THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL XLIV JULY, 1930 to APRIL, 1931 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Deiiartmeiit of Mollusks ami Marine Inverteliratos, Academy of Nacural Sctleiices I'llILAIlKLI-IlIA CHARLES W. JOHNSON Curator of Insecta ami Mollusca, Boston Society of Natural History IJ08TON CONTENTS OF THE NAUTILUS, XLIV. Acavus haemastoma monochroa Pils., n. n 100 Acila castrensis. Variation in the Sculpture of 50 Amnicola leightoni and gelida 22 Aroapyrgus, a New Name for Aroa H, B. Baker 142 Ancylu'3 coloradensis Henderson, n. n. for hendersoni . . 31 Angustipes Colosi 136 Aporrhais occidentalis Beck (pi. 1) 1 Aporrhais occidentalis var. labradorensis John. (pi. 1) 3 Aporrhais occidentalis var. mainensis John, (pi. 1) ... . 3 Arrhoges Gabb 3 Averellia (Trichodiscina) coactiliata Fer 81 Belocaulus sloanei 133 Boston Malacological Club 27 Brazier, John (Obituary) 95 Bulimulus baileyi Dall 81 Bulimulus felipponei Marshall not Ihering 100 Bulimulus hendersoni Marshall, n. n 100 Bulla, The Status of 98 Camptoceras (Culmenella) prashadi Clench, n. n 80 Camptoceras (Culmenella) hirasi Clench 80 Carinifex atopus Chamb. and Jones (pi. 6) 77 Carinifex newberryi Lea, Variation of (pi. 6) 77, 109 Carinifex ponsonbyi E. A. Smith (pi. 6) 79 Carocolla Schumacher, 1817 139 Chitons with Seven Valves 7 Connolly, Major M 100 Coretus Adams 100 Cylindrocaulis Strand 134 Dentellaria Schumacher, 1817 139 Desmocaulis Simroth 136 Discodoma Swainson, 1840 139 Drepanocaulis Simroth 137 Eleutherocaulis Simroth 137 8 4 THE NAUTILUS Emerson, Joseph Swift (Obituary) 94 Emerton, James Henry (Obituary) 97 Euglandina lowei Pils., n, sp. (pi. 5) 83 Euglandina mariana Dall 83 Euglandina mazatlanica von Mart 83 Flagellicaulis Simroth 137 Florida, Collecting on the East Coast 29 Fresh Water Mussels, Terms Used in Describing Them 41 Goniobasis livescens correcta, On Reproduction of 115 Goniobasis livescens, Radula of (figs. 1-9) 53 Gonyodiscus cronkhitei anthonyi 38, 109 Gonyodiscus perspectiva and macclintocki 22 Granodomus, Type Helix lima Fer., n. subg 141 Gyraulus altissimus 22 Haplotrema alameda Pils., n. sp. (pi. 5) 67 Haplotrema alameda fieldi Pils., n. subsp. (pi. 5) 67 Helices, Some Type Designations in 139 Helicina occulta Say 37, 87 Helisoma (Carnifex) newberryi Lea (pi. 6) 77 Helisoma (Carnifex) ponsonbyi E. A. Smith (pi. 6) . . . 79 Helminthoglypta benitoensis Lowe, n. sp 43 Helminthoglypta traski 86 Helminthoglypta traski fieldi Pils., n. subsp. (pi. 5) ... . 66 Helminthoglypta walkeriana and umbilicata 30 Helminthoglypta greggi Willett, n. sp 124 Helix aspersa Mull 102 Helix haemastoma var. concolor Pils 100 Helix liberiae A. D. Brown=H. anceps Gould 68 Helix nemoralis at Marion, Mass 13 Helix nemoralis castanea Picard 14 Helix whitneyi Newb 98 Hemicycla Swainson 140 Hendersonia occulta rubella Green 21 Holkeion anceps Gould 68 Humboldtiana palmeri Clench and Rehder, n. sp. (pi. 2) 12 Imerinia 137 Iowa, Red Cedar River Collection 87 Ischnochiton mertensis Carp. (7 valves) 8 Ischnochiton regularis Carp. (7 valves) 7 Kentucky, Land Shells of Rio 16 Laevicaulis 138 Lampsilis cariosus Say 20 Lampsilis radiatus in Aroostook Co., Me 69 Lampsilis ventricosus cohongoronta in the Potomac River 19 ! THE NAUTILUS 6 Land Shells of Western Mexico 81 Leidyula 133 Leiostoma Swainson, 1840 139 Liguus solidus innominatus Pils., n. form 32 Lima inflata and Its Nest 126 Lymnaea idahoensis Henderson, n. sp. (pi. 6) 75 Lymnaea utahensis Call, Variation of (pi. 6) 77, 109 Lymnaea auricularia L. in Idaho 143 Macrospira Swainson, 1840 141 Menetus planulatus Cooper (pi. 6) 79 Microphysula ingersolli Bland 114 Mollusca of Bear Lake and Utah Lake, Idaho-Utah .... 109 Mollusca Collected in Northern West Virginia 127 Mollusca of Lamb's Canyon, Utah 113 Molluscan Life During Pleistocene and Recent Time, Variation of 21 Mollusks Collected in Bass Island Region, Lake Erie. . . 44 Mollusks of Jefferson, Lincoln Co., Me 142 Micrarionta desertorum Pils. and Ferr 4 Micrarionta hutsoni Clapp 4 Micrarionta hutsoni amboiana Willett, n. subsp 123 Micrarionta hutsoni hilli Willett, n. subsp 6, 123 Micrarionta hutsoni unifasciata Willett, n. subsp. . . .6, 123 Micrarionta kellettii Forbes 86 Modiolus Lam. versus Volsella Scop 145 Monadenia fidelis Gray 102 Monadenia fidelis pronotis Berry, n. subsp 122 Murex f ulvescens Sowb 30 Newfoundland, A Promising Collecting Field 9 Notes and News 30, 68, 98, 141 Opeas micra mazatlanica Pils., n. subsp. (pi. 5) 82 Oreohelix avalonensis Hemp 73 Oreohelix cooperi W. G. Binney 102, 114 Oreohelix Growing on Trees 102 Oreohelix handi Pils. and Ferr 73 Oreohelix in California 73 Oxystyla boucardi Pfr., Estivating (pi. 3) 25, 82 Oxystyla melanocheilus 82 Paludestrina longinqua Gould 110, 114 Pachychilus schumoi Pils,, n. sp. (pi. 7) 84 Paphia tenerrima alta, The Status of 48 Parahelix v. Iher 68 Pecten grandis Solander, Size of 99 Pholadidea californica 91 Pleistocene and Recent Mollusks 21, 37 6 THE NAUTILUS Pleurodonte F. de Waldh 139 Polygyra behri Gabb 81 Polygyra columbiana megasoma Dall 101 Polygyra columbiana pilosa Henderson 102 Polygyra espiloca at Beaufort, N. C 142 Polygyra mullani tuckeri Pils. and Hend., n. subsp. (pi. 5) 121 Polygyra multilineata altonensis 22 Polygyra multilineata wanlessi 22 Polygyra paucicostata Pils 81 Polygyra richardson v. Mart 81 Polygyra roperi Pils., Rediscovery of 17 Polygyroidea harfordiana Cooper 101 Polymesoda zeteki Pils., n. sp. (pi. 7) 85 Pomatiopsis scalaris and lapidaria 23, 38, 39 Potamopyrgus, New Subgenera of 142 Prashad, Dr. Baini 100 Publications Received 33, 72, 102 Radula of Goniobasis livescens 60 Sarasinula G. & H 137 Schizothaerus nuttallii capax Gould, not S. maxima Midd 69 Schooner M. M. Hamilton as a Laboratory 32 Shell Collecting on the W. Mexican Coast, H 24 Snails Climbing Trees 30 Strobilops labyrinthica virgo Pils 87 Succinea grosvenori and gelida 22 Sulc^strum, Type of 143 Switzerland Shells 70 Thais floridana havsae Clench (pi. 2) 68 Thelidomus Swainson, 1840 140 Urocoptis livida atkinsi Torre and Clench (pi. 2) 15 Urocoptis livida barbouri Torre and Clench (pi. 2) . . . . 15 Vaginulus (Latipes) occidentalis Gould 137 Vaginulus (Sarasinula) plebeius Fisch 134 Vallonia gracilicosta 40 Valvata of Aroostook Co., Me 30 Valvata lewisi ontariensis F. C. Baker, n. var 119 Valvata lewisi precursor 22 Valvata lewisi helicoidea Dall 120 Valvata sinceru nylanderi 30, 120 Veronicella floridana Leidy 131 Veronicella (Tonacipes) tenax H. B. Baker, new sect. and sp 131 Vertigo coloradensis Ckll. in Newfoundland 9 THE NAUTILUS 7 Vertigo loesscnsis and jjouldii 22 \'iviparus subpurpureus Say 70 Woodward, Bernard Barham (Obituary) 97 Zonitoides arborca Say 99 INDEX TO AUTHORS Ahlstrom, Elbert H 44 Archer, A. F 16, 70 Baker, Frank C 21, 119 Baker. H. B 99, 106, 131, 143 Berrv. Elmer G 113 Berry, S. Stillman 73, 122 Burnett. \V. E 143 Chace, E. P. and E. M 7 Clench, W. J 10, 13, 15, 34, 70, 80 Cooke, C. Montague 94 Field, Stanley C 30, 86 Frizzell, Don L 48, 50, 69 Grant IV. U. S 91 Hanna, G. D 17 Henderson. Junius ..9, 31, 33, 35, 75, 102, 109, 121, 143 Howe, Sam W 53 Iredale, Tom 95 Jewell. Dorothea Dowd 115 Johnson, C. W 1, 97, 102, 126 Jones, David T 87 Lowe, H. N 24, 42, 81 Marshall. Wm. B 19, 41, 100 Nicholson, J. L 17 Norton. Arthur H 99 Nvlander, Olof 0 30, 69 Oidrovd, I. S 91 Pilsbry, H. A. 32, 34, 66, 68, 72, 81, 84, 98, 101, 108, 121, 138, 143 Rehder, H. A 10 Shimek, R 37 Smith. Allyn G 101 Torre. Carlos de la 15 Vanatta, E. G 68 Webber. F. S 29 Willard, Theodora 27 Willett, G 4, 123 Wilson, F. R 127 The Nautilus. Vol. XLIV JULY, 19S0. No. 1 THE V.VRIATIONS OF APORRHAIS OCCIDENTALIS BECK BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON This interesting species presents considerable variation throughout its range from the Georges Bank off Massachu- setts to northern Labrador, in depths of water varying from 6 to 120 fatlioms. Although naturally merging into each other there are three quite distinct forms. One is found along the coast of Maine and Nova Scotia, the second along the coast of Labrador, while the typical form seems to occupy the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the deeper waters of the Gulf of Maine. In my list of mollusks from Labra- dor, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, collected by Mr. Owen Bryant (1926), I gave to the coarse ribbed form from Maine the varietal name of mainensis, considering those from Labrador to be typical. Further study however shows that these are also quite different from the typical form, in fact, more so than the variety mainensis. APORRHAIS OCCIDENTALIS (Beck). PI. I, fig. 1. Rostellaria occidentalis Beck, Guerin's Mag, de Zool., 1836, vol. 6, classe 5 (text) pi. 72.' ' Beck refers to a paper as follows: — "in Lyell Catl. of the Fossils of St. Laurence Bay, in Geol. Trans". This paper did not actually ap- pear until 1811. Trans. Gcol. Soc, London, vol. G, (2 ser.) 1841 (read April 24, 1831)). The real title of the paper is — "Remarks on Some Fossils and Recent Shells collected by Captain Bayfield R. N. in Can- ada," by Charles Lyoll. A list of fossil shells from Beauport near Quebec, is followed by the following remark: "For the sake of com- parison I subjoin a list of the recent marine shells of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, forwarded to me by Capt. Bayfield in the naming of which I have been assisted by Dr. Beck and Georpe Sowerby." Rofttellaria occidentalis appears in the list on pape 138. 2 THE NAUTILUS Rostellaria occidentalis Gould, Inv. Mass., 1841, p. 298, fig. 205. ArroJioges occidentalis Gabb, Amer. Journ. Conch., vol. 4, p. 145—1868. Aporrhais occidentalis Gould, Inv. Mass., 2 ed. 1870, p. 320, fig. 589. Aporrhais (Arrhoges) occidentalis Johnson. Fauna of New England. List of Moll. Occas. Papers, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, p. 128, 1915. The shell described and figured by Beck is 57 mm. in length, diameter of the penultimate whorl 15 mm., width of the lip 20 mm. The last whorl has about 25 longitudinal costae. Specimens were from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Newfoundland. This is the form found in the deeper waters of the Gulf of Maine and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, varying in size from 50 to 70 mm. The specimen represented by figure 1 is from Newfoundland and is what may be considered as typical. Its length is 62 mm. penultimate, whorl 18 mm. in diameter, width of the lip 25 mm. The penultimate whorl has about 19 longitudinal costae and the body whorl about 25 costae which become obsolete on the expanded portion. In perfect specimens the entire shell is ornamented with fine raised spirals, but these are usually eroded on the spire, the peripheral and subperipheral ridge on the body whorl often quite distinct. In most cases the extension of the lip ex- tends across the penultimate whorl and in a few specimens onto the adjoining whorl. A fine series was obtained by Mr. W. S. Schroeder of the United States Fish Commission steamer "Albatross 11" in 88 fathoms, off" the Isles of Slioals, New Hampshire, the largi'r si)ccimcns measuring 70 mm. The most southern records are the Georges Bank 50 fathoms Lat. 41° 23' N. Long. 68 40' W. and off Gurnett Point, Plymouth, Mass., 20 fathoms (R. K. Smith and W. F. Clapp). In 1871 J. F. Whiteaves dredged a living specimen in 120 fathoms, N. E. of the Island of Anticosti. THE NAUTILUS 3 Aporrhais ore identalis. var. mainensis Johnson, PI. 1. figs. 4-6. The Nautilus, vol. 39, pp. 133-134, 1926. This form is distinguished by its more slender spire and fewer longitudinal costae. The number of costae on the ]ienultimate whorl is 14 and on the body whorl about 18. The young (fig. 6) of this and the typical form are often difficult to separate. The length of the type (fig. 5) is 62 nmi. The type lot was dredged by Dr. C. W. Townsend near Gillpatrick Ledge, off Northeast Harbor, Maine, in 5 to 6 fathoms, also taken at Eastport, Maine, 20 fathoms (Hyatt) and at Digby, Nova Scotia, by E. W. Roper. The figure by Gould represents the typical form and not this variety as stated in 1926. Aporrhais occidentalis var. labradorensis n. var. PI. 1. figs. 2, 3. This is readily separated from the typical form by its smaller size, more slender spire, smaller and more numer- ous costae and less expanded lip. On the penultimate whorl there are about 24 longitudinal costae and on the body whorl about 29, peripheral lines obsolete or wanting. Width of the lip 15 mm. The lip is confined to the body whorl, usually not reaching the suture and rarely extending onto the penultimate whorl. The length of the holotype (fig. 3) is 52 mm. and of fig. 2, representing an unusually high spire. 63 mm. Holotype and paratypes are from Egg Har- bor, Labrador, 7 fathoms (Owen Bryant). Most of the specimens from the Labrador coast are badly eroded. For this species Gabb in 1863 proposed the genus Arrhof/rs, based on the following characters "Anterior canal nearly obsolete, no posterior canal, outer lip ex- panded, simple." Fischer made it a subgenus of Aporrhais defining it as having anterior and posterior canal very short, lip simple. The study of a large series of Avorrhais prsprh'cani Linn, shows in senile specimens a thickening of the lip until the posterior canal becomes obsolete. This feature is best shown in three specimens from Clyde, Scot- 4 THE NAUTILUS land, labeled var. bilobata in which the mantle has receded until only about half of the thickened lip is covered by the mantle, the posterior canal is wanting and the shape of the aperture closely resembles that of a small A. occidentalis var. labradorensis. The shell characters mentioned there- fore seem of little generic value and it seems doubtful if there is any marked anatomical difference. I am indebted to the Boston Society Natural History for the photograph of the varieties of this shell and to Mr. C. V. MacCoy for figure one. DESERT HELICOIDS OF THE MICRARIONTA HUTSONI GROUP BY G. WILLETT For some time past the writer has had in his collection shells of small Micrariontas from the California desert that were apparently closely related to Micrarionta hutsoni Clapp and M. dcsertorum Pilsbry and Ferriss. Awaiting a better study series of these two Arizona forms, the dispo- sition of the California shells has been held in abeyance. The opportunity to visit southwestern Arizona arrived re- cently and on March 7, 1930, the writer and his wife vis- ited the type locality of M. desertorum, collecting eighty specimens, a considerable number of which were living. On the following day the approximate type locality of M. hutsoni was visited and about 50 specimens, both living and dead, were secured. The type locality of M. desertorum given by Pilsbry and Ferriss, (Nautilus XXI, 134), is "twelve miles south from Parker, Arizona." As ihore is only one mountain that this description could possibly apply to, it seems safe to assume that the locality visited by us was the correct one. The type locality of M. hufsnrii, "eight miles from Quartzite, Arizona," (Nautilus XX, 136), is less definite but it must lie in the Dome Rock Mountains, the range west of Quartz- THE NAUTILUS. XLIV PLATE Thk Variation oi' Ai'iirkhais occii»i;ntai,is. Ikck THE NAUTILUS 5 ite and the only onr within cii?ht miles of the settlement. Our lot of shells obtained in this range, about four miles west of Quartzite, are apparently identical with specimens from the type lot that were given to the writer by Dr. S. S. Berry. After a careful study of these specimens, together with those from the California desert above mentioned, it seems to the writer that there are at present four known races of Micrarionta hutsoni, as follows. Micrarionta hutsoni hutsoni Clapp. From the Dome Rock Mountains, Yuma County, Arizona. Apparently the largest of the group. Though the diameter of the largest specimen of the type lot is given as 15 mm., one specimen in our lot measures 16.5 mm. In typical hutsoni the white zone above the narrow peripherical band is abruptly bor- dered by another brown band that extends to the suture. This is lighter in color, consequently less conspicuous, than the band above the periphery, and about twice as wide. It is particularly apparent inside the aperture and gives the shell the appearance of being doubly banded. Micrarionta hutsoni desertorum Pilsbry and Ferriss. After comparing our series of desertorum with hutsoni it seems apparent that the former should be considered a somewhat stunted, albinistic form of the latter. The north- ern extremity of the Dome Rock Mountains, the habitat of hutsoni, is only about fifteen miles from the small, un- named mountain that is the type locality of desertorum. Though the shell of desertorum is said to be unhanded, eighteen specimens out of our series of eighty show traces of bands: furthermore, an albinistic specimen of hutsoni, taken alive, together with normal specimens is indistin- guishable from desertorum: That these two forms inter- grade geographically is doubtful, as several miles of desert intervene between their mountain habitats, but that they do intergrade by individual variation is clearly shown in our series. Our largest specimen of desertorum has a max- imum diameter of 14.4 millimeters. 6 THE NAUTILUS Micrarionta hutsoni unifasciata, new subspecies. — De- scription : Similar to M. hutsoni hutsoni, but smaller, some- what more depressed, and with only the narrow peripheri- cal band showing on the last whorl and within the aperture. The white zone above the peripherical band merges gradu- ally into the horn-color of the upper part of the shell, not abruptly as in the typical form. Type, — No. 1023 Collection of Los Angeles Museum; paratypes in collection of the writer. The type and eight additional specimens were collected by G. Willett at New- berry Springs, north end of Kane Mountains, San Bernard- ino County, California, February 11, 1929. Measurements Type Max. Diam. 13.5 Min. Diam. 10.9 alt. 6.1 umbil. 1.3 No. of whorls 41/8 Paratype 13.5 11 6.2 1.3 41/8 Though the type localities of M. hutsoni hutsoni and M. hutsoni unifasciata are 150 miles apart, and separated by desert, several mountain ranges and the Colorado River, the two forms are so nearly alike that it seems best to con- sider the differences only subspecific. Micrarionta hutsoni hilli, new subspecies. — Description: Similar to M. hutsoni hutsoni, but differing in smaller size, more depressed form, and in relatively larger umbilicus; also in lack of any perceptible band between the upper white zone and the suture. Differs from M. h. unifasciata in slightly more depressed form and larger umbilicus. Type, No. 1024 Collection Los Angeles Museum: para- types in collection of the writer. The type and ten addi- tional specimens were collected by G. Willett in the Sheep Hole Mountains, San Bernardino County, California, on the road leading from Amboy to Twenty-nine Palms, Novem- ber 8, 1929. Max. Min. No. of Measurements Diam. Diam. alt. umbil. whorls Type 13.8 10.5 5.3 2 41/8 Paratype 12.8 10.4 5.6 2 41/8 THE NAUTILUS 7 The type locality ol' this form lies about seventy-five miles southeast of the type locality of M. h. unifasciata. Be- tween these two localities are three mountain ranges, the Bessemers, an un-named range and the Bullions. Visits to these ranges at several different points have resulted in no traces of shells being found, I take pleasure in naming this shell in honor of Mr. How- ard R. Hill, conchologist at the Los Angeles Museum. Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, California. March 11, 1930. TWO SEVEN-VALVED CHITONS FROM MENDOCINO, CALIFORNIA By E. P. AND E. M. GRACE Among the fifty or more specimens of chitons taken in two days collecting at Mendocino last July, (1929), there were two specimens of particular interest, having only seven valves each. The first, an Ischnochiton regularis, Cpr. has valves V and VI fused together. From the outside the abnormal valve shows the median areas of valve V about one-fourth longer than usual, and V's normal lateral areas and then the lateral areas of valve VL There is a dis- tinct line separating the lateral areas of valves V and VI but it shows a joining and not a joint. No trace of median areas of valve VI is visible. Examination of the interior shows the length of the joined valves to equal that of two normal valves but about seventy percent of this is valve V, a distinct groove separating valve V from valve VI for aljout one-third of their width at each edge, while the por- tion under the apex is smoothly joined. Measurements of this specimen : Length of valves. 29 mm.; width of valve III, 11 mm.; width of valve V, 11.5 mm. A normal specimen measures: 8 THE NAUTILUS Length of valves, 29.2 mm.; width of valve III, 11 mm.; width of valve V, 11.2 mm. The second is an Ischnochiton mertensii, Cpr. In this specimen valves I to V are normal in shape and sculpture. All show old breaks at the top of the arch. These are cov- ered with a callus on the inside, the callus in valves II and III being heavier than in the other valves. Valve VI is perhaps ten per cent longer than in a normal specimen. The lateral area on the right side is normal and has five rows of pustules, while that on the left is somewhat larger and shows eight rows of pustules. There is no mark to in- dicate a possible fusion of valves VI and VII. This valve also shows a break at the apex and a callus inside. The tail valve appears slightly smaller than normal for a specimen of this width and does not fit as tightly against the adjacent valve as is usual. It is short on the left side where it adjoins the wide lateral area of valve VI and long on the right where a small portion at the anterior edge is slightly depressed but still distinct from the central area. This bears three fairly distinct rows of pustules and parts of a fourth row in the slight groove which marks the nor- mal edge of the tail valve. In spite of the fact that these abnormally sculptured por- tions of valve VI and the tail valve might be portions of the missing valve (VII) there is no indication on the inside of the shell that valve VII ever existed. Comparative meas- urements of /. 7nertensn follow: Normal spec. 7-v. spec. Length of valves 31.7 mm 26.5 mm. Width of valve III 14.4 mm. 14.1 mm. Width of valve VI 13.7 mm. 13.3 mm. THE NAUTILUS 9 NEWFOUNULANl) A TKOMISING CONCHOLOGICAL FIELD BY JUNIUS HENDERSON As far as I havo learned, the mountainous portions of Newfoundland have been but little explored by anyone especially interested in mollusks. The recent discovery of unglaciated areas there, and the interesting results of botanical studies therein, and in unglaciated areas of Lab- rador and the St, Lawrence Gulf region,^ suggests the im- portance of a thorough conchological exploration of the region by some husky young fellow who is not afraid of dif- ficult travel in a pathless mountain country. Many species of western American plants, which perhaps in preglacial times extended across the intervening region, now survive on the unglaciated areas about the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and in Labrador and Newfoundland, associated with many endemic species, which have not been able to reinvade the neighboring regions from which they were probably destroyed by the continental glaciation. If this large flora has existed there since pre-glacial time, one should expect also an interesting survival mol- luscan fauna, a study of which would throw some light upon the former distribution of species, as well as upon their antiquity. Several brief lists of non-marine New- foundland mollusks have appeared in The Nautilus, but the shells were picked up incidentally by botanists. A care- ful search of the unglaciated mountains by someone par- ticularly seeking mollusks would likely yield much more significant results. In the latest list- one species. Vertigo coloradeyisis Cockerell, is especially suggestive. It (and its varieties) had long been known from the southern Rocky Mountains and adjacent region — Colorado, Utah and Ari- 1 See, for example, Fernald, "Unj^laciated western Newfoundland,'" Harvard Alumni Bulletin, Jany. 23, 1930; "Some relationships of the floras of the northern hemisphere," Proc. Internat. Congress of Plant Sciences, II, 1487-1 ."jOT. 1029; "Persistence of plants in unglaciated areas of boreal America," Mem. Gray Herb., II. (Mem. Amer. Acad., XV, 1925.) -' Vanatta, Nautilus, XLIII, 133-134, 1930. ^-'A ^*^ Jyj 10 THE NAUTILUS zona. Now it is reported in Newfoundland, with no rec- ords, so far as I am aware, for the vast stretch of land be- tween the two regions. What agency could have trans- ported it for a distance of about 2,500 miles and dropped it in the mountains of Newfoundland, and left none along the route? The line does not follow the direction of the migration flight of birds. If it was carried by wind there should be more along the line of travel than at the farthest known extremity, but they have not been found. It has not been reported from Wyoming, Montana^ or the Rocky Mountain region of British America, thus indicating the improbability that it extends through the conchologically but little known regions of northern Canada and down the Rocky Mountains. If the isolated occurrence of this species in Newfound- land really means a survival of the species at the extreme eastern end of its pre-glacial range, then it shows the an- tiquity of the species. More thorough exploration may re- veal other western species in the same region, whence they have not been able to reinvade the surrounding territory since the retreat of the continental glaciers. I am not sure that the Newfoundland Vertigo was found in the unglaci- ated area, but it could not have been far from it. A NEW HUMBOLDTIANA FROM TEXAS W. J. CLENCH AND H. A. RKHDER Among a large number of shell.s from southwestern and middle woslcrn sections of this country sent one of us by Mr. Ernc'.'^t J. Palmer, there was a lot of the genus Hum- holdliaiKi from Mt. Livermore, Davis Mountains, Texas. Upon examination and comparison with other species in this genus it was found to be new and has been named for •1 V. c(tl(>i(((lcnsiH Ixisidctis is kimwn from Montana and British Columbia. THE NAUTILUS 11 the collector, who is connected with the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, and who, in liis botanical expedi- tions, has shown a keen interest, not only in the botanical, but also in the geological and zoological characteristics of the country. A note on the habitat of the snail may l)e of interest, this information being taken from Mr. Palmer's paper, "The Ligneous Flora of the Davis Mountains, Texas". (Jour. Arnold Arboretum, X, no 1, Jan. 1929). The Davis Mountains are in Jeff Davis county in west- ern Texas. They are a group of rugged mountains, some peaks being isolated, and others arranged in irregular groups sejiarated by deep canyons and high cliffs. These mountains are of igneous rock, except for an exposure of sandstone in one place, and for some beds of Comanchean limestone on the northern slopes of the mountains. The highest peak is Mt. Livermore also known as "Baldy Peak", which has an elevation of 8,382 feet. Several can- yons lead up to this peak, and this species was found at the head of Madera Canyon, which is on the north side of the mountain, at a height of approximately 7,350 feet. These canyons end up under high cliffs which rise up along the western and northern sides of the peak. At the base of these cliffs is a deep slope of talus, covered with moss and lichens. In depressions considerable soil and humus has accumulated, and as a result a dense growth of shrubs and small trees is found over a part of the talus, indicating that considerable moisture must be received. The cliffs also furnish some protection from the hot dry winds and from the direct sunlight during part of the day. Mr. Palmer tells us that as he was collecting here at the base of the cliffs, a light shower mixed with a little hail came up, and immediately these snails began coming out in large numbers from the bases of the male fern and from under mos.sy rocks and beds of Selafjinella. (op. cit., pages 27-28). Two bleached specimens of a Humboldtiana were also 12 THE NAUTILUS taken by Mr. Palmer at Sawtooth Mountain (7,748 ft.), which lies several miles northwest of Mt. Livermore. We hesitate to describe this apparently new species or variety owing to the condition of the specimens. It approaches H. ferrissiana Pils. in size but has a higher spire. The two specimens measure: Height, 33, greater diam. 34 mm. Height, 27.5, greater diam. 31 mm. The only other species, H. ferrissiana, from the Davis Mountains is from Miter Peak. Humholdtiana palmeri, n. sp. Plate 2, fig. 1-4. Shell: thin but strong, subglobose, whorls 4, umbilicate, buckthorn brown in color with occasional irregular straw yellow mottlings along growth lines. Three seal-brown bands encircle the shell. The young shells, of 3V2 whorls are somewhat lighter, honey yellow in color. First half whorl smooth, following % whorl finely rugulose-granulose, following whorls distinctly granulose even over the last quarter of the final whorl ; granulations extend over the base though somewhat less distinct. The whorls marked by irregular growth wrinkles, the granulations continuing over the wrinkles (fig. 1). Whorls convex, increasing rap- idly, the last whorl descending slightly. Aperture oblique, and appearing almost circular; peristome thin, only occa- sionally very slightly thickened on the inside. Columellar margin strongly reflected over the umbilicus. Interior nacreous-whitish, bands showing through distinctly. Ht. 22, gt. diam. 26.1, less. diam. 20.5, ap. h. 17.9, aj). w. 14.4 mm. Holotype. Ht. 21, gt. diam. 25, less. diam. 19.5, i^\^. h. 16.1. ap. w. 14.1 mm. Paratype. Ht. 25. 5, gt. diam. 24.5, less. diam. 21.5, ap. h. 15.7. ap. w. 13.2 mm. Paratype. Ht. 20.5, gt. diam. 23.7, less diam. 19. ap. h. 15, ap. w. 12.9 mm. Paratype. Head of Madera Canyon, 7,350 alt.. Mt. Livermore, Davis Mountains, Jeff Davis County, Texas. Coll. by Ernest J. THE NAUTILUS 18 Palmer. Holotype M. C. Z. No. 79779. Paratypea M. C. Z. No. 79780. Also collections A. N. S. P. 151227, A. F. Archer and H. Rehder. This species differs from the four other Texan species of Humboldt iana described by Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1927, p. 165, and Nautilus, vol. 41, p. 82, 1928) by its distinct and strong granulose sculpture which extends up to the peristome and over the base. In this respect it seems to resemble most closely the Mexican species, occu- pying a position midway between the Mexican and Texan species. Besides differing in the intensity and amount of granulation, H. palmeri n. sp. differs in the following re- spects from the other Texan Humboldtianas. From H. tcxana Pils. it differs in being of much darker color, in be- ing more depressed, and all three bands being equally broad and distinct. H. chisoscnsis Pils., which it perhaps resem- bles most closely, is usually somewhat larger and more de- pressed. From H. ultima Pils., it differs in lacking the whitish mottling and in the bands being more solid. From the only other Davis mountains species, H. fcrrissiana Pils., it differs in being smaller, darker in color, the lower band not weak and interrupted but solid. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE COLONY OF HELIX NEMORALIS AT MARION, MASS. BY W. J. CLENCH On May 12, Mr. Archer, and Mr. Rehder, together with the author paid a visit to the colony of Helix nemoralis that has been established at Marion, Massachusetts, on Buz- zards' Bay. Dry weather has been the rule during the past few weeks, and as a consequence only a few individuals were found actively moving about. The colony is roughly limited to about six acres of ground, four acres of which are for flower gardens and homes and about two acres of open grassland. The species is, by far, most abundant in the open field, in and around 14 THE NAUTILUS the grass roots and especially at the base and under the leaves of dandelions, daisies and clover. Some small clumps of daisies yielded as many as twenty-five specimens. About six hours were spent collecting, most of the time in the open field. A series of 1,867 adult specimens were found, and these alone were saved. The adults constituted about 40% of the total population seen. Previous published records about the numerical ratios of the color forms and bands are: (Johnson, Naut., Vol. 40, p. 93, 1927: Johnson, Naut., Vol. 41, p. 47, 1927; Crampton, Naut., Vol. 41, p. 49, 1927.) Five bandless specimens of H. nemoralis castanea Picard were also found, adding a new color form to this locality. An observation of considerable interest was made. It was noted that only a few dead shells were seen; far too few considering the abundance of live specimens. The lack of dead shells was not due to a low mortality in this partic- ular colony, but rather to the "feeding" upon the dead shells by live snails. More than fifty individuals were seen in the act of rasping away portions of other shells. There is but little lime at this region of igneous rock and this lack has caused these snails to seek a direct supply, rather than depend upon the slight calcium content contained in their food plants. Formula libellula' rubella Formula libollula rube 00000 413 178 10300 . . 1 00045 1 10345 3 . . 00300 399 475 12345 70 92 00340 3 123(45) 7 9 00305 8 1 1(23)45 . . 1 00345 84 104 (12)3(45) 1 2 003(45) 1 6 1(23) (15) 1 02345 . . 1 (123) (45) 2 Total 987 876 1 Thi.s form which is called the variety liUvllula Risso, is really H. vruioralis vrnnirdlitf Linn., as the type color form is yellow, and should be known as such. THE NAUTILUS 15 WEST INDIAN MOLLISKS. NO. l :— TWO NEW VARIETIES OF UROCOn IS LIVIDA TORRES BY CARLOS DE LA TORRE AND WILLIAM J. CLENCH Urocoptis LIVIDA ATKiNSi iiov. subsp. Plate 2, figs. 5, 6. Shell fusiform greatest diameter just a little below the middle; shining. Two decided contrasting colors, the upper 5-6 whorls of a pinkish buff, the lower 5-6 whorls a milky purple. Adults usually truncated, rarely found with com- plete spire. Sculpture of very fine oblique riblets, more pro- nounced on the base of the last whorl. Portion of last whorl free, reflected peristome white. Aperture circular, interior a deep reddish brown. Columellar axis twisted. Whorls 10- 12. Length 14.5, width 2.5, ap. diam. 1.5 mm.; I21/2 whorls. Length 13.5, width 2.6, ap. diam. 1.6 mm. ; IOV2 whorls. Holotype: M. C. Z. 59108. Vilches Potrero, Central Sole- dad, Cienfuegos, Cuba. W. J. Clench and C. Goodrich, (1927) ; G. Aguayo and C. de la Torre (1928), collectors. This subspecies is more highly colored than U. livida Torre, and the contrasting colors of pale pink and pur- plish are more decided. The columellar axis is about 1/75 of an inch in diameter (first whorl above aperture). In U. livida Pfr. the axis is about 1/100 of an inch in diameter. U. livida atkinsi runs a little smaller in length between the aperture and the truncated spire. In general outline it is quite similar to U. livida barhouri. Urocoptis livida barbouri nov. subsp. Plate 2, figs. 7-9. Similar in general outline to U. livida and U. livida at- kinsi but differing materially in coloration. This subspecies has a pale yellowish brown coloration throughout its entire length, with numerous irregular narrow bars of darker color on each whorl. Riblets very fine on the early whorls, more pronounced and more widely spaced on the last two 1 Contributions ficini the Harvard Biological Laboratory in Cuba. (Atkins Foundation). 16^ THE NAUTILUS whorls. Reflected peristome white. Light yellow brown within the aperture. Length 14.9, width 2.7, diam. ap. 1.5 mm.; 13 whorls. Length 13.2, width 2.4, diam ap. 1.4 mm.; IIV2 whorls. Holotype: M. C. Z. 59111. La Portuguesa, Central Sole- dad, Cienfuegos, Cuba. W. J. Clench, and C. Goodrich, (1927) ; G. Aguayo and C. de la Torre, (1928), collectors. Remarks: The above species are both found on the mas- sive outcrops of limestone — the "seborucos" of the Santa Clara region (mogotes of western Cuba). Neither species occurred on the smaller masses of limestone that are pro- truded only a few feet above the general level of the ground. They were most abundant on the north side, exist- ing in vast numbers in some places. They were less abund- ant, but by no means rare, on the southern exposures in the full glare of the sun. NOTES ON THE LAND SHELLS OF RIO, KENTUCKY BY A. F. ARCHER During the second week of April, 1930, I made a collect- ing trip to Rio, Kentucky for the purpose of collecting land shells. The object of the trip was to supplement the work of Mr. W. J. Clench in 1924 and 1925, in which years he stopped at Rio mainly for the purpose of collecting fresh- water mollusks. He also obtained a number of records of land shells by incidental collecting near Glenbrook Spring. I collected in the same region, on Grindstone Knob North of Glenbrook Spring, and on Knox Knob flanking the south side. Tile north side of the Spring yielded very good col- lecting, the specimens being relatively abundant. South of the Si)ring the best results were obtained on the side of Knox Knob directly above the Green River. In the list given below I have added two records obtained by collecting in the Cave region in Edmondson County, Ky. All other species from the latter region were the same as those of THE NAUTILUS 17 Rio. I failed to obtain Gastrocopta armifera Say, which Mr. Clench got in 1924. Polyijijra elcrata (Say). Scarce Polygyra thyroidiis (Say). Not abundant Polygyra albolabris (Say). Not abundant Polygyra zaleta (Binn.). Very abundant Polygyra apprcssa (Say). Very abundant Polygyra tridentata, (Say). Very abundant Polygyra stenotrcma (Fer.). Very abundant Polygyra mflecta (Say). Rather common. Polygyra plicata (Say). Very abundant on top of the knob Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Great Onyx Cave, Edmondson Co., Ky. Anguispira alternata carinaia Pilsbry & Rhoads. Scarce Gonyodiscus perspectivus (Say). Very scarce Haplotrema concavum (Say). Not common Mcsomphix laevigata Beck. Common Omphalina cuprea Raf. Not common Omphalina friabilis (Binn.). Great Onyx Cave, Edmond- son Co., Ky. Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Scarce Glyphyalinia indent at a (Say). Rather common Paravitrea capsella (Gould). Plentiful Retinella radiatula (Alder). Not common. Paravitrea andrewsae (Binn.). Not common Ventridens ligera (Say). Not plentiful Succinea avara Say. Scarce REDISCOVERY OF POLYGYRA ROPER! PILSBRY BY G. D. HANNA AND J. L. NICHOLSON California Academy of Sciences This interesting little Polygyra was described as long ago as 1889^ from three specimens reported to have been 1 Pilsbry, H. A. A new Calif ornian Helix [//. (Triodopsis) roperi]. Nautilus, Vol. 3, 1889, p. 14, 3 text figs. -"< y .^. ^^XX^ A ft ft -^rCV 18 THE NAUTILUS found in "river drift" at Redding, Shasta County, Califor- nia. R. C. McGregor found it in 1898- under the same cir- cumstances and at the same place. Many conchologists have since visited Redding and searched diligently for the species without success. Tlie Sacramento River at that point is a fairly large, swift stream and I have not found drift accumulated along its banks in which dead shells would be expected to accumu- late. The surrounding country does not appear favorable for the existence of this group of organisms; at any rate the portions searched have been barren. It is therefore extremely gratifying to be able to an- nounce that the species was discovered in abundance in 1929 at a locality six miles east of Ingot, Shasta County, California. It occurred in a slide of limestone detritus on the north side of the road between Redding and Alturas. The road at that point follows close beside Cedar Creek, and on the north side. This locality is about 25 miles east of Redding and not in the drainage system which flows by that town. It is there- fore inconceivable that shells from this colony floated down stream to Redding and it seems almost certain that tlie species will be found to have a fairly wide distribution among the isolated limestone outcroppings of northern California. The three species roperi, penitcjis and tehamacnsis form a compact group in the genus and the available informa- tion indicates that the three live in similar situations; that is, well drained limestone talus slopes over which there is some protective shade. Incidentally it should be added that specimens from the Ingot colony of roperi have been compared with the type specimen in the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences by Dr. H. A. i'ilsbrv and the identification is fuilv i-onlirmed. apilsbry H. A. Shells of Redding, Shasta Co., California. Naut- ilus, Vol. 12, 1898, p. 59. THE NAUTILUS 19 LAMTSIIIS VKMKICOSUS COHONGORONTA IN THE I'OTOMAC KIVER BY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM The southernmost locality known to A. E. Ortmann' in his tirat records of the occurrence of this shell in the Poto- mac and its brandies was Shenandoah River, Harper's Ferry, Jefferson County, Maryland, Aug. 16, 1911, a single male, below medium size. Marshall later recorded one specimen from the Potomac at Great Falls, Maryland, Sept., 1915,- and five specimens from Midriver Island, July, 1918,-' a mile and a half above. Great Falls is al)out 18 miles north of Washington. It was scarce in that locality at that time. It is now abundant near Midriver Island and probably also at Great Falls, and perhaps farther south. In numbers EUiptio com- plauatus is the only naiad competing with it. Evidently cohongoronta is well established as a member of the river fauna of that neighborhood. As a rule the shells found now differ from those found in 1915 and 1918 in form, size, color and thickness. Those found in 1915 and 1918 were small, the largest having a length of 72 mm., and were rather thin. The general background of color was olive with greenish and yellowish tints, and the surface in gen- eral showed broad radiating green lines. The shells were moderately inflated, with high beaks ; not markedly angulate at the postero-ventral margin. Three specimens collected by C. W. Cooke in May, 1923, just above Midriver Island were small, with general ground color lighter, green rays narrower and confined to posterior half of the shell. The shells were loss inflated, the beaks not so high, and the ventral margin forming a marked angle with the posterior margin. Perhaps none of the shells so far discussed had attained full size. There is no i^Nautilus XXVI, pp. rA-TA, 1912. In a later work Ortmann classifies both vevtrimsa and cohovyonmtn as varieties of ovata Say. -'Nautilus XXXI. pp. 40-41, 1917. 3 Nautilus XXXII, pp. 51-53, 1918. 20 THE NAUTILUS difficulty in separating all the above from Lampsilis cariosus. In May 1926 Cooke collected a lot at Black Rapids which are just above Midriver Island. Many of these re- semble typical L. ventricosus. The ground color is yellow- ish with some olive tints. In most of them green rays are absent on the part in front of the posterior ridge, the ridge is higher and more angular, the posterior end is more angu- lar, the shell is more compressed and many of them are much thicker and larger; the longer in proportion to height. The longest is 112 mm. In Nautilus (XXXII, pp. 51-53, 1918) I suggested the possibility that cohongoronta and cariosus might hybridize. Whether or not this has occurred is not certain at this time, but the indications are that they have hybridized and that cariosus is going to the wall except for an influence on color. The lot from Black Rapids, 1926, and two large lots collected in June 1928, and September 1929 do not contain a single typical cariosus. Several males which may be cari- osus are larger and longer than we have heretofore found here. Females in the three lots mentioned are too small for cohongoronta and too large for cariosus. The largest un- mistakable female collected in 1926 is 91 mm. long. The largest collected in 1929 is 98 mm, long. The largest female cariosus from this region is 73 mm. long. Collections made a few years from now when compared with material col- lected during the past few years should throw considerable light on the question. The indications at present are that cariosus in that neighborhood, though hybridizing, will succumb to cohongoronta which is a more robust mollusk, possessed of greater vitality; much more numerous, and able to adapt itself with ease to new surroundings. Judging by size, weight, and general appearance of well-being, cohon- goronta of the present day has found the world so far to its liking. It will be interesting to watch future changes in it — whether it remains as it is now, develops to still greater size, deteriorates to a comparative weakling like the cariosus of this region, or possibly passes out. It is pos- THE NAUTILUS 21 sible that its tine condition at present is due to a strong vitality stored up by a vigorous and fortunately located ancestry. In addition to the many specimens from the vicinity of Midriver Island and the one specimen from Great Falls, the National INIuseum now contains a female specimen 68 mm. long from Cacapon River, Morgan County, West Vir- ginia, one mile from its confluence with the Potomac, col- lected by J. 0. Greene in November, 1924; and a male 103 mm. long, collected by a little girl in the Potomac River near Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, May 30, 1926, and presented to the Museum by Miss Harriet Bundick ; a male 98 mm. long, and a left valve of another male, 105 mm. long, collected in the winter of 1926-27, by Marshall, Cooke and McNamara, in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, at Great Falls, Maryland. The canal has been out of use for several years but some mollusks are found in a little stream running along its bottom. When in use, the canal was fed at many points by water from the Potomac so that it was easy for the river fauna to find entrance to the canal. THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCAN LIFE DURING PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT TIME BY FRANK C. BAKER Professor Shimek's paper "Helicina (Hendersonia) oc- culta Say, again" in the April Nautilus interests me great- ly. While I do not feel competent at present to pass on the validity of Hendersonia occulta rubella Green as varietally distinct from occulta, there are certain remarks in Pro- fessor Shimek's paper which call for some comments from me. The statement that "there is no warrant for the sep- aration of modern and fossil forms" indicates either that Professor Shimek has not compared the recent with the fossil forms carefully or else that he has made up his mind that there is no difference and wishes to "stand pat". The 22 THE NAUTILUS statement that "to separate the living form as a named variety gives an impression of differences which do not exist" is without foundation of fact, as any one may see by comparing certain Pleistocene forms with the recent forms. During the evolution of the land and fresh water mollusks throughout the million years, more or less, of Pleistocene time, varieties have arisen which differ in some cases markedly from the recent form of the species. For exam- ple, among the land species, Gonyodisciis macclintocki is as different from Gonyodiscus perspectiva as two species can well be, yet the former is probably the ancestor of the lat- ter. To call these two forms the same species is a contra- vention of the truth and renders classification valueless. Succinea grosvenori is so different from the Pleistocene variety which has been named gelida that it might be des- ignated a species. Vertigo locssensis is quite different from Vertigo gouldii. Among the Polygyra group, P. mvltUine- ata altonensis is different from anything now living, as is also P. multilineata ivanlessi, although that form resem- bles somewhat the algonquinensis of Nason. Among the aquatic forms, Pomatiopsis scalaris is uni- formly different in several particulars from the recent lapidaria. Professor Shimek has stated in one place that "some authors are still publishing this species as a fresh water species when it is wholly a land species". I cannot believe that he has studied this species in the recent fauna for it is always an amphibious species, living in water in the spring and on wet, or even dry, ground in the fall and summer. So with the Pleistocene forms Amnicola leigh- toni, A. gelida, Valvata lewisi precursor, Gi/raidus aUis- simus, and others, which are confined to the past and their exact counterparts arc not known among tlie recent re- lated forms. In all classes of animals evolution has acted differently with vaiious gi-()U|)s, accok'rating in some species and gen- era, retarding in others, and we have in Iho Pleistocene certain species which have changed radically and others THE NAUTILUS 23 which have remained unchanged throughout the entire period of glaciation. The mollusks show this difference in active evokition remarkably well and it is the height of absurdity to say thai there has been >/o change in species during this long period when animal life was subjected to the most drastic climatic and environmental agencies. The remarkable fact is that so many species have come down with so little change. Another fact which has become in- creasingly evident is that at the close of the Wisconsin stage there was a great acceleration in evolution, due largely to the prevalence of lake conditions, and many species and varieties were evolved which do not occur in Pleistocene time. The writer has been giving the life of the Pleistocene in- tensive study for the past fifteen years, in connection with the Illinois State Geological Survey, of which he is Pleis- tocene Invertebrate Paleontologist, and during this time a very large collection of the molluscan life of the various interglacial intervals has been collected. The new species and varieties found during this work have been diagnosed in the pages of The Nautilus and the reader can easily formulate his own opinion concerning the validity of the supposed novel forms. Professor Shimek says "Manifest- ly there is no excuse whatever for a varietal separation of the fossil and modern forms where both exhibit the same range of variations". I quite agree with Professor Shimek in this statement and if he would without prejudice exam- ine the various forms which the writer has diagnosed dur- ing the past few years he would agree, I am sure, that most of these, at least, represent recognizable variations which must bear names if we are to understand the action and reaction of evolutionary agencies during the period of the Pleistocene. Molluscan students, as well as students of other branches of zooIog>% may be divided into the so called schools of "lumpers" and "splitters". The writer frankly chooses the latter in preference to the former, feeling that more is to 24 THE NAUTILUS be learned from a comprehensive division of specific groups than from the throwing together of various types of varie- ties. I have no controversy with Professor Shimek on ac- count of his opinion that Pleistocene and recent species do not differ, but I do object to the dogmatic manner of stat- ing that his opinion represents the truth and that all those who differ with him in this respect are mistaken. I honor Professor Shimek for his great work in the study of Pleistocene faunas, especially the loess faunas, and we must all give him credit for having established beyond doubt the fact of the aeolian genesis of these interesting deposits. I regret the necessity that calls forth this criticism but the remarks above cited cannot remain unchallenged. SHELL COLLECTING ON THE WEST MEXICAN COAST. II BY H. N. LOWE Before leaving Mazatlan, letters were secured to the Governor of the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico's penal col- ony, making a visit to that place possible. Obtaining passage on a small cargo boat, the "Dos Her- manos," the trip was made in eighteen hours, landing at Balleto, the administration headquarters on Isl. Maria Madre. This lies in the eastern, or lee side of the island and was rather poor for shore collecting. About six miles S. W. at another prison camp called Salinas where sea salt is evap- orated in shallow cement basins, the sand beach gives way to flat shelving rocks and coral below low water. On these rocks were the finest specimens of the giant Patella I have ever seen, not eroded by heavy surf like so many are nor encrusted with foreign matter. Even the large specimens showed the fine sculpture. A horseback trip was made to the north west end of the island, to tiie prison camp at Rio Hondo where I stayed THE NAUTILUS 25 three clays. On tlie beach at Rio Hondo, I was told there were no shells. But here I had my best luck. Under rocks, at and below extreme low water I found living specimens of Mitra lens and a large Cardita buried in the sand under stones and large bunches of coral. Some extremely beauti- ful Chitons were taken here. At Playa de Cameron, they said there were plenty of shells. After a two hours ride on horseback and an equal distance further on foot we reached the place only to find the beach swept clean of shells. Immediately after storms there may be an abundance of shells on these beaches but at other times there is nothing. On one rocky point midway on the South coast the large Patella and Chiton petholatus Sby. were so numerous they could have been taken by the thousand at extreme low tide, but at other times they were inaccessible owing to the heavy surf. The shells were of very poor quality however and not worth much as specimens. A few species of small land shells were found alive un- der stones, but the most diligent search failed to disclose a -ingle live Oxystyla. I suppose they must burrow into the soil during the dry season. Almost every dead shell had been broken into by the parrots or other large birds which were very plentiful. I found these conditions the same at Manzanillo and Acapulco, but further south at San Ger- onimo in the State of Oaxaca, I found another species of Oxystyla estivating in plain sight on the trunks of small trees on the brush-covered hills. (See Plate 3). After ten pleasant days spent on the islands I was for- tunate to secure passage on the Mexican coast guard boat "Guaymas" for a none too comfortable trip to Manzanillo. With a set of low tides here, I had good luck under small stones pried loose with a bar, on the inside of the break- water. In other places there was little or nothing, so that before the construction of the breakwater, Manzanillo must have been a poor place for shells. Off the headland just west of town, I had extremely good 26 THE NAUTILUS luck dredging in twenty-five fathoms. Beautiful Pleuro- toma, Terehra, Turritella, Lyria, etc., were thus secured. From Manzanillo, I went by steamer "Bolivar" to Acapulco. This beautiful landlocked harbor apparently so favorable to molluscan life along its steep shore line is almost destitute of specimens. But in a few coves and beaches on the outer coast five or six miles from town much better collecting was found at low tide. A small crowbar is absolutely necessary to dislodge the rocks which seem to be grown together with foreign in- crustations. Dredging here was even better than at Manzanillo and a very pleasant pastime in the early morning hours before the heat of the day — the dredgings sorted over at leisure in the flower filled patio of the Hotel Jardin. Every day at sunset the Indian women brought to the plaza great baskets of shells and fancy articles made from them. By keeping careful watch every day a number of rarities were picked up. The large number of bivalve species seem to be washed up only after storms, and one vendor would have species which none of the others had found. Considerable bargaining was necessary, for they always asked about twice what they expected to get, and for showy Murcx they asked more than the curio stores in the States. During Holy Week the women did a thriving business with the crowds from the Capitol, many of whom had never seen the ocean and bought largely of artifically colored coral, sea horses, porcupine fish and the large Stromhus and Murex. The next port south, Salina Cruz, has been completely sanded up for several years making access by water im- possible. The only way to reach it was by auto to Mexico Cfty, thence by train to Vera Cruz whore connections are made with the Guatemala road and the Isthmian line. From San Cioroiiimo, tho junction with the Guatemala road, the trains run but three times a week to Salina Cruz. So, as hick would have it. I had three days to spend in this windy, THE NAUTILUS XL.IV PLATE 7 Figs. I- I. Hiimboldtiana pahititi Clciich un«l RclKkr. l-ij^s 5,6. I'tocoptia livida atkinsi Torre and Clench. Kij^s. 7-9. Urocoptis livida barbouri Torre and Clench. V'\^%. 10, 11, Thais Jioridana fuiystr Q\c\w\\, NaiTJLUS XLI. p. 6. THE NAUTILUS. XLIV PLATE 3 I'slivaliiiK e«.l,,iiy , does not lend itself well to graphical expression it was observed to have a corresponding distribution and would doubtless fit the same sort of curve. 50 THE NAUTILUS If the varietal name alta is accepted the only consistent course will be to recognize and name the equally distinctive low form at the opposite end of the curve — an encumbering of the literature to which I am sure any conscientious worker would object. VARIATION IN THE SCULPTURE OF ACILA CASTRENSIS HINDS BY DON L. FRIZZELL Seattle, Washington The fossil species of Acila are, because of the similarity of the various species, as well as because of their individual variability, more or less of a problem to the paleontologist. DalP considered that, ordinarily, only one species occurs in a geologic horizon. If this were the case there would be diffi- culty enough in differentiating between species. Subsequent workers have, however, often listed several species from beds of a single age, only one of which might be important as a marker. It is obviously important, then, that the range of variation be known, so that a single valid species of strati- graphic importance might not be split into several of doubt- ful worth. It is hoped that this study may help to show the limits of variation, in the sculpture at least, of this genus. Work on this species was suggested by Dr. H. G. Schenck of Stanford University, who is preparing a comprehensive study of the fossil and recent species of Acila. and to whom I am endebted for many helpful suggestions. I am also under obligation to Professor Kincaid of the University of Wash- ington for suggestions and constructive criticism during the course of the work. Material in the form of some three hundred and fifty-eight specimens of Acila castrensis was obtained from tlie Marine Biological Station of the University of Wasliington, located at Friday Harbor, Washington. As no record was kept of ' U. S. Geol. Sur.. Prof. Paper 69, 1909, p. 102. THE NAUTILUS 51 localities, depths, conditions of bottom, etc. (I was unable to do the collecting myself), it was impossible to attempt to formulate any relation between the different types of varia- tion and their environment. I am inclined to believe, how- ever, from bits of mud adhering to most of the specimens, and from what I have been told of their habitat, that the Puget Sound forms live in an almost uniform environment. They are said to be found in mud at depths of 25 to 35 fathoms. It will be noticed from the figure that the apices of the divaricate sculpture of a specimen of Acila form a line of divarication or "primary bifurcation"- extending from the umbo to the ventral margin. Specimens of some species show other similar lines starting at the umbo or, more often, appearing toward the margin. Dr. Schenck calls the latter "secondary bifurcation". In this study the angle at which the line of primary bifurcation crosses the shell was meas- ured, and the presence of any secondary bifurcation recorded, in order to show the variation in these characters within a single species. The angle at which the line or lines of primary bifurca- tion cross the shell was measured with a celluloid protractor. Its measurement may be illustrated as follows. Suppose a right angle to be drawn, one side touching the umbo and "lunular" area of the shell, the other touching the ligamental area. A straight line connecting the apex of this angle with that part of the line of bifurcation on the most inflated por- tion of the shell, and extending beyond the margin, is drawn. This line and the umbo-"lunular" area line form the angle to be measured. Error due to the curvature of the shell was avoided by using that part of the line of bifurcation at the most inflated portion of the shell on all specimens. Error due to equipment or personal judgment will not exceed four de- grees, and, as it is not constant, may be ignored. Variation, - Schenck, H. G., according to a personal communication proposes in manuscript the terms "primary bifurcation" and "secondary bifurca- tion". He writes, "They are doubtless clear to you without definition". I am assuming that my usage conforms to Dr. Schenck's definitions. 52 THE NAUTILUS throughout this study, will be referred to in terms of the right valve. (See Illuatratton on opposite page) From the accompanying graph it is seen that, although there is an actual range of 38° between maximum and mini- mum (62"^ and 24°, respectively), the specimens fall into a series with 51% of its members having angles between 50° and 54°. This would indicate a normal distribution curve and that the angles on a large series are of value as a specific character. As a test of the foregoing conclusion figures of two fossil forms, five of one and four of the other, were measured. Each species had a characteristic angle, different from that of castrensis. While results from so few measurements are not of any great value they suggest, at least, a real taxonomic importance for this character. In dealing with the various lines of bifurcation certain new terms are needed. Primary and secondary lines (of bifurca- tion) are used as proposed by Dr. Schenck. In addition the terms primary pattern and umbonal lines (of bifurcation) are here proposed. Primary pattern refers to the initial sculp- ture on the umbo and consists of primary and umbonal lines. Umhonal lines are lines of bifurcation starting at the umbo and dying out within from 3 to 5 millimeters. Observation of the shells reveals that there are six primary patterns, ivith any of which may or may not occur secondary lines. The primary patterns, with percent of the total, are as follows: (1) a single primary line, 54% (2) a single primary plus a single umbonal line, 24 %r (3) two primary lines, 16% ; (4) two primary lines plus a single umbonal line, 3% ; (5) a single primary line plus two umbonal lines, 2%^ ; (6) three piimary lines, 0.6%'. These differences may be due to environment or, more likely, to tendencies inherent within the genu. . In either case they are not shown to have any value as specific characters. Roughly two-thirds of the specimens examined are marked with secondary lines of bifurcation. These are from one to 30 ..^ 0 aSi|ij:n!i:|:i3i;ajK!!litH|t Kjirti 1 ^S^?P A 1 \ ». / \ ■ / \ / \ / \ / \ y / \ / y ^ / X _tK ^^^ ^^ Joj^ J^-^^ 'fo^ ^^-^ ^0--^^ -^-^^ 6o^ Ancjie orDupsli^ At o a left valve of Acxla castreusis Hinds, X about 1^/4, showing divaricate sculpture. > THE NAUTILUS 53 live in number. Of these, 61% have a single secondary line, 30';< two secondary lines, 8% three secondary lines and 1% have five secondary lines. When more than one line are pres- ent they are usually initiated at the same stage in the growth of the individual. Dr. Schenck-' suggested that these secondary lines are re- lated to the age of the specimen. To check on this the occur- rence of secondary lines was charted against age of the in- dividuals. As lines of growth are not consistent, this was measured in terms of length in millimeters along the main line of primary bifurcation. Secondary lines were found beginning at from 2 to 12 mm. along the main primary line. The majority, however, start at about 8 mm. This is construed to mean that secondary lines tend to be initiated when the individual is about half grown. The results of this study may be briefly summarized as fol- lows: (1) The main line of primary bifurcation crosses the shell at an angle which gives evidence of being distinctive for the species. (2) Various primary patterns are present, reasons for which are not established, and which do not seem important as specific characters. (3) Secondary lines of bifurcation are present in about two-thirds of the specimens examined and when present are definitely related to age of the individual. A STUDY OF THE VARIATIONS IN THE RADULA OF A SNAIL WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SIZE OF THE MEDIAN TEETH* BY SAM W. HOWE I. Introduction In 1856, C. Troschel began his systematic study of the radulae of molluscs. Since then malacologists have lacked agreement in the interpretations which have been placed 3 Personal communication. *Contributions from the Zoolog-ical Laboratory of the University of Illinois, No. 360. 54 THE NAUTILUS upon radular characters in the classifications of gastro- pods. While some workers have maintained that the radula provides safe criteria for generic and specific diagnosis, others have ignored radular characters or have denied their validity. E. W. Bowell (1924) implies that radular characters must be used w^ith discretion in specific diag- nosis. H. M. Gwatkin (1914) says that the redular char- acters do not always have the same value in the diagnosis of genera or species, "Often it is decisive, sometimes use- less" is the way he states it. A. E. Boycott (1914) con- cludes that for the radula to yield characters of any value in classification, the size of the animal must be stated with the description of the radula. Friele (1879) regards the radula as possessing characters of little value in classifica- tion of species as compared with external characters. E. W. Bowell (1920) maintains "that certain characters (of the radula) formerly relied upon for determination of species are unimportant." Despite these conflicting views held by outstanding in- vestigators, very little has been done to establish specifical- ly the constancy or variability in radulae of individual species. Some observations have been published on the changes within the radula during individual development from embryo to adult. V. Sterki (1893), in working on the radulae of embryos and adults of some ten species of snails, discovered distinct changes in the shape of the teeth, num- ber of rows of teeth, and number of teeth in the row's, from embryo to adult. The number of rows and the number of teeth in each row were found to increase with advance in age of the animal. He even expressed the view that one may think of it as a "true metamorphosis" of the radula. Most of the workers who have given attention to this problem have confined themselves to the number of rows, number of teeth in each row, and the size of the whole radula. F. G. Cawston (1926), while examining the radulae of snails that were intermediate hosts of parasitic trema- todes in Natal, observed that the number of rows and num- THE NAUTILUS 55 ber of teeth in each row differed in small and large in- dividuals. A. E. Boycott and J. W. Jackson (1914), in working on HdiceUa hcripen.sis and H. caperata, found the number of rows and the number of teeth in each row to in- crease definitely with increase in size of shell. A. E. Boy- cott (1914) determined that the size of the whole radula, and the number of transverse rows in the radula increased definitely with the increase in size of the shell of Hyalina. A. H. Cooke (1918) found the number of denticles to be variable in a number of gastropods. E. W. Bowell (1908) also found the number of teeth in the Helicids to vary and concluded that "the number of teeth in any given radula may be a matter of comparatively little importance". M. V. Lebour (1906) noticed variation in the number and shape of teeth in the radulae of certain Buccinidae but she saw "no correlation of variation with regard to the radula and the shell". For the most part, however, recent malacologists have assumed that specific variations in the radula are non-ex- istant, or at least unimportant. Particularly has this been true in the assumptions regarding the size of the individual teeth. Some have gone so far as to say that there is no vari- ation in the size of the individual teeth (Sterki, 1893). However, Boycott (1914) after finding the number of rows in the radula of Hyalina to vary from 38 to 48 and the estimated number of teeth to vary from 850 to 1,632, con- cluded that the "increase in size (radula) which accom- panies growth is mostly due to an increase in the size of the individual teeth". He estimated the size of the teeth, however, rather than measured them. Dr. H. J. Van Cleave of the University of Illinois sug- gested that the writer undertake a detailed study of the radulae in certain fresh-water gastropods to determine the relialjility of radular characters in taxonomic studies. This problem has consequently been pursued under his direction. The writer also wishes to express his indebtedness to Mr. 56 THE NAUTILUS Frank C. Baker who gave much valued assistance during the progress of the study. Materials and Methods: As the initial object of this in- vestigation, snails of the genus Goniobasis were selected because of the relatively simple radula formula character- istic of the family Pleuroceridae. The specimens which have served as the basis for this investigation were collected from the Salt Fork at Homer Park, Illinois, in June and July, 1929. Through the courtesy of Mr. Calvin Goodrich, the specimens upon which this investigation has been car- ried out were identified as Go7iiobasis livescens Menke. The radula of G. livescens has only seven longitudinal rows of teeth. The formula for G. livescens as given by Baker (1928) for individuals from Wisconsin is 8-9 5-6 5 4-1-4 5 5-6 8-9 The radula formula of specimens used in this study was found to vary from that published by Baker. I found the formula in the specimens under observation to be 9-12 5-7 5 3-1-3 5 5-7 9-12 There seemed to be some variation in this formula as in one or two specimens the median tooth was like that found by Baker, 1 4-1-4 Concerning the differences in the formulas recorded by Baker for G. livescens and by the present writer, no final conclusion may be drawn at this time. However, it should be kept in mind that the specimens were from two dis- tinctly different localities. Individuals figured by Baker THE NAUTILUS 67 were from relatively large rivers in Wisconsin, while the objects of the present investigation were from a small stream in Illinois. Superficially the shells of specimens from the two localities seem to be identical, and have been so determined by Goodrich, but the radular differ- ences here set forth may serve as a basis for distinguishing ecologically distinct variations of Goniobasis livescens. The radulae under investigation were extracted with NaOH 40';(', stained with chromic acid 1%, dehydrated in 957c alcohol, and mounted in diaphane. Three measurements of the shells are given for compar- ing the size of individuals. This was done because in some cases the apical whorls of the shells were decollated. This would make some slight difference in the relative sizes. In no case, however, was there much decollation of the apical whorls. This fact invalidated the use of the number of whorls as a practical criterion for determining age. Statement of Problem: An analysis of the reliability of radular characters in the taxonomy of gastropods involves so many problems that only a few have been selected for this initial study. The most significant aspects of the prob- lems treated in this paper are: 1. An accurate determination of variability in size of median teeth in the same radula, whether graded variation from one end to the other, chaotic, or definitely correlated with worn, functional, and newly developing regions of the radula. 2. An examination of the influence of age upon the rela- tive width of the median teeth, as encountered in snails of different sizes. 3. Relative widths and length of the central cusp on the median teeth of radulae from snails of different sizes with especial reference to change in size of central cusp with change in size of median teeth. II. Observations on Radulae Morphology: Three regions are readily distinguishable in the radula though they are not sharply delimited, for one 58 THE NAUTILUS grades without distinct boundary into another. The oldest, anterior-most portion bears about 15 to 35 transverse rows of somewhat broken and very much worn teeth. Adjacent to this worn region is a portion in which the teeth are all perfect and not noticeably worn. The posterior region of the radula bears teeth in the process of development. These new teeth comprise 14 to 20 transverse rows which by the technique here employed take very little or no stain. Variability of median tooth. A. In the same radula. Six entire radulae were examined to determine the variation in size of the median teeth in the same radula and the relation of this variation to the position of the teeth in the radula. The widths of the median teeth were found to vary as much as 14|.i (78[.i to 921.1), in the same radula. In four of the radulae, the teeth in the undeveloped region were the small- est (70|i to 78[x) , the teeth in the oldest or worn region were largest (76!.t to 96u) , and the teeth in the perfect region were between these two in size (74[.i to 881.1). Thus we have evi- dence of a definite increase in size from the younger region to the older region of the same radula. In the other two radulae, the teeth in the perfect region were the largest (44|.i to 54 u) while there was very little difference in the size of the teeth from the other two regions. In one case the teeth in the older region (40u to 44^) were a little larger than in the undeveloped region (40ii) and in the other case the teeth in the undeveloped region were so arranged on the slide that measurements in that region were impossible. These conditions, found in the two last mentioned radulae, have not been explained. B. hi different radulae. The other radulae examined showed variations in widths of median teeth in the same radula as great as 16|.i (from 84n to 100^, in specimen 29, Table I). By pressure on the cover glass, the radulae were broken so that isolated teeth were available for accurate measurement and drawing but due to this isolation the original position of the teeth in the radula could not be determined. P^rom the results obtained in the examination THE NAUTILUS 69 of the six entire radulae, it seems probable that the size differences in the same radula depend very largely upon the position of the teeth in the radula and are not chaotic. These results are shown in Table 2. Variability in the central cusp. A. Width. The measure- ments of five entire radulae yielded the results shown in Table. 3. This table shows in three of the five radulae, a definite progressive increase in width of the central cusp of the median teeth from the undeveloped end to the worn or oldest part of the radula. In specimen number 47 (a small shell 5.8 mm. in length) the central cusp on the older end were narrower (Sfi) than those in the perfect region (10|i). In specimen number 42, the central cusps in the perfect region (21ii) and the worn region (20iO were practically the same in size. The results shown in Table 1 are the measurements of central cusps in isolated median teeth in the radulae of some 40 broken up radulae. The differences in width of central cusps in the radulae of the same in- dividual were as great as S^i (16ii to 24u) in specimen 27. The size differences shown here are probably correlated with position in the radula as in the five entire radulae mentioned above. This could not be determined because of the shifting of the teeth from the original position during the process of isolating them. It is probable, however, that the width of the central cusp varies directly with position in the radula as does the width of the entire median tooth. B. Length. The lengths of the central cusps of the median teeth are also shown in Table 1. In the five entire radulae. the central cusps of the perfect teeth are the long- est. The central cusps of the worn teeth are about the same length (16h in specimen 37) as those of the undeveloped region (16u in specimen 37) though in some cases the worn cusps are shorter (611 to ISu in specimen 46). This decrease in length of the central cusp of the worn teeth is due to the wear to which they have been subjected. The lengths of the central cusps were found to vary from 2u to 14u in the 60 THE NAUTILUS individuals that were broken up in isolating the median teeth. Correlation of Tooth and Shell Size. Forty two specimens Fig's. 1 to 5. Central teeth from radulae of Goviobasis livescens .showing range in .size and variability in number and arrangement of thp cu,= f)s. Figs. 6 to i). Central teeth from the radula of the same individual showing a normal tooth (H) and different tyjies of abnormality (7 to 9) occurring in the same radula. of Goniobasis varying in length of shell from 5.6 mm. to THE NAUTILUS 61 20.8 mm. were examined for variations in size of median teeth of radulae from ditferent animals. Even a superficial glance at the data shown in Table 2 gives conclusive evi- dence that tooth size varies directly with body size. Varia- tions in width of median tooth from 40^ in the smallest specimens to lOSfi in the largest specimen were found. Some digressions from a progressive increase in width of median tooth with increase in length of shell were discov- ered. These can be explained in the variations within the individual radula mentioned above. There is a definitely uniform increase in the size of individual teeth of radulae from different individuals progressing with increase in size of shell. This does not show so well from looking at the smallest or largest tooth of a given radula and comparing it with that next in size. However, it is shown in the over- lapping of the sizes of the teeth in different radulae. In the radula from all shells 10.9 mm. to 20.8 mm. in length some individual teeth may be found that are approximately 80|i in width. If the width of every tooth in every radula were compared with the width of the corresponding tooth in every other radula, the correlation of increase in size of teeth and shell would probably be still closer. The differences in width of individual teeth from differ- ent radulae seem to be as great in the larger snails as in the smaller individuals, showing a range from 44u to 68u in shells from 7.5 mm. to 8.4 mm. in length and a range from 78n to 108h in shells from 10.6 mm. to 20.8 mm. in length. Variability in Number of Teeth. There were consider- able variations in the number of transverse rows of teeth in the six entire radulae examined. These variations were from 68 transverse rows in specimen 46, from a shell 12.3 mm. in length, to 112 transverse rows in specimen 41 whose shell was 20.0 mm. in length. The increase in number of rows coincided progressively with increase in size of shell. No instances of variations in the number of teeth in each transverse row were observed, each row consisted of seven teeth which is the constant, normal number for the species. 62 THE NAUTILUS In most of the recorded variations in the radulae of other genera of snails, by Sterki (1893), E. W. Bowell (1908), A. E. Boycott (1925), F. F. Cawston (1926), A. E. Boy- cott (1914), and M. V. Lebour (1906), there were definite variations found in the number of teeth in the transverse rows. Most of the radulae studied by the above named in- vestigators were those having a relatively large number of comparatively small teeth in each transverse row, while G. Hvescens, used in this study, has a relatively small number of comparatively large teeth in each transverse row. The results obtained in the present investigation show no variations in number of teeth in each transverse row but a definite variation in size of individual teeth, while the above investigations show definite variations in number of teeth in each transverse row but no conclusive evidence of variation in size of individual teeth. This may mean that in radulae of few but large teeth, the variation is in size of individual teeth, while in radulae of many but small teeth, the chief variation is in number of teeth. Continuity of Abnormality in Teeth. H. M. Gwatkin (1914) maintains that any abnormality found in the teeth in a radula will be continued posteriorly through the longi- tudinal row in which it occurs. In one specimen (No. 12) used in this invesftigation, some of the central teeth were abnormal. However, the abnormality was not uniform throughout the entire row. There were a number of mal- formed teeth in the central row (figures 7, 8, 9) each one of which had a distinctive type of malformation. Some of the teeth in the same longitudinal row were perfectly normal (figure 6). The relative positions of the malformed teeth in the row could not be determined because the teeth were isolated. That they were all from the same row is self-evident because each radula has but a single row of central teeth. THE NAUTILUS 63 III. Summary and Conclusions 1. The number of transverse rows in the radulae G. livescens increases definitely with increase in the size of the shell but there is no variation in the number of teeth in each transverse row. 2. A distinct increase in the size of the individual median teeth and the central cusp of median tooth in ra- dulae of G. livescens accompanies increase in size of the shell. The increase is fairly uniform from very small animals to comparatively large individuals. 3. Distinct differences in size, both of the central cusp and of the entire median teeth, occur in individual radulae of G. livescens. There is progressive increase in size of the tooth and its central cusp from the undeveloped end to the worn end of the radula. 4. Malformations in the radula may be chaotic i.e. not continuing uniformly throughout the longitudinal row. 5. In using radular characters in classification, the size of the shell must be recorded with the description of the radula. The width of median teeth has no value in specific diagnosis of Goniobasis unless snails of practically the same size are used in every case. The size of the median teeth in young snails can not be used in specific diagnosis in com- parison with radulae from older snails, for tooth size in- creases directly with age. Thus in species showing wide divergence in size of the mature shells, a comparison of radulae from shells of the same size could not yield a valid basis for comparison of the two species. Table 1. Relation between size of shell, central cusp, and entire median tooth in 42 individuals of Goniobasis livescens. 64 THE NAUTILUS Greatest Central Cusp of Width of Len^h diameter Length of Median tooth Median Spec. of shell of shell Aperture Length Width tooth No. in mm. in mm. in mm. in ji in |j, inn 15 5.6 2.7 3.0 10-12 8 44-50 47 5.8 3.1 2.9 13-16 6-10 40-50 48 5.9 3.1 2.9 14-16 9-10 48-54 23 6.0 3.3 3.2 18 7-8 44-48 24 6.5 3.5 3.7 14 8 48-54 45 7.1 3.6 3.9 16-18 9-10 56-60 20 7.5 4.0 3.7 12-14 8-11 40-56 31 7.5 4.0 3.8 12-20 8-16 44-56 33 7.5 3.6 3.7 10-12 8-16 52-56 44 7.5 3.8 4.0 20-24 12-16 52-60 17 8.0 3.9 4.0 62-64 36 8.2 4.3 4.5 i6-26 16-12 60-68 18 8.4 4.0 4.3 20-24 12-16 56-62 32 10.9 5.7 5.7 20-24 12-14 68-72 35 12.0 5.7 5.7 16-24 16 84 2 12.1 6.0 5.9 86-88 46 12.3 5.8 6.2 18-28 14^18 76-84 25 12.4 6.1 6.1 22-24 16-18 68-80 43 12.5 6.1 6.4 14-21 16 70-76 34 12.6 6.4 6.4 20-22 16 74-76 26 12.7 6.0 6.1 20-24 18-20 64-76 27 13.3 7.3 7.8 18-32 16-24 88-92 16 13.6 6.4 6.6 28 20 84-88 22 15.8 7.8 8.5 20-26 14-18 80-84 28 15.8 7.2 7.3 20 16 80-82 42 16.1 7.4 7.5 24-32 16-21 80-92 19 16.4 7.3 7.4 30 22 80-84 3 16.7 7.9 7.7 74 30 17.4 7.9 7.7 20-26 16-20 80-84 7 17.8 7.8 8.1 24-36 20-24 102-108 13 18.4 8.0 8.0 35 28 90-100 21 18.4 7.7 7.6 20 20 92-96 29 18.4 8.1 8.6 30-36 22 84-100 37 19.0 8.3 8.3 21-22 16-20 82-88 10 19.5 7.9 8.0 44 24 100 40 19.6 8.4 8.7 16 18-20 84-96 6 19.8 7.9 7.7 • • • • ■ 96-102 39 19.9 8.6 8.6 32-36 22I26 88-96 41 20.0 8.6 8.9 20-26 18-22 78-92 38 20.2 8.0 8.1 16 18-20 84-92 12 20.6 8.5 9.0 104-108 14 20.8 8.9 9.10 24-28 24-28 100-104 Table 2. Showing (a) correlation of size of shell and number of transverse rows of teeth in radulae of G. livescens, and (b) variation in size of median teeth in rela- tion to position on radula. THE NAUTILUS 65 Number of Width of Length transverse rows in individual teeth in n Spec. No. of shell Post. Per- Ant. Post. Per- Ant. in mm. Total Undev. feet worn Undev. feet worn 47 5.8 88 15 53 20 40 44-50 40-44 46 12.3 68 15 35 18 50-54 48 43 12.5 97 14 63 20 70 74 76 42 16.1 104 10 79 15 80 84-88 90-92 40 19.6 107 18 56 33 84-88 96 41 20.0 112 15 80 17 78 84-88 90-92 Table 3. Showing variation in lengths and widths of central cusp in relation to position in the radula of Gonio- basis livescens. No. of Specimens 47 Region ( Undeveloped j Perfect ( Broken Length in |x 14 16 12 Width in [I 6 10 8 46 ( Undeveloped j Perfect ( Broken 15 17 6 8 9 10 43 ( Undeveloped j Perfect ( Broken 12 19 12 10 15 17 42 Undeveloped Perfect . Broken 24 29 16 16 21 20 37 ( Undeveloped j Perfect ( Broken 16 18-20 16 14 16-20 20 IV. Literature Cited Baker, F. C, 1908.— The Fresh Water Mollusck of Wiscon- sin, Part I. Gastropoda, 494 pages; Part II. Pelecypoda, 495 pages, 105 Plates. Wisconsin Geol. and Nat, Hist. Sur\'ey, Bull. 70. Bowell, E. W., 1908.— On the Radulae of the British Heli- cids. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 8: 125-127; 205-212; 379-387. Bowell, E. W., 1920.— Further Notes on Radulae. Ibid, Vol. 14: 46-47. Bowell, E. W., 1924.— Radulae of Mollusca. Jour. Quekett Micros. Club, Ser. 2, Vol. 15 : 57-64. 66 THE NAUTILUS Boycott, A. E., 1914. — Radula of Hyalina. Jour, of Conch- ology, London, Vol. 14: 214-220; 232-236; 297-303. Boycott, A. E., and J. W. Jackson, 1914. — Observations on the Anatomy of Helicella heripensis. Ibid, Vol. 14: 164- 168. Cawston, F. G., 1926. — Gundlachia at Malvern, and an Ex- amination of the Radulae of other Intermediate Hosts of the Trematode Parasitic Worms in Natal. Trans. Royal Society South Africa, Vol. 13 : 39-42. Cooke, A. H., 1918. — On the Radulae of Acanthina, G. Fischer. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, Vol. 13: 6-11. Friele, H., 1879. — Ueber die Variationen der Zahnstructur in der Gattung Buccinum. Jahrb. mal. Ges., Vol. 4: 256- 263. Gwatkin, H. M., 1914. — Some Molluscan Radulae. Jour. Conchol. London, Vol. 14: 139-148. Lebour, M. V., 1906. — On Variation in the Radulae of cer- tain Buccinidae. Ibid, Vol 11 : 282-286. Sterki, V., 1893. — Growth Changes in the Radula in Land- mollusks. Proc. Acad, of Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 46 : 388-400. NEW CALIFORNIAN SNAILS BY H. A. PILSBRY A sending last June from Mr. Stanley C. Field of Los Angeles contained an apparently new race of HelmintJio- glypta traskii and a Ha/p^otre^na closely allied to one which had been recognized as new for some time, but not yet described. Helminthoglypta traskii fieldi n. subsp. PI. 5, figs. 2, 3, 4. The shell is more elevated than H. i. phhjctacna, the lieight 74 to 77 percent of the diameter (in phlyctaena 60 to 66 per- cent) ; umbilicus smaller, about 2 mm. wide; post-nuclear whorls are not i)apillose ; last 21/2 whorls are spirally engraved with lines cutting the striae, strongly developed on the last whorl. Color cinnamon-brown, with a darker, chestnut-brown band broadly bordered on both sides with chamois. Peristome THE NAUTILUS, XLIV ^^ ^^ ^^ PLATE 5 d» •: 32 11 I >i. ? -v J H. Iraskii tielili. = I.uelan.lina Icnvci IMI.. 6. Haplotrcnia alanxda. , 11. a. hcKM. 8 9.0 r<.h-.vra .nuUani tuckcri P.ls. .v, lU-n.!. n. llchc.na ou.nens>s Ckll.'vol. A^:^U. '^- Opcas micra nur/.atlan.cum I lis. No. 5. H-.o. .2. will be ) > ■■ ? > I ♦ i # ^ J. Ihiidcixm : Cariiiikx jiiid I.vtniuifa. THE NAUTILUS 70 They have not been found alive in Bear Lake and only a few, many years ago, in Utah Lake. It has been heretofore sui?gested that the variable ribbing of L. utahcnsis was the result of salinity of the water or other unfavorable condi- tions during a former period in the lake's history. May not the variation in the elevation of the spire of both species be due to some such cause? A fact of some interest in this connection is that C. ponsonbyi Smith (same plate, Fig, 4), now living in upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, where there is no reason to suspect salinity, is not so variable. In the 50 specimens in the University of Colorado the variation is very slight, but the left-hand Fig. 4, of a specimen in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, collected in 1929 by Dr. H. Burrington Baker, has the apex sunken below the top of the last whorl by the twisting of the axis during growth, thus forming a shallow, flat-bottomed "crater." EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6 Fig. 1. Helisoma (Carinifex) newberryi Lea. Three somewhat sca- lariform examples in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Bear Lake, Utah. Fig. 2. H. (C.) neivberryi. Nine examples in Univ. Colo. Museum, showing variation in elevation of spire. Bear Lake, Utah- Idaho. Fig. 3. Carinifex atopus Cham, and Jones. Copy of original figure of the unique type specimen. Bear Lake, Utah. Fig. 4. H. (C.) ponsonbyi E. A. Smith. I (right) normal example, 1 (left) \vith depressed spire, in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., the right-hand specimen now donated to Univ. Colo. Mus. Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Fig. 5. Menetus planulatus Cooper. A scalariform example in Univ. Colo. Museum. West of The Dalles. Oregon. Fig. 6. Lymnaea (Galba) utahensis (Call). Three specimens show- ing variation, in Univ. Colo. Museum. Provo, Utah Lake, Utah. Fig. 7. Lymnaea utahensis. Seventeen specimens showing variation in shape and sculpture, in Univ. Colo. Museum. Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho. 80 THE NAUTILUS CAMPTOCERAS (CULMENELLA) I'RASHADI NOM. NOV. BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH At the suggestion of Dr. Bryant Walker, I published a description of a new subgenus and species, CulmeneUa hirasei, considering it as a subgenus under Bulinus. (Naut. 40, 1927, p. 121.) Dr. Prashad has kindly called my attention to the resemblance of this species to certain species of Camptoceras. The genus Camptoceras contains two rather strikingly different groups, namely, the long, rather loosely coiled forms and the lower spired, more compact forms. It is to the latter group that my Japanese species belongs. In- asmuch as the name hirasei has been used in Camptocerafi, my name will have to be changed. CulmeneUa will now be placed under Camptoceras as a subgenus to contain the short compact forms. The following is the bibliographic summary. Camptoceras Benson, 1843, s.s. Type : C. terehra Benson. 1843 C. terehra Benson, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 465. Moradabad, Rohilkhund, India. 1871 C. auHieni Blanford, Jour. Asiat Soc. Bengal 40. p. 40, pi. 2, fig. 2. Nazirpur, Mymensing, Dacca, India. 1919 C. hirasei Walker, Occ. Pap. Mus. of Zool. Uni. of Michigan no. 64, p. 1, pi. 1. figs. 1-5. Near Osaka, Prov. Kawachi, Japan. Subgenus Culmenella Clench, 1927. Type: C. hirasei Clench (=^prashadi CI.). 1871 Camptoceras lincaium Blanford, Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 40, p. 40, pi. 2, fig. 3. Nazirpur, Mymensing, Dacca, India. 1920 Camptoceras subspinosnm Annan. & Prash., Jour. & Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, n. s. 10. p. 28, fig. 1-2. Between Khanabal and Islamabad. Kashmir. India. 1931 Camptoceras prashadi Clench. New name for Bul- inus (Culmenella) hira^sei Clench, 1927, Naut. 40, p. 121, fig. 1. Prov. of Kawachi. Japan. Non Cnmp- lonras hirasei Walker, 1919. THE NAUTILUS 81 LAND SHELLS ( ()LLE( TED BY Ml{. H. N. LOWE IN WESTERN MEXICO BY H. A. PILSBRY. WITH NOTES BY II. N. LOWE In the course oi a collecting journey early in last year, the following land shells were found by Mr. I.owe : ArercUia (TrichocUscina) coactiliata Fer. Quite rare; found with Polygi/ra paucicostata and the two species of Euijlandina under outcroppings of rock on the eastern side of Maria Madre Is., Tres Marias. The location is rather interesting being at the point where the cactus and desert vegetation of the coastal area blends with the tropical for- ests of the mountains. Orchids and trailing cactus on the same trees. Giant Adiantum (maidenhair ferns) five ft. in height in company with several species of tree cacti. This place is far northwest of any former record for the genus. Pohjgyra richardsoni v. Martens, Isla del Faro, Mazatlan, under dead leaves on trail to the summit. Polygyra paucicostafa "Pilsbry" Dall. Maria Madre, Tres Marias. When identifying land shells with the aid of our collec- tion some years ago Dr. Dall found specimens labelled "P. richardsoni paucicostafa Pilsbry" which matched some he had, and he used that name in his paper. The name had not yet been published by me, so that it will date from his publication in Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. 15, 1926, p. 476, pi. 36, figs. 3, 4, 5. It must be admitted that the account there given leaves much to be desired, and in such a diffi- cult group of Polygyras nobody could identify by it, but the good photographic figures of his plate, supplied by Dr. Hanna, make the form recognizable. Lowe found it rather plentiful, under stones. PfiJyoyra hehri Gabb. Topolobampo, under rocks in com- pany with Bulimuhis bailey i, along the eastern shore of the bay near the town. Living .specimens quite rare and required considerable digging. Dead shells common. Pulimulus haileyi Dall, in company with the above ape- 82 THE NAUTILUS cies at Topolobampo. Living examples not so rare. At Guay- mas they were taken in very small numbers by digging in rock slides on north slopes in the valley east of the moun- tains back of town, about three miles east of Guaymas. Drymaeus trimarianus (v. Martens). Maria Madre, Tres Marias Is., rare; only two living ones found. Oxystyla boucardi (Pfr.). San Geronimo, Oaxaca. Found in fair numbers aestivating on the trunks of trees on a small hill two miles west of the town. This is only about ten miles from the city of Tehuantepec, the type locality. Oxystyla melanocheilus (?) Maria Madre, Manzanillo, and Acapulco. After hours of diligent search not a living example was found at any of the thi-ee places. This being the dry season (February, March and April), they were certainly not aestivating on the trees like the preceding species, and from what the natives told me I presume they burrow in the loose soil during the dry season. On the Tres Marias, the parrots evidently feed on them from the num- ber of shells found with spire broken out. Those found at Manzanillo and Acapulco while scarce were not broken. Within a radius of five miles of Mazatlan I did not find even a broken shell. They must be entirely extinct at pres- ent, or perhaps those reported in earlier records were brought from the mountains many miles east of the city. Opeas micra mazatlanica n. subsp. PI. 5, fig. 12. ' Under stones in the trail to the summit, Isla del Faro, Mazatlan, Type No. 151314 ANSP., collected by H. N. Lowe, January, 1930. A peculiar form with strong and very regular costulation. the riblets thread-like. Opeas micra is often rather strongly ribbed, but the rib- bing is irregular on the later whorls, more widely spaced than in this form. The eight specimens sent agree in sculpture. Leptinaria sp. undet. Isla del Faro, Mazatlan. A single immature specimen. THE NAUTILUS 83 !'Ju gland ina mazatlam'ca (von Martens) Glnndiiw mazatlanica von Martens, 1891, Biologia Cen- trali-Americana, Mollusca, p. 65, pi. 4, figs. 2, 2a, and var. abbrevi-ata, f. 3. Mazatlan and Tres Marias Is. Euglandina marinna Dall, 1926. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci (4) vol. 15. No. 15, p. 470, pi. 34, fig. 4. Maria Madre and Maria Magdalena. Tres Marias Is. Maria Madre, under rocks with Polygyra paucicostata (Lowe). The specimens vary in shape from typical to the shorter form of "var." abbreviata. I am unable to see any difference between mazatlanica and maiiana. Dall apparently did not compare his speci- mens with von Martens' earlier account, or at least, he did not mention it. Euglandina lowei new species, PI. 5, fig. 5. Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias, under rocks with preceding species. Type No. 151320 ANSP., collected by H. N. Lowe, March, 1930. The shell is oblong-fusiform, cinnamon-buff colored, with long, turrited spire having slightly convex outlines. Apex obtuse, the first three whorls smooth, axial striation then beginning, the striae somewhat unequal, recurved and de- cidedly stronger below the suture; on the fifth whorl en- graved spiral lines appear. The last whorl has unequal striae, strong at the suture, and many spiral lines ; below the periphery both striae and spirals weaken. The whorls are rather weakly convex. The suture is weakly, irregularly cren- ulate. The aperture is small, less than half the length of the shell; outer lip shai^D, regularly curved; columella short, con- cave, abruptly truncate. Length 46 mm., diam. 17.8 mm., length aperture 21.7 mm. ; 8 whorls. Length 32.7 mm., diam. 13 mm., length aperture 17.3 mm.; 7 whorls (immature paratype). In Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1925, p. 307, I have enumerated the Euglandinae of western Mexico. There would seem to be enough of them, but the present form ap- 84 THE NAUTILUS pears quite distinct from all. The long spire of numerous whorls, combined with distinct subSutural beading and spiral impressed lines, are its more prominent features. In a dorsal view the spire and last whorl are about equal in length. E. turris Pfr. differs by the shape of the aperture, widened below, and the different sculpture. CENTRAL AMERICAN PACHYCHILUS AND POLYMESODA BY H. A. PILSBRY In 1899 Mr. Silas L. Schumo, a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia who was interested in natural history, visited Guatemala to look after certain business interests. In several places he collected shells which were given to me on his return. One lot from Chama was determined to be a new species, but by oversight was put into the collection before description. My attention was called to it again in the course of determining Pachychili from Honduras recently collected by Mr. J. A. G. Rehn (P. oerstedi, from Lancetilla). So far as I can learn, the species has not been noticed by anyone in the meantime. PACHYCHILUS SCHUMOI, new species. PI. 7. fig. 1. The shell is oblong-conic, solid, covered with a smooth brownish black periostracum. The short spire is eroded above. Whorls are rather weakly convex. The sculpture con- sists of weak, irregular wi'inkles of growth and microscopic spiral striae which are seen under a high power to be lines of weak granules. The broad, ovate aperture is broadly rounded below, acute above, subvertical, bluish white within. Colu- mella is rather thick. Parietal callus moderate, thickened into a callous pad near the posterior commissure. Length 39.3 mm., diam. 20.5 mm. ; five whorls remaining. Guatemala: Rio Negro (a head stream of the Rio Usuma- cinta) at Chama. Type and three paratypes No. 76231 ANSP., collected by S. L. Shumo. THE NAUTILUS XLIV PLATE 7 ^f^f I. rachycliilus schunioi. 2,2a. Polyincsoda zeteki. 3. Helminthoglypla greggi Willett. ^j. Micrarionta liutsuni atnboiana Wilktt. 5. IKliniiilhoglypla granilicolH ariiki Pils. iK: Field (diani. 15.5 mm.) THE NAUTILUS 85 It is more shortly conic than P. pannucula mexicanus (Rve.) or /*. ;;. f^nnidiu^i (Tristr.), with a thick, callous i3ar- ietal pad in the posterior angle of the aperture, wanting in those forms. The spire is shorter, the whorls more convex and the minute sculpture better developed than P. corvinus (Morel.), of which I have seen great quantities. P. Cor- viv}is is like the new form in having a callus in the aperture. PoLYMESODA ZETEKI new species. PI. 7, fig. 2, 2a. Near Chama, Panama. Type and paratypes No. 130409 ANSP., others in coll. James Zetek (No. 2431), who col- lected the specimens. The shell is oval, moderately solid, stroncfly inequilateral, the beaks at the anterior third of the length; moderately convex, posterior ridge indistinct. Upper and lower margins rather weakly convex, anterior end rounded, posterior wider and less convex, weakly subtruncate. Beaks small and low. Periostracum dull, dingy, buffy brown to olive-brown, minutely, densely lamellose-scaly, retained only on the lower half or third of the valves. Sculpture of fine weak, irregu- larly spaced wrinkles of growth, with a few more distinct grooves marking grov^i;h rests. Color: The exterior where wanting periostracum is white, the interior white with a light tyrian blue ray from under the beaks to the pos- terior end, and a plum purple stripe at the end. The hinge is rather weak. Median and posterior cardinal teeth bifid, Lateral teeth short, the anterior laterals near the cardinals, po.sterior laterals remote, partly purplish. Length 43 mm., height 31 mm., diam. 24.3 mm. Type. Length 39.6 mm., height 30.5 mm., diam. 20.5 mm. This form is chiefly notable for its anterior beaks, which are very small and low. It appears nearly related to P. zidia H. B. Baker from Maracaibo, but that species is not so wide ]Dosteriorly, and though smaller has decidedly larger, more developed beaks, among other differences. P. mexicana (B. & S.) seems also to be related, but it also has prominent beaks, as in P. zulia. 86 THE NAUTILUS NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF MICRARIONTA KELLETTII (FORBES) ON THE CALIFORNIAN MAINLAND NEAR SAN PEDRO BY STANLEY C. FIELD Large numbers of dead shells of this S. Catalina Island snail are scattered over the terrain, among cacti growing in clumps, all along the sea cliffs from Point Firmin to Portu- gese Point and bej'^ond. It is my belief that in early days the living colonies existed there, and were probably de- stroyed by fires. In March, 1929, I found a colony living in a large gi'ove of cactus at Portugese Point. This grove has now been cleared away in laying out an estate. When I returned from my Catalina Island collecting trip, having found Micrarionta gabbi, ruficincta, etc., I made a careful search all along the Palos Verde district, to see if any of these other species had been colonized on the main- land, but though I covered ten miles or so closely, not a trace of the other island species was seen, living or dead. On the north side of Portugese Point I found another dense thicket of cactus, with many M. kellettii under the roots, together with two or three Helminthoglypta traskii. I told Mr. E. P. Chace about this colony, and he has written me that it covers probably about two acres. He intends to scat- ter some in various other places so that local collectors vnll not clean them out. [Possibly the colony at Portugese Point was started by someone who brought over cacti to plant there, though it must be admitted that it would be like carrying coals to Newcastle. On Santa Catalina Island M. kellettii is found on Opuntia throughout the island, and in some places is ex- tremely abundant. Perhaps some Californian collector can tell whether there are any early collections or records of collecting in the district around Portuguese Point, and whether the species was there when the first collecting was done.]— H.A.P. THE NAUTILUS 87 RED CEDAR KIVEK COLLECTIONS (IOWA) BY DAVID T. JONES, MARIETTA COLLEGE, MARIETTA, OHIO The following list is of mollusks collected in the vicinity of Vinton, Iowa, during July and August 1930, from the Red Cedar River, its tributaries, and the wooded banks of the same. It supplements and extends the range of the list published in The Nautilus of April 1930 (Vol. XLIII, No. 4). The Strobilops labyrinthica of that list should be Strobilo2)S lahyrinthica virgo Pilsbry. Its habitat at West Bluffs has been all but destroyed by the building of a new road. This summer's work has also proven that the boundaries of the colony of Hendersonia occulta at East Bluffs v^^ere not as circumscribed as they first appeared. Both living and sub- fossil specimens were taken quite plentifully at several points. The range of the former list was within a radius of approximately five miles of Vinton, whereas this list ranges from Vinton some forty miles northward. Records already in the previous list are not repeated, though many such were duplicated this season. No mussels were reported in the previous article. Old names of mussels reported herein are given after the preferred names for the convenience :. f col- lectors that have learned the older terminology. I ar i under obligations to Prof. H. R. Eggleston of Marietta College for helping with the identification of the mussels, and local- ly to Stanley Peterson, Russell Burkhart, and Oscar J. Workman for aid in collecting snails and mussels. Polygyra hirsuta (Say). East Bluffs and Stony Cut near Vinton, Diy Run and Evangelical Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls. Polygyra monodon (Rackett). Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo. Polygyra fratema (Say). Dry Run near Cedar Falls. Polygyra multUineata (Say). Dry Run near Cedar Falls — var rubra Witter-common. Polygyra profunda (Say). Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls — drift material. 88 THE NAUTILUS Strobilops I. virgo (Pilsbry). West Bluffs and East Bluffs near Vinton. Gastrocopta armifera (Say). East Bluffs near Vinton. Gastrocopta contracta (Say). East Bluffs near Vinton. Retinella hammonis (Strom). Dry Run and Evangelical Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls. Glyphyalinia indentata (Say). East Bluffs near Vinton; Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo. Zonitoides arboreus (Say). East Bluffs and Stony Cut near Vinton. Agriolimax agrestis (L.) East Bluffs near Vinton. Agriolimax campestris (Binney). Di'j- Run near Cedar Falls; Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo. Anguispira cdternata (Say). Dry Run and Evangelical Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls. Gonyodiscus cronkhitei anthonyi (Pilsbry). Dry Run and Evangelical Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls; Stony Cut near Vinton ; Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo. Succinea avara (Say) . Below dam at Cedar Falls, Big Creek at La Porte City ; Black Hawk Creek at Waterloo. Succinea oralis (Say). Dry Run and Evangelical Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls; Stony Cut near Vinton. Succinea retusa (Lea). East Bluffs near Vinton; Dry Run, Cedar River below dam, and Evangelical Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls; Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo. Stagnicola caperata (Say). Dry Run and Evangelical Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls. Fossaria ynodiceUa rustica (Lea). East Bluffs near Vinton; Dry Run near Cedar Falls. Fossaria parva (Lea). Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vin- ton. Gyraulus parvuAi (Say). Dry Run near Cedar Falls. Ilelisoma irivolvis (Say). Cedar River below dam and Dry Run near Cedar Falls; Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo; Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton. Planorbida crassilabiis (Walker). Dry Run and Evangelical Camj) Ground near Cedar Falls; Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo. THE NAUTILUS 89 Physa gyrina (Say) . Cedar River below dam, Dry Run, and Evangelical Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls; Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton ; Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo. Physa Integra (Hald). Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls; Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton. Physa niichiganensis (Clench). Dry Run and Evangelical Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls. Ferrissia tarda (Say). Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls. Campeloma decisum (Say) . Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls (with embryonic shells) ; mouth of Mud Creek near Vinton. Somatogyrus integer (Say). Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls. Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis (Lea). Dry Run and Evange- lical Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls. Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say). Cedar River below dam. Dry Run, and Evangelical Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls. Pleurocera acuta Raf. Cedar River near mouth of Mud Creek and Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton (drift material) ; rapids below dam at Cedar Falls (living). Qicadrula pustulosa (Lea). Cedar River at East Bluffs and Stony Cut near Vinton ; also Cedar River at Vinton. Quadrula quadimla (Raf.) =Qiiadrida lachrymosa (Lea). Two doubtful, immature specimens from Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton. Amblema peruviana (Lam.) = Quadrula plicata (Say). Cedar River at East Bluffs and Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton ; Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo ; Big Creek at La Porte City ; below dam in Cedar River at Cedar Falls. Fusco)iaia flava (Raf.) =^Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea.) Cedar River at Stony Cut and East Bluffs near Vinton ; also at Vinton. Ficsconaia ebenus (Lea) .=Quadrula ebena Lea. Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton. Strophitus rvgosus (Swainson) =Strophitus edentulus (Say). Cedar River at Vinton. 90 THE NAUTILUS Anodonta grandis Say. Black Hawk Creek near Water- loo; Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls; Big Creek at La Porte City; Goarcke's Lake at Vinton; Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton. Lasmigona complanata (Barnes) =Sy)uphijnota complarmta (Barnes). Cedar River at East Bluffs near Vinton; Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton (two juveniles) ; Cedar River at Cedar Falls. Lasmigona costata (Raf.) =Sy7nphynota costata (Raf.). Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls; Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton. Proptera alata (Say) =LampsUis alata (Say). Cedar River at East Bluffs, one fine large specimen 18.5x13.0x7.4 cm. Actinonaias carinata (Barnes) ^Lampsilis Ugamentina (Lam.) Cedar River at East Bluffs and Stony Cut near Vinton; Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls; Big Creek at La Porte City. Caruncidina parva (Barnes) =Lampsilis parva (Barnes). Cedar River below dam at Cedar P^alls — one perfect valve. Ligumia recta latissima (Rai.)=LampsiHs recta (Lam.) Cedar River at East Bluffs near Vinton — shells with both white and pink nacre. Lampsilis siliquoidea ( Barnes) =Lampsilis luteola (Lam.) Big Creek at La Porte City, male and female; Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo, male; Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls, male ; Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton, male. Lampsilis vcntricosa (Barnes). Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo ; Cedar River below dam, and Dry Run at Cedar Falls; Cedar River at Vinton; Cedar River at East Bluffs and Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton. By far the most common form in the Red Cedar Valley. Sphaerium rhomboideum (Say). Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls. Spharrium simile (Say). Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls. Sphacriu))! soliduJum (Prime). Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls. THE NAUTILUS 91 Sphaerium. striutinum (Lam.) Dry Run and Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls; Big Creek at La Porte City; East Bluffs near Vinton. Pisidinm abditum (Hald.) Stony Cut near Vinton. Pisidium variabile (Prime). East Bluffs near Vinton, Iowa. A PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA FROM NEAR GOLETA, SANTA BARBARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA BY I. S. OLDROYD AND U. S. GRANT IV The fauna considered in this paper was obtained from a fossiliferous stratum exposed in the embankment back of the beach about a mile and a half west of Goleta Point and four miles west-southwest of the town of Goleta, Santa Barbara County, California. The fossils ocurred abundantly in a very fine-grained un- consolidated sand of a bluish gray color, stained in some places a yellowish brown due to iron rust. The stratum is only three or four feet thick and dips at a very small angle toward the west. It overlies unconformably a bluish gray clay shale and is overlain by sand and soil which covers the low terrace. The underlying clay shale was only briefly examined but appeared to be nearly devoid of fossils, only a non-diagnostic Cryptomya being seen in the short time devoted to its ex- amination. Lithologically, this underlying sediment much re- sembles some of the Pico clay shale, of Pliocene age, which occurs in the foothills some miles to the east of the town of Ventura. Alternate swelling and shrinking of the shale on the face of the bank, due to variation in moisture content, has caused flaking off of irregular pieces with curved surfaces. The fossils are concentrated in the lower part of the sandy stratum overlying the clay shale. Many individuals of Pholad- idca calif ornica are still in the holes in the clay shale in which they lived, and other mud-loving fragile species could not have been transported very far. A noticeable feature of the collections we have examined is the excellent preservation of 92 THE NAUTILUS those species which prefer a silty or muddy habitat, such as Cryptomya californica, Platyodon cancellatus, etc. On the other hand, the specimens which are distorted due to growth among the rocks show evidence of erosion due to trans- portation. We are indebted to Mr. Ralph Hoffman, Director of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, for calling our attention to this fossiliferous deposit, and to Mr. David Rogers, ethnologist of that institution, who has made collec- tions of fossils which were studied by us. Mr. A. M. Strong, conchologist of Los Angeles and Balboa, kindly assisted in comparing some of the small gastropods. Cardita suhquadrata Carpenter. One valve. Cardium corbis Martyn. A few imperfect specimens. Cardium quadregenarum Conrad. Six broken valves. Cryptomya californica Conrad. Common. Cumingia lamellosa Sowerby. Rare ; two valves. Macoma balthica Linnaeus. Two valves. Macoma incongrua von Martens. Common. Macoma inquinata Deshayes. Seven valves. Macoma nasuta Conrad. Very abundant. Macoma yoldiformis Carpenter. Four valves. Macoma sp. One valve ; small. Nuculana taphria Dall. Not common. Panope generosa Gould. Few valves. Paphia staminea Conrad. Common. Paphia staminea ruderata Deshayes. A few valves. Parapholas calif oryiica Conrad. Common. Phacoides nuttallii Conrad. Rare. Platyodon cancellatus Conrad. Common. Saxicava arciica Linnaeus. Three valves. Saxidomus giganteus Deshayes. Several good pairs of valves. Saxidomus nuttallii Conrad. Not common. Schizothaerus nuttallii Conrad. Several specimens. Solen sicarious Gould. A few valves. Spisula catiUiformis Conrad. Several valves. Tellina Iwdcgeiii^is Hinds. One valve. Tellina buttoni Dall. Several valves. THE NAUTILUS 93 Tellina carpcntcri Dall. Several valves. Veriey^upis lamelUfera Conrad. One valve. Acmaea instabilis Gould. One specimen. Acmaea insessa Hinds. One specimen. Acteocina culcitcUa Gould. One specimen. Alectrion fossatus Gould. Several specimens. Alectnon mendicus Gould. Common. Alectrion perpinrjuis Hinds. Not common. Alectrion indisputabil is Oldroyd. Two specimens. Amphissa columbiana Dall. Rare. Argobuccinum oregoncnsis Redfield. Four imperfect speci- mens. Bittium armillatum Carpenter. Common. Calyptraeo fastigiata Gould. Many perfect specimens. Crepidida adunca Sowerby. Several specimens. Crepidida nivea C. B. Adams. Two specimens. Fusinus (Barbarofusus) sp. One imperfect specimen. Hipponix antiquatus Linnaeus. One specimen. Lacuna cf . porrecta Carpenter. Several specimens. Leptothyra carpenteri Pilsbry. Five specimens. Lora? regulus Dall. Two specimens. Mangilia? hamata Carpenter. One specimen. Margarites parcipicta Carpenter. One specimen. Mitrella carinata Hinds. Common. Odostomia sp. One specimen. Olivella biplicata Sowerby. Common. Olivella pedroana Conrad. Several specimens. Pseudomelatoma mocsta Carpenter. One young individual. Pseudomelatoma torosa Carpenter. One specimen. Tegula bninnea Philippi. Rare. Tritonalia lurida Middendorff. Four specimens. More intensive collecting will no doubt add a considerable number of species to the above faunal list. The list as given is sufficient for us to assume that at the time these mollusks were alive the water was probably cooler than the present ocean temperature along the beach. Such species as Argo- huccinwm oregonensis,Macoma inquinata,a.ndCardium coi'bis would suggest a water temperature somewhat cooler than the 94 THE NAUTILUS present, while the absence of such species as Chione gnidia, Dosinia ponderosa, Cardium elatum, etc., which occur in the warm water upper Pleistocene deposits of the San Pedro region, is noticeable. Correlation with better known horizorls should not be attempted until further collecting furnishes a larger f aunal list. JOSEPH SWIFT EMERSON The death of Joseph Swift Emerson occurred in Honolulu on May 15, 1930. Mr. Emerson was born July 13, 1843, at Lahainaluna, on the island of Maui. He was the son of the Rev. John S. Emerson, one of the early missionaries. By profession he was a civil engineer and surveyor. While a boy at Waialua, Oahu, Mr. Emerson became in- terested in the collecting of Hawaiian shells and his interest continued up to the time of his death. His earliest recorded collecting date is 1854, and the last, 1927. Thus his collect- ing in the field occupied seventy-three years, which is far more than the active period of most collectors. Mr. Emerson undoubtedly began his collecting prior to 1854, as he told me, in conversation, that he had given shells to Frick and Newcomb. Since Newcomb's most important publication appeared in 1853 in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Mr, Emerson's collecting life must have extended over a period of at least seventy-five years. Several years ago Mr. Emerson willed his collection of land and marine shells to the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Shortly after his death they were received and are now in- corporated into the collection of that Museum. In arranging Mr. Emerson's collection prior to its incor- poration into the Museum collection, it was interesting to note three distinct collecting periods in his life. The first as a boy, until he graduated from Punahou Academy. The second, during the early nineties, wlien he was not actively interested in the collecting of shells. At this time he ob- tained shells by exchange with a number of local collectors. The third, after his retirement from business about 1911 THE NAUTILUS 95 when he became extremely interested in Hawaiian land shells. During this last period he was far more interested than at any other time of his life. From 1911 to 1924 he was continuously in the woods. That a man in his seventies could tramp along the mountain trails and climb trees is very re- markable. About half of his land snail collection was made during this period, some of it being purchased from local collectors. The collection, especially of his last period, is accom- panied by full notes on the exact localities and stations of the shells. Probably the most valuable parts of his collection are fine series of extremely rare snails which have never been collected by the last two generations of collectors. Some of these species have probably been extinct for over sixty years, as the forests where they lived were destroyed either by fire or the introduction of cattle. During the seventies and eighties Mr. Emerson's interest in shells was confined mostly to marine, of which he had a very large collection, acquired by purchase, from the Mar- shall and Gilbert Islands, and supplemented by his collect- ing in the Hawaiian Islands. Mr. Emerson's collection also contains large series of shells which he made in Switzer- land and material received in exchange from collectors in other parts of the world. At the time of his death, his collection contained more than a hundred thousand specimens, of which more than half were Hawaiian land shells. C. Montague Cooke. JOHN BRAZIER, 1842-1930 The dates will indicate that Brazier belonged to the last century, but it is due to the memory of a great conchologist that his death should not pass unnoticed though most of his work was done over thirty years ago. Australian conchological history shows three great names, Angas, Brazier and Hedley, and in his own field Brazier was unrivalled. Angas was the pioneer, a great conchologist, a great collector, and a great artist. Following upon Angas 96 THE NAUTILUS came Brazier, a great conchologist, we may not say-greater, but surely even a greater collector, as no one could surpass the ability of Brazier in this direction. Hedley, Brazier's successor, passed away before the latter, and owed not a little of his conchological skill to Brazier's assistance, but a great artist of shells was also a much greater philosophical student than either, and he was also another great collector. Angas published a list of New South Wales Mollusca in 1867, totalling 408 species. Almost immediately Brazier sent many new species to Angas who began describing them in 1869. Angas then furnished a supplement in 1871 of 109 species, and in 1877 added another 176 species, almost all the additions being due to Brazier's energy. Yet during this ten years Brazier was away on collecting trips in 1865, 1872, 1873 and 1875. This skill as a shell collector must have become known at a very early age, as in 1865 he was in- vited to accompany Julius Brenchley on a cruise in the H. M. S. "Curacoa" round the South Sea Islands. Upon his return he wrote some notes which he sent to the Zoological Society of London, and was elected a Corresponding Mem- ber in 1869, that is, over sixty years ago. In January 1875 the Linnean Society of New South Wales was formed and Brazier was one of the original members. He lived to sur- vive all the others. Later that year he acted as shell col- lector on the "Chevert", which, under the direction of Sir William Macleay, investigated the natural history of the coast of Queensland and the islands of Torres Straits. The Mollusca lie collected were reported upon by himself but when he had catalogued some 600 odd species of Gas- tropods, the Pelecypods were left untouched. Brazier joined the Australian Museum in 1880 but was retired during the financial depression of 1893, and has done little concholog- ical work since. During the years 1869-1898 he contributed well over a hundred papers to various scientific journals, hut his fame will rest solidly upon his great collecting skill. He was born in Sydney on Sept. 23, 1842 and died in Sydney, Aug. 20, 1930, having lived all his life in this city. Tom Iredale. THE NAUTILUS 97 BERNARD BARIL\M WOODWARD Mr. Woodward died on October 27, aged seventy-seven years. He was a nephew of G. P. Woodward, author of the well known "oManual of the MoUusca." Mr. Woodward was Curator to the Geological Society of London from 1873 to 1876, thereafter in charge of the general library of the Natural History Museum at South Kensington. He was author of several books chiefly on land and fresh water mollusks, among them "The Life of the Mollusca," 1913; "The British Species of Pisidium," 1913, and joint author of "The Synonymy of the British Non-Marine Mollusca," 1926, together with numerous papers on British fossil land and fresh water shells. His death is mourned by many friends and correspondents. .TAMES HENRY EMERTON In the death of James H. Emerton we have lost another of those few surviving men who may really be called natur- alists, for his profession, scientific artist, brought him in contact with all departments of science . Mr. Emerton was born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1847 and died in Boston, December 5, 1930, in his eighty-fourth year. He began his scientific work early in life, making many of the drawings for the first edition of Packard's "Guide to the Study of Insects," published in 1869, Scudder's "But- terflies of North America," Verrill's "Report on the Inver- tebrates of Vineyard Sound" and "Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of New England," Minot's "Textbook of Embry- ology," etc. His models of large cephalopods in the museums of Cambridge, New Haven, New York, and Washington have been greatly admired. He published in 1880 an inter- esting book "Life on the Seashore". It was, however, in his work on the North American spiders that he was best known. His "Common Spiders of the United States" is a popular book on this subject. Mr. Emerton was a member of the Boston Society of 98 THE NAUTILUS Natural History for sixty years, was one of the founders of the Cambridge Entomological Club, a member of the Boston Malacological Club and of many other organizations. His many friends will truly miss him. C. W. Johnson. NOTES AND NEWS The status of Bulla. — The molluscan genus Bulla L. has been thought to be invalid on account of a supposed subgenus Bulla in Insecta, proposed by Linnaeus on an earlier page of the "Systema Naturae", but of course of the same date. The case being submitted to the Commission on Nomenclature, the following resolution was adopted to cov- er this and any similar cases which may arise. New Recommendation to Art. 36 (on homonyms) . — When homonyms are of the same date, whether by the same or by different authors, then any name proposed for a genus takes precedence over a name [its homonym] proposed for a subgenus. The same principle is applicable to homonyms of species and subspecies of identical date. Bulla in Mollusca will therefore stand, and the name will be discarded in Insecta. We are indebted to Dr. C. W. Stiles for an advance copy of this Recommendation, with permis- sion to publish. — H. A. P. Helix whitneyi Newcomb. — Through the kindness of Dr. W. G. Van Name and Mr. Gugelmann, I have been able to examine two paratypes of this "species" (1864, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 3: 118) from Lake Tahoe, Cal. ; they fonn lot 194 of the Binney and Bland collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History. Both shells are faded and weather-worn; each has lost about 1/4. whorl by corro- sion. The remaining 4VL» whorls of the larger individual, possibly that figured by "w. G. Binney (1869, Smith. Misc. Coll. 194: 32, f. 37; 1885, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28: 86, f. 50), measures: alt. 2.08 mm., maj. diam. 198 (4.12 mm.), THE NAUTILUS 9^ mill. diam. 181 (3.7G mm.) ; umbilicus 6.2 times in maj. diam. They are indubitably examples of the widely distri- buted Zonitoides arboreus (Say) ! — H. BURRINGTON Baker. Size of the giant scallop, (Pccten grandis Sol., P. magcUanicus Gmel.) — A scallop of this species, from waters "outside of" Matinicus, Seal Island, or the outer part of the Penobscot Bay, Maine, was received by the Port- land Society of Natural History, some time ago. The animal was taken alive in a flounder drag, (or small otter trawl,) operated at about 65 fathoms depth, by Capt. Clarence Turner, of the schooner "Barbara" of Portland. Its length, (from anterior to posterior) is 9 inches; depth, (from dorsal, or hinge margin to ventral aspect), 8.20 inches; width, (from right to left) , 2.25 inches. Though large in external measurments, the shell is thin for the species ; it is well preserved, or not bored by those organisms which attack the surface of large old shells. A partial survey of local literature would seem to indicate that the size is exceptional. W. G. Binney', gives the modest dimensions of length 5V2 inches, depth 5 inches, and width IV2 inches. Dr. A. G. Drew", gives as "good sized" speci- mens, length 7 inches, depth, 6V2 inches and width 21/2 inches, which seems to be a fair average for the species taken in Maine waters. Blaney'\ says of specimens dredged in deep water in Frenchman's Bay, "growing to over 7 inches in diameter" [==length ? ] . Lermond', mentions a specimen in the collection of the Portland Society of Natural History, as "7 3/16 long and 6 11/16" deep. This is a normally heavy shell, smooth and unbored; it is labelled, "Portland Harbor, Fuller Collec- tion". In the same collection is a specimen slightly larger, taken alive by the writer in Casco Bay, between Great Chebeague and Basket Islands in about 7 fathoms. It has a U870, Binney, Rept. Invert. Mass. p. 197. -1906, Drew, Univ. Maine Studies, No. 6. p. 7. 31904, Blaney, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. 32, p. 23. 41908, Lermond, Shells of Maine, p. 7. Length Depth Width 184 mm. 169 mm. 52 mm. 189 mm. 171 mm. 64 mm. 230 mm. 208 mm. 58 mm. ITS mm. 166 mm. 57 mm. 100 THE NAUTILUS very thick shell, much eaten by boring animals. Its measure- ments are given in the following table, which gives the sizes of the forgoing specimens, brought to a uniform scale. Locality Collector Portland Harbor C. B. Fuller Casco Bay A. H. Norton Seal Lsland C. Turner Maine Average (?) according to Drew Arthur H. Norton. BULIMULUS HENDERSON!, n. n. — My attention having been called to the fact that the name Bulim-uliis (Scutalis) felip- ponei Ihering, Nautilus XLI, P. 95, 1928, has priority over the name Bulimulus (Bidimulus) felipponei Marshall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. 77, article 2, p. 1, pi. 1, fig. 9, 1930, I propose the specific name Bulimulus hendersoni for the latter in honor of Prof, Junius Henderson. Both species come from Uruguay. — Wm. B. Marshall. Coretus Adans, is said by the nomenclature pest, E. Strand (Arb. Syst. Zool. Inst. Lettl. Univ. Nr. 27, p. 68) to have been used by Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth. I, but it was not adopted by Bruguiere, appearing only in a list of Adan- son's genera. It is thus of no significance in nomenclature. — H. A. P. Hellx haemastoma var. concolor Pils., Nautilus IV, p. 59, and Man. Couch. VI, p. 303, is a homonym of Helix con- color Ferussac. It may be called Acavnx haemastoma mono- chroa. — Pn.SBRY. Dr. Baini Prashad of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has ))een visiting museums of the United States. American malacologists, who have long known Dr. Prashad by his valuable |)ublications, have thus liad the pleasure of meeting him in person. M A.I OR I\I. Connolly delivered an address on "The Dis- ti'ibution of Non-Marine MoUusca throughout Continental Africa," at the annual meeting of the Conchological Society held in London. October 18. THE NAUTILUS 101 POLYGYKOIDEA H AKIOKDIANA (J. G. Coop.). — It WES SOmC- what of a surprise to lind the P. harfordiana in a new local- ity, V^ "^ile above the junction of Alder Creek with the South Fork of ^Nlerced River, Mariposa Co., Cal., elevation 4000 ft. These shells all run smaller (diam. 8.2 to 9.4 mm.) than the ones Baker found in the Big Trees Grove at Wa- wona Point, where I was fortunatelj' able to find a few also. I venture to predict that it will be found scattered through the Sierra in localities where conditions of moisture, shade, rock slide, and leaf mold are just right. At this new locality it was possible to lift off tb.e dried and matted leaf mold in slabs of a square foot or two at a time, and down to moisture among the rather small angular rocks of the well- shaded slide to find the harfordiana rather common, as land snails of the Sierra generally come. Unfortunately I was not able to get as many as I should have liked, for some of the limited time had to be spent on the acquisition of a mess of 15-20 inch Rainbow and Loch Leven trout, which provide great sport in the South Fork of the Merced River at that place. Snails and fish were both there, so I compro- mised by getting some of both. There are plenty of both left foi' the next fellow who goes to the proper place. — Allyn G. Smith. POLYGYRA COLUMBIANA MEGASOMA (Dall) has been found in some numbers by Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Chace in the course of a collecting trip in northern California. Specimens were .sent from the following localities: about 4 m. south of Eureka; Clam Beach, 11 m. north of Areata; Jordan Creek near Scotia; canyon back of Williams Ranch, across the river from Requa; all in Humboldt Co. The neotype of /ucgasonui (No. 11140 ANSP.) was from Humboldt Co., without more exact locality, collected by Hemphill. The Kmbilicu,'^ is very narrmv or closed, and there is often a little kink in the lip near it; the basal lip is thickened on the face, and the epidermal hairs are finer and closer than in P. c. pilosa J. Hend. The parietal tooth is variable, and 102 THE NAUTILUS more often wanting than present. All the large individuals appear to lack the tooth. Diameter 13 to 16 mm. In a series from Inverness, Marin Co., there are, I think, two forms: (1) a larger, diameter 15-16 mm., has the very narrow umbilicus, the parietal tooth and the extremely fine close sculpture of P. c. megasoma; and (2) a smaller form, diam. 12-14 mm., without a tooth, the umbilicus slightly larger and the hairs not quite so close. These appear refer- able to P. Columbiana pilosa J. Hend. — Pilsbry. Oreohelix "growing on trees." — Recent items in The Nautilus concerning the tree-climbing propensities of Monadenia fidelis and Helix aspersa, and Lowe's fine plate showing an estivating colony of Oxystyla in a tree, reminds me of an experience with Oreohelix, a genus which would surely not be expected to climb trees. Several years ago, on Grand Mesa, Colorado, when it was raining almost every day, we found 0. cooperi (W. G. B.) clinging to the trunks of many aspens, up to heights of ten feet or more. In search- ing for snails, most of us are in the habits of keeping our eyes "glued to the ground," because experience has taught us that we are more likely to find them there. Perhaps if we should form the habit of searching trees also we would make many interesting finds otherwise so easily overlooked. — Junius Henderson, University of Colorado Museum. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED GABB'S CALIFORNIA CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY TYPE lamellibranchs. By Ralph B. Stewart. (Special Pub. No. 3, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1930). Having been interested in Tertiary and Cretaceous mollusks in years past, I started to read this paper little dreaming that it would in any way affect the nomenclature of our recent shells. I used to think that Dr. Dall under the title "Tertiary Fauna of Florida" put too much into that work that was not the Tertiary of Florida, a criticism with which many European concholog- THE NAUTILUS 103 ists agreed. In this case, however, the author has far ex- ceeded Dall. As the work is apt to be overlooked by workers on recent shells I feel that some notes on its contents are necessary, although I cannot do justice to the paper in this limited space. It seems more and more apparent that the original rules of nomenclature were made too soon, and before the many problems that might arise were fully understood. In adopt- ing generic names Dr. Dall's decisions were based largely on the selection of "type by elimination." A later ruling (Article 30) "type by subsequent designation" has been adopted by the author, hence the many changes. Some of the changes were really necessary, but many will criticise the taking of Noetia out of the family Arcidae, substituting Volsella Scopoli for Modiolus Lamarck, and the raising of too many subgenera to generic rank. It is however a great nomenclatorial discourse, much involved, and requiring a great deal of careful study. — C. W. JOHNSON. Some rissoid mollusca from the gulf of California AND some mollusca OF THE FAMILY EPITONIIDAE FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA. By Fred Baker, G. D. Hanna and A. M. Strong. (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser. vol. 19, pp. 23-56. 3 pis. 1930) . Of the Rissoidae 9 new species and one subspecies are described and of the Epitoniidae 3 new spe- cies are described. Marine mollusca of guadalupe island, mexico, MARINE mollusca OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS, MEXICO, AND MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE TRES MARIAS ISLANDS, MEXICO. By A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser. vol. 19, pp. 1-22, 1930) . From Guadalupe 87 species are recorded, from Ravillagigedo 61 and from the Tres Marias 211 species. In the latter list it is interesting to note the occurrence of Cypraea Isabella of Polynesian origin and C. cervinetta from western Central America. — C. W. J. 104 the nautilus Notes on some species of epitonium, subgenus nitidis- cala, from the west coast of north america. by a. m. Strong (Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, pp. 183-196, pi. 20, 1930). An excellent review of the west coast species, one new species (E. cooperi) is described and figured. — C. W. J. New LAND SNAILS FROM TANGANYIKA TERRITORY. By Wm. J. Clench and Allan F. Archer (Occas. Pap. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. 5. July, 1930). Euaethiops loveridgei is described as a new genus and species from the Mluguru Mts. It dif- fers from Achatina by the normal insertion on the dia- phragm of the penial retractor, as in Limicolai'ia and Coch- lito7na crawfordi. Achatina madaziniana n. s p. is placed next to A. immaculata Lam. — H. A. P. The north American retinellae. By H. Burrington Baker (Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1930, pp. 193-219, 6 plates). The group of small zonitids which have gone under the generic names of ZoiiiteH, Hiialina, Vitrea, Ghjphijcdinia etc. has been revised in the light of their anatomical structure, and referred to the Holarctic genus RetineUa. The consider- able variations in genitalia and teeth give characters for dividing the series into six subgenera and sections. Keys to the species are given. A new species, R. praecox, and five new subspecies are described and figured. The anatomy of many species is illustrated on six beautifully drawn plates. Knowledge of the Zonitidae of our fauna has advanced a long stride by Dr. Baker's work in this paper and his "Min- ute American Zonitidae." published in 1928. It is hoped that the nomenclature of these snails, which has suffered many vicissitudes, will be stabilized by Dr. Baker's careful work.— H. A. P. Some specific criteria in Conua. By Burnett Smith. (Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1930. jip. 279-288, 12 figs.). Evidence is presented to sliow that the embryonic whorls of Conus show at least four distinct apical types, and it is thought THE NAUTILUS 105 (hat many otliurs an- to be found in a w idcr range of species than those the author examined from the Atlantic coast, Recent and Tertiary. "Somewhat less useful, but apparently of higher taxononic value are the characters shown by the subsutural flexure." A new Pliocene species, Conus wnrcn- niuwensis, is described. These neglected characters appear to have a high value in the classification of this difficult genus, so abundantly represented in Tertiary and modern faunas, — H. A. P. Some studies on the biology of tulla (Corbicula manillensis Philippi), a common food clam of Laguna de Bay and its tributaries. By Deogracias V. Valladolid and Fidel G. del Rosario. (The Philippine Agriculturist XIX. Nov. 1930). The "tulla" is extensively used as food for ducks and also for the native inhabitants of the Laguna de Bay region ; and the shells are manufactured into commer- cial air-slaked lime. This interesting study concerns the rate of growth, size at sexual maturity and the quantity available. Recommendations are made for conservation of the supply. One plate illustrates the shell, anatomy, eggs and larva, etc. — H. A. P. MoNOGRAFiA DE LAS MELANOPSis vivientes y fosiles de Espaiia. Por Florentino Azpeitia Moros, Madrid, 1929. This handsome volume of 402 pages and 14 plates (12 in color) contains a very full descriptive and synonymic treatment of this intricate genus in peninsular Spain and the African provinces. The full illustration of the more variable species by excellent colored figures makes the work indispensable to those who have to deal with the group. — H. A. P. NOTICIA DE UN NUEVO EJEMPLAR DE Conus glo)ia-marif<, etc. Por Florentino Azpeitia Moros (Revista de la Real Acad. Cienc. etc. Madrid, XXITI, 1927). The new specimen is figured in color. An interesting historical sketch treats of the twenty-two examples of this rare and beautiful shell known in collections, with refei'ences to other conciiological rarities notable for beauty, scarcity or the high prices they have brought. log THE NAUTILUS El doctor Hidalgo y sus publicaciones malacologicas. Por Florentino Azpeitia Moros. A short biographical sketch with a portrait, followed by a list of species described by or named for this eminent Spanish conchologist, and a bibliography of his works published in Spain. — H. A. P. Mollusca from the henry mountains and some neigh- boring Points in Utah, By Ralph V. Chamberlin and Elmer Berry. Bull. Univ. of Utah, vol. 21, No. 2, Oct. 24, 1930. The mollusks listed were taken by a biological expedition sent by the Department of Zoology and Botany of the Univer- sity of Utah to the isolated Henry Range of Wayne and Garfield Counties. A number of species new to Utah were found, among them one new to science, Aplexa microstriata, a very distinct form from Fish Lake, Utah, where it is abundant in shallow water. — H. A. P. Mexican mollusks collected for dr. bryant walker IN 1926. By H. B. Baker. (Occas. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 220, pp. 1-45, pis. 8-11, 1930) ) This is the second paper covering the land shells of this region. The author has gone deeply into the anatomy of many of the species. Three new species and three new subspecies are described. — C. W. J. Notes on physidae with descriptions of new species. By Wm. J. Clench (Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 5: 301-315, 4 figs.). This paper carefully describes 3 new spe- cies (Physa salina from Utah, and P. plena and P. reming- toni from Mo.) and discusses nomenclature in this perplex- ing family. However, Sowerby's (1822) Limnea (Physa) rivalis (=Aplexa. n'valis) is neither preoccupied nor af- fected by the dubious Bulla rivalis (1807), if the latter be- come Physa. fontinalis rivalis (Turton) Clench. Also, P. i^oivcrhyana (tod. of Steiiophysa) is a .synonymous substi- tute for L. rivalis Swby. ; d'Orbigny's figures represent his "variete de Cuba". Moreover, my anatomical notes are based on the typical, West Indian form of A. rivalis; P. pcrnviayia Gray was founded on a shell of about twice its dimensions. — H. B. Baker. THE NAUTILUS 107 New species op^ mollusks. By Fred Baker and V. D. P. Spicer (Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, pp. 173- 182, i)ls. 18. 19. 1930.) Four new species are described and figured. Influence of the glacial period in changing the character of the MOLLUSCAN fauna of north AMERICA. By F. C. Baker. (Ecology, vol. 9, pp. 469-480, with 9 figures in text, 1930). A most interesting paper. I notice that in figure 7 showing the distribution of Acella haldemani the species is not recorded from Lake Champlain. — C. W. J. A REVIEW of our present KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING THE CHARACTER AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE PLEISTOCENE AQUATIC MOLLUSCAN LIFE OF ILLINOIS. By F. C. Baker. (Trans. 111. State Acad. Sci., vol. 22, pp. 411-434, 1930). One new var. Fossaria claUi grandis is described. — C. W. J. MoLuscos DEL Lago de Xochimilco, D. F., por el pro- fesor Francisco Contreras. Anales del Instituto de Biologia I, No. 1. A list of the species of this Mexican lake, with de- scriptions and figures. Six species. Anodonta impura Say is the only unionid. A Monograph of the Dibranchiate Cephalopods of THE Japanese and adjacent waters. By Madoka Sasaki (Journal College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial Uni- versity, XX, Supplementary number. Sapporo, 1929. Quarto, 357 pages, 30 plates. This magnificent work makes the Japanese cephalopod fauna one of the best known in the world. 125 species are described, the genera Polypus,' 29 species. Sepia, 20 species, and Loligo, 10 species, being ex- traordinarily well represented. Besides full descriptions and figures of the animals, there are often interesting de- tails of the fishing and utilization of many species. The work appears to be very well done. It is a loss to science that the author died in Europe while the volume was in press. H.A.P. 1 It is a pity that the author followed Hoyle in u.sing the untenable name Polmma in jjlace of OctDpns. That name has no proper stand- ing in the nomenclature of cephalopods. 108 the nautilus The molluscan fauna of the southern part of lake MICHIGAN and ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE OLD GLACIAL LAKE CHICAGO. By F. C. Baker. (Trans. 111. State Acad. Sci., vol. 22, pp. 186-194, 3 figs., 1930.) A new genus Vancleaveia, genotype Amnicola cmarc/inata (Kuster). A new var. of Valvata pcyxlepressa and V . sincera> are also described and figured. SOMNIUM Iredaleanum. — In his interesting "Notes on some Desert Snails", Victorian Naturalist, Nov., 1930, Mr. Tom Iredale devotes about half a page to comments on the Central Australian "Pupa" beltiana Tate. In my monograph (1921, Man. Conch. 26: 145) this form was transferred to the genus Pupoides, on account of its very close conchological resemblance to American, Asiatic, African and other Aus- tralian species placed in that genus. Pupoides was recognized in my work as a widely distributed genus, like Pupilla, typic- ally developed at least as far back as the Lower Miocene, and therefore no doubt much older. Mr. Iredale does not take the trouble to discuss my generic reference of P. beltiana dismissing it curtly with the remark "with [Pupoides] it has no real relationship, so it is here named Themapupa". My good friend is so accustomed to getting away with these bluffs in Australia, where a "new" molluscan genus does not mean much of anything now, that he forgets that such a bob-tailed flush may be called. T willingly admit that auy animal which has not been exhaustively studied and its wliole structure worked up may possibly turn out to be of a new genus, but there is no reason for the genus until some special structural character is found. In this case, P. bcltianus has not been dissected, but it looks like any other Pupoides. It is up to Mr. Iredale to indicate some differential character, however ti'ivial, for his supposed new genus. Not merely hot air about discontinuous distribution. — though I i-ealize how discourag- ing it must be to him that there are .so many Australian mollusks .still referred to genera common in the Northern Hemisphere. Wake up, Mr. Iredale! — H.A.P. The Nautilus. Vol. XLIV APRIL. 1931. No. 4 THE PROBLEM OF THE MOLLUSCA OF BEAK LAKE AND UTAH LAKE, IDAHO-UTAH BY JUNIUS HENDERSON Bear Lake is situated in extreme southeastern Idaho and northeastern Utah, about equally divided between the two states. Utah Lake is some distance south of Salt Lake City, with Provo as the largest city on its shore. At many places along the shore of Bear Lake immense quantities of moUusk shells have been piled in windrows by the waves, a splendid example of the efficiency of waves in sifting and sorting ma- terials which differ in size, shape and specific gravity, the upj)er portions of the shell heaps being washed quite free from sand in many instances. The predominent species in these windrows is Carinifex newberryi. Next in importance are Lymnaea utahensis, Valvata humeralis californica, V. utahensis and Paludestrina longinqim. In July, 1930, Mrs. Henderson and I scooped up about eight quarts of these shells at four widely separated localities and sorted them. Locality A, north end of the lake. B, east side not far from south end. C, west side, some distance south of Garden City. D, west side at Lakota resort. We recognize the following species : BCD Carinifex newberryi (Lea) x Physa ampullacea (Gould) x Lymnaea utahensis (Call) x Lymnaea sp., of palustris group x Fluminicola fusca (Hald.) x Valvata humeralis californica Pils x V^alvata utahensis (Call) x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 110 THE NAUTILUS Paludestrina longinqua (Gould) x x x x Planorbis vermicularis Gould x x Planorbis exacuous Say x Planorbis trivolvis Say x Gonyodiscus cronkhitei anthonyi Pils. ... x Succinea sp., 1 broken specimen x Pisidium compressum Prime x x x x Sphaerium pilsbryanum Sterki x x x x Anodonta calif orniensis Lea? (valve) ... x In 1917 Daniels and I (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1917, p. 58), from a more extended search of the north shore, re- ported from there also Gonyodiscus cronkhitei anthonyi Pils., Vertigo ovata (Say), Planorbis parvus (Say), Lym- naea proxiina Lea and Lymnaea stagnalis appressa {jugu- laris) Say. The P. parvus should be vermicularis, L. jugu- laris was represented by a broken specimen, and P. ampul- lacea, P. t. binneyi and L. proxima are fresh-looking speci- mens, still retaining the epidermis, their state of preserva- tion totally unlike that of the other species, such as Carinifex, L. utahensis, Fluminicola, etc. Probably the L. "promixa" is a case of mistaken identity. It should be more carefully studied. Referring to the north end of the lake in our report just mentioned, we said : "The soil of this broad barrier is in places composed largely of fossil shells of the same species that abound along the beach, leading to the belief that the beach shells have been mostly washed from the sand by the waves and are fossil." We found no living mollusks in the lake. In "The Mollusca of Colorado", etc. (Univ. Colo. Studies, XIII, 181, 1924), under Carinifex neivberryi, I said that "many of the shells were very fresh is appearance". That statement is misleading, resulting from quoting notes which referred to the whole collection, including Planorbis binneyi, etc., not applying to Carinifex, Fluminicola, Valvata, Paludestrina, etc., which constitute the great bulk of the beach material. The latter group have all lost their epi- dermis, the shell material of a large proportion of them has been altered and thoy have assumed a blue color, with sur- faces often highly polished by wind and wave. Some speci- THE NAUTILUS 111 mens have fragments of rather hard, sandy matrix clinging to them Chamberlin and Jones (Descrip. Cat. Moll. Utah, Bull. Univ. Utah, XIX. 156-157, 1929) suggested that the bluish shells were fossil, and Sterki, in describing Sphaerium pilsbryanum from Bear Lake, designated it, with the asso- ciated Planorbis, Carinifex newbernji, Lymnaea utahensifi and Fluminicola fusca, as fossils (Nautilus, XXII, 141-142, 1909). In July, 1930, Mrs. Henderson and I made a much more thorough examination of this lake, and fully confirmed the belief that all of the shells lying in windrows along the beaches, except perhaps a few specimens at the north end, consist of fossils, washed out and sorted from the sand by the waves. We travelled entirely around the lake, examining the shores and the shallow water a little ways out. We also used a boat for dredging for several hundred feet out from shore on the west side, where beach shells were abundant. We did not find a single living mollusk in the lake, but there are some in sloughs near the lake, though not of the species found in the beach deposits. The water deepens very gradually from the shore out, and from the boat we could see the bottom on calm days 300 feet from shore and to depths of from 6 to 8 feet. The bottom was remarkably free from even dead or fossil shells, which were common only on shore or close to it. If they were being washed in from greater depths and are still living in the lake, the bottom off-shore should be as well sup- plied with them as is the shore itself. Dr. Vasco Tanner, of Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, has since been more thorough in his dredging. He has written me, under date of September 13, 1930 : "I spent one week at Bear Lake and I had at my disposal one of the large motor boats and three men. I went around the entire lake with the boat, and I dredged at various depths from 50 feet to 190 feet, in the south and north ends and east and west sides, but did not collect a single living mollusk with my dredge net." There is scarcely a doubt that these species, once so abundant in the lake, no longer live there. During the past 15 112 THE NAUTILUS years or so the water level has retreated a long ways, due to the use of water for irrigation and power purposes. The water line is now far from the former shore line, and the present littoral conditions are not favorable to such mollusks as formerly populated the lake. This, in connection with the well-known fact that fluctuations in climatic conditions have caused great oscillations in western lakes within the not very remote (geologically speaking) past, suggests what probably destroyed the Bear Lake molluscan fauna. It is probable that the shrinkage of the lake during a cycle of decreased pre- cipitation and perhaps increased evaporation, either entire- ly desiccated the lake or rendered it so saline as to be unin- habitable for mollusks of these kinds. Bearing upon this ex- planation, Dall suggested to me some years ago that the ribbed condition of many of the Lymnaea utahensis indicated saline conditions. Around the shores of Utah Lake also many mollusk shells are found, of species which have not in recent times been found living in the lake, or in the adjacent streams or sloughs. We did not find them anywhere in such piles as we found at Bear Lake, except near the power plant at the north end, where they had evidently been washed out from mud thrown out by the dredge in digging a canal from the lake to the power plant ; and at one locality near Provo, where they had evidently been washed out from the shore deposits by the waves. Here the most abundant species is an Amnicola, a genus not found living in the Sale Lake Basin or Rocky Mountain states. In travelling entirely around the lake the only living species we found in the lake itself is an Anodonta, fresh valves of which are also abundant on the beach near Provo, but we did find, in several streams, living species dif- ferent from those found dead along tlie shore. Dr. Tanner, who has done much dredging in the lake and is continuing the work, had not, at the last account I had from him, found any living mollusks in this lake except Anodontn. Call, in describing Lymnaea utahensis, which he obtained in Utali Lake, neai* Lelii. said "dentition uni)ul)lished", though on a preceding i)age he iiad saitl that "the dentition THE NAUTILUS 113 differs from typical A', antpla Mighels very materially", thus indicating tiiat he obtained the species alive. He also de- scribed the operculum of Valvata utahensis, dredged at the same place, so he probably found that alive. He says that Carinifex newbernji "was discovered living in Utah Lake", that living forms of Fluminicola fusca are common there, and that "numerous living examples" of Lymnaea stagnalis {jiigularLs or wasatchensis) occur in Utah Lake at American Fork. He says Sphaerium dentatum (probably meaning pilsbnjaniim, since described) "is a very abundant species in Utah Lake, where it attains a great size", but does not def- initely say he found it alive. However, Sterki, in describing pilsbryanum, says it is fossil at Bear Lake and "recent" in Utah Lake, leaving us to surmise whether he actually had obtained live specimens from there. Some examples from American Fork retain the epidermis. In view of all this, what has happened? Are these species still living there, eluding the search for them, or have they been exterminated from the lake since Call's report was published? As with Bear Lake, the water level of Utah Lake has been much low- ered within the past few years. MOLLUSCA OF LAMB'S CANYON, UTAH BY ELMER G. BERRY University of Utah Lamb's Canyon, a small tributary of Parley's Canyon, is situated about twenty-three miles from Salt Lake City. The altitude rises from about 7,500 feet at the mouth to about 11,000 feet at its head, a distance of only seven miles. The dense verdure and frequent rainfalls which occur in this canyon creates an ideal collecting ground for the conchol- ogist. This canyon is typical of nearly all Salt Lake County canyons with similar altitudes. The list below comprises the collecting of three summers. The Columella is a new record 114 THE NAUTILUS for Utah other than the indefinite record of Binney's "Wasatch Mountains, 1878". Pisidium variabile Prime. Found abundant in a lake bottom at the head of Lamb's. Vallonia albula Sterki. Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. Oreohelix cooperi Binney. These specimens are the largest O. cooperi found yet to our knowledge. They are high spired forms and generally without color markings, pro- ducing a weathered appearance. The locality of these specimens is very limited. Microphysula ingersolli (Bland). The most common and abundant of all species in Lamb's. Vertigo modesta corpidenta (Morse). Vertigo concinnula Cockerell. Pupilla blandi Morse. Pupilla syngenes dextroversa P. & V. Gastrocopta quadridens P. & V. Only one specimen was found. Columella alticola (Ingersoll). Euconulus fulvus alaskensis (Pilsbry). Zonitoides arborea (Say) Vitrina alaskana Dall. Agriolimax agrestis (Miill.). Gonyodiscus cronkhitei (Newcomb). Puncturn, pygmaeum (Drai)arnaud) . FossaiHa obrussa (Say). Fossaria modicella (Say). Paludestrina Inngiiiqua (Gould). Collected on the face of a limestone cliff where spring water continually dripped. Encrustations of limestone covered the entire shell of these specimens leaving only the aperture open. Shell variations were common in the lot collected. THE NAUTILUS 115 OBSEUVATIONS ON REPRODUCTION IN THE SNAIL GONIOBASIS* BY DOROTHEA DOWD JEWELL This study of reproductive organs, breeding habits and embryonic development of Goniobasis livescens correcta (Brot) has been carried on as a part of the larger problem of working out the life-history of this river snail. The mate- rial used for this study was obtained from the Salt Fork River cast of Urbana, Illinois during the fall and spring of 1929-1930. The writer wishes to express her sincere appreciation to Dr. H. J. Van Cleave, under whose direction this study was carried on, for his helpful suggestions throughout the in- vestigation. She is indebted also to Mr. Frank Collins Baker for his kindly interest in the work and for identification of the snail studied. Mr. Calvin Goodrich has also kindly veri- fied the identification of the variety under consideration. Since the work of Stimpson, published in 1864, little has been done in tlie investigation of the reproduction of Gonio- basis. Summarizing his own studies, Baker in the Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin (Vol. 1, Page 176) comments on the pioneer work of Stimpson on the Pleuroceridae in the following words: "Half a hundred specimens of Pleu- rocera and Goniobasis have been examined without finding anything essential not indicated by this careful student." In the same reference, Baker further states that nothing is known concerning the development of members of this family. The present study, by means of dissections and serial sec- tions, has demonstrated conclusively that the sexes are separate. Specimens examined during the fall, winter and spring months invariably showed a single gonad with no evidence of hermaphroditism. Since there are no external genitalia in Goniobasis, the only observable difference in *Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Illinois No. 395. 116 THE NAUTILUS the external form of living specimens of the two sexes is the presence in the female of a small pit located just posterior and lateral to the base of the right tentacle. The signijficance of this pit for sex recognition was pointed out as early as 1864 by Stimpson whose observations on this point are widely quoted but have never been extended further. The pit is bordered on either side by fleshy folds. Below the lower fold, a shallow groove extends posteriorly for a short distance. The corresponding region in the male is smooth, with no trace of pit or groove. The pit extends inward for some distance, but in the present investigation no connec- tion has been found between it and the reproductive organs. Dissections and microscopic examination of serial sec- tions have shown only spermatozoa or only ova to be pres- ent in the gonad of each individual examined. In the fall the testes were packed full of mature spermatozoa appear- ing as a thick white substance. This condition was found also both in winter and spring when the testes were so dis- tended that the slightest scratch ruptured them. Ova of various sizes were always present in the ovaries but, be- cause of their minute size and the presence of much follicu- lar material about them, examination of serial sections was necessary for absolute recognition of eggs before maturity. Individual sperms have a distinctive form. The head- piece consists of a somewhat cylindrical portion (Fig. 1) about 5.11 in length and bears a terminal hook-shaped struc- ture. The entire head has a length of about lOti. The tail is 50fi in length. Spermatophores of definite shape (Fig. 2), full of active spermatozoa, were found in the water in the snail containers in the laboratory during the latter part of March and in April. The si^ermatojihores vary a little in size; one of average size measured 1.1mm. by 1.02 mm with a pair of thread-like arms about 1.19 mm. in lengtli. Eggs of this species have been unknown previously. They were deposited in the laboratory containers in the last week of March and during April and May. The eggs always appeared singly or in lines of two or three with no covering except the simple shell membrane which remained until time of THE NAUTILUS 117 iialchiiii?. Little variation was found in the size of the newly laid eggs. The size most frequently found was 306(i as the diameter of the cf^g itself within a membrane of 382n to 425ii in diameter. The snails were observed for some time each day in an attempt to discover any evidence of copulation. Since these snails have a habit of crawling over each other, it has so far Fig's. 1-5, Goniohasis livesccns rorrecta (Brot.) Fig. 1, A mature spermatozoon. Length of head lOji; length of tail 50|i. Fig. 2, A spermatophore which was discharged into the water. Scale equals lOOii. Fig. ?,. .\t\ 11-day embiyo within its egg membrane. Fig. 4, Shell of a nt'wlv hatched snail. Fig. fj, A young snail three or four days after hatching. been impossible to distinguish between their ordinary movements and those associated with copulation. When spermatophores were found near two associated individu- 118 THE NAUTILUS als, these snails were removed to another container and kept under observation. Sometimes this mutual interest continued and another spermatopliore or two appeared in the water, but no sign of external copulatory organs or of copulation other than mere contact was evident. The snails always dropped apart from each other immediately if dis- turbed even very slightly. In a female dissected about the time of oviposition, mature spermatozoa were present in the upper end of the uterus. There were also present in this region strands of fiber which closely resembled bits of spermatopliore. Al- though fertilization is probably internal, the lack of special- ized intromittent organs often leads to the loss of some of the spermatophores into the water. It has not yet been pos- sible to determine how the spermatophores are deposited or whether they enter the female pit or the uterus directly. After once observing the eggs under laboratory condi- tions, the next objective was the discovery of the eggs in the natural habitat. The minute size of the eggs and the dense algal growth covering all the stones in the stream-bed rendered this a difficult task. On April 14th, Goniobasis eggs were found on rocks in the Salt Fork River. They were always in the same linear series of two or three or singly deposited as in the laboratory. These eggs were in early cleavage and veliger stages when discovered. Miss Margery Washburn, who co-operated in collecting the snails, reported that eggs were present on the rocks as late as the eighth of June. Eggs laid in the laboratory were observed under the microscope at regular intervals. Observations concerning time for development were obtained by segregating snails and noting the time of appearance of eggs in the containers. In the first twenty-four liours after eggs appeared, those laid earliest were in the 32-celled stage. Rotating move- ments were observable within the egg membrane by the time the embryo was four days old and by the seventh day the veliger stage had been reached. At the beginning of the eleventh day some of the embryos observed had jnished out THE NAUTILUS 119 one side of the membrane into a definite bulge or pouch (Fig. 3). By constant rotating movements and feeling out with foot and rostrum, the embryo moved into the bulge re- peatedly until at last the membi-ane was ruptured freeing the young snail. The time for embryonic development of these snails under laboratory conditions was eleven and a half days. The newly hatched snails varied slightly in size. The largest one measured was 425u in its longest diameter on the ventral surface. The shell of a newly hatched snail measured 306fi by 348>i (Fig. 4.). One complete, finely reticulated whorl is present in the shell of the newly hatched snails as a rule, although there may in some cases be the beginning of a second whorl. As additional whorls are formed after hatching, their thin transparent walls show distinct cross-striations. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY OF VALVATA LEWISI CURRIER BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER* Valvata LEWISI ONTARiENSis, new variety. Shell discoidal, of three whorls, the first one and a half or two flattened and coiled in the same plane, the last one or one and a half free from contact with the preceding whorls and rapidly descending, forming a rounded tube ; sutures deeply impressed; sculpture fine and thread-like on the first two whorls, becoming heavier on the last whorl where they develop into sharp, elevated, rib-like lamellae which are more or less e(}ually and rather widely spaced; aperture rounded; umbilical opening of the two first whorls shallow and wide. Height 3.5 ; diameter 4.2 mm. Holotype. Height 2.2 ; diameter 3.5 mm. Paratype. *Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois, No. 64. 120 THE NAUTILUS Type locality: Shakespeare Island Lake, Ontario, Canada. This is a small lake draining into Lake Nipigon. Dredged from a sand and mud bottom, with vegetation, in water 4 feet 1 inch deep. Types: Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois, No. Z31241. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, No. 153471. This Valvata is one of the most striking of the many forms found in northern waters. It starts out as a very good Valvata lewisi helicoidea Dall, with flattened whorls and fine sculpture. After making about two turns the whorl leaves its contact with the preceding whorl forming a distinct tube, and uncoiling, like some of the cephalopod shells of Cretaceous time, and the sculpture becomes coarse and rib-like. In this last feature the sculpture is like that of Valvata sincera nylandevi Dall, but the form is depressed. The sculpture is quite like typical leivisi from Tonawanda Creek, near Bata- via, N. Y. The form is almost distinct enough to constitute a distinct species, but as the amount of deflection of the un- coiled last whorl is variable it appears best to consider it a variant of the helicoidea type of leivisi. The same form was recently noted in a collection of mol- lusks from Ontario made by Dr. Alvin R. Cahn of the Uni- versity of Illinois. Two small specimens were found with other material but were thought to be pathologic examples of helicoidea. They are from Kimmewin Lake, north of Dray- ton, Ontario. The shells mentioned by Whiteaves (Ottawa Naturalist, XIX, p. 65, 1905) from the Kawinogans River. Ontario, as having the outer half of the last whorl free and partly uncoiled are probably this variety. This was listed as leivisi. . The same form from the same locality, evidently, was listed in the Annual Report, Canadian Geological Survey, XVI, p. 5, 1906, as Valvata sincera, four specimens being noted. Two specimens are noted from the Attawapiskat River. It is apparent, therefore, that this uncoiled form is a true race or variety of lewisi having a wide range in Ontario and possibly occurring in other parts of British America. True THE NAUTILUS 121 helicoidea is known from the Mackenzie River and Alaska. The variety is common in Shakespeare Island Lake, the col- lection containing 19 specimens from four dredgings, rang- ing in depth from four to eight feet, always on a mud and sand bottom, with or without vegetation. The material was submitted to the writer for determina- tion, with other fresh water species from the same lake, by Miss Myra W. Cronk, of the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. A NEW SUBSPECIES OF POLYGYRA FROM IDAHO BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JUNIUS HENDERSON POLYGYFA MULLANI TUCKERI, n. Subsp. PI. 5, figS. 8, 9, 10. Shell depressed ; color medium to dark brown ; whorls 5i/j, closely coiled, increasing gradually in size from apex to aper- ture; suture well impressed; umbilicus open, but partly cov- ered by the reflected columella; aperture lunate; lip light- brown, expanded, rather thinly so at the periphery, widened toward the columella by slightly-developed lamellae above and below ; type specimen exhibiting some irregular, micro- scopic, spiral striae on the surface, apparently due to slight wrinkles in the epidermis ; surface sparcely covered with short, flattened, scale-like, curved hairs, smaller on the base, which are must better exhibited on a well-preserved, imma- ture paratype, but show on all of the specimens examined. Some specimens have a small, triangular, white parietal tooth, others have none. Type: No. 17001-a, University of Colorado Museum, is non-dentate; greater diameter, not including reflection of lip, 13, lesser diameter 12, altitude 6.5 millimeters. Cotype No. 1: Univ. Colo. Mus. No. 17001-b, dentate, diameter 12 by 11, altitude 6 mm. Cotype No. 2: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, No. 152334; diameter 12.4 by 10.6. altitude 7 mm. Two paratypes are in the collection of their discoverer, Prof. H. M. Tucker, College of Idaho, Caldwell, 122 THE NAUTILUS Idaho, who obtained them on Clearwater River, near the junction with Fourth of July Creek, northern Idaho, July 30, 1930. The shells at hand are fresh, but no live ones were obtained. The figures 8 and 9 were drawn by Miss Elberta L. Craig, of the University of Colorado Museum. This form differs from all recognized races of P. muUani by the strongly developed hairs of the periostracum. In P. 7)1. cJappi (Hemph.) there are extremely minute and much closer hairs in places, but all of the other subspecies have the surface smooth and more or less glossy. A NEW CALIFORNIAN RACE OF MONADENIA BY S. STILLMAN BERRY Redlands, California Among other fine things from the north brought in by those assiduous collectors, Mr. and Mrs. Emery P. Chace, is the very striking new subspecies of the old Mmiadenia fidelis (Gray) briefly described in a preliminary way in the follow- ing paragraphs. MONADENiA FIDELIS PRONOTis. new subspecies. Diagnosis: Shell small for the species, heavy, the spire conic and usually well elevated; whorls 6 to Q\o. Aperture scarcely descending above, the peristome little thickened or everted above, but more definitely reflected below and with a moderate umbilical flare. Umbilicus more or less covered but usually permeable, its diameter contained about 13 times in that of the shell. Periostracum almost completely dehiscent on mature shells but where persisting on young specimens showing a well de- velojied spii'al sculpture on the upper surface. Ground color ashy white to dark brown above, zoned by a wide suprapheral band of dark brown and usually one or more lighter bands between this and the suture; base uni- formly bi'own, but the shade varying in intensity in differ- ent shells. THK NAUTILUS 123 Mcasun ni()it,'<: Maj. diarii. 27.r>, alt. 18.7, diam. umbilicu.s 2.0 mm. Holotijpr: Cat. No. G!)G1 of the author's collection. I'ara- typcs in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Emery P. Chace, and the author. Type locality: Point St. George, near Crescent City. Del Norte Co., California; occurring alive in some abundance; E. P. and E. M. Chace coll., 25, Aug., 1929. Remarks: This strongly differentiated maritime race, found under very different habitudinal conditions than the typical form, is so divergent from the other smaller races of M. fidelii" which have received names as hardly to require any special comparison, and it must doubtless be regarded wholly as an independent offshoot. It is being given more complete treatment in a forthcoming monograph of the Cali- fornian snails of this group, but as the appearance of the larger paper has encountered some unanticipated delay, ad- vance notice of this form is felt advisable so that the name may be used in connection with some of the material to be distributed. TWO NEW IlELlCOiUS TKOM THE MOHAVE UESEIM , CALIFORNIA BY G. WILLETT MiCRARiONTA HUTSONI AMBOIANA, new subspecies. PI. 7, fig. 4. Description: Similar in shape and size to Micrarioutn hut- soni hilli Willett from the Sheep Hole Mountains, about thirty miles to the southward. Differs from hilli in somewhat smaller umbilicus, lighter coloration, and narrower and less sharply defined peripherical band. In coloration most like M. hutsoni desertorum Pilsbry and Ferriss, but differs from that form in proportionately larger umbilicus and banded periphery. Differs from M. hutsoni unifasciata Willett, 124 THE NAUTILUS from Newberiy Springs, in lighter coloration, narrower band, and smaller umbilicus. The color of amboiana is a very light horn — almost white — with a veiy narrow, brown band at the periphery of the last whorl: color of animal black, with the exception of the middle part of the last whorl, which is smoky gray. Dead, faded specimens of unifasciata are very close to living amboiana in coloration, but living specimens of the former are much darker, with wider and more pronounced band. Measurements of type: Max. diam., 12 mm.; min. diam., 10.3; alt., 6.3; umbilicus, 1.7; number of whorls, ^Y^. The largest specimen found (a dead one) has a maximum diam- eter of 13 mm., and minimum diameter of 10.6. Type: No. 1029 coll. Los Angeles Museum; paratypes in collection of the writer. The type, two other living specimens and four dead ones were taken by the writer among rocks on a small hill about six miles northwest of Amboy, San Ber- nardino County, California, February 7, 1931. The type lo- cality is about one mile north of the highway running from Amboy to Needles, and is separated from the ranges of all other known Micrariontas by several miles of desert floor. Helminthoglypta greggi, new species. PI. 7, fig. 3. Description: Shell thin, rather small, depressed conic in outline; whorls convex, sutures grooved; last whorl descend- ing in front. Aperture nearly round, oblique. Outer lip slightly thickened, reflected, and encroaching somewhat on the umbilicus. Umbilicus small, about one-sixth of minimu?n diameter of shell. Spiral sculpture absent; entire surface of shell minutely, rather weakly pjipillatcd. this papillation being greatly obscured on most of tlic shell by the crowded growth striae. Periostracum thin, light brown, with a nar- row, darker-brown band encircling the periphery. Measurement of type, in millimeters: Max. diam., 13.5: min. diam., 11.8; alt., 6.8; umbilicus, 2; number of whorls. 4-yi.. The largest specimen found has a inaxi?nuni diameter of 14.6, and minimum diameter of 12.3. Type: No. 1031, coll. Los Angeles Museum. Paratypes in THE NAUTILUS 12S collection of the writer and A.N.S.P. The type and 21 addi- tional specimens were collected by the writer and his wife in rock slides en the side of a hill, three and one-half miles south of Mohave. Kern Co., California, February 23, 1931. This hill is an isolated outlier to the southeast of the Tehachapi Range, and the type locality is about one-half mile west of the Mo- liave-Los Angeles highway. Remarks: The affinities of this shell are plainly with the Mohavean group of Helminthoglyptas hitherto known only from the Victorville region. The distance from the type lo- cality of greggi to the nearest of these species, H. mohaveana Berry, is something over fifty miles, and no species of helicoid has been reported from the intervening territory to date. Greggi is apparently about the size of H. graniticola Berry, but differs from that species in much more depressed form, and wider and more open umbilicus. From //, mohaveana Berry it differs in smaller size, more depression and much lighter papillation. From H. crofalina Berry, which it re- sembles in general outline, greggi is distinguished by much smaller size, more prominent banding, glossier surface and lighter papillation. So far as is known to the writer, the close.st described helicoid to the type locality of greggi is the species recently named Micrarionfa micrometaUeus by Dr. S. S. Berry (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, 1930, p. 189), which is found in Last Chance Canyon, about twenty-five miles northeast of Mo- have. A series of this interesting little shell in the writer's collection seem to have more of the aspect of a stunted Hc\- minthogbjpta than of a Micrarionta. The examination of the animal, however, may confirm Dr. Berry's determination. It is a pleasure to name this species in honor of Dr. W. 0. Gregg, the well-known student of California shells. Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, California, February 25, 1931. 126 THE NAUTILUS LIMA INFLATA AND ITS NEST BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON About 1882 while collecting on an extremely low tide around the water battery of old Fort Maria at St. Augustine, Florida, I turned over a large stone just below the low- water mark and in doing so tore apart the nest of this species, ex- posing to view a beautiful bright orange colored animal, the mantle bearing a profusion of long tentacular filaments. It began opening and closing its shell evidently endeavoring to escape from this new and unexpected enemy. I do not know which was the most surprised the Lima or the shell-hunter. Aroused to a high state of excitement over my discovery, I made a little pool near by, so as to watch the gorgeous crea- ture while I continued a fruitless search for another. The species must be very scarce at St. Augustine for it is the only one I found dead or alive during my eight years' residence there. Some of the species of Lima construct a nest of byssal threads, attaching to the threads fragments of shells, gravel and other material, the structure so closely resembling the surroundings as to escape detection. Here it lives compara- tively free from prowling fish and other enemies. Among the closely woven portions of the byssal threads are often found a great number of diatoms, many of these have probably been ejected by the Lima in the process of feeding. The Lima is capable of moving through the water quite actively by open- ing and closing its valves, but their movement is in the opposite direction from that of the Pccfeu. This shell has been referred by Dr. Dall to Lima inflata Lam., with L. peUucida C. B. Adams, as a synonym. The gaping shells of the .section MdntcUum vary so much in form that a careful study of the European and American species seems necessary. In my li.st of the sliells of St. Augustine (Nautilus, vol. 4, i). G, 1890) it was inadvertently referred to L. tevera. THE NAUTILUS 127 MOLLUSKS rOLLECTEI) IN NORTHERN WEST VIRCHNIA BY F. R. WILSON Biology Department, Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio The Biology Department of Marietta College proposed and partly financed a trip into West Virginia, where new terri- tories were opened in the study of the distribution of mol- lusks. Two days, November 7th and 8th, 1930, were spent in collecting at West Union, Grafton, and Pennsboro. The drought of the past year affected collecting a great deal. However, a small region in Middle Island Creek, located at West Union, submitted a large group of mussels. The creek was dry and most of the mussels had recently died. Camp- eloma rufum was found in abundance, many of them living in the mud of the river bed, some distance from water. At Grafton collecting was very poor, probably due to drought or high altitude. The streams were contaminated by mine and factory wastes and revealed no sign of living things whatsoever. I wish to thank David T. Jones, instructor of Biology of Marietta College, who accompanied me on the trip and super- vised this study; also, Prof. H. R. Eggleston, who reviewed the collection of mussels. The records from Powhattan Point were collected and submitted by A. Blickle and John Jordan. Two records from Parkersburg were secured by J. \Y. Miller, and another by Roy Ash ; and one record from Williamstown, by Christine Stage. Many West Virginia mussel records are given in A. E. Ortmann's Monograph of Naiades of Pennsylvania, Part III, Memoirs Car. Mus., Vol. VIII, No. 1, 1919. Previous land records seem rare and extremely scattered. The following list, while not complete, is inserted before the list of our re- cent collections, for the convenience of future workers : 128 the nautilus Some Previous West Virginia Molluscan Records Polygyra tridentata juxtidens Pils. West Virginia : Pilsbry, H. A,, A classified catalog of American land shells with lo- calities (continued), The Nautilus, Vol. XI, No. 7, Nov., 1897. Polygyra fallax (Say) (equals Helix introf evens Bid.) . West Virginia : Pilsbry, as above. OmphaUna kopnodes (W. G. B.). West Virginia: Pilsbry, Class. Catal., The Nautilus, Vol. XI, No. 11, March, 1898. Gastrodonta interna (Say). West Virginia: Pilsbry, same reference as for Omphaliyia above, p. 132. Hyalina (now Striatura or Striaturops) ferrea (Morse). Randolph Co., West Virginia : Sterki, Victor, Some notes on Zonitidae, The Nautilus, Vol. VII, No. 2, June, 1893, p. 17. Vitrea (now Glyphyalinia) rhoadsi Pilsbry. Wirt Co., West Virginia : Fox, Wm. J., Pilsbry, H. A., New American land shells, Nautilus, Vol. XII, No. 9, Jan., 1899, p. 102. Zonites (now Par avitrea) capsella (Gould). Mountains of West Virginia: Binney, W. G., Man. Am. Land Shells, p. 221, 1885. . Pyramidida (now Anguispira) alternata ynordax (Shuttl.) West Virginia, Pilsbry, H. A., Class. Catal., NAUTILUS, Vol. XI, No. 12, April, 1898, p. 140. Planorbis bicarinatus Say (now Helisoma cnttrosa [Con- rad] ) . West Virginia records : Four miles from Romney ; Kanawha River, forty miles south of Ohio River, Wirt Co. ; North River, Sedan, Hampshire Co.; Warm Spring Creek, Morgan Co.; Salt Sulphur Spring, Monroe Co.; Patter- son's Creek, Mineral Co. ; Potomac River, Cherry Run (Pils.) ; Potomac River, Harper's Ferry (Walker). Walk- er, Bryant, Notes on Planorbis II, Planorbis bicarinatus. The Nautilus, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, pp. 27-28, June, 1909. Sphacrium ohiense Sterki. West Virginia: Baker, F. C, Moll, of Wis. II, p. 341, 1928. the nautilus 129 Recent Collections in West Virginia The numbers in parentheses below refer to the number of specimens taken. Polijgyra albolabris (Say). West Union inDoddridgeCo. (2). Polyyyra hirsuta (Say). Grafton in Taylor Co. (2) ; West Union (11) ; Pennsboro in Ritchie Co. (1). Polygyra mo)iodon (Rackett). West Union (2). Polygyra pennsylranica (Green). We.st Union (one identi- fiable fragment). Polygyra profunda (Say). Powhattan Point on Ohio River in Marshall Co. (4). Polygyra thyroides (Say). Williamstown in Wood Co. (1) ; West Union (4) ; Pennsboro (2). Polygyra tridoitafa (Say). Neal's Hollow near Parkers- burg in Wood Co. (1) ; West Union (15 adults, 1 juvenile) ; Pennsboro (6) ; Powhattan Point (4). Cochlicopa lubrica (Muller). West Union (1), Haplotrema concavuin (Say). West Union (5) ; Powhattan Point (4). Mesomphix cuprea (Raf.). Powhattan Point (1). Mesomphix inornata (Say) . Powhattan Point (many) ; West Union (12 adults, 1 juvenile) ; Grafton (4). Glyphyalinia indentata (Say). West Union (6). Paravitrea lamellidens (Pilsbry). West Union (2). Paravitrea multidentata (Binn.). West Union (2) ; Penns- boro (2). Paravitrea capsella (Gould). Grafton (3, hardly mature). Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Parkersburg (3). Gastrodonta intertexta (Binn.). West Union (2). Gastrodontaligera (Say). Grafton (2). AgrioUmax agrestis (L.). West Union (3). AgrioUmax campestris (Binn.). West Union (1) ; Grafton (1). PhilomycuH caroVinianus (Bosc). Parkersburg (1). Pallifera dorsalis (Binn.). Pennsboro (1). Anguispira alternata (Say) . Powhattan Point (1) . Succmea ovalis Say. West Union (1 juvenile and 2 identifi- able fragments) . 130 THE NAUTILUS Helisoma antrosa (Conrad). Pennsboro (7); West Union (1). Physa gyririaSsiy. Pennsboro (8). Physa Integra Hald. West Union (18). Ferrissia parallela (Hald.) . West Union (2) . Campeloma rufum (Haldeman). West Union (many) ; em- bryonic shells of same also secured and examined. Somato gyrus integer (Say) var. West Union (3). Amblema costata (Raf.). Middle Island Creek near West Union (5). Fusconaia flava (Raf.). Middle Island Creek near West Union (many) ; animal observed to be reddish. Pleurobema coccineum (Conrad) . Middle Island Creek near West Union (1). Elliptio dilitatus (Raf.). Middle Island Creek near West Union (1). Strophitus rugosus (Swainson). Middle Island Creek near West Union (6) ; salmon-colored nacre in umbones. Anodonta grandis (Say). Middle Island Creek near West Union (i). Lasmigona costata (Raf.). Middle Island Creek near West Union (2). Obovaria subrotunda (Raf.) , Middle Island Creek near West Union (11). Eurynm iris (Lea). Middle Island Creek near West Union (1). Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes). Middle Island Creek near West Union (many). More males than females. Two old specimens resemble Actinonakts carinata (Barnes) . Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes). Middle Island Creek near West Union (many). Sphaerivm striatinum (Lam.). Middle Island Creek near West Union (very many). The most abundant species found. THE NAUTILUS 181 NOTES ON WEST INDIAN VEUONK ELLIDAE BY n. BURRINGTON BAKER VcroniccUa (Tcnacipes) tenax, from western Cuba, is de- scribed as a new section and species on account of its aberrant anatomy. The penis of Vaginulus (Sarasinula) plebeius, from Trinidad, B. W. I., is described and figured. Brief out- lines of the Old World genera I))icyi)iia and Filicaulis are also included. Veronicella (Tenacipes) tenax, new section and species. Plate 8, figs. 3-5. This slug was obtained by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry during the summer of 1928, from cliffs on the north side of Cueva de Tiburon, Ensenada de San Vicente, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (type locality") and also from similar rock-faces in the mogotes near Viiiales, Pinar del Rio. According to his field notes, it lived on the exposed, vertical faces of the cliffs, to which it clung so tenaciously that, without use of a knife, he was un- able to dislodge animals that had braced themselves. He noticed that the living slug appeared softer, was far larger (6 inches in length) and secreted a more glutinous mucus than V. floridana. Besides, the latter w^as a more secretive animal, that was usually found, at least during the day, under rocks and boards, especially in the vicinity of cultural conditions. The following description is made from specimens pre- served in alcohol ; the anatomy has many features in common with that of V. floridana (Leidy) and only divergent details will be noted. Notum : relatively broad and low; dorsum slightly arched ; hyponotum and sole forming a plane surface; back velvety or with small papillae, drab in color, with minute i)oints and small spots of whitish, sometimes blotched (especially in young specimens), with large and irregular patches of black pigment, but without longitudinal bands; hyponotum broad, somewhat lighter and uniform in color. Sole: considerably shorter than notum and completely surrounded by hypo- 132 THE NAUTILUS notum; relatively narrow, with sides almost parallel; trun- cate anteriad and rounded posteriad ; crossed by numerous, fine, transverse grooves ; greenish drab. Head and tentacles : deep bluish black. Anus: conspicuous, as in Lcidyula. Hermaphroditic duct: as in genus, coarsely convoluted, constricted where it passes into tubular carrefour (called spermoviduct in my 1925 paper) ; talon only represented by swollen apical loop of carrefour. Uterus: slightly swollen apically into a thick-walled sac, which receives slender ovi- ducal connecting duct from carrefour and duct of albumen gland; principal loop coiled into a dextral spiral with saccu- late apical and more slender basal limbs juxtaposed. Sperma- theca (fig. 3) : sac flattened subspherical, large; stalk medium in length, contractile, not extensively looped or spirally wound. Vagina : short, unswollen, entirely sheathed in body wall; without accessory bursa. Vas deferens: first free region quite stout; second more coarsely convoluted, enter- ing base of verge. Canalis junctor : medium in length, stouter than continuation of vas deferens, joining spermatheca near base of stalk. Penis (figs. 4, 5) : relatively very small. Verge : stout cylindrical; chalky-white glans mammilliform, with crescentic orifice on its right dorsal surface ; spiral ridges very prominent, left one looped around at about two-fifths length of verge from base; anterior three-fifths with acces- sory, longitudinal ridges. Vergic retractor: short and stout; lateral margins curled ventrad near insertion around base of verge, so as to form a sheath through which vas deferens enters ; origin from body wall about 7 mm. (one-half distance between heart and mid-ventral line) in front of and mesiad to pericardium. Dart retractors: two; origins laterad and mesiad to that of vergic retractor; branching distally to in- sert on short basal sheath of dart tubules. Dart-papilla: short, abrui)tly acuminate. Dart-glaiul tubules : very numer- ous (98 counted in type; 94 in a paralype) ; outer third of them (33 and 37) long (slightly over half length of notum) : inner two-thirds (G5 and 57) only about one-third as long (one-sixth to one-seventh length of notum) ; inner and THE NAUTILUS 188 shorter ones swollen at tips and sometimes bifucate or even trifid. Pedal nerves: divergent at level of anterior end of peri- cardium. Dimensions Female Opening Notum Sole Distance from Long Wide Long Wide Ant. end Foot Type 100 52(52) 87(87) 17(17) 53(53) 21(4.8)* Paratypcs 96 47(45) 90(86) 18(17) 54(52) 18(5.6) Vinales 105 50(53) 84(88) 18(19) 52(55) 19(5.3) *The distance of the female opening from the pedal groove (foot) is expressed as a precentage of the total width of the hyponotum with its reciprocal ("Querindex") in parentheses. Veronicella tenax is evidently quite closely related to the section Leidyida H. B. B. (1925, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia 77: 158), but completely lacks the accessory vaginal bursa of that group. Also, its verge develops much stronger, spiral ridges and its dart-papilla possesses about 4 times as many tubules, which are peculiarly differentiated into a long outer and a short inner series. Although this new species agrees with V eronicella s. s. in the absence of the accessory bursa, its spirally ridged, small verge and relatively short, stout spermathecal stalk are more similar to these structures in Leidyula. In the peculiar truncation of its verge, caused by the transverse loop of the principal (left) spiral ridge, V. tenax also distinctly resembles the typical group of Angiist- ipes. As it differs from these other groups by such important characters, it is made the type of a new section, Tcnacipes. In a recent paper (1928, Naut. 42: 46), I doubtingly sug- gested that "If 'Bclocaulus shanei' does completely lack the vaginal pouch, it would be a species that I have never seen, while, at the same time, I would be compelled to believe that Dr. Hoffmann, in turn, had never examined an adult speci- men of V. floridana." Dr. Pilsbry's discovery of a new Cuban species, obviously related to Leidyula, but without the acce.s- sory vaginal bursa, now forces me to admit that the first proposition, at least, seems (luite probable; V. tenax does 134 THE NAUTILUS agree with Hoffmann's "Belocaiihus sloanei" (1925, Jena. Zeitschr, 61 : 249) in these particulars, and also in the absence of black notal bands. As the name "sloanei" is untenable, further comparison seems unnecessary. In passing, attention is called to a new synonym of Leidy- ula: CylindrocauHdes Strand (1928, Arch. Naturg. Abt. A. 92 [8] : 69) , type Vaginida moreleti C. et F. Strand appar- ently launched this substitute for Cylindrocaidus Hoffmann with the haphazard hope that he might appear as an "author- ity" on a subject about which he evidently knew nothing. Vaginulus (Sarasinula) plebeius (Fischer). Plate 8, figs. 1 and 2. Vs. plebeius Fischer (1868, Jour, de Conch. 16: 145), Noumea, New Caledonia. Sarasinula plebeja G. & H. (1925, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. 124: 25, fig. 10); G. & H. (1925a, Nova Caledonia, Zool. 3 (3) : 357, figs. 2-9; pi. 6, figs. 1-3) ; Hffm. (1925: 251, pi. 6, figs. 45 i, 2). Va. dubia Smpr. (1885, Reis. Arch. Phil. 2 (3) : 296, pi. 26, fig. 12), St. Thomas; Vs. dubius H. B. B. (1925: 179, pi. 6, fig. 27), Antigua. At the time of my 1925 paper, I had not examined Grimpe and Hoffmann's (1925a) more detailed account of the anat- omy of "S. plebeja". Recently, Dr. T. D. A. Cockerell has kindly sent me for examination some specimens collected by him at Bourail, New Caledonia. In addition, Mr. W. E. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE 8 All fij^uros are made with aid of camera lucida. UppeiTnost scale is for fig:. 1 and represents one millimeter; lowest is for fig's. 3 and 5 and indicates a lenprth of five millimeters. Fiff. 1. Vlebciiis (Trinidad, B. W. I.). Penis and accessories after removal of outer wall of vergic and dart sacs. Verjre and dart-papilla are viewed from their right sides. Fig. 2. V. pU'hi'hiti. Tip of verge, dorsal view. Fig. .3. VcrnniceUn {Tc)i(iri]>cn) toiax (tyiie, Pinar del Rio, Cuba). Terminations of female genitalia, dorsal view. Horizontal line represents cleft where organs enter body wall. Fig. 4. V. tennx. Verge and its retractor, turned back and viewed from ventral side. Fig. n. V. toKtx. Penis and accessories after dissection, dorsal view. Outline of peiiial wall shown by dotted lines. THE NAUTILUS. XL.IV PLATE 8 H. H. Baker: West Indian Veronictllitlae THE NAUTILUS 185 Broadway has contributed a series from Trinidad, British West Indies. A careful comparison of tiiese two lots with the specimens from Antipua shows no significant differences, just as Grimpe iuul Iloirmann have previously decided. How- ever, the necessity for a trans-Pacific land-bridge to explain this wide distribution seems very dubious; more probably, Varfiuidus pUbcii/s is an American species, which has been accidentally introduced into the Pacific and Mascarene Islands during recent times. Also, the verge (fig. 1) in both the New Caledonian and Trinidad specimens shows the characters which I believed distinctive of (Jubius from Antigua. Its shaft is compressed dorsoventrally and is concave on the dorsal side so that its lateral margins, from this view, appear thickened, although actually they are compressed into weak wings, which become almost obsolete on the sides of the rounded head. On either side of the dorsally-directed apex, these wing-like ridges again ai)pear as the outer supports of a prominent lip, which usually hides the external orifice. As viewed in profile, this lip looks like a papilla, but in dorsal (fig. 2) or ventral view, is seen to be a broad, weakly emarginate flap. The single dart-papilla retractor expands posteriad to cover that of the verge; the combined origins are very broad and are re- divided into a number of radial bands. Dimensions New Caledonia, Largest 38 17(18) 97(37) 10(1) ,58(22) 47(2.2) Trinidad, Figures (largest) 29 60(17.5) i)3(27) 14(4) 59(17) 43(2.3) Next largest slug 26.5 60(16) 94(25) 17(4.5) 57(15) 50(2) As Angiistipes is used here as a subgenus of Vaginulus, with Angustipes s. s. and Sarasinula as sections, a more com- plete explanation of my position in regard to the prior name, Imerinia, seems to be in order. Unfortunately, I have been unable to examine the African species, but Simroth (1913, Voeltzkow. Reis. O.stafrika 3(8): 120-216. pis. 1,3-17) has described and figured the detailed anatomy of many of them. 136 THE NAUTILUS All of the species which he included in his Armatae (p. 203) have a double spermatheca quite unlike that in Angustipes. Largely on this basis, I believe that Angustipes and Imerinia should be kept in distinct genera; also, the former is an American group and the latter centers around Madagascar. For these two groups, the following classification is proposed : Genus Vaginulus Ferussac. Subgenus Angustipes Colosi. Section Angustipes s. s., type Va. cliff icilis Colosi. syn. Belocaulus Hffm., t. Va. angustipes Heynemann. Section Sarasinula G. & H., t. Vs. plebeius Fischer. 1. V. (Sarasinula) plebeius (Fischer). 2. V. (S.) linguxieformis (Smpr.). 3. V. (S.) law^entiayius (Colosi). 4. V. (S.) erinaceus (Colosi). Genus Imerinia Cockerell. Subgenus Imerinia s. s. Section Imerinia s. s., t. Va. grandidieri (C. & F.) syn. Rhopalocaulis Srth., same type. Section Flagellicaulis Srth., t. Va. gi'ossa Heynemann. syn. Spirocaulis Srth,, t. Va. lactea Srth. ?Section Desmocaulis Srth., t. Va. subaspera Fischer, syn. Curticaulis Srth., same type. Subgenus DrepmiocauUs Srth., t. Va. braueri Srth. syn. Prisnmtocaulis Srth., t. Va. vocltzkowi Srth. Key to Groups of Angustipes A. Verge without S-shaped curve, greatest width usually below middle of length. Sect. Angustipes Colosi. AA. Verge (as view laterally) with S-shaped curve; great- est width usually above middle of length. Sect. Sarasinula G. & H. Key to Groups of Imerinia A. Secondary spermathecal sac joining base of primary one. B. Primary spermathecal sac not fused with uterus; verge large and armed. Subg. Imerinia Ckll. THE NAUTILUS 187 C, Verge with Mattened apical region, which develops bosses. Sect. Imcrinia s. s. CC. Vei-ge attenuate apicaliy, armed with slender papillae. Sect. Fkujcllicaulis Srth. BB. Primary sac fused with uterus; verge vestigial? ?Sect. DcHmocaulis Srth. AA. Secondary spermathecal sac mounted on primary one; verge papillate. Subg. Drepanocaulis Srth. As may be seen from the above, my use of the genus Imer- inia, although founded on characters of the spermatheca in- stead of those of the verge, coincides with Simroth's Armatae, except for the additional inclusion of his CurticauUs (=Z)c.s-- mocaiilis). According to Hoffmann (1925: 212), Simroth's (1913: 159, pi. 16, figs. 106-110) account of the anatomy of /. suba.'ipcra (type of Desmocaulis), may have been founded on a young specimen of /. grandidieri. Also, Simroth's Inermes (minus Curticaidia) are con- tained in what I regard as the genus Filicaulis Srth., which also includes Ve. bleekeri Keferstein, the type of Vanignla G. & H. This genus FiUcauUs is divided into two well- marked subgenera: Eleutherocaulis Srth. (Hoffmann's ex- panded Meisenheimeria G. & H.) and Filicaulis s. s. (includ- ing Hoffmann's Vanigula seychellensis and his V. bleekeri). In an earlier paper (1925, Naut. 39: 18), I followed Pils- bry's use of Laevicaidis in preference to Eleutherocaulis, but now realize that Simroth's own use (1913: 202) of the latter as the ranking term makes Eleutherocaulis the valid name and Laevicaulis the synonym. Vaginulus (Latipes) occidentalis occidentalis (Guikl- ing). Mr. W. E. Broadway has sent me a series of this form from Trinidad. British West Indies. The largest specimen sup- ports Guilding's statement that this species is oviparous; the uterus is greatly distended by numerous large eggs, each in a gelatinous capsule. A young specimen, sent me by Dr. Clench of the Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, and collected Mar. 7, 1927, by George Salt at Sevilla, Colombia, also ap- pears to be this subspecies. 138 THE NAUTILUS SOME TYPE DESIGNATIONS IN HELICES AND FERUSSACIDAE BY H. A. PILSBRY My attention has been called to certain type designations which affect the nomenclature of several groups ranked as subgenera of Pleurodonte in my volume on helicid classifica- tion (Manual of Conchology IX). This volume was written a long time ago (1894), before the present rules for type fixation were formulated, and when the best authorities clung to the fallacious method of arriving at a type by "elim- ination". Hence changes from this source, as well as from the finding of forgotten names, are not surprising. I am indebted to Dr. H. Burrington Baker and Dr. Witmer Stone for suggestions bearing on the nomenclature considered. Pleurodonte F. de Waldh., 1808. Type Helix lychnuchus Miill., designated by Herrmannsen Ind. Gen. Malac. II, p. 297, It will thus pertain to the Section called Caprinns Montf., 1810, of Man. Conch., vol. 9, p. 90. LucerneUa Swain- son, 1840, p. 330, mt. L. hippocastaneum, is a synonym. Carocolla Schumacher, 1817, Essai, pp. 59, 192. Type here designated C. gvaltieriana {Helix gualtierana L.). The name becomes a synonym of Ricrus Denys de Montf., 1810. Dentellaria Schumacher, 1817, Essai, pp. 69, 230, is virtually monotypic; his first species, D. globularis was not defined, leaving the type D. sinuata (=Helix siiiuata Miill- er) . Lucerna Swainson, 1840, tsd. Helix acutissima Lam,, Herrmannsen, 1 : 628, is a synonym, or at least, based on a species of the same group. Leiostoma Swainson, 1840, Malac, p. 328, (Helix jamaic- ensis here designated type), is a homonym of Leiostoma Swainson t, c, p. 308, nit. L. bNlhiformis {=Fusus bulbi- f or mis Lam.) . Discodoma Swainson, 1840, p. 329. Type here designated D. alhilahris (=^Carocolla albilabris Lam.). Herrmannsen (1:394) named Helix himpas Midler as type. This name is not contained in Swainson's list, therefore it cannot be the THE NAUTILUS 139 type, although the species D. gigas Swainson has been recog- nized as identical with H. lainpati, being based on figures which have been referred to that species. Theltdomus Swainson, 1840, pp. 191, 192, 194, 330 (not pp. 228, 353). The only species Swainson mentioned by name is "T. (Helix) striolata Guild." (p. 330), which was never described by Guilding, and w^as not defined until 1848, by being placed in the synonymy of Helix incerta Fer. by Pfeiffer (Mon. Hel. I, 266) . However, Swainson added after striolata Guild, "also Fer. Moll. 44, f. 1-4". These figures represent Helix aspera Fer., which, it appears, will have to be taken as type of Thelidomus. Herrmannsen (II: 571-2) restricted Thelidomus to the neuropterid larva case figured by Swainson, and thought that the use of that name by Swainson on the pages first cited above was an error for Thelidonta (which Swainson men- tions only once, on page 194, without any species or defini- tion). This opinion of Herrmannsen's may or may not be correct, being incapable of proof. He cited Helix aspera Fer. as the type of Thelidonta {^Thelidomus) . Thelodomus and Thelodonta Herrmannsen and Thelijd- omus Agassiz are suggested emendations of Swainson's names. It may be mentioned here that Hemicycla Swainson, com- mented on without mention of any species on page 193, is stated by Swainson in his Errata to equal Polygyra. This might also be inferred from his remarks. He used Hemicycla in another sense on page 331, and since a type is named there, this second use of the name will have precedence, as the date is the same, 1840. Cyclodoma Swains., p. 193, may be pre- sumed from his remarks to be Daedalochila or Triodopsis, at least mainly. He mentioned no species or type, and aban- doned the name later. The practical effect of these type fixations will be as follows : Pleurodonte s. str. will stand for the group I called Caprinus in Man. Conch. IX, p. 90. 140 THE NAUTILUS Dentellaria will replace Pleurodonte (Man. Conch. IX, p. 87) as a subgeneric name for the Jamaican group. Thelidomus will replace Dendrocochlis Pils. for the Ja- maican group of Helix aspera and H. cognata Fer. Granodomus, type Helix lima Fer., is a new subgenus for the Porto Rican and Virgin Island species formerly placed in Thelidomus; for definition see Man. Conch. IX, p. 96, under Thelidomus. The other cases are believed to affect synonymic references only. The type of Macrospira Swainson (1840, Malacology, p. 171, 335) . Dr. H. Burrington Baker has called my attention to the fact that no type has been selected for this group. Swain- son attributed the name to Guilding, but it was never de- scribed by that author. Two species were included, thus: "M. octona {Helix ocfona Auct.) aperta Guild (fig. 97, e, f) ." Helix octona Gmelin, which seems to be what Swainson in- tended, has as first reference Miiller's Buccinum acicula. As a var. B he gave a reference to Chemnitz's figure of Subulina octona. Swainson evidently intended the first, and M. octona {=^Cecilioides acicula Miill.) is here named as type of Macrospira. M. aperta Guilding has been defined only by Swainson's poor figures ; in the absence of dimensions or lo- cality I have considered these figures to be insufficiently diag- nostic of the well-known C. (juudlachi (Pfr.), although E. A. Smith in 1895 found specimens labelled M. aperta from Guilding in the British Museum, which are identical with C. gundlachi. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED Cephalopods of the Genus Aturta from Western North America. By Hubert G. Schenck. (Univ. Calif. Pub. Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., vol. 19. pp. 435-490, pis. GG-78. 1931.) A most interesting account of this group of Nautiloid shells. Some 38 species and varieties of the cosmopolitan genus have been named from foi-niations ranging from the THE NAUTILUS 141 Cretaceous to lower Pliocene. On the Pacific Coast they are found from the Cretaceous to middle Miocene. The author does not think that Hercoglossa forms a transition from Nautilus proper to Aturia, as anatomical evidence shows that Nautilus is a very primitive form. Chemical and optical tests shows that the outer porcelaneous layer of both Nautilus and Aturia is of calcite. whereas the septa are all aragonite. One new species and two new subspecies are described and figured. — C. W. Johnson. An Apparently Extinct Euglandina from Texas. By T. D. A. Cockerell. (Proc. Colorado Museum of Nat. Hist. Tx., No. 5. Dec. 16, 1930.) Euglandiyia c.re.s-o, new species, was taken from a cinnabar mine about 90 miles north of Alpine, Texas. [The cinnabar mines are south, not north, of Alpine.] The shell was found in an old-filled limestone crevice deposit about 350 feet below the surface. It has some resemblance to E. rosea yarallela and the Mexican E. coulteri (Pfr.) and measures about 71 mm. long, 24.5 mm. wide. New Species of Partula. By C. Montague Cooke, Jr., and Henry E. Crampton. (Bernice P. Bishop Museum Oc- casional Papers, vol. 9, No. 11, Dec, 1930.) Partula cytherea, Tahiti, P. lanceolata Mango I., Fiji, P. fhurstorii Ofn I., Samoa, and P. montana, Upolu, Samoa, are described and figured. P. lanceolata is important as the third species known from the Fiji group. It is related to P. lirata Mouss. P. nematoraphe Pils., the habitat hitherto unknown, was col- lected on Moala Island, Fiji, by E. H. Bryan, Jr. The two Samoan species are interesting additions to the group con- taining P. stevensoniana. — H. A. P. Land Shells from Lubang Island, Philippines. By William J. Clench and Allan F. Archer. (Occas. Pap. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. 5, 1931.) Helicostyla cincinniformis subsp. lubanensis, ultima and demesana, Leptopoma kejony, Cyclo- phorus reevei luhanicus, Helicina ignava and H. ignava tab- laseyisis are described as new. 142 THE NAUTILUS A New Mollusk of the Genus Pupoides from Southern Utah. By Ralph V. Chamberlain and Elmer Berry. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 44: 7, Feb. 21. 1931.) Pupoides cuplcura, from the Henry Mountains, also found at Cannon- ville, Utah, does not appear to differ in any way from P. hordacciis (Gabb). The authors were probably misled by Binney's figure, which represents (or misrepresents) a species of Gastrocopfa, not Gabb's species. — H. A. P. Studies of African Land and Freshwater Mollusks : I, On some African species of Bulinus. By Joseph Bequaert and W. J. Clench. (Occas. Pap. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. 5, 1931.) Eighteen species are discussed, twelve figured. As some of these snails are hosts of trematodes, their proper discrimination is important in medical science as well as in zoology A Bibliography of the Recent Mollusca of Maine — 1605-1930. By Norman W. Lermond and Arthur H. Norton. (Maine Naturalist, vol. 10, pp. 49-73, 1930.) This covers the first part of a very comprehensive and useful bibliography of the publications pertaining to the Mollusca of the State. The Land Snail Genus Haplotrema. By H. Burrington Baker. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 82, pp. 405-425, 1930.) The constant changes in nomenclature keeps one guessing, with some fifteen different generic and sub- generic names applied to the old "Circinaria". It has been a long race, we hope for the end, now that the anatomy has been so thoroughly worked out. With only one species, H. concavnm (Say), in New England, I naturally turned to see how it had fared in this section. Not a single record for the typical form (17 mm.) and only one ("Maine") for the var. minuH Ancey. Specimens before me from Bethel. Me., St. Johnsbury, Manchester and Bolten Mt., Vt., all measure 14 mm., while those from Jackson, N. PL. are 12 mm. in diam- eter. The.se should no doubt all be considered uihius, although the type of that variety is only 11 mm. diameter — C. W. Johnson. THE NAUTILUS 148 NOTES AND NEWS Dr. C. Montague Cooke. Jr.. ha.s been appointed a Trustee of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Dr. Cooke has served on the staff of the Museum as Malacologist since 1902. A New Name in Potamopyrgus. — Aroapyrmi.s is substi- tuted for Aroa H. B. B. [1930, Oc. Papers Mus. Univ. Mich. 210: 35; not Walker 1855, List Lep. Brit. Mus. 4: 791] which was proposed as a subgenus of Potamopip-f/us, with tod. P. ernesti vivens H. B. B. (1930: 33) from Bo(iuer6n, Venezuela. The shell of Aroapygrus is without spines and its penis lacks papillae. — H. Burrington Baker. Lymnaea (Radix) auricularia L. in Idaho. — I have just received from Professor Harold M. Tucker, of the College of Idaho, at Caldwell, a single fresh, unweathered shell of this species, which was found by him about September 1, 1930, in the Snake River at Homedale, Idaho. How it arrived there is not yet explained, but it seems to add another state to those into which the species has been introduced. — Junius Hen- derson, University of Colorado. The Type of Sulcastrum. — Dr. Sterki did not explicitly name a type in his proposition of this group (Nautilus 43: 93). Sphaeiium sulcatum. (Lam.) is here designated the genotype. — H. A. Pilsbry. Polygyra espiloca ("Rav." Bid.) at Beaufort, N. C. — Three specimens were found in January, 1931, on the N.E. outskirts of the town, about 100 yards from shore of bay, at edge of dense thicket of holly (Ilex vomitoria) . This spot is rather damp and shady. Specimens were found under dead leaves and grass. This find extends the range of P. espiloca, not known before from north of Wilmington, N. C, I believe. — W. E. Burnett. I am sorry to inform you that on February 12th, at 11.20 a. m., a fire broke out within the roof of the building of the Geological Institute of the Kyoto Imperial University. Rapidly spreading, it destroyed all the roofs and the ceilings, together with some rooms. The fire is attributed to the leak- 144 THE NAUTILUS age of an electric circuit. Mr. T. Kuroda, the representative officer of the Malacological Society of Japan, lost his private specimens of rare shells, including many of new species which were not yet described. The Institute removed temporarily to the Zoological Institute which stands adjacent to the former. The February Number (vol. 2, No. 4) of the "Venus" was already in press, and will be issued as usual. — IWAO Taki, Zool. Institute. We hear of this loss to science and to our friend Kuroda with deep regret. — H. A. P. and C. W. J. A UNION OF AMERICAN CONCHOLOGISTS There seems to be a general feeling that the organization of a union or society of American shell collectors and work- ers on mollusks is needed to stimulate the study of our fauna. Mr. N. W. Lermond, who during his winter sojourn in Florida has corresponded extensively with conchologists as Secretary pro tem. for the proposed organization, has printed a list of 168 who have signified their intention to become members. No doubt there are others who will join. Names should be sent to Mr. Lermond or the Editors of this journal. It is proposed to hold the first meeting at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia on Thursday, Friday and Saturday, April 30, May 1 and 2, the first session at 2.00 P. M. April 30. All interested in shells are urged to attend. Besides papers or talks by leading malacologists already arranged, there will be opportunity for communications and discussions on any phase of shell study and collecting. Facili- ties will be given for exhibits, which it is hoped will be numerous. Bring along anything interesting you have collected. It is proposed to make the Robert Morris Hotel, 17th and Arch Sts., the hotel headquarters. It is near railway ter- minals and Academy. Those expecting to attend should notify Dr. Pilsbry, Academy of Natural Sciences, Logan Square, as soon as possible. $2.00 per Year ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. a copy T H F NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS . ' yCV EDITORS AND publishers: \C^^ H. A. PiLSBBV, Curator of the Department of MoUusca, ■-■ — Academy of Natural Sciences, Pliilailelphia. C. W. JoHNgoif, Curator of Iniecta and Mollusca, Boston Society of Natural History . Vol. XLIV. JULY, 1930 No. 1 CONTENTS The Variations of Aporrhais Occidentalis Beck. By Charles W. Johnson 1 Desert Helicoids of the Micrarionta Hutsoni Group. By G. Willett 4 Two Seven-valved Chitons from Mendocino, California. By E. P. and E. M. Chace 7 Newfoundland a Promising Conchological Field. By Junius Htnderson 9 A New Humboldtiana from Texas. By W. J. Clench and H. A. Rehder 10 Additional Notes on the Colony of Helix Nemoralis at Marion, Mass. By W. J. Clench 13 West Indian Mollusks. No. 1:— Two New Varieties of Urocoptis Livid* Torre. By Carlos de la Torre and William J. Clench lf> Notes on the Land Shells of Rio, Kentucky. By A. F. Archer 16 Rediscovery of Polygyra Roperi Piisbry. By G D. Hanna and J. L. Nicholson 17 I^ampsilis Ventricosus Cohongoronta in the Potomac River. By William R. Marshall 19 The Variation of Molluscan Life during Pleistocene and Recent Time. By Frank C. Baker 21 Shell Collecting on the West Mexican Coast, IL By H. N. Loive 24 The Boston Malacological Club 27 Notes and News 30 Publicationa Received S3 C. W. JOHNSON. Busineia Manager. Boston Society of Natural History, 234 Berkeley Street, Boston, Mass. Entered as Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-Office. ii THE NAUTILUS Wanted to PurcHase Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature, with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world. WALTER F. IVEBB. 202 "Weatminster Road, R0CHE:STE:R, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: Lire snails of the following genera: Melania, Paludomus, lo, Angitrema, Goniobasis, Vivipara, Tulotoma, Campeloma, Ampullaria, and Cochlostyla. Jno. B. LITSEY, P. 0 Box 592, Dallas, Texas. For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) in- cluding three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphi- dromua, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphrobaphe and Placo- stylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich. Wanted : Conch. Exchange, Vol. I, No. 2, Vol. II, all except Nos. 7 and 9. The Nautilus. Vol. III. Nos. 10 and 12. J. R. leB. Tomlin. 23 Boscobel Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea, England. For Exchange: Land and Marine Shells, local and foreign. S. C. Field, 1264 Redondo Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. For Exchange : Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States and others, for Shells not in my collection. Send list. Morris E. Caruthers, 120 E. Chestnut St., Glendale, Calif. Wanted : Melanidae, Physidse and Planorbida; of the world. Will exchange local or foreign material for same. William J. Clench. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. Wanted : Planorbis of the Helisoma group especially from Florida, Louisiana and other Southern States. Material will be either paid for or received in exchange. F. C. Baker, Natural History Museum, Uni- versity of Illinois, Urbana, 111. Wantbd : Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Espe- 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address The Nautilus, 234 Berkeley, St., Boston, Mass. THE NAUTILUS iii SoutH African SHells We have just purchased a collection of South African Shells, mostly marine gastropods, includinj? such rarities as Voluta africana and Voluta ponsonbyi. Let us send you cir- cular N-328, which gives a complete list of the specimens with prices. WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc. P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y. The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science of the University of Rochester. A General Index to The Nautilus This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by Wm. H. Dall Its publication has been made possible through Drg. Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to THE NAUTILUS 234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass. Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin By FRANK COLLINS BAKER, University of Illinois Part I. Gastropoda, 507 pp., 28 pi., 202 fig. Part II. Pelecypoda. 495 pp., 77 pi., 96 fig. Morphology, ecology, and general distribution of the various species are emphasized. Postpaid, $6.00 for the two parts. Address, WISCONSIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Biology Building, MADISON, WISCONSIN. iv THE NAUTILUS THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY The volume now in progress completes the monograph of the Pupillidae. Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume. Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00. DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, PA. The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World Business established in 1861 Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA. Price 75c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA, $1.00. LAND SHELLS (Operculate and Inoperculate), $1.00. Specimens Identified. Exchange Invited HUGH C. FULTON (Late SO WERE Y & FULTON) 27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England Attractive Specimens CEPHALOPODS, GASTEROPODS. PELECYPODS. BRACHIOPODS. ECHINODERMS, COELENTERATES Approval Orders Solicited J NO. B. LITSEY, p. O. Box S92 DALLAS, TEXAS $2.00 per Year ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. a copy THK NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS : H. A. PIL8BRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philacielpliia. C. W. Johnson, Curator of Insecta and Mollusca, Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. XLIV. OCTOBER, 1930 No. 2 CONTENTS Pleistocene and Recent Mollusks. By B. Shimek . . . .37 Former and Present Terms Used in Describing Fresh-Water Mussels By Williavi B. Marshall 41 A New Land Shell from San Benito County, California. By Herb«rt N. Lowe 42 Mollusks Collected in Bass Island Region, Lake Erie. By Elbert H. Ahlstrom 44 The Status of Paphia Tenerrima Alta Waterfall. By Don L. Frizzell 48 Variation in the Sculpture of Acila Castrensis. By Don L. Frizzell 50 A Study of the Variations in the Radula of a Snail with Particular Reference to the Size of the Median Teeth By Sam W. Howe 53 New Californian Snails. By H. A. Pilsbry 66 Notes and News 68 Publications Received 72 C. W. JOHNSON, Busineis Manager, Boston Society of Natural History, 234 Berkeley Street, Boston, Mass. Entored aa Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-Office. THE NAUTILUS Wanted to PurcHase Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature, with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world. -WALTER F. 'WE:BB, 202 'Westminster Road. ROCHBSTBR, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: Lire snails of the following genera: Melania, Paludomus, Id, Angitrema, Goniobasis, Vivipara, Tulotoma, Campeloma, Ampullaria, and Cochlostyla. Jno. B. LITSEY, P. 0 Box 592, Dallas, Texas. For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) in- cluding three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphi- dromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphrobaphe and Placo- stylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich. Wanted : Conch. Exchange, Vol. I, No. 2, Vol. II, all except Nob. 7 and 9. The Nautilus, Vol. III. Nos. 10 and 12. J. R. leB. Tomlin, 23 Boscobel Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea, England. For Exchange: Land and Marine Shells, local and foreign. S. C. Field, 1264 Redondo Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. For Exchange : Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States and others, for Shells not in my collection. Send list. Morris E. Caruthers, 120 E. Chestnut St., Glendale, Calif. Wanted : Melanidae, Physidae and Planorbidae of the world. Will exchange local or foreign material for same. William J. Clench, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. Wanted : Planorbis of the Helisoma group especially from Florida, Louisiana and other Southern States. Material will be either paid for or received in exchange. F. C. Baker, Natural History Museum, Uni- versity of Illinois, Urbana, 111. Wanthd: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Espe- cially Voli. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address The Nautilus. 234 Berkeley, St., Boston, MasB. THE NAUTILUS iii SoutH African SKells We have just purchased a collection of South African Shells, mostly marine j^astropods, including such rarities as Voluta africana and Voluta ponsonbyi. Let us send you cir- cular N-328, which gives a complete Ust of the specimens with prices. WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc. p. O. Box 24, BEECHVVOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y. The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science of the University of Rochester. A General Index to The Nautilus This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs. Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to THE NAUTILUS 234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass. Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin By FRANK COLLINS BAKER, University of Illinois Part I. Gastropoda, 507 pp., 28 pi., 202 fig. Part II. Pelecypoda, 495 pp., 77 pi., 96 fig. Morphology, ecology, and general distribution of the various species are emphasized. Postpaid, $6.00 for the two parts. Address, WISCONSIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Biology Building, MADISON, WISCONSIN. iv THE NAUTILUS THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY The volume now in progress completes the monograph of the Pupillidae. Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume. Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00. DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, PA. The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World Business established in 1861 Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA. Price 75c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA, $L00. LAND SHELLS (Operculate and Inoperculate), $1.00. Specimens Identified. Exchange Invited HUGH C. FULTON (Late SOWERBY & FULTON) 27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England Attractive Specimens CEPHALOPODS, GASTEROPODS, PELECYPODS, BRACHIOPODS. ECHINODERMS, COELENTERATES Approval Orders Solicited JNO. B. LITSEY, p. O. Box 592 DALLAS, TEXAS $2.00 pflr Year ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. a copjf THE NAUTILUS a quarterly devotp:d to the interests of conchologists KDITORS AND PUBLISHERS : M. A I'li.siiKV, Curator of t'.ie Department of MolliiKr^, Aoarlciiiy of Natural Sniencos, Philadelphia. C W. .Ii>nN«i>;«, (^iratoriif InBOCta an ftp:. Morphology, ecology, and general distribution of the various species are emphasized. Postpaid, $6.00 for the two parts. Address, WISCONSIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Biology Building, MADISON, WISCONSIN. iv THE NAUTILUS THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY The volume now in progress completes the monograph of the Pupillidae. Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume. ' Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00. DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA. PA. The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World Business estalblishecl in 1861 Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA. Price 7.5c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA. $1.00. LAND SHELLS (Operculate and Inoperculate). $1.00. Specimens Identified. Exchange Invited HUGH C. FULTON (Late SOWERBY & FULTON) 27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England Attractive Specimens CEPHALOPODS, GASTEROPODS. PELECYPODS, BRACHIOPODS. ECHINODERMS. COELENTERATES Approval Orders Solicited JNO. B. LITSEY, p. O. Box 592 DALLAS, TEXAS t^i,^ c ^i^r<_ (2.00 p«r Yiar ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. i copy THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY \:. DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS: H A. T'lf.sBRY. Curator of tl\e Department of Molluina, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. G. W. JoRVSOif, Curator of Iniecta and MoUusca, Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. XLIV. APRIL, 1931 No. 4 CONTENTS The Problem of the Molluscs of Bear Lake and Utah Lake, Idaho- Utah. By Junius Henderson ....... 109 Mollusca of Lamb's Canyon, Utah. By Elmer G. Berry . . 113 Observation?* on Reproduction in the Snail Goniobaaia. By Dorothea. Doted Jewell 115 Description of a New Variety of Valvata Lewisi Currier. By Frank Collins Baker 119 A New Sub.<