shipped from Augusta. This increase is, at its maximum, 4.4 per cent over the percentage of 1916 and 4.3 per cent over the average record of yellow sand-shells in 56 carloads. The increase in sand- shells cannot be due to special fishing and therefore to propor- tionately lowered frequency of the niggerhead mussel (the original and still the best pearl-button shell) inasmuch as the record for this species shows an increase in frequency of this shell during 1918 and 1919 during the years of marked increase in frequency of the yellow sand-shell. This increase in sand- shells occurred when the niggerhead frequency had been about its average frequency, 51.3 per cent. The return of the frequency of yellow sand-shells in 1920 and 1921 to about normal percentage, 7.2 and 6.7 per cent respec- tively (the average being 7.0 per cent), would reasonably be expected in view of the marked decrease in artificial progaga- tion after 1914. If the increase in percentage of yellow sand- shells found in 1918 and 1919 were due to artificial propaga- tion, it would be fairly expected that when artificial propaga- tion was discontinued, there would be, a proper number of years hence, a resultant falling-off in frequency of the mussel in question. The marked yellow sand-shell increase of 1918 and 1919 i& significant coming as it does from four to six years after the artificial propagation of this species in the vicinity from which the shipments here discussed were made. At the average growth-rate of the sand -shell, it requires from four to six years for a mussel of this species to attain salable size. This rate of growth would make an embryo of 1913 a mussel of commercial size in from 1917 to 1919. THE NAUTILUS. 57 sjiaijS-IHivj •»«I1»A % u o > •M K • 00 4* 4> « *» « •H P ^ t o a> ^ +» l-l « Q} ■tH «H O l-l ^1 t-t » m c m ^ ^ +» %^ o ^ o a o © •H 60 +> e3 crt *» CkO C a a> o o u ^^ o •P rH W CD O M O °i »^ I •-• > l-l 00 > H O H a © © -H „ ^ p B " '^ o"^ u I © ^ 2 t3 V, O g CQ © -P 60 fl ^ cfl © O JL, O « r-< O U^ o 00 > 00 © <1 03 . bo OQ 05 P ft fl , O o ' p. p, • •H © H ^ > 00 (Q ^ •H ca ©HP JH ea rH ■p h © to 45 ** -03" o o> 58 THE NAUTILUS. While no data are at hand indicative of the comparative ages of the shells of the several years' shipments, it is learned from a number of shell buyers on the White River in the vicinity of Augusta and from others acquainted with the shipments here discussed that those of 1918, 1919 and 1920 contained a notice- able increase of shells of relatively young age, the epidermis of which is smooth and unscarred, in contradistinction to the old shells whose umbones are worn and eroded by the long action of the current, soil acids, and moving sand and gravel on the river bottom. On the test-record card of one of the carload shipments of 1920 was written, '' Lots of good sand-shells." It was conversation concerning the quality and age of the shells being obtained from the White River that led to the com- parison of the records of artificial infection with the test records of the shipments. The evident correlation existing, then, between time of arti- ficial propagation, rate of growth and age of attainment of sala- ble size, and noted increase in percentage of the species in ques- tion in commercial carload shipments, while not giving con- clusive proof of the value of artificial propagation, does suggest the possible significance of this method of restocking the mussel beds of the streams of the Mississippi drainage. TWO NEW BIVALVES FEOM ARGENTINA BY W. H. DALL In a recent sending from Doctor Felippone of Montevideo, the following shells appear not to have been described. Both come from Mar de la Plata, Argentina. Pecten (Chlamys) felipponei n. sp. Shell rounded, the adult slightly oblique, rather compressed, polished, scarlet or rosaceus, usually with zigzag irregular streaks of white on the left valve; the ears paler; hinge line straight, the ears rather large, subequal, in the left valve with only incre- mental sculpture, in the right valve the anterior ear has four or THE NAUTILUS. 59 five radial ridges more or less imbricated, and a ctenolium with five short teeth; sculpture of the left valve comprising five ob- scure flattened radial ribs with the interspaces obscurely radi- ately striate; there is no microscopic reticulation; on the right valve the ribbing is obsolete; length of shell 38; of hinge-line 28; height 40; diameter 8 mm. The shell bears some resemblance to Kobelt's figure of P. danicus in the Conchylien Cabinet, but is on the whole a re- markably distinct species. The material studied comprises a well-known left valve (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333374) and in Dr. Felippone's collection another (1703) somewhat smaller, and a complete young pair (1709). Macoma (Psammacoma) platensis n. sp. Shell bluish white, slightly inequi valve, nearly equilateral, the posterior end strongly twisted to the right; periostracum thin, pale, mostly dehiscent; beaks inconspicuous; left valve somewhat more inflated than the right; the anterior end evenly broadly rounded, the posterior end attenuated, gaping, and with a small truncation; the surface except for incremental lines, stronger on the posterior slope, is smooth but not polished; hinge with small almost obsolete cardinals in each valve; pallial sinus deep, rounded, its lower part coincident with the pallial line for about half its length; length of shell 25; of the part an- terior to the vertical of the beaks 13; height 11; diameter 7 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333375. The shell has much the outline of Macoma derelicta Bertin, but is more delicate and with no color markings. REVIEW OF MARINE MOLLUSCA FOUND ABOUT NEW YORK CITY. BY ARTHUR JACOT. Having finished collecting in the vicinity of New York City, I find there are several species to add to the lists published in the "Nautilus" during 1919 and 1920. Several of these ad- ditional species were found in the channel behind or to the 60 THE NAUTILUS. north of Long Beach (west end) and more careful search should bring to light still more. Area ponderosa Say. Rarely a somewhat worn valve may be picked up on Far Rockaway or Long Beach. Lyonsia hyalina (Conrad). This was also found at Seaside Beach, S. I. It does not seem to frequent the hard ocean beaches and should be procurable on the north shore of Long Island on clean sand beaches. Venericardia borealis (Conrad). Also at Long Beach. Cardium mortoni Conrad. Two valves at Long Beach. Petricola dactylus Sowerby. One set of valves between South and Midland Beaches. Because of its rarity the habitat rela- tion to P. jpholadiformis was not determined. From this latter it differs by being much deeper for its length, heavier and stouter, lacking the raised, free scales and having a greater number of transverse riblets. Tellina tenella (Verrill). One valve at Long Beach also. Tellina versicolor De Kay. Occasional at Long Beach also. Macoma balthica (Linne). One valve at Long Beach in north channel. This species prefers to live in mud. Macoma tenia (Say). One valve at South Beach, S. I. Donax fossor Say. Mostly at Far Rockaway. Fairly com- mon at one spot. Donax variabilis Say. Found with the preceding and in equal abundance. This seems to be near the northern limit of this species and the valves are quite small and lack the brilliant colors of specimens from the south. The average length of shells from this region is 14 mm., the average length of shells from North Carolina is 17 mm., and for Florida still longer. The differences do not warrant a subspecific designation as in- termediate material can be procured at intermediate localities, the locality record being sufficiently designatory. D. fossor shows less local difference than does D. variabilis. Mesodesma ar datum (Conrad). Rare at Far Rockaway and Long Beach. Corbida contracta Say. Found also at Long Beach. Pyramidella fusca (C. B. Adams). Also found at Long Beach. Epitonium humfhreysii (Kiener). One specimen in channel north of Long Beach. THE NAUTILUS. 61 Polinices immaciilata (Totien) . Two fossil-looking specimens thrown up by dredge in Long Beach channel. Alectrion fretensis (Perkins). I have never collected this species but have seen specimens collected on the north shore of Long Island. It is related to A. vibex but is strikingly different being much narrower and less finely sculptured. Haminea solitaria (Say). Long Branch channel, one speci- men. The total number of forms found is 98 or 99, so that one may say that about a hundred species should be procurable within the limits of Greater New York. The most favorable localities were found to be the sand flats between South and Midland Beaches, S. L, the Prince's Bay Section, S. L, Far Rockaway and Long Beaches, including the channels to the north of those bars. These localities represent five distinct habitats : protected sandy beach, sod bank and marsh, quiet mud flats, ocean sandy beach and channel, respectively. Two habitats have been omitted: rocky (protected or oceanic) and eel-grass bed. For instance Acmaea should be found on the north shore of Long Id. from Sea Cliff eastward as well as Chaetopleura apiculata. In collecting two factors should be borne in mind, namely, that species are very partial to certain factors in their environ- ment so that one must collect from as many different kinds of surroundings as possible, and second, that the further one goes from the cities or centers of human habitation the more com- plete and natural will be each habitat. NOTES ON SNAILS DESTROYING CREEPERS AND THEIR EGGS. BY J. HOOPER BOWLES, TACOMA, WASH. In the vicinity of Tacoma, Pierce County, Washington, the large land snail ^ is to be found in abundance. So far as I have seen they are strictly confined to the mixed fir and oak woods of our prairie districts, which are practically free from under- ^ The snails referred to are Epiphragmophorafidelis Gray, shells of which were received from Mr. Kalph W. Jackson. — Editors. 62 THE NAUTILUS. growth of all kinds. These woods are carpeted with a rather long and handsome green moss, making delightful walking for both snails and human beings alike. The snails live most of the time on the oaks, and I have never seen them on any other kind of tree, although there are several other varieties of decid- uous trees, besides the innumerable firs. The California Creeper ( Certhia familiaris occidentalis) some- times unfortunately, often selects the loose rolls of bark on these oaks under which to place their nests. The big snails, during their wanderings over the trunks of the trees, very naturally wander at times into a Creeper nest, but as to this being by accident or design it is impossible to say. At all events the re- sults are the same, as the big shell is sure to break one or more of the eggs, the contents of which it eats. Most often several of the five or six eggs that usually make up a set are left unin- jured, but, of course, the parent bird in nearly all cases deserts. At times, however, there are more serious results, in case the bird is incubating. These birds are what oologists term ' ' very close sitters " and often have to be removed by force. On such occasions the bird is apt to hug her treasures until it is too late for her to make her escape, and several times I have found the parent dead in the nest with her broken eggs, the abundance of slime on her feathers giving indisputable circumstantial evi- dence of how she met her violent end. I know of no other species of bird that is molested by these snails, but to an ardent student of birds' eggs the creepers are more than enough. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. Pupillidae. By Henry A. Pilsbry. Manual of Conchology,, Vols. XXIV-XXVI, 1916-1921. As Dr. Pilsbry states (1916), ''The last general work on the group is over forty years old. Meantime the number of genera and species has greatly in- creased, and taxonomic ideas have changed so radically that the classification and nomenclature . . . bear little resemblance to those of former works." A provisional list of the subfamilies is given (XXIV, p. X), with a few of the leading genera as ex- amples. THE NAUTILUS. 63 Gastrocoptinae : Gastrocopta, Hypselostoma^ Ahida. Pupillinse : Pupilla, Pupoides. Pagodininse : Pagodina, Aspasita. Acanthinidinae : Acanthinula. Vertigininse : Vertigo^ Nesopupa, Truncatellina. Orculinse : Orcula, Lauria. Strobilopsinae : Strobilops. The first, second and fifth of these subfamihes are worked up in the three volumes completed. Considering the above state- ment it appears to be in place to give an account of the princi- pal groups and genera. Gastrocoptin3Sj in Vols. XXIV and XXV, pp. 1-68, with 16 genera and 277 species, in four main divisions: Gastrocopta group: Chasnaxis P. & F. (Arizona), Gibbulina Beck (S. America), Gastrocopta Wollaston, Bothriopupa Pilsbrj^. Hypselostoma-Boysidia group (Oriental): Hypselostoma Ben- son, Anauchen n. g. , Boysidia Ancey, Gyliauchen Pilsbry, n. g. Aulacospira-Systenostoma group (Oriental, Philippines). Abida group (Palearctic, S. African): Fauxulus Schaufuss, Odontocyclas Schlueter, Sandahlia Westerlund, Abida Leach, Granopupa Boettger, Chondrina Reichenbach. The Gastrocoptinse are probably the most interesting and most complex of the subfamilies. Naturally we turn our eyes first on Gastrocopta, formerly known as Pupa,^ then as Leuco- chilus, and Bifidaria. *' Gastrocopta approaches more nearly a world-wide distribution than any other genus of the Pupillidas, if we include Europe, where species existed from Oligocene to Pliocene times. ..." It is a notable fact that there are no recent Gastrocoptas in Europe, while quite a number of species of Vertigo and Pupilla are identical or closely related in Europe and North America. The many Nearctic species represent several markedly different groups, one of which has been sepa- rated as genus Chasnaxis. It may be noted, by the way, that our G. armifera (Say) is the largest of the genus. The 106 (-f some additional) species are grouped geographically, ''as this is more convenient than strictly systematic sequence "; and the same plan has been followed with some other genera. * As most of the Pupillidce; see Vol. XXIV, p. 267. 64 THB NAUTILUS. Related to Gastrocopta are some eastern Asiatic genera, such as Boysidia and Hypselostoma, with the spires much lower, and somewhat more remotely than those of the fourth group, especi- ally differentiated and diversified, the principally European Abida^ Oranopupa and Chondrina, with 44, 17, and 43 species respectively. Abida was mostly known as Torquilla, and so were partly the others, Chondrina also as Modicella. The author says (p. 263): ''It had been planned to have Abida and Chon- drina monographed by a European conchologist, but this proved to be impracticable under existing conditions. ... To really write a monograph of them, one should give them some years of investigation. ... It can only be expected of me that the well-established species be properly defined, and a reliable com- pilation made from the published literature of others. . . ." And that has been done very well, so far as the reviewer is able to judge, having to some extent collected and studied those forms in Europe. The figures are excellent, as can best be ap- preciated by comparison with those copied (mostly photograph- ically) from European authors. It is also to be noted that of this whole Palearctic group no members are known from Nearctia, either recent or fossil. The second subfamily, Vertigininae, in Vols. XXV, p. 68 to XXVI, p. 106, contains about 255 species of 17 genera, 5 of which are known as fossil only, from the European Tertiaries. All are small and minute, and the group is somewhat difficult to define, conchologically. So far as known the animals have no inferior tentacles. Of the principal genus. Vertigo, 82 recent species are described, 33 of which are American, 44 Paleartic, 7 from Japan and eastern Asia, and quite a number are cited from the European Tertiary. A number of the European and Amer- ican species are closely related, and at least V. pygmaea Drap. is identical in both faunas. The only other genera represented in America are Pupisoma Stoliczka, of the tropical regions of the old and new continents, and Sterkia with 7 species of southern California and Mexico. Of Nesopupa Pilsbry there are 60, and Pronesopupa Iredale, 13 species from the Pacific Islands. Of special interest is Lyro- pupa Pilsbry, from the Hawaiian Islands, worked up in collab- THE NAUTILUS. 65 oration with C. Montague Cooke. The 22 accepted species, recent and fossil, have been studied very carefully with respect to] their distribution and variation, and we figured on eight plates. Truncatellina Lowe, formerly known mostly as Isthmia, contains some of the smallest Pupillidae. The 29 described species are distributed over the eastern continents and islands, but un- known from America. The subfamily Pupillince, in the rest of Vol. XXVI, has 6 genera, two of which are known as fossil only. Of Pupoides Pfeiffer, the 27 species have a wide but discontinuous distribu- tion; 8 of them are American, among them our common mar- ginatus Say, and the much discussed hordaceus Gabb, from New Mexico and Arizona. Pupilla Leach is widely distributed, and the 34 recent species are arranged geographically. At least one, muscorum L. is common to both the Palearctic and Nearctic faunas, and is very variable with respect to size and apertural dentition. The foregoing is a very inadequate sketch of the contents of the three volumes, with about 1050 pages and 107 plates, also a number of text figures. A total of 41 genera, and over 610 species, plus some additional not numbered, means a surprise even for those who have studied the family to some extent. The subject is of exceptional interest with regard to morphology, systematics and distribution, recent and geological. The author has done great work: the arrangement is lucid, the species are generally well defined, there is neither hair-splitting nor lump- ing; the figures are above praise and will be a great help and in- spiration to the student. For years. Dr. Pilsbry has worked out ways of his own in presenting the complex structure of the apertural lamellae and folds of the PupillidcB. Is there anything to criticize ? By right, a critic ought to know more about the subject under consideration than the author does, in order to do the right thing. There may be differences of opinion on a few minor points, hardly worth mentioning, yet of some importance in using the books. Vol. XXIV, p. 10 2nd line from bottom, ''86-94" should read 86-93. Bottom line, "95-106" should read 94-104. Page 365 '' PL 23, figs. 1, 4" should be 1-4. 66 THE NAUTILUS. Page 370, ''PI. 44, figs. 4-8" should be 4, 8. Vol. XXV, p. 82, nth line: ''parietals" should he palatals. In numerous places in Vol. XXIV, callus is spelled '' callous ^% probably by a printer's effort for uniformity. The noun and adjective are properly discriminated in the other volumes. It might be said that there should be a key to the species of every genus and group. But anyone who knows a thing about e. g. Pupilla will know that this is practically impossible, on account of the great variation and frequent overlapping of forms. Keys are provided for a majority of the genera. It might also be said that there should be a general list of literature consulted ; but the pertinent literature is cited in a condensed way under every head: group, genus, species and form, described. In conclusion, it is hoped that especially the generic names used in the work will not have to be changed again for a good number of years to come. — V. Sterki. On Dinocochlea ingens n. gen. et sp. , a gigantic gastropod from the Wealden Beds near Hastings. Geological Magazine, LIX, p. 242, 1922. By B. B. Woodward. In a road cutting the presence of certain huge spiral bodies was noticed. On ex- amination were found to be either dextral or sinistral, of many (about 23) slowly increasing whorls, somewhat like an ex- tremely slender Melanian or Turritellid shell. The casts are broken, but indicate a length of about 7 ft. 3 inches, about six times the diameter of the body-whorl. The shell was propor- tionately very thin. The external moulds in the sandstone were not preserved, so that external characters are unknown. It is certainly remarkable that so huge a fossil escaped notice until now, and that even no probable ancestors or other rela- tives have been turned up. — H. A. P. The San Francisco Bay Marine Piling Survey, 2nd Annual Report. PubHshed by the S. F. Bay Marine Piling Committee, San Francisco, Jan., 1922. The present report is mainly occu- pied with a consideration of the several piling materials and methods of preserving piles and timber. The biological section, THE NAUTILUS. 67 by Dr. Charles A. Kofoid and Robert C. Miller, deals with Teredo in the Bay in 1921, factors limiting distribution and specific status. The species is identified as Teredo navalis. The larvae were observed to settle from July 20 to Nov. 15, but in 1919-20 the breeding season began several months earlier. The Journal of Conchology, Vol. 16, No. 9, June, 1922. Notes on the Nomenclature of Hygromia, Helicella, etc. By Hugh Watson, pp. 277-285. Acanthinula lamellata var. albida and A. harpa near Sweden. By Berthold Sundler, p. 285. A peculiar form of Hygromia fusca from near Bristol. By D. Bacchus, p, 286. The significance of dominant Enadeniate Helices in Africa. By J. W. Taylor, pp. 288-290. Two Molluscan Associations in North-east Staffs. By W. W. Alkins, pp. 291-297. (1. Helix nemoralis and H. horsensis, 2. Balea perversa and Clausilia hidentata.) The South Devon race of Hygromia limbata. By H. C. Huggins, pp. 297-301. On Alopia cyclostoma (Bielz), A. canescens (Charp. ) and A. deaniana n. sp. By Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke, pp. 302-306, pi. 9. Some Upper Cretaceous Shells of the RudistId group FROM Tamaulipas, Mexico. By L. W. Stephenson (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 61, pp. 1-28, pis. 1-15, 1922). One new genus Tampsia and two new species, two new species of the genus Sanvagesia and one new species of the genus Durania are described and figured. The European Pileworm, A Dangerous Marine Borer in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. By T. C. Nelson (N. J. Agri. Exp. Sta., Circular 139, 1922). An interesting and pertinent paper on these destructive mollusks. There has been a con- stant loss from shipworms along the Atlantic coast for years, but apparently no unusual outbreak has occurred before. An investigation however is needed to enable us to realize present 68 THE NAIfriLUS. conditions. A smaller pamphlet on '' Destruction of Piling in Waterfront Structures: Its Prevention," published by the Com- mittee on Marine Piling Investigations of the National Research Council, is also a timely paper on the subject. — C. W. J. A Monograph of the American Shipworms. By Paul Bartsch (U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 122, pp. 1-51, pis. 1-37, 1922). To the conchologists who trusted explicitly the works of Gould and Verrill the paper gives something of a jolt, when they find that three new species have been based on their so- called Teredo navalis. We have no reason to doubt that the author is right, for the paper shows a very careful piece of work and just as wonderful things have occurred before. In all some 14 new species are described and figured. The halftone figures of the shells do not show the sculpture in most cases, but this is described in the text. The "ravages by Gould ship worm at Port Tampa," as shown on plates 14 and 15 suggest that pos- sibly the "gribble" (Limnoria) might also have aided in the destructive work. — C. W. J. The Miocene of Northern Costa Rica. By A. A. Olsson (Bull. Amer. Paleontology, Vol. 9, pt. 2, Pelecypoda, pp. 171- 309, pis. 16-32, June, 1922). About 70 new species and var- ieties are described and figured, in addition to 75 other species which are redescribed and figured. The work is a valuable ad- dition to our knowledge of the miocene fauna of that region. — C. W. J. The Story of Mollusks and of the Shells they live in. By Margaret G. Sherman (The Newark Museum Association, Newark, N. J., 1919). This is an original and very interesting little publication. The story when cut into paragraphs makes labels for 180 shells. A second edition, referred to as the "ex- panded pamphlet," have the paragraphs interlined in smaller type, with special description labels. For arranging a popular exhibit in museums and schools, this story would be very use- ful.—C. W. J. THE NAUTILUS. 69 Variation in Fresh-water Mussels. By Gordon H. Ball (Ecology, Vol. 3, pp. 93-121, 1922). This very exhaustive paper on this interesting subject is based on the large collection in the Carnegie Museum. The variations are shown by plotting and tables, certain variations depending on various ecological conditions. Shells of smaller streams are usually less obese than those of the larger, although there are other factors that determine the degree of obesity. The development of the tubercles as a rule, is also greatest in the larger streams. — C. W. J. Variation in the Dog Whelk, Thais (Purpura auct.) LAPiLLUS. By Harold S. Colton (Ecology, Vol. 3, pp. 146- 157, 1922). A study of the variation of the Dog Whelk, con- stitutes one of the most interesting features of collecting on the New England coast. Dr. Colton' s work was confined to Mt. Desert Island, Me., and the immediate vicinity. Specimens from 106 stations seem to indicate that variation in size and shape of the shells is the result of the direct effect of environ- ment, while variation in color and sculpture are due to heredi- tary factors. More light-colored shells are found on light than on dark environments. The imbricated form is generally asso- ciated with mud flats on the shores of Blue Hill Bay, while in exposed situations they are found only in fissures in the rocks. The almost complete absence of imbricata in Somes Sound is at- tributed to a change of sea level in recent times. — C. W. J. The Auculosae of the Alabama River Drainage. By Calvin Goodrich (Univ, Mich. Mus. ZooL, Misc. Pub. No. 7, pp. 1-57, pis. 1-3, 1922). This valuable paper is based on the collection made by the late Herbert H. Smith, between the years 1901 and 1918. After a year's examination of the collec- tion the author feels toward Mr. Smith only the greatest respect for his industry in the field and the keenness of his observa- tions. The Auculosae vary exceedingly, and the author refers to them as "an adaptive family that is constantly struggling with an altering environment." The introductory remarks on the group and its environment, opercula and classification are 70 THE NAUTILUS. very interesting. Of the 26 species described and figured, 11 that are new were described by Mr. Smith and one by the author.— C. W. J. The Mollusca of Dickinson Co., Michigan. By H. B. Baker (Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Occasional Papers, No. Ill, pp. 1-44, 1921). The habitat studies are very complete; all are numbered, and referred to by numbers in the list of species. Notes on the Internal Lamellae of Carychium. By Mina L. Winslow (Univ. Mich. Mus. ZooL, Occasional Papers, No. 128, pp. 1-16, pis. 1-5, 1922). An interesting study of the lamellae of these small shells, as an aid in determining closely related species. Experiments in the Culture of Fresh- water Mussels. By Arthur D. Howard (Bull. Bureau Fisheries, Vol. 38, pp. 63-89, 1922), An interesting paper on mussel culture and conservation. On the Nomenclature of certain North American Naiades. By A. E. Ortmann and Bryant Walker (Occas. Papers of the Mus. of Zool., Univ. of Michigan, No. 112). Much confusion still prevails in the nomenclature of our freshwater mussels. Mainly owing to the uncertainty attending many of Rafinesque's species and genera. Simpson brought some of them into use in his monumental Synopsis of the Naiades; but many more he ignored on account of the notorious obscurity of that author's writings. Subsequent writers have identified many additional Rafinesquian species and genera with varying degrees of cer- tainty. The traditional identifications of some of Lamarck's species of Unio have been disputed. These and other cases re- quiring revision have been fully discussed by Ortmann and Walker in this paper of 75 pages. The paper was criticised in MS. by Pilsbry, whose decisions in cases not agreed upon w^ere accepted. "As now issusd, the paper represents the unan- imous opinion of all three of us on questions of nomenclature ". THE NAUTILUS. 71 In an article so condensed, and dealing with so many points, it is quite impossible to give a summary. Those interested should obtain copies from the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. The thorough acquaintance of both authors with the subject, their fair and comprehensive consideration of each case, with due reference to the International Rules of Nomenclature, should entitle their conclusions to general acceptance. It is to be hoped that this essay will tead to uniformity in matters of mere nomenclature, so that the energies of our Unio students can be more fully devoted to the many unsolved questions of structure, development and distribution of these most interest- ing mollusks. NOTES. Note on Acm^a patina Esch. — Eschscholtz in his Zoological Atlas described Acmasa scutum end A. patina on the same page and figured both, from Sitka. That the two are specifically identical was recognized by authors of the Carpenterian period, and A. patina was selected as the name to be used for the whole. Eschscholtz' s figure of this is smaller that that of his A. scutum, though as large as many adults. That it is sub- specifically distinct from scutum seeuis highly doubtful; I see no evidence whatever for that view. In cases of two names for the same species published at the same time, that selected by the first reviser has precedence, according to Art. 28 of the Inter- national Code. The species should therefore be called Acm^a PATINA, A. scutum becoming a synonym. The small race A. patina fenestrata (''Nutt." Reeve, 1885) has been mentioned as cribraria Gld. MS. by Carpenter, but cribraria was never defined, and the name did not appear in print until long after Reeve had figured fenestrata. — H. A. PiLSBRY. Note on Cypraea Pacifica Ostergaard.^ — Upon a recent ^ The name being preoccupied Dr. Dall has called this species C. ostergaardi. See Nautilus, Vol. 35, p. 50, 1921. — Editors. 72 THE NAUTILUS. trip to the Hawaiian Islands it was my pleasure to meet Dr. J. M. Ostergaard, eminent local biologist, and to inspect three of the type-lot of his Cypraea Pacifica. This species, although dredged in Honolulu Harbor in 1915, was not described until 1920 (Nautilus, XXXIII, p. 92). Only five examples were taken and no others have since been obtained. For purposes of reference, it should perhaps be known that one of these is in the collections of the American Academy of Sciences at Phila- delphia, one in the Bishop Museum at Honolulu, one in my collection, and the other two in the collection of Dr. 0. This species is a distinct and interesting one, being of a uni- form creamy- white color, with small brown dorsal spots; and it is noteworthy that in a community so long settled and "worked" by conchological collectors, both this beautiful novelty and also Mr. Melvill's pretty Cyp. Rashleighana should have escaped discovery until disclosed by dredging operations of recent years. — Fred L. Button. Subscribers N. B. — A person once asked one of the editors if the Pearly Nautilus made a septum each year, and if it died when it ceased making septa. The only ready reply was — you will have to watch it and see. If the present volume (septum 36) of The Nautilus failed to appear, you would certainly say it was dead. We do not know the age of a Nautilus pompilius L. , or upon what it feeds, but we do know what The Nautilus of Philadelphia and Boston requires. During the past few years the environment of the latter has greatly changed, and it now needs much more of its nutritious food — the "long green", than it used to. When the editors were younger, the little deficit each year was looked upon as a joke, but now the printer's bill reminds us of a huge Tridacna (with real teeth), and when it comes rolling in on the spring tides it is enough to crush the life out of any Nautilus — shell or paper. All that is needed now are a few more subscribers and the prompt payment of subscriptions, otherwise some day The Nautilus will cease its wanderings over land and sea. Some one else may try again, but always remember what Horace Greeley said about starting a paper. — H. A. P. and C. W. J. The Nautilus. Vol. XXXVI JANUARY, 1923. No. 3 THE ANATOMY AND TAXONOMY OF CEBTAIN UNIONINAE AND ANODONTINAE FBOM THE GULF DBAINAGE. BY A. E. ORTMANN, PH. D. The following notes are based largely upon the examination of material of fresh-water mussels, which the Carnegie Museum has received in part from G. H. Clapp, in part from the Ala- bama Museum of Natural History — it has been collected mostly by H. H. Smith and his assistants, but a few forms have been taken by myself in northern Georgia and Tennessee. 1. FuscoNAiA succissA (Lea) (1852). See Quadrula succissa, Simpson, Descript. Catal. 1914, p. 867. There is no doubt that Unio cacao Lea is a synonym to this. Choctawhatchee River, near mouth of Gittey's Mill Creek, Geneva Co., Ala. Two specimens (shells only), Victor Hutch- inson coll. Pea River (trib. to Choctawhatchee), Fleming's Mill, Dade Co., Ala. Eight specimens, shells and soft parts (6 males, 2 females), J. A. Burke coll., Nov., 1915. Structure of the normal, primitive Unionine type. Supra- anal opening present; it is slightly shorter than the anal, and separated from it by a well developed mantle-connection, which is shorter than the supraanal; in the largest male, however, the 74 THE NAUTILUS. connection apparently is torn. Anal opening with the inner edge finely crenulated, almost smooth. Branchial opening with strong papillae on inner edge. Palpi of the normal, subfalci- form shape, their posterior margins connected for one-third to one-half of their length. Gills normal; inner lamina of the inner gill free from abdom- inal sac, except at anterior end. In the female, all four gills are marsupial, with the septa more strongly developed and standing more closely than in the male. Although the shape of the placentae and the glochidia are unknown, I have no doubt that this is a species of the genus Fusconaia, and not of Quadrula, for the reason that, in shell characters, it is extremely close to the F. 6arnmana-group (see Naut. 31, 1917, pp. 58-64), and does not at all resemble the species of Quadrula, which all are more or less sculptured. F. succissa is very much like the headwaters-form of barnesiana (var. bigbyensis Lea), it differs, however, in the complete ab- sence of rays, and the peculiar color of the nacre, which is highly iridescent and more or less purplish, often whitish to- ward the cavity of the shell, darker toward the margin. These tints are unknown in F. barnesiana. The beak-sculpture of F. succissa is unknown, but the fact that even in the smallest specimens at hand, with the beaks very little eroded, no sculpture is seen, indicates that it must have been poorly developed, as is characteristic for Fusconaia. In the two largest specimens (males) the gills had that char- acteristic blackish tint observed in barnesiana; for the rest, the soft parts were discolored by the action of the alcohol. This species is known from the Choctawhatchee system in southern Alabama and western Florida. F. barnesiana and its varieties are from the Tennessee-Cumberland drainage; and the third species of this group, F. ozarkensis (Call), is from the Ozark Mountains; thus the distribution of the group is markedly discontinuous. 2. Megalonaias triumphans (Wright) (1898). Quadrida triumpha7is Simipson, Descr. Cat., 1914, p. 823. Coosa River, Wilsonville, Shelby Co., Ala. Five males, THE NAUTILUS. 75 eight females (soft parts only) and one shell, H. H. Smith coll., June 15, 1914. Coosa River, Weduska Shoals, Shelby Co., Ala. Two shells, H. H. Smith coll., August, 1913. Coosa River, Coosa Valley, St. Clair Co., Ala. One shell, H. H. Smith coll. M. triumphans is the representative of M. heros Say in the Coosa River in Alabama, and it may run into heros in the Ala- bama River. At any rate, heros is known from Tombigbee River, as reported by Simpson, and confirmed by specimens in the Carnegie Museum (from Mcintosh, Washington Co., Ala.). The differences between the two forms are very slight. M. heros, as a rule, has the posterior wing of the shell less developed and less elevated, and thus the shell appears more elongated, and the upper and lower margins are more nearly parallel; while M. triumphans has a more elevated posterior wing, rendering the shell higher and shorter in outline, with the upper and lower margins diverging. As is to be expected, triumphans also belongs to the genus MegalonaiaSj created by Utterback for heros (Amer. Midi. Natural. 4, 1916, p. 41). The essential characters, both of shell and soft parts (as far as our material permits) are seen. Of course, no gravid females being at hand, the charged mar- supium and the glochidium is unknown. It deserves special mention that connection of the inner lamina of the inner gill with the abdominal sac is well developed in all of my speci- mens, and mostly complete, only in a few there are short holes at the posterior end of the foot. In my barren females all four gills are marsupial. In the region of the anal opening all of my specimens are badly injured, and I have been unable to as- certain the presence of a supraanal opening. 3. Amblema perplicata elliotti (Lea) (1856). Quadrula elliotti, Simpson, 1914, p. 819. Othcalooga Creek, Calhoun, Gordon Co., Ga. (type locality). Two shells and soft parts of four males and three females, H. H. Smith coll., the former in July, 1914, the latter in July, 1911. 76 THE NAUTILUS. Conasauga River, Whitfield Co., Ga. Shells, H. H. Smith. Coahulla Creek, Herndon's Mill, Whitfield Co., Ga. Shells, H. H. Smith. Chattooga River, Cedar Bluff, Cherokee Co., Ala. Shells, H. H. Smith. The anatomy agrees completely with that of A. perplicata (Conrad), as described previously (Ann. Cam. Mus. 8, 1912, p. 247, and Naut. 28, 1914, p. 21); of course, the gravid con- dition of the female and the glochidium have not been observed. Already Simpson is inclined to regard this as a form of per- plicata, from which it is said to differ in the more decidedly quadrate outline (with the posterior margin almost squarely truncate) in the narrower anterior and higher posterior end (due to the better development of the posterior wing), and in the smaller and less elevated pseudo-cardinals. In my specimens of elliotti, I cannot discover any difference whatever in the hinge teeth; but the other characters are noticeable. However, such specimens are found practically all over the range of perplicata, from the Alabama system westward. I have material not only from the Coosa-Alabama Rivers, but also from Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri and southern Illinois, and everywhere specimens of the elliotti-type may turn up. Simpson gives, for the latter, the range: ''south- ern" (apparently misprint for ''northern") "Georgia to Texas", but it seems to have a wider distribution, and more- over, the two forms insensibly run into each other. This is preeminently so in the Coosa River, from which T have a num- ber of specimens labeled (by Walker) perplicata, which show all possible transitions toward elliotti. The latter form, indeed, seems to be, in the upper Coosa system, the prevailing form, and for this reason we should let it stand as a variety of perpli- cata, although elsewhere it is merely an individual variation of perplicata. 4. QuADRULA ASPERATA (Lea) (1861). See Quadrula pusiulosa pernodosa (Lea), Simpson, 1914, p. 851 (in part). This is the shell, which represents, in the Alabama system. THE NAUTILUS. 77 the Q. pustulosa (Lea) of the interior basin. I have quite a number of specimens from the headwaters of the Coosa, down to Wetumpka, Elmore Co., Ala. In the Cahaba, Black War* rior, and Tombigbee drainages, similar, but somewhat different forms turn up; but I propose to restrict myself here to the Coosa-form. Simpson has united this form with Q. pustulosa pernodosa, and Walker, who has identified part of the material at hand, has labeled it thus. However, the original U. pernodosus Lea does not come from the Alabama System, but is from "North Carolina ' ' , from rivers tributary to the Tennessee, and is noth- ing but an individual phase of the common Q. pustulosa (see Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc. 57, 1918, p. 540). Simpson's diagnosis of pernodosa is entirely insufficient: "sub- orbicular, moderately inflated, pustulous; epidermis yellowish brown ' ' ; every word of this fits also the typical pustulosa. Ac- cording to my observations, the Coosa-form is indeed different from the true pustulosa. But its chief characters are not found in shape or sculpture, for both are extremely variable, although, in the average, the Coosa-form is more rounded, that is to say, the posterior upper margin is not elevated, and does not form an angle with the posterior margin, but curves down into it very gently and gradually. But such specimens are not infre- quent in the interior basin among pustulosa. The main differ- ence of the two forms is in the color pattern. Typical pustulosa has rays, sometimes obliterated, it is true, in old specimens, but very generally present in younger and well preserved indi- viduals; of these rays, chiefly one in the middle of the disk is noticeable, which is strongly developed, broad, often breaking up into a few large blotches. I have never seen this color pat- tern in the corresponding Coosa-form, but in its place there are concentric, narrow bands of blackish, dark green, or sometimes brownish color, following the growth rests. Sometimes these band are absent, but there are never rays here. The name of pernodosa cannot be used for this Coosa-form; but there is no doubt that U. asperatus Lea stands for it. It originally comes from the Alabama River, Claiborne, Ala., and from the Coosa River, Ala. It should be known as Quadrula 78 THE NAUTILUS. asperata (Lea), and should rank as a species, since there are no transitional forms to pustulosa known to me, and since also the geographical distribution is different from that of the typical Q. pustulosa, Q. asperata is very variable in the development of the tuber- cles of the disk. In young specimens they are generally absent? but begin to appear at a certain stage of the growth. Some- times individuals turn up which have none or only few tubercles at a comparatively advanced age, and such specimens seem to be rather frequent in the headwaters of the Coosa, in northern Georgia. Walker has labeled them Q. pustulosa kieneriana (Lea). The same name he has given to the soft parts (without shells) of three specimens from Etowah River, Cartersville, Bartow Co., Ga. (H. H. Smith coll., October 1910). Of these, two were barren females, and in their anatomy they were iden- tical with Q. pustulosa. The question is, whether these specimens are the real kiener- iana, which Simpson regards as a variety of pustulosa, with the diagnosis: * ' suborbicular, smooth or somewhat nodulous; epi- dermis ashy brown or greenish brown", and, according to the measurements given, it is smaller than asperata. According to this, shells with poorly developed tubercles should be called kieneriana, and Walker apparently has acted upon this prin- ciple. Yet I think that this is not correct, and that most of the specimens without nodules, or with only a few, chiefly those from the headwaters of the Coosa, are only individual variations of Q. asperata, for there is no other difference, and they insensibly pass into each other. There is in the Coosa a closely allied form to Q. asperata, with the same concentric color-bands, which, however has the growth rests standing more closely, and has smaller tubercles. This may be the real kieneriana. But I am not in a position to affirm this positively, since my material is too meagre. 5. Pleurobema georgianum (Lea) (1841). Plmroheina georgianum (Lea), Simpson, 1914, p. 792. Plmrohema favosum (Lea) (1856), Simpson, ibid., p. 798. Conasauga River, Conasauga, Polk Co., Tenn. Two males, THE NAUTILUS. 79 three gravid females with soft parts, A. E. Ortmann coll., May 24, 1915. Conasauga River, Tennga, Murray Co., Ga. Two shells, H, H. Smith coll., Sept. 15, 1914. Cowan Creek, Cherokee Co., Ala. One shell, H. H. Smith coll., Novemb. 1910. Shoal Creek, St. Clair Co., Ala. One male and one female, soft parts only, H. H. Smith coll., Oct. 1914. The three shells from Tennga, Cowan Creek, and the soft parts from Shoal Creek, were labeled by Walker PL favosum. The type-locality of U. georgiamis is: "Stump Creek, Georgia", which undoubtedly stands for Stamp Creek, near Cartersville, Bartow Co., Ga., in the drainage of Etowah River. No other locality, and only one specimen is known. U. favosus is founded upon a number of specimens from Othcalooga Creek, Gordon Co., Ga. (trib. to Oostanaula River, near Calhoun), and also in this case no additional exact localities are known, although Simpson gives: " Alabama system". I do not entertain any doubt that U. georgianus and favoms are identical. They come from the same general region, and, according to the material at hand, this species has its home in the headwaters of the Coosa River in northeastern Alabama and northern Georgia. V. georgianus is founded upon a rather small specimen (L. 41 mm.), of normal shape, with yellowish brown epidermis, without rays or spots, while the figure of U. favosus represents a larger specimen (L. 52 mm.) of the same, regular shape, with the epidermis yellowish green or brownish, and with a row of green spots upon the posterior ridge. These spots, as far as I can see, are the only difference of the two " species", for the rest, they agree completely in color, outline and general shape, and also the diameter is about the same: 39 per cent of the length in georgianus^ 38 per cent of the length in favosus. My material shows conclusively that the color markings in this species are variable: in the set from Conasauga collected by myself, the epidermis is yellowish or brownish olive; the larger specimens are without spots, the smaller ones have more or less distinct spots on the posterior ridge, and in the smallest 80 THE NAUTILUS. they appear as an interrupted broad ray. In the other speci- mens, collected by Smith, the spots are rather distinct. The shape of the shell is rather subovate, almost subelliptical in outline. In the larger specimens, however, the lower margin is not very convex, but in part more nearly straight. Very young specimens (from Tennga) are comparatively higher than old ones. In my specimens, the diameter varies from 33 per of the length to 41 per cent, the average being, in specimens from Conasauga, 36 percent, in the others about 39 per cent. The maximum size (male from Conasauga) is: L. 61, H. 40, D. 20 mm. (this is the most compressed individual, D. 33 per cent). As we shall see below, this is a real Pleurobema according to the anatomy. It stands very close to the small-creek-form PL oviforme argenteum (Lea) of the upper Tennessee region (see: Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 67, 1918, p. 552), and the fact, that this latter form is found in tributaries of the Tennessee not far from the Coosa drainage (Chickamauga Creek in Catoosa Co. , Ga., and Hiwassee drainage in Tennessee) suggests that there actually is genetic relationship between the two forms, and that PL georgianum reached the upper Coosa by crossing over the divide from the upper Tennessee (by stream piracy). PL georgianum differs from PL oviforme argenteum only in the regular, suboval, almost subelliptical outline, while in the latter, the outline generally is subrhomboidal or subtrapezoidal, that is to say, there is a more or less distinct angle between the upper and the posterior margins. The compression of the two forms is nearly the same. In color pattern, they are also much alike, except that the spots, in argenteum, are often accompanied by more or less rays upon the disk. However, also in argen- teum, rays and spots may be entirely absent. The soft parts from Conasauga agree with those from Shoal Creek. The females of the former locality were gravid with glochidia (May 25). The anatomy is identical with that of PL oviforme argenteum (Naut. 34, 1921, p. 85). This concerns also color, the soft parts being either whitish or pale orange. The color of the marsupium (placentae) is cream or pale orange, exactly as in the c^ai;a-group of Pleurobema (to which oviforme THE NAUTILUS. 81 belongs). Glochidia of the usual shape, subelliptical, L. O. 13, H. 0. 15 mm., and thus they are slightly smaller than those of the clava-grou-p, and also a little higher in proportion to length, but in the latter respect, they agree with specimens of argenteum from Chickamauga Creek (see: Naut. 1. c. ). 6. Pleurobema hagleri (Frierson) (1900). Simpson, 1914, p. 776. North River, Hagler's Mill, Tuscaloosa Co., Ala. Two shells, H. H. Smith coll. Valley Creek, Toad vine, Jefferson Co., Ala. Soft parts (without shells) of one male and one barren female, H. H. Smith coll. Both localities are in the Black Warrior drainage, the first close to the type-locality (Tyner, Tuscaloosa Co.). The speci- mens have been identified by B. Walker. Although no gravid females were at hand, the anatomy indi- cates that this species probably is a Pleurobema. The soft parts were discolored by the alcohol. The afiinities of this species are still obscure. 7. Pleurobema patsaligense Bim'pson (1900). Simpson, 1914, p. 788. Little Patsaliga Creek, Crenshaw Co., Ala. Two shells, topotypes, C. Goodrich don. Sandy Creek, Evergreen, Conecuh Co. , Ala. twelve shells, H. H. Smith coll. Choctawatchee River, Blue Springs, Barbour Co., Ala. One shell, and soft parts of ten others (six males and four barren females), H. H. Smith coll. The single shell from the Choctawhatchee is absolutely iden- tical with the sets from the other two localities in the Escambia drainage, and thus it is shown that this species belongs to both systems. Concerning the soft parts, the same is to be said as in the case of PL hagleri^ and also its systematic affinities require further elucidation. It should be pointed out, that the shells of these two species (and of others from Alabama) show certain 82 THE NAUTILUS. similarities to the genus Elliptio: it is not impossible that we have here the intergrading forms between Elliptio and Pleuro- bema. 8. Pleurobema modicum (Lea) (1857). PL striatum (Lea) (1840), PL modicum (Lea) (1857), PL amabile (Lea) (1865), see: Simpson, 1914 p. 794, 795. All three forms are from the Appalachicola system, the first two from the Chattahootchee River, Columbus, Ga. , the last from the upper Flint drainage at Butler, Taylor Co., Ga. I have the following material : Chattahoochee River, Ga. Two shells, Hartman collection (labeled striatus). Pea River, Fleming's Mill, Dade Co., Ala. Eleven shells, ten of these with soft parts (five males, five barren females), J. A. Burke coll., Nov., 1915 (marked ''Pea R., no. 2"). Choctawhatchee River, Blue Springs, Barbour Co., Ala. Soft parts (without shells) of seven males and five barren females, H. H. Smith coll., Oct., 1915 (marked " Choct. R., no. 6, same as Pea R., no. 2"). According to the published descriptions and figures, the dif- erences of these supposed three species may be tabulated as follows : a^ Nacre flesh color to purplish. Posterior point of shell near base and lower margin of shell nearly straight. 1 Shell rather compressed, Dia. 33 to 36 per cent of length. striatum. bj Shell more swollen. Dia. 42 to 45 per cent of length. modicum. a 2 Nacre whitish or yellowish. Posterior point of shell more elevated above base and lower margin more convex. Shell rather swollen. Dia. 41 to 43 per cent of length. amabile. The position of the posterior point of the shell is very varia- ble and unfit to serve as diagnostic character. My two shells from Chattahootchee River, labeled striatus, possess the dia. of 40 and 41 per cent, and thus connect striatum and modicum more closely; I think that there is no doubt that these two are actu- THE NAUTILUS. 83 ally identical. Since Walker has shown (Univ. Mich. Miscell. Publ. 6, 1918, p. 183) that U. striatus Lea (1840) is preoccu- pied by Unio striatus Goldfuss (1839), U. modicus becomes the oldest available name. (PL simpsoni Vanatta, Pr. Acad. Philad. 1915, p. 559, introduced on account of Obovaria striata Rafin- esque [1820] is unnecessary. ) My set of shells from the Choctawhatchee drainage (Pea R.) agrees in every particular with amabile, except that the shells are slightly less swollen (dia. 37 to 43 per cent, average 38 per cent), thus approaching the s^rm^?^m-type. Thus there remains only one distinguishing character from the Chattahootchee shells, color of nacre. But since the whitish color (amabile- type) is also originally from the Chattahoochee drainage, it is safe to place also amabile in the synonymy of modicum. In my specimens from Pea River the epidermis is, in the younger ones, tawny or greenish brown, sometimes obscurely rayed. In older ones it is darker, brownish, shading to black- ish toward the beaks. Nacre whitish, often stained yellowish in the beak cavity. According to the soft parts, this seems to be a Pleurobema, possessing the structure of this genus, as far as we can judge in the absence of gravid females. But its position within the genus is not yet clear. It is a small species, so far restricted to the Appalachicola and Choctawhatchee systems in S. W. Georgia, S. E. Alabama and probably also West Florida. 9. Lasmigona (Alasminota) holstonia (Lea) (1839). Alasmidonta holstonia (Lea) and AL georgiana (Lea), Simp- son, 1914 pp. 502, 503. See also: L. (Sulcidaria) badia (Raf. ), Ortmann, Nautilus Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 57, 1918 p. 557; L. (Alasminota) holstonia, Ortmann, Naut. 28, 1914 p. 43, and 34, 1921 p. 87. This species, common in small streams in the upper Tennes- see, has also been reported from the headwaters of the Coosa River, and undoubtedly is present there. This fact again indi- cates a close connection of the upper Coosa drainage with that of the upper Tennessee. According to material before me, it is widely distributed also in the Coosa drainage, from northern 84 THE NAUTILUS. Georgia down to Talladega and Shelby Cos. in Alabama, and also here it avoids the larger rivers, preferring smaller streams. It should be pointed out that the two ranges are in close con- tact, since, in the Tennessee drainage, this species is known from South Chickamauga Creek in Catoosa Co. , Ga. , and from the Hiwassee drainage in Polk Co., Tenn. I have examined specimens with soft parts from the follow- ing localities in the Coosa drainage. Chattooga River, Trion, Chattooga Co., Ga. Three males and two females. A. E. Ortman coll., May 19, 1915. Little River (trib. to Chattooga), Cherokee Co., Ala. One male and one female (without shells). H. H. Smith coll. The structure of these is entirely normal, as described pre- viously. ( To he continued) PROSEBFINIDAE. BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER. Proserpina Gray (1840). Nude name. Odontostoma d'Orbigny (1841), not Turton (1829), etc., etc. Type 0. depressa d'Orbigny (1841), Cuba. Proser]9ma '' Gray " Sowerby (1842). Type (monotype) P. nitida "Gray" Sowerby (1842), Jamaica, Not Proserpinus Hiibner (1816), Lepidoptera (Verz. bek. Schmet., p. 132). Ceres Gray (1856). Type Carocolla eolina Duclos (1834), Vera Cruz, Mexico. Proserpinella Bland (1865). Type (monotype) P. berendti Bland (1865), Mirador, Mexico. Cyane H. Adams (1870). Type (monotype) C. blandiana H. Adams (1870), Eastern Peru. Linidiella Jousseaume (1889). Type Proserpina swifti Bland (1863), Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. Despana R. B. Newton (1891). Substitute for Proserpina; same type. THE NAUTILUS. 85 Chersodespcena Sykes (1901). Type Despoena cinnamomea Sykes (1901), between Ayabamba and Santa Rosa, Ecuador. Staffola Dall (1905). Type Proserpina derbyi Dall (1905), subfossil, Rio Chico, Paraguassu, Bahia, Brazil. A. Shell large, heavy, carinate; externally with riblets above and thickened below. Columellar, parietal and palatal lamella (Mexico). Genus Ceres. A', Shell smaller, thin, rounded; without definite riblets. Genus Proserpina. B. With distinct, thin, columellar lamella. Subgenus Proserpina s. s. C. Palatal, parietal and columellar lamellje (An- tilles). Section Proserpina s. s. (-\- Despoena). C Parietal and columellar lamellae (Antilles). Sec- tion Despanella new name (-{-Odontostoraa). C". Columellar lamella only (Venezuela to Ecuador). Section Linidiella (-{-Chersodespcena). B'. With heavy columellar lamella, appearing as trunca- tion of columellar pillar (South America). Sub- genus Cyane, D. Parietal lamella also present (Brazil). Section Staffola. D'. Columellar truncation only (Peru, Bolivia). Section Cyane s. e. B". Parietal lamella only (Mexico). Subgenus Proser- pinella. As will be seen from the above, even if it were decided that Proserpinus preoccupied Proserpina (Cf. Newton and also Sykes, 1. c), Despana (Despoenidse) could not be used as a generic term without designation of considerably smaller generic limits than here recognized. Regardless of the size of the genera, Proserpinellidx would become the only appropriate family name. 86 THE NAUTILUS. A CKITIQUE ON PROFESSOR HAROLD HEATH'S CHIOR^RA DALLI, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE USE OF THE FOOT IN THE NUDIBRANCHIATE M0LLT7SK, MELIBE LEONINA GOULD. BY H. H. VON WOLD KJERSCHOW AGERSBORG. (From the Zoological Laboratory, University of Illinois, with Plates II to V.) The remarkable Nudibranch Melibe leonina Gould has recently been described by Professor Chas. H. O'Donoghue, from the Vancouver Island region, under the nomenclature of Gould (1852), the discoverer of the species. Heath (1917) also em- ploys Gould's nomenclature for the genus, but he goes farther than O'Donoghue by naming for it a new species, Chioraera dalli. Heath's species was collected off the coast of British Col- umbia. That is, not far from O'Donoghue' s territory, nor, in- deed, from that of Gould. The specific description of Heath, as far as it goes, coincides perfectly with that of Gould (1852), Cooper (1863), Fewkes (1889), Bergh (1904;, O'Donoghue (1921) and Agersborg (1916, 1919, 1921, 1921a, 1922). The only difference lies in his statements in regard to the salivary glands and the tentacles. Microscopic sections of the anterior end of the alimentary canal of Heath's species no doubt will reveal these glands just as in the case of the type species of Gould. These glands, as I have shown before (1922), are very small, and are imbedded in the connective and muscular tissues of the neck, opening into the alimentary tract by minute crypts through the entoderm between the proven triculus and the mouth. Heath does not seem to appreciate Gould's description neither in the Latin nor in the English. It is, therefore, no wonder that Heath makes a new species of Gould's Melibe leonina, Gould's description rerds: * ' Body limaciform, smooth and of a pearly and whitish colour, finely reticulate with orange. The head is enormously enlarged, with a distinct neck, semiglobose, the oral face flat- tened. The oral fissure is longitudinal, the lips large, with the true mouth within at the posterior portion; around the edge of the oral disc or cowl is a double series of orange-coloured cirrhi. THE NAUTILUS. 87 each of which has an independent motion. On the top of the head are two foliate expansions, destitute of venations, which answer to the true tentacles; on their anterior edge is an opaque whitish papilla, presenting something of a spiral or lamellar structure; they were sometimes wholly retracted within a per- manent sheath." P. 310. Heath's description reads in part: ^^ External Features. — The body (PI. XI, fig. 1) comprises two distinct divisions, the head and the body proper. The head presents the appearance of a low vault or cowl provided with two dorsal tentacles, two sets of marginal tentacles and on its under surface bears the mouth. Unlike Chiorasra leonina, the dorsal tentacles are not retractile, and in preserved material are plain, muscular, foliaceous outgrowth. Gould states that the tentacles of C leonina bear on their anterior margins ' an opaque, whitish papilla, presenting something of a spiral or lamellar structure.' Nothing of the kind has been found to exist in the present species. "The marginal head tentacles form two series, an outer set comprising from fifty to seventy-five large, slender processes, and an inner fringe formed of much smaller outgrowths of ap- proximately double the number. Each of these cirri is pro- vided with a nerve (PI. XI, fig. 2) and gives evidence of being a tactile organ, though observations along this line were very incomplete. "The mouth presents the appearance of a longitudinal slit (PI. XI, fig. 1) placed near the posterior margin of the head, and therefore in close proximity to the anterior margin of the foot. Its posterior border may be said to be formed by the free border of the head, which here forms a deep angle usually de- void of the larger type of tentacle." P. 138. " Chiorcera dalli new species. "Body limaciform, smooth and of a pearly color without definite signs of pigmentation. Head enormously developed, with the mouth near the posterior margin. Dorsal tentacles simple leaf-like expansions without special sheath. Jaws^ Radula, and salivary glands wanting. " P. 147. From the above, it is seen the two descriptions agree exactly. The differences which Heath tries to bring out, are based on his failure to understand Gould's description, and also, judg- ing from his own statement, he evidently made very superficial observations of the living animals. In preserved specimens, the whitish papilla is always retracted within a permanent 88 THE NAUTILUS. sheath; it is very hard to see in preserved specimens. In living animals, it seems to be very sensitive, although not so sensitive as the oral cirrhi, and, at the least disturbance, it is quickly withdrawn within the tentacular sheath, or stalk. Heath confuses the tentacular papilla, that is the true tentacle, with the foliaceous tentacular stalk. The tentacular stalk is never retracted. And, it was neither claimed by Gould. When this last named author writes: '' Tentaculae cephalicae foliataej retractiles; " he means exactly what he says on the same in English: On the top of the head are two foliate expansions, . . . ; on their anterior edge is an opaque, whitish papilla, presenting something of a spiral or lamellar structure; they were sometimes wholly retracted within a permanent sheath. ' ' It is clearly indicated by Gould's description that when he speaks of tentacles he includes the opaque, whitish, foliate papillae (one on each tentacle). That is, his 'tentacle" stands for a whole; a part of a whole may be retracted within a whole, but the whole may not be retracted within a part of itself. The papilla stands for a part of the tentacle; the ten- tacle consists of the papilla and the foliate expansion. And, as I have stated above, the true, or real sensory organ, as far as the tentacle is concerned, is the papilla, which, ipsofactOj is the actual tentacle, or the "rhinophore" of many writers, (vide: Agersborg, 1922). The rest of the tentacle, that is, the foliate expansions, is the tentacular sheath. It is only fair to Heath, to state here that the papilla^ at times, may fall off from the stalk, since it is quite constricted at its base (Figs. 4, 5), but in a large number of specimens as examined by Heath, this should not be the general case. If an entire tentacle is stained in borax carmine, the papilla — completely retracted within the foliate expansion — will stain more deeply than the remainder. This is illustrated in PI. IV, figure 6. In speci- mens preserved in alcohol or formaldehyde, the papilla may be overlooked easily. In point of fact, O'Donoghue (1921) claims no " rhinophores," p. 192, for Chiorara leonina. This shows that the "papilla" is quite difficult to see. On page 193 he writes: "No structures comparable with the rhinophores of other nudibranches could be found unless the cephalic appen- THE NAUTILUS. 89 dages are their modified representative, which hardly seem probable." This, of course, is an error, and represents a good proof that the living animals, also in this case, were not studied carefully. As stated above, the sensory part of the tentacles is always retracted when the animal is disturbed, and may only be seen when the animal is left at rest in the aquarium. Then, it may become quite conspicuous (PI. IV fig. 5a, pa. ). O'Don- oghue's statement, therefore, in regard to the absence of *' rhin- ophores," indirectly substantiates my claims that Heath is wrong. With these things in mind, it is perfectly evident that Heath's description, as far as quoted, is a duplicate of Gould's. The rest of Heath's paper, as far as accuracy goes, is very sim- ilar to the part thus far reviewed. It is not my purpose to go into details here. I only wish to point out some of the main features. Heath's drawings are exceedingly unreliable as they are too diagrammatic (Fig. 6) and do not tally with his text. It is much to be regretted that Heath did not consult the liter- ature. That would have saved him from creating a new species. In this case, there is no new species at all! ( Vide literature on Nudibranches in general, and Tethymelibidae in particular: Agersborg 1916, 1919, 1921, 1921a, 1922). As regards Heath's drawings, it is only necessary to refer to his drawing of the ten- tacles which are represented by a mere line ! Since the tentacles form one of Heath's basic reasons for creating a new species out of Gould's Melibe leonina, they should have been repre- sented by very accurate drawings. That Heath's drawings of the tentacles are both incomplete and inaccurate, are supported by examination of preserved specimens from the vicinity of Heath's type locality. The structural features, as pointed out by Heath, in which his Chiorara dalli dififers from Gould's Melibe leonina, are altogether too trivial, and his drawings too poor (Fig. 6), that I do not think anyone who knows Gould's species can possibly accept the species of Heath. The status of the genus itself is for the first time, to my knowledge, properly set forth by myself (Agersborg, 1921a). In this paper, the reasons are given why Gould's Chiorsera is a synonym of Melibe Rang (1829). Several authors, moreover, although without giving a reason, recognize Chiorsera as a synonym of Melibe. W THE NAUTILUS. {Vide: Tryon, Jr. 1883, p. 382; Fischer 1887, pp. 533-534; Bergh 1892, pp. 1039-1043; 1904, p. 13; 1907-1908, pp. 95- 98). O^Donoghue (1921) although he classified Melibe under the nomenclature of Gould, states later in a letter to me: **I have quite given up Chiorsera as a name. ' ^ This, I am sure, will be the conclusion of every student who studies this subject seriously. In creating a new species, I think, Heath violated good usage among investigators by not familiarizing himself with the literature on the subject with which he dealt. The species Melibe leonina Gould was quite fully described by me in an unpublished Master's thesis (1916), which is in the Library of the University of Washington, Seattle. It is not ex- pected that Heath should know anything about this, but it goes without saying, that students of Zoology, nowadays, must consult the literature when they write for publications, lest their contributions to the science may be little less than a stumbling block for subsequent workers. Heath's record of the swimming habit coincides with Gould's, also with mine (1916, 1919, 1921, 1921a, 1922, 1922a, 19226). His description of the contents of the stomach and intestines differ. In my specimens, the alimentary tract contained crus- taceans of various kinds, and of different sizes (PI. V, figs. 7, 8, cr. ). The food of Melibe leonina is crustaceous per se. (vide littercUurae supra et infra). Melibe, however, as I have pointed out elsewhere (19226), is not such an able swimmer as e. g., Dendronotus giganteus O' Donoghue. Heath's reference to egg-bodies or nidosomes by the state- ment: ** Large numbers of eggs were found attached to 'eel grass' and imbedded in gelatinous, spirally-wound folds after the fashion of many nudibranchs," does not agree at all with the nidosome of the Puget Sound species (PI. II, fig. 2), whose egg-body {vide: Agersborg, 1916, 1919, 1921) consists of a broad ribbon (not "spirally-wound folds") which folds into a funnel-shaped form when supported in the water owing to one side of the ribbon being shorter than the other, and the shorter side becomes attached to the eel-grass. Heath's "spirally- wound folds" fit better to the nidosome of the "Sea-lemon," Anisodoris Bergh (Anisodoris nobilis MacFarland), (PI. II, THE NAUTILUS. XXXVI PLATE II KJERSCHOW AGERSBORG: MELIBE LEONINA ETC. Fijr. 1. Nidosotiie of Am.^odoi'is nohilifi deposited on sea-lettuce [Ulvn hie- fiic/i). Plioto, by Dr. Sidney R. Johnson. F\(r. 2. Nidosonie of Mrliht' leonina deposited on Zoftlrra morinn. Photo, by nutlior. , THE NAUTILUS. XXXVI PLATE III KJERSCHOW AGERSBORG: MELIBE LEONINA ETC. Fig. 3. Nidosome of IJmdronotus gifjanteus. Photo, by author. Fig. 4. Dorsal tentacle from preserved specimen of Melihe leonhni showing contracted papilla {pa) of Gould, stained with borax carmine, mounted in Can- ada balsam. Photo, bv author. THE NAUTILUS. XXXVI PLATE IV KJERSCHOW AGERSBORG: MELIBE LEONINA Fie -. a Drawing of .lorsal tentado of M. honina from life, showing tl.o papiUa {r«) of «ould. b. The same from j.reserved specimen, seen with the unaided eve. Fig. 6. Copy of Heath's drawing (pi. 12, f. 6) of the hood of ^^ CInonera ,jaUV' (= Mrhbe leonina). te, tentacle (dorsal tentacle), i'h, pharynx. Fie' q Diagrams illustrating various aspects of the foot of M. homna dur- ing ^galloping". ., normal; /., beginning (x) of elongation of the foot; ., mLimum elongation, x advanced to x- ; rf, x^ adheres to substrate, large mon- otaxic pedal wave passes from anterior to posterior, and posterior end of oot is drawn anteriorly producing at the same time a large swelling on the middle of the body and foot. ., second elongation, a new wave sets in from anterior to posterior, repeating the same phenomenon as in h, x. THE NAUTILUS. XXXVI PLATE V c Cn. KJERSCHOW AGERSBORG: MELIBE LEONINA ETC. Fipj 1. Microphotogriiph of a cross-section of the gizzard of .Urfihe Iconino , cr, sections of crnstaceans filling the stomach. Fig. 8. i\Iicroi)hotogra])h of the cross-section of the intestine, rr., egg- ponches with embryos of crustaceans. THE NAUTILUS. 91 fig. 1). There can be no doubt as to the nature of the nido- some of Melibe Iconina, as this species deposited two nidosomes in the laboratory during the summer of 1914 {vide : Agersborg, 1916, 1919, 1921); these were used as a check for those found in nature at that time, e. g., on the eel-grass (Zostera marina), where Mdibe also were collected. The same kind of nidosomes had been found before by members of the Puget Sound Biolog- ical Station, but it was not known to what species it belonged until Melibe leonina was seen to deposit the same kind in the laboratory. Closely related species among the Aeolidia deposit nidosomes of great similarity: Aeolidia coronata, Hermissenda opaletcens, Coryphella longicaudata, etc. (Fig. 3). The extent of the spiral form of a nidosome of this kind depends on two things: (1) on the speed of the egg-mucus flow, and (2) on the speed with which the nudibranch moves during oviposition (Agersborg, 1922c). In the light of these facts, I am compelled to doubt, therefore, very much whether Heath's statement in regard to the nidosome of his species is any more valid than his supposed new species. Of course. Heath's inference is only a guess. I have suggested above the only scientific way to iden- tify nidosomes. O'Donoghue (1921) makes the following statement in regard to Melibe leonina : ''There seems little doubt that this species is mainly pelagic for it is found floating freely in the sea during the early months of the year and I have seen it at the end of July and the middle of August. Towards the middle or end of May, however, it