THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL. 56 JULY, 1942 to APRIL, 1943 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Department of Mollu.sks and Marine Invertebrates, Academy of Xjitural Sciences H. BURRIXGTOX BAKER Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pa. LANCASTEH, PENNSYLVANIA CONTENTS Names of new genera and species in italics AcUs hypergonia Schwengel and McGinty 17 Agriodesma = Agriopoma 33 Alcadia lewisi Pilsbry 4 Alkalinity and freshwater snails 130 Ampelita hemioxia Pilsbry 49 Anaplocamus Dall = Aneulosa Conrad 49 Anomalocardia broggi Pilsbry and Olsson 78 Aorotrema Schwengel and JVIcGinty (Cyclostrema) 17 Aperostoma Troschel 137 Ariolimax columbianus, habitat 96 Atlantic marines 13, 18, 20, 36, 57, 62, 68, 69, 75, 103, 105, 109, 140 Baker, Frank Collins 33, 97, 103 Bartschivindex H. B. Baker (Poteria) 135 BellacepoHs Pilsbry (Cepolis) 86 Brown, Walter Lincoln 102 Bryan, Dr. William A 103 Bunnya H. B. Baker (helicid) 37 Bunnya bernadinae H. B. Baker 37 Calliostoma fascinans Schwengel and McGinty 15 Calliostoma faustum Schwengel & McGinty 14 Campeloma, sex-ratios 138 Carbonates and freshwater moUusks 130 Cayman Islands, inland snails 1 Cepolis, anatomy (BellacepoHs, Levicepolis) 81 Cepolis lewisiana Pilsbry 4 Cerithidea Swainson 20 Chamidae, kev 117 China, inland' 40, 124 Coelocentrum (Ptychocentrum) 91 Coelocentrum bourgeoisae Bartsch 91, 144 Coelocentrum marianum Bartsch 144 Collecting methods, symposium ... 67 Conchological Club of Southern California. . . .68, 102 Cyclostrema {Aorotrema) . 17 Cyclostrema ponlogenes^ch'wengeX &yi.Q,Gmiy 17 Dentalium pilsbryi Rehder 60 Dialeuca, anatomy !>0 Douglassia bealiana Schwengel & McGinty 15 Drupa didyma Schwengel 76 IV THE NAUTILUS Echinochama 118 Epitonium linteatum Schwengel 77 Eubela mcgintyi Schwengel 76 Euclastaria, anatomy 85 Field Museum of Natural History 67 Florida 13, 18, 34, 62, 75, 103, 109-123 Fulton, Hugh C 68 Geomelania alemon Pilsbry 3 Goniobasis livescens in Douglas Lake 33 Haliotis fulgens turveri Bartsch 57 Helicodiscus apex C. B. Adams 56 Helicodiscus ramsdeni Pilsbry 55 Helix tingitana, abnormal 104 Helminthoglypta tudiculata, habitat 70 Hermit crabs 107 Hibernation, land snail 71 Illinois 73, 104 Indiana 61 Jones, J. W 67 Ladeoluna cistula Pilsbry 5 Lamellaria leucosphaera Schwengel pl- 3, 62 Leucochloridium sporocysts in Succinea 92 Levicepolis H. B. Baker (Cepolis) 88 Madagascar, inland 48 MargineUa dentiadata destina Schwengel 75 Marginella evelynae Bayer 113 MargineUa idiochila Schwengel 75 Marginella nobiliana Bayer 114 Massachusetts marines 57 Mazyck, William Gaillard .99 Megaloma.stoma croceum . . 106 Mesodon appressus 61 Mesodon exolotus, abnormal . 104 Mexico, inland 37, 82, 91 Michigan 33 Microceranius caymanensis Pilsbry . . 5 Morse's Terrestrial Pulmonifera of Maine .69 Muricidoa ostrctirum, albinos . . 35 Mytihis californianus association 30 Nearctic, east inland 33, 34, 37, 49, 61, 69, 71, 73, 92, 104, 105, lOfi Nearctic, Rocky Mts 50, 83 Nearctic, west inland . . 70, 83, 96 Neptunea Boding, type. . .69 Nerita scabricosta, viability .34 New York Citv marines . 139 THE NAUTILUS V Nova Scotia 105 OlivoUa biplicata, colors .43 Oreoholix t'ju^t of Mississippi R . 104 Oxynoe panamcnsis Pilsbrv :iitliil(.\vi. .{. I'mdallia julnisoiii. 5, July, 1942] THE NAUTILUS 11 rolloi'tinl ami sli,'I:.ssi,i l.r.i Ii;i h;, S,||\vrli;,'rl A. .\Ir(;iiity. :!. (Vclo.stri'm.i |.(.iif(.f,'i.iics S. A; M. 4. I'lu.s .i.l.'lus Sclnv. T,. Aclis h.viKTtroni:. S. .V: M. C. 7. Tiiti:iii:i vii>riiii:ir S.liw. S. I.;iiii,.|l:.ii:, leiicosphacra Seliw. y, Maist-niiia globosa Perrv. July, 1942J THE NAUTILUS 17 from Florida. T. suffusa Gray is much smaller, more rotund, hits {granular ribs and is sprinkled with brown dots. T. pcdiculus L. is about the same size and shape, but brown in color with ribs nodular or crenulated, and four black spots toward the dorsal sulcus. ACLIS HYPERGONIA, u. sp. Plate 3, fig. 5. The shell is rimate, slender, the diameter contained about 2.6 times in the lengrth ; translucent \vhite; glossy; thin; of about 7^ whorls. The first 2i whorls are rather strongly convex ; all fol- lowing whorls are strongly carinate at the shoulder, the surface below the carina moderately convex, contracting to the suture. The first 2 =!= carinate whorls have two spiral ridges below the carina, but these disappear on the last 2 or 3 whorls. Last whorl rounded below the keel, somewhat tapering at the base. The aperture is oval, angular above, somewhat produced basally ; the columellar margin is reflected partly over the narrow umbilicus. Length 3.25 mm., diameter 1.25 mm. Dredged off Lantana, Florida, in 550 feet. Type 178704 A.N. S.P., others in the Schwengel and McGinty collections. The strong carination of the shoulder at once separates this Aclis from others of the region. A. bermudensis Dall & Bartsch, 1911 (Proc. U.S.N.M. 40: 278) is of stouter figure, with only some of the early whorls shouldered, while in our species the keel ex- tends upon the last whorl. The spiral cords or ridges below the shoulder are variable, appearing distinctly on from 1 to 2i whorls, and in some individuals they are very weak. There is sometimes a small spiral cord above the shoulder carina. Lines of growth are scarcely visible. The name refers to the whorls being angular above. Cyclostrema (Aorotrema) pontogenes, n. subg. et sp. PI. 3, fig. 3. The openly umbilicate, white shell is strongly bicarinate with flattened spire, of 3\ whorls, the first two planorboid. The first 1| whorls are smooth, convex, the convexity increasing on the next whorl, and overhanging outwardly on the last whorl, form- ing a strong but blunt upper carina. There is a more extended and somewhat up-curved carina at the periphery, a deep concav- ity between the two carinae. Below the peripheral keel the sur- face slopes straightl}' to the prominent ridge around the umbilicus. 18 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1) On the last li^ whorls there is a secondary sculpture of fine low spiral threads, their intervals crossed by finer growth lines, giving a minutely punctate appearance in some places ; these spirals not extending into the funnel-shaped umbilicus. Aperture with the columellar margin deeply concave in the middle. Outer lip in- serted just below the keel of next-to-last whorl, gently sloping to the first carina, then concave to the stronger and more extended peripheral carina, below which it slants straighth' to the base. Height 1.3 mm., diameter 1.9 mm. Dredged in 18 to 20 fathoms, off Destin, Northwest Florida, by T. L. McGinty. Type 178697 A.N.S.P. This species is similar in size, sculpture and form to C. cis- tronium Dall, but the spire is flatter, second carina much more extended in a "pie-crust" manner, the last whorl not descending and the aperture more angled and not separated from the body- whorl as in C. cistronium. A NEW SUBSPECIES OF STROMBUS RANINUS GMELIN By B. R. bales, M.D. For many years, malacologists who have had occasion to collect at the southern end of Lake Worth, Palm Beach County, Florida, have observed that a large proportion of Strombus raninus Gmelin (formerly known as Strombus bituberculatus Lamarck) in this region were very much smaller than those taken at other stations in Florida. A series taken in April 1936 and another in April 1942 seem to indicate that the dwarf form is constant and has suflScient other differences from the true S. raninus as to constitute a valid sub- species. There are several points of difference: (1) The Lake Worth shells average decidedly smaller. (2) The tip of the lii> never extends beyond the apex or spire. (3) A series demon- strates a very much darker eoloration. (4) The grain of the shell substance is much finer ; many specimens are so glossy that they appear to be oiled, while normal iTidividiiiils are much duller in surface texture. Measurements of 93 normal specimens from Key West, Stock Island, Boca Chica Key and East Sister's Key, all located among I'llK N A I "I" I LI S: :)(i (1) I'l.A'ri-: 4 ■• t ' Fi^^s. ;i. li, Strdiiilms r.iniiiiis nanus, c, Stronilms raninus. .Scak' mark - 1 incli. il. Trivia nialtldana. Scali- line = in nun. .July. 1942] THE NAUTILUS 10 the Florida Koys. <:ive an averajje measurement of 79 mm., with the lonjrest speeimen measurinjr 97 mm. in lenp:th and tlie shortest, 57 mm. These measurements are from tlie base or aperture to the apex. The sex of these was not determined. A series of 248 of the dwarf subspecies g:ives the followinrr measurements: Number of males examined, 116. Longest shell (from base to tip) 65 mm. Shortest shell, 38 mm. (One in the McGinty collec- tion measures 36.7 mm.) Averaj^e of 116 shells, 50 mm. Number of females examined, 132. Longest shell, 67 mm. Shortest shell, 51 mm. Average of 132 shells, 60 mm. All measurements are of fully mature adults. In one hundred per cent of the dwarf subspecies, the lip is shorter than the spire with the exception of three individuals, where they are of equal length. Of the 93 shells of normal S. raninus Gmel., 81 specimens or 87^ % have the lip of the shell noticeably longer than the tip of the spire, while 12 individuals or 12h ','l have the tips shorter or of equal length. In view of the above facts it seems reasonable to give this dwarf, subspecific rank as Strombus raninus nanus, new subspecies. Plate 4, figs, a, b. Description as of Stromhus raninus Gmeliu (or S. hituhercula- tus Lamarck) with tlie following differences: — it is (1) Definitely smaller. (2) Tip of lip never extends above apex of shell. (3) Average coloration darker. (4) Texture much finer and often very glossy. Type and Paratype No. 178696 in the Academy of Natural Sciences. Paratypes in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, in the Bales, McGintj' and Koto collections. Type locality: Southern end of Lake Worth, Palm Beach County, Florida. It is evident that the measurements of the small specimen of S. raninus mentioned on p. 3 of Clench's monograph of Strombus in Johnsonia are those of this subspecies. Since this Strombus has always been known among concholo- gists as the "dwarf from Lake Worth," it has been given the name of iianus, i.e., dwarf. 20 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1) RANDOM NOTES ON AMERICAN POTAMIDIDAE By J. BEQUAERT Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts While preparing a revision of the Western Atlantic Potami- didae for "Johnsonia" some matters of synonymy and nomen- clature had to be considered which could not properly be dis- cussed there. Yet the conclusions reached seem sufficiently inter- esting to warrant publication. 1. The genotype of Cerithidea Swainson, 1840, Treatise of Ma- lacology, pp. 198, 203 and 342. On p. 342, Swainson mentioned two species : C. lineolata Griff. Cuv. 14. f . 4 ; and C. fragilis. lb. 32. f. 12. One of these must be the genotype. So far as I can trace, the first valid type designation is by Pilsbry and Harbison (1933, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 85, p. 115), who state that a new species of Cerithidea they describe has a character "not possessed by the genotype, C. ohtusa (Lam.)." Swainson 's first species, Melania lineolata Griffith and Pidgeon (1834, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom, 12, PI. 14 of Moll., fig. 4) is, from the excellent figure, unquestionably identical with Cerithium ohtusum La- marck (1822, Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert., 7, p. 71). This M. lineo- lata was renamed Cerithium truncatum by Griffith and Pidgeon in their Index (pp. 596 and 598), because of the earlier Melania lineolata (Gray) {Stronihus lineolatus Gray, 1828), shown on PI. 13, fig. 4 of the same work. J. E. Gray in 1847 (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 154) gave as first choice for the type of Cerithidea, Murex decollatus Linnaeus (1767), and as second clioice, Stromhiformis cost at us da Costa (1778) ; but neither of these species Avas originally included by Swainson. For a similar reason, Kobelt's designation of ^'Cer. decollatum L." (1888, Syst. Conch. Cab., 1, Abt. 26. p. 4) is also invalid. Wenz (1940, Ilandbuch d. Paliiozool., Gastropoda, Bd. 6, pt. 6, p. 742) cites as type, on the authority of Makiyama, "C. lineolata Griffitli and Pidgeon \Melania] = decollata (Linm') [Murex]. ^^ This is erroneous on two scores. First, Griffith and Pidgeon 's Melania lineolata (of PI. 14, fig. 4) is not the East African Cerithidea da-ollnta, but the Indo-Malayan C. ohtusa. Secondly, Makiyama (1936, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., July. 1942] THE NAUTILUS 21 ser. B, 11. No. 4, p. 221) selected Mclania lincolata Griffith and Pidnreou, 1834, as type ; but he did not decide what it was, merely notinj; that it seemed "not very different from Cerithidea decol- lata (Linne, 1767)." Swainson's second species, Cerithium fragile Deshayes (1833), is a fossil shell of the genus Pot amides. 2. I recognize only three species of Cerithidea now living in the "Western Atlantic: C. costata (da Costa, 1778), C. pliculosa (Menke. 1829), and C. scalariformis (Say, 1825). Cerithidea insulaemaris Pilsbry and Harbison (1933) is known only from the Miocene of New Jersey. I am unable to under- stand why Wenz (1940, op. cit., p. 742) cites it as from the Mio- cene to ? Recent; and quotes it as "Rezent" under the figure which he copied from the original. Moreover, it was taken from a well, not near the locality "Well." No Potamididae have been found alive on the Atlantic coast of America north of South Carolina. 3. The following names I regard as synonyms of Cerithidea costata (da Costa), in its typical form, that is with smooth or almost smooth longitudinal ribs : Stromhiformis costatus da Costa (1778) ; Cerithium lafondii Michaud (1829) ; Cerithium am- higuum C. B. Adams (1845) (cotypes of Adams' species have smooth ribs and his description does not mention that they are nodulo.se) ; Cerithium salmacidum Morelet (1849) (cotypes seen) ; Cerithium petitii Schramm (1869) {nomen nudum; vali- dated by Tryon, 1887, as a synonym of C. costata) ; and Ceri- thidea pupoidea Worch (1876). Cerithidea costata turrita Stearns. Cerithidea turrita Stearns (1872), is at most a race of C. costata, peculiar to the west coast of Florida. It is on the average smaller and more slender than typical costata. Cerithidea costata heattyi J. Bequaert (1942) was proposed for the form of C. costata with more or less nodulose ribs figured by Reeve (1866) as C. amhigua (not Cerithium ambiguum C. B. Adams, 1845). The type locality is St. Croix, Virgin Islands; but it is also known from the Bahamas, Barbuda and Trinidad. 4. Cerithidea minnor Morch (1876, Malak. Bliitt., 23, p. 92; Cuba) is the only published name, based on a Western Atlantic 22 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 56 (1) potamidid, which I am unable to recognize. The description fits a variant of C. costata; but the measurements are unlike any adult I have ever seen of that species: "Long. 1^ mm.; lat. 2^ mm." From the unusual disproportion between length and width, I suspect that the length given is a misprint. Perhaps the type is still in existence and may settle the matter. 5. Cerithidea plicidosa (Menke) is the earliest valid name for the species usually called C. iosioma. Morch (1876) saw the type of Cerithium pliculosum Menke (1829) at the Copenhagen Mu- seum and he included it among his West Indian varicose Ceri- thidea ("T varicigera, labro incrassato"), all of which I regard as one and the same species. The following names I regard as synonyms of Cerithidea plicidosa: Potamides iostomus Pfeiffer (1839) and Cerithium lavalleanum d'Orbigny (1842). On the other hand, Cerithium varicosum Valenciennes (1832), Cerithium varicosum Sowerby (1834), Cerithidea aguayoi Clench (1934), Cerithium fortiusculum Bayle (1880), Cerithium hanleyi Sowerby (1855), Cerithium lafondii Michaud (1829), and Cerithium hege- wischii Philippi (1848) were based on different species. C. la- fondii I synonymize with Cerithidea costata, after a careful study of Michaud 's original figure, as well as that by Kiener (1841^2). The remaining names do not refer to Western Atlantic shells (see below). C. plicidosa veracruzensis J. Bequaert (1942) was proposed for the Mexican and Central American form in which the spiral ridges are at least as pronounced as the vertical ribs, producing a cancellate surface. The tj'pe locality is Vera Cruz, Mexico. I have also seen it from British Honduras, Guatemala and Nicaragua. 6. The following names arc synonyms of Cerithidea scalari- formis (Say) : Pirenn scnlarifonnis Say (1825), Potamides tenuis Pfeiffer (1839), and Cerithidea hanUyana Reeve (1866). 7. All Batillaria of the Western Atlantic belong to one species, Batillaria minima. (Gmolin), the following published names re- ferring to individual variants in color or sculpture of the typical form: Murex minimus Gmelin (1790), Cerithium. clathratum "Menke" (1828, nomen nudum) Morch (1876), Cerithium nigrcsccns Menke (1828), Cerithium septemstriatum Say (1832), July. 1!)42J THE NAUTILUS 23 Ccrithinm hetcrochjtcs Potiez and Michaud (1838) (not of La- marck. 1822), Cerithium pdoritanum Kiener (1841-1842) (not of Cantraine, 1835), Cerithium eriense "Valenciennes" Kiener (1841-1842)/ Cerithium alhovittatum C. B. Adams (1850), and Cerithium alhocoopcrtum C. A. Davis (1904). Some colonies are only of one type, but others are a mixture of several variants, with all transitions. None of these variants are . « Y 26 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 56 (1) C. humholdtii and C. lamarckii, both forms of the species of Rhinocoryne peculiar to the Pacific coast of Central America. The specific name is preoccupied by Cerithiuni varicosum (Brocchi) Def ranee, 1817. Cerithium varicosum Sowerby, 1834, Genera of Shells, No. 42, PI. 213, fig. 5 (with brief description in letterpress; no locality) ; 1855, Thesaurus Conchyl., 2, p. 887, PI. 186, figs. 280-282 (Real Llejos or Realejo, on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua). This is clearly the same as C. varicosum Valenciennes, although it is described as a new species. Cerithium validum C. B. Adams, 1852, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5, p. 381 (2i mi. E. of Panama) [1852, Panama Shells, p. 157]. This was taken together with C. pulchrum and appears to be based on large and slender specimens of the latter, reaching 1.6 inch (40.6 mm.) in length, while pulchrum is said to be 1.25 inch (33.7 mm.) long. It is what Reeve figured as C. varicosa from Real Llejos (1866, Conch. Icon., 15, Cerithidea, PI. 3, fig. 19a ; his fig. 19&, presumably based on a specimen from Jamaica, is C. pliculosa Menke). Cerithidea solida "Gould" P. P. Carpenter 1857, Rept. 26th Meet. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1856, p. 230 (without description; as a synonym of valida C. B. Ads. and varicosa Sow.; Panama). Cerithium fortiusculum Bayle, 1880, JI. de Conchyl., 28, p. 250, was a new name proposed for Cerithium varicosum Sowerby (1834). Potamides mcta Li, 1930, Bull. Geol. Soc. China, 9, p. 267, PI. 6, fig. 50 (Bay of Panama; "probably recent"). As shown by Pilsbry (1931. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., S3, p. 433). tliis was ba.sed, not on a fossil, but on a worn examjile of Cerithidea hcge- wischii var. pulchra (C. B. Adams) (= valida C. B. Adams). Cerithidea aguayoi Clench, 1934, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 40, pt. 1, p. 110 (new name for Cerithium varicosum Sowerby, 1834; not of Defrance, 1817; a new name was proposed by Bayle in 1880). This was iiu'ludod by error in tiie list of marine mol- lusks of the Athmtic coast of the United States, Sowerby 's .species being from the Pacific coast of Central America, as shown above. The error started witii Morch (1876. Mahik. Bliitt., 23, p. 88), who believed Potamides iostoma Pfeitfer to be Sowcrbv's C. vari- July, 1942] THE NATTiLrs 27 cosuni. Dall also mentioned C. varicosa as occurriiif; in Texas (1889, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 37, p. 140), these specimens being C. plicidosa (Menke) (=iostoma Pfeiffer), a species which he does not list. 9. The earliest valid name for the most common Californian Potamidid is Cerithidea calif ornica (Haldeman), described as Ceriihium (Potamis) calif ornicum Haldeman, 1840, Monofrr. Limn. Fresh-water Univ. N. America, No. 1, unnumbered back page of cover (California; with description). I have seen many lots, the species being known from Bolinas Bay to San Diego and in Lower California to Todos Santos Bay. I am not fulh^ con- vinced that it is more than a race of C. hegewischii. Carpenter also seemed to believe that it intergrades with his mazailanica (= hegewischii) (1864, Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1863, p. 655). The following names are synonyms of C. calif ornica: Ceriihium sacratum Gould (1849), Potamis pullatus Gould (1855). Cerithidea fuscata Gould (1857), and Pirena calif ornica "Nuttall" Carpenter (1857). Cerithium (Potamis) sacrattim Gould, 1849, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 118 (Sacramento River. California) ; 1852, U. S. Explor. Exped. Wilkes, 12, Moll., p. 144, PI. 10, figs. 166-166a. The northern Californian specimens of C. calif ornica are often more weakly costate than those from farther south ; but there are man3' transitions. It is possible, moreover, that Haldeman 's types came from near San Francisco. Potamis pullatus Gould, 1855, Explor. Surv. R. R. Mississippi to Pacific, App. to Prelim. Geol. Rept., p. 25 (San Diego, Cali- fornia) ; 1856, Repts. Explor. Surv. R. R. Mississippi to Pacific, 5, pt. 2, p. 333, PI. 11, figs. 23-24. This was based on typical, strongly costulate C. calif ornica. Cerithidea fuscata [Potamis fuscata] Gould, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1856, p. 206 (San Diego, California). Based on typical, strongly costulate C. californica. Pirena californica "Nuttall MS" was cited by Carpenter (1857. Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1856, p. 206) as a synonym of C. fuscata Gould. Cerithidea californica var. hyporhyssa (Berry). Described as Cerithidea sacrata var. hyporhyssa Berry, 1906, Nautilus, 19, 28 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1) p. 133, fig. (San Diego, California), this is no more than an eco- logical form, characterized by the smooth or nearly smooth, flat whorls. It intergrades with typical californica in the type locality. 10. Cerithium hanleyi Sowerby, 1855, Thesaurus Conch jd., 2, p. 874, PL 183, fig. 193 (no locality). This is a true Cerithium, by the deep, oblique basal channel, and the sinus in the upper angle of the mouth. It seems to be identical with Cerithium ruhro-lineattim Sowerby (1855, o/j. cit., 2, p. 874, PI. 183, fig. 199), as Tryon recognized. Cerithidea hanleyana Reeve, 1866, is a true Cerithidea (C. scalariformis Say), but it is not Sowerby 's C. hanleyi. 11. Cerithium heteroclytes Lamarck, 1822, Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert, 7, p. 74 ("mers de la Nouvelle-Hollande"). The size (15f French lines = 35.5 mm.) alone makes the reference to Batil- laria minima impossible, the largest specimen seen of the latter being only 21.5 mm. long (usual size, 12 to 18 mm.). Lamarck states that the specimen was given to him by Macleay, hence there is no reason to doubt his locality. His shell was most probably a deformed specimen of Batillaria australis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1834), and I have seen one from Tasmania which fits the descrip- tion. If this synonymy is correct, the Australian species will have to be called Batillaria heteroclytes (Lamarck). On the other hand, Cerithium heteroclytes Potiez and Michaud, 1838, Gal. Moll. Douai, 1, p. 365, PI. 31, figs. 21-22 (without locality), was not Lamarck's species, but a deformed Baiillaria mini ma. The figure, supposedly natural size (according to Expl. of Plates, p. 49), is only 18.3 mm. long. 12. The following names appear to be based on the Mediter- renean Pirenella conica (Blainville, 1829) : Cerithium. pcloritanum Cantraiiu\ 1835, Bull. Acad. Bruxelles, 2, p. 392 (near the lighthouse at Messina, Sicily). The erroneous listing of this name as a synonym of Batillaria minima was due to the fact that Kiener's (figured) C. pcloriianum (1841-1842), from "the coasts of Florida," was the North American species. Cerithium laevigatum Philippi, 1844, Enum. Moll. Siciliae, 2, p. 161, PI. 25, fig. 32 (Sea of Sicily) (not of Eichwald, 1830). Apparently based on a worn P. conica; certainly not Batillaria minima. July, 1942] THE NAUTILUS 29 Cn-ithlum desolatum Bayle, 1880. Jl. de Conehyl., 28, p. 247, is a new name for Ccrithiiim laevigatinn Philippi (1844) ; hence also a probable synonym of P. conica. 13. Ccrithium nigriuum Philippi, 1848, Zeitschr. f. Malak., 5, p. 24 (no locality) ; 1849, Abb. Beschr. Conch., 3, pt. 4, p. 20, PL 1 of Cerithium, fig:. 19. This is a synonym of Cerithium variabile C. B. Adams, 1845 (Cerithium fcrnigineum Say, 1832; not of BrujJTuiere, 1792). The characters which Philippi uses to dif- ferentiate his nigrinum from Say's septemstriatum are precisely those that separate C. variabile from Batillaria minima. 14. Trochus striatellus Dilhvyn, 1817, Descr. Cat. Rec. Shells, 2, p. 213, is merely Trochus striatellus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th Ed., 1, p. 760, from the Mediterranean, the only definite synonym cited by Dillwyn. He adds, as doubtful synonyms only : Cerithium zonale Bruguiere, Murex minimus Gmelin and Lister's fig:. 81, PI. 1018 of the Hist. Conehyl. The species is unrecog- nized, but there is no reason to believe that it could have been Batillaria minima. Hanley (1855, Ipsa Linnaei Conchylia, p. 325) saj's it was not in Linnaeus' own collection. He regards Bruguiere's doubtful synonymy wdth Cerithium zonale as dis- agreeing with part of the original description. 15. The earliest correct name for the only know'n species of Rhinocoryne v. Martens (1900), of the eastern Pacific, is R. hum- boldti (Valenciennes). This was described as Cerithium hum- boldti Valenciennes, 1832, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Observ. Zool. Anat. Comp., 2, p. 280 (supposedly from Cumana) and is readily recognized. The type, was, however, not found at Cu- mana, Venezuela, but somewhere on the Pacific coast of South or Central America. Kiener (1841-1842, Spec. Gen. Icon. Coq. Viv., 6, Cerithium, p. 83, PI. 26, fig. 2) apparently figures the type.^ Cerithium 7amarc/rn' Valenciennes, 1832, op. cit., 2, p. 281 (from the same locality as C. humboldti), is the rare individual variant of R. humboldti with two peripheral rows of spinose tubercles, instead of one. At the Museum of Comp. Zool., one such speci- 2 In the copy at Mus. Comp. Zool., the section of Kiener 's work covering the "Famille des Canalif^res" is bound as vol. 6. In other copies, this forms vol. 4. 30 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1) men was found among some 50 normal ones, all from Panama. It might be called R. humholdti var. lamarckii, but is scarcely worth naming. Kiener presumably figured the type (1841-1842, op. c*^., p. 84, PI. 27, fig. 3). Cerithium pacificum Sowerby, 1834, Genera of Shells, No. 42, PI. 213, fig. 9 (without locality or description). This is a synonym of the earlier Rhinocoryne humholdti (Valenciennes), as Kiener pointed out a century ago. It was based on the typical form, with one row of spines. 16. It has been claimed that both Cerithidea costata (da Costa) and Batillaria minima (Gmelin) live not only in the Western Atlantic, but also in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Sicily. Aradas and Benoit (1870, Conchigliologia Viv. Marina Sicilia, pp. 231-233) report the first as "Cerithium costatum," and the second as "Cerithium eriense," and believe that both were intro- duced alive from the Antilles, attached to the bottom of ships. Having seen no Sicilian specimens, I am unable to dispute the identifications. If these were correct, it is more probable that the shells were imported in ship's ballast. That they now occur alive and are acclimatized in Sicilv needs confirmation. THE HABITS OF LIFE OF SOME WEST COAST BIVALVES By dr. fritz HAAS Chicago, 111. (Concluded from page 113) 3. On Some Members of the Mytilus calif ornianus Association. The California mussel certainly is one of the commonest, if not the commonest bivalve of the West Coast. Thanks to a conij^ara- tively heavy shell jukI to strong byssus threads, tlie species is enabled to maintain itself even in liabitats which, bocanse of the heavy sni'f which bcjits them, W(tnhl be uninhabitable for otlier molhisks. WlKirfpiics jind clilTs wliich otlicrwisc would be almost destitute of an ('i)ifiiuna, may have a pad of mussels packed side by side and mostly covering the substratum to invisibility. Other organisms which arc not so |)crfectly ])roteeted against the surf aeticm, invariahlv settle on and between the California mussels July. 1942] THE NAUTILUS 31 and siiK-e tlie composition of this accompanying fauna is locally rather constant, we are entitled to speak of a well-defined '*Mytilus califoniianus association." I have just referred to the species of this association as "locally constant"; this means that within the wide range of Mytilus californianus, which is only little affected by varying water temperature, its associated forms vary according to the great difference of the water temperature south and north of Point Conception. Some of these forms ac- company the Mytilus in almost its whole range, some have their northern limit at Point Conception, while on the other hand, northern species do not occur south of this point. My own experience deals with only a few members of the Mytilus californiayius association. In southern California, the most obvious animal accompanying this association is another mytilid, characterized by a radiating sculpture on its shell. Its correct name is Brachidontes {Hor- momya) multiformis Carpenter, but it is mostly quoted in the literature as Mytilus adamsianus Dunker or Mytilus stearnsii Pilsbry and Raymond ; it is not a true Mytilus, but has to be placed in the genus Brachidontes Swainson, subgenus Hormomya Moerch, whose t>T)e species is the Atlantic Mytilus exustus La- marck. Intermixed with the Brachidontes multiformis in the same association, but generally in much inferior numbers, lives another sculptured mytilid, very similar to multiformis in size and shape, but actually very different: Septifer hifurcatus Con- rad. I found that the two species are very often confounded by the Californian collectors. You will note that in Brachidontes multiformis the umbo is only subterminal, very inflated and therefore projecting beyond the ventral margin, while in Septifer it is terminal, flatter, and not projecting. The inner surface of the shells exhibits a still more striking difference in the septum from which Septifer has its name, which is entirely lacking in Brachidotites. At the present time, only Brachidontes tnultiformis interests us, since it is the host shell of two commensal bivalves of the genus Lasaea, L. cistula Keen and L. subviridis Dull. Both species are rather common at La Jolla, and I found them exclusively on the shell or the by.ssus of Brachidontes multiformis; not a single 32 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1) specimen lived on Septifer or on the much more abundant Mytilus calif ornianus! This statement fully agrees with an earlier ob- servation made by Charles R. Orcutt who too, according to a notice on a label in the San Diego Museum, collected lasaeas on Brachidontes multiformis. Several lasaeas, however, were de- tected in dead Donax-sheWs or in cups of Balanus, but on these objects, one or several Bra^chidontes had fastened their bj'ssus, so that even in these seemingly aberrant habitats the close relation with this mytilid is maintained. An association analogous to that of the California mussel, is developed in Peruvian waters, where Mytilus calif ornianus is re- placed by its close relative M. magcUanicus Chemnitz and Brachi- dontes multiformis b}' the almost identical Brack, graiiulatus Hanley. In a thick bunch of a Mytilus magellanicus association scraped off from rocks at Chincha Norte Island, Peru, Brachi- dontes granulatus was represented by a fair number of specimens and on them, and exclusively on them, some lasaeas were found which I have provisionally classified as Lasaea miliaris Philippi, though they are practically inseparable from the North American Lasaea cistula Keen; the specific name, however, is of no impor- tance relative to the fact that in this Peruvian locality a species of Lasaea restricts its habitat to a mytilid which constitutes only a minority among the leading species of the association. In spite of this supporting case from Peru, the observation made in southern California, tliat Lasaea does not live in close community witii the commonest mytilid, but only with an accom- panying species, cannot be generalized. North of Point Concep- tion, Brachidouirs multiformis does not occur, its place in the Mytilus calif ornianus association being vacant. But both the species of Lasaea are found north of Point Conception, and at Pacific Grove, the only locality north of this point where I col- lected, I found tlicni on the shell and on the byssus of the domi- nant Mytilus calif ornianus itself! The only possible explana- tion of this strange behavior is that while the lasaeas prefer Brachidontes to all other host shells, Mytilus californianus is a second choice, to which they attach themselves when no Brachi- dontes are available, but the details of their commensalistic rela- tion to these mvtilids arc still entir(>Iv unknown. July. 1942] THE NAUTILUS 33 For tlie sake of t'ompleteness, it must be mentioned tluit, at Pacific Grove, I washed out both species of Lasaca from fastholds of kelp, where they cannot have led a commensalistic life and where they must have retired for protection only. My failure to detect free living lasaeas in similar habitats at La Julia by no means proves that they cannot occur there. NOTES AND NEWS Exact Dates of the Nautilus. — Vol. 55 (1) : pp. 1-36 + i-viii (index and title-pagres of vol. 54), pis. 1-2, was mailed July 11, 1941; (2) : 37-72, pis. 3-5, Oct. 24, 1941; (3) : 73-108, pis. 6-7, Jan. 12, 1942 ; (4) : 109-144, pi. 8, May 7, 1942.— H.B.B. We are grieved to record the death of Frank Collins Baker, on May 7th. A notice of his life and work will appear later. Agriodesma. — In the original description of Pitar felipponei Dall, 1916 (Nautilus 29 (10) p. 113), it is introduced as "Callo- cardia (Agriodesma) felipponei, n. sp." The subgeneric name used here has puzzled me for some time. After a check of the literature I came to the conclusion that it is either a typographical error or a slip of the pen on the part of Dall. I believe Agrio- poma Dall, 1902, was intended. He stated in his remarks that the species felipponei is closely allied to aresta Dall, which is listed in the 1902 Synopsis under Agriopoma. Under present usage the species would be called Pitar (Pitar) felipponei (Dall). — R. A. McLean. Goniobasis livescens in Douglas Lake, Michigan. — In 1912, 14th Kept. Mich. Acad. Sci. : 209, the original absence of this spe- cies was noted, with the hypothesis that it immigrated into nearby lakes from the south after the time of the glacial Lake Algonquin. At the time, the objection was made that this absence might be due to some unknown environmental factor, which rendered Douglas Lake unsuitable for this species. To test this objection, in 1913 two lots of G. livescens, from near the north end of the east shore of Burt Lake, were planted, one in North and the other in South Fishtail Bays, near the east end of Douglas Lake. When 34 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 56 (1) the region was revisited during the summer of 1927, the descendants of the second lot had become very numerous and had spread as far as Grapevine Point, but no individuals were found in North Fishtail. So far as I can remember, the facts have not been published previously in regard to this artificial introduction of a species into a lake where it was formerly absent. — H. BuR- RiNGTON Baker. Record Find of Truncatella. — On February 22, 1928, my son, 0. C. Van Hyning and myself found under a six-foot rotten cab- bage palm log on the premises of Mrs. Hattie E. Gore, Postmis- tress of Captiva Island, Lee County, Flordia, the following list of Truncatella: 12,853 Truncatella bilahiata Pfeiffer. 7,554 Truncatella carihaecnsis Reeve. 6,679 Truncatella caribaeensis succinea Adams. 10,632 Truncatella too young for identification. In all, 37,868 shells. This number is what we easily scraped up with our hands from under the log. AVith care and time we could have gathered a considerable more. — T. Van Hyning. Viability of a Marine Snail. — On October 5, 1941, Miss Betty Hammerly, member of an expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, picked up near La Paz, Baja California, Mexico, a pound or two of moist gravel in which small shells were abundant. This was placed in a large tin can ; enclosed with the sand was a small, tightly-sealed tin can in which were a few beach shells, some dry cotton, and two live Ncrita- scabricosta Lamarck. The lid of the outer tin was fastened down with adhesive tape. This material was donated to Stanford University February 5, 1942. When the inner can was opened, one of the nerites was observed to be alive. Since here was a ready-made desiccation experiment, the can was dosed and thereafter observations wore made once a week to determine how long the snail could live. On February 20 it seemed to be dead. The sand was then transferred to a shal- low pan and covered with frcsli water. Placed in this, the snail emerged in about an hour and began trying to feed. ^Vhen the fresh water was replaced by sea water the snail became moderately active and moved jil)out among the gravelly sand scraping what July. 1042] THE NAUTILUS 35 nutriment it could from the bits of rock. An alg:ae-covered stone from Jlonterey was offered but this food was not acceptable. Be- cause of the lack of suitable food the nerite grew feebler and died sometime during the week-end of March 7-8, 1942, five months after it had been removed from its proper habitat. During four and a half months of this time it had been without food and water, its own moisture conserved only by a pad of dry cotton in which it was packed and by the tight sealing of the can. The moist gravel in the outer container would have been of some aid, per- haps, in retaining a humid atmosphere in the small tin. There are three points of significance in this record: first, the evidence that at least some of the Xeritidae are by way of becom- ing adapted to life away from the ocean, thus supporting the con- clusions of malacologists that the pulmonates have descended from such marine groups as Littorina and Nerita; second, the demonstration of the plasticity which organisms must develop in order to live successfully in the rigorous environment of the intertidal zone. Third, the viability of this specimen suggests that under favorable conditions adult marine snails might be able to survive transportation over considerable distances (as by floating logs) and that species-migrations in the past might have involved some adult mollusks as well as larval forms. — A. Myra Keen. Albinos of Muricidea ostrearum Conrad. — During the winter of 1941-1942 a series of specimens of Muricidea ostrearum Conrad was collected along the Florida west coast. Examination of the shells revealed the fact that there were a number of albinos in the two lots taken. Those collected in Venice Bay, Sarasota County, numbered 173 specimens, and of this lot 46 were albinos; while the lot collected at Punta Gorda Beach, Charlotte County, num- bering 402 specimens, contained but 10 albinos. It seems that the center of abundance of these albinos is Venice Bay, for the proportion of albinos to normally colored specimens is roughly 25 per cent, contrasted with the 2\ per cent of albinos taken at Punta Gorda Beach. A number of the specimens from Venice Bay show much loss of color, but have a few faint markings. This species was apparently feeding upon oysters in company 36 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 56 (1) with Muricidea multangula Philippi and Urosalpinx perrugatus Conrad. Albinism among mollusks of various families found along the west coast of Florida has often been noted. Albino specimens of Stromhus alatus Gmelin are not infrequentlj' found all the way south from Tampa to Bonita Springs, Sanibel and Marco, and specimens with some color, but strongly albinistic in character are often seen. There are many pure white specimens of CanceU laria reticulata L. found in the region about Naples, Florida. — B. R. Bales, M.D. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED Land Shells of the Bimini Islands, Bahama Islands (Proc. New England Zool. Club. 19 : 53-67. 1942 ) . By Wm. J. Clench. Some snails of these little cays, between Andros and Florida, have been noticed by Dall, Pilsbry and Clapp. Clench's additions, including Melampus and Detracia, bring the list to 28 species. The slender evidence for Oxystyla undafa on the Biminis is given from Bland's manuscript. The two cerions, C. himinictisc and C. pillshuryi, appear to be the only snails special to the islands. The name Plagioptycha macrodon Menke is used to replace P. duclosiana Fcr., owing to a misapprehension on the part of the author as to the date of Fcrussac's name. The correct reference to the Histoire is pi. 51 a (not 5a), fig. 6. The name Helix du- closiana was published on p. ii of the Explication dcs Planches, issued with livraison 22 (1822). This species will therefore con- tinue to stand as duclosiana Fcr. — H.A.P. JoiiNSONiA, numbers 4 and 5. No. 4 relates to the genera Tcc- tarius and Echini)ius (new name for Nina Gray, 1850, not of Horsfield, 1829), by W. J. Clench and R. T. Abbott. No. 5 comprises the genera Cerithidea and Bntillaria, by Jos. C. Be(iuaert. Several of the species described in these two numbers have not been well understood, and some errors of long standing are corrected. Tlic illustrations contiiuie the high standard of earlier parts. 06lC/<^x & The Nautilus Vol. 56 October, 1942 No. 2 A NEW GENUS OF MEXICAN HELICIDS By H. BURRINGTON BAKER This is the 9th paper on the inland Mexican mollusks collected in 1926 for Dr. Bryant Walker. In the plate, the scales repre- sent lengths of one millimeter, except those for figure 4 (.01 mm.) and 4-T (.1 mm.). Abbreviations not explained in the text are tabulated in Bishop Museum Bulletin 166, p. 337 (1941). BuNXYA BERXADINAE, ncw gcuus and species. Plate 5. The single type specimen (University of Michigan Museum) was collected Sept. 3, on the wall of the old monastery at El Desierto de los Leones (C, II, 11, b), altitude 9800 ft., D. F. B. bernadinae, named for my wife, is the type of the genus Bunnya, which agrees so closely with Xanthonyx, in shell, mantle reflec- tion, form of body, tail "horn" and arrangement of pallial com- plex, that the two genera must be closely related. But, Bunnya differs markedly in its 3 double dart-sacs, producing 6 darts, and in the sharply differentiated sculpture on the embryonic whorls of its shell. In fact, in its genitalia, Bunnya appears to approach Humboldt iana, which occurs with it in tiie temperate zone, al- though the tropical Xanthonyx has more in common with Averel- lia. From the description, Xanthonyx potosiana Dall (1905, Smithson. Mi.sc. Coll. 48: 190) from the Alvarez Mts., San Luis Potosi, seems to have similar embryonic whorls and may be a Bunnya, but is a larger rimate shell, with more rapid whorl in- crease, longer columellar callus and apparently with its later growth-wrinkles somewhat stronger. Shell (figs. 1-2) imperforate but with foveola deep jmd narrow (although half open inside aperture) ; whorls rapidly increasing, depressed but well rounded; thin and translucent, slightly glossy, light brownish buff colored, somewhat darker at apex, with irides- (37) V^ 38 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2) cent interior when fresh. Embryonic whorls 1^, with first quar- ter whorl sunken, soon assuminf; quite sharp and regular but low, closely spaced (14 per mm. on last) and arcuate growth-wrinkles, crossed by microscopic spiral ones; suture deep. Later whorls immediately assuming more widely spaced but much more irregu- lar, weakly rounded and arcuate growth-wrinkles ; spirals obsoles- cent and broken (major ones absent) ; suture more broadly but fairly well impressed. Aperture large, transversely ovoid in plane about 45° to shell-axis; peristome arcuate above, sharp and thin. Parietal callus only indicated by obsolescence of growth- wrinkles. Columella sharp, scarcely thickened, with short adnata callus. Shell altitude 9.9 mm., major diameter 129 (12.8 mm.) [at 2 whorls 6.75 mm., 2^ wh. 8.2 mm., 2.5 wh. 11.05 mm., 2f wh. 17 mm.?], min. diam. 96 (9.45 mm.); aperture altitude 81 (8.05 mm.), diam. 117 (9.45 mm.); 2.6 -^ whorls [over 2| to parietal angle]. Living animal softer and less vigorous than X. cordovanus; tail "horn" verj^ prominent and constantly wiggling; foot yellowish with irregular black blotches, which are larger anteriad and tend to form 2 longitudinal bands, separated by about i top of head; tentacles black. Shell-lap continuous, without shell-lobes, re- flected about 5 mm. over shell on right side, and with irregularly radial black marks. Preserved aninuil with tail rounded above; middorsal groove weak and irregular; "horn" about twice as long as its base and papillate. Shell-lap narrowest anteriorally over head ; over twice as extensive caudad, where it is coarsely papillate (else- where smoothish). Mantle collar (fig. 3; only .6 perimeter shown and viewed from inside so shell-lap hidden) with iirominent parietal mantle-lappet (MR) and small angulopalatal one (MA), which is widely separated, across neck, from basopalatal (MP; less than half shown) that is short but extensive (about .4 perime- ter) and lies on left side. Lung 1.5 length of kidney (K) whieli is about twice pericardium (H), nnich shortened along hindgut (IICi) side and bent abrnptly at anterior end of pericardium; ureter (KD) complete; urinary sinus (LK) narrow; minor vena- tion (mainly omitted) very evident over kidney and on right side of aninud but almost absent to the left. Ovotestis (G, fig. 6; spermoviduct much straightened) a biconic mass of irregularly clavate alveoli, almost comi>Ietely buried in basal 'i of ajiical liver lobe; talon (nncovered at GT) nincli as in Jlnmhohltiana ; albu- men gland ((iCi) with ai)ical lobe above and basal oiu^ below ])os1erior end ol" diaphragm. Uterus (UT) widely convoluted and folded to fit in short l)ody cavity. Spermatheca longer than October. 1942] the XAiTiLrs 39 body cavity, with sac (S) above aorta and near albumen jrland; divertieiilum (SD) and junction inflated by flocculent material but with no traces of horny spermatophore. Dart-jrlands (WG) 3. compound alveolar, loosely bound by connective tissue into a rinjr. ami with short ducts (WD, f. 9; viewed from ventral side) runnin}! in va