THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. 61
JULY, 1947 to APRIL, 1948

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of MoUusks and Marine Invertebrates,

Academy of Natural Sciences

H. BURRINGTON BAKF:R

Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, Pa.

LANCASTEB PIICS8, INC., LANXASTEB. TA.

CONTENTS

Names of now {renera and species in italics.

Acolla haldemani 20

Aehatina achatina. eg:}r-layin«ir 95

Adelopoma eostarieense 33

Aesopus (Gh/pfacsopus) coxi Far<;o Ill

Africa ' 95

Albino 32, 105

American Malacolojrical Union, meeting 56

Ariolimax columbianus, food 49

Arion atcr 70

ArmifTcrus 30, 71

Atlantic marines 19, 31, 32, 35, 44, 47, 53, 71, 72, 90, 104,

109, 112

Boston Malacolofrical Club 143

Brevimallcus McLean for Fundella DeGregorio 70

Bulimulus, subfrenus Pacniscutalus, & anatomy 11, 70

B. incarum Pilsbrv 11

Canada ' 20, 27, 144

California 49, 51

Cassis delta Parker 91

Cassis tuberosa 35

Cepaea 35, 132

Clench iella Abbott (Amnicolidac) 70

Clenchiella victoriae Abbott 70

Coluhraria patwmcih'iis Maxwell Smith 55

Coluhraria pcrla M. Smith 55

Condylocardia 106

Costacallista eucymata 44

Crassispira pcrla Maxwell Smith 53

Cyclostrema vclcronis Stronf? & Hertlein 31

Cymatium cynocephalum 72

Cypraea 16, 34, 42

Dates of The Nautilus ( 1 ) : iii

Description of jrastropods 114

Dii)lom()rpha delatouri, anatomy 121

Dryniacus ninltilineatus 71

Elliptio coniplanatus 127

Ensis directus 72

Florida, inland 71

Florida, marine 19, 31, 32, 44, 47, 72, 90, 109

Gastrodonta fonticnla Wurtz 86

Ilegner, Carl 143

IV THE NAUTILUS

Illinois 6

lolina Bail\ , for lolaea A. Adams 107

Jamaica 37

Lamarck's Prodrome 60, 134

Leptinaria unilamellata, anatomy pi. 1

Littorina littorea 71

Massachusetts 35

Michigan 103

Monadenia fidelis semialba 143

Murex vittatus minusculus Maxwell Smith 54

Musculium, reproduction 6

Naticarius verae Rehder 19

New Jersej^ 1, 4

New York 132

Oregon 70

Oxychilus alliarium 36

Pacific Islands 36, 119

Pacific marines 16, 31, 34, 42, 73, 106, 107

Paeniscutalus Wurtz, subgenus of Bulimulus 11

Perplicaria clarki Maxwell Smith 55, 112

Philippines 29, 42, 75

Placostylus, anatomy 122

Plenrodonte (Dentellaria) bernardi Kimball 37

Polygyra virginiana Paul Burch 40

Polygyridae, mating and anatomy 97

Potamolithus, type species 105

Prohytliinella lacnstris limafodens Morrison 27

Pseudantalis, type species 31

South America 11. 105

South Carolina 33

Stroml)us gigas vcrrilli 31

Strombus samba 32

Synopeas, anatomy pi. 1

Torinia canalifera 104

Trigonostoma elegant ula Maxwell Smith 54

Trochus of Palau Islands 73

Vexilinm {Uruniltra) healcyi Fargo 110

Virginia .35, 40

Vitularia salebrosa cxtensa Maxwell Smith 54

Viviparus burroughianus 29

Washington 144

West Virginia 80

Zoogenetes harpa 103

INDEX TO ALTHORS

Abbott. K. Tucker 75

Alexander. Robert C 1, 4, 71

Andrews, E. A 95

Athearn. Mrs. Roy C 143

Baker. II. Burrinii-ton (see Cooke and) . . . .plate 1, (1) : iii, 71

Bailv, Joshua L.. Jr 107

Blalie. Charles II 32

Bureh, Paul R 40

Chaee, Elsie M 143

Clench, W. J 71, 104, 105

Cooke, C. Montagrue. Jr. & H. B. Baker 36

Dodjre, Ilenrv HO, 134

Everdam, Walter J 143

Farjro. William G 109

Flipse, Robert C 132

Foster, Richard W 35

Gardner, Julia 73

Gifford, D. S. & E. W 105

Haas. Fritz 33

Harbison, Anne (see Wurtz &).

Ilelfer. Jaccjues R 42

Herrin<rton, II. B 20

Hertlein, L. G. (see Strong &) and A. M. Strong 106

Ingram, William Marcus 34

Ingram & Karl W. Kenyon 51

Ingram & Ann Peterson 49

Ingram and Harold Trapido 16

Kenyon, Karl W. (see Ingram &)

Kimball, Dav 37

Kondo, Yoshio 119

LaRoeque, Aurele 56

McLean, R. A 70

McGintv, Thomas L 31

Matteson, .Max R 127

Morrison, J. P. E 25, 29, 30

Nixon, C. William (.see V'anCleave &)

Palmer, Katherine VanWinkle 44

Parker, John Dyas 90

Peterson, Ann (see Ingram &)

Pilsbrv, Ilenrv A 31

Rehder, Harald A 19, 35, 70

Ross, James M 103

Smith, Maxwell 53

V

VI THE NAUTILUS

Strong', A. M. (see Hertlein &) and L. G. Hertlein 31

Trapido, Harold (see Ingram &)

VanCleave, Harlev J., A. Gilbert Wright & C. W. Nixon . . 6

Verrill, A. Hyatt 32, 47, 72

Webb, Glenn R 97

Wilson, Druid 112

Wright, A. Gilbert (see VanCleave &)

Wurtz, Charles B 11, 70, 80

Wurtz & Anne Harbison 114

The Nautilus

Vol. 61 July, 1947 No. 1

FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS OF CAPE MAY POINT,
NEW JERSEY

By ROBERT C. ALEXANDER

Although more than two-thirds of Cape May County, the
southernmost county in New Jersey, is surrounded by salt water,
there are several fresh water lakes within its borders. Two of
them, besides a smaller fresh water pond, are within sound of
the waves at the point where the bay and ocean meet.

Lily Lake (Lake Lilly), 650 yards long and 200 yards wide
at its greatest width, nestles among the pine w'oods at Cape May
Point just off the highway. It is a fairly shallow, spring-fed
lake with a muddy bottom and, apparently, no effectual outlet.

Before the coming of the white man, the lake supplied sweet
water ^ for the Kechemeches, a band of Indians belonging to
the peace-loving Lenni-Lenape or Delaware tribe, who hunted
birds and small game, fished, and dug mollusks at the Point;
and it was known to the first white settlers, whalers and their
families from New England and Long Island, who settled on
the bay shore a short distance above the Point in the middle of
the seventeenth century.

During the American Revolution, patriotic residents on the
cape dug a huge ditch passing through sand dunes at places
sixteen feet high from Lily Lake to Pond Creek which emptied
into Delaware Bay to let in salt water and frustrate the plans
of the captains of British warships who were accustomed to
anchor off the point send parties ashore to fill the ships' casks
with fresh water from the lake.

On several occasions between twenty and thirty years ago,
the ocean washed over the meadows between Cape I\Iay and Cape
May Point, flooding them deep with water. The flood waters

1 The Indiana called fresh water "sweet water" and salt water "bitter
water."

(1)

2 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

backed up into Lily Lake and again it was filled with salt water
as it had been during the Revolution.

In spite of the introduction of salt water in the past, the
water in the lake is nearly, if not entirely, fresh now. Handsome
and fragrant water lilies bloom on its surface all summer long;
and it is inhabited by bass, perch, carp, catfish, eels, frogs, turtles,
harmless snakes and at least five species of small moUusks.

On September 25, 1946, I found the shells of Physa hetero-
stropha (Say), Pseudosuccinea columella (Say), Gyraulus par-
vus (Say), and Musculium partumeium (Say) on soft wet mud
at a spot usually under water below an oak tree standing by
itself on the east bank at the narrow north end of the lake.
Further investigation disclosed all of these species except Mjis-
culium partumeium alive. They were clinging to the bottom
of lily pads and other objects in the water near the shore to-
gether with the fresh water limpet Ferrissia rivularis (Say).

More than fifty shells of Physa heterostropha were collected,
the largest ones being only about half the usual size. The lake
seems to be inhabited by a dwarf race of this species. The
tendency toward smallness is noticeable in other species here and
is probably due to ecological conditions.

Less than a mile above Lily Lake, on the bay shore between
Cape May Point and Iligbees Beach, is Davey's Lake. It is a
fairly deep, spring-fed lake, 340 yards long and 80 yards wide,
hidden among the sand dunes 150 yards in from the bay. The
bottom is sandy except for a few places along the west shore,
and there is no visible outlet. Recently, large areas of the lake
have been overgrown with pondweed.

The lake was dug by the Cape May Sand Company about
1910, and named for old David Wiltshire, a well-liked employee
of the company, who helped to dig it.

Although digging operations at the lake were abandoned many
years ago, remains from the time Avhen the lake was being dug
can still be seen — stretches of the old railroad used to haul sand
from the lake to the sand plant with some of the old wooden
railroad ties still in place; lengths of steel cable coiling in and
out of the sand in clearings among thickets of cedar, holly, bay-
berry, and beach plum growing on the shore ; a mound of cinders
rising above dwarf sumac, groundsel, and dune grasses inter-

July, 1947] THE nautilus 3

spersed with the ever-present poison ivy; and a rectan{?ular
woddtMi bulkht'aii formerly used to support dredging apparatus,
almost submergeil in the water.

When the first warm sunny days of spring make lessons a
chore, schoolboys from nearby sneak away to Davey's Lake to
forget their assignments and go buck bathing in the clear cool
water. And charred wood on the sand by the water's edge marks
the spot where a fire made by a party of young people burned
bright under a starry summer sky.

Like Lily Lake, Davey's Lake is inhabited by fish, frogs,
turtles, harmle.ss snakes — black snakes, ribbon snakes, water
snakes — and at least two species of small mollusks.

PseudosHccinca columella (Say) lives sparsely along the west
shore. Colonies of Physa hcterostropha (Say) can be found
half-buried or bidding under objects along the water line in the
east and west bays, and along the west shore near the narrow
south end of the lake. I collected both species there October 3,
1946. They may have been introduced accidentally with bass
with which the lake has been stocked from time to time.

The following list presents comparative measurements for the
largest shell of each species collected in the lakes and Say's
types: Physa hcterostropha in Lily Lake, yjc inch; in Davey's
Lake V^ inch; Say's type, ^^ inch. Pseudosuccinea columella in
Lily Lake, slightly over y^ inch ; in Davey's Lake Y^c inch ; Say's
type, nearly yio inch. Gyraulus parvus in Lily Lake, \ii, inch;
Say's type, Y^ inch. Ferrissia rivularis in Lily Lake, slightly
over Yii inch (Say's type, Yi inch). Musc.ulium partumeium in
Lily Lake, ^lo inch in length, %o inch in breadth (Say's type,
%u inch in length, '^Yn) inch in breadth).

4 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

REPORT ON THE LAND MOLLUSKS OF CAPE
MAY, N. J.

By ROBERT C. ALEXANDER -

(Continued from January number)

William B. Marshall reported finding a single specimen of
Succinea avara Say "on the ocean front at 8th Avenue, Mount
Vernon (now South Cape May), between Cape May City and
Capt May Point . . . not more than 200 feet from the line of
high tide" in August, 1890. Dr. Pilsbry, comparing other
specimens obtained from that locality by Marshall, reported
that they "seem referable to S. aurea rather than to S. avara;
though it must be acknowledged that the determination of Suc-
eineas is often far from certain."

Many changes have occurred at South Cape May since Mar-
shall made his collections there. The ocean has cut into the
shore ; many of the houses and hotels that used to stand there
have been washed away by the ocean ; and almost every vacant
lot has some of the wreckage of old buildings scattered over it.
Sometimes during the fall and winter when the ocean is
whipped by storms and tides run unusually high, great waves
sweep over the crest of the beach and wash through the streets
to the meadows beyond with such force it seems as if they would
destroy the dozen and a half buildings that still remain.

In spite of time and the ocean, Succinea aurea can still be
found alive at South Cape May. After a brief search, I found
living specimens, mostl}' under boards in the quarter-block area
at the southwest corner of 9th Avenue (Bayshore Road) and
Mount Vernon Avenue, only a block from where Marshall found
his original specimen in 1890.

The largest one I collected and two or three smaller ones were
clinging to the under side of a broken section of shingle roof
lying on the sand beside a clump of dune grass and goldenrod
less than fifty feet from the line of normal high tide.

For half an hour or more, I sat on an old log beside a small
stagnant pool in this same quarter-block area examining a heap
of broken sticks lying on the wet ground to see if there were

• Inly. 1;147] THE NAUTILUS " 5

niollusks on any of tlioin. Small Dcroccras retirulnfum
(Miiller) and D. lacve (Miiller), two species of slujrs often found
tofrether. were under most of the damp sticks. The place, as the
sayinj; jroes, was literally crawlinp: with tiiem. In many cases,
the sticks were shared with Vertigo ovata Say.

I used a light stirrinfr spoon with a slender handle and a bowl
half an inch in diameter to transfer the tiny siiells of Vertigo
ovata to a jrlass vial pushing or rolling the shells into the bowl
with the tip of one finger. Generally, I prefer this method for
collecting tiny shells to attempting to pick them up between the
fingers, an almost impossible undertaking, or using tweezers
where too much pressure, however unintentional, will crush the
little shells to fragments.

While I was collecting these shells, one of the few residents
remaining at South Cape May so late in the year came to find
out what I was doing, suggested that I hunt for larger shells
that were often washed up on the beach by the surf and were
much easier to see them than such little ones, and cheerfully
began to help me when I persisted in my search for the little
ones.

The October sun was setting behind a bank of gray clouds
and a chill wind was blowing in from the ocean when I left
South Cape May that afternoon. I had collected a dozen or
more Succinea aurea Lea, several Deroceras reticulatum
(Miiller), and D. laeve (Miiller), and forty or fifty Vertigo ovata
Say ranging from young to full-grown individuals. The helpful
resident had long since returned home.

The following species of land mollusks were collected at Cape
May, 1945-1946, and are now in the collection of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Cape May Point : Dero-
ceras laeve (iMiiller), Strohilops labyrinthica (Say), Triodopsis
albolabris var. maritima (Pilsbry), Vertigo milium (Gould),
T'. pygmaea (Drap.), Zonitoides arhoreus (Say) ; a young speci-
men tentativeh' identified as Gastrocopta pellucida var. hordea^
cella (Pilsbry) was found in earth taken from a cedar grove on
the bay shore behind the sand plant. Cape ]\Iay City : Cochli-
copa luhrica (Miiller), Deroceras reticulatum (Miiller), Limax
maximus Linne, Mesodon thyroidus (Say), Vertigo pygmaea
(Drap.), Zonitoides arhoreus (Say). South Cape May: Dero-

6 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

ceras laeve (Miiller), D. rcticulaium (Miiller), Succinea aurea
Lea, Vertigo ovata Say.

Dr. Pilsbry collected the following species at Cape May in
August, 1898: Cape May Point, where he noted "the snails are
everywhere, so far as my own experience goes, confined to the
cedar groves": Deroceras laeve (Miiller), Gastrocopta pellucida
var. hordeacella (Pilsbry), G. pentodoti (Say), Triodopsis albo-
lahris var. maritima (Pilsbry), Vertigo milium (Gould), Zoni-
toides arhoreus (Say). Hawaiia minuscula (Binney) was found
"a few miles further northwest." Cape May City: VaUonia
pulchella (Miiller) and Pupoides marginatus (Say) at the gas
works on Lafayette Street.

Other species collected at Cape May: Oxychilus cellarium
(Miiller), cement wall at Cape May City (James B. Clark,
1933) ; Vallonia excentrica Sterki, Cape May City (Robert
Walton Collection, undated) ; Helicodiscus parallelus (Say),
Cape May Point (Witmer Stone, 1918).

Bibliography

Marshall, William B., Littoral Land Shells of New Jersey.
Nautilus, June, 1892, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 19.

Pilsbrv, Henry A., Littoral Land Shells of New Jersey. Nauti-
lus,'April, 1892, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 141-142.

Pilsbry, Henry A., Land Snails of Cape May, N. J. Nautilus,
November, 1900, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 73-75.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON REPRODUC-
TION IN THE MOLLUSCAN GENUS
MUSCULIUM

Bt HARLEY J. VAN CLEAVE, A. GILBERT WRIGHT, and
C. WILLIAM NIXON

Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Illinois

The genus Musculium of the molluscan family Sphaeriidae
has been but little investigated for details of its reproductive
habits. Gilmore (1917), in his treatment of the morphology,
reproduction and growth of various species of the family, gave
brief consideration to M usculium (runcatum. Aside from occa-

July. 1947] THE NAl'TILUS 7

sional isolated notes, this is the only treatment of reproduction
in a member of this {jenus. A series of five biolo«rical studies by
K. Okaila (llKJ.Vig.'iS) on Musculium hctcrodon of Japan is often
cited in the literature. However, in the fourth section of this
series of papers there is a correction indicatinor that the species
had been erroneously identified. In a footnote it was revealed
that the species studied was not a Musculium but the material
represented two distinct varieties of Sphaerium japonicum.

The question of validity of Musculium as a genus distinct from
Sphaerium has been raised frequently, most recently by Brooks
and Ilerrinjrton (1944). It has long been recognized that
Sphaerium and Musculium have many features in common.
Many investigators see in their similarity evidence of common
ancestry which is best reflected by placing the two genera in the
same sub-family (Sphaeriinae) while others are just as sure
that the same evidences indicate such close relationship that the
two nominal genera represent but one valid genus. Some of
the observations presented in the present paper indicate rather
pronounced differences between one species of Sphaerium and
certain species of Musculium. Here again, a decision cannot be
reached until other species are investigated to determine if the
differences are purely specific or if they reflect taxonomic dis-
tinctions of a higher order.

Throughout the literature on Sphaeriidae, taxonomic distinc-
tions at all levels have always been made with considerable diffi-
culty. The late Dr. Sterki was the only recent American worker
who had directed enough attention to members of the family to
be recognized as a competent authoritative specialist on the
group. Unfortunately, many of his observations and conclusions
regarding species and varieties have never been published. This
is particularly unfortunate since there seems to be a very general
tendency to believe that his enthusiasm for the group led him
to recognize minor shell and habitat difference which some other
students consider as relatively unimportant and unstable as
taxonomic characteristics. The present writers would warn
that wholesale rejection of Sterki 's conclusions on species and
subspecies by present day conchologists might lead to serious
errors in interpretation of the biology and taxonomy of members
of this familv.

8 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

For more than a quarter of a century, the senior author of
this paper has collected Sphaeriidae in central Illinois and in ad-
joining states. Many of these collections were sent to Dr. Sterki
who always identified the lots and reported on them with appar-
ent enthusiasm. His holograph reports often contained refer-
ences to manuscript names with notes on geographical and eco-
logical distribution of the new forms and observations on the
distinctive features of the shells. In collections from Urbana,
Illinois, several lots taken at various times from small, weedy
streams and ox-bow ponds were reported as representing a species
previously undeseribed but close to Muscnlium partumeiuin
(Say). The manuscript name will not be cited here since its
occurrence in print might add confusion to a nomenclatorial
problem already seriously involved. The specimens which Dr.
Sterki intended to designate as types of his new species close to
M. partumeium (Say) are doubtless in his collections and his
manuscript notes are probably available. The senior author of
this paper has a small series named by Dr. Sterki which he
would be glad to make available to anyone seriously interested
in the taxonomie problems involved.

Specimens from a similar habitat, an artificially created ox-
bow pond at Urbana, Illinois, locally dignified with the name
"Crystal Lake," were submitted to the United States National
Museum for identification. Dr. Paul Bartsch named these speci-
mens Muscnlium partumeium (Say). These seem in every way
identical with collections which have come from other local
weedy ponds and ditches. Representatives from this one habi-
tat have now been under observation for a number of years.
The present study is confined to observations on the natural
populations and on the number and size of the marsupial young.
Mr. A. Gilbert Wright studied periodic samples through the
summer and fall of 1945 and C. William Nixon made similar
studies in the summer of 1946. The results are too fi-aguiontary
to be presented in detail but some of the observations will be
presented at this time.

The shells living normally in this habitat ranged from 1.5
to 10.8 mm. in length, although there were but few individuals
that reached a length of 9 mm. In the field collecting, 829 in-
dividuals of M. partumeium were taken from July G to November

I

July, llMTl THE NAl'TILUS 9

10. I5t4."). Of this iiuinber only :{G shells were 9 mm. or moro in
lenjrth and only .'i oxeeeded 10 mm. The Iar«;est shells were
found chiefly from fluly to September. In October and No-
vember there was an increasinjily <;reat number of larjre dead
shells encountered while collecting; the samples. The fact that
living: shells of the larg:est size group were wholly lacking in the
November collection sugjjests the possibility that in this species,
as Foster found in Sphacriuni solidulum, most individuals live
somewhat less than a year.

A representative series of several collections was dissected
under a wide field dissecting binocular microscope to secure in-
formation on the number and size of the marsupial young. The
brood chambers are borne on the inner gills, with characteristi-
cally a large and a smaller pouch in each inner gill. Complete
observations were made on the young carried by 112 individuals
in two collections taken in June and July, just two weeks apart.
In this species there seems to be no set size at which individuals
begin to bear young. Most of the individuals having a shell
length of 4 mm. or more bore young in some stage of development.
One specimen only 3.5 mm. long carried two marsupial young
0.585 and 0.668 mm. respectively.

Foster (1932, page 486) called attention to the fact that in
Sphaerium solidulum each gill of a gravid female characteristi-
cally contained either one or two young, making a total of 2 or
4 borne by the parent individual. In the habitat under con-
sideration, Miisculium partumeium is much more prolific than
S. solidulum. Eight to 18 were very common numbers of
marsupial young in the former. Gilmore (1917) recorded find-
ing 24 marsupial young in one individual of Musculium irunca-
ium. If such a distinction in numbers of young should be found
in other species of Musculium and Sphaerium, this biological fact
might add support to the morphological differences between the
two genera.

Marsupial young under 0.6 mm. in length very rarely had a
definite shell and as embryos were not included in the measure-
ments. At the upper end of the scale, young 1.3 to 1.5 mm. in
length were not uncommon. The latter size is that at which
many individuals become free living and some were encountered

10 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

in the field collections. Gravid individuals frequently shed
young prematurely when handled. This fact may account for
the occurrence of some exceptionally small individuals found
in preserved field samples.

While there is considerable variation in the size of the young
of the same brood pouch, the marsupial young in a given parent
individual are very commonly of two distinct sizes. The dis-
parity in numbers of young in the brood pouches of the same
individual was rather great. In many individuals having but
a few of the advanced young and greater number of the smaller
size brood this was probabl}' due to the fact that some of the
largest young had been discharged, either normally or prema-
turely. In only about one fourth of the individuals studied were
there identical numbers of young in the two gills but in no in-
stance was the number in one gill more than four greater than
in the other gill of the same parent. In considering the sizes of
the young recorded for each parent, there seemed to be a strong
tendency for many of the measurements to be "paired." Often
the two or more young of identical size were in the same gill but
in many instances they were on opposite sides of the body. A
single example of the contents of the more mature brood pouches
borne by a 6.2 mm. individual will be cited, with the paired
members of the brood indicated :

Size of young in mm.

Left gill: 1.25 1.27 paired 1.27

paired
Right gill: 1.25 1.29 paired 1.29 1.14

Soon after the fully formed young are set free, a new brood
of embryos starts to form. In no instance have embryos, small
marsupial young and large marsupial young been observed in
the same individual.

As originally planned this study was to be carried througiiout
the year. A few individuals of Sphncrium and Pisidium began
to appear in the habitat under observation. Certain recognition
of the newly born young demanded such close scrutiny for segre-
gation that the studv was abandoned.

4

I

July. 1047] THE NAUTILUS 11

Keferencej;

Brooks. S. T., and Ilerrin-ton. H. B. 1944. The Sphaeriidae,
a preliminarv survey. Nautilus 57 (3) : 93-97.

Foster, T. I). ' 1932. Observations on the life history of a
fingernail shell of the «;enus Sphacriuni. Jour. Morph. 53
(3) : 473-497.

Gilmore. R. J. 1917. Notes on reproduction and j^rowth ni
certain viviparous mussels of the family Sphaeriidae. Nau-
tilus 31 : 16-31.

Okada, K. 1935. Some notes on Musculium heterodon (Pils-
bry), a fresh-water bivalve. I. The jrenital system and the
painetogreuesis. Sci. Kepts., Tohoku Imp. Univ., Biol. 9 (4) :
315-328.

. 1936. Some notes on Sphacriuni japonicum hiwa^nse

Mori, a fresh-water bivalve. IV. Gastrula and fetal larva.
Ihid. 11 (1): 49-68.

A NEW SUBGENUS, PAENISCUTALUS, AND THE
ANATOMY OF ITS TYPE SPECIES

By CHARLES B. WURTZ

Through the kindness of Dr. Joseph Bequaert, I have had the
opportunity to dissect specimens of the snail hitherto known as
Megalobulimus (Microborus) incarum Pilsbry under the direc-
tion of Dr. H. B, Baker, to whom I am much indebted for guid-
ance. I also want to thank Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for the interest he
has so generously displayed in this problem.

The dissection was made to determine the position of Megalo-
bulimus incarum Pils., which Dr. Pilsbry described as a new-
species of Strophocheilidae (Naut. 58: 29). The description
of this species was ba.sed on two dead shells lacking periostracum,
and with the sculpture of the nepionie whorls nearly obliterated.
The type and paratype are number 180677 in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. These were col-
lected by Dr. W, Weyrauch at Huaraz, Peru, at an elevation of
3000-3200 meters.

Dr. Bequaert received considerably more of this material from
Dr. Weyrauch, and also received five living animals from

12 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

Tapacocha, Peru (elevation 3000-3500 meters). He suggested
that this species was a member of the Bulimulidae rather than
of the Strophocheilidae, and the dissections prove him correct.

The genus BuUmulus Leach (Man. Conch. 10: 125) contains
those bulimuli "with apical whorls either smooth, vertically
costulate or wrinkled, or with the wrinkles interrupted and
broken into granules." Pilsbry further divides the genus into
three divisions on the basis of the sculpture of the uepionic
whorls. (Pilsbry, however, states that this is but a classifica-
tion for convenience, not infallible, and secondary to anatomical
structures.) The second division, comprised of those forms
"sculptured with waved, zig-zag or irregular vertical wrinkles,"
contains three subgenera : Plecostylus Beck, Scutalus Albers. and
typical BuUmulus (s.s.). These are separable on conchological
and anatomical characters. Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila-
delphia 82: 356, 1930) proposes Pseudoxychona as a new section
of BuUmulus. Thiele (Handb. Syst. Weichtierk., 2nd part, p.
656, 1931) raises this to subgeneric rank. It would belong to
Pilsbry 's third division of BuUmulus (nepionic whorls sculp-
tured with vertical riblets), Pilsbry further proposes (op. cit.)
a subgenus Scansicohlea (Scansicochleaf) , which is conchologi-
cally near typical BuUmulus (s,s.), but differs b}' microscopic
spiral striation without axial wrinkles. Further, this subgenus
has a penial verge. Thiele (op. cit.) includes Bostryx Troschel
as a subgenus of BuUmulus as did Pilsbry (iNIan. Conch. 10:
127). However, Pilsbry later (]\Ian. Conch. 14, Classification
and Index to Volumes 10 to 14, 1902) considers Bostryx a section
of the first division (with smooth apical whorls) of BuUmulus.

It becomes necessary to erect a new subgenus of BuUmulus to
contain the species under consideration.

Paeniscutalus, new subgenus of Bulimulus

Type: MegalohuUmus incarum Pilsbry (Naut. 58: 29, 1944)
= BuUmulus incarum (Pilsbry).

The conchological characters are as delimited in the type
description, but with two nepionic whorls rather than one and
two thirds. The color of the shell, with periostracum, is a uni-
form Mikado brown to orange cinnamon with a scarcely per-

I

July, U)47l THE NAUTILUS 13

i-t'ptible pcriphoral baiul (width, one mm.) of a somewhat darker
brown bordered by indistinct broader bands (width, 1.5 mm.)
of clay color. The peripheral band passes above the suture on
tiie penultimate whorl. The brown of tiie shell fades to cinna-
mon buff at the peristome. (Colors from Kidjirway.)

The coneholofrical characters place Bulimulus {Paenufcutalus)
incarum (Pils.) in the second division of the g:enus Bulimulus
(s.l.). The radula of B. incarum (Pils.) consists of ll'J trans-
verse rows of teeth with the formula 34 : 1 : 34. The central tooth
is tricuspid. All the laterals are bicuspid (fi?. 9). The central
tooth of the specimen figured has a length of 58. o microns, and
a width of 31.5 microns. The first lateral has the same length,
but is 34.2 microns wide. The teeth figured are the central (C),
and first (1). tenth (10), twentieth (20), and thirtieth (30)
laterals as indicated (fig. 9). {Plectostylus has 101 teeth in a
transverse row with only the inner 14 laterals bicuspid and the
remainder tricuspid. In Scutahis, no ectocones occur on the
central or the inner laterals. The ectocone appears at about
the 18th lateral.) The radular characters approach typical
Bulimulus (s.s. ).

The shell is decidedly distinct from typical Bulimulus (s.s.),
being ovate rather than cylindric, and larger than any typical
Bulimulus. The five adult shells in this lot have the following
dimensions, which are all smaller than the type and paratype :

Major

Whorls

Height in mm.

Diameter in mm.

4.4

27.1

16.8

4.3

24.0

14.6

4.4

25.9

14.6

4.1

22.3

15.6

4.1

22.3

14.0

The pallial complex of Bulimulus incarum (Pils.) (fig. 6) is
typically bulimuloid. The kidney is equilaterally triangular
with the length equal to the length of the pericardium. The
reflected ureter (sigmurethrous) is a closed tube throughout
its length, and opens into a triangular urinary chamber within
the pneumostome. Visible venation is confined for the most
part to the region between the hindgut and the kidney and
pulmonary vein. The pulmonary vein receives a complex of

14 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

heavy veins in the immediate vicinity of the pneumostome
(somewhat obscured in the figure by the mantle collar). Two
distinct veins lie to the left of the pulmonary vein, and roughly
parallel it. The one nearest the pulmonary vein is a branch
of the lateral sinus, and extends from the anterior margin of the
lung to a point just short of the kidney. The other is the
pericardial vein, which extends from the pericardium about
half the distance to the anterior margin of the lung. Heaviest
pigmentation (of very fine uniform dots) is from the pericardial
vein to the hindgut. The reno-pericardial orifice is near the
posterior end of the pericardium at about the center of the
ventricle.

The mantle collar of this species (fig. 7) has the angulopalatal
(a) and basopalatal (b) mantle lappets well separated. The
parietal (p) mantle lappet rises from the left of the pneumo-
stome (pn) and the angulopalatal rises from the right of it. A
small parietal shell-lobe (si) is present at the angle where the
shell suture occurs.

The jaw (fig. 8) is composed of about 14 irregular plaits,
not converging in the middle to form a triangular area. The
jaw is green on the dorsal edge but changes to a golden yellow
at the cutting edge. Normally the jaw is more arcuate than
figured. The radula is of the helicid type with a pattern of
very broad "Vs". It has a length of about 5 mm. and a width
of 2 mm. (See above for teeth.)

The free retractor muscle system is characteristically buli-
muloid. Three branches arise from the face of the columellar
muscle. These are somewhat bound together for a short dis-
tance. One is the left ocular retractor, one is the buccal re-
tractor (which bifurcates posterior to the buccal body), and
the third is the right ocular retractor which passes through the
penioviducal angle. The penial retractor arises from the center
of the diaphragm about one third of its length from its apical
end.

The salivary glands are lobnlate and as long as the buccal
mass. They are adnate to the oesophagus dorsally only (not
forming a ring around the oesophagus), and are distinctly sepa-
rate although bound together by connective tissue. The buccal

July, 1947] TIIK NAl'TILUS 15

mass is ellipsoid, and the crop is distinct. From tiie jaw to the
posterior end of the radular bulb is about 7 mm.

The jjenital system (fi«?s. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) is simple. The penial
retractor is short and terminal. (In an immature specimen of
3.7 whorls, 17.5 mm. heiixht and 12.S mm. diameter, the retractor
was lonjjer, beinj; a third as lonp: as the penis and epiphallus to-
gether.) The vas deferens enters the epiphallus one third of
the lenjrth below the apex of the epiphallus (base of epiphallic
fla<rellum), which is one third to one half as long: as the penis.
The vas deferens is closely bound to the epiphallus and penis and
passes through the muscular sheath at the base of the latter.
The penis is somewhat swollen at the point where the epiphallus
begins, but not distinctly so. Internal longitudinal plications
of the penis and epiphallus are scarcely interrupted at the very
slight constriction between them. (Figs. 5 are cross sections as
indicated.) The spermatheca is irregularly longitudinally pli-
cate within, about as long as the penis, and (in situ) closely
bound to the oviduct. About one third of its length above the
atrium, it swells to twice the diameter of the lower part. The
distal end does not pass over the aorta and lay near the heart.
There is no vagina ; the spermatheca opens directly into the
atrium as in typical Bulimulus (s.s.). The ovotestis consists
of fan-shaped alveoli (fig. 4) imbedded in the middle three fifths
of the liver. There is a seminal vesicle (and ovisperm duct)
leading to the carrefour which is one third the length of the
albumen gland and imbedded in it. (Fig. 2 is a lateral view of
the carrefour separated from the albumen gland.) There is no
talon present. Below the albumen gland the uterus and prostate
gland descend together for a distance equal to the length of the
penis. (Fig. 3 is a cross section as indicated.) A seminal
groove cannot be distinguished. The free oviduct is short with
the vas deferens adnate to it to the base of the penial muscle
sheath under which its passes. There is no oviducal gland as
there is in the genera Plekocheilus and Auris. (C'f. II. B. Baker,
1926, Oce. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. of Mich., No. 167.)

Dr. Bequaert, in correspondence, suggested that Bulimulu!^
incarum (Pils.) might be a synonym for Bulimulus crenellus
Philippi. Unfortunately there is no material of />'. crenellus

16 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

Phil, available for comparative purposes. Though the material
agrees with Philippi's description for the most part (in Malak.
Blatter, 1867, xiv, p. 67), there are some discrepancies. Philippi
says of B. crenellus "tenui" and "peristomate expanso, sub-
reflexo," but B. incarum (Pils.) is not thin, and the peristome
is but very slightly expanded. Philippi further says of B.
crenellus "columella fere perpendiculari," but B. incarum
(Pils.) has a strongly concave columella. B. crenellus Phil., as
figured by Pfeiffer (Nov. Conch., 1867-1869, iii, PI. 81, figs.
17-18), resembles B. incarum (Pils.) except for its straighter
columella. This figure also shows the length of the aperture as
about half the shell length, whereas in B. incarum (Pils.) the
aperture is nearly two thirds the length of the shell. Philippi's
description gives, "Long. 27, lat. obliqua (i.e. suturae parallela)
16 mill.; apert. 15 mill, alta, 8 lata." Since Philippi's descrip-
tion lacks any anatomical detail and description of the nepionic
sculpture, B. incarum (Pils.) might be left as a specific entity,
■which it probably is.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES 1 TO 9

Bulimulus (Paeniscutalus) incarum (Pils.). Fig. 1, Genitalia. Fig. 2,
Lateral view of carrefour and kidney. Fig. 3, Cross section of uterus
and prostate gland. Fig. 4, Alveoli of ovotestis. Fig. 5, Cross sections
of penis. Fig. 6, Pallial complex. Fig. 7, Mantle collar, (a) angulopalatal
mantle lappet, (b) basopalatal mantle lappet, (p) parietal mantle lappot,
(pn) pneumostome, (si) shell-lobe. Fig. 8, Jaw. Fig. 9, Teeth, (c)
central, (1) Ist lateral, (10) 10th lateral, (20) 20th lateral, (30) 30th
lateral.

CYPRAEA CERVINETTA KIENER AND CYPRAEA
ARABICULA LAMARCK

By WILLIAM MARCUS INGRAM
Mills College, California,

AND

HAROLD TRAPIDO

Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Panama

The included data add iiiforniatinn to the little recorded ob-
servations on the natural history of the Cypraeidae. Six mature

July. 1947]

THE NAUTILUS

17

Bulimulus (Paeniscutalus) incarum (Pilsbry).
See p. 16.

18 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

individuals of Cypraea cervinetta Kiener and three of Cypraea
arahicula Lamarck were collected alive at San Francisco de
Caleta, a suburb of Panama City,

The collections were made at an area where an outcropinor of
sea-eroded volcanic rock extends to seaward. Here there is a
maximum tide fluctuation of about twenty feet so that an ex-
tensive intertidal zone of several hundred feet is present. At
low tide, there are numerous tide pools in the area where certain
mollusks and fish are trapped or quite naturally remain when
the tide is out. The cowries referred to above were taken at the
front of the low tide zone where they were either attached to
rocks, or in pools mostly washed by waves even at low tide.
Little or no sand is present in the area and the surf is liorht.

The six individuals of C. cervinetta Kiener show quite a vari-
ation in size, varjnng from 91 mm. in leng1;h to 46 mm. in width
to 36 mm. in height to 61 mm. by 32 mm. by 26 mm. The inter-
mediate stages measure with length, width, and height given
respectively in millimeters: 77 + 40.5 + 31.80, 76.5 + 38 + 31,
74 + 37 + 39, 71 + 37 + 28. The three individuals of C. ara-
hicula Lamarck measure : 29.5 + 19.5 + 15, 29 + 20 + 15, 29
+ 18.8 + 14.

Cypraea arahicula Lamarck ranges from Mazatlan, Acapuleo,
Mexico, to Cape San Lucas, Lower California, to Corinto,
Nicaragua, to Punta Dominical. Costa Rica, to Panama, to the
Galapagos Islands. It has been listed as a Pleistocene fossil
from Magdalena Bay, Lower California, by Jordan (1936) ; and
from the upper Pleistocene of Oaxaca, Mexico, by Grant and
Gale (1931) and by Palmer and Hertlein (1936).

Cypraea cervinetta Kiener is confined to the West Coast of the
Americas although without doubt it is closely related to two
Caribbean species, Cypraea cervus Linnaeus and Cypraea zebra
Linneaus. C. cervinetta ranges from Guaymas, Mazatlan, and
Mendia (Sinaloa), Mexico, to La Paz and Cape San Lucas, Lower
California, to Panama, to Cardalitos, Peru, to the Galapagos
Islands. A young specimen, Cypraea aff. cervinetta, is recorded
by Dall and Ochsner (1928) from the Pliocene of Seymour
Island, Galapagos Islands.

July. 1947] THE NAl'TILUS 19

HlUMOC.RAI'llY

Dall. W. II.. and W. II. Odisnor. ID'JS. Tertiary and Pleisto-

cono mollusi-a from the (Jalapairos Islands. I'roc. Calif. Acad.

Sei., 17: 4, pp. 89-i;W.
Jordan, E. K. 1986. The Pleistoeene fauna of Mafjdalena liay,

Lower California. Contri. Dept. Geol., Stanford University,

1 : 4, pp. 107-173.
Grant, U. S.. and H. R. Gale. 1931. Catalogrue of the marine

Pliocene and Pleistocene moUusea of California and adjacent

regrions. Mem. San Diefro Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, pp. 1-1036.
Palmer, R. IL. and L. G. Ilertlein. 1936. ^Marine Pleistocene

moUusks from Oaxaca. Mexico. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci.,

35: 2, pp. 65-81.

A NEW SPECIES OF NATICARIUS FROM FLORIDA ^
By HAKALD a. RENDER

We have recently received from Mr. Frank Lyman two speci-
mens of an interesting Naticarius from INIarco Island, west
Florida, which appears to be undescribed. This is remarkable
not only because of the size of the shell, but also because it comes
from a region which has been fairly well explored for many
years. All evidence points towards the fact that this is an
authentic record, and it leaves me no alternative but to describe
this as new, in spite of the fact that neither shell has the oper-
culum. Mr, Lyman informs me that Mr. Harold Post of Chester-
field, New Hampshire, collected two additional specimens at the
same place, also without operculum.

Naticarius verae. new species. Plate I, two upper figures.

Shell of medium size for the genus, similar in form to Nati-
carius canrena (Linnc). Nuclear whorls worn, somewhat
smooth, of an opacjuc-glassy color; first i)()stnuclear whorl pale
brownish, antepenultimate and penultimate whorls are light
bluish gray in color. Last whorl with several spiral zones of
color arranged as follows: A narrow subsutural white band,
which is present from the first postnuclear whorl onwards, is

1 Puhlishcd by permission of the Secretan- of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution.

20 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

followed by a moderately broad band of a maize yellow color;
below this is a band twice as broad of a vinaceous pink color,
somewhat darker in the upper part ; just below the periphery
is a narrow whitish band, with a very faint yellowish overcast ;
between this and the broad white umbilical area is a moderately
broad band of the same color as the broad band above, but
slightly darker. The two darker bands are faintly and irregu-
larly axially streaked with darker color, and there are often ob-
scure and irregular spiral color lines.

Pronounced retractively slanting grooves run down from the
suture, as in N. canrena, and the umbilicus also is similar to that
in N. canrena, moderately broad, with a strong funicle. The
operculum is unknown.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 485562, measures: Height, 27 mm.;
greatest diameter, 25.5 mm. It was collected by Mrs. Frank
Lyman on Marco Beach, Marco Island, Collier County. A
slightly larger but more worn paratype is entered in our collec-
tion as U.S.N.M. No. 485563.

This shell seems to be closely related in general aspect to
Naticarius canrena (Linne), differing of course, markedly in its
color pattern, and I am placing it in Naticarius with very little
hesitation, even though we do not have an operculum. It is
named for Mrs. Frank Lyman.

ACELLA HALDEMANI IN ONTARIO, CANADA

By H. B. HERRINGTON
Newburgh, Ontario

Acella haldemani Deshayes is one of our rarest and most grace-
ful shells. Its scarcity has precluded the accumulation of in-
formation on its life history. The purpose of the present author
is to record observations and comments on this snail in Ontario.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Baker (1928) says, "Vermont
and eastern Ontario west to Northern Minnesota, south to North-
em Illinois and Ohio,"

DISTRIBUTION IN ONTARIO: Mr. Aurele LaRocque writes
me as follows (Feb. 14, 1947), "There is an old, erroneous record
of this species for the Rideau River, near Ottawa, Out. ... I

Till-: XAITIMS: (11 (1

I'LATK 1

Xaticaiiii.^ vrnit Rdidor (p. 19).

Leptinaria un/lamellata
penial apex

S!/,u,,uas brrkloniim (Pfr.) : Dis.sn-ti-il genitalia and oi)tJcal longilu.lii.al
si'ctioii of iK'iii.s. Lrpliiiaria iniihimrUata (Oil..) : penial apex. (Sri' H.
Bnrriiiyton F'.:,k.r, ]!»4.-.. N.nit. :^H■. <»].)

•July. 1947] THE NAUTILUS 21

left it out of my account of the Mollusra of Ottawa (Can. Field-
Nat. 52: 115).'' And apain (Feb. 21, 1947), "As to the Ottawa
record: the locality is given exactly by Heron; and Latchford,
Mr. Fairbairn, Mr. C. E. Johnson and 1 have repeatedly combed
the Rideau River at Billings' Bridge for this species, without
success. t>omeone, 1 think Latchford, thought that Heron mis-
took some young Lyinnaea stagnalis jugularis for .4. haMcmatii.
The Lffmnaea is still abundant at Billings' Bridge ... if Acclla
haldeinani ever was found at Billings' Bridge, I can assure you
that it no longer lives there, nor anywhere else in the Ottawa
region. I have combed the Rideau River and Canal many times
in the last 15 years, as well as the Ottawa and many of the lakes
of the region, and Acella haldemani is one species I have never
found. Hence, I felt justified in dropping it from my account
of the mollusca of Ottawa, but I see that 1 did not call attention
to the fact that I was doing so, nor did I state my reasons for
this action." (Printed with Mr. LaRocque's permission.)

There are no records in the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology
of this snail from Northern Ontario.

COMMENTS ON HABITAT: Goodrich (1932) remarks,
"The only detailed account of the collecting of this Lymnaea
has been written by Dr. Raynold J. Kirkland of Grand Rapids,
and it is herewith reprinted." The account shows that Dr. Kirk-
land collected this snail at Reed's Lake on Thanksgiving Day,
1897, and that the surface of the water was covered "with a
thin sheet of ice not thick enough to interfere with wading."
Kirkland 's statement continues, "This is a deep water .species,
which migrates shoreward in the fall, doubtless for spawning
purposes, as adults only have been captured, but this should be
verified by dissection. September 25th is the earliest date that
they have been taken, and they remain until ice forms, how
much longer is not known. They are gregarious, or at least
live in colonies. This colony has occupied an area of not more
than a few square rods any one year; and the location of this
area has not varied a hundred feet in either direction during the
ten years of its observation. . . . The home of this mollusk is
on the rushes or reeds common to all our inland waters ; in water
from one to three feet deep; and invariably from six to eight
inches from the bottom, on the side of the reed facing deep

22 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

water, the apex of the shell pointing downwards — though in a
few instances the apex has been upwards, as if in the act of
descending, ..."

Robertson (1915) comments, ''L. (Acella) haldemayii (De-
shayes) Binney; Found on the lower surface of lily-leaves in
well-sheltered muddy bays in late summer. Observed in but
two situations, both of which were removed from open water and
were especially well-protected. Several specimens secured in
each situation. Diligent search failed to reveal any during the
early summer and nothing was found to indicate their habitat
during this period. These observations agree in their main
features with Kirkland's account as given by Baker ('11).
Those secured were, however, considerably removed from deep
water; none were observed in the approaches to the bays, neither
were any secured in dredging. . . ."

(a) The present writer has found this snail in shallow water
only. In three places (Bay of Quinte at the Carrying Place,
Mississippi R. at Mazinaw L. and at Ervin's L. ; see summary.)
I found it in shallow water where deep water was close at hand.
But, on the other hand, I found empties in Mud Lake (see sum-
mary) where there is no deep water for half-a-mile. This lake
is filling in so that much of it cannot be navigated even with
a row boat until the fall rains come. And, yet, here I found
an empty, the largest on record — Goodrich says, "an extreme
size of 25 mm.," but this one had a length of 29 mm.

But more conclusive proof that some, at least, of these snails
do not require deep water was found in 1946. Having found
live specimens in a shallow enlargement of the Mississippi River
about y^ mile above Mazinaw Lake I went on a further search
up-stream on Aug. 1, 1946, and at the entrance of Mailory Creek
among the weeds on a sandy shore, in water 0 to .75 meters, 1
found three live infants. This station is three miles below
Macavoy Lake and almost one mile above ]Mazinaw Lake, and
fully Vi mile above the enlargement referred to above. It seems
out of the question for these snails to get to deep water and then
back again.

(b) I found these snails only whore there are rather coarse
grasses and pond lilies where they have .something solid to which
to cling. 1 did not find them on fine or soft weeds and grasses.

I

July. 1047] THE NAUTILUS 23

Furthermore I found that these snails have a preference for
weeds which frrow on a sandy or soft sand bottom, although a
muddy bottom was at liand if they so desired. 1 have picked
them from grass and weeds including the pond lily (yellow) a
few inrlies from the bottom. I have never found live specimens,
by dipping or otherwise, where the bottom is real muddy, I
have found them where the mud begins to pass over into sand.

(c) The three live adults collected at the Carrying Place, Bay
of Quinte. on April 19, 1945, appear as mature as the empties.
The one live adult collected at Ervin's Lake, July 10, 1945, was
also mature and had much the same appearance as the above.

I would like to emphasize that I have found infants at six
different stations in one drainage system (see summary) and in
every case they were in shallow water. This would indicate
that breeding takes place where the water is shallow. Further-
more, the smallest live specimen secured (3.3 mm.) was found at
Ervin's Lake, July 10, 1945, and no infants were found at the
Bay of Quinte, Carrying Place, April 19, 1945. This would indi-
cate that the hatching of these snails takes place in late spring.

Let me point out in addition to what is stated in (a), which
shows that my experience with these snails differs from Kirk-
land's in the matter of their seeking deep water, that although
there is nothing to show that Acclla haldemani may not, in some
localities, seek deep water for part of the year we have no record
of live specimens ever having been taken in deep water. I took
two badly bleached fragments at a depth of 3.5 meters, in ooze,
in the Bay of Quinte at the Carrying Place, Sept. 25, 1945. but
they may have been carried there by an off-shore current. (On
April, 1945, I found this shore strewn with small clams and
snails, alive and dead. On April 4, 1946, I visited the same
locality and there wa.s not a shell of any description to be found
— currents are temperamental.)

In collecting in Ervin's Lake I found these snails in numerous
spots. In other spots, for no apparent rea.son, I could find none.
It may quite well be that they live in colonies.

SUMMARY: Acclla haldemani appears to be a scarce sporadic
species in Ontario where it is known from Lake Erie, Lake On-
tario north to Georgian Bay and the head-waters of the Missis-
sippi River of the Ottawa River drainage.

24 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

A summary of the known Ontario records of Acella haldemani
follows :

Lake Huron. Georgian Bay, R. 0. ]\I. Z. number 1812-1817,
6 lots, comprising 26 shells, L. 12.0 to 19.5 mm., A. D. Robertson!
Manitoulin Is. (Georgian Bay end?), U. of Mich, number
75579, 4 shells, lengths 14.5 to 17.5 + mm. (apex broken) : fresh,
A. D. Robertson!

Lake Erie. Norfolk County, Long Point, June 11, 1927, frag-
ment of dead shell, Dr. E. M. Walker !

Lake Ontario and drainage. W entworth Co., Hamilton Bay,
Nov. 24, 1889, "Nearly 150 specimens taken, Nov. 24, on Car-
roll's Point, thrown up in drif tweed after storm." A. W. Han-
ham ! A lot of 34 shells in the Hanham collection of the
R. 0. M. Z. apparently is the remnant of that gathering. Their
lengths range from 14.6 to 27.0 mm. York Co., Meads ("Meads"
was an old hotel on Center Is. on the bay side. Water shallow),
Toronto Bay, Chief Justice Latchford! (The author collected
the shells of the balance of these records.) Hastings Co., small
creek 2i/^ miles south of Tweed, a bleached shell from post-
Pleistocene marl. Lennox and Addington Co., Camden Twp.,
Mud Lake, Oct. 12, 1942, dead shells, longest 29.0 mm. Boundary
of Northumberland Co. and Prince Edward Co., Carrying Place,
Bay of Quinte, Apr. 19, 1945, at least 3 living, lengths: 17.5
mm. with 41/4 whorls to 20.0 mm. with 4i/i> whorls, about 85
empties, depth 0 to .75 meters. Prince Edward Co., Outlet of
Spence L. into L. Ontario, June 11, 1945 and June 10, 1946, 2
lots, 4 empties.

Ottawa drainage. Lennox and Addington Co., Abinger
Twp., Mississippi R. (mouth of river about 40 miles above city
of Ottawa), 0 to % mile above Mazinaw Lake, July 20, 1944
to Aug. 1, 1946, 3 lots of live infants and a few empties, 0 to 1
meter of water; one lot has two hatchings, (a) 7 shells, L. 10.5 to
12.2 mm., (b) 5 spns., L. 7.0 to 8.5 mm.; another of these lots
also has two hatchings, (a) 2 specimens, L. 10.0 and 11.6 mm.,
(b) 1 spn., L. 5.6 mm. Abinger Twp., Ervin's L., at headwaters
of the Mississippi R., July 25 and 27, 1944, several living, mostly
infants. July 10 and 16, 1945, 10 empty, 35 live infants, 4 live
adults, lengths of living shells: 3.3 mm. with 21/^ whorls to 23,0
mm. with 4V> whorls.

The record number 75579, A. D. Robertson !, is from the Uni-
versity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., is part of the Bryant
Walker collection, and is published through the courtesy of the
Curator of Mollusk.s, Dr. lleurv van der Schalie. The other

July, lf)47] THB NAUTILUS 25

records for Kobertson and for shells collected by Dr. E. M.
Walker, A. W. Ilanliani and Chief Justice Latchford are de-
rived from shells in the Koyal Ontario Museum of Zoology,
Toronto, Out. (catalogue nos. refer to that collection), through
the kindness of the director. Prof. J. R. Dymond, and from pub-
lished accounts.

Papers Cited

Baker. F. C. "Fresh water MoUusca of Wisconsin." Two
parts. Wis. Acad, of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, 1928, p. 270.

Goodrich. Calvin. "The Mollusca of Michigan," University
Mu.seums. I'niv. of Mich.. 1932. p. 49.

H^nham, A. W. "Dist. of tlie land and fresh water shells of
the Hamilton District to the end of the year 1889." Journ.
& Proc. Hamilton Assoc, part 6. 1890, p. 115.

Robertson. A. D. "The Mollusca of Georgian Baj'." Supple-
ment 47th Annual Report Dept. of Mines (Cont. to Can. Biol.,
fasc. 11 — Fresh water fish and lake biology), 1925.

NOTES ON THE GENUS PROBYTHINELLA
(HYDROBIINAE)

By J. P. E. MORBISONi
Associate Curator, Division of MoUusls, United States National Museum

Some time ago the writer began a search through the speci-
mens of Amnicolidae contained in the United States National
Museum collections for all material belonging to the genus
Fontigens. In the course of that search, the small species de-
scribed at Paludina obtusa Lea, 1844, was found not to be the
same as that commonly called Probythinella emarginata (Kiis-
ter), 1852. Since Bryant Walker in 1901 (Nautilus 15: 30)
thought they were identical and united them, apparently no
one up to the present has critically re-examined Lea's tvpes
(U.S.X.M. No. 121394).

This writer's personal field acquaintance with the ecological
habits of the genus Fontigens, from springs and other similar

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution.

26 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

cold-water habitats, in contrast with those of Prohythinella, from
the bottom of deeper waters in the Great Lakes region, and our
larger rivers, has only served to accentuate the shell differences
seen in these two species, that have hitherto been confused.

Paludina cmarginata Kiister, 1852, is not synonymous with,
nor even congeneric with Paludina ohtusa Lea, 1841, which was
preoccupied by P. ohtusa Troschel, 1837. The name proposed
by Hannibal (Proc. Mai. Soc. London, 10: 190, 1912) cannot be
used in Prohythinella because he stated definitely that he was
renaming Lea's species. Hannibal's name is valid for P. ohtusa
Lea, a distinct species, of which the correct name is Fontigens
hinncyana (Hannibal).

The genotype of Prohythinella, at least the typical or wide-
spread form of the species, is thus left without a valid name.

Prohythinella

Prohythinella Thiele, 1928, Zool. Jahrb. 55: 369-370; geno-
type Cincinnatia (P.) emarginata (Kiister) = P. lacustris
limafodens, nomen novum, by monotypy.

Vancleaveia F. C. Baker, 1930. Trans. Ill.'State Acad. Sci. 22:
189-192; genotype V. cmarginata (Kiister) by subsequent
designation of Pilsbry, 1934, Proc. ANSP. 86 : 562, footnote.

In this footnote, Pilsbry mentions only one specific name of
the three originally included by Baker, and states that this
species [P. emarginata Kiister J is the genotype of both Prohythi-
nella and Vancleaveia. They are thus nomenclatorially equiva-
lent by isogenotypy. Although the name Vancleaveia was actu-
ally proposed in manuscript in 1928 by the late F. C. Baker, it
is necessarily a synonym because it was inadvertently delayed
two years in the process of publication. The subsequent state-
ment of Berry {loc. cit., p. 40, 1943) concerning an original
genotype designation by Baker is incorrect. It is also invalid,,
being subsequent to the designation by Pilsbry in 1934.

To briefly review the nomenclature and synonymy of the spe-
cific names: The name Paludina emarginata Kiister, 1852, was
based on a manuscript or specimen name, Lymna(us cmarginatus
Say, according to Bronn, in Kiister 's .synonymy. Since Kiister
did not state that he was renaming the species, it may be con-
vincingly argued that the synonymy is the only indication of the
source of this name L. cmarginatus. If this be true, it was a

July, 1947] THE NAUTILUS 27

homonym of Lymnaeus emarginatus Say, 1821, and preoceupit'd
by it. Ilonce the name L. emarginatus cannot be used for the
species that was described and li};ured for the first time in 1852
by K lister.

The first valid name for this species is that proposed for one of
its varieties, namely VruhythincUa lacustris Im'ustris (F. ('.
Baker). The northern form will be known as P. lacustris cana-
densis (F. C. Baker). The more widespread "typical" form
of the species may be known as P. lacustris limafoehns, nomen
novum.

Probythinella lacustris lacustris (F. C. Baker)

1928. Cincinnafia emarginata lacustris F. C. Baker, F. W.

]\Ioll. Wis. 1 : 127, pi. 7, figs. 20-23, text figs. 54 : 3, 4.
1930. Vancleaveiu lacustris F. C. Baker, Trans. 111. State

Acad. Sei. 22: 191, figs. 2: 6-8, 11.
1943. Amnicola (Probythinella) binneyana lacustris Berry,

Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., U. of Mich., no. 57: 40.
Type locality: Lake Winnebago, near Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

Probythinella lacustris canadensis (F. C. Baker)

1928. Cincinnatia emarginata canadensis F. C. Baker, F. W.

Moll. Wis. 1: 130, text figs. 54: 7, 8.
1930. Vancleaveia emarginata canadensis F. C. Baker, Trans.

111. State Acad. Sci. 22: 191, figs. 2: 3-5, 10.
1943. Amnicola (Probythinella) binneyana canadensis Berry,

Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., no. 57: 40.
Type locality : Lake Kakiska near mouth of Beaver River,
west of Great Slave Lake, about latitude 61° N., Mackenzie
District, Canada.

Probythinella lacustris limafodens, Nomen Novum

1852. Paludina emarginata Kiister, Conch. Cab., edn. 2, Palu-

dina, p. 50, pi. 10. figs. 3, 4. (Name invalid; based on

and preoccupied by Lymnaeus emarginatus Say.)
1863. Amnicola emarginata Frauenfeld, Verhandl. Zool. Bot.

Ges. Wien, 13: 1030.
1865. Paludina emarginata Binnev, L. & F. W. Shells, N. A.,

3 : 85. fig. 169.
1870. Bythinella obtusa Tryon, Cont. Ilald. Mon., pp. 48-49

(non p. 78, q.e. P. obtusa Lea).
1870. Bithinella obtusa Tryon, Cont. Hald. Mon., pi. 16. fig. 6.
1898. Cincinnatia obtusa F. C. Baker, Moll. Chicago Area, 1,

pi. 26, fig. 10.

28 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

1901. Cincinnatia cmarginata Walker, Nautilus, 15: 30 (ex-
cept Paludina obtusa Lea).

1902. Aninicola (Cincinnatia) emarginata F. C. Baker, Moll.
Chicago Area, 2: 836-7.

1912. Cincinnatia cmarginata Hannibal, Proc. Mai. Soc. Lon-
don, 10: 190 (non P. obtusa Lea, et non C. binncyana
Hannibal).

1918. Amnicola cmarginata Walker, Misc. Pub., Mus. Zool.,
U. of Mich., number 6: 136 (non P. obtusa Lea, et non
C. binncyana Hannibal).

1928. Cincinnatia emarginata F. C. Baker, F. W. Moll., Wis.,
1: 126, fins. 54; 1. 2 (except P. obtusa Lea).

1928. Cincinnaiia (ProbythincUa) cmarginata Thiele, Zool.
Jahrb., 55 : 369-70.

1929. Hoyia {Probythinella) cmarginata Thiele, Handb. Syst.
Weichtierkunde, 1 : 140, fig. 115.

1930. Vancleaveia emarginata F. C. Baker, Trans. 111. State
Acad. Sci., 22: 191, figs. 2; 1, 2, 9.

1934. Probythinella emarginata Pilsbry, Proc. ANSP, S6: 562

(except P. obtusa Lea and C. binncyana Hannibal).
1939. Hoyia {Probythinella) emarginata ^enz, Handb. Palao-

zool., 6 (Ga.stropoda) (3) : 569.
1939. ProbythincUa emarginata Wenz, ibid., p. 569, fig. 1538.
1943. Amnicola {Probythinella) binncyana Berry, Misc. Pub.,

Mus. Zool., U. of Mich., number 57 : 36 (except P. obtusa

Lea).
Type locality: North America.

This name is given to describe its normal habit of burrowing
about one quarter inch beneath the surface of the mud in deeper
water (10-20 ft.) of lakes and streams. Hundreds of specimens
of P. I. limafodens collected personally from the Jackson Park
(Chicago) Yacht Lagoons in 1934 show a definite relation of size
of individuals to type of bottom habitat. Those burrowing in
soft mud bottom were visibly larger than those from (muddy)
sand bottoms. This observed size ditference of individuals from
populations only a few hundred feet apart is probably due to
greater availability of food materials in the muddier bottoms,
with less disturbance of activity by waves and currents in the
water.

July, 1947] THE NATTILl'S 29

NOTES ON THE PHILIPPINE SNAIL, VIVIPARUS
BURROUGHIANUS LEA

By J. P. E. MORRISON i
Associate Curator, Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum

Recent receipt at the U. S. National Museum of specimens
from Luzon containiufr the animals has made possible the clari-
fication of a puzzlinj; report on the biolojry of this snail, some-
times called V. augidaris. Bryant Walker in 1919 (Nautilus,
32: 120) ably clarified the taxonomic position of this and other
Philippine species of Viviparus.

Chang in 1929 (Peking Soc. Nat. Hist., Bull. 3 (4) : 45-57)
described and figured the anatomy of the eommon species, Vivi-
parus sinc7isis from Peking, China. The reproductive anatomy
of this Chinese species as shown by Chang is in complete agree-
ment with that of European, Indian, Chinese, and American
species as reported by Baudelot (Ann. Sci. Nat., 19: 79-86;
1863), Annandale & Sewell (Rec. Ind. Mus., 22: 215-292; 1921),
Li (Chinese Journ. of Zool., 1: 18: 1935), Stimpson (Smith.
Misc. Coll., number 144: 16-17: 1865), and Van Cleave and
Lederer (Journ. of Morph., 53: 499-522; 1932). The dioecious
mode of reproduction of the genus was also confirmed by this
writer in 1933, in di.ssecting more than a thousand individuals of
Viviparus contectoides from Illinois.

The statement by Alonte (The Philippine Agriculturist. 19
(5): 307-325; 1930) that Viviparus hurroughianus Lea is
hermaphroditic, is unfortunate. No hermaphroditic members of
the family Viviparidae are known. In the case of the American
genus Amblojris,- the observations of P. C. Baker (F. \V. Moll.
Wis., 1: 61, 69, 75; 1928) and of the writer, and the cytological
proof furnished by Mattox (Journ. of Morph., 62: 243-257;
1938) indicate parthenogenesis without any change in the gross
anatomy of the female, from the condition present in normally
dioecious species of the family. It seems inconceivable that

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
- For a full discussion of the case of Ambloxis Raf., 1818, vs. Campeloma
Raf., 1819, see: Pilsbry, Nautilus, 30: 111, 1917.

30 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

hermaphroditism could occur in the Viviparidae without any
duplication of gonads or ducts in the individual.

Chang (I.e.) states that sperm may be found living actively
in the oviduct of the female throughout the year. Alonte (I.e.)
likewise found sperm present, but erroneously assumed they were
produced by the females he examined. Alonte 's experimental
snails were not isolated sufficiently ; they were not isolated from
any "wild" snails that chose to crawl on the outside of the bas-
kets used as rearing containers. Coitus probably occurred
through the meshes of these baskets, left for three months in the
normal habitat of the snails in Laguna de Bay.

Examination of fresh material including the animals of V.
burroughianus received for identification at the U. S. National
Museum from medical members of our armed forces studying
fluke diseases in the Philippines, has confirmed the normal
dioecious reproduction method for this species. Of one lot of
26 specimens, 11 were found to be male and 15 were female. As
in other members of the genus Viviparus personally examined,
the males were smaller than females of the same age. This is
undoubtedly due in part to the fact that the males grow very
slowly after reaching maturity in the first year. In the ease
of V. contectoides personally examined for growth ring studies,
three-year-old males are but little larger than those one year
old, while the females are proportionately larger in their second
and third years.

In summary, all known members of the family Viviparidae
possess reproductive structures according to the dioecious plan.
The only deviation from the normal dioecious reproduction
known (in certain species of Ambloxis) is the absence of male in-
dividuals from the species, with reproduction continuing in the
100% female population by parthenogenesis.

NOTES AND NEWS

The planokhid gents Armigeiu:s. — Clessin, in his Monograph
of the genus Planorbis [Conch. Cab. Martini-Chemnitz, edn. 2,
I (17) : 120, 1884], published the name Ai-migcrus for the species
PlanorbxH albicans Pfr., 18."}9, and P. alcxandriuus Ehrenberg,

July, 19471 THE NAUTILUS 31

1831. rianorbis albicans Pfr., 1839, type locality near Cardenas,
Cuba, is hereby desiprnated the genotype, bceause it is the first
species, on which the description of the name was principally
based, and because Clessin stated on page 121 that /*. alcxandri-
nus Ehrenberg: "also" belonged to the section.

Armiyirus Clessin, 18S4, will thus displace Ohstructio Haas,
1939, the two being completely synonymous. Tropicorhis Pils-
bry & Brown, 1914, and Lateorbis F. C. Baker, 194:), may be
retained as subgenera as considered by Baker (Planorbidae, p.
85, 1945). The second species included, P. alexandrinus Ehren-
berg, is a member of the genus Afroplanorhis Thiele, 1931, ac-
cording to our present knowledge.

It is unfortunate that Armigcrus lias been apparently over-
looked by every cataloguer of generic names and by every student
of the Planorbidae from the time of its publication to date. It
is increasingly important to correct the name of this group of
planorbid snails now, to prevent undesirable later changes in
the literature of medical research into the problems of African
schistosomiasis. — J. P. E. Morrison.

A NEW NAME FOR A WEST AMERICAN Cyclostrema. — Recently
C. G. Aguayo (Rev. Soc. Malacol. "Carlos de la Torre," Vol.
4, No. 3, December, 1946, p. 91) pointed out that the combination
of names Cyclostrema bartschi proposed by Strong & Ilertlein
(Allan Hancock Pac. Exped., Vol. 2, No. 12, August 21,
1939, p. 240, pi. 21, figs. 12, 13, 16) for a species described from
Bahia Honda, Panama, had already been used by Mansfield
(Florida State Geol. Surv., Bull. No. 3, 1930, p. 132, pi. 20.
figs. 13, 14, 15) for a species from the upper Miocene of Florida.
The new name Cyclostrema veleronis is here proposed for the
species described by Strong and Ilertlein in 1939. — A. M.
Strong and L. G. Herti.ein.

Type of Pseudantalis Monterosato, 1884, Nora. Gen. e Spec.
Conch. Medit., p. 32, was not stated in original publication, and
I believe not elsewhere. Dentalinm fissura Lamarck is now
designated type. — Pilsbry.

Strombus gioas verrilli. — Further collecting at various sta-
tions, through the past summer and fall, has permitted me to
extend the range of this subspecies. It is now known to occur
from Ft. Pierce, St. Lucie County, southward as far as Key

32 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

West, in Florida. Occasional Bahaman specimens have been
observed in local curio shops, but the extent of its West Indian
distribution is as yet unknown. — Thomas L. McGinty.

Additional Strombus samba (Clench) from Florida. — Dur-
ing the past month. I have collected two additional specimens of
Strombus samba in Lake Worth. Both were living, and measure
155 and 197 mm. in length. I have also collected a very ancient
shell of -S. samba in a semi-fossil state, partially embedded in
coquina, which would seem to indicate that this species has in-
habited Lake Worth for a very long period of time.

I have also obtained a number of specimens of Strombus pu-
gilis alata from a colony discovered in Lake Worth. This. I be-
lieve, is the first report of this shell on the Florida east coast. —
A. Hyatt Verrill.

On the term "albino." — The informative article by D. S.
and E. W. Gifford on Olivellu undatella in The Nautilus (1947,
60: 81-84) raises the question of the meaning of "albino" in
mollusks. The authors do not actually define their usage but,
by inference, it is applied to shells without evident ground color
and with little or no brown markings and yellow wanting or re-
stricted to the fasciole. Such a definition is not in accord with
the use of the term "albino" in other groups of animals where
albinos are strictly devoid of all pigments except respiratory
pigments such as haemoglobin. The authors do not demonstrate
that the immaculate white shells are albino since they do not
show want of pigment in the soft parts of the animal. I suggest
that the term be used only when there is clear proof of want of
pigmentation.

The great progress made in the last quarter century in the
chemistry of natural pigments, especially carotenoids and por-
phyrins, should make it now possible to work out a reasonably
good synopsis of moUuscan coloration. As a guess, I would con-
clude that Olivella undatella contains three classes of pigments:
(1) gray and brown (perhaps melanins), (2) yellow (perhaps
carotenoid), (3) chocolate and purple.

It is rather suggestive that using these three classes as inde-
pendent items in the coloration, we find the same approximate
ratios of presence and absence :

I

July. 1947] THB NAUTILUS 33

•^viiy and biown : noii-trray :- '\ :1

yellow : noii-yi'liow = ;{ :1

chocolate and purple : non-chocolate = 3:1

As a preliminary hypothesis, I submit that there are three
major independent pairs of alleles involved as above and that
there are a number of modifiers for each pair. The 2117 differ-
ent colored shells could be accounted for by a maximum of nine
pairs of modifying: alleles. These modifiers might determine
depth or minor chanpres in hue. pattern, etc. — Charles H. Blake,
Mass. Institute of Technology.

Adelopoma costaricense found in Charleston, S. C. — A
specimen of what seems to me to be the Costarican species Adelo-
poma costaricense Bartsch and Morrison was taken alive in
Charleston, S. C, on April 12, 1945, by my younger colleague
at the Chicago Natural History ^luseum, assistant curator of
insects Rupert L. Wenzel, then a captain in the U. S. Army. It
fully corresponds with the shell characters attributed to this
species of cyelophorid land snails, the only difference being that
our specimen (CXHM. No. 24510) is of a buff color all over,
whereas, according to the description given by Bartsch and Mor-
rison (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 181. p. 150; 1942), the species is
generally alabaster white.

The collecting history of the specimen in question offers a
certain interest inasmuch as it was found in a light trap for
insects set near the edge of a marsh on the grounds of the war-
time Stark General Hospital, in the northwestern outskirts of
Charleston. Whether the little snail went into this trap on its
own or whether it was carried there by some larger flying insect
to which it clung, cannot be decided. The latter of the two alter-
natives is by no means as improbable as it might appear, for I
have already experienced another case of such a passive dispersal,
that of the southwest European acmid shell Eenca moiitoni
Dupuy sticking to a leg of a large bee caught while flying in the
air.

From the only specimen of A. costaricense found alive in
Charleston, it cannot, of course, be concluded that this species is
firmly established on American soil, though this is by no means
impossible, if one considers the hot and damp climate of South

34 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

Carolina, in which so many imported tropical plants can exist.
It was, perhaps, with such plants that our species, elsewise only
known from Santa Maria, Costa Rica, has been unintentionally
introduced into the Charleston area. — Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator
of Lower Invertebrates, Chicago Natural History Museum,
Chicago, 111.

Cypraea spadicea SwAiKSON IN LowER CALIFORNIA. — Informa-
tion is included here to add a new locality and habitat data for
the Nut-brown Cowry, Cypraea spadicea Swainson. Thirty-two
living individuals were taken at Geronimo Island, Lower Cali-
fornia on April 12, 1946. These were found in high tide pools
on the southeast side of the island on a shelf which extends sea-
ward from the bluffs of the island. The dominant animal in the
pools was the sea urchin, Strongyloccntroius sp., which carpeted
the sides of the tide pools. The cowries were taken under ledges
and in old pockets made by sea urchins. Mitra species were also
fairly abundant in the pools. The average length of thirty-two
specimens was 46.99 mm. The largest specimen measured 54.10
mm. long by 31.75 mm. wide by 27 mm. high, and the smallest
was 31.80 mm. long by 18.10 mm. wide by 14.90 mm. high.

Cypraea spadicea Swainson extends along Lower California
as far south as San Roque. In the fossil state its southernmost
record is in the Pleistocene of Magdalena Bay, Lower California,
approximately 275 miles farther south than the southernmost liv-
ing record. In the living state this cowry ranges north to
Chinatown Point, Monterey Bay, California. Dall ^ lists the
distribution of this species from Santa Barbara, California to
Cerros (Cedros) Island, Lower California. Berry- reported the
Monterey Bay, California northern record. Strong ^ lists it from
from San Martin Island, Lower California. Ingram* reports
it to be seemingly found in greatest abundance at San Diego,
Laguna Beach, and San Pedro, California.

The writer wishes to thank 'Mr. Woodbridge Williams of La
Jolla, California for supplying the thirty-two individuals and

11921, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mub., 112, pp. 1-217.

2 1908, The Nautilus, vol. 22, nos. 4-5, pp. 37-41.

« 19.37, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th sor., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 191-194.

* 1938, The Nautilus, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 1-4.

I

July, 1!)47] THE xai'tilus 35

certain lot-ality data. — William .Mahcus Ingkam, Mills Collej?e,
Calif.

Cepaea nemoralis in Boston. — Mr. Ernest J. Palmer, of the
Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, has recently sent me
a set of the introduced Ccpaca nemoralis (Linne) which he ha.s
discovered to be livinj; in fJanuiica Plain, Boston, Ma.ssachusetts.
lie found the shells under moist decaying twigs and leaf mold
in a vacant wooded lot in the 1000 block of Centre Street,
Jamaica Plain.

An interesting fact about this colony is the large number of
specimens with hyaline banding and white peristomes in this
colony. Of the 26 shells in this sending, collected on October
5, 194G, 11 were of this phase. Following J. W. Taylor (Mono-
graph of tiie Land and Freshwater I\Iollusca of the British
Isles— Zonitidae, Endodontidae, Ilelicidae; 1914, pp. 287-321),
the following color varieties and banding variations are present:

Var. lihellula Risso
Var. lihellula Risso
Var. hxjalozonata Taylor
Var. hyalozonata Taylor

In this connection, the recent discovery of this species at New
Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia, is considerably north of
the other known colonies in Virginia. — H. A. Rehdeb.

Cassis tuberosa L. feeding on an echinoid (Clypeaster
ROSACEUS L.) — Frank Lyman (1937, Nautilus 51, 1, p. 34) has
reported finding the spines of the sea urchin Toxopncustes
variegatus Lam. in the digestive tract of Cassis madagascari-
ensis Lam.

While collecting in Nixon's Harbour, South Bimini, Bahamas,
in the spring of 1941, I was able to make some observations
which are an interesting supplement to Mr. Lyman's discovery.
While tramping across the partly exposed flats, I came across
an eight-inch Cassis tuberosa L. which was in the process of
feeding upon a heart urchin (Clypeaster rosaceus L.). The
Cassis, having turned the urchin over on its aboral surface, had
removed all the spines from the test in the vicinity of the anal
opening. It had applied its proboscis to the opening and was
extracting the animal matter.

12345

11

specimens

00300

4

specimens

12345

8

specimens

00300

3

specimens

36 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (1)

At Nixon's Hiarbour, the Clypeaster was the predominant
species in the eehinoderm fauna and it is likely that it formed
the major food supply of the Cassis. — Richard W. Foster.

OxYCHELUs ALLiARiuM (jMiller) IN IIawaii. — This rather
widely introduced palearctic species of Zonitidae has appeared
now at the following localitias in the Hawaiian Islands :

East Maui: Puu Luau, Haleakala, altitude 6000 ft.; E. C.
Zimmerman! (1945). About 3 miles from the nearest house.

Hawaii : Kilauea, about 2.5 miles from Volcano House, near
summer cottages, altitude 4000 ft.; D. Walker! (1945 and
1946). Ahualea (Honokoa District, east of Waimea), altitude
2600 ft., in an open paddock, with no near habitations ; Y.
Kondo ! (1946). Puulaalaau, south slope of ^h. Hualalai, alti-
tude 6350 ft., about 50 yards from an orchard of apples and
plums; Y. Kondo! (1946).

The three localities on the island of Hawaii are all between
2600 and 6350 ft. elevation, and are widely spaced. The second
and third findings are between 40 and 50 miles from the first,
and between 35 and 40 miles from each other. This would seem
to indicate that 0. alh'arium has been a resident of the Hawaiian
Islands for quite some time, and has been widely dispersed
without coming to the attention of any collector, except during
the last year or so. — C. Montague Cooke, Jr. and II. Burrixg-
TON Baker.

PUBLICATION RECEIVED

The Genera Puri^ura and Thais in the western Atlantic.
By William J. Clench. Johnsonia 2(23): 61-92, text-figs. 32-
40; 1947. This beautifully illustrated and carefully collated
study splits the traditional Purpura auct. into Purpura "Bru-
guit're, " which includes P. patula, and Thais Roding. which
contains the other western Atlantic species. A new subgenus
Thaisella is proposed with Thais trinitatcnsis (Guppy) as type.
The adoption of Purpura as a "nomen conservandum" with P.
pcrsica (L.) as type would be very desirable. But until such
action be taken, according to opinion 46, P. tubifcr Brug., 1792,
apparently is the legal type of Purpura Brug.. 17S9, unless the
brief original description elTectually excludes it. — II. B, B.

The Nautilus

Vol. 61 October, 1947 No. 2

A NEW PLEURODONTE FROM THE MIOCENE.
BOWDEN. JAMAICA

By day KIMBALL

On February 1st, 1947, Mr. C. Bernard Lewis, Curator of the
Science Museum of the Institute of Jamaica, while collectin'?
from the Miocene fossiliferous beds at Bowden, discovered an
adult Pleurodonte in an excellent state of preservation. The
unconsolidated "matrix" came away without difficulty, yielding
the onl}- perfect, adult specimen of this genus yet recovered from
this well known and much worked deposit. It is quite unlike
the single fragment of a lip described by Simpson in 1895,' and
named by him P. boivdeniana. Through the kindness of Mr.
Lewis I am able to give the following brief account of this new,
and exceptionally interesting, species.

Pleurodonte (Dentellaria) bernardi, new species. PI. 2".
fig. 10.

Shell imperforate, solid, opaque, depressed, conoid, carinate.
The height below the carina is Yn, of that above it. No sculpture
is now visible on the first 2^2 whorls. The last 3 whorls bear ir-
regular, markedly retrocurrent, growth lines ("incremcntals"),
which, as soon as they become clearly visible, can be seen to be
br(jken up into elongated "granules." Of. P. carmclita (Fer.) ;
also the first post-embryonic whorl of P. atavus (Shutt.). Each
granule is from 2 to 8 times as long as it is broad ; and by the
end of the penultimate whorl each growth line is broken into
from 12 to 14 such granules between the upper and lower suture;
the granules tending to become shorter in the vicinity of the
lower suture. The spire is very low-conoid ; the apex very ob-
tuse; the suture, where unabraded, linear. Whorls 5i/4. flat.
The last whorl, at its origin, is very slightly convex both above
and below a well marked but only medium-sharp carina ; gradu-

1 Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1895), 17, p. 4.50.

(37)

38 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

ally becoming more convex, and the carina more obtuse and ill
defined throughout its length. It is definitely less acute than in
P. schroetermna (Fer.) and very similar to that of the more
acute forms of P. tridentina (Fer.). The last whorl itself is
not deflected anteriorlj^; though the upper lip is, at its junction
with the elevated margin of the parietal callus. (See infra.)

The aperture is subhorizontal and transversely subtriangular
(cf. P. acuta (Lmk.)). Measured in the plane of the aperture,
its maximum height is 11 mm., its maximum width 15 mm. The
peristome is expanded laterally and below; the basal lip being
reflected and thickened and adnate over the umbilical area. The
upper lip, however, is neither expanded nor reflected (cf. P.
acuta (Lmk.)). Instead, it is deflected IV2 inm. at its insertion.
The raised margin of an exceptionally heavy parietal callus be-
comes progressively more elevated as it approaches the upper
termination of the peristome. At the junction it protrudes IVo
mm. from the parietal wall, meeting the deflected upper lip at
an angle of about 110°. The margin of the upper lip has suf-
fered some abrasion, but it seems highly improbable that it ever
differed much from its present form. The peristome, therefore,
appears at first glance to be free and continuous but is in fact
broken for a short distance in the columella region (cf. extreme
forms of P. si7iuosa (Fer.)).

The basal lip bears four lamellar teeth, which are noticeably
less deep-set than those of full}- mature, living species of the
P. sinuata group. Tooth 1 (the innermost) is extremely small
and weakly developed ; and is appreciably nearer to tooth 2
than to the columella (cf. those specimens of P. tridentina (Fer.)
which have a minute 4th tooth). Interspace II-III is about
twice as wide as interspace I-II. Teeth 3 and 4 are joined to-
gether for over % of their height and 3 is slightly taller and
considerably longer, from back to front, than 4 (cf. P. okcniana
(Pfr.)). Tooth 2 is more than % the height of 3, and all the
teeth are heavier and taller than in P. tridentina.

Concealed beneath the reflected ba.sal lip are two very short,
deep pits; the inner corresponding to tooth 2; the outer to teeth
3 and 4. The inner pit is barely visible. The outer pit is much
broader than the inner and appears to open into a narrow,
oblique cavity which is in fact the hollow interior of tooth 3 (cf.
P. howdcniana Simpson). The opening is not however, I feel
certain, a natural one; but has resulted from the accidental pierc-
ing of a thin calcareous wall which originally separated the ex-
ternal pit from the cavity. There is no supra-peripheral furrow.

Diameter max.: 33'/. mm.; Diainoter miii.: 28 mm.; Height:
16 mm.

Oft.. VMl] THE NAUTILUS 39

Type: 15)47/1 Inst. Jain. Coll. Locality: Bowden, Jamaica,
1>. W. I. Horizon: 8 ft. up in basal Bowden bed.

Pleurodonte sloaneana (Shuttleworth) is related, but it is less
keeled, the upper arc of the lip is more reflected, and the aper-
ture is less trianprular.

Of livinj; forms a 4-toothed P. iridcntina comes, perhaps,
nearest to the present species ; but the fossil is sharply distin-
•ruished by its sculpture; by the relative size of teeth 3 and 4;
and by its semi-continuous peristome, hollow third tooth, and
unreflected upper lip. Of these characters the first and the last
two are of special interest. The last two are links with the
Miocene representative of the P. acuta group, P. howdeniana
Simpson; and P. bernardi is therefore, to that extent, "transi-
tional" between that group and the now markedly divergent and
diversified group of P. sinuata to which the new species is allied
by all its other characters. Its sculpture, on the other hand,
presumably reveals the mode of origin of the densely but finely
granulated surface that is today characteristic of the more
evolved forms in both groups.

But despite these interesting "transitional" features, the new'
species belongs to the group of P. siyiuata just as clearly as P.
bowdeniuna belongs to that of P. acuta. We can assign our two
Pliocene species to their respective groups without hesitation.
This, in its way, is a fact of no less significance than the posses-
sion of "transitional" characters. For the groups in question
are taxonomic units of an extremely low order: perhaps of about
sub-sectional rank. Thus the newly discovered species proves
to what lengths differentiation had already progressed some
twenty million years ago. In so doing it gives us a hint of how
far back in time we presumably must go before we could hope
to find the prototype of the entire genus. It certainly suggests
that the last exchange of Pleurodonte between Jamaica and any
other area occurred prior to (and probably long prior to)
Pliocene times.

40 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

POLYGYRA VIRGINIANA, A NEW SPECIES FROM

VIRGINIA

By PAUL R. BURCH

Professor of Biology, Radford College, Virginia Polytechnic Institute,

Radford, Va.

While examining sifted soil from weathered Elbrook limestone
(Cambrian) in a cut on a country road in Pulaski County, Vir-
ginia, opposite the city of Radford (Montgomery County), I
was amazed to find a small shell resembling Polygyra cereolus
(Muhlfeld) whose distribution in the United States is limited to
Florida (Pilsbry, 1939). Further search yielded twelve other
similar shells. No live specimens were found. The collecting
station was approximately sixty feet above New River at an ele-
vation of 1800 feet and two feet below the topsoil containing
living plants. Along with it and in the topsoil were the weath-
ered shells and living individuals of thirty or more Recent spe-
cies of such genera as Retinella, Paravitrea, Haplotrema, Gastro-
.copta, Ventridens, Mesomphix, Anguispira, Helicodiscus, Mesodon,
Triodopsis and Pomatiopsis.

Comparison with P. cereolus .showed the new shell to be much
smaller and to have fewer whorls. Instead of a lamina on the
parietal wall there is a fold on the outer wall. The last whorl
is swollen on the latero-ventral side like P. c. carpentcriana
(Bid.). Unlike P. cereolus it shows raised spiral lines on all
the whorls and a callus in the base. As the only species of the
genus Polygyra to be reported from the state of Virginia, I pro-
pose to name it Polygyra virginiana. The Type (Ilolotype) has
been sent to the U. S. National Museum and Paratypes to the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

PoLVGYKA vn«;iNiAN.\ HOW spocics. PI. .'), figs. l-().

Shell discoidal, uiiibilicus very shalldw. spire not prominent.
dorsal and ventral surfaces almost parallel; whorls slightly more
tlian four, regularly increasing in size, a swelling on the last third
of the ventro-lateral surface of the body whorl, a deep groove
opposite it on the dorsal surface extending backward 1.4 mm.,
the end of the last whorl breaking away from the preceding
whorl at an an<rle of about 60' and exteiulinji- outward about 1.0

Tin-: XAi'i'ii. rs: m (2)

M.ATl-: 2

TlIK XAITIIJ'S; HI (2)

I'l.ATK 3

/^''a- ^

Fi<^.^

ItriUll: I'OI.VCYKA vihcinmana

Oct.. 1K471 Tin: NAITIMTS 41

iiini.; rib striate with four promiiu'iit spiral linos O.H to O.IJf) iniu.
apart boi'oniin}; more prominent toward the aperture with less
prominent lines between them, all sj)iral lines more or less papil-
late; whorls roiincleil, lip white and slightly reflected; aperture
heart-shaped, l.:i X 1.0 mm. with V-sliaped parietal tooth; a
white foki 1.4 mm. lonjr and 0.2 mm. hi^h extends inward aloiif^
the outer wall, be<rinnintr about ()..'} mm. from the aperture; a
transverse eallus on the parietal wall 0.4 mm. lonjr and 0.1 mm.
hi^'h tits into the arch formed by the fold ; color of shell wood
brown. Measurements of twelve specimens as follows:

cimen

Diameter

Ilei;

-ht

Whorls

1

4.3 mm.

1.3 mm.

4.5

2

3.9

1.3

4.2

3

4.0

1.3

4.0

4

4.4

1.3

4.5

5

4.3

1.4

4.5

6

4.2

1.4

4.6 Type (Holotvpe)

7

4.0

1.3

4.3

8

4.0

1.3

4.6

9

4.1

1.3

4.1

10

4.1

1.3

4.5

11

4.0

1.3

4.1

12

4.1

1.4

4.5

Key to Figures, Plate 3. Magnification X 0.5 except fip-. 6

Fi<r. 1. Dorsal view showing whorls, projecting end of body

whorl, groove and growth lines
Fig. 2. Dorso-lateral view showing spacing of spiral lines
Fig. 3. Side view showing ventro-lateral swelling-
Fig. 4. Ventro-lateral view showing spiral striations, aperture

with tooth, fold and callus and umbilicus
Fig. 5. Ventro-lateral view showing whorls, umbilicus, aper-
ture, tooth, fold, callus, swelling and striations of a
weathered specimen without epidermal covering
Fig. (i. View of dis.sected shell showing arched fold with callus
fitting into it. X 10 (approximately)

Note: The pliotomierograplis were made with a Spencer wide-fieM binocu-
lar microscope using an x 1 Objective and an x 17 Ocular; exposures were
made witli an A-2-F Argus camera at f 4.5, Vj second, on 35 mm. Plus X
Eastman film ; negatives were enlarged 2 X to make the prints.

42 THE NAT'TILrS [Vol. 61 (2)

COWRY HUNTING ON CEBU ISLAND
By JACQUES R. HELFER

The little coastal village of Liloan, some fifteen miles out of
Cebu City, Cebii Island, in the central Philippines, is a pic-
turesque settlement of about two hundred houses, huddled under
feathery coconut palms. Overhead a fierce tropical sun beats
mercilessly down, but here below, in the umbrajre, the tempera-
ture is tolerable. The main street is a noisy unpaved thorough-
fare where chickens run and children dash about, where the
dusky townspeople converge daily to do their marketing and to
meet their friends, and where light elusive sea-breezes play.
The houses along both sides are built up off of the ground on
heavy poles so, one learns, that stray water buffalos will not
wander inside. A melange of heavy odors fills one's nostrils
along this distant w-ay, odors of fish and sea-cucumbers and
calipash, of ripe fruits in the baskets of the vendors, of the
potent orange-hued tuha and a hundred other odors. Chaste
white-flowered Butterfly Orchids bloom exotically from the
porches of the poor little houses. Nearby stands the huge old
church, with its great flat unbroken facade, curved at the top
and with only a raised coat-of-arms for decoration, built of coral
blocks sawed from the nearby reefs by slave labor of the Fili-
pinos under the Spanish. A modern concrete school lays in
ruins, gutted by fire, its metal roof hanging in rusted shreds over
all, burned by the Japanese.

At one end of the street the men are gathered intently around
a circular flat stone, squatting on their haunches and risking
their small day's earnings on the turn of a coin. * 'Kings." their
popular gambling form, daily takes the bread from many a
hungry mouth. Now and again a dispute arises and there is
much shouting and angry invective. Nearby a crowd sur-
rounds a slight effeminate Filipino who is seated behind a little
table running a game of "chatice" similar to our Bingo, singing
in Visayan calypso rhyme as he shakes his slender-necked jar
this way and that and then dramatically turns out the next round
numbered seed. Another Filipino chords endlessly in accom-
paniment on a battered guitar. Now and again the Bniifute

Oct., 1947] THE NAUTILUS 43

daintily dabs at his plisteuiiitr forehead with an embroidered
handkori'liit'f. Now the inountehaiik-sinfjrer's verse is directed
at one of the players and everyone hiujrhs at his expense. Rising
to the occasion the player sings a pointed verse in retaliation and
it is plain from the action of the artist, who enjoys it neverthe-
less, that the player's verse has found its mark.

The other end of this main thoroughfare abuts on the water-
front where several of the better homes are located, overlooking
the river. This river is the harbor for many fish boats. As the
tide ebbs the water flows down this channel in a powerful cur-
rent and it rushes through the narrows under the bridge with
tremendous force. "When the tide changes, the water flows back,
in a great .sweep, backing far up into the broad slough which lies
beyond, bordered with teakwood trees and banana, with coconut
and Hibiscus. It is good sport to swim up into the slough with
the inrushing waters, exploring the wrecked Japanese barges
tiiere, lying in the sun on their bleaching decks, then swimming
back when the tide changes. Swimming under w^ater along the
edge of this channel, where the current is not so swift, one often
encounters the great Tiger Cowry, Cypraea tigris Linnaeus, mak-
ing its way slowly over the rocks. Farther out, at the mouth
of the river, there is a broad fringing reef extending uninter-
ruptedly along the coast for miles in both directions. This reef
is the home of many species of cowries. The Ring and Money
cowries, C annulus Linnaeus and C. rnoneta Linnaeus, here
abound as does also the little serpent starfish. Farther out C.
(jangranosa Dilhvj-n and C. staphylaea Linnaeus, C. erosa Lin-
naeus and C. clandestina Linnaeus may be taken in water knee
to waist deep from coral boulders which one dredges up with
the hands. Here the nektonic pulsating jellj^sh, translucent
and bluish, propels itself along through the warm swell and
bright varicolored urchins abound in the algal growths, their
spines presenting a real hazard to the barefoot collector. And
here too one may encounter another jellyfish whose presence will
be first revealed by a sudden burning lash like a handful of
nettles whipped across the legs. A certain sergeant, Rene
"Duke" Dueharme by name, had a rather amusing experience
on this reef one day. He wanted some ring cowries in order to
make some novelties for his wife, so I had invited him to accom-

44 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

pany me on a collectinfr excursion. We were wearing; swimming
trunks, he a tight fitting woolen pair. Soon we were tearing up
handfuls of the aquatic growth and picking the cowries out of
their hiding places in among the stems. Having brought no bag
along and being reluctant to combine our catches, "Duke" began
dropping the cowries down into his trunks which, being close-
fitting, were not bad at all in their secondary role of collecting
bag. All went well until he found a specimen of the Diana's
Ear shell, Stromhus auris-dianae Linnaeus, which he also dropped
into his makeshift collecting bag. Now the animal of this par-
ticular shell is very unusual. It has an intelligent looking little
face with which it peers quickly at one from around back of its
columellar rampart. It moves very rapidly — not "snail-like"
at all. And it has a long dagger-like operculum with which it
ordinarily hurls itself along over the substratum much like a
pole-vaulter but with which it earnestly tries to stab one if one
presumes to hold it in the hand. Well, about half a minute
passed when there came a sudden outraged yell from the "Duke"
as the little delinquent living in the shell viciously scored on
him up to the hilt. Touche ! I have no doubt that the sergeant
established some sort of speed record in getting out of those
trunks. In addition, before the afternoon was over, he walked
on an urchin!. Specimens of C. carneola Linnaeus, C. lynx Lin-
naeus, and C. viteUus Linnaeus were not uncommon on this reef,
the first often occurring in among the branches of the thick mat-
like marine growth in company with C. antndus and C. moncia.
C. lynx and C. viteJlns were usually under coral boulders on the
reef. C. tnlpa Linnaeus, C. mnppn Linnaeus, C. cglantina Du-
elos, C. crronrs Linnaeus, and C. ascllus Linnaeus also occur on
this reef but are verv uncoiiiinon there.

NOTES ON COSTACALLISTA EUCYMATA (DALL)

By KATIIERINE VAN WINKLE PALMER

PaU'ontfiliijiical Rosoarcli Institutidn

In the course of examining s])ecimens of *'Pitar cnvymnta**
(Dall) from Key Largo. Florida {^^(^ fathoms), for Richard W.

TIIK NAI'IMLIS: til (2)

I'l^ATI'; 1

V

1, 2, 4, 5. Costacallista eucymata (Dall), off Fowey Liglit, Fluiid.i
3. Costacallista olssoni T'.ilnicr, holotvpc. Mioffiio. Costa Rica.

Oct., 1947] TlIK NAUTILUS 45

Foster. Museum of Comparative Zoolofry, Harvard University,
relationships of the sjieeies became apparent which had not been
observed heretoft)re. The ori^'inal ii{,Mire of the species does not
trive a true concept of the shape of the shell. It, therefore,
seemetl -svorth while to illustrate the species and i)oint out a
revised idea of its relationship and the ranpe of the {renus.

COSTACALLISTA EUCYMATA (Dall) PI. 4, fifTS. 1. 2, 4, 5

Cytherca sp.. Dall. 1889, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. No. 37, p. 56.
Cythcrca cucumata Dall, 1889, U. S. Nat. Mus., Proe.. vol. 12,

p. 271. pi. 13. fi-. 11.
Pitaria eucymata Dall. 1902. U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 26,

p. 371; Palmer, 1927 (plates 1929), Palaeont. Amer., vol. I,

No. 5, p. 51, pi. IX, fig. 7, copy of original description and

figure.

Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, south through the Antilles,
and Cape San Ro(iue, Brazil ; ]\Iississippi Delta and Cedar Keys
(Dall) in 20 to 117 fathoms. Figured specimen, No. 457195,
U. S. Nat. Mus. in 25 fathoms off Fowey Light, Florida, collected
by John B. Henderson. The following records of fresh material
of the species were sent by R. W. Foster from the collections in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology :

Sta. 4, 5, 4-51/2 mi. NE. of the Elbow, Key Largo, 50-83 fms. ;
Sta. 12, 13, 4-6 mi. SE. of the Elbow, Key Largo, 66-75 fms. ;
108-117 fms.; Sta. 8, 4-5 mi. SE. of Carysfort Light, Key Largo,
92-100 fms. ; Sta. 21, 5 mi. NE. of Carysfort Light, Key Largo,
117 fms. ; Sta. 28. 31/2 mi. SE. of Molasses Reef, Key Largo, 66
fms.; Sta. 34, 6 mi. SE. of Sombrero Light, off Key Vaca, 66
fms. ; Sta. 38, 21/0 mi. SSE. of Looe Key, off Sugar Loaf Key,
37Vo fms.

The specimen figured measures 24 mm. length; 19 mm. height;
12 mm. thickness (both valves). Harvard shell measures 27
mm. length, with fragments indicating that a length of 35-40
mm. may be attained {fide Foster).

Dall placed this species in Pitar {Pitaria) in 1902, where it
has been retained by subsequent authors including the writer
in 1927, in the monograph of the Veneridae of the eastern Ameri-
can fauna. Recently, specimens of the species were loaned to
the author bv Dr. Harald Rehder from material in the U. S.

46 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

National Museum. These specimens were compared witli the
holotype (a single valve) and identified as typical. The original
figure represents the shape of the shell with a steeply sloping
short anterior end and a curved dorsal posterior line. The
shape, however, as revealed by the specimens examined and fig-
ured herein, is more produced anteriorly with a greater concavity
beneath the beaks. The posterior end is broader, with the dorsal
line straight. To the original description may be added that
the lunule is inequilateral ; the narrow anterior left cardinal,
partly bifid (not shown in the picture) ; and the interior below
the umbo, pinkish or pinkish orange.

Dall had not noted the significance between costate Pitars and
"Callistas" and placed the east American species, such as C.
planivieta Guppy (Miocene), and C. encymata (Dall) (Recent),
in Piiar (Pifaria). Guppy, Gabb, and Pilsbry observed the
callistoid character of planivieta. The author in 1927 differenti-
ated the costate "Callistas" as Costacallista including described
species of the Eocene of the east American fauna, C. planivkta
(Miocene, Florida, and West Indies), C. olssoni Palmer (Mio-
cene, Costa Rica) and C. guppxjana (Gabb) (Pliocene, Costa
Rica). Since that time a species of CostaeaUista has been de-
scribed from the Miocene of North Carolina. Due partly to
lack of material in 1927, the writer kept C. encymata in Pitar.
However, on the recent examination of the Harvard and U. S.
National Museum material the callistoid rather than pitaroid
character of this species was seen.

The chief features which indicate the callistoid relationship
are the flatter ribs, the ineiiuilateral lunule. and the more angu-
lated pallial sinus. There is also a general resemblance to the
Costacallistas rather than to Lamelliconchas (ribbed Pitars).
C. encymata is the only species of Costacalli.sta so far described
from the western Atlantic. It is closest in appearance to C.
olssoni Palmer (1027. p. 90. pi. XLTV. fig. 5) of the Mioc(Mie
of Costa Rica. A figure of the holotyi)e of C. olssoni is included
(fig. 3). The shells of the two species differ in thai the concentric
i-ibs of C. eucymnia are more curved posteriorly than those of
(\ olssoni. The figured specimen of C. olssoni is :?2 mm. in
length.

If the tabic of the stratigrapiiic range of CostacaUisfn is ex-

Oi't.. 1!M7] THE NAUTILUS 47

ainiiuHl (rainier. lf)27. ]). 85), it will Ix' seen that tlu' {.'roup was
best tievelopod in tlio Eocene of the western Atlantic proviiiee
and less abundant but still well represented in the Miocene. C.
nnmonsi Gardner (U.S.G.S.. Prof. Paper, 199A, 1943, p. 123,
pi. 19. fi^s. 6, 9) should be added to the stratiprrapliic ranjre.
One species in the Pliocene is recorded, and up to the present it
was tiioujiht that no species existed in the livinp: fauna of eastern
America. Reelassifyinjj C. eucymata would transfer the name
from the stratiirraphic ranpre table (Palmer, p. 40) of Lamelli-
roncha to Costacollista. Hence such chancre reveals that there
is a species representative of Costacallista in the living eastern
American fauna. The fremis is best developed today in the Indo-
Pacific and in the Red Sea. C. eucymata is probably a remnant
of the Cenozoic stock of Costacallista in the eastern American
fauna.

Because of the nomenclatural problem in which the name Cal-
lista is involved. Costacallista is used here in the generic sense.
The author does not agree with Frizzell (Bull. Mus. roy. d'llist.
nat. Belg., t. XII, 1936, p. 31) tliat Costacallista and Amiantis
Carpenter are synonymous. The rugose posterior left cardinal
and edge of the right nymph and the acute pallial sinus of
Amiantis particularly separate it from Costacallista.

Thanks are extended to Richard W. Foster of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, to Dr. Harald Reh-
der, U. S. National Museum, and to G. D. Harris, Paleontologi-
cal Research Institution, for permission to study specimens of
Costacallista, and to Dr. W. Storrs Cole, Geologj^ Department,
Cornell University, for permission to examine venerid specimens
in the Xewcomb Collection.

ADDITIONS TO THE MOLLUSCA OF
LAKE WORTH, FLORIDA

By a. HYATT VERRILL

During the past two years I have collected the following mol-
lusca in Lake Worth, none of which, I believe, has been previ-
ouslv recorded from this area.

48 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

Asa phis deflorata: A single living specimen was collected on
June 12th, 1945.

Rangia cuneata: A good sized colony of this shell was found
and a number of living specimens were collected during June
and July 1945. It has since been taken occasionally at the same
spot but recent dredging operations have apparently destroyed
this, as well as many other species.

Barnea cost at a: Numerous dead shells and two living speci-
mens collected.

Cymatium femorale: A single dead specimen found in the
summer of 1946.

Charonia tritonis nohilis: A living specimen 5 inches in length
was collected in August, 1945.

Stromhus samha: Two living and one recently dead (with por-
tion of animal remaining in shell) specimens.

Stromhus pugilis alatus: A number of typical specimens of
this west coast form have been collected, all from one small
colony.

Melongena melongena: Two li\dng specimens, 57 mm. and 74
mm., collected at Lantana during the summer of 1946.

Marginella carnea: Several living specimens taken under the
Riviera bridge.

Mytilus edulis: Several living specimens collected in brackish
water lagoons connecting with Lake Worth. They Avere found
adiiering to mangrove roots just above low water mark.

Aplysia: Twenty-seven species, most of which are undescribed,
have been collected and turned over to the American Museum of
Natural History, New York City.

Oscanius: A single large, brilliantly colored specimen of this
remarkable molhisk was colleetod in ]\Iay 1945. Dr. Paul
Bartsch, to whom the specimen was submitted, wrote: "It seems
to be Oscanius testudinarius Contraine, hitherto reported only
fi-om the Mediterranean, but it is most likely ;i new species."

Oct., 1047] Tin: nai'tiu's 49

FOOD OF THE GIANT WESTERN SLUG.
ARIOLIMAX COLUMBIANUS (GOULD)

By WILLIAM .MAKC'l'S INGRAM and ANN I'LILRSOX
Mills College, California

Although individuals of An'oliitKix colHmhianiis (CJould) are
abundant in certain areas of the Mills Colle«j;e Campus they have
only occasionally been observed feeding on plants in the field.
This slnj; is especially abundant in relatively moist areas in the
vicinity of a small creek, Leona Creek, which flows throuf?h the
campus. It has made no attempt to establish itself in the several
gardens and in the many plant beds on the campus. Althou<:h
arboreal tendencies have been noted (Ingram and Adolph, 1943),
individuals generally confine their activities locally to the ground.
Because of this, only low growing plants which might serve as a
natural food were tested to see if they would be eaten. Twenty-
five species of plants were made available to A. columbianus
from March 1 to May 16, 1947.

Pairs of slugs were placed in five terraria with moist, well-
packed earth substrata and with screen tops to allow for air cir-
culation. The terraria were kept at room temperature. The
plants to be tested as a potential food supply were added from
time to time. Of the twenty-five species tested nine were rel-
ished (as lettuce is), six were partially consumed, five were nib-
bled at, and five were not touched.

Among the apparently most favored food plants, the Smooth
Dandelion, Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC, was the most
rapidly devoured, although the snails had been fed the day be-
fore this plant was added to the terraria. Flowers, leaves, and
stems were rapidly rasped away. The leaves of Poison Oak,
Toxicodendron diversilohum Torr. and Gray, were likewise rap-
idly devoured ; even the bark from the woody stems was nibbled
at. Ingram (1942) observed Arwlimax columhianus (Gould)
feeding on the leaves of this plant under wild conditions.

In three instances plant flowers were preferred over leaves.
The slugs relished the flowers of the California Poppy, Esch-
scholtzin californica Cham., and the common Periwinkle, Vinca
minor L., but ate sparingly (partially consumed) of their leaves.

50 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

The flowers of the California Buttercup, Ranunculus calif ornicus
Benth., were partially consumed while the leaves and stems were
merely nibbled at.

When Eno:lish Ivy, Hedera helix L., was added to the terraria
it was observed that the slugs relished the vefretative leaves but
would not eat the reproductive leaves.

Gramineae were prenerally not eaten ; one tested species, Mouse
Barley, Hordeum murinum L., however, was nibbled at.

Plants made available to Ariolimax columhianus for
feedinjr experiments

AizocEAE. Carpet-weed family: Mesemhry anthem urn crystal-
linum L.. Iceplaut Mesembryanthemum (D).^

Amaranthaceae. Amaranth family : Dccringiaamaranthoides
Merr., Deeringia (A).

Anacardiaceae. Sumac family: Toxicodendron diversilohum
Torr. and Gray, Pacific Poison Oak (A).

Apocynaceae. Dofjbane family. Vinca minor L., Common
Periwinkle, Flowers (A), Leaves (B).

Araliaceae. Aralia or Ginseng; family: Hedera helix L.,
English Ivy, Vegetative leaves (A), Reproductive leaves
(D).

Caryophyllaceae. Pink family: Stellaria media L., Chiek-
w^eed (B).

CoMPOSiTAE. Sunflower or Composite family : Taraxa-cum
laevigatum (Willd.) DC, Smooth Dandelion (A).

Cruciferae. Mustard family: Brassica campestris L.. Com-
mon Yellow Mustard (B). Rai)hanus satirus L., Garden
Radi.sh (C).

Geraxiaceae. Geranium family: Geranium sp. (A).

Gramineae. Grass family: Arena fatua L., "Wild Oats (D).
liromus riyidus Kotli. Kipgut Bromus (D). Hordeum mu-
rinum L., Mouse Barley (C). Tjtlium sp., Italian Ryegrass
(D). Poa annua L., Annual Blucgrass (D).

Iridaceae. Iris family: Sisifiinchium helium Wats., Western
Blue-eyed Grass (B).

1 In tlio plant list, A stands for relislicd ; B for partially consumed; C
for nibbled at ; D for not touched.

(K't., 1947] THK NAUTILUS 51

Labiatae. Mint family: Stachtfs bullata Benth., Puffnettle

Retony (C).
LeXiUMIXOSAE. l*ea family: Cyti.sus scuparius Link, Scotch

Broom (C). Vicia sativa L., Common Vetch (C).
LiLiACEAE. Lily family : Brodiaca cornnnria (Salisb.) Jepson,

Harvest Brodiaea (B).
Papavkraceae. Poppy family: Eschscholtziu califomica

Cham., California Poppy, Flowers (A), Leaves (B).
Plantaoinaceae. Plantajro family: Plantago lancrolata L..

Buckhorn Plantain (B).
PoRTULACEAE. Purslane family: Claytanm perfoUata Donn.,

Miners Lettuce (A).
RANrxcuLACEAE. Crowfoot family: Ranunculus calif ornicus

Benth., California Buttercup, Flowers (B), Leaves and

stems (C).
HuBiACEAE. Madder family: Coprosma haueri Endl., Hedge

Coprosma (A).

Bibliography

TxGRAM. W. M., 1942. Food habits of Haplotrcma minimum

Ancey and habits of associated molhisks on the Mills College

campus. The Nautilus, 55 : 3, pp. 98-102.
IxGRAM, W. M., AXD H. M. Adolph, 1943. Habitat observations

of Ariolimax columbimius Gould. The Nautilus, 56: 3, pp.

96-97.

ANODONTA AND ASSOCIATED MOLLUSKS FROM

STOW LAKE, GOLDEN GATE PARK, SAN

FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

By WILLIAM MARCUS INGRAM and KARL W. KENYON
Mills College, California

Stow Lake in Golden Gate Park, San Ffancisco, California, is
an artificial lake. It has a mud bottom which is extremely rich
in organic decay. The shore is rimmed with a cemented rock
border.

In February and March of 1947 this lake was partially drained,
thus exposing its molluscan fauna. By far the most prevalent
species is Anodonta wahlaniatcnsis Lea which occurs by the thou-
sands in the mud bottom. Other mollusks taken from the bot-

52 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

torn mud were: Viviparus japonicus Von Martens, Lymnaea
auricularia Linnaeus, Helisoma cf, hemphilli F. C. Baker, Gy-
ralus vermicularis (Gould), Physa [(?) virgata (Gould)], and
Pisidium sp.

Specimens of Anodonta wahlamatensis Lea were taken from
two feet from the shore line to fifteen feet out in the lake.
When filled with water the lake would have covered the mollusks
with from about one to four or five feet of water. In a period
of an hour 238 clams were collected. Specimens varied from
very young claims, seven mm. in length, to the largest individual
w^hich had an anterior-posterior measurement of 89 mm. The
vast majority of the 238 clams which were measured fell between
59 to 89 mm. in length, with the high number at 67 mm. This
latter figure very likely represents the approximate mean of
the adult population of this clam in Stow Lake.

The largest measured individual clam from Stow Lake is rela-
tively small w'hen compared to certain individuals of this species
from elsewhere in California, which often attain a length of from
93 to 110 mm. The most characteristic feature of the Stow Lake
population is the relatively low height of the wing in relation
to shell length ; shells of this species found in middle California
have a much higher wing.

Specimens taken from drainage puddles in the mud rested at
an angle of approximately 45 degrees to the substratum with the
siphonal end of the shell protruding. Seven individuals were
placed in an aquarium with a very coarse sand bottom in the
zoological laboratories of Mills College. The sand was not deep
enough to allow for complete burial by tlie clams. Three of the
seven individuals remained on the surface of the sand in a hori-
zontal i)osition resting on their ventral surfaces. Four buried
themselves to a maxinnim extent allowed by the shallow sand.
In their buried position they rested at an angle of about 45 de-
grees to the substratum. In both of the above jiositions the
siphon areas were at all times held open. At this writing the
clams have been in an unaerated tank for about 70 days. When
sand was added to increase its depth in the acinarium all clams
buried themselves, leaving approximately one-fourth of their
shells exposed with the siphons open. The clams proved to be
errant, often moving from 6 to 10 indios over the bottom of the

Oct., 1!M7] THE NAVTILUS 53

iKiuariuin in a 24 hour period, rolywofrs of the Pacific Tree
Froj;, Ilyhi rcgilla Baird ami Girard, which were co-inhabitants
of the aciuarium, were observed filin}? algae off of the clam shells.

It seems to the writers that Anodonia wahlamatensis Lea can
be separated from the apparently closely related species, Ano-
lionta nuttalliann Lea (two species that are often confused), by
two fairly well defined characteristics. A. wahlamatensis Lea
possesses an excavated, concave area posteriorly in the wing
where it unites with the body of the shell. It also has the sides
of the shell more noticeably convex-inflated. Further collecting
of larsre series of individuals may show intergradations of these
two characters from .1. wahlamatensis to A. nuttalliu.n<i. The
Stow Lake population, however, in the writers' opinion, has the
two characters which can be used for separation well fixed. A
similarity of other shell characters, with the exception of these
two, can of course lead to a subspecific separation of the two
into Anodonta. nuttalli<ina nuttalliana Lea and Anodonta nut-
talliana wahlamatensis Lea.

The writers wish to express their appreciation to Mr. Bart
Roloh. Assistant Superintendent, Office of the Parlv Commis-
sioners, San Francisco, California, for granting them permission
to make the collections upon w'hich this paper is based. Grati-
tude is expres.sed to Mr. Allyn Smith of Berkeley, California for
reading the manuscript and for his helpful suggestions.

A RECENT PERPLICARIA AND OTHER NEW
PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS

By maxwell SMITH

Crassisi'Ira perla, new species. Plate 2, Figure 2.

Shell large, slender, whorls 8 in addition to the nucleus
(broken in holotype) ; sutures moderately impressed, their course
undulating; spiral ribs or riblets strongest anteriorly upon the
body whorl, growth sculpture consisting of closely spaced irregu-
lar ribs together with striae and blunt nodules (ten of the latter
upon body whorl) ; posterior notch distinct, previous indenta-
tions strong between sutures and periphery; aperture narrow,
gradually tapering into anterior canal which is slightly reflected
at the termination. Alt. 60, max. diam. 14.5 mm.

54 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

Tj'pe locality: Pearl Islands, Panama (Clark). Holotype in
the writer's collection.

Possibly the most slender Crassispira so far discovered. The
holotype was not taken alive but in sufficiently good condition to
describe. It does not appear to be related closely to any other
species.

ViTULARiA SALEBROSA EXTENSA, new subspccics. Plate 2, Figure 5

This constant type is easily separated according to its dis-
coverer Mr. Clark. In the subspecies the spire is decidedly
shorter and the peripheral angle much greater and more ex-
tended than in the typical salehrosa. Alt. 41, max. diam. 27.5
mm.

Type locality: Panama. Holotype in the writer's collection.

V. salehrosa is very variable in size. An example from the
Calvert collection, probably from the coast of Colombia, is 87
mm. in length,

Trigonostoma elegantula, new species. Plate 2, Figure 3

Shell small, about as wide as high ; 3 whorls, with in addition
a minute darker colored nucleus of about 1 whorl ; surface of
shell minutely spirally striate ; periphery acutely earinate, sur-
face descending within to the suture; 7 varices upon the final
whorl, their terminations forming pointed processes upon the
peripheral keel, the interspaces undulating; secondary keel
rounded, slope between the two keels concave ; umbilicus open,
wide, funnel shaped ; aperture trigonal ; lip widely expanded, a
single denticle upon parietal wall. Alt. 10.5. max. diam. 11.5
mm.

Type locality: Pearl Islands, Panama (Clark). Holotype in
the writer's collection.

A beautiful little shell. The spire is flecked with chocolate-
brown color. Tiie nucleus is flesh color in contrast to the chalky
surface of the shell.

Murex vittatus minusculus, new subspecies. Plate 2. Figure 8

Easily si'parated from rittutus liroilcrip by the much smaller
size, more slender shape and pinched appearance on back of
la.st whorl. Alt. 18.5, max. diam. 11.5 mm.

Ort., l!147j THK NArTHATS 55

Type locality: Pearl Islands. Panama (Clark). Holotype in
the writer's collection.

CoLUBRAHi.v I'ANA.MKNsis, ncw speclcs. Plate 2, Figure 6

Shell slemler. of niediuni size for the <rroup, whorls (5 with in
addition a tilted <;lassy nucleus of 2V2 whorls; spiral riblets
dominant upon the last whorl with one to three finer riblets in
the interspaces, upon the spire the {jrowth riblets of equal
strenjrth forniin<r a network pattern, {growth riblets forming; a
puckered suture; aperture narrow, often less than half lenprth of
shell; anal notch variable, anterior canal widely deflected, varices
of moderate width. Alt. 29, max. diam. 9 mm.

Type locality : Panama Bay (Clark). Holotype in the writer's
collection.

Allied to but usually a much narrowed shell than C. lanceolata
Menke the Atlantic species. The spire is higher in the Pacific
shell and the sculpture generally coarser. A specimen of C.
lanceolata from the Caribbean in the vicinity of the Canal Zone
shows rather widely spaced axial ribs.

CoLVBRARiA PERLA, uew specics. Plate 2, Figure 2

Shell very slender, small, whorls 5, w^ith in addition a dark
brownish glassy and slightly tilted nucleus of 2i/> whorls; verti-
cal and horizontal riblets of almost equal strength throughout,
suture puckered, aperture narrow, inner wall of aperture much
more bent than in C. panamcnsis, anterior canal short; surface
more or less spotted with chocolate-brown color particularly
upon the varices. Alt. 21.75, max. diam. 17 mm.

Type locality: Pearl Islands, Republic of Pananm (Clark).
Holotype in the writer's collection.

Perplicaria clarki, new species. Plate 2, Figure 9

Shell small. Sy^ somewhat swollen whorls with in addition a
few-whorled shining nucleus; sutures well impressed; a single
broad strong varix not far back from the outer labrum. the inter-
spaces deeply furrowed ; spiral riblets most conspicuous ante-
riorly upon body whorl and adjacent to sutures ; surface colored
with brownish-yellow forming lighter zones of small squarish or
diamond shaped spots which are visible upon the two final
whorls; aperture well expanded anteriorly, outer labrum lined

56 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

inside with weak lirae extending inward ; three plaits upon inner
wall, the adjacent surface granulate ; slight indication of ante-
rior notch. Alt. 16.5, max. diam. 6.5 mm.

Type locality: Venado Island, Panama (Clark). Holotype in
the writer's collection.

Dall suspected that eventually a recent species of Perplicarw
would turn up. He described P. perplexa, the genotype, as from
the Pliocene of Florida. The recent shell is more compact, the
penultimate whorl more swollen, the sculpture less pronounced
than the fossil. The plaits upon the inner wall indicate connec-
tion Avith the Mitridae. Named for Walter D. Clark.

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION
THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

PACIFIC GROVE, CALIFORNIA, JUNE 18 TO 21. 1947 '

The American Malacological Union held its thirteenth annual
meeting at Pacific Grove, California, at the invitation of Mr.
Andrew^ Sorensen and the Directors of the Hopkins ^Marine Sta-
tion. Asilomar Hotel and Conference Grounds with its spacious
grounds, dormitories, cottages, and conference halls, provided
a convenient meeting place in a beautiful setting. The local
committee had been at work long before the start of the meetings
and were on hand to greet each new arrival. As a pleasant sur-
prise, each registrant was presented with a box containing
named shells from the Pacific Coast, the gift of Messrs. Sorensen
and Strohbeen and Mrs. "Whelchel. The afternoon of the 17th
was spent renewing old acquaintances and making new ones. In
the evening, members of the Union visited an exhibit of marine
life prepared by ]\Ir. Strohbeen and a collection of abalonc shells
from California and other parts of the world prepared by ^Ir.
Sorensen.

The first scientific meetings were held Wednesday morning,
June 18. Dr. Henry van der Schalie, President, opened the
meeting and called on Dr. L. R. Blinks. Director of the Hopkins

1 By AurMe La Rocquo, acting for the Secretary, who was unable to
attend.

Oct.. 1947] THE N'ArTlLUS 67

Marino Hiolo^ii-al Station of Stanford University. Dr. Blinks
welcomed tlie Union to Pacific Grove and the Laboratory and
invited members to make it their home insofar as possible during
their stay. Dr. van der Schalie responded to Dr. Blinks' ad-
dress of welcome and lauded the excellent arranfrenicnts made
by Mr. Sorensen and Dr. Blinks for the meetinjr.

The meeting then passed to the presentation of scientific pa-
pers. Since complete abstracts of each paper will appear in the
"News Bulletin and Annual Report" of the Union, only a list
of titles is appended to this report.

The Annual Dinner was held in the Dining Hall of Asilomar
Wednesday eveninjr. A special menu had been prepared for the
occasion through the good offices of the local committee and was
offered to the members of the Union in attendance with the com-
pliments of Mr. Andrew Sorensen, who bore the entire financial
cost of the banquet. The menu was unusual and appropriate
for a meeting of malacologists. The main course was broiled
abalone, preceded by shrimp cocktail and accompanied by crab-
meat salad. The main speakers at the dinner were the Presi-
dent, Dr. Henry van der Schalie, who voiced the thanks of the
guests to the local committee. Mr. John Q. Burch spoke briefly
of the pleasure of the western group at ha\ing a meeting on
the west coast and being able to exchange ideas and impres-
sions with members from the east. Mr. Sorensen expressed
pleasure in seeing a good' representation of members from the
east, and urged Pacific Coast members to do their utmost to at-
tend the next meeting in the east. Dr. F. M. MacFarland, Mr.
Emery, Messrs. Dranga, Spicer, Kimball, and Haas also spoke
briefly.

After the Annual Dinner, the Council met briefly. The busi-
iiess considered was mainly recommendations for a meeting place
in 1948 and the preparation of a slate of officers for the coming
year.

Early in the morning of Thursday, June 19, some especially
enthusiastic members took advantage of the exceptional!}' low
tides then prevailing to go out collecting at 5 o'clock in the morn-
ing. The booty was pronounced worthy of the special effort and
admired by later-rising members. A short business meeting pre-
ceded the scientific sessions. The President read the slate of

58 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

oflfieers prepared by Council: for President, Dr. A. Myra Keen;
for Vice-President, Dr. Elmer G. Berry; for Secretary, Mrs.
Harold R. Robertson; for Treasurer, Mr. Harold R. Robertson;
for Councillors, Mr. John Q. Burch, Dr. John Ouprhton, Dr. Jo-
seph C. Bequaert, and i\Ir. Allyn G. Smith. There being no
other nominations, the slate of officers was elected unanimously.

The President then announced that the Union had been in-
vited to meet in Pittsburgh next year. The meetings will take
place at the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, August 25, 26, and
27, 1948. Details will be announced later. The reports of the
Secretary and of the Treasurer were read and approved. The
remainder of the session was devoted to the reading of scientific
papers, as was the afternoon session.

In the evening, an illustrated address on marine life of the
Monterey region was delivered by Dr. Ralph Bolin, Assistant
Director, Hopkins Marine Station. Mr. Sorensen, introducing
the speaker, promised that we would see some very special movies
of marine life. Dr. Bolin 's films more than fulfilled the promise.
Starfish, brittle stars, sea anemones, ghost crabs, etc., as well as
mollusks, were shown in the full glory of the color of the living
animal; this was quite a treat to those of us who knew these
invertebrates only as dried or preserved specimens. Dr. Bolin 's
remarks were timed to perfection for the appearance of each
new subject and provided a wealth of information about each
one. The talk aroused much discussion which carried on far
into the night.

Friday the 20th of June began early, at 5 A.M. to be exact,
with a shore collecting trip led by Mr. Ferdinand Ruth, Science
Instructor at Monterey Junior College, whose intimate knowl-
edge of the collecting grounds of the Monterey Bay area as-
sured an abundant and choice catch even for those wlio had
not done any marine collecting before. The trip had been ar-
ranged to take advantage of the unusually low tide. The scien-
tific sessions opened at 10 A.M. and continued tiiroughout the
day.

On Saturday, the 21st of June, aiiotlicr party of insatiable
collectors under tiie leadership of Mr. Kutli i-aidcd the rocks ex-
posed at low tide in Monterey Hay and returned loaded down
with much bootv. During the niornini;- nieinhers of tiie Cnion

Oct.. li)47) Tin: NArTii.us 59

were shown the famous ScveuttHMi-Milc I)i-ivo and Point Lobos
Koserve State Park wliere they were able to observe the two spe-
cies of seals and sea lions on the roeks off the coast as well as a
<;reat number of sea birds, includin<; cormorants and pelicans.
The tour was sponsored by the Pacific Grove Chamber of Com-
merce who are to be coiifrratulated on the cfifiwiencv of their
arranfzements.

In tlie afternoon a larjre party of members visited the Hopkins
Marine Station where they were shown around the laboratories.
The dinner this eveniufr mifrht be described as a closinj? dinner.
The Florida p:roup expressed their thanks for California hospi-
tality in verse written especially for the occasion ; Mr. Sorensen
responded with his well-known {jrace and happy choice of words;
the eveninjr was spent in enjoyable informal talk and rejjretful
leave-taking.

Papers Presented
Wednesday, June IS

AUyn G. Smith and ^Mackenzie Gordon Jr. — The Marine Mol-

lusks and Brachiopods of Monterey Bay, California, and

Vicinity.
Wendell O. Grefrg — Helicoid Snails of the Desert Regions of

California.
Jay G. Marks — Collecting in Ecuador.
Glenn R. Webb — Notes on the mating of some Zonitoides {Ven-

tridens) .species of land-snails.

Thursday, June 1.9

Allyn G. Smith — A method of sealing vials for the preservation

of Mollusca in alcohol.
E. P. Chace — California Land Snails and how some of them live.
Henry van der Schalie — The Michigan Pearl Button Industry.
Leo G. Ilertlein — A Brief Review of Tropical West American

Bivalves.
Howard R. Hill — Abnormal Shells of some Pacific Marine

Mollusks.
Richard W. Foster — The preparation of a Bibliography of the

Literature on Mollusk Biology.

60 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

G. Dallas Hanna — Dredginjr on the Mendocino County Coast.
Ralph Boliu — Illustrated Talk on Marine Life of Monterey Bay.

Friday, June 20

Earl H. Myers — Protozoans and Foraminifera.

Elmer G. Berry — A comparative study between members of the
genera Pomatiopsis and Oncomelanm.

Leo G. Hertlein — Remarks on Checklists.

Trevor Kincaid — Mollusks introduced into the Pacific Coast
through the importation of seed oysters from Japan.

A. Myra Keen — Exhibit of rare shells received at Stanford Uni-
versity during the war.

A. Sorensen — Exhibit of World HaUotis.

Henry van der Sehalie — The Land and Fresh-Water Mollusks of
Puerto Rico.

LAMARCK'S PRODROME D'UNE NOUVELLE
CLASSIFICATION DES COQUILLES

By henry dodge

In a previous note (Nautilus, vol. 60, No. 1) I discussed briefly
the historical position and importance of Lamarck's "Prodrome
d'une nouvelle classification des coquilles," published in 1799.^

As the work is not available to most conchologists it seems that
a useful purpose would be served by republishing, in translation,
his Table of Genera, of which the work largely consisted. Many
of the genera described are given preoccupied names. Thus it
is probable that the Museum Boltenianum which appeared in the
same year in which the "Prodrome" was presented to the In-
stitut National and which was a rare and almost unknown work
for years after its publication, had not been seen by Lamarck.
Likewise many of the genera of the "Prodrome" have been so
subdivided by later discoveries that Lamarck's descriptions are
too broad to conform to our present knowledge of these groups.

1 Memoires of tlio Societe irilistoire Naturollo de Paris, vol. 1, pp. 63-91,
1799. Read before tlic Institut National in Paris " le 21 frimaire an 7"
(December 11, 1798).

Oct.. l*)47l THE NAUTILUS 61

In spite of tliese thinprs it is hoped that the importance of this
earliest list of the Laniarckian «renera of shells may justify its
republication.

The greatest problem in presenting an English version was
whether to make a literal translation of Lamarck's language, or
to use the terms employed in modern conchological Engli.sh. lie
used an outmoded scientific vocabulary and his terminology of
the different parts of the shell is often curiously archaic. The
gastropods are classified according to the shape, or rather the
continuity, of the aperture. He uses the indications "anterior"
and "posterior" very sparingly. He seems to disregard tlie dif-
ference between varices and any other thickening of the shell
structure or even the columellar callus. He uses the terms
"bord droit" and "bord gauche" for the parietal and palatal
lip and employs the word "lip" only in a few instances. It has
nevertheless seemed best to translate his language literally for
the most part, using modern terms only where necessary to in-
sure clarity. After all, what we want is to see the genera as
Lamarck saw them. Only in this way can we appreciate not
only the advance which he made over his predecessors but also
the historical significance of the very errors and confusions from
which his work suffered.

I have translated the "Tableau" of genera exactly as written,
adding nothing except the author and date in brackets after the
name of each genus in order to emphasize Lamarck's own contri-
butions. The punctuation is left intact except where transla-
tion required changes. The word "shell" (coquille) is omitted
at the beginning of each description.

Systematic List of Genera

UMVALVE SHELLS^

(a) Single-chambered shells.

Aperture notched or open, or with a basal canal

1. CONE. CONUS. [Linnc 1758.]

A reversed cone; narrow longitudinal aperture, edentate, base
open. Conus marmoreus. Lin. Popular name, The Checker-
board.

62 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

2. PORCELAINE. CYPRAEA. [Linne 1758.]
Oval, convex, lips involute ; narrow lonpritudinal aperture, both

lips dentate. Cypraea mappa. Lin. Popular name. The Geo-
jrraphic Cone.

3. OVULE. OVULA. [Brujruiere 1789.]
Dilated, more or less elonjrated at each end, lips involute;

longitudinal aperture, the inner lip edentate. Bulla ovum.
Lin.

4. TARRIERE. TEREBELLUM. ['Bolten' Rodin? 1798.]
Subcylindrical. apex acute; aperture longitudinal, narrow

above, notched at the base; columella truncated. Bulla fere-
hellum. Lin.

5. OLIVE. OLIVA. [Brugruiere 1789.]
Subcylindrical, open at the base; the whorls of the spire sepa-
rated by a canal; columella with oblique folds. Valuta oliva.
Lin.

6. ANCILLE. ANCILLA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Oblong, spire low and not canaliculated ; basal opening barely

notched ; an obli(iue swelling or thickening at the base of the
columella. Voluta . . . Martin.couch.2,p.359,t.65,f.722-724.

7. VOLUTE. VOLUTA. [Linne 1758.]
Oval, more or less dilated medially, apex obtuse or with a

mamillar nucleus, base notched but without a canal ; columella
crossed by folds, those below being thicker or longer. Voluta
musica. Lin.

8. MITRE. MITRA. ['Bolten' Riiding 1798.]
Usually fusiform or turriculate, spire with an acute apex, base

notched and witho\it a canal ; columella crossed by folds, those
below being the smallest. Voluta episcopalis. Lin.

9. COLOMBELLE. COLVMBELLA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Oval, spire short, base of the aperture more or less notched and

without canal; thickening on the internal aspect of the outer
li}); folds or tecDi on llic ('(»]inu('ll;i. Vnluta nu rcdioria. Lin.

10. MAROIXELLE. MARIUSEJ.LA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Oval or oblong, smooth, short s{)ire, and the outer lip with a

varix on its outer aspect; base of the aperture faintly notched;
folds on the coluniclla. Voluta (jlahcUa. Lin.

(K't.. 1!»47] THE NAUTILUS 63

11. CANC'ELLAIRE. CANCELLARIA. [Lamarck 1799.)
Oval or subturriculate, outor lip lirato within; base of the

aperture almost entire and with a very short canal;- columella
with a few compressed and sharp folds. Voluta reticulata. Lin.

12. NASSE. NASSA. ['Bolten' Rodinp: 1798.1
Oval; ajiorture terminated below in an oblique notch sufrf^est-

injr a canal; base of the columella partly concealing' the notch
and appearing: obliquely truncate. Buccinuni niutahile. Lin.

13. POURPRE. PURPURA. [Bru^'uiere 1789.]
Oval, usually tuberculate or spinose; aperture terminatinp:

below in a very short canal, notched at its ba.se; columella run-
nin<r to a point below. Buccinuni persicum. Lin.

14. BUCCLN. BUCCINUM. [Linne 1758.1
Oval or dilated ; aperture terminating: below with an open

notch and no canal. Buccinuni luidatum. Lin.

15. VIS. TEREBRA. [Bruguiere 1789.]
Turriculate; aperture notched below; base of the columella

twisted or oblique. Buccinum suhulatum. Lin.

16. HARPE. HARP A. ['Bolten' Roding 1798.]
Oval or dilated, with sharp, parallel axial ribs; aperture

notched below and without canal ; columella smooth, running to
a point below. Buccinuni harpa. Lin.

17. CASQUE. CASSIS. [Scopoli 1777.]
Dilated ; aperture longer than wide, terminated below by a

short canal, curved to the left; columella wrinkled below. Buc-
cinum cornututn. Lin.

18. STROMBE. STROM BUS. [Linne 1758.]
Swollen,^ terminated at the base by a short canal, notched or

truncate; outer lip expanding with age, with a simple wing, en-

-' " base de rouverture presqu 'cntii'ie et en canal tit^s-court. " A loose
and confusing description for many members of this genus. The Cancel-
laria known to Lamarck contained species witli an entire lip ami a few
with a very rudimentary canal.

^ Ovvla, Buccinum, Harpa, Cassis and Bulla are described as "bombee"
(literally, arched, barreled, convex), which I have translated as "dilated."
Strombus, Ptcrocera, Voluta and AmpuUaria are described as "ventrue"
(literally, big-bellied, bulging (out)), which I have translated as "swollen."
The French "ventru" has the more limited meaning, comporting a swelling

64 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

tire or with a sing:le lobe, and havinjr a sinus below distinct from
the notched base. Stromhus pugilis. Lin.

19. PTEROCERE. PTEROCERA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Swollen, terminated below by a lonp: canal ; outer lip expand-
ing with age, having a digitate wing and a sinus near the base.
Stromhus lamhis. Lin.

20. ROSTELLAIRE. ROSTELLARIA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Fusiform, terminated below by a pointed canal; outer lip

entire or dentate, more or less expanded into a Aving with age,
and with a sinus contiguous to the canal. Stromhus fusus. Lin.

21. ROCIIER. MUREX. [Linne 1758.]
Oval or oblong, with a basal canal, always with varices on the

exterior, usually tuberculate or spinose. Murcx ramosus. Lin.
Popular name, The Chicory.

22. FUSEAU. FUSUS. [Lamarck 1799.*]
Fusiform, with a basal canal, not always with varices and

having its greatest dilation either equidistant from the extremi-
ties or nearer to the base; spire high; columella smooth, outer
lip without notch. Murex coins. Lin.

23. PYRULE. PYRULA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Subpyriform, with a basal canal, varices not always present,

and having the greatest dilation nearer to the apex than to the
base; spire short, columella smooth, outer liji without sinus.
Bulla ficus. Lin.

24. FASCIOLAIRE. FASCIOLARIA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Subfusiform, with a basal canal, without varices, and with two

or three verj'' oblique, equal folds on the colnniella. Murex
tulipa. Lin.

25. TURBINELLE. TURBINELLA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Subturbinate, with a basal canal, and with three to tive folds

on the columella, unequal in siz(\ iuutow and obli(iue. Valuta
pyrum. Lin.

in one area only; "bonil)(!>" signifies a general swelling, as in a globose
shell. The only 8]>e(ies to which "ventrue" should have been applied is
(]iossihly) Ovuhi. It is iiiipossible to find two English words fonveying this
difr«T('nc('.

"Not Fusu.i Hflbling 177it, nor 'Boltrn' Riiding 1798.

Oct., 1947] THE NAi'Tii.rs fiS

2G. PLEl'HOTOME. PLEVROTOMA. | Lamarck 1799.]

Fusiform or tiirriculato. with a basal caiuil. without varices,
aud haviufi a notch or sinus near the top of tlie outi'r lip. Miircx
hahylouius. Lin.

27. C^ERITE. CERITHIVM. (Bruj?uiere 1789.]
Turricuhite; aperture terminated beh)W by a short, sharply

recurved or abruptly truncate canal. Murcx aluco. Lin.

Aperture entire, having at its base neither noteh nor eayial

28. TOrPIE. TROCHUS. [Linnc 1758.]
Conical ; aperture almost quadrangular or flattened trans-
versely; columella oblique to the plane of the base. Trochus
nil otic us Lin.

29. CADRAX. SOLARIUM. [Lamarck 1799.]
Flatly conical, having an open umbilicus which is crenulated

on the internal edge of the whorls of the spire ; aperture almost
quadrangular. Trochus perspcctirus. Lin.

30. SABOT. TURBO. [Linne 1758.]
Conoidal or turriculate; aperture circular and entire, eden-
tate; the two lips do not unite above. Turho marmoratus. Lin.
The Mother-of-Pearl.

31. MOXODONTE. MONODONTA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Oval or conoidal ; aperture entire, rounded and armed with a

tooth formed by the truncate and projecting base of the colu-
mella; the two lips do not unite. Trochus lahio. Lin.

32. CYCLOSTOME. CYCLOSTQMA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Variable in shape ; aperture round or almost round ; the two

lips uniting to form a circle. Turho scalaris. Lin. The Staircase.

33. TURRITELLE. TURRITELLA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Turriculate; aperture rounded, entire, but having a sinus on

the outer lip.'' Turho terehrn. Lin.

5 The sinus noted by Lamarck is found only in tlie shells of Section (Sub-
genus?) Torrula Gray 1847. It is therefore not a generic trait of Turri-
tella sen-fu lat<>. Lamarck probably based his mention of a sinus upon
Turritella (Torrula) exoleta (Linne), as it is certainly not found in any of
the species of Turritella sensu strictu, in which restricted group his "ex-
ample" is included.

66 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

34. JANTHINE. JANTHINA. ['Bolteii' Roding 1798.]
Sub-globose, diaphanous; aperture triaiifrular ; an angrular

sinus on the outer lip. Helix janthina. Lin.

35. BULLE. BULLA. [Linne 1758.]
Dilated, spire sunken, outer thin and sharp ; aperture as long

as the shell, no basal umbilicus. Bulla ampulla. Lin. The
Nutmeg.

36. BULIME. BULIMUS. [Scopoli 1777.]
Oval or oblong; aperture entire, longer than wide, columella

smooth, without folds, not truncated and without any spreading
(evasement) of the base. Bulimus haemastomus. Scop.delic.l.
t.25,f.l,2.

37. AGATHINE. ACHATINA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Oval or oblong; aperture entire, longer than wide; columella

smooth, without folds, but truncate at its base. Bulla achatina.
Lin.

38. LYMNEE. LYMNAEA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Oblong, subturriculate ; aperture entire, longer than wide ; the

lower portion of the outer lip rising as it becomes reentrant into
the aperture, and forming a very oblique fold on the columella.
Helix stagnalis. Lin.

39. MELANIE. MELANIA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Turriculate; aperture entire, oval or oblong, spreading at the

base of the columella. Helix amarula. Lin.

40. PYRAMIDELLE. PY RAM I BELLA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Turriculate; aperture entire, semi-oval; columella projecting

and having three obli(}ue folds, perforated at its base. Trochus
dolabratus. Lin.

41. AURICULE. AURICULA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Oval or oblong; aperture entire and longer than wide, nar-
rowed at the top; one or more folds on the columella, iiulopend-
ent of the crossing of flic coluiiicUa by the outer lip (iiuicpendans
du bord droit remontant sur lo gauche). Valuta auris midac.
Lin.

Oct., 1947) THE NAUTILUS 67

42. AMPI'LLAIKE. AMITLLAIilA. fLaniarck 1799.)
Globose, swollen, umbilit-ate, without a callus on the parietal

lip; aperture entire, longer than wide. Helix ampitllacea. Lin.
The Cordon bleu.

43. PLANORRE. PLAXORIilS. [MuUcr 1774.]
Discoidal. with flat or sunken spire; aperture entire, lonjrer

than wide, notched laterally by the convex projection of the
penultimate whorl. Helix eornu nrieti.'<. Lin.

44. IIELICE. HELIX. |Linnc 1758.]
Globose, or orbicular, spire convex or conoidal ; aperture en-
tire, wider than longr. notched above by the convex projection of
the penultimate whorl. Helix netnoralis. Lin.

45. IIELICINE. HELICINA. | Lamarck 1799.]
Suglobose. imperforate; aperture entire and semi-oval, colu-
mella callous, narrowed below. . . .

46. XERITE. NERITA. [Linne 1758.]
Semi-globose, flattened below% not iimbilicate; aperture entire,

sub-circular; the columella slightly oblique. Nerita exuvia.
Lin.

47. NATICE. NATICA. [Scopoli 1777.]
Semi-globose, umbilicate, the parietal lip calloused in the re-
gion of the umbilicus; aperture sub-circular; columella oblique
and edentate.* Xatica canrena. Lin.

48. SIGARET. SIGARETUS. [Lamarck 1799.]
Oval, depressed, almost auriform, with a short and helicoid

columella ; aperture entire, very large, widening toward the top
of the outer lip, longer than wide. Helix haliotoidea. Lin.

49. STOMATE. STOMATIA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Oval, auriform, spire prominent ; aperture large, entire, longer

than wide; disk imperforate. Haliotis imperforatn. Chem.lO,
t.l66,f.l600,1601.

6 There is considerable evidence that Lamarck's Naiica is not tlie Natica
of Scopoli 1777, but tliat it embraces merely the so-called canrena group,
the members of which are closely allied species if not actually varieties or
subspecies of canrena Linn6. Naticariu.1 Dumeril 1805 is. a more appro-
priate name for this group. Canrena Linne is the type of both Naticarins
and Xatica Lamarck, by monotypy. Natica Scopoli, on the other hand, has
as genotype Nerita viteUus Linne.

68 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

50. HALIOTIDE. HALIOTIS. [Linne 1758.]
Flattened, auriform, with a very low spire ; aperture very

large, longer than wide ; disk pierced with holes in a line parallel
to the inner lip. HaUotis tuherculafa. Lin. Sea-ear.

51. PATELLE. PATELLA. [Linne 1758.>
Shield- or cap-shaped, spire not complete, entire at the apex

[i.e. not perforate], concave and simple below. Patella granu-
laris. Lin. The Goat's eye.

52. FISSURELLE. FISSURELLA. [Bruguiere 1789.]
Shield-shaped, spire lacking, concave below, pierced at the

apex with an oval or oblong hole. Patella nimhosa. Lin. The
Key-hole.

53. CREPIDULE. CREPIDULA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Oval or oblong, convex above, and with a rudimentary spire,

inclined towards the edge of the shell ; the inside is partially
closed-off by a simple diaphragm which is not in the form of a
spiral. Patella fornicata. Lin.

54. CALYPTREE. CALYPTRAEA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Conoidal, with a vertical apex, entire and pointed; the inner

side is furnished with a tongue-like member which is horn-shaped
or with a spiral diaphragm. Patella ehinensis. Lin.

55. DENT ALE. DENTALIVM. [Linne 1758.]
Tubular, regular, an elongated cone, slightly curved, and open

at both ends. Dentalium elephant in urn. Lin.

56. VERMICULAIRE. VERMICULARIA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Tubular, symmetrically spiral at apex, and entire for its whole

length; aperture sub-circular. Serpula lunihricalis. Lin.

57. SILIQUAIRE. SILIQUARIA. [Bruguiere 1789.]
Tubular, spiral near its apex, and divided laterally along its

entire length by a narrow slot ; aperture sub-circular. Sili-
quaria anguina. Lin.

58. ARROSOIR. PEMCILLUS. [Bruguiere 1789."]
Tubular, slender and loosely spiral at its apex, the anterior

])ortion being club-shaped and terminated by a convex disk fur-
nished with perfoiated tubes. Sojuila pons. Lin.

7 Preoccupied by Pcnicilliis Guettard 1770, a genus of marine worms. The
first validly i)roi)osed name for this group of the ClavaffcUidae is Aspcr-
(/ilium Lamarck 1818.

Oct., rJ47j THE NAUTILUS 69

59. AROOXATTE. ARdOyAl'TA. [Liniu- 1758. 1
Very thin, boat-sliupeil. iuvulute, spire reentrant in the aper-
ture, the keel double and tubereulate. Argonauta argo. Lin.
The Paper Nautilus.

(b) Multi-ehanibered shells.

60. XAUTILE. XAVTILUS. [Linne 1758.]
Spiral, sub-discoidal, the last whorl envelopinp: the others,

walls simple ; chambers numerous, formed by simple transverse
partitions, the disks of which are perforated by a tube. Nau-
tilus pompilius. Lin.

61. XAUTILITE. XArTILITES. [Lamarck 1799.]
Spiral, subdiscoidal, the last whorl enveloping the others, walls

articulated by sinuous sutures; partitions transverse, lobed in
outline and pierced by a marginal tube. A^.

62. AMMOXITE. AMMONITES.

[Gessner 1758, Bruguiere 1789.]

Spiral, discoidal, whorls contiguous, with walls articulated by

sinuous sutures; partitions transverse, lobed and clearly defined

in outline, and pierced by a marginal tube. Ammonites . . .

Brug.dict.List.Conch.t.l044.

63. PLAXORBITE. PLANORBITES. [Lamarck 1799.]
Spiral, discoidal, whorls contiguous, walls simple; partitions

transverse, entire, closely spaced. PL

64. CAMERINE. CAMERINA. [Bruguiere 1789.]
Lenticular, discoidal, w-alls simple, concealing all the whorls;

chambers numerous, formed by imperforate transverse parti-
tions. Camcrina laevigata. Brug. The Coin-stone.

65. SPIRULE. SPIRULA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Partially or completely spiral, at lea.st the last whorl is not

contiguous with the others; chambers transverse, simple, the
disks being pierced by a tube. Nautilus spirula. Lin.

66. BACULITE. BACULITES. [Lamarck 1799.]
Straight, cylindrical, subconical ; walls articulated by sinuous

sutures; partitions transverse, imperforate, lobed and clearly
defined in outline; no tube nor external spout. B.

70 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

67. ORTHOCERE. OETHOCERA.

[Brufiuiere 1789 (Orthoccras).]
Straight or arcuate, subconieal ; chambers distinct, formed by
transverse partitions, simple, perforated by a tube -which is
either central or lateral. Nautilus raphanus. Lin.

68. ORTHOCERATITE. ORTHOCERATITES.

[Gessner 1758, Lamarck 1799.]
Conical, straight or arcuate, provided internally -with trans-
verse partitions, and with two longitudinal, obtuse and converg-
ing "stops" (Fr. arretes) ; the last chamber closed by an
operculum. . . .

69. BELEMNITE. BELEMNITES.

[Gessner 1758, Lamarck 1799.]

Straight, in the form of a long cone, pointed, filled in at the

apex, provided with a lateral siphon ; a single conical chamber

is visible, the earlier ones having been successively filled in by

the multiplication of partitions. . . ,

NOTES AND NEWS

Erratum. — Naut. 61 (1) : 16. Explanation of Figure 2, p.
17, read, "Lateral view of earrefour and albumen gland" not
"Lateral view of earrefour and kidney." — Charles B. Wurtz.

Arion ater (L.) in Oregon. — This large European slug has
recently been received from Gresham, Oregon, collected by ]\Ir.
Joe Schuh, June 11 of this year. The specimens (No. 574216
U. S. National Museum) are the color-variety atcrrima- Taylor,
in which not only the upper parts are black, but the entire sole
also. The collector reported that it "exuded an iridescent pur-
plish slime." — IL A. Reiider.

Brevimalleus, New Name for Fundclla De Gregorio. — The
name Funddla was proposed in 1884 by De Gregorio in Bull.
Soc. Mai. Ttal.. Vol. 10. p. 73, pi. 4, fig. 6. The genotype, by
original designation, is FundcJla lioyi De (iregorio. This spe-
cies seems to be indistinguishable from Avicula candcana d'Or-
bigny. De Gregorio 's name is preoccupied by Fundclla Zeller
1848, which was proposed for a group of Lepidoptera. Dall's

Oct., 1947] THE NAUTILUS 71

statement regarding Electroma Stoliczka 1871 (type Aviculn
smarafjdina Reeve) that the <ironp "may be represented in the
recent fauna of the Antilles by Avicula candcnna d'Orbigny,
whii'h seems to owe its characters to commensal ism with sponp^es"
is in error as this <;enus is more closely allied to the typical
Pterias than is Rrevimallcus. — K. A. McLean.

A NEW RECORD FOR Drymaeus multilineatur Say. — Mr. and
Mrs. Leo Burry turned over to me for study a pair of /). multi-
lineatus Say which they collected alive on an Indian mound lo-
cated on their property at Pompano Beach, Florida. The speci-
mens are somewhat larger than those measured by Pilsbry in his
Land Mollusca of North America, 1946, 2, pt. 1, p. 26. This
locality is about 25 miles north of Arch Creek, the northern most
locality jriven by PiLsbry for the southeast coa.st of Florida.
Our specimens measured 23 by 10.5 and 24.5 by 11.2 mm. — W. J.
Clench.

LiTTORiNA littorea IN New Jersey. — Sincc the publication of
^^ Littorina littorea on the New Jersey Coast" (Nautilus, vol.
60. no. 3, January, 1947, pp. 7^^76), additional information has
come to my attention. In "The Animal Life of our Sea Shore"
by Anpelo Heilprin, the species of periwinkles now called Lit-
torina irrorata (Say), Littorina ohtusata (Linne) and Littorina
saxaiilis (Olivi) are listed as inhabitants of the coast of New
Jersey. In a footnote to page 24, the author says "since the
above was written Littorina littorea has been found at Atlantic
City." This book published in 1888 contains probably the ear-
liest reference to Littorina littorea in New Jersey. Henry A.
Pilsbry reported colonies of this species flourishing at both At-
lantic City and Point Pleasant in his booklet "Sea Shells of
the Jersey Shore," 1891. In April, 1947, I found a colony of
Littorina littorea living on the flats at the end of the highway
bridge acro.ss the channel directly in back of Longport. — Robert
C. Alexander.

Clessin's section of Planorbis armiqerus. — In the July
number of The Nautilus (p. 30), Dr. Morrison attempted to dis-
place the generic name Tropicorhis Pilsbry & Brown (1914) by
adoption of '' Armigerns Clessin, 1884." But Clessin (p. 120)

72 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (2)

in the sentence "Die Art gehort zur Sect. Armigerus, welche
durch in Innern des Umgange angebrachte Zahne und Lamellen
ausgezeichnet ist" actually was stating, in his usual clumsy way,
that Planorhis albicans (and P. aiexandrinus) belonged in the
section of P. armigerus Say (p. 121). Even if ''Ar7nigerus
Clessin, 1884" were a valid name, which I doubt, its type by
absolute tautonymy would be Say's species. This would make
it a superfluous synonym of Planorhula Haldeman, as Clessin
(p. 122) himself indicated. — H. Burrington Baker.

Ensis directus in Lake Worth, Florida. — During the latter
part of June I collected a number of specimens of this shell in
the northern portion of Lake Worth. The shells were projecting
an inch or two from their holes and although dead contained the
animals. Extensive dredging in the vicinity had deposited a
layer of mud several inches thick over the bottom of the lake
and apparently the Ensis, as well as numerous other bivalves,
had come to the surface in an effort to obtain clear water, only
to be smothered. I believe this is the first record of Eyisis di-
rectus in Lake Worth. — A. Hyatt Verrill.

Unrecorded habit of Cymatium cyncocephalum. — During
the latter part of July Mrs. Verrill and myself discovered a large
colony of this rare shell in Lake Worth. The shells, together
with Cymatium tuherosum, Cymatium chrysostoma and Cymat-
ium, gracile, were living buried in mud in shallow water, each
shell having a small pit or crater. Each of these pits was partly
filled with small bivalves, each neatly drilled. Many of the pits
were deserted or at least unoccupied, apparently indicating that
the Cymatium, having exhausted the supply of bivalves in one
small area, moved to another location. Over thirty cynocepha-
lum and many specimens of the other species were collected
within an area of a few hundred s(|uare feet. 1 do not think
this habit of the cymatiums has been recorded hitherto. — A.
Hyatt Verrill.

The Nautilus

Vol. 61 January, 1948 No. 3

BRINGING IN THE TROCHUS IN THE
PALAU ISLANDS

By JULIA GARDNER 1

The Palau Islands, lyinj? about 500 miles east in the Philip-
pines in the South Pacific, are partially enclosed within a
ffreat barrier reef which is best developed alonp: the western
side of the group. The waves from the open sea pound
against the saw-tooth margin of the reef and break into
white spray forming a breaker or surf line which is visible
for a long distance at sea, and for an even greater distance
troni the air. Beyond the surf line, the reef slopes steeply to
oi-ean depths. The reef margin, continually washed by the
surf, offers optimum conditions for a diverse fauna and, to a
les.ser degree, a marine flora.

One of the several molluscan species in the Palauan fauna
is Trochus niMicus Linnaeus, commonly known as Trochus
or Trocas, and by the island natives as Takase-gae. The shell of
the Trochus is commercially valuable for button-making, and
the market is so well established that the species was protected
by Japanese conservation regulations. The meat of the Trochus,
although edible, is tough and is used only in time of food
shortage.

Trochus is occasionally seen on the reef flat but it thrives
only at the reef margin. The spawning season is reportedly
between January and March and again between July and Sep-
tember. Regulations formerly limited the taking of Trochus to
the month of May, Fishing during the war years was so reduced
that in 1947 the season was extended to the middle of Sep-
tember. Three years are required for the growth of the shell

1 Published with the permission of the Director, Geologiial Survey,
United States Department of the Interior.

(73)

74 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

and ouly those that have reached a basal diameter of at least 3
inches may be taken.

]\Iost of the Trochus brouglit in by the fishermen are from
barracuda-infested waters at a depth of 30-40 feet, possibly
because the shallower and more easily accessible depths have
been too much hunted. The natives dive for the Trochus in
the very early morning when the animals are pasturing on the
seaweed and are very active. The catch is brought back over the
reef and buried either in the sand or in shallow water where
scavengers such as ants and crabs will eat out the soft parts.
The fishermen later coUect the shells in canoes at low tide.

The shells are often heavily encrusted with a laj'er of calcareous
algae or similar material which must be removed before market-
ing. Several techniques are used. Two shells can be rubbed
together. Sharp taps with the back of the blade of a heavy
native knife, or with the blade itself, will often remove the
encrustations. The finer extraneous material can be removed
b}' hard rubbing with cocoanut husk or wire brush.

The shells are marketed at the end of the collecting season.
Each village is assigned certain days on which to bring the
harvest to Koror, the headquarters of the U. S. Commercial
Company, and the occasion is in the nature of a social event.
All manner of containers are used for bringing in the shells —
wire traps, copra sacks, old sand bags, and large, shallow
baskets woven of cocoanut leaves. The boatmen are usually the
older more experienced ones who know how to sew up the bags
of Trochus after weighing, and the stronger ones who can stack
them to the top of the high warehouse. Sometimes the men
sing with a strong and insistent rhythm as they swing the sacks
into place.

In 1946, more than 791,000 shells were brought in to Koror
and in 1947 the number is expected to exceed one million. The
most shells brought in by any one individual in 1946 was
13,652. lie was probably one of a large family, for the usual
number per man is about one thousand. The average weight of
each shell is three-quarters of a pound. In 1946, the price paid
was 5 cents per pound ; in 1947, a price of 6 cents a pound is
expected. The Trochus shells arc by no means the only source
of income for the natives, but they furnish a substantial portion.

Jan., 1948] the nautilus 75

After the shells have been both counted and weighed, they are
sacked and loaded on boats to be taken to Osaka where they are
cut into buttons and sold on the Ginza. As many as 50 buttons
can be obtained from a single shell. Even the bits of shell re-
maining after the buttons are eut are utilized, cither for decora-
tive lacquered surfaces or as irritants in pearl culture.

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE
AMNICOLIDAE*

By R. tucker ABBOTT
Assistant Curator, Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum

During a war time survey of molluscan intermediate hosts in
the Philippine Islands where the oriental blood fluke disease,
schistosomiasis, is endemic, an exceedingly curious mollusk was
collected in two localities on Leyte Island, Philippine Islands.
Xo previous description of this species could be found in the
literature, and since its shell and animal possess such unique
characters, unparalleled in the familj' Amnicolidae, we are here
formally describing a new genus and its genotype species.

This mollusk was first discovered on VJ day in the slightly
brackish region of the San Joaquin River, two miles inland, on
the eastern coast of Leyte. Several dozen specimens were found
by screening the black ooze in shallow water at the banks of the
sluggish river. Normally, this minute snail crawls about on
the shaded underside of rotting nipa palm fronds, but when
disturbed, withdraws quickly into its shell and falls to the
muddy bottom. Observations under the dissecting microscope
showed that all individuals progressed with a slight crablike
gait, the axis of the head and foot being some 30'' to the right
of the direction of forward progression. Probably correlated
with this is an asymmetrical color pattern on the head and a
series of serrations found only on the left tentacle (fig. 1).
When nudged, the animal withdraws into its shell with explosive
rapidity which often causes the shell to overturn. This last
characteristic is even more pronounced in the Stenothyra which

* Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

76 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

also occupy the same micro-habitat. Other mollusks collected
with Clenchiella were Thiara (Plotiopsis) scahra Miiller, Syn-
cera, Neritina and Cerithidea.

Clenchiella new genus

Monotypic genotype : Clenchiella victoriae

A taenioglossate prosobraneh gastropod wliose minute planor-
bid shell (4.0 mm. in diameter) closely resembles in form Valvata
tricarinata (Say). It is dioecious, with the males bearing a
three-pronged verge attached slightly to the right side of the
back. The gills are welded to the left side of the mantle, well
developed, with about 25 gill lamellae. The tentacles are fairly
long with the eyes located at the bases on slight swellings.
Mantle edge smooth. Anterior edge of foot distinctly bilobed
and auriculate with a pronounced, bulbous mucus gland em-
bedded on the median dorsal surface. Operculum round, thin,
corneous, a modified paucispiral in which the whorls have
tightened up to form an almost multispiral pattern. The nucleus
is central and reinforced internally by a pimple-like thickening.
The operculum can be withdrawn into the aperture for i/s of a
shell whorl. Periostracum of the shell relatively thick. Radula

4-1-4
taenioglossate with a dentition count of ; 2-1-3 ; 18 ; 20.

Clenchiella victoriae new species (Plate 5, figs. 1-7).

Shell very small (maximum diameter 4.0 mm.), almost dis-
eoidal, fairly thin, strongly bicarinate, and openly umbilicate.
Spire slightly sunken. Nuclear whorls IV2 in number and
smooth. Postnuclear whorls 2V2 to 3 in number, increasing
rapidly, rounded except for two prominent carinae, one of
which is located on the middle of the upper surface, the other
on the middle of the lower surface or base of the shell. Pe-
riphery of whorl oval or nearly U-shaped. Suture well in-
dented. Last whorl just behind the aperture drops slightly.
Aperture round, slightly constricted, and thickened internally
by a slight rim. A sliglitij' thickened varix is found externally
a little way back from the lip. Spiral sculpture, in addition to
the two prominent carinae, consists of many minute raised
threads which are of periostracal origin. Umbilicus wide and
very deep. Periostracum relatively thick and in life colored a
bright translucent red, but in dead shells is blackish brown.
Color of the shell chalky white. The operculum is round, thin,
corneous, a modified paucispiral in which the whorls have
tightened up to form an almost multispiral pattern. The nu-

Jan., 1948] THE NAUTILUS 77

cleus is central and reinforced internally by a |)iiiii)le-like thick-
ening.

Ilolotype: Maxiniinn diani. 1.0 mm.; maximum alt., 1.5 mm.
Paratype: ^Maximum diam. 4.2 mm.; maximum alt., 1.7 mm.

Animal. — Small and capable of beinj? completely retracted into
the shell. Foot tapering posteriorly, the anterior end bilobed
with the lateral extremities recurved as shown in fig:ures 1 and
3. Anterior edge of foot with a narrow, fairly deep slit which
is supplied with mucus from a prominent raised mucus gland
embedded in the dorsal surface of the foot underneath the pro-
boscis (figures 2 and 3). Head relatively small; proboscis short,
bilobed in front. Single tentacle on each side of head fairly
long, slender, and swollen at the outer base where the small
black eye is located. The left edge of the left tentacle near the
base bears 6 to 7 distinct serrations. These are absent on the
right tentacle. Minute cilia which pass a current of water
towards the mantle cavity are found only on the left tentacle.
In males the verge is located on the right dorsal side of the
body well behind the right tentacle. The verge bears three
prominent bulbous appendages, the narrowest of which bears
the sperm duct internally. The verge is coiled dextrally for
one half turn while not in use. Mantle thin with a slightly
thickened border. Gills 25 to 27 in number, welded to the left
side of the mantle. The lamellae at the anterior end of the gill
series do not reduce in height as in most prosobranchs, but
actually become higher and narrower as is shown in figure 9.

Color of animal in life bright. The most distinguishing color
marking is the soot black, short bar near the end of the tentacle
(see drawings). Light orange dots are embedded in the ten-
tacles and just above the right eye. The proboscis is entirely
soot black except for a translucent white anterior margin and
a broken clear streak on the dorsal surface. The top of the
head is asymmetrically colored with dark griiy to black as shown
in figure 1. On the right side of the body only are four
prominent oblong gray patches above which runs a slight groove
of a light cream color. Sides of foot translucent whitish with
an occasional yellow or orange dot embedded in the skin. Penis
not colored except for a few whitish granules embedded in the

78 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

largest non-functional lobe. Mantle irregularly splotched with
clouds of black specks.

Radula taenioglossate with seven different rows of teeth. The

4-1-4
formula as shown in figure is ; 2-1-3 ; 18 to 20; and 27 to

29. The lateral occasionally has a dentition count of 3-1-4 Csee
figure 7).

Type locality. — San Joaquin River, 2 miles north of Tanauan,
eastern side of Leyte Island, Republic of the Philippines. R. T.
Abbott, collector, August 14, 1945.

Types. — From the above locality: holotype U.S.N.M. No.
488534, paratypes: U.S.N.M. No. 488535. Paratypes also de-
posited in the Mollusk Department of the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology at Harvard College, Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia No. 183548, Museum of Zoology at Ann Arbor,
Chicago Museum of Natural History, and the Carnegie Museum.

Locality records. — The type locality and the estuary southeast
of Abuyog, eastern side of Leyte Island, Republic of the Philip-
pines (paratypes, U.S.N.M. No. 488536). This species may be
widespread throughout the Philippines.

Ecology and habits. — In the main, this was discussed in the
introduction. The temperature of the water was 81° F, the pH
7.6. A salinity test was not made, but the plants and animals
found in this part of the river would indicate that backing tides
occasionally increased the salinity, while rainy spells probably
made the water entirely fresh. Deep shade and quiet, warm
water were characteristic of both localities where this species
was collected. Natural enemies were not observed, although the
remarkable alertness of the animal and its power of explosive
withdrawal would suggest that a defense had been developed
against predatory fish or Crustacea. Eggs were not located.
Under the microscope, a male was seen to crawl on to the shell
of the female, lean forward over the aperture edge of the female
shell, and plunge its verge into the mantle cavity of the female.
In doing so, the male flopped its shell and body upside down in
front of the female and remained in this copulatory position for
over five minutes.

Taxonomic relationships. — The genus Clench iclla is placed in

Jan., 1948] the nautilus 79

the family Amnicolidae and in the subfamily Amnicolinae
( = IIydrobiinae) with some hesitation. The shell and operculum
of Clcjichii'lla vic(o7-ia€ are strikin{::ly similar to members of the
Valvatidae but the animal excludes it from that group, which
possesses a fairly lonj;, plumose gill free at its distal end. In
addition, the Valvatidae are hermaphroditic while Clcnchiella is
dioecious. Clcnchiella is more closely related to American Amni-
colids than to other Philippine Amnicolids such as Oncomclania,
Digoniosioma and Bulimus. The foot is not unlike West Indian
Potamopyrgus, and the verge resembles in general the type
found in Sotnatogyrus suhglobosus Say of the Great Lakes in the
United States. The closest allies in animal characters that
Clenchiella has in the Philippines are among the Stenothyrinae
which have the same shape of foot and similarly bizarre color
patterns. This latter group, however, has two characters not
found in Clcnchiella but which are common to some Rissoidae:
(1) a tube-like fleshy appendage on the dorsal and posterior part
of the foot ; (2) a strong reinforcement, usually horseshoe-shaped,
on the operculum on the side of muscular attachment. The
bulbous mucus gland so prominently displayed on the dorsal
surface of the anterior end of the foot of Clenchiella is found
only in one other group of freshwater mollusks, the amphibious
Synceridae ( = Assimineidae), but this latter group is distinctive
in its lack of tentacles (reduced to stubby eyestalks) and the
absence of gill lamellae which are replaced by a gill sac. The
radula of Clenchiella does not exclude it from either the Steno-
thyrids or Amnicolids. Until a more thorough anatomical study
is made on allied groups, it is perhaps best not to erect a new
subfamily at this time.

The genus is named after William J. Clench, Curator of the
Department of Mollusks at the Museum of Comparative Zoology
at Harvard College, which donated a large and valuable collec-
tion of medically important mollusks to Commodore Thomas
River's Naval Medical Research Unit-2 during the war. The
species which was collected on VJ day is named in commemora-
tion of the victory won by our armed forces.

80 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

Explanation of Plate, Clenchlella victoriae

Figure 1. Dorsal view of anterior half of living- animal when
crawling. X 50.

Figure 2. Right lateral view of crawling animal. X 40.

Figure 3. Dorsal view of anterior end of foot showing central
mucus gland and two lateral black color markings. X 50.

Figure 4. Apertural, apical and umbilical views of shell.
X 35.

Figure 5. Two views of external verge in living male showing
functional lobe with spermatheca and two non-functional
lobes. X 100.

Figure 6. Thin, transparent lining to stomach. Arrow shows
direction of entering food. X 80.

Figure 7. Radula: rachidian, lateral, inner and outer margin-
als from left to right. Rachidian shown from two angles.

Figure 8. Operculum. X 40.

Figure 9. Semi-diagrammatic drawing of gill lamellae welded
to the left side of the mantle. Arrow points posteriorly to-
wards heart. X 60.
(Enlargements approximate)

SOME LAND SNAILS FROM WEST VIRGINIA

WITH DESCRIPTION OF A

NEW SPECIES

By CHARLES B. WURTZ

The geographic position of West Virginia in the Appalachian
Mountain Range and the features of its physiography make it a
particularly desirable collecting ground for the student of land
snails. This has been appreciated by many workers, but un-
fortunately few have had an opportunity to enter this field.
Dr. S. T. Brooks and Gordon K. MacMillan (earlier as G. M.
Kutclika) of the Carnegie Museum initiated a program of study
in West Virginian mollusks about twelve years ago. The con-
tributions of their studies are embraced in a number of papers.
P.rooks (Annals (^irn. Mus., 24: 61-68. 1935) published a list
of the shelled mollusks of West Virginia in the Carnegie Museum
collection. Together they then published on the occurrence of
the Carychiidae (loc. cit., 25: 155-161, 1937) and llie Pnpillidae
(loc. cit., 27 : 63-83, 1938) in the state. In 1937 (Naut., 50 (3) :
97) Dr. Brooks added to the list of records of Pupiilidae in West

Ill-: NAI'l'II.IS: (11 (il)

I'LATK f)

AnHorr: ('i,KNtiiiKiJ-A vutokiak

'11 1<: NATTILUS: ()1 (H)

PLATK (i

, ,,,.,S 1.1 IIA I'l.lU.r. Fl.;. :!. CASTKOl.ONTA rOSTUVUA

Wmt/. Ki<;. 4, (i. intiokna (Say).

Jan.. 11)48] the nautilus 81

Virjjinia. Brooks ami U. K. Hunt described Vertigo clappi
(Annals Cam. Mus., 25: 121-122, 1936) from West Virginia
and Trivdopsis platysayoidcs was described by Brooks (Naut.,
46 (2) : 04, VXV.]) from Cooper's Kock, \V. Va. In 15)40 (Naut.,
53 (3) : 95) Brooks and MaeMillan described Pomatiopsis prae-
lotifja and Triodopsis fridfufafa rugosa { = Triodoj}sis rugosa)
from Clay County and Lo^an County respectively.

The recent war apparently caused an interruption of their
projjram. !Mr. MacMillan is, however, still at the Carnegie
Museum, and still very much interested in West Virginian Mol-
lusca. In a recent conversation with him I found that a manu-
script had been prepared and submitted prior to the war but
that it has not j-et been published. It embraces all the land
snails excepting the Carj'chiidae and Pupillidae which were
treated earlier. Mo.st of the locality records contained here were
long ago made available to Mr. ]\IacMillan and, presumably, they
are included in the unpublished manuscript mentioned.

Southeastern United States has long been recognized as a
center for the Post-Pleistocene dispersal of plants and animals.
During the Pleistocene epoch there were apparentl.y three refuges
in the southern states from which the main elements of our
fauna spread northward as conditions permitted. These refuges
were the southern end of the Blue Ridge Province, i.e., the Great
Smokies; the Cumberland Plateau; and the Ozark Plateau.
Each of these three areas are not only physically distinct, but
faunistically distinct. Many forms are peculiar to only one of
the three especially at the species level, and not uncommonly
at the generic level.

The bulk of We.st Virginia lies in the Kanawha section (also
called the Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau) of the Appalachian
Plateau. This is a mature plateau of moderate to strong relief.
This Kanawha section is the northward extension of the Cumber-
land Plateau section, and is more or less arbitrarily stated to
have its southern limit about the center of Kentucky. Eastern
West Virginia (not considered herein) extends into the Valley
and Ridge Province which is a relatively narrow belt of second-
cycle mountains separating the Appalachian Plateau from the
Blue Ridge Province. The Kanawha section of the Appalachian
Plateau, so poorly know'n by the malacologists, probably repre-

82 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

sents a distinct route of northward advance from the Cumber-
land Plateau refuge. Throughout West Virginia and south-
western Pennsylvania there seems to be a mixing of the elements
of this refuge and the northward moving forms from the Great
Smokies refuge. Through Tennessee and Alabama the Valley
and Ridge Province seems to still represent a geographic and
eeologic barrier to the spread of many forms between the
plateaus and mountains. North of Tennessee, however, this
effect seems to have broken down somewhat. Actually too little
is known from West Virginia to justify any general statement.

The material presented here is the product of a number of
field trips of varying lengths. Probably the most interesting
material is that from Hudnall on Paint Creek in Kanawha
County. Two trips were taken into this area. These trips were
made in June of 1937 and 1938. The method of transportation
is a familiar one. It consisted of standing at the side of the
appropriate highway with the right arm, fist, and thumb ex-
tended, and with what was meant to be a charming smile on the
face. At that time such methods were effective although the
amount of baggage was decidedly limited. Later collections,
from the other counties, were effected by using a one-half ton
truck of questionable parentage and unquestionable antiquity.
In a few instances the records are the work of another person
and these are indicated by the familiar " !"

Where details concerning the collection station have been in-
cluded they have been included only under the first reference
to the station. E.g., all references to Hudnall, Kanawha County
are to the wooded hillsides on the eastern side of Paint Creek.
This avoids needless repetition.

Where duplicate material has occurred it has been deposited
in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia.

The only fresh water mollusks collected were some Planorbidae
from Paint Creek, Hudnall. Since these have never been stud-
ied they are not included.

Amnicolidae

Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say). Marion County, Smithville. This
was at the lower edge of the town along the Monongahela
River.

Jan.. 1918] THE NAUTILUS 83

Carychiidae

Carychium exile (Lea). Kanawha County, Iludnall.

Carychium naniiodcs Clapp. Kanawha County, Iludnall.
Found as a mixed population with C exile. This is a com-
mon occurrence with these two species, and Dr. Clapp even
mentions it in the description of C. nannodes (Naut., 19 (8) :
91, 1905).

Carychium exiguum (Say). Marion County, Smithville.

Polygyridae

Stenotrema edvardsi (Bland). Kanawha County, Iludnall.

Stenotrema stenotrema (Pfeiffer). Cabell County, Milton. In
planks and stones which bordered a dirt road along a hillside.
In these shells the apical whorls had been broken away, pos-
sibly by a mouse. The basal notch of these individuals is
shallow. Kanawha County, Hudnall.

Stenotrema hirsutum (Say). Cabell County, Milton; Harrison
County, Wolf Summit ; Kanawha County, Iludnall ; Monon-
galia County, Cooper's Rock State Park; Ohio County, Ogle-
bay Park in Wheeling; Putnam County, Red House and also
at Buffalo. The latter station was a very steep hillside
covered with leaf mold. Tyler County, Friendly.

Stenotreyna fraternum (Say). Kanawha County, Hudnall;
Monongalia County, Cooper's Rock State Park; Ohio County,
Oglebay Park in Wheeling; Tyler County, Friendly.

Mesodon thyroidus (Say). Brooke County, Bethany. R.
Darsie ! ; Cabell County, Milton ; Kanawha County, Hudnall ;
Marion County, Smithville ; Ohio County, Oglebay Park in
Wheeling; Putnam County, Red House; Tyler County,
Friendly. Only one specimen and it has the lower edge of
the peristome deformed. Wetzel County, New Martinsville.
Beside the cemetery. Wood County, two miles north of Boaz
(ten miles north of Parkersburg) on the Heurie Farm along
Rt. 21. There is a flood plain here which had been flooded
four years earlier (in 1937). The only snail found that had
subsequently moved into this area was Anguispira alternata
(Say).

Mesodon mitchellianus (Lea). Brooke County, Bethany. R.
Darsie!; Ohio County, Oglebay Park in Wheeling.

84 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

Mesodon zaleius (Binney). Monongalia County, Cooper's
Rock State Park; Ohio Comity, Oglebay Park in Wheeling.

Mesodon pennsylvanicus (Green). Marion County, Smithville;
Ohio County, Oglebay Park in Wheeling.

Mesodon appressus (Say). Cabell County, Milton; Kanawha
County, Hudnall. Found on the ceilings of old coal mines
which were no longer being mined. At the time there had
been rain for several days. Also one specimen was found
along the Kanawha River on a railroad embankment opposite
Montgomery.

Mesodon say anus (Pilsbry). Kanawha County, Iludnall. Two
specimens which are not quite mature. The teeth are absent
although one shell has the peristomal reflection completed.
Monongalia Countj^ Cooper's Rock State Park,

Triodopsis tridentata (Say), Cabell County, Milton. Similar
to the Hudnall individuals and the three large ones from
Oglebay Park in Wheeling. Brooke County, Bethany. Also
from Williamsburg. M. Busch ! ; Jackson County, Odaville ;
Kanawha County, Hudnall, Large specimens up to 20.4 mm,
greatest diameter. A very broad lip which is thickened in-
ternally to quite absorb the teeth in some individuals.
Parietal tooth elongate. Base heavily papillose. Marion
County, Smithville; Marshall Count}'', Moundsville. This
was along U. S. Route 250 not far from where state route 89
branches off for Pennsylvania. This road is along a ridge.
Mason County, near Point Pleasant where U. S. Route 35 and
state route 2 join; Monongalia County, Cooper's Rock State
Park; Ohio County, Oglebay Park in Wheeling. Of eleven
individuals two are large (18.0 and 18.3 mm. greatest di-
ameter) while the rest are smaller with the greatest diameter
ranging from 13.7 to 14.4 mm. These two large ones re-
semble those from Hudnall in possessing the broad lip, heavily
papillated base, and the elongated parietal tooth. Both types
were found together. In another lot of 34 individuals from
the same locality one large one (17.3 mm. greatest diameter)
was found. TTnfortunately the periostracum was missing and
the papillation, if it had existed, was lost. It does have the
broad lip. Tyler County, Friendly. Like those from Hud-
nall but smaller shells (14 to 15 mm. greatest diameter).

Jan., 1948] tue nautilus 85

Wood County, two miles north of Boaz. Three specimens of
which one lacks the lip teeth.

Triodopsis platysayoides (Brooks). Monongalia County, Coop-
er's Kock State Park. Found in deep crevices and fissures in
the rock. The only adult livinjj: animal taken was about 75
feet back in a cave.

Triodopsis rugosa anteridon Pilsbry. Putnam County, Buffalo.

Triodopsis fraudulenta vulgata Pilsbry. Kanawha County,
lludnall; Ohio County, Oglebay Park in Wheeling; Wood
County, two miles north of Boaz.

Triodopsis notata (Desliayes). Brooke County, Williamsburf^.
M. Busch ! ; ^lonongalia County, Cooper's Rock State Park;
Ohio County, Oglebay Park in Wheeling; Wood County, two
miles north of Boaz.

Triodopsis albolahris (Say). Harrison County, Wolf Summit;
Kanawha County, lludnall ; Mason County, near Point Pleas-
ant; Monongalia County, Cooper's Kock State Park; Ohio
County, Oglebay Park in Wheeling.

Triodopsis dentifera (Binney). Monongalia County, Cooper's
Rock State Park.

Allogona profunda (Say). Kanawha County, lludnall; Marion
County, Smithville; Ohio County, Oglebay Park in Wheeling.

Haplotrematidae
Haplotrema concavum (Say). Harrison County, Wolf Summit;
Kanawha County, Hudnall; Marion County, Smithville;
Mason County, near Point Pleasant; Monongalia County,
Cooper's Rock State Park; Ohio County, Oglebay Park in
Wheeling; Tyler County, Friendly; Wood County, two miles
north of Boaz.

Zonitidae

Euconulus fulvus (Miiller). Kanawha County, Hudnall.

Retinella sp. I\Ionongalia County, Cooper's Rock State Park.
Two immature shells of about 2% whorls. Presumably in the
subgenus Nesovitrea {=Perpolita) as there are no major
series of incised radiating lines. Spiral sculpturing is quite
distinct at a magnification of 27 diameters. Marion County,
Smithville. Three immature shells of 2 to 3 whorls possessing
incised radiating sculpture. Possibly R. indent ata (Say).

86 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

Retinella virginica Morrison. Kanawha County, Hudnall. The
largest of the two shells has four whorls and a major diameter
of 2.8 mm.

Retinella indentata (Say). Wood County, two miles north of
Boaz.

Retinella carolinensis (Cockerell). Kanawha County, Hudnall.

Mesomphix inornatus (Say). Cabell County, Milton; Kanawha
County, Hudnall ; Marion County, Smithville ; Mason County,
near Point Pleasant; IMonongalia County, Cooper's Rock State
Park ; Ohio County, Oglebay Park in Wheeling ; Wood County,
two miles north of Boaz.

Mesomphix vulgatus (H. B. Baker). Monongalia County, Coop-
er's Rock State Park; Ohio County, Oglebay Park in Wheel-
ing.

Mesomphix cupreus (Rafinesque). Kanawha County, Hudnall;
Monongalia County, Cooper's Rock State Park; Ohio County,
Oglebay Park in Wheeling.

Paravitrea midtidentata (Binney). Kanawha County, Hudnall;
Ohio County, Oglebay Park in Wheeling.

Paravitrea reesei Morrison. Kanawha County, Hudnall.

Paravitrea capsella (Gould). KanaAvha County, Hudnall.
Toothed young predominate with the teeth persisting in some
apparently adult shells. One immature shell of 4^4 whorls
has three teeth.

Hawaiia minuscula (Binney). Kanawha County, Hudnall;
Monongalia County, Cooper's Rock State Park.

Gastrodonta fonticula new species. PI. 6, fig. 3.

Shell distinctly umbilicate with the umbilicus contained about
eight times in the greatest diameter of the shell. The umbilicus
scarcely narrowing to the apex of the shell. Inner edge of last
% (usually) of the body whorl forming a ridge round the open-
ing of the umbilicus. The base of the body whorl is strongly
convex; the greatest convexity about midway between the um-
bilicus and the periphery. Between this and the umbilicus the
surface is slightly concave and ril)l)0(l. This concave surface
has the appearance of a broad, shallow groove surrounding the
umbilicus. The inner edge forms a narrowly rounded ridge
around the umbilicus. Shell of 7.f) whorls (type specimen). In
apical view the .shell is not separable from G. interna (Say).
The sculpturing is identical in the two species. The spire is

Jan., 1948] the nautilus 87

dome-shaped, but not as high as in (1. interna. Index of h/d
= 59/c for tlic typo specimen. Aperture as in (r. interna. Two
teeth appearin;:: witliin the aperture as very short hunellae about
as lonp: as higli. The teeth are nearly the same size although
the outer one shows a tendency toward a greater height and
width. (In 0. interna the outer tooth is appreciably bulkier
than the inner tooth.) Soft parts of the animal unknown.

Height 3.7 mm., greatest diameter 6.3 mm. ; 7.9 whorls. Type.

Height 3.2 mm., greatest diameter 5.8 mm.;? whorls. (Apex
broken.)

Height 3.2 mm., greatest diameter 6.0 mm. ; 7.5 whorls.

Height 3.0 mm., greatest diameter 6.1 mm. ; 7.8 whorls.

Height 3.6 mm., greatest diameter 5.7 mm. ; 7.5 whorls.

Height 3.5 mm., greatest diameter 5.7 mm. ; 7.1 whorls.

Height 3.5 mm., greatest diameter 6.9 mm. ; 7.3 whorls. This
individual, with a much lower spire, presents a peculiarity of
the teeth. The inner one is wider than high with the sides
sloping toward tlie callous base. The outer one consists of three
bluntly pyramidal tubercles rising from the callous base. The
bases of these tubercles are confluent, and the tubercles them-
selves are irregularly placed. They are arranged along an an-
terior-posterior line with the middle one offset slightly toward
the inner tooth.

Height 3.6 mm., greatest diameter 6.0 mm. ; 7.7 Avhorls.

Height 3.7 mm., greatest diameter 5.9 mm. ; 7.5 whorls.

(These last two paratypes are in my own collection.)

Type locality : On steeply sloping, wooded hillside on the east
side of Paint Creek, Hudnall, Kanawha County, W. Va. Col-
lected in June of two successive years (1937 and 1938).

Type and paratypes are in the Academy collection (No.
183479) with two paratypes in my own collection.

The specific name is derived from the Latin fonticulus, mean-
ing a little well, and refers to the umbilical character.

The most significant feature of this shell is the well-like
umbilicus permitting an uninterrupted view to the apex. It is
this character which most readily allows its separation from
Gastrodonta interna (Say). Of this latter species Say (Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2, Pt. 1: 155, 1821) says, "Umbilicus ob-
solete or wanting." A. Binney (Terr. Moll., 2: 247, 1851) says,
"The umbilicus is nearly, or quite obsolete." Pilsbry (Land.
Moll. N. Amer., 2(1): 429, 1946) says, "The shell is minutely
perforate." Gastrodonta interna is most constant in this spe-

88 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

cific characteristic. In all its characters it is probably more
constant than any other North American zonitid shell. G. fonti-
cula is decidedly distinct. No Gastrodonta interna were col-
lected at the locality of G. fonticula, but further collecting is
most desirable.

Plate 6, fig. 3, umbilical, apical and facial views of the type
specimen. For comparative purposes, and because the species
has never been illustrated photographically, I have added the
umbilical and facial views (fig. 4), of Gastrodonta interna (Say).
The specimens of G. interna are A.N.S.P. No. 68668 ; collected by
S. N. Rhoads in 1895 at Sawyer's Spring (elev. 1300 ft.), Wal-
den's Ridge, Hamilton County, Tennessee.

Ventridens collisella (Pilsbry). Kanawha County, Hudnall.

Ventridens ligera (Say). Brooke County, Bethany; Cabell
County, Milton; Harrison County, Wolf Summit; Kanawha
County, Hudnall ; Marion County, Smithville ; I\Iarshall
County, Moundsville; Monongalia County, Cooper's Rock
State Park; Ohio County, Oglebay Park in Wheeling; Pleas-
ants County, St. Mary's. Along route 21 about one half mile
below St. Mary's. Tyler County, Friendly; Wetzel County,
New Martinsville.

Ventridens intertextus (Binney). Monongalia County, Coop-
er's Rock State Park; Ohio County, Oglebay Park in Wheel-
ing.

Zonitoides arhorcus (Say). Brooke County, Bethany; Mason
County, near Point Pleasant ; Ohio County, Oglebay Park
in Wheeling; Tyler County, Friendly; Wayne County, Ceredo.
At the edge of the golf course. Wood County, two miles
north of Boaz.

Endodontidae

AnguUpira altcrnata (Say). Brooke County, Bethany. Also
from William.sburg. M. Busch ! ; Kanawha Count)', Hudnall;
Marion County, Smithville; Monongalia County, Cooper's
Rock State Park; Ohio County, Oglebay Park in Wheeling.
The carinate form was also found here. Wood County, two
miles north of Boaz.

.Jan., 1948] the nautilus 89

Anguispira kochi (Pfeiffer). Brooke County, Bethany; Ohio
County, Oprlcbay Park in Wlieelinj?.

Discus cronkliitci anihonyi (Pilsbry). Wayne County, Ceredo.

Discus patulus (Deshayes). Brooke County, Bethany. Also
from WilliamsburfT. M. Busch ! ; Kanawha County, Iludnall;
Marion County, Smithville; Ohio County, Oglebay Park in
Wheeling; Wood County, two miles north of Boaz.

Hclicodiscus parallelus (Say). Kanawha County, Iludnall.
Two distinct varices demarcated on each of the two adult
shells. One individual has the internal pair of teeth just
inside the aperture. In the other individual they are just
posterior to the posterior varix. Tyler County, Friendly.

Succineidae

Succinea ovalis (Say). Nicholas County, Little Elk Mountain.

Elevation of peak is 1448 feet.
Succinea avara (Say). Brooke County, Bethany; Monongalia

County, Cooper's Rock State Park.

Coehlicopidae

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller). Kanawha County, Iludnall.
These individuals are somewhat narrower than is typical for
the species.

Pupillidae

Qastrocopta armifera (Say). Monongalia County, Cooper's
Rock State Park ; Ohio County, Oglebay Park in Wheeling.

Gastrocopta contract a (Say). Kanawha County, Iludnall; Ohio
County, Oglebay Park in Wheeling.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Kanawha County, Hudnall.

Strobilopsidae

Strobilops aenea Pilsbry. Kanawha County, Hudnall.

No attempt has been made here to indicate which records are
indicative of an extended range. Nor have I made any effort to
designate records that are new to the literature on the subject.
There is so little actually known from West Virginia tliat almost
any faunal list will incorporate new distributional records. My
own collections, as delineated above, undoubtedly repeat records
that already exist in the literature in one or more places, but
this, of course, is to be expected.

90 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

A NEW CASSIS AND OTHER MOLLUSKS FROM
THE CHIPOLA FORMATION ^

By JOHN DYAS PARKER

Ten Mile Creek, Calhoun County, Florida, has been a Mecca
for shell enthusiasts since 1889, when Frank Burns, a veteran
field man of the U. S. Geological Survey, sent in material from
the Creek bank, "1 mile west of Bailey's Ferry" across the
Chipola River, and from "McClelland farm," on the bank of
the Chipola, 1 mile below the ferry. The rich fauna was de-
termined and described by William H. Dall in the Transactions
of the Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia. Pale-
ontologists have made many pilgrimages to these outcrops and
few fossil localities in Florida have been more frequently visited.

"Bailey's Ferry" has long since been abandoned and replaced
by a highway bridge. Cooke - located the outcrop "at or near
the crossing of the present state highway 84 (from Marianna to
Clarksville) 4.7 miles north of Clarksville, on the line between
sections 11 and 12, T. 1 N., R.IO W." In 1914, Cooke found
at that locality a 12 foot exposure of fossiliferous calcareous
sand; the lower part bluish gray to yellowish and containing
beautifully preserved marine shells ; the upper part a light gray
to white micaceous, argillaceous sand similar to that in a cor-
responding relationship at Alum Bluff.

On April 18, 1946, Mr. Charles Locklin and I found the de-
posit on the north bank of Ten Mile Creek about thirty feet
east of the present highway bridge of Florida No. 84. The
richest fauna, including a new Cassia, was found along a six
inch band of bluish clay which was of a different color and more
arenaceous texture than the "maple sugar" brown clay above
and below it. The molluscan fauna was so prolific here and of
such a character that we recalled Dall's interpretation of the
Chipola fauna :

1 The name "Chipola formation" was first used "by right of discovery"
in the unj)ublished field notes of Frank Burns, 1889, for the "Miocene of
West Florida."

2 Cooke, C. Wythe, Geology of Florida, Florida Dept. Conscrv., Geol.
Bull. 29, p. 163, 1945.

Jan., 1948] the nautilus 91

"The deposit is one which must have been formed under very
favorable conditions of food supply and in a depth of water
greater than that which occurs within the limits of the tides."'

The following shells were found in the Chipola outcrop at this
point on this visit.

Cassis delta new species. Plate 6, figs. 1, la, lb.

Adult shell solid, inflated dorsally, the outline of the apertural
face triangular. Surface glaze worn through over much of the
shell but persisting on the callus and the flattened outer lip.
Seven whorls, not including the missing nuclear and possibly
the earlier postnuclcar whorls. Upper surface sculptured with
axial wrinkles about as wide as their intervals, disappearing at
the shoulder of the whorls, which bear a series of solid flattened,
unequal peripheral tubercules; the conspicuous dorsal one is
somewhat abraded in the holotype. Two lesser, obscure bands
of nodules, about ten mm. wide, run parallel to the carina, on
the midpart of the body-whorl, dividing it into three subequal
parts; anteriorly there are about five obscure spiral cords
adjacent to the anterior canal. The suture is unusually irregu-
lar, following at certain stages the periphery of the preceding
whorl, and at other stages, even on the apical whorls, it is pushed
back of the periphery. The spire is short, low, with a wide
apical angle. The aperture is narrow. Outer lip much thick-
ened along its entire length by the terminal varix, and produced
posteriorly, bearing, along its inner surface, a series of eight
ridges equidistant from one another. The inner lip bears ten
long, narrow teeth of which six run to the inner margin, as well
as two denticles at the posterior notch, and flares to form part
of the apertural shield. This shield is so alate as to form an
equilateral triangle when both lips of the aperture are con-
sidered. This hatchet-shaped alation is so produced that it
hides the entire body whorl when the shell is viewed from a
ventral aspect. The penultimate varix has its outer margin ex-
tended to the lip of the alation of the terminal varix where the
two varices are fused together. The alation is much thickened
at its posterior end and fills the area between the shield and the
previous varix. This shelly material covers the shoulder of the
previous whorl. In an apical view the shell has a triangular
outline. The posterior extremity of the aperture is obscurely
notched. The anterior channel is deep, tortuous, and forms a

» Dall, William Healy, and Stanley-Bro>vn, Joseph, Cenozoic Geology
along the Apalachicola Elver, Geol. See. Amer. Bull., vol. 5, p. 165, 1894.

92 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

pronounced recurved canal similar to that of Cassis tuherosa
L. The columella is twisted at its lower end and bent back on
itself at the point where it joins the anterior canal. There is
both a false and a true umbilicus, the latter being only a slight
chink. Periostracum and operculum unknown.

Juvenile shell (PI. 6, figs. 2, 2a, 2b) cassidiform, differs from
adult in the parietal face. Outer lip not as thick as in adult,
has convex outer lip ; slight sulcus at posterior end. Anterior
canal as in adult. 12 teeth and denticles similar to adult.
Shield glossy, calloused, extending to penultimate varix, sculp-
ture seen through enamel, lacks hatchet-shaped alation of adult.
Outer lip has 9 tuberculations almost equidistant along its inner
surface. Upper whorls badly worn, about 40 faint axial stria-
tions on the protoconeh. Second and third whorls lack sculp-
ture of any kind. Third whorl more globose. Fourth whorl
has faint spiral sculpture, channeled suture bears tiny granules
Sixth whorl, with normal sculpture, has the first varix 90° past
the aperture.

Height 138 mm., greatest diameter 97 mm., height of apertural
shield 135 mm., greatest width 140 mm. Ilolotype.

Length 134 mm., least diameter 99 mm., greatest diameter 101
mm.

Length 44.7 mm., least diameter 32.7 mm., greatest diameter
34.8 mm.

Length 41.2 mm., least diameter 27.5 mm., greatest diameter
28.0 mm.

Types : Holotype and smallest paratype U.S.N.M. No. 543482.
Two paratypes A.N.S.P. No. 18680.

Type locality : The bank of Ten Mile Creek on the east side
of the bridge of Florida highway No. 84, 4.7 miles north of
Clarksville, Calhoun Co., Florida, Chipola formation.

Remarks. Two adult and two juveniles were found. The
unbroken adult is very mature and younger shells might not
possess the heavy callosity described in this paper. This species
is very close to Cassis sulcifer Sby. of the Cercado and Gurabo
formations of Santo Domingo and the Gatwn formation of Costa
Rica. Cassis delta is much larger than any C. sulcifer recorded.
The inner lip of C. sulcifer has 16 well developed lirae while
C. delta has only 10 feeble teeth and 2 denticles. On the outer
lip C. sulcifer has 10 well developed teeth running laterally
across the ventral surface of the .shield. C. delta has eight
ridges in the adult, which do not extend to the exterior of the

Jan., 1948]

Tire NAUTILUS

93

shield. Compared with ('. tuberosa L. we find that the shield
i.s quite different. In C. tuhcrosa the alation is quite attenuated
while in C. delta it is ample. The teeth on the outer marj^in of
C. tuberosa are well developed, extending well across the margin,
and on the lower lip are long, tapering, and numerous, wliile in
C. delta the corresponding ridges are more feeble. On the outer
lip they extend only a short way across the enameled surface
while on the inner lip they number only half those of C. tu-
berosa. The axial wrinkles of tuberosa are much finer and less
prominent, and irregular spirals cover most of the apical surface.
C. delta does not resemble C. flammca L. as closely as it does C.
sulcifer or C. tuberosa, the most outstanding difference being the
shape of the apertural shield. C. fiammea has an ovate shield
while that of C. delta is triangular to hatchet-shaped. When set
on its apex C. flammca leans to the left and the holotype of C.
delta sits upright.

Associated with the Cassis were the following determined by
Dr. Julia Gardner:

Calliostoma ceramicum Dall
Smaragdia chipolana (Dall)
Tricolia affinis chipolana

Gardner
Tricolis probrevis Gardner
Rissoina (Cibdizebina) brown-

iana d'Orb.
Turritella alcida bicarinata

Gardner
Turritella subgrundifera Dall
Turritella (Torcula) dalli

Gardner
Turritella (Torcula?) mixta

Dall
Lemintina cf. L. ? granifera

(Say)
Caecum sp. ind.
Alaba chipolana Dall
Bittium permutabile Dall?
Bittium chipolanum bumsii

Dall
Bittium cossmanni Dall
"Cerithium" chipolanum Dall
Triphora sp.

Strombiformis scotti (Maury)
Strombiformis sp.
Pyramidellidae, several genera

and species.
Calyptraea centralis (Conrad)
Crepidula sp.
Xenophora textilina Dall
Natica (Natica) alticallosa

Dall
Polinices? demicryptus

Gardner
Polinices (Neverita) chipola-

nus Dall
Sinum chipolanum Dall
Globularia fischeri (Dall)
Ficus eopapyratia Gardner
Murex chipolanus Dall
^lurex dasus Gardner
Murex (Chicoreus) folidodes

Gardner
Paziella (Dallimurex) lychnia

Gardner
Typhis linguiferus Dall
Eupleura caudata (Say)

94

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 61 (3)

Mitrella oryzoides Gardner
Mitrella blastos Gardner
Mitrella sp.
Mitrella ischna mitrodita

Gardner
Strombina aldrichi (Maury)
Engoniophos glyptiis Gardner
Busycon sicyoides Gardner
Busycon sp.
Hesperisternia chipolana

Gardner
Uzita cinclis Gardner
Uzita harrisi (Maury)
Olivella oryzoides Gardner
Vexillum (Uromitra) cnestum

Gardner
Mitra (Tiara) mitrodita

Gardner
Mitra (Pleioptygma) prod-

roma Gardner
Kurtziella websteri Maury
Nannodiella near N. nemoren-

sis (Maury)
Mierodrillia hebetika Gardner
Conus ehipolanus Dall
Terebra (Paraterebra) odopoia

Gardner
Terebra (Strioterebrum) lang-

doni perpunctata Dall
Acteon fusulus Dall
Acteon sp.

Ringicula semilimata Dall
Bulla striata Bruguiere?
Atys oedemata Dall
Atys (Roxaniella) gracilis

Dall
Haminea pompholyx Dall
Abderospira cbipolana Dall
Sulcularia chipolana (Dall)
Sulcularia prosculcata

Gardner
Volvula oxytata Bush, s. 1.
Acteocina incisula Dall
Acteocina incisula curtoidcs

Gardner
Cylichna decapitata (Dall)
Vaginella chipolana Dall

Nucula chipolana Dall
Sacella proteracuta Gardner,

s. 1.
Sacella cf. S. proteracuta

dystakta (Gardner)
Sacella proteracuta diamesa

(Gardner)
Sacella proteracuta leita

(Gardner)
Sacella leptalea (Gardner)
Sacella cf. S. diphya

(Gardner)
Yoldia frater Dall
Trinacria meekei parameekei

Gardner ?
Area cf. A. umbonata Lamarck
Anadara hypomela (Dall)
Anadara (Cunearca) initiator

(Dall)
Pleurodon cf. P. woodii Dall
Crenella minuscula Dall
Pecten (Pecten) burnsii Dall
Chlamys chipolana (Dall)
Chlamys (Lyropecten) condy-

lomatus (Dall)
Amusium cf. A. precursor

Dall
Anomia microgrammata Dall
Anomia cf. A. microgrammata

Dall
Ostrea sp. ind.
Verticordia (Trigonulina)

dalli Gardner
Crassatellites (Scambula)

ehipolanus Dall
Crassatellites (Crassinella)

triangulatus Dall
Glans (Pleuromeris) cf. G.

(P.) tellia (Dall)
Glans (Pleuromeris) tellia

Dall
Sportella leura Gardner
Sportella sp.
Diplodonta (Phlyctiderma)

glos Gardner
Phacoides (Parvilucina)

sphaeriola Dall

Jan., 1948]

THE NAUTILUS

95

Phacoides (Parvilucina) spha-

eriola aufraloa Gardner
Phacoides (Bellucina) euphea

Gardner
Phaeoiiles (Parvilneina) sp.
Lueinisea callunniensis Dall
Plastoniiltha heilprini

Gardner
Divaricella chipolana Dall
Codakia (Jaj^onia) erosa Dall
Eryeina undosa Dall?
Alveinus rotundus Dall
Chama draconis Dall
Fragum burnsii Dall
Laevicardium compressura

Dall
Tellina (Eurytellina) pressa

Dall
Tellina (Moerella) cloneta

Dall
Tellina (Moerella) acosmita

Dall
Macoma (Psammacoma) mar-

morea Gardner
Donax chipolanus Dall
Donax chipolanus curtulus

Dall
Semele chipolana Dall

Soniele stcarnsii Dall
Semelina cythcroidca Dall
Mulinia cf. M. sapotilla Dall
Ervilia chipolana Dall
Gafrariuni (Gouldia) erosum

bolteni Gardner
Callocardia (Agriopoma)

sincera Dall
Transenella sp.?
Pitaria floridana Dall
^laerocallista maculata Linne?

juv.
Dosinia (Dosinidia) chipolana

Dall
Chione chipolana Dall
Chione (Lirophora) burnsii

Dall
Spheniopsis americana Dall
Zirfaea sp.
Corbula chipolana (Dall

MS.) Gardner
Dentalium (Antalis) chipo-

laniim Gardner
Cadulus (Polyschides) lobion

Gardner
Caduhis (Gadila?) volvulus

Gardner

ACHATINA ACHATINA (L.) LAYS ITS EGGS
By E. a. ANDREWS

One of the big African agate snails, Achatina, kept some six
weeks in a packing box with earth and sphagnum moss in Balti-
more, Md. laid eggs. It was fed with lettuce and watermelon.
In dry weather it remained quiet night and day with its wide
foot-sole folded under it in wedge form, but in moist weather
it crawled about, preferably at night time. When made wet
the foot would spread out as the head came forth and then it
would crawl upon glass or upon one's hand and would not fall
off when upside down, unless it had secreted too much slime.

96 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

Arrived at an edge it might fall off, but was not injured by
eighteen inches drop.

August seventh, in gentle rain, it escaped and late at night
had made a straight course of some yards under cane brake,
leaving a trail along the ground like that of a field mouse. Re-
turned to its box it was found the next morning standing over
a depression in the sphagnum in which were three fine yellow
eggs. Its body stood neatly over the eggs as if it had dropped
them into the depression as the garden snail drops its eggs into
a hole that it has made in the earth. At two p.m. there were at
least six eggs under the snail, in two rows. The following
morning the eggs were as many as twenty and were still partly
covered by the snail; but that afternoon it had left the whole
batch of twenty-two eggs and did not chance to crawl near that
region again for four days. IMeantime the eggs were removed
and kept moist and warm in sphagnum.

August twelfth an egg weighed 330 milligrams and was nine
millimeters in length and eight and seven and a half in diameters.
Though longer than wide it had nearly equal curvatures at each
end and two of its faces were slightly flattened. The hard
shell was yellow but covered with a sticky layer of more orange
hue that was easily rubbed off.

September second some of the eggs were cracked open as if
ready to hatch but all the embryos were dead. One embryo
measured six mm. and another that filled the shell measured
ten mm. Already the embryo shell had three whorls and on its
transparent shell there were three meridional bands of chestnut-
red color.

Many active nemas swarmed on the outside of the egg shells
and death of the embryos may have come from too much moisture
and inadequate oxygen supply.

It is reported that some omnivorous Achatina laid as many
as two hundred eggs in a snailery. As they eat waste vegetable
food and lay in captivity it seems possible that in a favorable
climate, say south Florida, they might be developed as an ad-
dition to our sources of animal food.

Nov. 6, 1947.

Jan.. 1048] the nautilus 97

COMPARATIVE OBSERVATIONS ON THE MATING
OF CERTAIN TRIODOPSINAE

By C.LENN K. WKHH

While tlie differenoos in the sex-organs form a major item in
cieterminin<; the relationships among the Polygyrid snails, no
comparative studies appear yet to have been made on the func-
tioning sex-organs so far as I am aware. The present studies
are from observations on the matings of captive specimens, and
from the anatomies obtained from specimens killed in coitus.
It was found necessary to kill the animals with boiling water
despite the attendant shrinkage or other distortion which might
affect the anatomies.

The accompanying figures are from free-hand drawings and
are subject to minor errors of proportion ; the figure-scales repre-
sent about the equivalent of 1 mm.

The writer is indebted to Dr. Frank C. Baker for casual
citations to helpful references, and to Mr. Tucker Abbott for
aiding in the search. The responsibility for the reference ma-
terial, however, rests with the author, and is as complete as his
available bibliographic sources allow.

Triodopsis tridextata (Say), Fig. 4. The mating procedure of
this species is typical of three of the four species of Triodop-
sinae I have examined.

The courtship consists of the following actions : The slow
approach of one or both animals so that they come to lie facing
each other; and then of a reorientation which brings the genital
pores into apposition and the everted sex organs in contact.

The tentacles play an important part in the reorientation.
For as the animals draw closer and closer together, the tentacles
are progressively shortened and restricted in movement, being
especially attracted to the site of the genital pore and the evert-
ing or already everted sex organs. To "focus" the right in-
ferior tentacle over the mate-animal's organ, the animal must
move forward diagonally. As this action is completed by both
animals, their everting sex organs are touched together and
shifted so that they are contiguous and evenly apposed. Coitus
follows immediately.

98 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

The insertion of the penis into the female organ is not ex-
ternally observable, but is indicated by an accompanying slight
movement of the animals' head regions. Superficially, the en-
gaged sex-organs appear externally as a single, short, whitish,
cylindroid body about 2 mm. long and of equal diameter.
Closer inspection reveals the median, transverse groove which
delimits, externally, the organs of each animal. An even
slighter groove indicates the component male and female parts;
thus, in reality, four distinct organs are visible.

Coitus lasts about five to fifteen minutes in this species and
the next. The specimens usually gnaw at the adjacent part of
their mates' everted sex organs during part or all of the coition
period. This action is comparable to the dart-sticking actions
of certain of the dart-bearing landsnails when mating, and may
serve a homologous purpose. The copulation is either reciprocal,
with a mutual exchange of semen, or it is one-sided, one animal
acting as the male and the other as the female (see fig. 4).

The mating anatomies reveal the following details : The female
organ protrudes as a low, cylindrical swelling with a circular
terminal orifice that is penetrated by the inserted penis of the
mate-animal.

The penis is club-shaped, bearing apically an oval body (PB,
f. 4) pendant on a more elongate, tubular stalk (PS). The
apical body is laterally compressed and bears a series of crescen-
tic, papillate ridges (PR) which converge to the site of the
ejaculatory pore. A blunt tubercle (PT) projects from the
margin of the club, and the ejaculatory pore ^ is situated on the
ventro-basal part of this tubercle.

Triodopsis notata (Desh.), Fig. 1-la. The courtship of this
species is similar to that of tridentata.

The engaged sex organs caricature rather than simulate their
appearance in that form, chiefly due to the greater protrusion
of the female organ and the to be expected greater size of the
organs generally. (See fig. 1.)

The mating anatomies reveal the following details: The fe-
male organ (PX)) is a tumid, barrel-shaped body with a circular,

1 The external orifice of the penis through which the male sex-products
are discharged.

.Ian.. 194S] the nautilus 99

tenniiuil orifice that is penetrated by the associate animal 's
penis (P, f. 1). The inner wall of the female orj^an is formed
by the expanded basal portion of the spermathecal duct (BSD).
The oviduct (O) appears to be passively carried downward by
the descent of the former; however, the inserted penis occupies
only the cavity formed by the expanded spermathecal duct.
The outer wall of the female orjjan appears to be formed, in
part at least, by the vagina.

The penis is stout, cylindric, and blunt-tipped ; the variable
number of folds and ridges which occupy its upper part seem to
be retraction diseonfigurations (RD). A longitudinal series of
low, obscurely nodulose ridges (PR, f. la) converge to the site
of the ejaculatory pore situated near the tip of the penis. There
appears to be no tubercle marking this place.

Triodopsis multilineata (Say), Fig. 2-2a. The courtship is
also similar to that of tridentata. The engaged sex organs,
however, do not appear as in that species; since the female
organ is not everted, and the genital pore is encircled by a
slight, fleshy ridge and is much dilated.

Coitus has been observed to last as long as nine hours. A
pair of abnormally situated specimens (which clung to the verti-
cal wall of a crowded corner of their cage) were seen to mate
for about one hour, the shortest coitus I have observed with this
species. I cannot recall having seen this form gnaw at the
everted sex organs. Animals separated in coitus (which takes
a surprisingly vigorous pull) have difficulty in retracting the
everted penis. This may explain why no difficulty was ex-
perienced in obtaining anatomies with fully everted sex organs.
In contrast, mating anatomies of tridentata and notata were
difficult to secure.

Tiie mating anatomies reveal the following details : The
vagina - (V) seems to occupy the same position as in non-mating
animals; it functions as the female organ and consequently re-
ceives the deeply inserted penis of its mate. This is very differ-
ent from the arrangement in T. notata, since in that form the
expanded spermathecal duct receives the inserted penis.

and lower oviduct?

100 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

The penis is long, papillate, and tubular, tapering from a
short (2 mm.), smooth, basal stalk (PS) into the longer (13
mm.), wider, papillate part which forms the bulk of the organ
(PB). The papillae are arranged in rows. The papillate part
bears a longitudinal groove^ (PG) and a peculiar auxiliary
process, which resembles a minute "fish-tail" in shape, that
arises from a special locus behind the blunt tip of the penis, and
has the appearance of having been from that organ. The
ejaculatory pore is situated on a low swelling between the "tail-
lobes" of the auxiliary process (AP. f. 2a). In natural po-
sition, the auxiliary process lies parallel to the body of the penis
and may be partly imbedded in a mass of congealed semen
which usually occupies the intervening space. The ejaculatory
pore opens toward this space.

Allogona profunda (Say), Fig. 3-3a. This species departs
most from the tridentata type mating habits.

Courting commences as in that form, but starting with the
eversion of the sex organs, the structures and actions are only
remotely similar. The genital organs commence everting as soon
as the animals contact each other. First the genital pore dilates
and a low swelling appears, then a collar-like body materializes
with a low cone-shaped central swelling which continues to be
protruded * and to assume a tape-like shape. This central body
is the so-called "stimulator." The completion of the protrusion
of the sex organs depends on the subsequent behavior of the
animals.

The courtship (which has boon proceeding as in tridentata)
is now modified by the inception of biting duels. These arise
when one animal reaches forward, protrudes the jaw and radula
as much as po.ssible, and bites its mate on the head. The bitten
animal cringes back and may continue turning away from the
aggressive animal, rotating so that it reassumes its former po-
sition, or it may merely move its foreparts to one side and
launch a counter-attack. I have never seen a drawn battle de-

3 wliieh in Honic specimens appears as a wide, sliallow, non -papillate,
lonpitiidinal clianncl or stripe.

* Tlie "stimulator" seems to be protruded rather than everted; the
penis body seems, however, to be everted.

Jan., 1948]

THE NAUTILUS

101

FiQ. 1. Triodopsis notata (Desb.), mating position (from undisturbed
mating anatomies) ; la, everted sex organs. Fio. 2. Triodopsis multi-
lincata (Say), mating anatomies (vagina opened in upper specimen show-
ing inserted penis) ; 2a, greatly enlarged lateral view of tip of penis
showing auxiliary process. Fio. 3. AUogona profunda (Say), in coitus;
3a, separated mating anatomy. Fio. 4. Triodopsis tridentata (Say), mat-
ing anatomy of acting male in a non-reciprocal copulation.

102 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

velop, since the first animal to be bitten withdraws immediately.
While one of the animals pivots, the other may also pivot ; crawl
slowly forward, with upraised head and absent-mindedly munch-
ing jaws (a ludicrous sight indeed!) ; or it may remain station-
ary, playing its tentacles about questioningly for its mate. The
effect of these highly stimulatory actions is to cause an in-
creased protrusion of the sex organs, of which only the penis is
at first identifiable. As soon as the protruded penis (and pos-
sibly the at this time inconspicuous female organ) is. touched
against the other animal's organ, complete eversion and pro-
trusion follows and coitus commences (see fig. 3). Simultane-
ously with the increased protrusion of the sex organs, the ani-
mals cease their biting and commence gnawing on these organs.

It is at this time that the probable function of the stimulator
is apparent. Projecting from the apex of the penis, it is the
first organ likely to encounter the animals' jaws. If this hap-
pens the stimulator continues to be gnawed at. Otherwise, the
stimulator is shifted so that it rests on the head of the mate
animal, which then commences to gnaw at it. No damage ap-
pears to result, as the stimulator, being unattached terminally,
rises and falls inertly with the movement of the radula. Some-
how it never appears to get caught in a position which would
allow it to be pinched between the jaw plate and the radula.
The gnawing action soon ceases however; possibly the animal
considers gnawing at .so elusive an organ to be futile.

Coitus lasts a long time ; one pair commenced coition at 9 :45
one evening and were last seen in coitus at 10 :15 the next morn-
ing. Dr. Allan F. Archer (1, p. 7) reports seeing this species
in coitus "for well over six hours."

The mating anatomies reveal the following details : The fe-
male organ (FO, f. 3a) is a large, tubular body and appears to
be differentiated into two parts, a minutely and transversely-
rugose basal part (FOB), and a smoother more tumid terminal
part (FOA). The apically situated female orifice is indicated
by an in-puckered depression.

The penis, which resembles a flagellate grape, is large, tumid,
and ovoid. It boars apically the stimulator, an accuminate flap-
like structure (PS, f. 3-3a). P.elow the point of the stimulator
insertion, a large orifice (PO) opens into the cavernous interior

Jan., 1948] the nautilus 103

of the penis. The female organ i.s found restinj? in this cavity
in undisturbed mating anatomies. The ejaculatory pore seems
to be located at the tip of a small nipple-like papilla on the
innermost wall of the penis cavity. There are indications that
the papilla may be inserted into the orifice at the tip of the
female organ during coitus.

Bibliography

(1) Archer, Allen F., 1933. "A Study of Polygyra inflecta

(Sav)." Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. no. 276,
p. 7.

(2) Pilsbry, Henry A., 1940. "Land MoUusca of North

America." Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Monograph no. 3, vol.
1. pt. 2.

A NEW RECORD FOR ZOOGENETES HARPA (SAY)
By Jame:s M. Ross

During the first two weeks in August of 194G, I was collecting
at scattered points throughout Michigan's Northern Peninsula,
partly with the intention of publishing an annotated list of the
species taken. It was hoped that such a report might be of some
value, since the distribution of Northern Peninsula mollusca has
not been extensively studied. HoAvever, even though the collec-
tion is comparatively small (about forty lots), there are a num-
ber of forms which I, myself, do not feel competent to identify ;
and this, together with the accumulation of other obligations, has
postponed the proposed paper indefinitely. Meanwhile, perhaps
one record is worthy of special note.

As far as I have been able to determine, there is a pronounced
gap in records for the distribution of Zoogenctes harpa (Say).
This species ranges from the Saginaw-Grand valleys to the
Straits of Mackinac, but has apparently not been reported north
of the Straits, except at two widely separated localities : Isle
Royale. Keweenaw County; the Porcupine ^lountains, Onto-
nagon County. The new record, near Germfask, in eastern
Schoolcraft County, tends to show that the paucity of Northern
Peninsula records for this species is due not to a distributional
gap, but to need for additional field-work with minute forms.

104 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

The specimens were taken from the under surface of a pine
board, near the north end of the M77 bridge over the Manistique
River, nine-tenths of a mile south of Germfask, Schoolcraft
County. This locality lies between the northern-most point of
the Southern Peninsula and the other two northerly localities,
about sixty miles from the former, and about 180 miles from each
of the latter two.

The specimens were taken only from under the pine board,
though the immediately surrounding area was searched. How-
ever, it seems likely that numerous specimens were concealed in
the ground, or in the nearby grass, since specimens were taken
from under the board on three separate occasions, though on
each, all visible specimens were removed : one, August 5 ; two,
August 8 ; two, August 12, 1946. On Isle Royale, where Z.
harpa was collected near Siskowit Lake a week later, the species
was the commonest terrestrial form observed. Here it was found
under mo.ss, on exposed bedrock surfaces.

As might be expected, the Isle Royale specimens are slightly
smaller than those taken near Germfask, approximate measure-
ments giving the following generalized sizes : Siskowit Lake, Isle
Royale: altitude, 3.2 ram.; diameter, 2.5 mm.; near Germfask,
Schoolcraft Co.: altitude, 3.3 mm.; diameter, 2.6 mm.

NOTES AND NEWS

ToRiNiA CANALiFERA "C. B. Adams" Dall. — So far as it can
be traced this species was never described. It appeared as a
name in Ball's list, "A Preliminary Catalogue of the Shell
Bearing INIarine Mollnsks and Braehiopods of the South Eastern
Coast of the United States" (Bulletin United States National
Museum, No. 37, 1889, p. 148). C. W. Johnson listed the name
in his paper, "List of the ]\Iarine I\Tollusca of the Atlantic Coast
from Labrador to Texas" (Proc. Boston Society Nat. Hist., 40,
no. 1, p. 101). This citation was from Ball's list above. It
does not appear in any other standard work such as the Manual
of Concholog}'. No specimens under this name are in the C. B.
Adams Collection now in our charge. It would appear that
Adams had sent out specimens under a MSS. name which he

.Ian., 1948] thk nautilus 105

later considored invalid and Dall inekided it in his list from a
label rather than from a published deseription. — W. J. Clench.

The Genotype op Potamolituus Pilsbky. — In the Nautilus
for November 1896, vol. 10, pp. 76-81, appeared a paper by
Pilsbry and Rush, "List, with Notes, of Land and Freshwater
Shells Collected by Dr. \Vm. IL Rush in Uruguay and Argen-
tina." On page 80 appears the generic name of PotamoUlhus
associated with a list of species many of which were undescribod.
A generic name is considered valid, even without a description,
if one or more described species are given — as was the case here.

However, in the same publication a month later, December
1896, p. 86, tlie genus Potamolithus is described with P. rushii
Pilsbry given as the genotype. Unfortunately, this type selec-
tion is invalid, since P. rushii was not one of the described species
originally mentioned in connection with the introduction of the
new generic name Potamolithus. Consequently, Paludina lapi-
dum d'Orb., a well-known and well-figured species and one on the
original list accompanying the name Potamolithus, is here se-
lected as the genotype. — W. J. Clench.

On the term "albino." — Charles H, Blake's criticism^ of
our use of the term "albino" in an article dealing with color
variation in Olivella undatclla ^ is entirely appropriate. Through
an oversight we failed to state that the soft parts of the animals
in white shells were no different in coloration from those in dark
shells. The so-called albinism of the shells is therefore parallel
to that in Olivella hiplicata, for which we have stated: "The
animals inhabiting albino shells look like those in normally
colored shells." ^

Perhaps the use of the term "white" for the shells would be
a better practice than the use of the term "albino" with its
connotation of albino soft parts. Furthermore, the frequency of
white Olivella undatella (all with normally colored soft parts)
raises the question whether the whiteness of the shells is not
merely one extreme of the normal color range and not an ab-
normalitv at all. — D. S. and E. W. Gifford.

1 The Nautilus, vol. 61, pp. 32-33, 1947.

2 The Nautilus, vol. 60, pp. 81-84, 1947.

3 The Nautilus, vol. 55, p. 12, 1941.

106 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

Note on "West American species op Condylocardia. — The
genus Condylocardia "Munier-Chalmas (Manuscrit.) " Bernard
(Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. (Paris), vol. 2, No. 5, 1896, p. 195)
was described in 1896 and the type cited the same year (Joum.
de Conchyl., vol. 44, No. 3, 1896, p. 174, pi. 6, fig. 3) was
'* Condylocardia Pauliana, Munier-Chalmas" [ = Condylocardia
Sancti-Pauli "Munier-Chalmas (Manuscrit.)" Bernard, Bull.
Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. (Paris), vol. 2, No. 5, 1896, p. 196. "He
Saint-Paul. (M. Velain)"]. from the island of St. Paul in
the southern portion of the Indian Ocean. Two species of this
interesting genus have been recorded as occurring in tropical
west American waters. Condylocardia digueti Lamy (Bull. Mus.
Nat. Hist. Nat. (Paris), vol. 22, No. 8, 1916, p. 443, 3 figs, in
text; Journ. de Conchyl., vol. 66, No. 4, 1922, p. 367, 3 figs, in
text) was described from San Gabriel Bay, Espiritu Santo
Island, Gulf of California. Condylocardia panamensis Olsson
(Bull. Amer. Paleo., vol. 27, No. 106, December 25, 1942, p. 186
(34), pi. 16 (3), figs. 9, 10) was described from "Zone of un-
conformity at base of Pleistocene at Punta Piedra," Panama.
Later, Pilsbry and Olsson (Nautilus, vol. 60, No. 1, July, 1946,
p. 7) stated that this species occurs in the Recent west American
fauna from Panama to Ecuador. Lamy's species was not men-
tioned by Pilsbry and Olsson and appears to have escaped the
attention of most west American authors. One species referred
to Condylocardia has been cited as occurring in the Eocene of
the Paris basin, two undescribed species were cited by Pilsbry
and Olsson as occurring in the Oligocene of Ecuador and two
in the Miocene of Venezuela, and species have been cited as
occurring in the later Tertiary in Florida, Costa Rica and New
Zealand. In addition to the Recent species of this genus cited
from west American waters others have been described from
Florida, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and the island
of St. Paul in the southern portion of the Indian Ocean. Iredale
(Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 19, No. 5, 1936, p. 272) discussed the
generic assignment of some of the Australian species which
previously had been referred to Condylocardia. — L. G. Hertlein
and a. M. Strong.

Jan., 1948] Tiii: nautilus 107

loLiNA, NEW NAME FOR loi.AEA A. AoAMs 18G0. — Tlic name
lolaea Adams 1860^ for a sub<i:eiius of Odostumia seems to be
preoccupied by lolca Paseoe 1858 - and therefore a new name
appeal's to be needed. Aecordinfjly I would suj;j;est the name
lolitia wliich may take as type b}' original designation the species
Odostomia cucosmia Dall and Bartseh 1909,^ formerly known
as Oscilla ittsculpta (Carpenter) Keep 1888/ wliich latter name
is preoccupied in Odostomia by Odostomia insculpta De Kay
1843.'^

The type of lolaea was lolc scitula Adams, described con-
currently with the genus lolc, a name which the author himself
later changed to lolaea on learning that the original form of the
name was not available. But this species is not a convenient
type because Adams himself used the name scitula on three dif-
ferent occasions in tlie Pyramidellidae and on two in the closely
related family Eulimidae. according to Tryon.^ Further, it was
dredged from a depth of 63 fathoms in the Strait of Korea.
It therefore seems the wiser course to designate a species from
a better known region. Odostomia {lolina) cucosmia ranges
from San Pedro, Alta California, to Punta Abreojos, Baja
California, and is sometimes found on the beach. Its advantages
as generitype are obvious. — Joshua L. Baily, Jr.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Living and fossil Pupillidae (Gastropoda) of the Sanborn
Area, Northwestern ILvnsas (Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 9:
407-419, 1947), by Dorothea S. Franzen. Seven species and
subspecies now extinct in this area have been found in the Pleis-
tocene deposits. Six species and subspecies of three genera are
now living, but have not been found in Pleistocene. Three spe-
cies are common to both. It Ls now a semiarid region but the

1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd. ser., v. 5, p. 300.

2 Trans. Ent. Soc. London, ser. 2, v. 4, p. 266.

3 Bull. U. S. N. M. 68, p. 183.
* West Coast Shells, p. 52.

sZool. N. Y., pt. 5, p. 115, pi. 31, f. 297.
6 Man. Conch., v. 8, p. 403, 1886.

108 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (3)

snail fauna indicates that the climate in Pleistocene times was
cooler and more humid. The species are well illustrated on two
plates. The occurrence of Pujjoicles Jwrda^eus (Gabb) is rather
remarkable, as P. inornatus (Van.) would be expected in that
area.— H. A. P.

Observations on the biology of the snail Lymnaea stag-
nalis appressa during 20 generations in laboratory culture
(Amer. Midland Naturalist, 36: 467^93), by Lowell E. Noland
and Melbourne R. Carriker. (1) A simple inexpensive method
is described for culturing: L. s. appressa in lar^e numbers in
relatively small space through an indefinite number of genera-
tions. This method involves rearing the snails in three to ten
liters of aerated water in deep covered glass jars located in sub-
dued natural light, with approximately two adult snails to each
liter of water. The water used is deep well water rich in cal-
cium and magnesium, and alkaline reaction. The jars are
cleaned and the water changed weekly, or bimonthly at the long-
est, and in winter the cold water is warmed to the prior tem-
perature of the aquarium before the snails are placed in it. A
small quantity of fine sand, used in trituration of food by the
snail gizzard, is furnished in the aquaria. Loose green head
lettuce leaves are kept available in the aquaria most of the time ;
and weekly, wheat cereal cooked in milk and supplemented by
a mixture of balanced salts is added. (2) Prehatching mortality
by this method is negligible. Sexual maturity is reached in
about three months and the average final length of snails reached
is between fifty and fifty-five mm. The longest snail ever cul-
tured attained a length of 62.5 mm. The maximum life span of
the snail under these cultural conditions is fourteen months.
(3) Ob.servations on crawling and feeding, movements concerned
with respiration, overcrowding, copulation, oviposition and egg
production, gross embryology, iiatching, exchange of water for
air in the lung, desiccation, etr., are recorded. (4) Egg produc-
tion was approximately doubled by the addition of cooked wheat
cereal to the normal lettuce diet.

The Nautilus

Vol. 61 April. 1948 No. 4

NEW VEXILLUM AND AESOPUS FROM THE

PLIOCENE OF ST. PETERSBURG.

FLORIDA

By WILLIAM G. FARGO

A small Pliocene marl deposit in the north part of the City of
St. Petersburp:. Florida lies with its northern end about ir)0
feet east of Ninth Street, and runs thence southeasterly from
Seventieth Avenue north, about 500 feet. This bar or reef here
reaches the surface which is only five to seven feet above mean
tide. It is about three miles westerly from Tampa Bay. The
reef is fifty feet wide or less and only about three or four feet
in depth. It is overlain in part and surrounded by Pleistocene
sands. Both deposits contain quantities of their respective
characteristic molluscan remains, a majority in ^ood state of
preservation. The perfect condition of many small and fraprile
shells indicates that they have not been carried far by currents.

Since this Pliocene deposit was discovered by A. P. Cales in
llioS it has been thoroughly prospected. A majority of the
shells duplicates the Caloosahatchee material some 100 miles
to the south, but because of the intensive screening: at North St.
Petersburj? the total of the molluscan species evidently out-
numbers the list of 639 species from the Caloosahatchee Valley
as compiled by Dall.^

In 1943, the pyramidellid species from this Pliocene reef
as well as tho.se from the Pleistocene road material pit, five miles
southeast of Larj^fo, Florida, were sent to Dr. Paul Bartsch who
is preparing; a report on that family. The remainder of the
Fargo-Locklin collections have been deposited, for the most part,
with the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Here,
Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, Anne Ilarbi.son and R. A. McLean have

I Trans. WagiuT Fret' Inst. Sci., v. .•?, 1890-1903; pp. Ifi03-1614.

(109)

110 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

been engaged on a comprehensive report. Earlier and at dif-
ferent times, Dr. Julia A. Gardner of the U. S. Geological Sur-
vey, Dr. Paul Bartsch and Dr. Ilarald A. Rehder of the U. S.
National Museum have rendered valuable assistance in identifi-
cations.

The purpose of the present paper is to list the species of genus
Vexillum from the St. Petersburg Pliocene, to describe a new
species of that genus, also a new Ac^^oinis from that deposit.
Mitrid species referable to Vexillum ("Bolten") Roeding are
not uncommon here, the following being represented :

Vexillum (Costellaria) cryptididum Woodring 1928.
Vexillum (Uromitra) cf. syntomum Woodring 1928.
Vexillum (Uromitra) ivandoensis (Holmes) I860, pi. 7, fig. 3.
Vexillum {Uromitra) holmesii (Dall) 1890, pi. 7, figs. 1, 2.
Vexillum (Uromitra) healeyi new species.
Vexillum (Uromitra) willcoxi (Dall) 1890, pi. 7, figs. 9, 10.

Of these, V. holmesii and V. willcoxi are the most numerous with
V. healeyi next in abundance. The other three listed are rare.
With the exception of V. watidoensis, none of these species seems
to have been reported as recent.

Vexillum (Uromitr.\) healeyi, new species. (Plate 7, figures
4 to 8.)

Shell small, slender, the spire slightly inflated, or not inflated,
the basal aspect somewhat pupoid, whorls cylindric, turrcted ;
considerable variation in form, sculpture rather constant.
Protoconch of about two volutions, blunt at apex, rapidly en-
larging, smooth with obscure axials toward the end of the la.st
turn indicating the beginning of the conch which normally con-
sists of about six whorls. The dominant sculpure is axial, 16 to
18 ribs extending from suture to suture, enlarged or "headed"
at the posterior end and cojiunonly arcuate (concave forward).
The ribs close-set on the early whorls. Later whorls have inter-
costal spaces equal to that of the ribs. The spiral sculpture con-
sists of close-set flattened cords, five or six to the whorl, some-
what obscure, hardly overriding the ribs. Behind the suture is
a narrow channeled groove cutting through the ribs and inter-
spaces, with sometimes two such on tiie body. This "double
suture" ajjpcarancc and the slender form and cylindric whorls

April, 1948] the nautilus 1 1 1

are the characters separating' this species from V. willcoxi which
it otherwise somewliat resembles.

Aperture about four-tentlis the total leuf^tii. contracted at
summit, iiardly narrowed at the base, so that the canal is not
much indicated; its base sliprhtly emarp:inate; the pillar sharply
contracted, outer lip thin, lirate witliin (seven lirae, well inside,
on the type) ; three stronji folds on the columella, the jjosterior
two of about equal stren^^th and becoming neai'ly horizontal,
quite pearly. Below the peripiiery on the body whorl of adulti>,
the spirals become wide or nodulous bands, overridin<!: the ribs
which become attenuate and closely spaced, extending to the
canal base, or nearly so.

Meosurements: The holotype (fi^. 7, 8), length, 8.6 mm.,
length of last whorl, 4.8 mm., length of aperture, 3.4 mm., di-
ameter, 2.8 mm. Whorls; protoconch, 2, of the conch 6.3. Type
A.N.S.P. 18340.

It is evident that VcxiUum healeyi represents the species re-
ferred to by William Ilealey Dall (Trans. Wagner Free Inst.
Sci., V. 3, p. 93). "Mitra Sp. Indet." "A single specimen too
worn to name was found in the Caloosahatchie marl. It has
about 16 ribs . . . just below the periphery of the whorl is a
marked groove, channeled and cutting the ribs as well as the
interspaces. On the earlier whorls this channel revolves a short
distance behind the suture, which thus appears double. This
character will enable the species to be recognized when perfect
specimens are found. There are three folds on the columella
and the .shell is about the size of Mitra willcoxi."

Aesopus (Glyptaesopus) coxi, new species. (Plate 7, figures
11, 12.)

Shell small, slender, profile slightly inflated, somewhat fusi-
form, aperture about one-third the total length. Protoconch
of about 3Vi: volutions, the first 2V2, smooth, apex immersed, the
last turn starting with obscure protractive axials, then rudely
cancellated by three obscure spirals and merging into the post-
nuclear sculpture without a definite break. Beginning with the
second whorl of the conch are two spiral rows of prominent
nodules, axially aligned, the posterior row close to the appressed
suture; the stronger anterior row somewhat angulating the
whorls below mid-whorl. An obscure spiral ridge connects the
nodules. B}' reason of the axial alignment of the nodules, there
appear to be 10-11 ribs on early whorls, 11 on the penult and
about 15 narrow ribs on the body. Between the rows of nodules

112 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

are fine spiral threads, reticulated by incrementals. On the
body, the nodules of the anterior row become elongate axially
and then extend as true ribs below the periphery and to the
canal and have two or three fine axials between them, all crossed
by numerous close-spaced microscopic spiral threads. The aper-
ture is simple, contracted at the summit, without anal notch;
outer lip thin, canal short, not contracted, its base slightly
emarginate.

Measurements: Ilolotype, length, 11 mm., length of last whorl,
5.3 mm., length of aperture, 3.7 mm., maximum diameter, 3.1
mm. Whorls ; protoconch, 3% ; conch, 6. Another, length, 8.2
mm., apex decollate ; diameter, 2.7 mm. These are the only
specimens at hand. Type in U. S. N. M.

This species somewhat resembles two eastern Pacific species of
Aesopus, neither of which has the crowded and prominent
nodulation of A. coxi. (1) Aesopus xenicus Pilsbry and Lowe,
1932.'- A. coxi differs in its more prominent nodulation, whorls
not flattened with the body sharply contracted to the pillar.
(2) A. coxi in some respects resembles A. (Glyptaesopus)
perornatus Olsson, 1941.'' The nodulations of the Ecuador
species are weak and widely spaced. ^1. coxi is more slender and
its axial ribs extend to the base of the canal.

NOTES ON PERPLICARIA DALL AND ITS
SYSTEMATIC POSITION

By DRUID WILSON

Since Maxwell Smith's (1947) recently described gastropod
Pcrplicaria clarki extends the geologic and paleogeographic
range of the genus Pcrplicaria from the Atlantic Tertiary to the
Panamic Recent, it seems desirable to publish these notes on the
species and the genus and its systematic position.

Dall's (1890) iiriginal dcsci-iption of tlie genus P( rplicaria

-"West Me.xicau and Central American Molhisks collected by H. N.
Lowe, 1929-H»:n." Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., v. 84. pji. 7:?. 74; pi.
14, fig. 7, Acaiinlcd, Me.\ico. Jjenfjtli 7..". nun.

3" A Pliocene Fauna from Western Kciiador" by Henry A. Pilsbry and
Axel A. Olsson. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, v. 93, pp. 36, 37; jil.
10, fi{,'H. 1 and 'J.

'I'lIK \.\ITII.1 s til ■ I

1M,.\'I'I-;

1, -, I'isilliiin (V luiiiilni) Imliin .■^ii il),ilh. 7. :;. I'. (/'.; iraiiiln, ii.sis
(Holmes), X 6. 4, V. (U.) hralti/i, n. sp.. iiiiin.-itiin', X 4. "), (i, the saiiu',
cloiitjate fi)iin, X :?'j. 7, H, the sitiiu'. type, / 4. !», 10. I'. (!'.) niUrnxi
(Dall), X .■>. 11. 12, .Ir.snpiLs (GIj/pldi.sDiui.s) rn.ri, ii. sp., •.<.". I'lioto-
tjraplis liy ("liarlrs H. Lockliii.

UK XAITILl'S: ()1 (4)

PLATE S

5mu

©

2 mm

Imm.

Di/ilndioiiilKi (/< hiloiiri

April. 1948) the nautii.us 113

was based on tlio fraj;ni(Mitary monotype of rrrplicnria prrplrra.
Later a perfect specimen served for further description (Dall,
1SD2) and tlie jreniis was referred with niisfriviiifrs to the Mitridae.
Cossmann (IStU)) followed Dall. but others (Woodrinfr, 1928;
(lardner. 1937) have noted the resemblance of species of
Pt rpliciiria to cancellariid ^"-onera. and the writer independently
concluded that the jrenus belonfjed in the Canccllariidae. Pcr-
plkaria is characterized by cancellate ornamentation ; an elonprate
thouprh somewhat swollen, bluntly pointed spire; an obliijuely
plaited columella; a posteriorly constricted and anteriorly ex-
panded aperture; the absence of even an umbilical chink; and
the virtual absence of an anterior canal. These characters,
probably not found combined in any other frenus of the Can-
ccllariidae, with the possible exception of the extremely oblique
plaits, are present in widely differing genera within that family.

The genus is remarkable for the scarcity of specimens repre-
senting the four known species from as many horizons. Of the
three named species only the genotype, Perplicaria perplexa
Dall from the Caloosahatchee Pliocene, is known from more than
one specimen. Dall's perfect hypotype and fragmentary mono-
type have been supplemented by two specimens, one perfect and
the other a fragment, listed by Tucker and Wilson (1932).
The Perplicaria sp. of Dall's (1903) Bowden Miocene list is
probably to be identified with the "Cancellaria" species of
Woodriiig (1928), described as a 3///?Y/-like ''Can cell aria." Ac-
cording to Woodring, this Bowden species is represented by two
immature shells in the Henderson Collection. This collection
also served in Dall's list. Gardner (1937) queried the generic
assignment but subsumed the Chipola jMiocene species Perplicaria
prior Maury (1910) under the Mitridae, noting a resemblance
to Aphrra. Perplicaria chrki ^Maxwell Smith (1947) of the
I'anamic Province adds yet another genus to the link between the
Atlantic Tertiary and the Recent Pacific fauna.

Thanks are extended to Dr. Katherine V. W. Palmer for
verifying the Cossmann reference.

References

Cossmann. M., 1899. Es.sais de Paleoconchologie Comparee,
liv. 3, pp. 177-178, fig. 31.

114 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

Dall, W. H., 1890. Contributious to the Tertiary fauna of
Florida. Wa^er Free Inst. Sci.. Trans., 3. pt. L pp. 90-91,
pi. 3. fig. 1.

, 1892. Ibid., pt. II. p. 228. pi. 13, fig. 4.

, 1903. Ibid., pt. VI, p. 1583 (list).

Gardner, Julia, 1937. The mollusean fauna of the Alum Bluff
srroup of Florida. Pt. VI. U. S. Geol. Survev, Prof. Paper
142-F. pp. 418-419.

Maury, Carlotta, J.. 1910. New 01is:ocene shells from Florida.
Bull. Amer. Paleont., 4 : 21, pp. 17-18, pi. 4, fig. 8.

Smith, Maxwell, 1947. A Recent Perplicaria and other new
Panamie marine shells. The Nautilus, 61 : 2, pp. 55-56. pi. 2,
fig. 9.

Tucker, Helen I., and Wilson. Druid, 1932. A list of Caloosa-
hatchie Pliocene species. Indiana Acad. Sci., Proc, 41, p. 356.

WooDRiNG, W. P., 1928. Miocene mollusks from Bowden, Ja-
maica. Pt. II, Gastropods and discussions of results. Car-
negie lust. Washington. Pub. 385. pp. 224—225, pi. 13, fig. 2.

AN AID TO THE DESCRIPTION OF RECENT AND
FOSSIL GASTROPODA

By CHARLES B. WURTZ and ANNE HARBISON

To any but the specialist in the particular group concerned,
a study of the descriptive literature in the field of malacology
would reveal that many species, whii-h are accepted, cannot be
recognized from their descriptions. This is due, in part, to a
tremendous increase in knowledge which results in the need for
more precise characterization. ]\Iany students fail to recognize
this. At the same time, many mollusks that have been given
names should never have been described, as they are not valid
species or subspecies. Such descriptions lead to needless con-
fusion. Article 25 of the rules of nomenclature states that a
description should be, "with a summary of characters {scu
diagnosis; seu definition; scu condensed description) which dif-
ferentiate or distinguish the genus or the species from other
genera or species." On the basis of this, we have tried to de-
velop a procedure to act as a guide for descriptions. The pro-

April, 1948J thk nai'tilus U5

eedure is intended to be flexible enough to be used as a basis for
the description of any spiral pastropod. It is presented here
in the hopes that others will find it useful. Thouph others may
not care to use it, it embraces the desiderata, and we hope that
those who do not already follow a definite procedure will develop
and use an outline that includes the salient features of this one.
Only by havinjr and following.' such a plan can the student write
an adequate description.

The factors which result in unsati.sfactory descriptive work
are due primarily to lack of experience and to errors of judg-
ment. Malacoloprj' has long been recognized as having passed
far beyond the stage of a "hobbyist's science" and should be
treated accordingly. There is still (and always will be) a field
for the hobbyist, but descriptive works belong to the scientist.

Genuine study is the only solution to the first problem. This
is, obviously, a matter of individual responsibility. It should
never die in any real student.

As regards the second point, each student should keep abrea.st
of systematics as a science, and allow himself to be directed by
the di.scipline itself. We are not in a position to say what should
be described, but any study of the principles of systematics will
indicate many things that should not be described. Lack of
training in systematics allows errors of judgment that should
not be committed.

Good descriptions are es.sential to the biologist and paleontolo-
gi.st. Too many systematists write for systematists rather
than for biologists and paleontologists. This is the quick route
toward the divorce of sj'stematics from biologj' and paleontology,
and is one reason why systematics has long been froA^Tied upon.
In the past decade, the mutual needs of .systematics and other
biological fields has been recognized, and, now that they are once
more wooing each other, the systematists should be the biologists
they are presumed to be (and vice versa).

Other attempts have been made to present a procedure for
describing a new animal, but none, so far as we know, has been
designed for the Gastropoda. One recent presentation is "Pro-
cedure in Taxonomy" by J^chenk and McMasters (1936). This
includes an outline for the description itself. The procedure

116 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

presented here is not intended to be an outline for the descrip-
tion. It is an outline of the characters and features which
should be taken into consideration prior to writing the descrip-
tion. Naturally it includes those characters which, properly,
should be included in the description. Each item in the outline
should be considered. Naturally, if data are lacking as regards
any item nothing can be written concerning it. Negative in-
formation should be recognized, though not in writing. Failure
to follow some definite plan results in "Topsy" descriptions —
they just grow up. Since the Rules of Nomenclature are lacking
in specificity as to what constitutes a good description, any
published description must be taken into consideration by sub-
sequent workers. At times, this results in nomenclatorial prob-
lems consuming many working days ; days that could be spent
more profitably.

Descriptive literature is usually' found in either one of two
types of literature. These are, first, the scientific journals de-
voted to the study of the mollusks, and, second, monographic
treatments of a more or less extensive nature. Each of these
presents individual problems of its own as regards information
other than the description itself (e.g., geographic distribution
in the broadest sense, chromosome number, variation, etc.).
The journal usually includes only the description itself, but, if
elaboration is desirable, this information is usually included
(as "discussion") with the description. If several related
species are being described, general information may best be
incorporated into an introductory or concluding paragraph. In
the monograph, however, the most practical method of treating
such information is in summary chapters. Needless repetition
occurs by the omission of summary chapters. However, the
manner of presentation must remain a personal matter.

The following list of items represents an ideal tliat is rarely
realized. It is based on the presumption that the nioliu.sk to be
described is, in fact, new to science. This is the crucial feature
of systematics, and, constituting tlie work of the systematist, it
reflects his opinion and judgment. The items are presented in
what is accepted as the customary method of presentation in the
description.

April, 1!)4S1 THE NAUTILUS 117

1. Present the systematic position of the organism. This
should be done by stating the family, and, in the case of publica-
tions other than nialacological publications, the class. This may
be done in the title of the article (e.g., "Description of a New
Species of Conidae"). If there is any variation from the char-
acters of the next higher group (genus or family), the variation
should be empha.sized and the description of the higher group
extended. Many students lack extensive library facilities and
access to large collections of comparative material ; such students
must depend wholly upon the description for the determination
of their material.

2. Provide a valid name for the mollusk. This requires
familiarity with the rules of nomenclature and a comprehensive
survey of the literature. Failure to observe either of these
points results in needless work. The systematist is limited by
the library at his disposal, and this limitation must be recognized.

3. Provide adequate illustrations. The more comprehensive
the illustrations, the more complete will be the understanding of
subsequent workers. Illustrations must show the distinguishing
characters .separating the new mollusk from closely related
mollusks. The value of a good description is materially en-
hanced by good illustration. This is apparent to anyone who has
ever used descriptive literature for determination in lieu of
comparative material.

4. Describe the mollusk. This, as is well known, can be very
difficult. A good description is not a "happy" choice of words
but a studied choice. Brevity is one of the most desirable fea-
tures of a description. To select the pertinent points and in-
corporate these, and only these, into the description demands
exacting care. Before writing the description the following
items should be considered in so far as possible. As is self-
evident, this is not always feasible ; e.g., fo.ssil material lacks
the soft tissues and is otherwise often incomplete, some gas-
tropods lack the operculum, some are monoecious, etc.

a. Contours of the shell including the spire and apex. Sexual
differences.

b. Whorl increase.

c. Contours and modifications of the aperture.

118 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

d. Umbilical region.

e. Internal armatHre.

f. Apical (embryonic) whorls.

g. Sculpture. First of the apical whorls, then of the later
whorls. This would include any periostracal outgrowths.

h. Color patterns and color.

i. Operculum.

j. Appendages to the shell (e.g.. the clausilium).

k. Dimensions.

1. External appearance of the living animal.

m. Respiratory system.

n. Excretory system including the kidney.

0. Reproductive system. Each sex if the animal is dioecious.

p. Digestive system with the jaw and radula.

q. Free retractor muscle system.

r. Nervous system.

5. Comparison with the most closely related forms emphasiz-
ing both the similarities and the diiferences. This would include
an interpretation of the affinities of the mollusk. This, and good
illustrations, represent the two most important features of the
description.

6. Give the geographic range and the geologic time of the type
material. Indicate the name of the collector.

7. State the disposition of the type material. Give the cata-
log or accession number (s) of the institution (s) selected as
depositories.

These seven items represent the information that should be
contained in a good description. Naturally all these will not
be found in every description. This would not even be desirable
as it would only result in needless repetition of generic or family
characters.

Where desirable, as in an extensive monographic treatment,
supplementary information may be presented in summary chap-
ters as mentioned above. In such chapters, elaborations of such
things as geographic distribution, especially as regards general
statements involving the complete taxonomic group, should be
considered. Distribution in geologic time; range of variation in
size, color, etc.; statistical treatments; ecological int'orniation as
regards the natural history of the organisms; studies of para-
sites; physiological observations; and all other biological in-

April, 1948) thk nautilus 119

formation of widespread interest and general value to other than
systematists themselves should be presented in these ehapters.
In the shorter articles, such as are found in scientific journals,
such information is usually broufjht out under the above men-
tioned "Discussion."

This procedure, as we have outlined it, is, of course, idealism.
But rarely all these points can be taken into consideration, but
they represent information that it would be desirable to have.
Many mollusks have been described without consideration of
more than one or two of the above items. Yet, at the time of
description, much of the information was available, and with
little further effort could have been presented. Such care is
troublesome, perhaps, but profitable.

ANATOMY OF DIPLOMORPHA DELATOURI

(HARTMAN) AND FOUR SPECIES OF

PLACOSTYLUS (PULMONATA,

BULIMULIDAE)

By YOSHIO KONDO

Bernice P. Biahop Museum, Honolulu

In the course of dissectiiij; some species of Partulidae, it was
thought advisable to investigate the anatomy of Diplomorpha
del^touri (Ilartman) in order to determine its family status.
Species of the genus Diplomorphu Aneey were at one time in-
cluded in Partula (Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, p. 644, 1871;
Ilartman, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei., Philadelphia, p. 35, 1886).
Ancey (II Xaturalista Siciliano, 3: 344, 1884) proposed the
subgeneric term Diplomorpha under either Partula or Bulimus
because conchologically it appeared to be intermediate between
Partula and Placostylus. Pilsbry (Man. Conch., 13: 114, 1900)
found that the orange-red interior of Diplomorpha and its apical
sculpture showed its relationship with Pla-costylus rather than
with Partula; so he assigned to it a subgeneric status under the
genus Placostylus. Since then Sykes [Proc. Malac. Soc, Lon-
don, 5(3): 197, 1902] and Clench [Nautilus 46(2): 68, 1932]

120 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

have treated it as a genus, a course which seems justified in view
of the results obtained in the present study.

In regard to the anatomy of Diplomorpha, only one reference
to it has come to my attention. Pilsbry (loc. cit., p. 115) writes:
"The statement of Dr. Hartman that the anatomy is like that
of Partula was evidently not based upon adequate knowledge
of the subject. I do not regard the present group as in any
sense intermediate between Partula and Placostylus."

Pilsbry 's remark refers to Ilartman's statement (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, p. 223, 1885) under Partula layardii
Brazier: "Mr. Layard having sent me several animals in alcohol,
they were referred to Mr. Wm. G. Binney, and, notwithstanding
the external differences, 'he finds the jaw, lingual dentition, and
genitalia like other Partulae.' "

This study shows that the anatomy of Diplomorpha, while
differing from that of Placostylus in some respects, is closely
related to that of Placostylus but, on the other hand, is in no
way related to that of Partula except very remotely. In the
first place, the kidney of Diplomorpha (and of Placostylus) has
a sigmoid ureter while that of Partula is orthurethrous. Sec-
ondly, the teeth of Diplomorpha and Placostylus are nearly alike.

In Partula the central and some of the laterals are somewhat
similar to those of the two other genera but the marginals show
no similarity at all (cf. Pilsbry and Cooke, Bishop Museum Oc-
casional Papers 10(14), fig. 2a, 1934 with plate 8:C and 9 : C,
this paper). Lastly the genitalia of Partula show no relation-
ship with those of the bulimulid genera. In Partula the pros-
tate gland does not descend the entire uterus, thus leaving it un-
encumbered, but in Diplomorpha and Placostylus the prostate
is ill intimate contact witli the uterus, descending its entire
length and forming a spennoviduct.

In regard to Diplomorpha and Placostylus, there seem to be
sufficient anatomical (and conchological) differences between the
two to justify elevation of the former to generic rank. AVhile
most of the teeth are similar, the extreme marginals differ in
that in Diplomorpha the entocone and mesocone split at their
tips, form a small spur between them (PI. 8:C:73), and the
ectocone becomes very minute. On the contrary, a small spur is

April, 1948] THE nautilus 121

not formed between the entocoae and niesofone in Placostylim
and the ectoeone remains fairly larpre ( IM. it : (' : (57-70). In the
{jenitalia. VUwostylus is eharacterizcd by a stronply twisted
spermoviduct (PI. D:D), a eharactcristic tliat is ])f'culiar to that
penus and not shared by D\plom(ir}>h<i in wliidi the or<?an is
straifjht (Pi. 8:D). Other differences exist in the genitalia but
these may not be validly utilized for contrasts at this time be-
cause only a single species (and specimen) of Diplomorpha is
available for study. Among these differences may be mentioned
the membranous covering of the ovotestis of D. delatoun and the
twisted epiphallic tubule characterizing Placosiylus.

Diplomorpha delatouri (Hartman), pi. 8: figs. A-E.

Plarostylus [D.) delatouri Pilsbry, Man. Conch., 13:117, pi.
72:10, 11, 12, 1900. D. delantouri [sic] Sykes, Proc. Malac.
Soc., London, 5(3): 197, 1902.

Pallial complex (fig. A) typically bulimuloid. Lung trans-
parent, organs and veins clearly visible. Kidney equilaterally
triangular, as long as pericardium, with closed ureter and sec-
ondary or gut ureter ; ureter narrow at posterior margin of lung,
expanding anteriad, widest near the middle, opening near funnel-
shaped aperture at pneumostome. Pulmonary vein large, with
numerous small branches, terminating at pneumostomal area.
Pericardial vein extending to mantle collar, with numerous
branches some of which anastomose with veins from sinus
venosus. (The part of the lung bearing this vein was cut to
facilitate flattening.) Numerous smaller veins originate at the
pericardium and enter the lung laterad. The first vein of the
sinus venosus lies between the pulmonary and pericardial veins,
its small branches ana.stomosing with those of both neighbors.
Second, and perhaps third, vein of the sinus venosus may be seen
at the upper right side of lung. Mantle collar with one narrow
lappet (at right).

Jaw (fig. B) arcuate, with numerous narrow plaits; grooves
shallow. In this specimen, the plaits of the right side increase
rather than decrea.se in size, probably as a result of some injury.

Central tooth (fig. C:c) sub(iuadrate, with large median cusp
and two short ectocones. First lateral (C : 1) with short ectoeone
and large mesocone on which is a shallow notch on the inner side.
From 2nd to 20th the teeth gradually diminish in size; at the

122 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

same time the lateral notch deepens to form a small entooone
(C:15). Laterals gradually elongate from 20th, the entocone
enlarging, the mesocone diminishing and acquiring small notches,
while the ectocone also becomes smaller (C : 23). From the 23rd
to about 73rd the teeth gradually decrease in size, all the cones
modifying until the entocone and mesocone split and a minute
cone is formed between them ; the ectocone becomes minute.
Ninety-five rows with 85-87 teeth per half row counted.

Genitalia (fig. D) : ovotestis (IIG) bilobate, each lobe enclosed
within a membranous sac. Duct (IID) neither heavily distended
nor strongly convolute. Albumen gland (AG) small; prostate
(Pr) extensive, accompanying narrow uterus (Ut) to near
vagina. Spermatheca (Sp) as broad as stalk, with thin con-
nective tissues (or muscle fibers) at apex resembling a retractor.
Vagina (Vag) short. Vas deferens (VD) off uterus near vagina,
adhescent to penis, entering near apex. Penis (P) over half
oviducal length, narrow, with slight submedian bulge (indicat-
ing epiphallus above it), covered with thin transparent. In-
terior of penis (fig. E) : epiphallic or narrow part with an ir-
regular pilaster and a few folds which constrict off into scattered
bosses; orifice of vas deferens (VDO) subapical, verge lacking;
lower part of penis heavily rugose, most of the rugae descending
diagonally with numerous wrinkles on them so that they appear
to be a series of short folds connected end to end, terminating
below in vague bosses. A few of the folds run dorso-ventrally
(see left side) and are heavily wrinkled so that they appear
roughtly as stacks of washers. Lower part with few heavy but
indistinct folds. Penial retractor terminal, off nuchal membrane.

Right ommatophore through penio-oviducal angle ; penis in-
nervated by cerebral ganglion. Only one adult dissected.

New Hebrides, Aore Island off south coast of Espiritu Santo
Island in Segon Channel, collected by Lt. R. L. Summers, under
a large leaf, alt. 100 ft., 3 May 1943, (BBM 189730).

Placostylus (Proaspastus) haboravesi (Cox), pi. 9: figs. A-II.

PlacostyUis {Prodspastus) hargravesi Clench, Am. Mus, Novi-
tates, 1129:13, 1941.

Pallial complex (fig. A) similar to tliat of P. shongii (Pilsbry,
Man. Conch. Index 10-14: li-lii, 1902; Man. Coiu-h. 14, pi. 51:
15, 1901-1902) and nearly identical with that of I), ddatouri
except that /'. hargravesi has an additional mantle lappet near
the pneumostonie. Lung long, heavily veined; pulmonary vein
swollen near apex (only principal veins figured).

April. 19481 the nautilus 123

.law (fi}r. H) i-oniposod of about 40 distinct plaits, the niodian
small, im'oiupletc, wi'd-rc-sliapi'd. Teeth ((i^'. (') tyi)ically buli-
niuloid and are as described bv Clapp for P. hnn/rarusi aulii(nsl,s
(Bull. Mils. Comp. Zool.. 65(11): 410. fij,'. 4!>, 192^) and by
Renseh for P. clcryi clcryi (Kevue Suisse de Zoolo^ne, 42(4):
83, fig. 12, 1935). Central (c) subquadrate, with larpe meso-
and two weak eetoeones. First lateral (1) with weak ectocone,
stronjr niesocone, but without indication of the entocone as in
I), dflotouri. Entoeone is revealed {gradually and at 20th tooth
it is a weak blunt cone on a diminishinfi: mesocone. Entocone
is stron«rest at about 20tli ; from 20th to 21st there is a sudden
transition in whieh the entoeone enlarges while the mesocone
is truncated. This change perhaps signalizes the lateral to
marginal transition. In the marginals, the teeth elongate and
diminish in size; in the 40th the entoeone is large, the mesocone
acquires a notch, while the ectocone becomes a blunt spur. From
the 40th to 70th there is little change except that the entocone
now acquires a new notch while the mesocone loses the same but
becomes blunter.

Genitalia (fig. D) similar to that of P. cleryi cleryi (Renseh,
loc. cit., fig. 11). Ovotestis bilobate, lobes closely appressed,
multifolliculate, without membranous investment as in D.
delatouri, duct strongly convoluted. Albumen gland large;
prostate (stippled) extensive and intimately connected with
uterus (both strongly convoluted several times), terminating
well above vagina; vagina long; spermatheca bulbous, stalk
short, with connective (or muscle) tissues at apex and side; vas
deferens originating at level of spermathecal apex (arrow) and
closely appressed to penial sheath three-fourths of the way then
entering sheath (arrow) to continue apicad. Penis (fig. D)
large, clavate, composed of thick sheath (fig. E) in wiiich is en-
closed a strongly and many-times-convoluted vermiform tubule
(penis proper) about 2V2 times sheath length. The lower three-
fourths of the tubule is tightly packed with numerous rugae
(fig. F, A-A of fig. E). The upper and smaller part of the
tubule (fig. G, B-B of fig. E) contains another inner strongly
convoluted tubule, also rugose (see arrows) ; this tubule termi-
nates at the apex of the penis at the insertion of the penial re-
tractor (fig. II) where it is strongly held by muscle ti.ssues of
the sheath and where it is joined by the vas deferens from one
side on its apex. Verge lacking. (Penial tubule slit open its
entire length after sample incisions were made and figured.)

Right ommatopliore passing through penio-oviducal angle;
penis innervated by cerebral ganglion. Two specimens dissected.

Solomon Islands, Malaita, Tai Lagoon, Templeton Crocker
Expedition [no collector given j, 31 May 1933, (BBM 119247).

124 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

The penis of P. hargravesi is similar to that of P. clcryi cleryi
in that it is an elongate tubular organ enclosed within a thick
sheath. It differs from that of P. shongii (Man. Conch. Index
10-14 :lii) in which there is a pilaster below and corrugations
above.

Placostylus (Aspastus) miltocheilus (Reeve), pi. 10: A, B, C
(upper 3 figures).

P. (A.) miltocheilus Clench, Tm. Mus. Novitates, 1129: 18,
1941.

Jaw large ; radula large, twice broader than in P. hargravesi.
Central tooth subquadrate ; l-14th teeth with slight indentation
on mesocone; 15th forms entocone ; 15th-83rd, gradual change
to the usual type of marginals as illustrated in P. hargravesi.

Penis (fig. A, partly exserted) clavate, slightly swollen above,
thickly sheathed (fig. B). Unsheathed penis with a bulbous
apex, constricted neck, and broad midbody. Bulbous apex (fig.
C) composed principally of heavy network of muscle fibers in
which the strongly convoluted epiphallic tubule is enclosed (see
arrows). Tubule descends narrow neck, entering a conical verge
(V) the apex of which has a minute perforation. Verge is a
part of the few heavy pilasters lining lower part of penis.

Right ommatophore passing through penio-oviducal angle ;
penial nerve off cerebral (?) ganglion. Only one specimen
available for study.

The penis of P. miltocheilus differs from that of P. hargravesi
in being much shorter but stouter, in having a bulbous epiphallus
and a verge.

Solomon Islands, San Cristoval, Star Harbor, Templeton
Crooker Expedition [no collector given], 17 January 1933,
(BBM 119307).

Placostylus (Euplacostylus) seem an ni mbengensis Cooke,
pi. 10: A. B, C (middle 3 figures).

P. (E.) seema7i7ii mbeyigensis Cooke, B. P. Bishop Museum
Occ. Papers, 17(9) : 92, fig. 2: a, b, 1942.

Jaw slightly smaller than in /'. hargravesi : radula about the
same size as in tiiat species. Central tooth subquadrate; l-16th

April, 1948) the nautilus 125

with slij^ht indentation in mesocone ; 17th begins and 19th
forms entocone; 19th-57th, jErraduai ehan^^e to usual type of
marjjrina! as fiprured in P. hargravesi.

Penis (fi^'. A) very short, nearly plobose, retractor heavy; vaa
deferens free to midbody of penis, thence within sheath to a
point near retractor, thence into epiphallic chamber via small
orifice (fi^. C:VDO). Sheath thick, closely connected with
inner orgrans. Interior of lower portion (fig. B) composed of
two parts: (1) the heavily rugose portion of one side and the
roof (fig. B, right side and background) where rugae often take
zigzag or serpentine courses and (2) the thicker portion Heft,
in .same fig.) which is also rugose but having one or two .sacs
projecting from midbody of penis at the point vas deferens
enters sheath. These sacs are surrounded by wrinkled folds, are
not hollow but are filled with a profusion of delicate muscle
fibers, and when exserted may (together with the remainder of
the penial interior) inflate to a large size, as large or larger than
the snail's own head. Epiphallus (fig. C) small, connecting
with larger lower chamber via short narrow channel (Ch),
surface slightly rugose; orifice of vas deferens (VDO) near
lower part. Verge lacking.

Right ommatophore free of penio-oviducal angle ; penis in-
nervated by cerebral ganglion. Three specimens di.ssected.

Fiji, Mbenga Island, collected bv Lindsav Verrier (Isaac),
M.D., 17 Februarv- 1940, (BBM 183844).

The penis of P. s. mbengensis differs from that of P. hargravesi
in being bulbous and very short, in having sac-like stimulators
within, and in having a simple epiphallic chamber and tube.
Semper (Rei.sen im Archipel der Philippinen 3: 157, 1870)
studied the penis, teeth, and jaw of P. seemanni. He states that
the penis was smaller than in P. elobatus (= P. gracilis).

Placostylus (Callistociiaris) gracilis (Broderip), pi. 10:
A, B, C (lowest 3 figures).

P. (C.) gracUis Pilsbr>-, Man. Conch., 13: 110, pi. 41: 80-83,
1900.

Jaw smaller than in P. hargravesi, radula nearly the same size.
Central tooth .subquadrate ; 1st to 16th without cleft on meso-
cone; 17th begins and 19th forms cleft; 19th-80th, gradual
change to usual type as shown in P. hargravesi.

126 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

Penis (fig. A) short, thick, not bulbous as in P. s. mheyigensis
but pointed; sheath (fig. B) very thick, enclosing a subconial
intromittent organ to which is subapically attached a narrow
epiphallie tube that is enclosed within a heavy network of muscle
fibers so as to obscure the shape of the organ (most of fibers
eliminated in fig.). Interior of conical penis (fig. C) heavily
rugose; some rugae wrinkled, others serpentine. Interior of
epiphallus a narrow passage with a few wrinkled folds; wall
thick, orifice of vas deferens apical. Verge lacking.

Right ommatophore free of penio-oviducal angle ; penis in-
nervated by cerebral ganglion. One specimen only dissected.

Fiji, Viti Levu, Mataivailevu, Wainimala River, alt. 1600-
2800 ft., under green leaves of Heliconia, collected by Dr. Harold
St. John, 10 August 1937, (BBM 164462).

The penis of P. gra^'ilis differs from that of P. hargravcsi in
being very short ; interiorly, the organ is also short and blunt
with a well defined epiphallie portion that lacks the convoluted
tubule.

The genitalia, jaw, and teeth of P. gracilis were studied by
Semper (loc. eit., p. 157, Otostomus elohatus Gould). He refers
to the penis as a thick short sac without a penial papilla.

Description of Plates

PLATE 8. Diplomorpha delalouri (Hartman). A. Pallial complex.
Arrow points to sovored ends of pericardial vein which was cut to facilitate
flattening of lung. B. Jaw. Right half probably damaged. C. Teeth.
D. Genitalia. E. Interior of penis.

PLATE 9. Placostylus (Proaspastus) hargravesi (Cox). A, Pallial
complex. Only principal veins shown. B. Jaw. C. Teeth. D. Genitalia.
Note strongly convoluted spermoviduct. Arrows point to origin and inser-
tion (in sheath) of the vas deferens. E. Interior of sheath. F. Interior
of penial tube at section A- A, fig. E. G. Interior of tube at B-B, fig. E.
Note that another tubule is within. Arrows point to cross- and longitudinal
sections. H. Apex of penis where vas deferens and tube meet.

PLATE 10. PlacoKti/lus (Aspai^fii.s) miltochrilus (Reeve), upper 3 fig-
ures. A. Penis with a portion of the $ organs. Partially exserted. B. In-
terior of penial sheath. C. Interior of penis and epiphallus. Note verge.
Unlettered arrows point to convoluted epijdiallic tubule.

P. {fjiiplncostyliia) sermarnii mbriipriisis Cooke, middle 3 figures. A.
Penis with a portion of the 9 organs. B. Interior of penis. C. Interior of
<'pi]ihaliiiH.

P. (CaULstdcharis) f/racUis (Broderip), lowest 3 figures. A. Penin with
a portion of the $ parts. B. Interior of jienial sheath. Ejjiphallic tubule
heavily enclosed by network of muscle fibers. C. Interior of penis.

UK XAI I'll^lS: (il (4)

P B

I'LATK !»

Til?: X ATT I LI'S: 61 (4)

Pl.ATH 10

bmm

2mm

April. 1948] thk nautilus 127

THE TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL
HISTORY OF THE FRESH-WATER MUSSEL
ELLIPTIO COMPLANATUS (DILLWYN. 1817)

By max R. MATTESON

Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Illinois

Taxonomy. The present-day jiemis ElUpiio was ori^^inally
ineliuled under the jrenus Vnio Retzius, 1788. Formerly, this
genus included species with and witliout lateral hin^re teeth.
No type was named by Ketzius. In 1792, Brujrnicre described
the genus Vnio as possessing teeth but he neglected to explain
what should be done with those lacking lateral teeth. In 1815,
Oken divided the genus Vnio into Lymnium and Vnio. The
former possessed teeth whereas the latter lacked them. In 1817,
Schumacher retained Vnio for the species with teeth and intro-
duced the new generic name Margaritana for those without
teeth. As can be seen from the above, there is an element of
uncertainty concerning the generic synonymy. Several modern
authors have attempted to solve the problem in various ways.
Ortmann (1911) stated that the name assigned by Bruguiere
has priority ; thus his definition of Unio persists.

Ortmaiiii made an attempt to separate most American forms
from the European genus Unio, although Simpson (1914) had
retained many of them under that genus. Ortmann also sug-
gested that most of the American forms be placed under the
generic name Elliptio Rafinesque, 1819, with I''nio crassi/lcns
Lamarck as the type of the genus.

Ortmann and Walker (1922) recognized the genus EllijJtio
Rafinesque, 1819, and u.sed Vnio crasftidens Lamarck as the type
of the genus. Simpson recognized it as a section of Unio
(1900). Hermannssen designated Unio dilatatus Rafinesque
as the type of Eurynia. in 1847; Rafinesque had also used
Eurynia in 1819; the original dates of publication are identical;
and the name Elliptio has taken precedence.

Elliptio complanatus (Dillwyn, 1817) is one of the most
prominent species of the genus. Haas (1913) revived the name
Unio violaceus Spengler, 1793. However, Walker (1918) stated
that violaceus failed to describe the species sufficiently. Also,

128 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

according: to the law of priority, its first name was Mya cotn-
planata (Portland Catalogue, 1786, p. 100).

The synonymy for EUiptio compJanatu.^ is very extensive.
Simpson (1914) lists six complete pages of different names
w'hich have been associated with the species. Mya complanata
was first used by Solander in an unpublished and undated manu-
script. However, Mya refers to a salt-water species. Dillwyn
(1817) recognized Solander 's unpublished article but used the
name Unio complanatus in his catalogue ; and, therefore, the of-
ficial name, EUiptio complanatus (Dillwyn, 1817), is now recog-
nized by most authorities.

The type locality listed by Simpson (1914) and by Ortmann
and Walker (1922) is Maryland and New Jersey. As it is one
of the most widely distributed mussels, there is extreme varia-
tion in its physical characteristics, especially in the shell. As a
result, different attempts have been made to separate the species
into several subgroups. For example. Lea and several other
American conchologists once decided simultaneously to combine
all forms found north of Washington, D. C. under the name
EUiptio complanatus. South of that location, they began to
apply subspecific names to the varieties. The divereity of these
mussels was so great that eventually they had applied names
to a large number of so-called varieties and still could see no
relief from the task, as each new lot continued to show differ-
ences. The most recent opinion is that there probably is a
typical EUiptio complanatus and that, because of generic varia-
tions, one must also include the various intergrades in the same
group. One observation to be emphasized is that this genus con-
tains probably more variations in shell characteristics than any
other group of union ids.

Partial descriptions of the shell characteristics may be ob-
tained from several sources. However, the most complete ac-
count is listed by Simpson (1914). Baker (1928) also has
described the species thoroughly.

In order that a clearer understanding of the present-day
distribution of EUiptio complanatus may be obtained, it may
be well to examine the evolutionary history and development
of the unionids, the genus EUiptio, and, finally, of the species
involved. The story of evolutionary development of the Tnioni-

April, 1948) tmk nautilus 120

dao has lu'i'ossarily paralloltnl the historical }2:«^olop^ of the
worUl. As world topouraphy chaiiijrcd throutrh th«* action of
diastrophic and erosive proeesses, the unionid fauna also became
altered. Mussels, in order to cope with the chan^^iiifx environ-
ment, were forced to modify their anatomy or their life habits,
or, perhaps, if conditions became unbearable, to mif?rate. Those
groups for which none of the preceding operations were possible
became extinct.

The Tnionidae, although now entirely inhabitants of fresh
water, must have developed from some marine pelecypod. The
specific ancestral type has not yet been positively determined.
This group, although similar to marine members of the class in
general, is so definitely difi'erent from marine pelecypods in
several morphological and physiological aspects that the possi-
bility of multiple origin is quite inconceivable. Thus, it may
be safe to assume that one marine form played the ancestral
role for the entire family.

The point of origin of the Unionidae, according to geological
evidence up to the present, is located in the southwestern sec-
tion of North America. From this area dispersal has occurred
to the extent that today every continent possesses representa-
tives in varying numbers (White, 1877). Proliferation of the
group from one continent to another was facilitated by the oc-
casional presence of connecting landbridges. These were neces-
iiary because the group was no longer able to tolerate marine
conditions.

Speculation as to the procedure by which migration was ef-
fective is widespread, but unconfirmed. Present-day migra-
tion is promoted for the major part by fish, in which union ids
necessarily spend part of their life cycle as parasites. If the
original unionids followed the same procedure, suitable fish must
have been available to act as hosts. Evidence from various
regions shows that soon after evolution of the original mussel
type, fishlike animals appeared on earth. There is the possi-
bility that the newly evolved unionids may have continued some
of the habits of their marine ancestors for a considerable period
following the differentiation. If this were true, it is highly
plausible that the parasitic stage of the life cycle, which com-
monly is spent in a fish, had not yet evolved. Therefore, it is

130 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

reasonable to assume that the first representatives could have
existed before the advent of fish.

Evolutionary Development. In order to have a full under-
standingr of conditions under which the modern genus EUiptio
arose, geological history must once again be examined. Present-
day knowledge concerning the geological changes involved is
much more concrete than are many of the details related to the
early development of the genus EUiptio. This is unusual, as
the geological history of the area involved, specifically in rela-
tion to stream development, has to a marked degree been de-
termined from a study of the living residents of that area.

The forerunner of EUipiio has not been positively identified.
However, EUipiio has many characteristics which also are pos-
sessed by members of the European genus Vnio. which formerly
included many groups that now have been established as definite
separate genera by recent workers in the field. The immediate
ancestor of EUiptio may have been some member, perhaps now
extinct, of the genus Vnio, or perhaps more accurately the sub-
family Unioninae.

The point of origin of the genus EUiptio must have been
somewhere in western Georgia or eastern Alabama, or perhaps,
northwestern Florida. The exact time when it appeared is un-
known, but probably it was either early or middle Tertiary. It
soon became well established in many of the streams which
entered the Gulf of Mexico at that time.

Theories concerning the geological changes which have in-
fluenced the dispersal of various species of EUiptio have been
subject to controversy since their proposal. Hays and Campbell
(1894), basing tlieir argument upon geological and physiographi-
eal indications, declared that the Tennessee Kiver formerly
flowed southward, east of Walden Ridge, and thence into the
present Alabama River system. Near the end of the Tertiary,
a tributary of the Secpiatchie River cut through Walden Ridge
and joined the upper Tennessee, eansing it to flow westward as
it does at present.

Simpson (1900) verified the theory by revealing the close rela-
tionship between mussels of the two systems. Adams (1901)
later supported his views.

Johnson (1905), after studying the area involved, declared

April, 1948] the naitimts 131

that tlio Tennessee had always followed its present course.
Ortmann (1913) stated that, because of evidence secured from
the distribution of related mussels, the two systems were once
connected. Van der Sehalie (19:58) supported the junction con-
cept througfh an analysis made of shells from the Cahaba, a
tributary of the Alabama. Johnson (1939) suprprested that sorrie
aprent other tlian stream ('onver<;ence mi«;ht have been involved.
Van der Schalie (1939) gives little credence to the theory that
mussels could have been carried from one system to another by
animals other than fish but maintains that stream convergence
must have been the logical method of transfer.

In the opinion of the writer, mussels have extended their range
principally through the agency of stream confluence for the fol-
lowing reasons : ( 1 ) the topography of the region involved, as re-
ported both by literature and by discussion of the problem with
informed residents of the area; (2) the systematic pattern ex-
hibited by the molluscan fauna and other animals of the river
systems in question.

At one time during the late Tertiary period, the upper limits
of at least five streams were involved almost simultaneously in
the process of altering their courses : the Tennessee, immediately
east of Chattanooga, the Coosa River, a tributary of the Ala-
bama, the Etowah River, a tributary of the Coosa, the Chat-
tahoochee River, and the Savannah River. Of the five, only the
Savannah has always flowed into the Atlantic.

Two members of the genus Elliptio were established in the
upper Tennessee before it separated from the Alabama River
drainage system, Elliptw dilatatus and Elliptio crassidcns.
After the transfer had occurred, Elliptio dilatatus migrated
throughout the Mississippi drainage system and Great Lakes
region, whereas Elliptio crassidcns remained in the present
Tennessee system, except in a few isolated areas of the Missis-
sippi drainage.

Near the time when the preceding phenomenon was occurring,
the Chattahoochee River stole one of the tributaries of the
Etowah River, which is a part of the Alabama drainage. This
allowed the ellipti^os to pass freely from one system to the other.
Which one possessed them originally is a question for debate.
However, unless the connection between the Tennessee and Coosa

132 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

remained open for some time it is reasonable to believe that the
Etowah must have contained them originally, unless the con-
nection between the Chattahoochee and Etowah preceded that
of the Coosa and Tennessee for a length of time sufficient enough
to permit the migration of the genus. During the same epoch,
one of the tributaries of the Chattahoochee disassociated from
that system and became a part of the Savannah. As Elliptic
complanatus is typically a medium-to-large stream form, the
number of species of the genus must have been small at that time
of junction because, otherwise, the volume of the connecting
waters would have allowed other species to reach the Atlantic
drainage. At present, Elliptio complanaius is the only member
of the genus to occupy that entire drainage.

{To he continued)

A MIXED COLONY OF CEPAEA NEMORALIS AND

CEPAEA HORTENSIS ON LONG ISLAND,

NEW YORK

By ROBEBT C. FLIPSE

Since its discovery in September, 1945. there has been flourish-
ing a colony of Cepaea nemoralis (Linne) and Ccpoea hortensis
(Miiller) on Long Island, near Douglaston, Queens County, in
New York Citj". This colony was first noticed from a passing
automobile by the profusion of mucous trails on the highway.
The snails were found in abundance, Cepaea hortensis appar-
ently being the predominating species.

The origin of this colony is somewhat obscure. It is located
approximately one hundred yards south of Northern Boulevard
at the edge of a tidal swamp adjoining the Cross Island Parkway.
This swamp is part of Little Neck Bay, emptying into Long
Island Sound. The swamp water is brackish due to the over-
flow from two local ponds, as well as some springs in the vicinity.
The land itself, on which the animals were foinid, is "fill" used
in con-struction of tlic Parkway along Little Neck Bay about
ten years ago. The soni'co of tiiis fill is unknown. Possibly
the snails were introduced on bushes and trees used in land-

April. 1948] the nai'tili's 133

soapiiifj. However, the occurrence of both Kpecies topether in
the limited area the colony occupies is the uuexplainable factor.
The .snails were found in preat numbers clinprinp to the vepeta-
tion at the edjre of the swamp, in the deep frra.ss bordering the
highway, on the curb, on the roadway proper, and in the largre
sewer drain of the roadway. A few specimens were found on
the opposite side of the road, although survival in that location
was difficult at best, due to regular mowing of the grass. At-
tempts are being made to introduce the colony elsewhere in
Douglaston. and in Jamaica. Long Island.

Regarding records of Cepa^a nemoralis, Pilsbry ' lists Flush-
ing. Long Island (4 miles distant) as the last Long Island record
(1906). He cites H. Prime- who lists, in addition to Flushing,
Astoria (8 miles di.stant). and Lloyd's Xeck, Suffolk County (22
miles distant), as other Long Island records, all circa 1894.
Prime states that, at the time of publication, the Lloyd's Xeck
colony was already extinct. Twenty-eight specimens of C.
nemoraiis were collected by A. Burnham at Flu.shing in 1932.
These are now in the collection of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology'. Cambridge. ^Ias.saehusetts.^ To my knowledge, this is
the last record of this species prior to the writer's discovery.

According to Pilsbry.' Ccpaea hortcnsis is represented in the
whole of New York State only by ' ' unlocalized records from . . .
Long Island. N. Y. " He cites no dates for these records. The
only record of this species in New York State at the Museum of
Comparative Zoology is the Douglaston colony.

None of the available literature cites an instance of both C.
nemoraiis and C. hortensis being found together in U. S. The
Douglaston colonv. therefore, is offered as the first such instance.

1 1939, Pilsbrv, H. A.: Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mex-
ico). I, Part 1, pp. 9-10.

2 1894, The Nautilus, 8:6, p. 70.

3 1932, M. C. Z. Catalogue 74,522 (September 14, 1932).

134 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

LAMARCK'S PRODROME D'UNE NOUVELLE
CLASSIFICATION DES COQUILLES

By henry dodge

{Continued from page 70)

BIVALVE SHELLS

(a) Asymmetrical shells.

70. ACARDE. ACARDO. [Brujjuiere 1789.?] '
Composed of two equal horizontal valves, with neither hinge

nor ligament. Acarde eomprimee. Brug.dict.p.l,t.l73.

71. OSTRACITE. OSTBACITES.

[Gessner 1758, Lamarck 1799.]

Inequivalve, exterior striated ; the lower valve turbinate ; the
upper convex or conical ; no hinge nor ligament. . . .

72. CAME. CHAM A. [Linne 1758.]
Fixed, inequivalve; hinge consists of a single, very heavy,

oblique tooth. Chama lazarus. Lin. The Flaky cake.

73. HUITRE. OSTREA. [Linne 1758.]
Fixed, inequivalve ; hinge without teeth ; an oblong pit, crossed

by a furrow, provides for the attachment of the ligament.
Ostrea edulis. Lin.

74. VULSELLE. VULSELLA. ['Bolten' Roding 1798.]
Free, longitudinal, subequivalve ; hinge without teeth, cal-
loused, flattened; ligamental pit rounded or conical, terminated
by a very short, curved beak.- Mya vulsella. Lin.

1 The figures of Acardo in pis. 172-173 of the Encyclop6die M6thodique
show lit least three different things ineUiding one object which Deshayes
concluded was the epiphysis from the backbone of a whale. It is uncertain
just which of these objects Bruguii^re was describing.

2 The original description has the comma preceding the last phrase, aa I
have left it; indicating that the "beak" ("bee" in the original) meant an
extension of the ligamental pit and not the umbones themselves, a feature
which Lamarck always called "crochets." The ligamental pit in Vulsella
has a spout-like extension which is characteriatic.

April, 1948] thk nai'tiu's 135

Tf). MAKTEAV. .)t.\LI.EVS. (Lamarck 1799.1

Free, slij?litly fjapinp near the urabones, adherent by a byssns,
and equivalvo; hiniro without teeth, calkiused, provided with a
r(»iiiial pit, i)hii'ed tibliquely on the edge of each valve. Osirca
malhus. Lin.

16. AVKTLE. AVICULA. fBrufruiere 1792.]"

Free, .slijrhtly <rapin<r near the umbones. adherent by a byssus,
inequivalve; hin<re without teeth, calloused; lijramental pit ob-
long:, near to and parallel to the edge, Mytilus hirundo. Lin.

77. PERNE. PERN A. [Bniguiere 1789.]
Free, flattened; interior hinge composed of several long, paral-
lel teeth, not articulated and set in a straight line, transverse line.
Ostrca ephipium. Lin.

78. PLACUNE. PLACUNA. [Bruguiere 1789.]
Free, flattened; hinge interior, composed of two sharp, diver-
gent ribs arranged to form a "V", Anomia placenta. Lin.

79. ANOMIE. ANOMIA. [Linne 1758.]
Liequivalve, attached by the operculum [sic] ; the lower valve

pierced or slotted at the umbo, this aperture being closed by a
little operculum attached to the foreign body, and in turn at-
tached to the ligament. Anomia ephipium. Lin.

80. CRANIE. CRANIA [Retzius 1781.]
Inequivalve; the lower valve, almost flat and sub-circular, is

pierced, on its internal aspect, by three unequal, oblique holes;
the upper, verj- convex, is provided internally with two project-
ing callosities. Anomia craniolaris. Lin.

(b) Symmetrical shells.

81. MYE. MYA. [Linne 1758.]
Oblique, gaping at both ends; hinge without teeth, callous,

protuberant. Mya truncata. Lin,

3 Bruguiere did not describe Avicttla either in the Index to Vol. 1 nor in
the alphabetical arrangement of genera in the text of that volume. It is
described on page ^^6 of Vol. 1 (1792) in the Article "Conchyliologie,"
as the first genus under " Diconchae figuratae" in the heading "Methode
de Klein." This description is adequately full and characteristic.

136 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

82. SOLEN. SOLEN. [Linne 1758.]
Oblique, the upper edge straijjht or nearly so, gaping at both

ends. In all there are only two or three teeth in both valves.
Solen vagina. Lin.

83. GLYCIMERE. GLYCIMERIS. [Lamarck 1799.]
Oblique, gaping at both ends; hinge without teeth, callous,

protuberant.* Mya glycimeris. Bom.mus.,t.l,f.8.

84. SANGUINOLAIRE. 8ANGUIN0LARIA.

[Lamarck 1799.]
Oblique, upper edge curved, slightly gaping at the extremities ;
two cardinal teeth, close together and articulated, in each valve.
Solen sanguinolentiis. Gmel.syst.nat.5,p.3227.

85. CAPSE. CAPSA.'

[Bruguiere 1797, nomen nudum; Lamarck 1799.]
Oblique ; two cardinal teeth in one valve ; one tooth in the other
valve, interposed or entrant. TeUina angulata. Lin.

86. TELLINE. T ELLIN A. [Linne 1758.]
Oblique or orbicular, with a fold on the anterior end ; one or

two cardinal teeth, two lateral teeth widely separated. Tellina
virgata. Lin.

87. LUCINE. LUCINA.

[Bruguiere 1797, nomen nudum; Lamarck 1799.]
Sub-orbiculate, having no fold on the anterior end ; cardinal
teeth variable [in number] ; two lateral teeth widely separated.
Venus edentula. Lin.

♦This is not Glycymerix of Da Costa 1778 (Pectunculus Lamarck 1799).
which is in Arcidac. Lamarck's Gh/cimrris, his name being preoccupied,
is now Panopr Menard 1807, in Saxicavulai', having tlie same type as given
by Lamarck, i.e. Panope glycimeris (Born) described as Mya. Even if
the "examples" in the Prodrome are not to be taken as type designations,
glycimeris was later designated as type by Children in 1823, virtually by
monoty{)y. I>ogally, though highly technically, Tiamarck 's Glyrimrri.s is
not preoccupied by Da Costa's genus, the spelling being dififereut, but this
situation may one day be corrected by a suspension of the rules.

•'- Not Capsa Lamarck IHOl, which is synonymous with Asaphut Modeer
1793; nor Capsa Lamarck 1H18, which is synonymous with Iphigenia
Schumacher 1817.

April, 1948] the nautilus 137

88. CYCLADE. CYCLA8.

[BrufTuiere 1797, nonun tiudum: Lamarck 1799.)
Sub-orbii'ulate or sli;rhtly obliiiue. tMiuivalvc, haviiijr no fold on
the anterior end; two or three cardinal teetli ; lateral teeth
elongated, laminar and entrant. Tellina cornea. Lin.

89. VEiNUS. VENUS. (Linne 1758.]
Sub-orbicular or oblique; three clcse-set cardinal teeth, of

which the outer two (laterales) are more or les.s divergent.
Venus mercenarm. Lin.

90. MERETKICE. MERETRIX. | Lamarck 1799.]
Sub-oblique or orbicular; three dose-set cardinal teeth, and

one isolated tooth placed under the lunule. Venus meretrix.
Lin.

91. DOXACE. DON AX. [Linne 1758].
Oblique, inequilateral; two cardinal teeth in the left valve,

and one or two lateral teeth, widely separated, in each valve.
Donax trunculus. Lin.

92. MACTRE. MACTRA. [Linne 1767.]
Oblique, inequilateral, and slightly gaping; a cardinal tooth

folded into a trough, and accompanying a ligamental pit; two
lateral teetii, compressed and entrant." Mactra stultoriim. Lin.

93. LUTRAIRE. LUTRARIA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Oblique, inequilateral, gaping at the ends; two oblique, diver-
gent cardinal teeth, accompanying a large ligamental pit ; lateral
teeth lacking or contiguous to the pit. Mactra lutraria. Lin.

94. PAPIIIE. VAPHIA. ['Bolten' Roding 1798.]
Sub-oblique, inequilateral, valves closed ; ligamental pit situ-
ated under the umbones between the teeth of the hinge or near
them. . . .

95. CRASSATELLE. CRAS^ATELLA. [Lamarck 1799.]^
Inequilateral, sub-oblique, the valves clo.sed, with a depressed

8 This is not a particularly convincing description and does not cover the
peculiar hinge nor the mode of separation between the condrophoric and
ligamental pits. It would be difficult, with this description, to distinguish
this genus from Spisula Gray.

^ Not Cra.i-satetla Lamarck 1801, which is, because of pre-occupation,
Crassatellites Kruger 1823.

138 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

lunule and escutcheon ; lijramental pit placed under the umbones,
above the hinge teeth. Ma<:tra cygnaea. Chem.6,t.21,f.207.

96. BUCARDE. CARDIUM. [Linne 1758.]
Sub-eordiform, edges of valves serrate ; hinge with four teeth,

there being two adjacent oblique cardinals in each valve, articu-
lating cross-wise with those in the opposite valve ; lateral teeth re-
mote and entrant. Cardinm aculeatum. Lin.

97. ISOCARDE. ISOCAEDIA. [Lamarck 1799.1
Cordiform, umbones separated, unilateral, involute and diver-
gent ; two cardinal teeth, flattened and entrant ; one isolated
lateral tooth situated under the escutcheon. Chama cor. Lin.

98. CARDITE. CAEDITA. [Bruguiere 1789.]
Inequilateral ; hinge with two teeth unequal in size, one short

tooth placed under the umbones, and a long one extending under
the escutcheon. Chama calyculata. Lin.

99. TRIDACNE. TRIDACNA.

[Bruguiere 1797, nomen nudum; Lamarck 1799.]
Inequilateral, sub-oblique ; hinge with two compressed, entrant
teeth ; gaping at the lunule. Chama gigas. Lin. The Tiled
Roof.

100. HIPPOPE. HIPP0PU8. [Lamarck 1799.]
Inequilateral, sub-oblique ; hinge with two compressed, entrant

teeth ; not gaping at the lunule. Chama hippopus. Lin. The
Rosette.

101. TRIGONIE. TRIGONIA. [Bruguiere 1789.]
Inequilateral, sub-trigonal ; hinge with two large flat teeth,

divergent and transversely furrowed.^ Tri^onia. . . . Encycl.
t.237. Naturforsch.ir)thEdition.t.4.

I' This is the least accurate and least characteristic of the Prodrome 'a
usually good descriptions of the pelecypod hinge. It is not only incorrect
as to the number and arrangement of teeth, but conveys no idea of the
peculiar hinge of the genus, which is the most closely interlocking of any
bivalve. The shells of this genus were said to have been very rare in
T.amarck 's day and possibly he had not seen a specimen.

April. 1048] tue nautilus 139

102. ARCIIE. ARC A. |Linnr 1758]

Oblique, inequilateral ; hinpre straight and furnished with a
series of numerous parallel, articulated teeth ; li}?ament external.
Area noe [sii'l Lin.

10:5. 1»ETC>XCLE. PECTUNCULUS. [Lamarck 17;)9.]"

Orbicular, sub-equilateral ; hinged on a curved line and with a
series of numerous parallel and articulated teeth ; ligament ex-
ternal.*° Area pectunculus. Lin.

104. NUCULE. NUCULA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Almost triangular, inequilateral ; hinged on a broken line and

furnished with numerous oblique, parallel teeth ; one oblique,
furrowed cardinal tooth out of line; umbones touching and turned
backwards. Area nucleus. Lin.

105. MULETTE. UNIO. [Retzius 1788.]
Oblique, with three muscular impressions ; one irregular, cal-
loused, articulated cardinal tooth extending under the escutcheon.
Mya margaritifera. Lin.

106. AXODONTE. ANODONTA. [Lamarck 1799.]
Oblique, with three muscular impressions; hinge simple, with-
out teeth. Mytilua cygneus. Lin.

107. MODIOLE. MODIOLUS. [Lamarck 1799.]
Sub-oblique, the posterior edge very short, the umbones in-
clining towards the short side of the shell ; a single muscular im-
pression ; hinge simple, without teeth. Mytilus modiolus.
(Linne's name omitted.)

108. MOULE. MYTILUS. [Linne 1758.]
Long, with terminal umbones, projecting and pointed, at-
tached by a byssus; a single muscular impression; hinge usually
without teeth. Mytilus edulis. Lin,

109. PINNE. PINNA. [Linne 1758.]
Long, wedge-shaped, pointed at its ba.se [sic], gaping along

» See footnote on Glycimeris No. 83.

^0 Pectunculus appears to be preoccupied by Pectunculus Huddesford
1770 (fide Dall 1912) and for this reason, and because Da Costa's Gly-
cymeris 1778 is earlier, it is supplanted by Glycymeris.

140 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

the upper edp:e, and attached by a byssus ; hinpre without teeth ;
ligament lateral, very long. Pinna ruUis. Lin.

110. HOULETTE. PEDUM.

[Bruguiere 1797. nomen nudum: Lamarck 1799.]
Inequivalve ; hinge without teeth ; ligament external and con-
tained in a groove; lower valve notched. Ostrca spondyloidea.
Chem.8,t.72i.669 and 670.

111. LIME. LIMA.

[Bruguiere 1797, nomen nudum: Cuvier 1798.]
Inequilateral, eared, gaping slightly on one side ; hinge with-
out teeth, ligament external, umbones separated. Ostrca lima.
Lin.

112. PEIGNE. PECTEN. [Miiller 1776.]
Eared, slightly inequivalve, umbones touching ; hinge without

teeth ; ligament internal, placed in a pit. Ostrca jacohaca. Lin.

113. PANDORE. PANDORA. [Ilwass (in) Chemnitz 1795.]
Inequivalve and inequilateral ; two long, divergent cardinal

teeth in the upper valve ; two oblong pits in the other valve.
Tellina inequivalvis. Lin.

114. CORBULE. CORBULA.

[Bruguiere 1797, nomen nudum: Lamarck 1799.]
Inequivalve, sub-oblique, free; one conical, curved and ar-
ticulated cardinal tooth. Corhula . . . Encyclop.t.230.

115. TEREBRATULE. TEREBRATULA. [Miiller 1776.]
Inequivalve, attacliing itself by a ligament or a short tube; the

largest valve perforated or slotted at its umbo, which is promi-
nent and almost in the form of a beak ; hinge with two teeth.
Anemia terebratula. Lin.

116. CALCEOLE. CALCEOLA.'' [Lamarck 1799.]
Ine(|uivalvc. turbinate flatteiuMl on the back; the larger valve

11 Lamarck, like Linnaeus, mado no diHtinction between Mollusks and
RracliiojKxi.s, and give.s liere several fjenera of the latter (Crania, Trrrbra-
tiila, Orbiciila and Linffiila). As late as ISfifi Calccola is called a Braehio-
pod in Davidson's nioiiogra|di on that jjronji. It was apjtarentlv listed by
Lamarck as a Hraehiopod, but has since been shown to be a j;enns of fossil
corals. His "example," Anomia .sandatiinn, is attributed to Gmelin but

April. 1048] the NArTiU's Ml

shaped like a lialf-slipper. with one to three small teeth in the
hinfie; the smaller valve flat, semi-orbieiilate, in the form of an
opereulum. Atiomia sandaliuni. (imel.syst.nat.'l.p.:H9. (Cor-
reeted: Tom.l.pt.4.p.3;U91.

117. llYALi:. IIYALAEA. (Lamarek 1799.|
Ine(juivalve. dilated, transparent, jrapin^' under the umbo,

trieuspid at tlie base, valves more or less united. Ayiomia
tridnitata. Forsk.p.rJ4,et ic.t.40,f.6.

118. ORBICULE. ORBICVLA. [ ( ?) Cuvier 1798.]
Orbicular, flattened, fixed; lower valve very thin, adherent to

the foreifjn body; hinge unobserved.^-' Patella anomala. Miill.
zool.dan.p.l4,t.5,f.l-7.

119. LINGULE. UN Gil LA.

[Bruguiere 1797. nomen nudum; Lamarck 1799.]

Long, flattened, truncate anteriorly ; hinge without teeth ;

umbones straight and pointed, joined to a fleshy pedicle which

serves as a ligament for the valves and an attachment for the

shell.'- Patella unguis. Lin. Seba mus.3,t.l6,No.4.

was described e.irlier liy Linnaeus in the Mantissa 1771. Hanlcy found in
the same unmarked V)o.x in Linnaeus' cabinet a specimen of " C ale cola
sandalina," Lamarck's later name for the species, and a specimen of
Goniophyllum pyramidale, another fossil coral which was once thought to
be a second species of Calceola. See Zittel's Textbook of Paleontology
where both genera are described and the two above-mentioned species
figured.

>2 Orbiciila and Liyipiila. It is curious that Lamarck, having indicated
two valves in the description.s of these genera, should have cliosen "ex-
amples" from Patella. Sowerby (Conch. Man) points out that the "an-
cient writers" were confused because they had only seen single valves of
Lingula, but this excuse could not be used by Lamarck. However, in the
"Animaux sans vert^bres" he abandons the identification with Patella and
cites as sole species for the two genera, Lingula norvegiea and Lingula
anatina respectively. Some writers assert that Cuvier 's Orbicula is not
identical with Lamarck's genus but is rather a synonym of Crania Retzius
(sujjra), whereas Lamarck's and Sowerby *a Orbicula is Discina Lamarck.
Crania is, however, distinguishable by having no fissure in the lower valve,
the shell being attached directly to the foreign bo<ly, whereas Orbicula
Lamarck at least is attached by a fibrous member through a slot in the
lower valve. I have seen no description nor specimen of Orbicula Cuvier.
(See Sowerby, Conch. Man. and Woodward, Man. Moll, on the genera men-
tioned.)

142 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

MULTIVALVE SHELLS

120. PHOLADE. PHOLAS. [Linne 1758.]
Two large, oblique valves, gaping, and one or several small

valves articulated with them and placed on the ligament or on
the hinge. Pholas dactyhis. Lin.

121. CHAR. GIOENIA. [Bruguiere 1789.]
Three unequal valves, their exteriors concave, spreading at

their extremities and united at their center to the animal which
is their common axis. Giaenia. . . . Encyclop.t.l70.

122. TARET. TEREDO. [Linne 1758.]
Tubular, cylindrical, open at both ends; the lower orifice pro-
vided with two lozenge-shaped valves. Teredo navalis. Lin.

123. FISTULANE. FISTULANA. [Forskal 1775.]
Tubular, club-shaped, opened at its slender extremity, and

contained, in its cavity, two unconnected valves. Teredo clava.
Gmel.syst.nat.4,p.3748.

124. OSCABRION. CHITON. [Linne 1758.]
Elliptical, composed of several transverse valves, imbricate,

and united at their extremities, by a circular ligament. Chiton
tuberculatus. Lin.

125. BALANE. BALANUS. [Da Costa 1778.]
Conical, fixed by its base, and composed of six articulated

valves; the aperture closed by a four-valved operculum. Lepas
balaniis. Lin.

126. ANATIFE. ANATIFA.

[Meuschen 1787 (Anatifera) ; Bruguiere 1789.]"
Cuneiform, composed of several unequal valves joined at the

IS Rrugui^re " (Icsignated " several new generic names for mollusks in the
Eucyclopedie Methodiciiie by figuring one or more species on a plate headed
by the propo.sed generic name, but supplying no description nor any specific
names. As this sort of designation does not comport ' ' an indication, or
a definition, or a description" under Rule 2.') (a) and Opinion 1, these genera
cannot be attributed to Bruguiere but must be cited as of the first later
author who validly described them. In most of these cases that will be
Lamarck 1799.

April. 1948] thk NAi'TiLrs 143

extremity of a fleshy tube, fixed by its base; aprrture without
operculum. Lcpas anaiifera. Lin.

NOTES AND NEWS

The Boston Malacoi.ooical Chh, haviii<r an active member-
ship of 60. with 14 non-resident members, met the first Tuesday
of each month from October through May 1947, with an outinp
held in June at the home of one of the members, Mrs. Roberts,
on the Annisquam Kiver, Cape Ann, Massachusetts. The of-
ficers of the Club during the 1946-47 season were : President,
Dr. Merrill E. Champion; Vice-President, Richard W. Foster;
Secretary-Treasurer. Mrs. Roy C. Athearn ; Conchological Re-
corder, Miss Ruth Turner; Executive Committee, the Officers,
Mr. W. J. Clench, Mrs. Earl Pride.

Speakers and topics during the season were : Dr. Joseph
Bequaert, "Adanson, the First Zoological Malacologist"; Dr.
David Belding. "Economic Value of Mollusks"; Capt. C. M.
Dumbauld, "Collecting Mollusks in the Perlas Islands, Pan-
ama"; Mr. Richard W. Foster, "The Preparation of a Bib-
liography of the Literature on ]\Io]luscan Biology"; also.
"Dredging in Florida"; Mr. William J. Clench, "The Evolution
of Tanganyika Mollusca"; also "Collecting in New England";
also "Liguus Collecting in Florida"; Dr. A. W. Cheever, "Re-
cent Florida Ramblings"; Mrs. Athearn, "Scenic New Eng-
land"; Various Club Members, "Summer Activities." — Mrs.
Roy C. Athearn.

Carl Hegner. — Those who attended the A. M. U. meetings at
Pacific Grove last June will be sorry to hear of the sudden death
of Mr. Carl Ilegner, at Los Angeles, on January 6th. 1948.
While Mr. Ilegner still was a beginner in conchology, he had
shared other hobbies with several C. S. C. members and his
pleasant pereonality will be greatly missed. — Elsii: M. Ciiace.

Extinction of Monadenia fidelis semialha (Henderson)
Eyerdam. — This di.stinct race, which was restricted to a narrow-
strip about 300 yards long by 100 yards wide among the rocks

144 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 61 (4)

and underbrush behind Rosario Beach, Fidal*?o Island, Skagit
Co., Washington, has apparently vanished into limbo to meet
its ancestors.

On January 8th, 1948, I made an excursion with Mr. Philipps
Putman of Anacortes to Rosario Beach in search of this snail. It
was the first time since 1940 and conditions had greatly altered
in the area, with modern improvements. Where formerly a
thick underbrush and leaf cover with many old logs had fur-
nished a natural cover for snails and a number of rare native
plants, there is now a decided touch of civilization. All logs and
underbrush have been cleared away; the ground has been
scrupulousl}' raked over; and it is now covered with a thin mat
of Linne's flower, Linnaea horealis, var. amcricana. This condi-
tion is in itself an improvement and an asset to the public, but
is somewhat of a disappointment to the nature lover, especially
to the conchologist.

Careful search was made of the entire area, with two worn
old shells as the only results. Evidently those live specimens
that were raked up were either collected by the rakers or were
carried away by birds or squirrels. When i\Ir. and 'Mrs. E. A.
Chace and I searched the area in August of 1937, we found over
100 good shells of this subspecies. On this last occasion (1948),
it was warm and moist enougii for snails to bo about, because
I saw a garter snake hunting for his dinner.

I have two specimens of this race that were collected by C. F.
Newcomb in 1890 in the vicinity of Victoria, B. C, which is on
Vancouver Island directly westward across Puget Sound from
Fidalgo Island. Possibly this race of Monadenia fidelis also
occurs rarely on the larger islands of the San Juan group, which
lie between Fidalgo Island and Victoria. I have seen typical
M. fidclis from the San -liians. — W.vlteh J. Eyeroam.

Dr. PiLsiJKY, our senior editor, has flown down to Peru, to visit
his daughter, Mrs. Barcroft. When last heard from. Mr. Ols.son
and he were headed for the mountains. Good snailing!

Vol. 61

JULY, 1947

No. 1

TT H F

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

KDITORS AND Pl'BI.TSnERS

Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Dci)artment of Mollusca;

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3 /'/-*■*

H. BiRRiNGTON Baker, Professor of Zoology, I ^ I »-' ^ ^

University of Pennsylvania \ -^ i

CONTENTS

Fresh water luollusks of Cape May Point, New Jersey. By Robert C.

Alexander 1

Report of the land mollusks of Cape May, N. J. By Robert C. Alex-
ander (continued from Jan. no.) 4

Preliminary observations on reproduction in the molluscan genus Mus-

culium. By Earlcy J. Van Chave, A. Gilbert Wright and C.

William Nixon 6

A new subgenus, Paeniscutahts, and the anatomy of its type species.

By Charles B. Wurtz ' 11

Cypraea cervinetta Kiener and Cypraca arabiciila Lamarck. By TFiV-

liavi Marcus Ingram and Harold Trapido lf>

A new species of Katicarius from Florida. By Harald A. Rehder .... 19

Acella haldemani in Ontario, Canada. By H. B. Herrington 20

Notes on the genus Probythinella (Hydrobiidae). By J. P. E. Marri-

son 25

Notes on the Philippine snail, Viviparus burroughianiis Lea. By ./.

P. E. Morrison 29

Notes and News 30

Publication received 36

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Recond-ClaBs matter. October 29, 19.'?2. at the Post Offlcc at
Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879.

11 THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of MoUusks, edited and pub-
lished by Henky a. Pilsbey and H. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the
month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).
Manuscript should he typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be
submitted to authors unless requested,

Eeprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $2.75 $4.40 $7.15

100 copies 3.30 5.23 8.80

Additional 100s 1.10 1.65 3.30

Plates (pasted in) : $2.20 for 50; additional 1.65c each
[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.
Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.
Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,
Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The
Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The
Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.
6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,
nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all
nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.
25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,
no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3; or any of
these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including
three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinclla, Aniphidromus,
Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.
Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.
List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mes. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

Wert Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Buech, 4206 S. Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, California.

THE NAUTILUS 111

For Kxchanqk: Native ni:itpri:il for live land Mollusca, especially Cepaea
nemoraUs, Otala species, and Iltlix aspcrsa.

Glenn R. Webb, r)348 Olimcr Ave., Indianaiiolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Excliange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list
ready. Ask for it, and send yours.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois.

Wanted: Unselected lots of American Sphacriidae. Opfered: Identified
European Sphaeriidae and Dutch non-marine mollusks.

J. G. J. KuiPEK, Legation de Pays-Bas,
Ostring 17, Berne, Switzerland.

Wanted: American land and fresh water mollusks. Offered: European
(especially Dutch) land and fresh water mollusks.

L. A. W. C. Venmans, Bladel (N-B), Netherlands.

Dates of The Nautilus. — Volume 60, no. 1, pp. 1-36, pis.
1-3, was mailed Aug:iist 30, 1946. No. 2, pp. 37-72, pis. 4-6,
December 18, 1946. No. 3. pp. 73-108, frontispiece and pi. 7,
March 11, 1947. No. 4, pp. 109-148 + i-iv, June 2, 1947.—
11. B. B.

IV THE NAUTILUS

STROMBUS GIGAS VERRILLI McGinty

I can supply specimens of this new Strombus at the following
prices.

Young up to 5 inches in length $1.50

Immature, 5" to 7" in length $2.00

Adults with thin lip : 7 inches and over $2.50

Adults with fully developed frilled lip $3.00

Rarer color forms, rose, mottled, horizontally banded and

longitudinally streaked $3.50

Series of five shells showing various stages $7.00

FLORIDA AND FOREIGN SHELLS
Wholesale and Retail

5"^/!^ 3c stamp for complete lists. Largest assortment of specimen shells
and lozvest prices in Florida.

A. HYATT VERRILL
Lake Worth Florida

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST

FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with
clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved
from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION
126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3. HO; clotli bound, $4.50)

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

All i»oHt-i»nl«l In r. S. A.
AdilroHH iiiithor:

MAXWELL SMITH,
Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

Vol. 61 OCTOHKK, 1947 No. 2

TT H F

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGI8T8

EDITORS AND Pl'BI.ISHERS

HxNET A. PiLSBBY, Curator of the Department of MoUuaca,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3

H. BuRRiKOTON Baker, Professor of Zoology,

University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

I-. I U H A. K. "J."

JAN 6 - 19^^'

WOODS HOLE. MASS.

aica. By Daij

A new Pleurodonte from the Miocene, Bowden, Jan

Kimball 37

Polygvra virginiana, a new species from "Virginia. By Paul E. liurch. 40

Cowry hunting on Cebu Island. By Jacques R. Heifer 42

Notes on Costacallista eucymata (Dall). By Kaiherinc van IV inkle

Palmer 44

Additions to the mollusca of Lake Worth, Florida. By A. Hyatt Verrill. 47

Food of the giant western slug, Arioliniax columbianus (Gould). By

William Mardus Ingram and Ann Peterson 40

Anodonta and associated mollusks from Stow Lake, Golden Gate Park,
San Francisco, California. By William Marcus Ingram and Karl
W. Kenyan 51

A recent Perplicaria and other new Panamic marine shells. By Max-
well Smith .' 53

The American Malacological Union thirteenth annual meeting 56

Lamarck's Prodrome d'unc nouvelle classification des coquilles. By

Henry Dodge 60

Notes and News 70

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered is Second-ClaBs matter, October 29. 19.12. at the Poat Office at
Philadelphia. Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-
lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the
month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).
Manuscript should he typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be
submitted to authors unless requested.

Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written
ON or attached to first page of manuscript.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $2.75 $4.40 $7.15

100 copies 3.30 5.23 8.80

Additional lOOs 1.10 1.65 3.30

Plates (pasted in): $2.20 for 50; additional 1.65c each
[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.
Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.
Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science.
Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The
Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The
Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.
6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, G, 8, 10; vol. 18,
nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all
nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.
25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6 ; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,
no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of
these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails {Liguus) including
three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella. Amphidromua,
Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.
Send your list to V\v\j P. McGinty. Boynton, Florida.

New England C!oast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.
List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

Wert Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Burch, 4206 8. Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, California.

TUB NAUTILUS m

For Exchange: Native material for live land MolluBca. especially Cepara
nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix agpersa.

Glenn R. Wkbb, r.348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list
ready. Ask for it, and send yours.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois.

Wanted: Unselected lots of American Sphaeriidae. Offered: Identified
European Sphaeriidae and Dutch non-marine mollusks.

J. G. J. KuiPER, Legation de Pays-Baa,
Ostring 17, Berne, Switzerland.

Wanted: American land and fresh water mollusks. Offered: European
(especially Dutch) land and fresh water moUusk-s.

L. A. W. C. Venmans, Bladel (N-B), Netherlands.

IV THE NAUTILUS

STROMBUS GIGAS VERRILLI McGinty

1 can supply specimens of this new Strombus at the following
prices.

Young up to 5 inches in length $1.50

Immature, 5" to 7" in length $2.00

Adults with thin lip: 7 inches and over $2.50

Adults with fully developed frilled lip $3.00

Rarer color forms, rose, mottled, horizontally banded and

longitudinally streaked $3.50

Series of five shells showing various stages $7.00

FLORIDA AND FOREIGN SHELLS
Wholesale and Retail

Send 3c stamp for complete lists. Largest assortment of specimen shells
and lowest prices in Florida.

A. HYATT VERRILL
Lake Worth Florida

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST
FLORIDA COAST

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on gcneralia, collection and preparation of specimens; with
clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved
from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION
126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.r)0)

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

.411 pont-pnld In IT. S. A.
AddrpH* author:

MAXWELL SMITH,
Box 65, Winter Park. Florida

Vol. 61 JANUARY, 1948 No. 3

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCIIOLOGISTS

F.DITOKS AND PUBLISHERS

Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Dcpartm*n|i*«^|^lhiMa^^^ , i .. .

Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila4cIpT&ia 3 -^" '^^J 31 L^o.'.ui.ny

■ • ' 1:4 I-t A. H Y

n. BuRRiNGTON Baker, Professor of " '
University of Pennsylvania

Zoology,

MAR 1 2 1<^/1P

CONTENTS

WOODS HOLt, ms$.

Bringing in the Troclius in the Palau Islands. By Julia

Gardner 73

A New Genus and Species of Pliilippine Amnieolidae. By

R. Tucker Abbott '. 75

Some Land Snails from West Virginia with Description of

a New Species. By Charles B. Wurtz 81)

A New Cassis and Other Mollusks from the Chipola Forma-
tion. By John Dyas Parker 90

Achatina Aehatina (L.) Laj's Its Eggs. By E. A. An-

drews 95

Comparative Observations on the Mating of Certain Trio-

dopsinae. By Glenn R. Webb 97

A New Record for Zoogenetes harpa (Say). By James M.

Ross .'. 103

Notes and News 101

Pub] it-at ions Received 107

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Businexa Manarjer

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 19.'?2, at the Post Office it
Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

THE XAUTILUS

4 pp.

8 pp.

16 pp.

$3.58

$5.72

$ 9.30

4.29

6.80

11.44

1.43

2.15

4.29

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterlv Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-
lished bv Hexky a. Pilsbrt and H. Buebingtok Bakek.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the
month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).
Manuscript sh<ruld he typexcritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be
submitted to authors unless requested.

Bepkints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be "n-RiTTEN'

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MAXrSCRIPT.

50 copies

100 copies

Additional lOOs

Plates (pasted in): $2.86 for .50; additional 2.15c each
[Postage Extra]

The XArTiLUS is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.
Information regarding membersbip in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.
Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,
Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Waxted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The
XAVTiLrs. Also "Waxted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The
Xautilus. Especially vol. 3. nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.
6. no. 3; vol. 9. no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, S, 10; vol. 18,
nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-S, 12; vol. 21, all
nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23. nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.
25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6 ; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,
no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3; or any of
these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including
three of the rare L. soJidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,
Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.
Send your list to ' PaitIj P. McGintt, Boynton, Florida.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.
List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadlxt, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Bubch, 4206 8. Halldale Ave, Los Angeles 37, California.

THE iNAUTILUS 111

Fo« Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, enpeeially Crpaea
nrmoraltjr, Otala species, and Tlelix asperta.

Glenk R. WrBB, r)348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list
ready. Ask for it, and send yours.

Da. F. IIaas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois.

Wanted: Unselected lots of American Sphaeriidae. OrrEKED: Identified
European Sphaeriidae and Dutch non-marine mollusks.

J. G. J. KriPEK, Na.ssau Zuilenstoinstraat 3'>, Dt-n llaag, Netherlandu

Wanted: American land and fresh water mollusks. Oflfercd: European
(especially Dutch) land and fresh water mollusks.

L. A. W. C. Venmans, Bladel (NB), Netherlands.

Dates of the Nautilus — Volume 60, no. 1, pp. 1-36. pis.
1-3, was mailed August 30, 1946. No. 2, pp. 37-72, pis. 4-^i,
December 18, 1946. No. 3, pp. 73-108, frontispiece and pi. 7,
March 11, 1947. No. 4. pp. 109-148 + i-iv, June 2, 1947.—
H. B. B.

STUDIES IN AMPULLARIA
By E. G. Alderson, M.A.

19 plat«s (Quarto)

1925

(Limited edition of 150 copies)
A few copies available at $6.00 postpaid.

Watkins & Doncaster, 36 Strand, London W.C. 2, England

IV THE NAUTILUS

FLORIDA AND FOREIGN SEA SHELLS

Wholesale and Retail

Largest Assortment of Specimen Shells in United States

Send 6c stamp for 14 page price list

A Few Examples:

Strombus Gigas Verrilli, McGinty $1.00 to $3.00

Series of Five Showing All Stages $7.00

State if wanted with or without epidermis

Strombus Samba, Clench $3.00 to $5.00

Cymatium Cynocephalum $2.00

Poirieria Zelandica. Perfect, with operc $2.50

Alcithoe Jaculoides. Perfect, no growth scars $2.50

Voluta Imperialis. Superb, 6" to 10" $10.00 to $20.00

Charonia Nobilis. Perfect spires $2.50 to $12.00

Strombus Costatus. Rose, mauve, yellow forms $1.50 to $2.50

Xancus Angulata, with epidermis and operc $.75 to $2.50

RARE SHELLS A SPECIALTY

Satisfaction guaranteed or money refvndeth Any shcUs hroken in transit
replaced free of charge.

A. HYATT VERRILL

Lake Worth Florida

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST

FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; vith
clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirtv-nine plates engraved
from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION
126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4..'i0)

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

All post-paid In V. H. A.
AddroRR author:

MAXWELL SMITH,
Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

Vol. 61 APRIL, 1948 No. 4

T H F

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOOISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the DcpartiiiHiit ^f Myllui

' A. I'lLSBRY, Curator or the DcpartiiiHiil ^f Mylluwa,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Phil^«J^Bne36iolOglCal LaO'Koljiy
H. BuRRiNOTON Baker, Professor df Zoolo^?^ i3 rt A. Pt "Y
Univcrsitj of Pennsylvanii r i i m o in /in

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

CONTENTS

New Vexilhtm and Aesopus from the Pliocene of St. Peters-

burgr, Florida. By William G. Fargo 109

Notes on Perplicaria Dall and its systematic position. Bv

Druid Wilson ' '.112

An aid to the description of recent and fos.sil (Jastropoda.

By Charles B. Wurtz and Anne Harbison 114

Anatomy of Diplomorpha dclatouri (Ilartnian) and four
species of Placostylus (Pulmonata. Hiilimulidae). By
Yoshio Kondo 119

The taxonomic and distributional history of the fresh-
water mussel Elliptio complanatus (Dillwyn, 1817).
By Max R. Matteson 127

A mixed colony of Cepaea nemoralis and Cepaea hortensis

on Long Island, New York. By Robert C. Flipse .... 132

Lamarck's Prodrome d'une nouvelle cla.ssifieation des
coquilles. Bv Henry Dodge (Continued from page
70) '. 134

Notes and News 143

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Second-CUBS matter, October 28, 1932, at the Post Offlce at

Philadelphia. Pa., under the Act of March 3, 187».

11 THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Molluska, edited and pub-
lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the
month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).
Manuscript should be typewritten and flouble spaced. Proofs will not be
submitted to authors unless requested.

Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO TIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $3.58 $5.72 $ 9.30

100 copies 4.29 6.80 11.44

Additional 100s 1.43 2.15 4.29

Plates (pasted in): $2.86 for 50; additional 2.15c each
[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.
Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.
Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,
Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The
Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The
Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.
6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,
nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all
nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.
25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6 ; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,
no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of
these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including
three of the rare L. soUdus, to exchange for Achatinella, .\niphidromua,
Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.
Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.
List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Burgh, 4206 S. Halldale Ave., Loa Angeles 37, California.

TUB NAUTILUS lii

Fob Excn.\NOE: Native niateriiil for live land Molluaca, especially Cepaea
nemoraUs. Otala species, and Helix aspersa.

Glenn R. Webb, r)34S Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacologj. New long list
ready. Ask for it, and send yours.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois.

Wanted: Recent and Tertiary Mollusca. Oflfcred: Siniil.ir material from
various countries. Apply with list.

J. L. Staed, I'Jo rue Clovis, Rheims, Marnc, France.

STUDIES IN AMPULLARIA

By E. G. Alderson, M.A.

19 plates (Quarto)

1925

(Limited edition of 150 copies)
A few copies available at $6.00 postpaid.

Watkins & Doncaster, 36 Strand, London W.C. 2, England

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

.^11 poHt-paid In U. S. A.
AddrcHa author:

MAXWELL SMITH,
Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

FLORIDA AND FOREIGN SEA SHELLS

Wholesale and Retail

Largest Assortment of Specimen Shells in United States

Send 6c stamp for 14 page price list

A Few Examples:

Strombus Gigas Verrilli, McGinty $1.00 to $3.00

Series of Five Showing AH Stages $7.00

State if wanted with or without epidermis

Strombus Samba, Clench $3.00 to $5.00

Cymatium Cynocephalum $2.00

Poirieria Zelandica. Perfect, with operc $2.50

Alcithoe Jaculoides. Perfect, no growth scars $2.50

Voluta Imperialis. Superb, 6" to 10" $10.00 to $20.00

Charonia Nobilis. Perfect spires $2.50 to $12.00

Strombus Costatus. Rose, mauve, yellow forms $1.50 to $2.50

Xancus Angulata, with epidermis and operc $.75 to $2,50

RARE SHELLS A SPECIALTY

Satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. Any shells broken in transit
replaced free of charge.

A. HYATT VERRILL
Lake Worth Florida

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST

FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of Bpecimens; with
clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved
from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION
126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)

^

liJ H 1 7 X J N