WM §' ^■11 liiiiisiiijl [iHl ■iiiilili iii- Wm m 1 fiii 'iiiiiiii MM wm iiiiiiiiip m m y, U iiiiiiiiii' iiiii ■ THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL. 64 JULY, 1950 to APRIL, 1951 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Department of Mollusks and Marine Invertebrates, Academy of Natural Sciences H. BURRINGTON BAKER Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pa. LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA CONTENTS Names of new genera and species in italics. Africa 133 American Malacological Union 65, 144 Ammonitella yatesi allyni Chace 122 Amnicola sahlensis Pilsbry 119 Ancylidae, neotropical 123 Anodontites cornea, A. nicaraguae 77 Ashmunella edithae Pilsbry & Cheatum 88 Atlantic marines . . 14, 34, 40, 73, 109, 110, 116, 121, 132, 143 Bahamas 37, 123 Bivalve larvae, killing and preserving 14 Bog lake, mollusks 19 Brazil 4, 123 Bruguiere, plates 68 Busy con, subgenera Fulgicropsis and Sycofulgiir Marks . . 34 California, inland 122 California, marines 9, 84, 91, 105 Calliostoma {Eutrochus) jitjiibinum adelae Schwengel . . 119 Carpenter collection 70 Central America (see neotropical) Chione (Chionopsis) pinchoti Pilsbry & Olsson 109 Chondropoma schaliei 17 Crassispira drangai Schwengel 116 Dates of Nautilus 35 Egg cases as whistles 1 Elma, subgenus Fultonelma Haas 133 Elma (Fultonelma) hisexigua Haas for Bulimus exiguus Mo. 134 Emery, Daniel L 36, 61 Euglandina 'bailyi M. Smith 60 Eupleura caudata etterae B. B. Baker 76 Florida, inland 37, 119 Florida, marines 109, 110, 116, 121, 143 Fontigens oxyheles Pilsbry 37 Fontigens weheri Pilsbry 39 Fulguropsis Marks, subgenus of Busy con 34 Fultonelma Haas, subgenus of Elma 133 Guatemala 77, 123 Gulella, subgenus Thaumatogulella Haas 134 Haliotis 91 Hehetancylus providentialis Wurtz 127 iv THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (4) Helicella caperata 141, 142 Helisoma anceps 68 Hemisinus jmlaeus Pilsbry, for H. (Longiverena) avus . . 69 Hiatella vs. Saxicava 29 Holospira kriegeri Drake 52 Holospira oritis Pilsbry & Cheatum 89 Holospira pityis Pilsbry & Cheatum 89 Holospira roemeri hrevissima Pilsbry 56 Honduras 77, 123 Indiana 54 Infraspeeific names 47, 103 Jacosta caperata or J. intersecta 141, 142 Jamaica 36, 123 Japan 1, 94 Juliidae 84 Leptodea largillierti 77 Louisiana 96 Marginella hilli M. Smith 61 Maryland 67 Maxwellia Baily (Muricidae) 11 McGill University Museums 70 Mexico 51, 60, 77, 120, 123 Mvtilus californianus hermaphrodite 105 Neotropical 4, 51, 60, 77, 119, 123 New York 35, 58, 70, 102, 104 Nicaragua 77, 123 North Carolina 37, 67, 102, 142 Nylander, Olaf 0 63 Ohio 19 Oliva drangai Schwengel 117 Olivella hayeri Abbott Ill Olivella moorei Abbott 112 Oregon 58 Oriental 1, 94 Ortmann, Arnold Edward 134 Pacific marines 1, 9, 47, 60, 84, 91, 105 Pennsylvania 100 Pitaria cordata Schwengel 118 Plotia, type species 68 Polinices {Mammilla) clarki M. Smith 60 Polygyra mooreana 101 Polygyridae 6 Populations 47 Preservation 14, 90 Pseudostihidina cheatumi Pilsbry 55 Puerto Rico 17, 123 Sagda, subdivisions & type 36 April, 1951] THE NAUTILUS V Saxicava vs. Hiatella 29 Slugs, preservation 90 South America (see Neotropical) Streptostyla jacohsoni Pilsbry 120 Strombus bituberculatus 143 Siiccinea lauta sphaerica MacMillan 94 Sycofulgur Marks, subgenus of Busj^con 34 Tegula gallina 50 Tethys willcoxi 40 Tennessee 58 Texas 37, 55, 56, 87, 101 Thaumatogulella Haas, subgenus of Gulella 134 Triodopsis tennesseensis hurchi Hubricht 8 Type of species 27 Urosalpinx cinereus follyensis B. B. Baker 75 Vallonia excentrica 35, 70 Vexilliim {TJromitra) willcoxi coxiamtm Fargo 121 Virginia 6, 37, . 58, 141 Viviparus chinensis 35 Viviparus contectoides 35, 102 West Indies 17, 36, 37, 123 Woodring, Wendell P 69 Wyoming 101 INDEX TO AUTHORS Abbott, R. Tucker 103, 110 Bales, B. R 143 Baily, Joshua L., Jr 9, 91 Baker, Bernadine Barker 73 Baker, H. Burrington 17, 27, 35, 36 Beetle, Dorothy E 101 Bushey, Clinton J 54 Cahn, Alvin R 1 Carriker, Melbourne R 14 Chace, E. P 122 Cheatum, E. P. (Pilsbry &) 87 Cleghorn, J. D 70 Dexter, Ralph W 19 Dodge, Henry 29, 68 Drake, Robert J 51 Fargo, William G 61, 121 Freas, Dorothy L 35, 102 Haas, F 4, 133 Harry, Harold W 96 Heilman, Robert A 100 Howard, Arthur Day 84 Hubricht, Leslie 6, 35, 67, 90, 102 Jackson, Ralph W 67 Jacobson, Morris K 70, 104 Johnson, Richard 1 77 Lee, C. Bruce 58 MacMillan, Gordon K 94 Marks, E. Sydney 34 McLellan, Jack H 101 Olsson, A. A. (Pilsbry &) 109 Pilsbry, H. A 37, 55, 56, 68, 68, 69, 119 Pilsbry, H. A., & E. P. Cheatum 87 Pilsbry, H. A., & A. A. Olsson 109 Raymond, Percy E 63 Saunders, D 142 Schalie, Henry van der 134 Schwengel, Jeanne S 116 Smith, Maxwell 60 Stohler, R 47 April, 1951] THE NAUTILUS vji Teskey, Margaret C arz Webb, Glenn R '.;;;; .^^ Weingartner, Mathilde P. . . f 09 Wood, John Thornton iff Wurtz, Charles B j^^ Young, R. T t.f.^ Zinn, Donald J ^^^ The nautilus Vol. 64 JULY, 1950 No. 1 CONCHOLOGICAL MONUMENTS IN JAPAN By ALVIN E. CAHN Aquatic Biologist, Natural Eesources Section, GHQ, SCAP, Tokyo, Japan As a rule, monuments and memorials are erected to the mem- ory of important people or famous events. While it is readily granted that eonchologists are important people, I must admit that I personally know of no monument erected to a concholo- gist per se — other than the headstone that marks his last resting place. This is unfortunate. It seems to indicate a lack of public appreciation of lifetimes of devoted study, as well as of the subject matter itself. I was, therefore, interested to find in Japan three fine examples of what I shall call ''conchological monuments," though they are not memorials erected to the memory of any conchologist. On the contrary, they were erected to the memory of the conchs rather than the eonchologists. Since these memorials are unusual, if not unique, I wish to call them to the attention of occidental eonchologists as being some- thing, to say the least, refreshingly different. If the traveller between Tokyo and Yokohama looks out of the right hand window of the train just at the right moment after leaving Tokyo Central Station, he will see a wooded hill rising slightly above the great stone wall that bounds the rail- road right of way through the section of Tokyo known as Omori. Atop this embankment, in the middle of the wooded area and facing the railroad, is a stone monument. If he alights at Omori and backtracks to inspect this monument, he will find that it consists of a large horizontal granite tablet framed in a border of rough-hewed stones. Inserted in the middle of the upper border of this frame is a small tablet bearing an English in- scription, and above this a large stone urn (Plate 1, fig. 1). The inscription on the small tablet reads: ''The Site of the 1 2 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) Omori Shell Mound Discovered by Professor Edward S. Morse." The large inscription in Japanese characters reads: '* Omori Shell Mound." Below this is inscribed: ''Dedicated May 26, 1929" and a list of the nine donors of the memorial. When Dr. Morse arrived in Yokohama and took the train for Tokyo, he wasted no time in starting his scientific researches, for he, too, looked out of the train window — and discovered what came to be called the Omori Shell Mound. He returned later to excavate on this site and published his results in 1879 as Volume 1, Number 1, of the Journal of Science (Rikakaisui Dai Ichitsu) of Tokyo University, under the title "The Shell Mounds of Omori" (Omori kaikyo kobutsuhen). It is printed in Japa- nese, having been translated by three of Dr. Morse's students: M. Sasaki, I. Ijima, and T. Iwakawa. At a later date Dr. Sasaki was to become the Japanese authority on cephalopods and Dr. Iwakawa the foremost Japanese conchologist. In the 73 pages of text and 18 plates, the mound is described and 43 species of moUusks and a multitude of pottery fragments found therein are listed and discussed. The mound was originally 89 meters long and 4 meters high. All the mollusca described, except Anadara granosa, (A. hisenensis?) are still found living in Tokyo Bay. So here we have a monument to an ancient kitchen midden. A second probably unique conchological memorial was erected in 1898 and still stands in a conspicuous spot at Kutsatsu Machi just outside of Hiroshima City. This fine granite obelisk (Plate 1, fig. 2) bears the inscription: "Memorial Tablet for Oyster Culture of Hiroshima" and is dedicated to the oysters that founded and built the industry for which the area has long been famous. On the left side of the monument is inscribed the following: "The place of Saeki Gun, Hiroshima Prefecture, has long been famous for oyster culture. Along the coast the oyster grounds extend for 18 miles and cover 139 cho (390 acres). The production has amounted to 2,000,000 kan (8,000 tons). These facts are due not only to the suitable ground but also to human effort." Each year the oyster fishermen of Hiroshima Prefecture gather at the monument in late April or May and hold solemn THE NAUTILUS: 64 (1) PLATE 1 ^^^•^■■■■k««»ii»»»»«..«» Fig. 3 Conchological Monuments in Japan THE NAUTILUS: 64 (1) PLATE 2 B Egg cases of: A, Eemifu.sus ternatanus. B, Eapaiia tltomtisunia. From Kyushu, Japan. July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 3 ceremony according to the Buddhist rites for the repose of the oysters' souls. What is probably the most curious conchological monument in the world is in Tokyo. It is typically Japanese in concept and there is, naturally, a story behind it. One of the common amusements of the women and children of Japan is blowing tiny whistles made from the egg-cases of various marine gastropods. This whistle-blowing is a custom dating from the Genroku era (1688-1704) and is common among Geisha girls and women workers in mills and factories. It is as prevalent as gum-chewing in America and in fact the little whistles are sometimes called ''musical chewing gum." In the making of these whistles, the egg-cases of five species of marine gastropods are used. These are gathered wild or may be cultivated by confining the adult animals in bamboo enclosures so that they lay their eggs on rocks placed for that purpose. The species are listed as follows in the order of their whistle importance : 1. Hemifusiis ternatanus. (Japanese : Umi-hoozuki or sea whistle.) The larvae are removed fresh and the case dried and stained red, yellow, or green. These are considered the best whistles and the current price is comparatively very high: 1 egg-case costs 5 yen, or roughly two cents. (See fig. A.) 2. Rapana thomasiana. (Japanese : Naginata-hoozuki or curved sword whistle, because of the shape of the egg-case.) The cases are dipped in concentrated saltwater to kill the larvae and are then preserved in salt. Egg-cases (see fig. B) of this and the following species are very cheap, costing 500 yen per kan (four pounds). 3. Fusinus perplexus. (Japanese: Sakasa or Gunbai-hoozuki : inverted or war-fan whistle; ''inverted" because the whistle- hole is made in the bottom of the case, and "war-fan" because the case is shaped like the fan carried by the referee in a sumo match.) Treated as Rapana. 4. Cancellaria spengleriana. (Japanese : Chanchan-hoozuki or pig-tail whistle, because of the long, slender stalk.) Treated as Hemifusus. 5. Kelletia lischkei. (Japanese : Manju-hoozuki or Sake-bottle whistle.) Not common. 4 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) As a result of this whistling custom, literally millions of egg- cases are gathered and many millions of larval gastropods de- stroyed to produce whistles. Now it so happened that several famous egg-case-whistle sellers in Tokyo suffered accidental death, and one by one their shops went into bankruptcy. The remaining dealers became very uneasj^ and fearful of their futures, believing that these sudden deaths must be in retri- bution for the child (veliger!) murders of so very many snails. In mute gratitude, therefore, for the sacrifice of so many em- byronic lives given to establish the basis of their fortunes, 41 egg-case-whistle dealers in Tokyo in 1941 erected a memorial to the dead baby gastropods. The monument is a simple granite slab bearing on one side the legend: ''Memorial Monument to Sea-shell Egg Cases" (Plate 1, fig. 3), and on the reverse side the names of the 41 dealer-donors. The monument stands in the cemetery of the war-destroyed Koshoji Temple, 16 Fukuro- machi, Ushigome, Tokyo, where it is crowded in among hun- dreds of graves which mark the resting places of local ancestors. Probably nowhere else in the world is there a cemetery grave and memorial monument to departed embryonic snails ! SOME LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSKS FROM PARA STATE, BRAZIL By F. HAAS On two earlier occasions (Haas, 1949,a,b), I have reported on the shells collected in Amazonia by Dr. Harold Sioli of Belem, Para, Brazil. This paper deals with a third shipment received from the same indef atiguable and successful collector ; the speci- mens in this lot were collected in the region of the Tapajoz river, and especially in the region of the Cupari, a tributary. The following species are represented in this shipment : Strophocheilus {Megalohulimus) ohlongus Miiller. — Caxias on Rio Cupari; Paricatuba on the west bank of the lower Tapajoz river, specimens collected alive on one of the small islands of black soil (tena preta), pH 6.8, within the acid Amazonian July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 5 Tertiary region with a pH of only 4.5-5.0. As is noteworthy, the ohlongus-iorm here mentioned is not the S. ohlongus conicus Bequaert known from northeastern Brazil and represented, in one of the earlier shipments from Dr. Sioli, from near Obidos, Para, Brazil. Corona regina Ferussac. — Bank of Rio Cupare at Caxias. This seems to be one of the few exact localities from which this species has become known. Drymaeus (Leiostracus) vittatus Spix. — Mouth of Rio Cupari into the Rio Tapajoz. This species has apparently not been recorded before from a locality outside the states of Bahia and Pernambuco. Gyraulus (Drepanotrema) anatinum Orbigny. — Lake Curuca of the Cupari River. Aplexa (Stenophysa) rivalis Maton and Rackett. — Lake Curuca of the Cupari River. Doryssa transversa macapa Moricand. — Rio Cupari at Flechal. Potamopyrgus (Aroapyrgus) latiis Haas. — Mouth of Ingatuba Creek into the Cupari River ; Rio Cupari at Caixas ; Lake Curuca of Rio Cupari. Ampullarius (Ampullarius) lineatus Spix. — Rio Cupari at Caxias ; Rio Cupari at Galego ; Lake Curuca of Rio Cupari. Ampullarius (Limnopomus) nuhilus Reeve. — Rio Cupari be- low Flechal; source at bank of Rio Cupari below Pinima; mouth of Caxias Creek into Rio Cupari. This is the second report of this species generally believed to be exclusively Andean, from the lowlands of the lower Amazon (see Haas, 1949a, p. 153). Anodontites {Lamproscapha) ensiformis Spix. — A young but unmistakable specimen of this species from Lake Curuca of the Cupari river; this seems to be the first record from an exact locality in the region of the lower Amazon. (See Haas, 1945, p. 15.) Leila esida Orbigny. — Also from the Lake Curuca of the Cupari river and also one of the first, if not the first, record of this species from a well defined locality in Lower Amazonia. Castalia lateriquadrata Sowerby. — Rio Cupari at Galegos; Lake Curuca of the Rio Cupari ; lower Cupari River. Triplodon (Triquetrana) jamaiichimiensis F. Baker. — Rio Cu- pari below Flechal; Rio Cupari at Pedra Branca; Rio Cupari at Galego. 6 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) References Haas, F., 1945. Some Remarkable Shells of a South American Fresh-water Mussel. Fieldianna, Zoology, 31, pp. 15-30, fig. 3. 1949a. Land- und Siisswassermollusken aus dem Ama- zonas-Gebiet. Arch. Moll., 78, pp. 149-156, pi. 7. 1949b. On Fresh-Water Mollusks from the Amazonian Region. An. Biol. Mex., 20, pp. 301-314, 6 figs. THE POLYGYRIDAE OF PITTSYLVANIA COUNTY, VIRGINIA By LESLIE HUBEICHT Pittsylvania County is the largest county in Virginia, having an area of 1,012 square miles. The elevation varies from 400, to 2,000 ft. on Smith Mountain, but having a general average of between 600 and 800 ft. The underlying rocks are of granite, gneiss, and schist, except the White Oak Mountain Ridge, which runs from the southwest corner to the northeast corner of the county, and is composed of arkosic sandstone and shale of Triassic age. It is a part of the Piedmont physiographic prov- ince. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, in his Land Mollusca of North America, records only one species from Pittsylvania County, and the ad- joining counties fare no better. Actually, the land snail fauna is unusually rich, at least seventy-five species having been found in one year of sparetime collecting. This fauna has been de- rived from four sources, other than the generally distributed species of eastern United States. The eastern two-thirds of the county is a part of the Outer Piedmont. It is gently rolling land without prominent eleva- tions, except where the White Oak Mountain Ridge protrudes into it. A characteristic species of this region is the small form of Triodopsis tridentata juxtidens (Pils.). The western third of the county is a part of the Inner Pied- mont. It is a little more hillv than the Outer Piedmont and July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 7 contains occasional isolated low mountains. Its most charac- teristic species is Triodopsis tennesseensis hurchi. A number of species have followed the Dan River valley down from the Blue Ridge. There are no Polygyridae which are found exclusively in this area. Mesomphix rugeli (W. G. B.) is a typical species. The Roanoke river valley has provided a path from the Great Valley, through the Blue Ridge, which many species have fol- lowed. A typical example is Stenotrema stenotremum (Say). Because of uncertainties as to the identity of some of the species, particularly in the Philomycidae and Zonitidae, only the Polygyridae will be discussed at this time. The other families will be treated later when they are better understood. Polygyra pustuloides (Bland). This species has been found at two localities : At the bottom of a ravine on the north side of White Oak Mountain, north of Spring Garden; and along Cascade Creek, 2 miles south of West Fork. Stenotrema harhatum (Clapp). A common species in the flood-plains of the Dan and Roanoke Rivers. Stenotrema stenotremum (Say). Common along the Roanoke River bluffs from Smith Mountain to Altavista. Stenotrema hirsutum (Say). Abundant over the entire county on dry oak ridges, preferring a southern exposure. Stenotrema fraternum (Say). Common in the hills above the Dan and Roanoke Rivers. Mesodon thyroidus (Say). Generally distributed over the county, but commonest in the flood-plains of the Dan and Roa- noke Rivers. Mesodon mitchellianus downieanus (Bland) . Common in the flood-plain of the Roanoke River from Smith Mountain to Alta- Vista. In the headwaters of the Roanoke River the shells are large, running between 14 and 16 mm. in diameter, and are in- distinguishable from the northern M. mitchellianus (Lea) Down the river they become smaller, running between 12 and 13 mm. in Pittsylvania County, and agree with M. downieanus of Tennessee. I believe that M. downieanus is only a small south- ern race of M. mitchellianus. Mesodon appressus form sculptior Chadwick. Common on the cliffs along the Roanoke and Dan Rivers. The absence of 8 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) M. appress2is in the Blue Ridge sugjzests that this species came down the Roanoke River, from the Great Valley, to the mouth of the Dan, thence up the Dan into Pittsylvania County. Mesodon appressus form laevior Pilsbry. Judgin^]: by the sam- plings which I have made, this form must occur abundantly in every backyard in Danville. It does not occur outside the city, and is probably introduced. Triodopsis tridentata jiixtidens (Pilsbry). There are two distinct forms of this species here. The small form, running between 11 and 13 mm. in diameter, is common in upland oak woods in the Outer Piedmont. It is the common waste ground snail in Gretna, Chatham, and Dry Fork, but is not found in Danville. The large form, running between 14 and 18 mm. in diameter, is of Blue Ridge stock w-hich has come down the Dan and Roanoke Rivers and is abundant on the bluffs along these rivers. Triodopsis tennesseensis (Walker). I have collected this form in several places in southwestern Virginia in company with T. tridentata (Say) and it is always readily separable, and I be- lieve it to be a distinct species. In Pittsylvania County it is found only in the Smith Mountain Gorge. Triodopsis tennesseensis burchi, new subspecies. Differs from T. tennesseensis in being much smaller, with a more glossy surface. The lip teeth are very small or wanting. It ranges in diameter from 7.5 to 13 mm. Height 5.5 mm., diameter 10.9 mm., 4.8 whorls. Holotype. Height 6.7 mm., diameter 12.5 mm., 5 whorls. Paratype. Height 4.1 mm., diameter 7.6 mm., 4.5 whorls. Callands. Type locality : along U. S. 58, 3 miles west of Danville. Holo- type and paratypes A.N.S.P. no. 186178, other paratypes A8422 in the collection of the author. This is a common snail in the Inner Piedmont, ranging from the western third of Pittsylvania County to the Blue Ridge. It is named in honor of Dr. Paul R. Burch of Radford Col- lege, Radford, Virginia. Triodopsis fallax (Say). Common along roadsides and in clearings, except in the southwestern part of the county. Triodopsis vannostrandi aldbamensis (Pilsbry). Found only July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 9 in the southwestern part of the county. Along the River Road in Danville, where this species meets T. fallax it hybridizes with it. Triodopsis denotata (Fer.). Found only in the Smith Moun- tain Gorge. Triodopsis aVbolabris (Say). Common over the county. Piedmont stock averages 25 to 26 mm. in diameter. Blue Ridge stock in the valleys of the Dan and Roanoke Rivers averages somewhat larger. Allogona profunda (Say). Found only along the Roanoke River in the Smith Mountain Gorge. MAXWELLIA, GENUS NOVUM OF MURICIDAE By JOSHUA L. BAILY, JE. After a diligent search through all the literature available to him, this writer has been driven rather reluctantly to the conclusion that no generic name exists which can reasonably be applied to that group of species of which Murex gemma Sow- erby ^ is the best known example. The name Muricidea was proposed by Swainson ^ for this group, and it has been widely used and is universally under- stood, but unfortunately it was disqualified by Swainson (1840, p. 65) 2 himself, who in a moment of mental aberration desig- nated Murex magellanicus Gmelin ^ as type. According to Tryon,^ this name is a synonym of Murex geversianus Pallas ^ which is the type of Trophon Montfort,^ so that the effect of Swainson 's designation is to make Muricidea a synonym of Trophon. DalP has resurrected the name Triremis (Bayle) Fischer^ for this group, but this course is open to objection on several 1 Thes. Conch., Murex, p. 32, pi. 22, f. 214, 1879. 2 Treat. Malac, p. 296, 1840. 3 Syst. Nat., 13th edit., p. 3548, 1790. 4 Man. Conch., ser. 1, v. 2, p. 242, 1880. 5 Spicil. Zool., pi. 3, f. 1, 1769. 6 Conch. Syst., v. 2, p. 482, 1810. 7 Bull. U. S. N. M. 112, p. 106, 1921. 8 Man. de Conchyl., v. 1, p. 641, 1884. 10 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) grounds. First the type of Triremis is (by monotypy) Murex gamhiensis Reeve.^ The figure by Reeve is of a shell with ornate varices, fringed with hooks and frills, which differs widely from the smooth shell of Murex gemma. Second, Murex gamhi- ensis is also the type of the genus Purpurellus Jousseaume ^^ which has four years priority over Triremis, so that the latter falls as an identical synonym of Purpurellus. And third, Dall included the species Murex festivus Hinds ^^ in Triremis, which appears to be a somewhat arbitrary procedure, for even if the soft parts of Murex gemma and Murex festivus could be shown to be identical there is sufficient difference not only in the shells but also in the opercula to justify the segregation of these species in separate genera. Neither one, however, could very logically be considered congeneric with the type of Purpurellus. Grant and Gale ^- have followed Dall in uniting Murex gemma and Murex festivus in a single genus, but they use the name Jaton Pusch ^^ into the synonymy of which they throw Jatova Jousseaume (1880, p. 335) ^^ on the ground that the respective generic types are identical. These are Murex decussatus Gmelin (1790, p. 3527) 3 and Le Jatou, Adanson.^* Pusch 's alteration of the spelling of Adanson's name appears to be due to the in- ability of his proof reader to decipher his chirography. Jous- seaume's rendition constitutes a much more satisfactory Latini- zation of Adanson's vernacular, but we must accord priority to Pusch and accept his orthography as men take their wives, for better or for worse. Adanson's figure of Le Jatou was reproduced by Reeve (1845, pi. 27, f. 121) ^ under the name of Murex lingua-vervecina Chemnitz ^^ incidentally referring to Adanson 's name as Le Jaton, Reeve's chirography having been apparently on a par with that of Pusch. This figure is almost the ''spit 'n' image" of Murex festivics, which species may therefore reasonably be assigned to Jaton, but Murex gemma can not. 9 Conch. Icon., v. 3, Murex, pi. 16, f. 65, 1845. 10 Le Naturaliste, p. 375, Dec. 15th, 1880. 11 Proc. Z. S. L., pi. 11, p. 127, March, 1844. 12 Mem. S. D. Soc. N. H., v. 1, p. 707, 1931. 13 Polens. Paleont., pt. 2, p. 135, 1837. 14 Hist. Nat. de Senegal, p. 129, pi. 9, f . 21, 1757. 15 Syst. Conch. Cab., v. 10, pi. 161, f. 1540-1, 1795. July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS ' 11 Try on (1880, p. 116) ^ discarded the name Muricidea al- together, but on taxonomie rather than on nomenclatorial grounds. He transferred most of its species, Murex gemma among them, to Ocenehra Leach ^^ where, as must be confessed, its smooth shell seems more at home than among the spinose forms of the genus Murex. Thiele ^^ retained the name Muricidea, in the synonjrmy of which he put the name Muricopsis Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus.^^ The present writer was formerly inclined to think that Muricopsis might replace Muricidea but the original descrip- tion and figure of the generic type seem to exclude Murex gemma. There are but few families which have been so cluttered up with superfluous nomenclature as the Muricidae, and he who has the temerity to add to this verbiage is under the moral re- sponsibility carefully to consider the paraphrase of the question so frequently put during the war days, and to ask himself, Is this nomen novum really necessary? A single individual can hardly examine personally every generic type ever designated in this family, but that fact only emphasizes the importance of. examining as many of them as possible. The present writer has made an honest effort to examine the original descriptions and figures of every generic type in this family set out in such systematic works as those of Cossmann ^^ and Woodring ^° as well as those of the twenty-six new names published by Jousse- aume (1880, pp. 335-6) ^^ together with authentically named specimens where available in the Museum of the San Diego Society of Natural History, and he has concluded that the pro- posal of a new name for Murex gemma instead of adding to the confusion would clarify the situation, and he therefore offers the following: Maxwellia, genus novum. Shell solidly built, with an elongated canal that is nearly closed, but at no point of which is the closure quite complete. 16 Ann. Mag. N. H., v. 20, p. 269, 1847. 17 Handb. der Syst. Weichth., v. 1, pt. 1, pp. 293-4, 1929. 18 Moll. Mar. du Eoussillon, v. 1, p. 19, 1882. 19 Essai Paleo. Comp., pp. 1-66, 1903. 20 Cam. Inst. Wash. Publ. no. 385, pp. 287-96, 1928. 12 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) Body whorl with approximately six varices, whose breadth ex- ceeds that of the spaces alternating with them, as well as the elevation of the varices themselves. Varices extending across the suture to the periphery of the adjoining volution, resembling architectural buttresses. Suture rather deep, and divided by the varices into a series of pits which are the most distinctive feature of the shell. No sutural tubes as in Typhis and no expanded digitations of the outer lip as in Homalocantha. Operculum with marginal nucleus. This genus is named for Mr. Maxwell Smith, with whom the present writer hunted for the shells of its generic type, Max- wellia gemma (Sowerby),^ in their boyhood days, in fulfillment of mutual promises exchanged at that time. The generic type has been figured by Maxwell Smith. -^ Besides the type there are three other species that may be as- signed to the new genus. Miiricidea santarosana Dall -- is cer- tainly a Maxwellia. Murex fimbriatus Adams ^^ is quite in- adequately described, but it has been figured by Sowerby (1879, f. 215)1 and by Tryon (1880, pi. 26, f. 240)^ and there can be no doubt as to its generic afiiliation. The case of Muricidea erinaceoides (?), var. indentata Car- penter -■* is peculiar. The interrogation point implies uncer- tainty, not as to the validity of Carpenter's variety, but as to the species to which Valenciennes -^ gave the name erinaceoides. This name suggests similarity to Murex erinaceus Linnaeus -^ which is the type ^^ of Ocenehra Leach, while Murex erinaceoides has been referred by Dall (loc. cit.) to Alipurpura (Bayle) Fischer (1884, p. 641),^ which he considered a subgenus of Murex. To complicate matters further, Tryon (1880, p. 232)* identified Muricidea erinaceoides with Murex luguhris Brod- erip,-^ which may or may not be the same as the species now commonly known as Acanthina luguhris Sowerby (1822). 21 Catalog of Muricidae, pt. 1, no. 163, pi. 6, f. 12, 1938. 22 Nautilus, V. 19, p. 14, 1905; Bull. U. S. N. M. 112, pi. 13, f. 3, 4, 1921. 23 Proc. Z. S. L., p. 71, 1853. 24 Mazatlan Catalog, p. 527, 1857. 23 Eec. Obs. Humb. et Boupl., Moll., v. 2, p. 302, 1833. 26Sy8t. Nat., 12tli edit., p. 1216, 1767. 27 Proc. Z. S. L., p. 133, 1847. 28 Proc. Z. S. L., p. 175, 1832. July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 13 Specimens of Murex erinaceoides in the collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History, presumably identified ac- curately, indicate that this species cannot be referred to Max- wellia, and that its assignment to Muricidea was the result of Carpenter's inability to understand Valenciennes' description. Carpenter's own statement that his variety has varices ^' which continue over the suture, leaving deep pits" make it clear that whatever Murex erinaceoides may be, Muricidea indentata is a Maxwellia. Maxwellia santarosana, Maxwellia finihriata, and Maxwellia indentata possibly may prove to be a single species; in which case, Carpenter's name will prevail, since that of Adams is preoccupied. But the geographical distribution of these seems to indicate that Maxwellia santarosana is distinct from the other two, as it has not been taken south of Cedros Island, while the other two were taken in the Gulf of California and at Mazatlan, respectively. Records of Muricidea incisa Broderip (1832, p. 176)-^ from California are in all probability based upon misidentifications of Maxwellia gemma. Why these two species should ever have been confused by Carpenter and by so many who have followed him is difficult to say, since the two species have little in common. Muricidea incisa probably belongs in Ocenehra where Tryon (1880, p. 123) and later Strong-^ have placed it. Its home is in the southern Central American republics. It is certainly not a Maxwellia and it is mentioned here merely to clear up the confusion with which it has been surrounded. In the genus Typhis, the varices and the suture resemble those of Maxwellia which suggests the thought that the latter genus may represent the transitional link between the Typhinae and the Muricinae. The same conchological features are to be found in the genus Homalocantha, for which reason the present writer is inclined to think that the relationships of both Maxwellia and Homalocantha are with the Typhinae rather than with the Muricinae, but the position of the boundaries which separate subfamilies will always be a matter of personal judgment. The writer wishes to thank Dr. Harald A. Rehder for examin- ing a reference to which he did not have access, and especially 29 Min. Conch. Club. Sou. Calif., no. 51, p. 53, 1945. 14 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) Dr. S. Stillman Berry, who had in preparation a manuscript dealing with the same subject, but which he kindty surrendered when he learned of the present writer's interest in this species. KILLING AND PRESERVATION OF BIVALVE LARVAE IN FLUIDS By MELBOUENE EOMAINE CAERIKER New Jersey Oyster Investigation Laboratory and the Department of Zoology, Rutgers University The permanent preservation of bivalve larvae admittedly presents serious difficulties, whether in fluid or in solid media. Because of the impossibility of collecting all stages of pelecypod larvae in an estuary at one time, it is necessary, especially in a comparative taxonomic study, to preserve them and to retain their natural appearance as faithfully as possible. This paper reports some preliminary experiments in the preservation of these larvae from New Jersey estuaries. In studies directed toward identification of estuarine bivalve larval populations the year around, retention of the larvae in fluids rather than in slide preparations has seemed to facilitate rearrangement and close comparison of the specimens. These experiments have been carried out during the last 2 years prin- cipally with the larvae of Mytilus edulis Linne collected in Shark River, where they are numerous especially during the late winter and early spring months, and with other pelecypod prodissoconchs during summer months in Little Egg Harbor. Since in part the valves of these larvae are of a calcareous nature, no acidic preservatives may be used, and since retention of natural coloration is desirable, strongly fading chemicals such as formalin are objectionable. In an effort to eliminate formalin, attempts were made during the summer of 1949 to discover a killing agent, other than formalin, which would cause the larvae to retract, close quickly, and retain natural coloration. Mercuric chloride, sodium hydroxide, and copper sulfate were tried. Larvae killed in a concentration of mercuric chloride of 0.008 g. per 100 cc. of bay water gaped badly, secreted much July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 15 mucus and did not retract the velum. Likewise larvae killed in approximately 0.003 N sodium hydroxide gaped badly and did not retract the cilia. A light blue solution of copper sulfate caused the larvae to gape and in addition an objectionable bluish precipitate formed. Since the available chemicals in a number of varying concen- trations were unsatisfactory as killing agents, an attempt was then made to determine the minimum concentration of formalin which would fulfill the requirements of a good killing agent. Accordingly^ on August 8 when bivalve larvae were numerous in Little Egg Harbor, three 50 liter plankton samples were pumped, and each diluted to approximately 100 cc. with bay water. Neutralized formalin 40% commercial here considered 100% ) was added to each of these such that the final concentra- tion became 0.5% in the first sample, 1.25% in the second, and 2.5% in the third. After 6 days, the soft parts of the larvae in the 1.25% and 2.5% samples were still well preserved, the soft parts were retracted, and the valves were tightly closed. In the 0.5% sample, most of the larvae were preserved accept- ably. These experiments indicated that the concentration of formalin which we had been using in the field to kill larvae (4% as recommended by Stafford, 1912) was too strong. Con- sequently this concentration was reduced to 1%, and the follow- ing fluid larval preservative was prepared : Formalin, 10 cc. ; Commercial sugar, 100 g. ; Filtered bay water (20-30 ^/oo) to make 1,000 cc, and alkalized to approximately pH 10. Commercial sugar was added to aid in the preservation of color (Turtox, 1947^8), as a clearing agent, and as a safety factor against accidental evaporation of the fluid. The evapo- ration of the preservative to a syrup is apparently non-injurious to the larvae, resulting only in clearer specimens. Addition of alkalized distilled water to the syrup quickly returns it to a workable medium. Magnesium carbonate and sodium hydroxide have been used to alkalize the formalin. The carbonate however is only slightly soluble, and the presence of residual particles is objectionable w^hen dealing with microscopic forms. The hydroxide forms a slight precipitate in sea water which hinders visibility. Pre- liminary observations would indicate that sodium bicarbonate, 16 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) which is readily soluble in sea water, mig:ht be a more suitable alkalizer. In these solutions, the pH should be held above 7; a pH of 10 appears to do no harm. The solution should be started with a high pH since, even in fluids sealed in glass vials, chemical changes continue to take place which bring the hy- drogen ion concentration up to the point where erosion of the larval shells commences. Thus, to alkalize the preservative may be necessary from time to time, or replacement of the old fluid with new solution. A second preservative has been used, which replaces the formalin with mercuric chloride. I thought that in using this fluid the good killing qualities of neutralized 1% formalin could be utilized, and its undesirable fading qualities eliminated in part by permanent preservation in the mercuric chloride fluid. This second solution is based partly on the facts that the well known and effective germicide, mercuric chloride, is particularly serviceable in a standard solution of 1:1,000 (Jordan, 1936), and that Griffith (1883) recommended an approximate concen- tration of 0.068 g. of mercuric chloride per 1,000 cc. of solvent for preserving mollusks : HgCU, 0.08 g. ; Commercial sugar, 100 g.; Filtered bay water (20-30 Voo) to make 1,000 cc, and alka- lized to approximately pH 10. In order to test the relative merits of these preservative fluids, larvae were placed in each of the 3 preservatives: (a) 1% formalin, (b) 4% formalin, same as (a) except for concentration of formalin, and (c) mercuric chloride, in 5 cc. serum and vaccine vials with rubber cap stoppers. The larvae are removed from the vials for examination in finely drawn pipettes. At the present writing some 8 months later, the pH in the 3 solutions has dropped to approximately 6.8 (as checked with Hydrion pH test papers). The larvae are in a good state of preservation. By far the best results, though, have been obtained in the 1% formalin solution. In this, the earliest straight hinge stages are clear, sharply outlined and not eroded. In the 4% formalin and in the mercuric chloride solutions, a slight graying has taken place in the soft parts of the larvae. Preservation of color, unfortunately, for any length of time has not yet been achieved; in those larvae in which the color seems to be in- corporated in the valves rather than in the soft parts, as in the July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 17 older stages of Mytilus edulis, Modiolus demissus Dillwyn, Rochefortia planulata Stimpson, and others, it is retained for an appreciably longer time. M. edulis larvae have also been preserved in the 4% formalin solution for as long as 16 months and remain in a fair state of preservation. Some of these larvae, however, show signs of erosion due to an unchecked fall in pH ; and in most of them the color has faded considerably, due possibly to the high concentra- tion of formalin. Literature cited Carriker, M. R. (In press.) Ecological Observations on the Distribution of Oyster Larvae in New Jersey Estuaries, Ecolog. Monogr. Griffith, J. W., 1883, The Micrographic Dictionary. 4th ed., Vol. I. Jordan, E. 0., 1936, General Bacteriology. W. B. Saunders Co. Stafford, J., 1912, On the Recognition of Bivalve Larvae in Plankton Collections, Contr. Can. Biol. 1906-10, 221-42. TuRTox, 1947-48 Ed., Biological Field Work, p. 67. CHONDROPOMA SCHALIEI By H. BUERINGTON BAKER This species of Chondropoma, sensu stricto, was based on my ^ descriptive notes about *'C. swifti/' and on Dr. Henry van der Schalie's^ remarks and excellent figure, with the addition of a few other details.^ The description is brought together now in one place, with additional data, which may be helpful, but are not necessary for identification. The repetitions (some- times with insignificant changes in wording) are included in quotation marks, in order to show what, besides Schalie 's figure, were included in the original proposal (1950). 1 1941, Notulae Naturae ANSP. 88, p. 4. 2 1948, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 70, p. 35, pi. 2, fig. 10. 3 1950, Naut., vol. 63 (3), p. 108. 18 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) Shell small, ovate when decollate, umbilicate; ''tan unicolor, with central wall of plugged whorl orange," and with face of peristome reflection lighter (as usual) ; apparently attaining 5% to 6 whorls. Young shells subconic, with rounded apex; first iy2 whorls almost smooth and demarcated by prominent growth wrinkles; next half whorl with widely spaced riblets, which gradually are rendered crenulate by the strengthening major spiral ridges; 4th whorl with sculpture similar to ulti- mate. Later whorls evenly rounded, with ''growth sculpture almost reduced to rows of bosses (sometimes sharp) on its spiral ridges, and to subequal sutural crests"; bosses or cusps mainly almost equally spaced in either direction, with long axes parallel to growth lines, and often connected by low ridges along them; major spirals (about 3 per mm. on sides of last whorl) becoming stronger and appearing closer towards um- bilicus (as usual) ; microscopic spiral striae 7 to 9 times as numerous as major ridges; ''last %o (of body whorl) solute" and quite markedly crested. Aperture broadly ovate, almost subcircular. Peristome ("only exceeded by C. yunquei in peristomial expansion") often appearing double but actually multiplex, with expanded earlier lamellae forming a broad, flattish surface, which is widest and often undulate on columellar side, "with parietal angle produced (apparently more than in closely related Haitian species) to form narrowly rounded crest," slightly less angular than in restored figure, and with innermost lip (in old shells) distinctly produced in direction of growth. Operculum (partly visible inside aperture in Schalie's figure) "thin, with a weak calcareous layer, that fades out to- wards margin" on its later whorls, but which (as usual in Pomatiasidae) is dissolved away from the earlier ones; fitting tightly into the aperture ; with about 3% whorls. "Type ANSP. 186175, a female, quite similar to cited figure; it measures: length 10.7 mm., major diameter 7.0, minor 5.6, with 3% whorls remaining. Males average smaller; one meas- ures: length 8.2 mm., maj. diam. 5.8, minor 4.7, with 3% whorls retained. From Cerro Capron, semidesert hills east of entrance to Guanica Harbor (southwest coast), Puerto Rico; hiding in the arid coastal limestone," and not seen climbing trees even during a rainstorm. " (Tallaboa shells more whitish; males about size of Guanica females.) " C. schaliei, peculiarly enough from the geographic viewpoint, appears most like the Haitian forms "* from towards the western end of that island, which perhaps may be correlated with the similarity of their arid environments. Following Dr. Bartsch's 4Bart8ch, 1946, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 192, pp. 52-59. July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 19 key (p. 52)* leads me to C. hlanchardi, but these multiplex peristomes vary with age and in individuals, and the innermost lip becomes distinct after maturity. In general, C. schaliei seems to agree most closely with C. genevievae in size and sculp- ture, although it approaches the larger C. gonavense in form. In the Haitian species, the spiral sculpture, at least on the sides of the last whorl, seems less evident than the growth threads, but the reverse is true of C. schaliei.^ DISTRIBUTION OF THE MOLLUSKS IN A BASIC BOG LAKE AND ITS MARGINS By EALPH W. dexter Kent State University, Kent, Ohio During the twelve years between the autumn of 1937 and the autumn of 1949, the writer collected mollusks from a glacial bog lake known as Dollar Lake in Portage County, Ohio. Col- lections have been made during all seasons of the year except winter. Part of the collections were made with students in classes of field zoology, ecology, and limnology ; part were made by the writer working alone. Specimens were obtained with the Peterson bottom sampler, dredge net, dip net, and hand trowel. Data thus accumulated give a clear picture of the abundance and distribution of moUuscan life in this bog lake and its margins. Dollar Lake is situated near Twin Lakes, four miles northeast of Kent, on the divide between Lake Erie and Ohio River drain- ages. It is a relict of the Late Wisconsin glaciation, and it is quite typical of such bog lakes except that the water is for the most part basic (alkaline) rather than acidic. This fact prob- ably explains the abundance and diversity of mollusks in this eutrophic body of water. It is roughly circular in outline, about six acres in area, with a maximum depth of 23 feet. Most of the bottom is less than 18 feet below the surface. There is no (drainage, although during high water the surface waters of this lake flood a swamp margin and join those of East Twin 20 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) Lake with which there may be an underground connection be- cause of the lack of a substantial boundary between them. The temperature range is from 0-28°C. at the surface and from 3-23°C. at the bottom. Ice to a depth of about one foot usually forms each winter from December to March. During periods of heavy rainfall, and especially during the spring thaw, the water level may be raised as much as 8-10 inches above average at which times the bog and swamp shelves are flooded. This per- mits the aquatic mollusks to extend their range. During periods of drought, and often by the end of the summer season, the water level may be 7-8 inches below normal level, causing the aquatic species to withdraw from the shore margin, become quiescent, or perish. The hydrogen ion concentration of sur- face water ranges from pH 6.8 in the spring to 8.6 in summer. The range of pH at the bottom is from 6.7 in summer to 7.5 in the late fall. Temperature and pH are uniform from top to bottom during the spring and fall overturn of the lake (spring aver. 4°C., pH 7.1; fall aver. 6°C., pH 7.3). During the sum- mer the water is stratified from the surface (28°C.; pH 8.6) to the bottom (23°C.; pH 6.7). During the winter there is a less pronounced stratification from just under the ice (0°C., pH 7.8) to the bottom (4°C.; pH 6.9). A complete report on the temperature and hydrogen ion concentration is being pre- pared for publication elsewhere. Preliminary abstracts on en- vironmental features have already been published (Dexter, 1942, 1946). The bottom of the lake is composed of a soft, black silt com- posed of fine organic detritus (ooze) mixed with clay. It has a gelatinous consistency. Generally it is neutral or slightly acid in reaction. Below the depth contour of 12 feet, vascular plants do not grow, and mollusks have never been found on or in the bare bottom deposits. In the shallow marginal waters, there are four concentric zones of submerged, floating, and emergent vegetation, although two of these are not continuous around the lake. At the edge of the water is a floating sphagnum mat (quaking shelf) containing three concentric zones, two of wliich form a continuous margin. Behind these are a tamarack-bog community on the southwestern shores and a willow-swamp community on the northeastern shores developed on deposits of July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 21 peat moss. The swamp-type of vegetation has developed on one shore as a result of disturbance of the original bog vegetation, and in recent years the former has been spreading at the ex- pense of the latter. Beyond the swamp, on higher ground, is a hardwood climax forest. All these zones are briefly described below, and the molluscan population of each one as well as the general abundance and distribution of each species can be de- termined from the table. Names of mollusks follow those used by Goodrich and van der Schalie (1944) ; plant names follow Schaffner (1928). Baker (1927) and Archer (1939) studied the mollusks occurring in somewhat similar habitats as those reported here. 1. Chara-Myriophylluni Zone. A bed of submerged plants, chiefly stonewort {Chara sp.) and milfoil (M. verticillatum) forms a circular ring around the lake from the edge of the bare bottom sediments at a depth of about 12 ft. on its outer margin to a depth of some 6 ft. on the inner margin. In most places it ranges in width from 25-50 ft., but along the shallow south- eastern section it reaches nearly 100 ft. across. This zone has been increasing in extent in recent years; in places it has pene- trated into the next three zones, and in some sections has partly replaced the vegetation of these adjacent zones. Usu- ally the water conditions here are much the same as in the upper half of the lake water at the place of its greatest depth. Of the seven species of mollusks collected here, Amnicola limosa, Valvata tricarinata, and Helisoma campanulatum are most characteristic and are commonly found throughout the shallow waters of the lake. 2. Potamogeton Zone. At the inner edge of the preceding zone at a depth of about 6 feet begins another submerged zone con- sisting largely of pondweeds (P. rohinsii, lucens, pectinatus, interruptus, and foliosus) with some eelgrass (Vallisneria spiralis) and bladderwort (Utricularia macrorhiza). It ex- tends to a depth of about 2 feet, often penetrating among the stems of the floating and emergent plants of succeeding zones. Its width varies from a few feet on the steeper shores to about 15-20 feet on more gentle slopes. The water over this zone, and the next two as well, is usually much the same as the surface water of the lake. All 13 species of the aquatic mollusks re- 22 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) corded in this study were present here with abundance of each equal to or greater than that found elsewhere. Half of the species were taken in large numbers in every collection. This is the most favorable habitat for the aquatic snails. 3. Castalia Zone. This floating zone of white water lily (C. odorata) has been largely destroyed in recent years, but at its best development consisted of scattered patches of a few square yards in area around the lake at the junction of the submerged and emergent vegetation, forming a transition between them at a depth of 2-3 feet. Aquatic snails were formerly common especially on the lower surface of the floating leaves. 4. Nymphaea-Pontederia Zone. This emergent zone is rooted in the water at a depth of 2-3 feet with the stems and leaves elevated above the water surface. It is not yet continuous around the lake, and the two species are still segregated. If left undisturbed, patches of these two will probably merge and form a complete ring at the edge of the open water. Spadder- dock {N. advena) forms an extensive crescent 47 feet across at the widest point around the southeastern shoreline. This tapers off at each end to a few feet in width and then forms small dis- continuous patches at various points around the rest of the lake. Along the eastern shore there is a large patch of pickerel weed (P. cor data) 9 feet in width in place of the more prevalent spadderdock. Duckweed (Lemna minor) floats among both. Snails are common on the stems and also on the leaves of those plants which dip down into the water. On the wooden piles of the boat dock, set into the water of this zone, were found Amnicola limosa in abundance, Menetus exacuous and Helisoma campanulatum frequently, and Lymnaea ohrussa and Succinea retusa occasionally. 5. Decodon Zone. Around the outer edge of the floating Sphagnum mat is a narrow strip composed almost entirely of swamp loosestrife or water willow (D. verticillatus), the roots of which are ordinarily covered by several inches of water. Along the bog shelf it is as much as 4 feet wide, while along the swamp shelf it often ranges from 7-9 feet wide. It is a continuous belt around the lake, marking the transition from open water to the quaking shelf of peat moss. Aquatic mollusks are very common in the shallow water at the base of the plants July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 23 where the water is generally alkaline, but occasionally less alkaline than the open surface water. During low water level this margin has no standing water, at which time slugs are found more commonly than the snails. At such times the soil pH is slightly acid. 6. Toxicodendron-Vaccinium Zone. Behind the margin of Decodon on the bog shelf is a shrub zone consisting largely of poison sumac {T. vernix), tall blueberry (V. corymhosum) , and alder {Alnus incana, A. rugosa) growing for the most part on hummocks just above water level. At the base of these shrubs are such plants as leatherleaf {Chamaedaphne calyculata), cin- namon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) , jewelweed {Impatiens pallida), and ground nut {Glycine apios) with a growth of Sphagnum mosses intermingled with all. A few red maple {Acer rub rum) saplings and several other invading swamp plants are becoming established here. This zone is about 17 feet wide. The soil pH ranges from 5.0-6.0. Slugs are the most common mollusks found here except during high water when some of the aquatic snails, especially Helisoma campanii- latum and Gyraulus parvus penetrate into this lowland. 7. Larix Zone. Behind the shrubs, on somewhat higher and larger hummocks, is a strip of tamarack {L. laricina) some 55 feet wide. On the hummocks around the base of the trees grow the sensitive fern {Onoclea sensihilis) and Canada mayflower {Unifolium canadense) while among the hummocks grow the shrubs of the preceding zone. The tamaracks are slowly dying out. The soil pH ranges from 4.0-5.0. A few slugs are found on the hummocks, while under loose bark of fallen tamaracks Hawaiia minuscula has been collected. 8. Typha Zone. Behind the Decodon margin on the swamp shelf is a series of patches of broad-leaved cattails {T. latifolia), especially in areas where disturbances have taken place. At its best development, it is some 10-20 feet wide although often it is but a very narrow transition between the Decodon margin and the shrubs behind it. Mixed with the cattail are such plants as purple marshlocks {Comarum palustre) . Nearly all the aquatic mollusks found in this study have been collected in the shallow water here. The water here is always considerably less alkaline than the preceding zone, and sometimes is slightly 24 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) acid. The soil pH averages about 6.0. Baker (1927) found the moUusks in his study to be most abundant from shoreline to a depth of 6 feet. Below that depth he found only seven out of 30 species and varieties. The same general results are shown at this lake. 9. Cephalanthus Zone. At the edge of the water-covered por- tion of the shelf is a discontinuous margin of buttonbush (C. occidentalis) . Among these shrubs grow such plants as red osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera), swamp rose {Rosa Carolina), swamp milkweed {Asclepias incarnata), royal fern {Osmunda regalis), marsh fern (Dryopteris thelypteris), rushes and sedges. Here again, this zone is largely the result of revegetation follow- ing disturbance. At its best it extends some 25 feet across. The soil reaction is slightly acid. The most characteristic mol- lusk here is the amphibious snail Succinea retusa. Only during high water is this section flooded. At such times aquatic species will be found on the surface as well as in the Sphagnum mat where some seem to survive between periods of flooding. This zone and the preceding one are rapidly being crowded out by the next one. 10. Alnus Zone. The shrub zone of the swamp shelf consists largely of alder {mixture of A. incana and rugosa) . In open- ings and around the edges may herbaceous plants are found such as smartweed {Polygonum spp.), bittersweet {Solarium dulcamara), jewelweed, swamp milkweed, ground nut, and hog peanut {Falcata comosa), but for the most part it is a solid stand of the species of Alnus some 28 feet in width on the average. These shrubs are usually above normal water level, often on hummocks, although subject to flooding. The soil reaction is slightly acid and the flood waters are less alkaline than in open water. Here some of the land snails will be found when it is dry; aquatic species when flooded. Some of the aquatic species survive in puddles of water or in moist peat moss among the clumps of shrubs. The dual nature of the habitat has resulted in the aggregation of the largest number of molluscan species found at this lake. Besides the movement of mollusks associ- ated with high and low water levels, Cheatum (1934) has shown that when the temperature declines in the fall, shallow water snails migrate into deeper water, to spend the winter. In the spring, the reverse is true. July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 25 11. Salix Zone. The inner edge of the swamp shelf is domi- nated by willow {S. nigra). Some red maple, slippery elm (Ulnius fidva), and wild cherry {Prunus virginiana) saplings, flowering dogwood {Cynoxcylon fioridium), hawthorn {Cra- taegiis sp.), and elderberry {Samhucus canadensis) are also present. There is an understory of common weeds, herbs, and ferns among the shrubs and trees. The zone averages 23 feet in width; the soil reaction is nearly neutral. The clay soil is always moist but seldom flooded. A few aquatic mollusks seem to survive in the wet soil. Land gastropods are common here. ZONATION OF MOLLUSKS AT DOLLAR LAKE Zones: 123456 789 10 11 12 Menetus exacu&us S C S S C N HS Valvata tricarinata C C C C C C HS HS Ammicola limosa A A A A A HS C HS HS Helisoma campanulatum . C C C N C HN C HS HN Physa heterostropha S C N N C HS C HN HN Gyraulus parvus N C N N S HN C HN HC HS Pisidium spp S N N N S HS S HN HN HS Ferrissia sp N S Musculium spp S SN S HS Lymnaea obrussa N N ' S HS HN Lymnaea palustris N S N NHNHS Sphaerium spp C N C HS C HN HN HS Succinea retusa SNNN CCNN Deroceras (2 spp.) SSNSNNCCC Hawaiia minuscula S N N N Pallifera sp S S Immature land snails ... S N C N Stenotrema hirsutum N C S Anguispira altemata .... N C C Discus patulus N Mesodon thyroidus N N Triodopsis tridentata .... S S Strobilops aenea S In the accompanying chart, the numbers at the tops of ttie columns correspond to the zones in the body of the paper. A = abundant ; C = common ; N = numerous ; S = scarce : H = dur- ing hisrh water. 26 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) 12. Quercus-Fagiis-Vlnuis Zone. On the bluff bordering the swamp shelf is an upland hardwood forest margin some 80 ft. wide of red oak {Q. rubra), white oak {Q. alba), beech (F. grandi folia), American elm {V . americana), pignut {Hicoria glabra), white ash {Fraxinus americana) , and cucumber mag- nolia {Magnolia acuminata). The understory consists of such plants as w4tch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), green brier (Smilax rotundifolia) and a floor of woodland herbs. The soil varies from slightly acid to neutral in reaction. Land gastro- pods are found under logs and loose bark, debris, and in the leaf mold, but not as commonly in general as in the lower willow zone. Literature cited Archer, A. F., 1939, The Ecology of the Mollusca of the Edwin S. George Reserve, Livingston County, Michigan. Occas. Papers of the Mus. of Zool. University of Michigan. No. 398. 24 pp. Baker, F. C, 1927, Molluscan Associations of White Lake, Michigan : A Study of a Small Inland Lake from an Ecological and Systematic Viewpoint. Ecology, 8 (3), 353-370. Cheatum, E. p., 1934, Limnological Investigations on Respira- tion, Annual Migratory Cj^cle, and Other Related Phenomena in Fresh-Water Pulmonate Snails. Trans, of the Micros. Soc, 53 (4), 348-407. Dexter, R. W., 1942, A Basic Bog Lake Developing a Swamp- Type Succession in Northeastern Ohio. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer., 23 (4), 66. 1946. Monthly and Annual Fluctuations of Temperature and Hvdrogen Ion Concentration in a Basic Bog Lake. Bull. Ecol.'Soc. Amer., 27 (1), 5. Goodrich, C, and H. van der Schalie, 1944, A Revision of the Mollusca of Indiana. Amer. Midi. Nat., 32 (2), 257-326. Schaffner, J. H., 1928, Field Manual of the Flora of Ohio. July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 27 THE TYPE OF A SPECIES By H. BURRINGTON BAKER From the viewpoint of nomenclature, the true or ''primary" type material (cf. ''proterotypes")^ of a species or subspecies is determined by its indication, definition or description at the time of its original publication (cf. Art. 25a).- ''In no case is the word 'indication' to be construed as including museum labels, museum specimens, or. . . ."^ "Specific and subspecific names are subject to the same rules and recommendations. . . ." (Art. 11.) 2 If only one specimen is the basis for the original proposal of a species, it is the type (cf. "holotype")^ and there are no paratypes. Many, probably the majority of new species of land snails belong in this category, which usually can be recognized by the inclusion of only one set of dimensions, although the de- scription also must be studied carefully. Such a monotypic condition is always definite; proof that it does not exist must come from the original publication.* When a species is not monotypic, and a type specimen ("holo- type") is designated by the original author, the other examples of the true type material become paratypes (Appendix).^ If no type is designated originally, all the included specimens con- stitute the undivided type material or type lot (cf. "syntype" or "cotype").^ "The division of a species into two or more restricted species is subject to the same rules as the division of a genus." (Art. 11905, Schuchert and Buckman, Science (N. S.) 21, pp. 899-901; also quoted in ''The Century Dictionary Supplement," New York (1914). Al- most none of these superfluous compounds of the word ' ' type ' ' has had any exact or constant meaning. (Only genotype and paratypes are used in the rules.) Despite Article 31, many of them also have been combined with genotype (and even with ' ' subgenotype " ! ) : e.g., ' ' lectogenotype " and ' ' genolectotype. " Cf. Walter Horn, 1929, 10th Congres Internat. Zool. Budapest, 2, pp. 1022-1042; and D. L. Frizzell, 1933, American Midland Naturalist, 14, pp. 637-668, for lengthy glossaries. 2 International rules (or code) of zoological nomenclature, articles, and appendix. 3 1907. Opinion 1 of the international commission. 4 Cf. Opinions 22, 30, and 47, although they deal with genera. 28 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) 31.)^ As previously discussed,^ the code makes no provision for subsequent action prior to such division. Richter ^ has pointed out that the rules (Art. 30)- for the type of a genus (genotype) probably also should be utilized for the division of a species, in so far as they are applicable. Changing two words (now put in italics) in article 30g would give: If an author, in pub- lishing a species with more than one valid specimen, fails to designate (see a)^ or to indicate (see b, d)^ its type, any subse- quent author may select the type, and such designation is not subject to change. Thus subsequent selection of type (cf. ' ' lectotype " ) ^ is only legitimate when: (1) the species is being divided, (2) it originally included more than one valid specimen, and (3) no type was designated in the original publication. All examples which are not included in the original proposal of a species (cf. ' ' apotypes " ) ^ lack legal status under the present rules. However, if the original type specimen is lost, ruined or even unavailable, an example to serve as a standard of reference (cf. ^'neotype")^ is useful, even though it puts no legal obliga- tion on anybody else. Of course, if this standard of reference is one of the paratypes, it has the advantage of being an original or ''primary" example. Also, secondary consideration (pri- mary in monotypic species) should be given to any specimen (cf. ''heautotype")^ named or figured by the author of the species, even subsequently to his original publication. Finally, if all material identified by the original author be lost, a new figure and description of any other example (cf. ''plesio- type")/ especially if from the type locality, may serve as a very welcome standard of reference for future systematic studies, even though it has no arbitrary or legal status. 'o 1950, Nautilus, 63 (4), pp. 128-130. 6 1948, "Einfiihrung in die zoologisehe Nomenklatur, " etc., p. 182. 7 Type by original designation. 8 Neither **b" or "d" is applicable to species. Eichter (1948, p. 170) printed " (vgl. b-d) " but ''c'' (monotypic) was already excluded. » Richter (1948, p. 37) specifically gave preference to the use of a para- type as a "neotype,*' which is close to the original (generic) meaning. Schenk and McMasters (1936, "Procedure in Taxonomy," p. 7) excluded original type material, but then confusingly included "neotype" in their *' primary types." July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 29 HIATELLA DAUDIN VERSUS SAXICAVA BELLEVUE By henry dodge (Continued from April number) Sherborn gave the date of Bose's work as 1802 in the Additions to the Bibliography of Sherborn's Index (1932), whereas in the main Index he used 1801. Through the courtesy of Dr. L. C. Cox of the Malacological Society of London, I was enabled to have an examination made of Sherborn's original manuscript, which is, I understand, in the custody of the British Museum (Natural History), in an en- deavor to throw some light on Sherborn's use of the two different dates. A note was discovered reading: *' Buff on, Castel's ed. (Deterville), J.Gen.Litt. Fr. 5 vols.l8, Vend.lO (1801) Bosc. Coq." Elsewhere in the manuscript he had written: '^L.A.G. Bosc, Coquilles, An 10, 1802, 5.vols.," but here the date had been altered to 1801, and the following added: *'all altered in the slips," and '^corrected from J. Gen. Litt.Fr." I am indebted to Mr. C. P. Castell of the Department of Geology, British Museum, for his kindness in examining the Sherborn notes. The ''Journal General de la Litterature de France," to which the above notes refer, was a bibliographic monthly which ap- peared in Paris in the first decades of the nineteenth century. It was not available to Mr. Castell, but the necessary volume is in the New York Public Library, the Boston Athenaeum, Harvard University, the University of Minnesota, the American Philo- sophical Society, Philadelphia and the Library Company of Phil- adelphia. Its volume 4 bears the date ''1801" on its title-page, and on page 291 of this volume is printed a review of the Bosc work. The notice is short but certainly covered a published work, as the periodical reviewed all important books, in certain categories, currently appearing. The contents, the format and even the price are stated. Moreover, the review appeared in the fascicule for **Vendemaire An 10 de la Republique francaise," the Republican ''month" which covered the period September 23 to October 22, 1801. Thus we have unimpeachable, contemporary evidence that the Bosc work was published prior to the latter date. Under the Rules, therefore, Hiatella has priority over 30 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) Saxicava. Little would be gained by applying for a suspension of the Rules in favor of the widely-used Saxicava, even if it could be obtained, as the name Hiatella is already known to all conchol- ogists as a possible valid substitute, and therefore little confu- sion would result from its future use. As should be added, Hiatella was, with Daudin, a manuscript name, and should be used as '' Hiatella Daudin in Bosc." Bosc confirms this (op. cit., vol. 3, p. 120) in saying: "This genus has been created (a ete fait) by Daudin, who kindly permitted me to make use of his interesting manuscripts for this work.'* (The italics are mine.) The question of the type of Hiatella may be simply, if some- what arbitrarily decided. Daudin cited only two species in the genus, whose descriptions read (Translation) : Hiatella gaping at both ends. Hiatella hiaperta. Concentri- cally wrinkled, with two spinous, divergent ribs, gaping at both ends. Plate 21, fig. 2. Hiatella gaping at both ends. Hiatella monoperta. Trans- versely wrinkled, with two spinous, divergent ribs, gaping at one end. Plate 21, fig. 1. Tranquebar, a region on the south-east coast of India, was given as the locality of both species, and the specimens were said to come from the cabinet of Favanne. Figure 2 shows a shell which can well be taken for My a arctica, both from the description and the figure itself. The same may be said for the other figure, which shows a smaller shell. Both have the pointed scales on the ribs (which Daudin describes as spines) that distinguish one form of arctica. Neither show any indication of a gape nor do they picture the hinge. The difference in the sculpture, as stated in the descriptions, is not understood. Most Saxicava are coarsely and concentrically wrinkled and possibly Daudin was misled, as to the direction of the wrinkles, by the shape of the specimen before him. The mention of a difference in the gape is also not understood. Saxicava may be described as closed, but with an aperture for the byssus. I know of no form gaping at both ends. Both species are described as having the spiny ribs characteristic of our arctica. In any evaluation of a description of a Saxicava, and particu- larly of the complex containing arctica, it must be remembered that the shells are extremely variable, due to their habitats and July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 31 differences in their burrowing habits. This variability has re- sulted in several names which may or may not be of specific value. The forms arctica, rugosa and pholadis, for example, are thought by some writers to be distinct, and by others to be mere ecological varieties of the same species. Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and Dollfus believe arctica and rugosa, at least, to be separable. Grant and Gale (1931, p. 428), although they cite all three as good species, suggest that they may all be varieties of the same shell. Another difficulty one encounters in this group is that many writers, both in their descriptions and their figures, have apparently confused the various forms, as for instance by de- scribing the spines or scales on the ribs for a form which another writer describes without that feature, while giving it to another. I am strongly inclined to the view that the three above-named forms, at least, are all habitat forms of one very variable species which may be called arctica s.s., with rugosa and pholadis and sev- eral other forms, which have received names, as varieties. I am also convinced that both of the shells described and figured in Bosc were not only forms of H. arctica, but, from the mention of the spines, were that form which I have called the typical one. Inasmuch as Linnaeus described arctica with emphasis on these spines — ''valvulis carinis duabus spinulosis" — there is no ques- tion but that we have correctly determined our arctica to be the representative of the Linnaean species, and entitled to bear the name. Until a study can be made of an adequate series of Eiatella from Tranquebar, or at least that part of the Indian Ocean, or until the unlikely event of Daudin's types being found, the type of the genus may be cited safely as H. hiaperta Daudin + H. monoperta Daudin, = Mya arctica Linne, by subjective monotypy.^ One further reference to the name Eiatella Daudin should be mentioned. Bosc's work merely referred to Daudin's "interest- ing manuscripts," without giving any date to them. If they were mere unpublished notes their date or dates are not important 4 We know that Eiatella, which is primarily a boreal genus, has a very wide temperature range, H. arctica itself having been reported in the West- ern Hemisphere as far south as Panama. There is little reason to doubt that it could live on the coasts of India. The U. S. National Museum has speci- mens of Saxicava from Ceylon and Siam (personal communication, species not stated). 32 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) in fixing the date of the valid erection of the genus. There is also, however, a dated and published work of Daudin, the ex- istence of which, although it proved to be of no significance so far as Hiatella is concerned, served to temporarily becloud the issue. In J. E. Gray's "List of British Animals" (1851, vol. 7, pp. 87-89) the compiler allots the genus Saxicava to S. rugosa Linne and Hmtella to S. arctica Linne, and cites for the name Hiatella a ** memoir" of Daudin said to date from 1800, a year prior to Bosc's publication of the name. Dall (1898, pp. 833- 834) was sufficiently interested by this reference to investigate it, and I will quote his remarks in full : *'Bosc and Roissy do not refer to this memoir, but mention two species from Tranquebar in Favanne's collection, both of which are figured in the atlas to Bosc's work. Lamarck without ceremony refers Bosc's figures to My a arctica Linne and cites but that single species under the genus. Dr. Gray cites Hiatella arctica from Daudin 's memoir of 1800, but without mentioning page or figure for it, which leads to the suspicion that he may not have actually seen the paper itself. If his citations be correct, there would seem to be no doubt that Hiatella should be adopted in place of the later Saxicava, but in the doubt that remains I hesitate to make the change, and would prefer to leave it to some one who can consult the original memoir." Dall added the following footnote to the above: "Since this was written I have learned, through the kindness of Mr. Edgar A. Smith of the British Museum, that there is no mention of Hiatella rw Daudin' s memoir of 1800.' ' (Italics mine.) A copy of the 1800 memoir, of which Dall was apparently unaware, is in the library of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. It is entitled "Receuil de ]Meinoires et de Notes sur les especes inedites ou peu connues de Mollusques, de Vers, et de Zoophytes." The only group covered which eon- tains moUusks is Serpula Linne. There is no mention of Hiatella. The booklet in 12 mo., is apparently complete and the number of pages and plates is the same as is reported in the "Catalogue of the Library of the British Museum" (pp. 50, 4 plates). Obviously Gray had not seen a copy. The Daudin "manuscripts," referred to by Bosc, have not, so far as I have been able to determine, been referred to again July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 33 and are probably not preserved. In any event, Bosc, 1801 is the first published record of the name Hiatella. References cited Anon. 1801. Journal general de la litterature de France. Vol. 4. Paris. Bosc, L. A. G. 1801. Histoire naturelle des coquilles. Vol. 3. Paris. BucQUOY, E., Phillippe Dautzenberg and Gustave F. Dollfus. 1896. Les mollusques marins du Roussillon. Vol. 2, fasc. 11. Paris. Cotton, Bernard C., and Frank K. Godfrey. 1938. The mol- luscs of South Australia. Handbook of the flora and fauna of South Australia. South Australian branch of British science guild. Part 1, Pelecypoda. Adelaide. Dall, William Healey. 1898. Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. 5, pt. 4. Philadelphia. Daudin, Francois Marie. 1800. Receuil de Memoires et de Notes sur les especes inedites ou peu connues de Mollusques, de Vers, et de Zoophytes. Paris. Fleuriau de Bellevue, C. 1802. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom., no. 62, pp. 105-109. Paris. 1802. Jour, de physique, vol. 54, pp. 345-355. Paris. Grant, Ulysses S. IV, and Hoyt Rodney Gale. 1931. Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1. Gray, John Edward. 1851. List of the specimens of British animals in the collection of the British Museum, pt. 7. Lon- don. Lamy, Edouard. 1915. Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Paris, vol. 21, pp. 243-252. 1921. [idem], vol. 27, pp. 361-365. LiNNE, Carl von. 1767. Systema naturae per regna tria na- turae . . . , vol. 1, regnum animale. Stockholm. Sherborn, CD. 1927. Index animalium . . . Vol. 3. London. 1932. Additions to the Bibliography of Sherborn 's Index. London. Smith, Maxwell. 1940. World-wide sea shells. Lantana. 34 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) NEW SUBGENERA OF BUSYCON ROEDING By E. SYDNEY MARKS FuLGUROPsis, subgenus novum. Shell is dextral, large, pyriform, and similar to that of Busycon s. s., to which this group is closely related, but with canaliculate suture and with rounded or keeled shoulders (without spines or tubercles) in the adult stage. Protoconch is smooth, glossy, ob- lique, and comprised of two volutions. Canal is long, straight and open. Columellar lip is without folds or plaits. Outer lip is simple and entire. No posterior canal is present. Operculum is horny, and similar to that of Busycon, s. s. Periostracum is generally lost. Color of shell is buffy or gray, and is typically marked, at least in younger stages, with ''lightning flashes" of chestnut brown. Aperture is usually reddish within. Shell gen- erally has sculpture of fine, revolving lines or ridges, which typi- cally show within the aperture. Type species: Busycon {F.) pyrum (Dillwyn) = Bulla pyrum Dillwyn, 1817, Cat. I, p. 485. Fulguropsis differs from Busycon, s. s., in the following par- ticulars : Canaliculate suture, different protoconch of two whorls, and absence of spines or tubercles. The following species are included: Busycon {Fulguropsis) pyrum (Dillwyn) and B. (F.) canaliculatum — Murex canalicu- latus Linne, 1767. Fossil species are : B. (F.) pyriforme = Syco- typus pyriformis Conrad, 1867, and B. {F.) excavatum = Fulgur excavatus Conrad, 1840. Fulguropsis thus replaces Sycotypus Gill, 1867, not Gray, 1847. Sycofulgur, subgenus novum. The Miocene type species, Busycon (Sycofulgur) rugosum = Fulgur rugosus Conrad, 1840, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 1, p. 307, differs in having nodes on its shell throughout its growth ; otherwise it is like Fulguropsis. July, 1950] THE NAUTILUS 35 NOTES AND NEWS Dates of The Nauth^us. — Volume 63, no. 1, pp. 1-36, pis. 1 and 2, was mailed Sept. 19, 1949. No. 2, pp. 37-72, pis. 3, 4 and frontispiece, Nov. 1, 1949. No. 3, pp. 73-108, pis. 5 and 6, Feb. 13, 1950. No. 4, pp. 109-144, i-vi, pis. 7-10, April 4, 1950.— H. B. B. The status of Vallonia excentrica Sterki. — Vallonia ex- centrica differs from V. pulchella (Miill.) only in having a more oblong contour of the shell and umbilicus. Since the two forms can be separated with only a very small residue of doubtful specimens, they have been generally accepted as being distinct species. While examining a series of V. costata (Miill.), I found that it also contained round and excentric forms. This led to an examination of all the species in my collection, and the two forms were found in every one — in V. parviila Sterki, V. graciUcosta Reinhardt, V. perspectiva Sterki, and V. cyclopho- rella Sterki. The excentric character is probably a single gene mutation which occurs throughout the genus, and V. excentrica is but a form of V. pulchella. — Leslie Hubricht. ViviPARUs chinensis. — During recent months, the opportunity presented itself, for me to collect viviparous snails from the ponds of New York City. On three trips, 33 Viviparus chinensis and 25 Viviparus contectoides were collected. There were many more available in each place. The pond in Forest Park was very low, and covered with water plants. In four to five inches of water, there were various sizes of V. chinensis malleatus (Reeve) most of them 2^2 to 3% inches. In Central Park, I found no V. chinensis, but there are specimens of Viviparus contectoides. However, half of those I found, were dead. Brooklyn Botanic Gardens also has V. chinensis, but in smaller size, and, where I looked, smaller number. Sixteen V. chinensis and seven V. contectoides were female, and when examined, found to hold numerous tiny shells. The V. chinensis young were contained within a white square of coagulated albumen about 3/16 inch in size. The V. contectoides young were inside round white pellets of the same substance. Three tiny V. chinensis arrived on a saucer while I was photo- 36 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (1) graphing a living specimen. In six weeks they have tripled their diameter, thriving on chopped lettuce leaves. — Dorothy L. Freas, 8935 86th Street, Woodhaven 21, N. Y. Subdivisions of Sagda. — Sagda Beck, 1837, Index Moll., p. 9, was proposed as a subgenus of Helix, with 2 unquestioned species: (H.) S. alveolata Beck, and (H.) 8. australis (Ch.) Beck. A more complete definition of Sagda was given by Pfeiffer, 1845, Zeitschr. Malac. 2, p. 81. Herrmannsen, 1848, Ind. Gener. Moll. 2, p. 411, selected the first species as type. This type species, 8. alveolata, is founded on the citation of two figures from Ferussac's ''Histoire, " one of which must be an error of some sort ; so the type of Helix epistylioides Fer., 1822, pi. 51B, fig. 2, left hand shell, is hereby selected as the type of 8. alveolata Beck. This makes Parahelix Ihering, 1892, type Helix jayana C. B. Adams, 1845, a subjective synonym, incor- rectly used by me, 1935, Naut., 49 (2), p. 53, as the name of the group which included the type species of Sagda, 8. (8.) epistijli- oides (Fer.). Epistylia Swainson, 1840, becomes the name of the group which I called Sagda, sensu stricto. Epistyla Swainson, 1840, Treat. Malac, p. 331, takes as type by monotypy E. conica Sw., of which the shell figured in "Sowb. Man. f. 281" is selected as the type. E. conica is a synonym of Sagda (Epistylia) cooJfi- ana = Helix cookiana Gmelin, 1790. Epistyla is evidently a mis- spelling of Epistylia Swainson, 1840, p. 165, which takes the same type, although figure 18a, also referred to as E. conica, repre- sents a different, but unidentifiable species. Swainson made many errors of this sort (cf. Opinion 26). All these species are from Jamaica. — H. Burrington Baker. Daniel L. Emery died April 11, 1950, aged 89. lie will be missed greatly by his many friends. Living animals of Campeloma, Pleurocera and Ooniohasis, for studies on cercaria, are desired by : Melle Buttner, Institut de Parasitologic, 15, rue de TEcole de Medecine, Paris, 6enie, France. These may be packed in damp cotton and shipped sam- ple post, if the package is not air tight. Label: Echantillou zoologique sans valeur. Damkl Littlefield Emery S.in I )!<■;,'(», California, .June, li)47 The Nautilus Vol. 64 OCTOBER, 1950 No. 2 NEW FOUNTAIN SNAILS FROM FLORIDA By H. a. PILSBRY In the course of working up the Pliocene fresh water moUusks collected by Messrs. Wm. G. Fargo and C. R. Locklin in the St. Petersburg bed, there was frequent occasion for comparisons with their descendants among the living species of Florida. One result was the recognition of species overlooked up to this time. Silver Spring, mentioned in the locality paragraph for the following species, is not the famous Silver Springs near Ocala. It is a beautiful but smaller spring of the same character, near the west shore of Lake George. It gives birth to a short stream flowing into the lake about two and two-thirds miles north of the mouth of Juniper Creek, which is at the southwest corner of Lake George. That country was a delightful wilderness fifty-six years ago, when Charles W. Johnson and I were there. The stream we rowed up to Silver Spring was populous with alligators, and alas ! mosquitos. The spring is now in the Ocala National Forest. FoNTiGENs oxYBELES iiew speclcs. Plate 3, figs. 1, la, lb. The turrited shell tapers regularly and is imperforate or very narrowly rimate ; thin ; very pale gray, but not transparent ; the surface smooth. The apex is very small. Whorls are strongly convex, the last below the periphery tapering downward. The suture is deeply impressed. The aperture is ovate. The columel- lar margin of peristome is thinner and built forward less than in F. nickliniana. Length 5.7 mm., diameter 2.3 mm., length aperture 1.9 mm.; 61/2 whorls. Tyipe, fig. 1. Length 4.9 mm., diameter 1.9 mm. ; 6 whorls. Length 4 mm., diameter 2 mm., length of aperture 1.6 mm. ; 5^2 whorls. Florida : Silver Spring Run, a stream entering the west side of Lake George, Marion Co. (Pilsbry and Johnson, 1894.) Type and paratypes ANSP. 186751. 37 38 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (2) This snail has been called Pahidestrina nickliniana attenuata Hald/ as in Nautilus 13 :22. It differs from attenuata chiefly by the decidedly smaller apex of the Florida species as shown in the photographs, figs. 1 (oxyheles) and 4, 4a (attenuata) . Fontigens nickliniana (Lea), from the type locality, Hot Springs, Bath Co., Virginia (Plate 3, fig. 5) is a more solid, un- bilicate shell, with more obtuse summit than F. oxyheles. I have seen no specimens of nickliniana or attenuata from the Gulf States, the southern locality known to me being a lot said to be from North Carolina on rather dubious authority. ^^Hydrohia'' hlacki Pils., from Andros, Bahamas, in a long series examined, differs from F. oxyheles by having the later several whorls decidedly less convex. H. hlacki has been synony- mized with ^^Hydrohia'^ tenuipes by Mr. Clench (Mem. de la Soc. Cubana de Hist. Nat. 12 :314) but I think without sufficient consideration.- The largest tenuipes in a large number seen is 4.5 mm. long. The usual maximum size is length 3.5 mm., dia- meter 2 mm., length aperture 1 mm., 51/2 whorls (PI. 3, Fig. 3, Jacksonville, Fla.). '^Hydrohia^^ hlacki of Andros (PL 3, figs. 6, 6a, 6b) is usually larger with more whorls than tenuipes, up to 5 X 2.5 mm., of 7 whorls, others 4.6 mm. long, 7 w^horls, and 4.4 mm. with 6 whorls. The shell has a straight-sided shape, the spire more slender above, towards the apex, than in tenuipes. In lots of L. tenuipes examined from many places along the coastal plain and in Florida there are no shells with these charac- ters of the Andros species. The photographs speak for them- selves. The largest one of a lot identified by Mr. Clench as ^'Hydro- hia'* tenuipes from Eight Mile Rock, Grand Bahama Island, kindly sent by Mr. Clench, is shown in PI. 3, fig. 7. Length 3.6 mm., with 51/2 whorls. The smaller specimens in the lot, having 4% to 5 whorls, are closely similar to continental L. tenuipes, though the whorls are slightly more convex. None of the Grand 1 JF. attenuata (Hald.) is usually regarded as an ecologic form of F. nicTcliniana. 2 The paper cited, though on the whole an excellent work, shows other signs of rather hasty preparation. Thus, a form of the pelagic Litiopa melanostoma Rang was described as a new species and new subgenus of Lcptinaria. THE NAUTILUS: 64 (2) PLATE 3 Fountain snails from Florida, etc. Scale lines = 1 mm. THE NAUTILUS: 64 (2) PLATE 4 Fics. \-'2, Jiolosjnid fix nn n hrrris.si nut. :\-7)H, New Texan 11 olospirat . 6, MarfjinrUa hiUi. 7, 7:i, Pnllnlcs rIarLi. S, Sa, Hrbrlanr/ihis u. sp. 9, Jlolospira l-rir(,crlX-^. 1<», Ashmmn Ihi, n. sp. 11. EunJandina baih/i. 44, llvlisoma anceps, from Lister. Oct., 1950] THE NAUTILUS 39 Bahama specimens seen appear to be specifically identical with H. hlacki. The generic position of 'blacki is uncertain, in the absence of information on dentition and verge. It may be a Littoridina. I refer tenuipes Couper to the genus Littoridina, though the penial appendages are simpler than in the type of that genus. FoxTiGExs wEBERi ncw specics. Plate 3, fig. 2. The minute shell is thin, subperforate, turrited, with rather obtuse apex ; of 6 strongly convex whorls joined by a deeply im- pressed suture. Surface smooth. The aperture is ovate, rounded posteriorly, the columellar margin straightened, searcel}^ ex- panded. Length 2 mm., diameter 0.8 mm., length aperture 0.5 mm. Florida: "West Lake, Cape Sable, collected by J. A. Weber. Type 186586 ANSP. This snail resembles the slimmest specimens seen of F. oxy- heles, but the apex is more obtuse, though the shell as a whole is narrower. With about the same number of whorls, F. weheri is only from about a third to a half as long as F. oxyheles. F. dia- holi^ of Val Verde Co., Texas, is a similar small species, but it tapers more rapidly and is more distinctly umbilicate. That F. weheri belongs to Fontigens may seem improbable on account of the locality, the water of West Lake being somewhat brackish. As the name implies, Fontigens normally inhabits the clear streams of springs. However, no living specimens were found, and it may be from some spring feeding the lake. The figure is due to Dr. Olsson's skill with the camera. It is named in honor of Mr. J. A. Weber of Miami, who found it. PLATE 3 The figures are from photographs Figs. 1. (type), la, lb. Fontigens oxyheles. Fig. 2. Fontigens weberi, Type. Fig. 3. Littoridina tenuipes (Couper). Jacksonville, Florida. Fig. 4, 4a. Fontigens attenuata (Hald.). N. C. Fig. 5. Fontigens nicMiniana (Lea), topotype. Fig. 6. (type), 6a, 6b. ^'Hydrohia" hlacki Pils. Andros, Bahamas. Fig. 7. L. tenuipes var., Grand Bahama. The scale lines are 1 mm. long. 3 Paludestrina diahoU Pilsbry, 1906, Proc. A.N.S. Phila. p. 170, fig. 36. 40 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (2) TETHYS (APLYSIA) WILLCOXI HEILPRIN IN NARRAGANSETT BAY AND OTHER RHODE ISLAND WATERS By DONALD J. ZINN Narragansett Marine Laboratory, and Department of Zoology, Ehode Island State College, Kingston Tethys willcoxi, the Sea Hare described by Heilprin in 1886 as a littoral swimming- benthonic form from the coast of Florida, was found in unusually large numbers in Rhode Island waters in the months of October and November, 1949. There are no previous records known to the author which indicate the presence of this opisthobranchiate mollusk in such quantity or over such a long period of time, in this general area. Merriman ('37) reported the capture of one specimen on October 25, 1936 at Newport from a large floating fish trap, *' which was located less than a mile offshore from the rocks east of Bailey's Beach." Sixteen years before Merriman 's observa- tions, Sanford ('22) stated: ''On October 9, 1921, a number of those curious tecti-branch mollusks known as Sea Hare, Tethys [Aplysia) ivillcoxi Heilprin, appeared in the West Passage of Narragansett Bay, R. I., com- ing in on the flood of the tide and disappearing on its ebb. As the tide was going out only two specimens were secured by the writer. ... A second trip to the same station, on October 16, yielded two more specimens, but none was found on any other R. I. or Conn, shore as far south as New London." These are the only two accounts of this animal in Rhode Island waters. Earlier, Johnson ('15) gave the type location as Little Gasparilla Bay, West Coast of Florida, and pointed out that its occurrence in New England to that time as a matter of record was confined solely to Vineyard Sound and Buzzards Bay : ''Katama Bay, October 31, 1900; Buzzards Bay, October 11, 1906 ; New Bedford ; Wesport ; Lamberts Cove ; Tarpaulin Cove ; Robinsons Hole and Menemsha Bight (Sumner, Osburn, and Cole)." This is virtually a summary of the more detailed information given by Sumner, Osburn, and Cole ('11). It is interesting to Oct., 1950] THE NAUTILUS 41 note that the Tethys ivillcoxi collected on October 11, 1906 was taken from a lobster pot in the vicinity of Woods Hole. Although no species of the genus Tethys had been found to 1895 along the Massachusetts and Rhode Island coasts according to the comprehensive records of Gould and Binney (70), Verrill ('82), and Pilsbry ('95), it is quite likely that members of the group have appeared in these waters rarely and in small num- bers but have not been made a matter of record. A fair estimate in instances of this kind is that not more than 1 percent of a wandering population is captured and brought to the attention of either the public or interested biologists. If this be true, it is by no means certain that all of the Aplysiidae found in Rhode Island waters are Tethys willcoxi; there appears to be a good possibility that both Tethys vnllcoxi perviridis Pilsbry and Tethys protea Rang were collected but released by offshore trap fisher- men. This would not be the first record for Tethys willcoxi per- viridis in this area, since Johnson ( '34) presents its distribution as ''Southern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Cape May, N. J." It is of interest to note that with the possible exception of Coe's single specimen from Plum Island, N. Y., Tethys has not been recorded from the Gulf of Maine, Long Island Sound, or from the East Passage of Narragansett Bay. Included below in Table 1 is a list of 22 individuals of Tethys willcoxi observed in the western passage of Narragansett Bay and outlying Rhode Island waters in 1949. Authenticated re- ports by trap fishermen and dredgers are included even though in most of these cases the animals were thrown back into the water or destroyed and could not be obtained for laboratory ex- amination. It is at once apparent, in Table 1, that there is a tremendous difference in individual size, but it is no greater variation than one would expect in a small random sample of a presumably large population. It is important, however, to note that five and possibly nine of these animals are very much larger than any previous measurement of this species. Heilprin ('86) lists the length as 7-8 inches, while Pilsbry ( '96) indicates an average of 11-15 cm. More recent records come within this same range. The author has previously found Tethys willcoxi larger than the size range usuallj^ described, in Lemon Bay, Florida, and off 42 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (2) £ Measured; preserved. Specimen at Department of Zoology, R. L S. C. * Brought to Laboratory and kept alive in aerated salt-water aqua- rium for 17 days. Preserved at Department of Zoology, R. L S. C. 2 animals returned to ocean; 1 brought to Jerusalem, R. L, other to Snug Harbor — both destroyed. Accidentally destroyed on vessel while being brought back to port. Brought to Champlin's Fish Mar- ket at Galilee and kept alive in empty lobster display tank about a week, before being destroyed. Laboratory notified too late to re- cover these animals. Specimen very mutilated when 3rought to Laboratory. Attempted to keep in Laboratory tank. Animal disintegrated be- fore preservation. Thrown overboard immediately af- ter capture. Other in Depart- ment of Zoology, R. L S. C. ; meas- ured dead but unpreserved. Measured dead but unpreserved; 3 specimens kept at Department of Zoology, R. 1. S. C. 2 unmeas- ured, uncollected specimens de- scribed as "larger" than others. Is ■^00 CO 00 (rO(M(M XX III 1 1 X X XXX 00 Tj^ 05 C^ •^^ 00 (N lO CTJ lO O Ci iC CO .^3 »OCO COCi OCMOO t^ g5 1 II 1 1 2 2' ^^'2 s. O rt^' 1 II 1 1 00 O — ■ l> C5 f s o ec ^*\? (M 00 oo cINE BAEKER BAKER During the latter half of June 1950, my husband and I spent a combined vacation and collecting trip at Accomac, Virginia, on the Delmarva Peninsula. The peninsula, as its name sug- gests, is made up of parts of the States of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, and forms the outer boundary of Chesapeake Bay. The area in Virginia where all collecting was done is Pleistocene sand, about half covered with pine barrens, with the remainder used for farming. At the time we were there, early potatoes were being harvested as well as snap beans. Tomatoes, and sweet potatoes were also noted in quantity. Besides agriculture, the peninsula is widely known as a fishing, crabbing, and oyster center. Of course we were mainly interested in the latter, and we made some of our most interesting finds from the heaps of discarded oyster shells. Considering that we were warned be- forehand and told repeatedly that there were no shells to be found thereabouts, we found our trip singularly rewarding. At the close of this paper is a list of the mollasks noted in the various collecting spots. (1). Folly Creek, Accomac. "Creek" is the term locally used for any long narrow arm of the sea or bay. These are affected by the tides, and may be somewhat brackish. At the branch of Folly Creek which we visited, we found a great num- ber of oyster discards. Near by in three bushel baskets were very nicely collected for us the largest examples of Urosalpinx cinereus we had ever seen. The majority were from 1% inches to 2 inches high; the largest one (PI. 5, fig. 4) being 51.2 mm. high by 24.1 mm. greatest diameter. They surely must have had optimum growing conditions. We also found some large Eu- pleura caudata shells, but these were relatively scarce here. Col- 73 74 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) lecting along the creek bank in the mud we pulled up very large Modiolus demissus plicatulus, the largest over 115. 5 mm. greatest measurement (over 41/2 inches). Very large Littorina irrorata were also picked up, the largest measuring 29.2 mm. (over 1^^ inches), with major diameter 19.1 mm. (2). Onancock Creek, Onancock. On the bay side, this creek showed marked differences from the previous locality. We collected at two different places here: Finney's Wharf and East Point. The latter is a swimming spot, with sandj- bottom, and has been somewhat disturbed by the dredging of a channel so that boats may come in to the wharf. Tagelus gihbus was noted here in great quantity. Littorina iiTorata was markedly smaller than the specimens collected in Folly Creek. Among the small moUusks crawling on the bottom, we noted young Ilyanassa ohsoleta. Unlike the adults, these have a complete spire. Deep Creek, where large specimens of Mytilus recurvu^ were found with the oyster discards, was similar to Onancock Creek. (3). KiPTOPEKE Beach, near Cape Charles. This long stretch of sandy beach along Chesapeake Bay near the tip of the peninsula yielded one of the most interesting finds of the entire trip. A half mile out in the water we noted trap nets, and as we came opposite these on the beach, we found many specimens of Busy con carica. They were unusual for two reasons: their bright orange lining, and their retention of entire epidermis. All specimens were very fresh, most of them having parts of the animal and the operculum. Obviously they had been dis- carded by the fishermen as unworthy of notice. The largest of these measures 9i%o inches long. In addition to the Busycon, we picked up one fine specimen of Dosinia discus. To complete this wonderful ''catch," a half-bushel basket was found con- veniently near, with some discarded rope to make a handle ! (4). Cedar Island, on Metompkin Inlet, Accomac County. A group of five interested ''shellers" hired a motorboat with owner for the trip to this outer island, which had only a Coast Guard Station and one house on it. The beach here looked more like the beaches of Florida's west coast — wave-rows of shells at the water line. Practically the only live material obtained were the two species of Busycon. B. carica was the more common, with many dead ones high up on the beach. A large lobster or January, 1951] the nautilus 75 crab pot was filled with these for use as decoration around a garden. Of the live specimens collected, the largest measured 9 inches long. The dead shells on the shore contained some species not previously reported from so far north ; namely, Chione can- cellata, Pecten gihhiis, and Mulinia lateralis corhuloides. The chiones were large; the largest measuring 39.7 mm. long (1%6 in.), and 35.8 mm, high. (5) . BiRCHTOWN, AND ASSATEAGUE ISLAND, NEAR ChINCOTEAGUE. Assateague Island is a U. S. Wildlife Refuge, and we were in- terested to see what the molluscan fauna might be. A short trip via rowboat across Assateague channel from Birchtown, a small settlement out of Chincoteague, brought us there at low tide. We were much disappointed at the collecting on the channel side of the island, and because of the faintheartedness of the author, did not brave the mosquitoes and swampland to cross to the outer side. However, it probably would not have been markedly different from that found at Cedar Island. The one rewarding thing about this trip was a glimpse of the famous wild horses, of which we saw a half dozen or so when they came down to the shore. Bird life was abundant, and we wished we had had more time to study it. On our return to Birchtown, among the great piles of the famous Chincoteague Ostrea virgin- ica, we found some verj^ large Eupleiira caudata caudata Say. The largest of these (PI. 5, fig. 5) measures 41.6 mm. high (over 1% inches) by 21.5 mm. major diameter. We also found very large fresh specimens of Busycon canaliculatum, the largest measuring T^Yiq inches long, 4% inches largest diameter. These were fresh, with operculum and animal. Here, too, we found the only chiton of our trip. Noetia ponderosa and Area c. pexata were common amongst all the discarded oyster shells here as in other localities. The largest A. pexata found measures 64.3 mm. (over 21/2 inches) in length, 52.4 mm. altitude, 39.5 mm. diameter. Urosalpinx cinereus Say, var. follyensis, new form. Plate 5, fig. 4.^ The differentiating characteristic of this form is its larger size due to an added whorl, making 8 plus whorls. The variety is named for the type locality. Folly Creek, Accomac, Virginia. 1 Nomenclatorial subspecies. 76 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) The type measures: 51.2 mm. long, 24.1 mm. wide. Type ANSP. 186817; paratypes lot No. 992, author's collection. EuPLEURA CAUDATA Say, var. etterae, new form. Plate 5, fig. 5.^ This form is also characterized by an added whorl and its larger size. It was found both at Folly Creek and Birchtown, the type and the greatest number being taken at the latter spot. It is named for Mrs. Robert Etter of Onancock, Virginia. Type locality: Birchtown, Chincoteague, Virginia. The type meas- ures: 41.6 mm. high by 21.5 mm. wide. Type ANSP 186818; paratypes include lot No. 991, author's collection. List of Shells from the Delmarva Penninsula Numbers following specific names refer to the localities in the numbered paragraphs preceding, and indicate that the species was found at those places only. Species not numbered were found pretty generally in all the spots visited. Chaetopleura apicidata 5 Nucula proxima 4 Area campechiensis 4 A. campechiensis pexata A. transversa 4 Noetia ponder osa Ostrea virginica Pecten irradians P. gibhtcs 4 Anomia simplex Mytilus edulis 3, 4 M. recurvus — Deep Creek Modiolus demissus plicatulus Astarte castanea 3 A. undata 4 Laevicardium mortoni 2 Dosinia discus 3 Chione cancellata 4 Venus mercenaria V. mercenaria notata V. mercenaria alba 4 Petricola pholadiformis 3, 4 Tellina tenera 2 Macoma balthica 2 Donax fossor 3, 4 Tagelus gibbus 2 Reported by Mrs. Ernestine Taylor. Ensis direct us 3, 4 Spissula solidissima 3, 4 Mulinia lateralis M. lateralis corbuloides 4 Anatina canaliculata 4 Mya arenaria 2, 3 Barnea truncata 4 B. costata 4 Diadora alternata 4 Epitofiium angulatum 4 E. multistriatum 4 Melanella conoidea - 4 Polinices duplicata P. heros 3 P. triseriata 4 Sinum perspectvvum 4 Crepidida fornicata C. glauca convexa C. plana Ldttorina irrorata Eupleura caudata Urosalpinx cinereus Anachis avara 2, 4 Mitrella lunata 4 Ilyanassa obsoleta Nassarms trivitatns January, 1951] the nautilus 77 N. vihex Melampus lineatus 1 Btcsycon carica Marginella apicina horeaXis 4 B, canaliculatum Terehra dislocata 4 Mangilia plicosa 2 A CLARIFICATION OF SOME CENTRAL AMERICAN UNIONIDAE DESCRIBED BY R. A. PHILIPPI By RICHARD I. JOHNSON K. A. Philippi described a number of new shells in the Zeit- schrift fur Malakozoologie during 1848 and 1849. Unfortunately most of the descriptions were mere sketches unaccompanied by figures. In this paper we have sought to clarify some of the Unionidae which have been carried in the literature for 100 years as nomina duhia. For two of the species we have type material. Some may take exception as to the status of this material because Philippi based each of his descriptions on one immature specimen selected from each lot by Largilliert which the latter sent to Philippi for description. As the specimens described are unavailable, we have thought it desirable to fix the names on this material which Largilliert kept and dis- tributed, and which is as *' authentic" as any we can ever hope to have. We have also united two of Philippi 's names after the study of a more adequate series than was available to him. I wish to thank J. P. E. Morrison and R. H. Rehder of the United States National Museum for suggestions and the loan of valuable type material ; H. A. Vander Schalie for material from the Zoology Museum of the University of Michigan; G. Hanson of the Paris Museum for allowing me to look for Morlet 's types ; and W. J. Clench for his ever willing aid and council. Leptodea largillierti (Philippi) Plate, 5, fig. 2. Unio largillierti Philippi, 1847, Zeit. fiir Mai., 4, p. 94 (Yucatan [Prov., Mexico] ) ; von Martens, 1900, Biol. Central America, Moll., p. 94 [nomen duhia]. Lampsilis largillierti Philippi, Simpson 1914, Des. Cat. Nai- ades, Detroit, Michigan, 1, p. 194 [nomen duhia] . Unio paludosus Morlet, 1849, Test. Noviss. Cubanae et Amer- ica Centralis, 1, p. 30 (swamps near San Geromino, Yucatan [now Campeche, Mexico] ) ; Fischer & Crosse, 1894, Miss. Sci. Mexique, Part 7, 2, p. 559, pi. 59, fig. 3. 78 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) Lampsilis paludosus Morlet, Simpson, 1914, Des. Cat. Naiades, Detroit, Michigan, 1, p. 192. TJnio delphinulus Morlet, 1849, Test. Noviss. Cubanae et Amer- ica Centralis, 1, p. 192. Vnio delphinulus Morlet, 1849, Test. Noviss. Cubanae et Amer- ica Centralis, 1, p. 31 (swamps of the River Usumacinta and Lake Peten, [Guatemala]), Fischer & Crosse, 1894, Miss. Sci. Mexique, Part 7, 2, p. 557, pi. 63, fig. 2, 2a, 2b. Lampsilis delphinulus Morlet, Simpson 1914, Des. Cat. Naiades, Detroit, Michigan, 1, p. 194. TJnio planivalvis Morlet, 1851, Test. Noviss. Cubanae et Amer- ica Centralis, 2, p. 24 (swamps in the vicinity of the River Usumacinta, [Guatemala] ) ; Fischer & Crosse, 1894, Miss. Sci. Mexique, Part 7, 2, p. 560, pi. 59, fig. 2. Lampsilis planivalvis Morlet, Simpson 1914, Des. Cat. Naiades, Detroit, Michigan, 1, pi. 193. Description: Shell reaching 70 mm. (2% inches) in length symphonote, very thin to moderately thick. Outline elongated, subrhomboidal or subtriangulate. Valves compressed. Anterior end regularly rounded and subangulate above or sometimes slightly symphonote ; posterior end produced and subtruncated. Ventral margin straight. Posterior slope compressed usually carried up into a high dorsal wing (often broken away). Ex- cluding the wing, the dorsal and ventral margins are almost parallel. Posterior ridge low, double or triple, well developed and angular ending in a more or less distinct biangulation. Hinge ligament covered by wing. Beaks well forward of the center, beaks low but sharp, their sculpture fine and double looped. Surface of the shell smooth but covered with concentric growth lines, rather dull greenish yellow, or brownish olive. Left valve with one lamellar pseudocardinal and two slightly curved laterals. The right valve with two lamellar pseudocardinals, the upper one smaller and one slightly curved lateral. Beak cavities shallow with some muscle scars. Anterior adductor muscle scars shallow, posterior ones not visible. Pallial line usually visible at least anteriorly. Nacre irridescent bluish- white, or pinkish. Lectotype Large Small Length Height Width 70 mm. 72 381 45 14 15 45 32 8 Yucatan, Mexico Puebla Nueva S. of Flores, Pet<5n, Guatemala Puebla Nueva S. of Flores, Pet6n, Guatemala The wing is broken off the type. January, 1951] the nautilus 79 Types: Largilliert sent Philippi a young specimen of this spec- ies from a lot of several specimens. Philippi promptly des- cribed this specimen, but did not give any measurements for it, nor did he state whether he returned the specimen to Largilliert. Philippics collection is in the British Museum,^ but to date no one has brought the specimen to light. Fortunately, Largilliert sent a specimen from his original lot to C. B. Adams with the note, **Espece nouvelle, et tres rare, qui n'est dans aucune collection." It is here selected as lectotype. Museum of Comparative Zoology No. 155569. There is also a paratype MCZ No. 184531. (See note 3.) The type locality is Yucatan, Mexico, but as this constituted the whole penisular when the species was described, we hereby restrict the type locality to San Geromino, Campeche, Mexico. According to the Journal de Conchyliologie (1893, 41, p. 194) Morlet's types were acquired by the British Museum,- however, in the Paris Museum the author found three unnumbered cotypes of L. delphinulus glued on two plaques. L. paludosa and planivcdvis were not represented, presumably these are in the British Museum, but I was unable to see that collection. Range: Southern Mexico, Northern Guatemala and Honduras.* Records: Mexico: Swamps near San Geromino, State of Cam- peche, (Morlet) ; State of Tabasco (MCZ) ; Monte Christo, State of Chiapas (USNM). Guatemala, Province of Peten: Arroya at Puebla Nueva, South of Flores; San Pedro River above El Paso de los Caballos; Lake Eckixil; Lake Peten; Rio de la Pasion (all Univ. of Michigan) ; Swamps of Usumacinta River (Morlet). Honduras: (USNM).. 1 Sherborn, C. D., Where is the . . . Collection ? Cambridge, England, 1940, p. 194. 2 Simpson (1900, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 22, p. 503) claims that Morlet 's types of Naiades were in the United States National Museum, however, Dr. J. E. Morrison assures me, "We do not have nor have ever had any- material from Morlet in this group of mussels." 3 In the Museum of Comparative Zoology is a specimen received from Largilliert and labeled by J. G. Anthony as coming from Lake Nicaragua. On the other hand we have a specimen of Anodon nicaraguae philippi also from Largilliert and labeled Mexico while the type locality for this species is Lake Nicaragua. Obviously Anthony inadvertently switched the data when copying the labels. 80 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) Remarks: Goodrich and van der Schalie (1937, Univ. of Michigan, Mus. of Zool. Misc. Pub. No. 34, p. 46) united Leptodea delphinulus and L. planivalvis under L. paludosus, having had a series of some eleven lots on which to base this conclusion, I am in full agreement with them and have united all three species under Philippi's name which is the earliest. The species is subject to the same ecologic differences that characterize many species that live in both quiet lakes and swift streams. In the former case, the shells tend to be more thin and the wing is well developed. In the latter case, the shells are thicker and the wings are often broken or poorly developed. Young specimens have well developed wings in either environment. We have followed Goodrich and van der Schalie in placing this species in Leptodea. Material for anatomical study was not available to check the validity of the sections. However, Del- phionaias and Phyllonaias of Crosse and Fischer (1894, Miss. Sci. Mexique, Part 7, 2, p. 555), are identical being based on two synonyms of L. largillierti, U. delphinuins Morlet and U, paludo- sus Morlet. Anodontites nicaraguae (Philippi) Plate 5, fig. 1. Andonta nicaraguae Philippi, 1848, Zeit, fiir Mai., 5, p. 130 (Nicaragua) ; von Martens, 1900, Biol. Central America, Moll., p. 536; Simpson 1914, Des. Cat. Naiades, Detroit, Michigan, 3, p. 1456. Anodonta hridgesii Lea, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil- adelphia, 12, p. 95; 1869, Obs. Unio, 12, p. 51, pi. 42, fig. 104 (Lake Nicaragua). Anodontites hridgesii Lea, Simpson 1914, Des. Cat. Naiades, Detroit, Michigan, 3, p. 1437. Anodonta jewettiana Lea, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil- adelphia, 12, p. 95. Anodonta jewettii Lea, 1869, Obs. Unio, 12, p. 49, pi. 41, fig. 101 (Lake Nicaragua) ; von Martens, 1900, Biol. Central Amer- ica, Moll., p. 536. Anodontites jewettianus Lea, Simpson 1914, Des. Cat. Naiades, Detroit, Michigan, 3, p. 1437. Description: Shell large reaching 132 mm. (5 inches) in length, moderately thin and translucent, inequilateral. Outline subelip- tical or rhomboid. Valves subinflated or inflated. Anterior and regularly rounded, and subelongated above ; posterior end slightly THE NAUTILUS: 64 (3) PLATE 5 Tig. 1, Anodontites nicaraguae. 2, Leptodea larglllierti. 3, Succinea lauta sphaerica. 4, Urosalpinx cmereus follyensis. 5, Eupleura caudata etterae. THE NxVUTILUS: (34 (3) PLATE 6 Howard: The familv Juliidae January, 1951] THE NAUTILUS 81 more broadly rounded. Ventral margin slightly curved, may become incurved medically in older shells. Posterior ridge round and not very distinct. Posterior slope often with two slight corrugations especially in younger shells. Hinge ligament dis- tinct. Beaks forward of the center and moderately full. (Sculp- ture erroded on all specimens observed.) Surface of the shell smooth greenish yellow, or ashy green, usually darker and more greenish toward the margins and on the posterior slope, some- times shell with fine greenish rays. Hinge edentulous, beak cavities shallow. Anterior and posterior muscle scars generally not distinct. Pallial line not always visible. Nacre silvery or bluish irridescent, sometimes tinted with salmon. Length Height Width Paratype of A. bridgesii Lea Holotype of A. Jewettiana Lea Lectotype Paratype 132 mm. 108 64 62 68 62 38 34 42 45 22 21 Lake Nicaragua Lake Nicaragua Lake Nicaragua Lake Nicaragua Types: Largilliert sent Philippi a very young specimen of this species which the latter described. The location of this specimen is unknown to us. Fortunately Largilliert sent a specimen from his original lot to C. B. Adams, here selected as lectotype. Museum of Comparative Zoology No. 184530. The type locality is Lake Nicaragua. There is also a paratype MCZ 17071 which was sent to J. G. Anthony. Lea's figured holotype of A. hridgesii is United States National Museum No. 86691. There is also a lot of paratypes. The figured holotype and only specimen of A. jewettiana is USNM No. 86681. Range and Records: Known only from the type locality. River Tipitapa and sand bar north of River Estar, Lake Nicaragua [listed as A. hridgesii] (Tate, 1869, American Jour. Conch., 5, p. 160). Remarks: Unfortunately the figured lectotype is a young spec- imen and does not represent the species very well. Young spec- imens are almost eliptical but adults tend to become more rhomboidal and the ventral margin is usually incurved. An- odontites nicaraguae shows considerable variation and I do not 82 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) hesitate to place hridgesii and jewettiana in its synonomy. Lea's figure of hridgesii is a good illustration of the typical adult, though jewettiana, which is based on a single specimen, is quite rhomboidal and rather more inflated than most specimens. However, comparison with other material would place it in this synonomy. Anodonta nicaragicae is known only from Lake Nicaragua, but further research may indicate that it is only a variety of Anodon- tites glauca Val. though we cannot determine that at present. Anodontites cornea (Philippi) Anodonta cornea Philippi, 1848, Zeit, fiir Mai., 5, p. 130 (Nicaragua) ; von Martens, 1900, Biol. Central America, Moll., p. 535. Anodonta atrovirens Philippi, 1848, Zeit. fiir Mai., 5, p. 130 ; Simpson, 1914, Des. Cat. Naiades, 3, p. 1456. Anodonta inaequivalvis Lea, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil- adelphia, 12, p. 95; 1869, Obs. Unio, 12, p. 52, pi. 43, fig. 108 (Lake Nicaragua) ; von Martens, 1900, Biol. Central America, Moll., p. 534. Anodontites inaequivalvis Lea, Simpson, 1914, Des. Cat. Nai- ades, Detroit, Michigan, 3, p. 1423. Anodonta lenticularis Lea, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil- adelphia, 12, p. 95 ; 1869, Obs. Unio, 12, p. 50, pi. 41, fig. 102 (Lake Nicaragua). Anodonta inaequivalvis lenticularis Lea, von Martens, 1900, Biol. Central America, Moll., p. 534. Anodonta granadensis Lea, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil- adelphia, 12, p. 96; 1869, Obs. Unio, 12, p. 48, pi. 41, fig. 100 (Lake Nicaragua). Anodonta inaequivalvis granadensis Lea, von Martens, 1900, Biol. Central America, Moll., p. 535. Anodontites granadensis Lea, Simpson, 1914, Des. Cat. Naiades Detroit, Michigan, 3, p. 1424. Description: Shell small reaching 42 mm. (li/o inches) rather thin, slightly inequivalve. Outline subeliptical to subrhombidal. Valves subinflated. Anterior end regularly rounded; posterior end obliquely subtruncated above. Ventral margin rounded. Posterior ridge rather full and rounded. Hinge ligament small. Beaks well forward of the center, low and sharp. (Sculpture erroded on all specimens observed.) Periostracum concentrically striated, wrinkled and looped dark green or straw colored, oc- January, 1951 THE NAUTILUS 83 casionally with darker posterior rays. Anterior adductor muscle scars distinct, posterior ones sometimes visible. Pallial line not distinct. Hing-e edentulous. Nacre bluish or silverly irrisencent. Length Width Height Holotype of A. inaequi- valvis Lea Holotype of A. lenticularis Lea Holotype of A. granaden- sis Lea 42 mm. 35 35 38 26 22 16 14 12 Lake Nicaragua Lake Nicaragua Lake Nicaragua Types: The types of Philippi's species may be in the British Museum. Lea's figured holotype of A. inaequivalvis is United States National Museum No. 86767, of A. lenticularis USNM No. 86704, and of A. granadensis USNM No. 86655. The type locality of both Philippi's and Lea's species is Lake Nicaragua. Range and Records: Known only from the type locality. Lake Nicara^a, near San Ubaldo, and River Malacatoya [listed as A. inaequalis [sic] Lea] (Tate, 1869, American Jour. Conch., 5, 160). Remarks: This species shows great variation. It is generally subeliptical but occasionally subrhomboidal. Specimens may be dark green or straw-colored. This latter character led Philippi to apply two names to this species. In speaking of the three names that he applied to A. cornea, Lea said (1869, Obs. Unio, 12, p. 49) ''The three are very closely allied. ..." Simpson (1914 Cat. Naiades, 3, p. 1424) has united inaequivalvis and lenticularis and admits that granadensis is probably only a variety. We do not hesitate to include them all under Philippi's earliest name. In his synonomy Simpson also included A. gldbrus Sowerby, A. montezianus Sowerby and A. viridana Clessin, but these are from Mexico, and are ill defined. I doubt that they belong under A. cornea. We chose the name cornea instead of atro- virens as it has paged precidence. 84 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) THE FAMILY JULIIDAE ^ By AETHUR day HOWARD While sorting the bottom samples taken by the Velero III from Socorro Isle, 1934, we found a shell that was new to us. The form was so peculiar that we made a few notes and sketches hoping sometime to find more material. Some time later a very small specimen was found in some dredgings from the southwest Pacific. Having found two specimens we set out to place the shell in its systematic position, if possible. As first identified it was found to belong to the Prasinidae which was named by Deshayes (1863) from a shell discovered on the Isle of Bourbon (Reunion), Indian Ocean, Prasina horhonica. The previously discovered Julia exquisita Gould, 1862, Sand- wich Islands, was later given precedence as the name of the genus. Dall, 1898, figured J. floridana Burns, Eocene, Florida, which he said is the only American fossil of the genus from any horizon. This is, so far as we know, the first report of the Juliidae from this continent. Fischer, 1887, in his Manuel de ConchyUologie, made Jidia a sub -genus of Prasina in the family Prasinidae. Dall, 1895, accepted this classification with a ques- tion. He later, 1898, after the examination of more material, concluded that Prasina and Julia were identical and therefore the older name, Julia, according to the rules of nomenclature, would be given to the genus. He also found grounds for estab- lishing the family Juliidae. Woodring, 1925, described a new fossil species /. gardnerae from Miocene of Jamaica employing the family title Juliidae. He mentions the J. floridana of Dall and three European fossil species. A new living west American species was described by Pilsbry and Olsson in 1944, found at Panama, in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. It was named because of its distribution J. equatorialis. Also in 1944 Dr. C. Beets gave a detailed ac- count of the genus and listed nine species. We then have in all the following species described up to the present time : 1 Contribution no. 52 from the Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Loa Angeles, California. January, 1951] the nautilus 85 Living: J. exqiiisita Gld., Hawaii J. horhonica (Dh.) Bourbon, etc. Indian Ocean J. cornida (de Folin), Mauritius, Indian Ocean J. eqiiatorialis P. and O., Panama to Peru Fossil: J. douvillei (Cossmann and Peyrot), France J. floridiana Dall, Florida /. gardnerae Woodring-, Jamaica J. girondica (C. and P.), France J. lecointreae (Dollfus and Dautzenberg) , France J undescribed, from Santo Domingo. The first two specimens we found were weathered, dead shells, with no color except white. However, we discovered a shell, a left valve, from Cape San Lucas that had recently been alive which possessed the distinctive characters of Julia exquisita of Gould and Prasina horhonica of Deshayes. The ground color is green, and strong lines of deeper green radiate from the um- bones to the ventral edge, about 22 in number. The shell is transparent and markedly polished, especially in the interior. A muscle scar is slightly visible in the middle of the posterior part of the valve. A strong column arises from the interior, anterior to the bj^ssal fissure and the prominent beak, and meets a similar column in the right valve. The column is slightly enlarged at its inner end and probably fits into a depression in the other valve. These colums give a marked rigidity to the hinge structure. Sub- sequently w^e found four valves, 2 right and 2 left, in the dredg- ings from Socorro Island; one of these is larger (3 mm. long) than the others. Its dimensions, long 3, alt. 2.8, diam. 1.5 mm. The size maximum, 3 mm., is smaller than the specimen of Gould which measured long 5, lat. 4, alt. 4 mm. A valve from Santa Cruz is larger, as noted below. The method of collecting the fresh shell suggests where this comparatively rare species may be found. It was obtained from washings of marine algae in shore collecting by Dr. Yale Dawson near Cape San Lucas. I would surmise that the live mollusk would be obtained attached by a byssus to green algae. To summarize the distribution as we found it we have one specimen from Braithwaite Bay, Socorro Island, 16 fathoms ; 4 Braithwaite Bay, 14-18 fathoms ; 1 fresh left valve in shore collecting 5 miles east of Cape San Lucas; 1 right valve measuring, length 4, 86 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) height 3, diameter 0.75 mm., from Chinese Bay, Santa Cruz Island, in 17 fathoms. Through the courtesy of Dr. James G. Needham and Dr. John W. Wells of Cornell University we have been able to compare our shells with those described by A. A. Gould in 1862. The form is, in major details, the same, but in size they differ markedly. The largest of those from Socorro Isle measures only 3 mm. in length while Gould's specimens in 5 mm, long and of much heavier build. As shown in the illustration, the possession of lines is quite striking in the Pacific Coast shells. However, the lines may be a character of only fresh or juvenile shells. The shells of J. exquisita have a porcelanous texture while these shells are translucent to almost transparent. In form and size and apparently marking our shells come nearest to J. equatorialis. The pattern of ornamentation of J. equatorialis was described as ''about 20 very shallow radial lines," but on renewed examina- tion, Dr. Pilsbry thinks that the lines are the remains of color lines, any appearance of slight impression being owing to differential erosion of the beach-worn shells. In size and form a Socorro specimen compared is indentical with some of the equatorial shells. At any rate, we have now a correct descrip- tion of the ornamentation, and an extension of the distribution some two thousand miles to the northwest of Panama, the north- ernmost reported locality for J. equatorialis, and three thousand miles east of Hawaii, the home of J. exquisita. The figures are from photographs by Daniel H. Chapman and Akira Asakura. Plate 6, fig. 1, the exterior of the left valve from Cape San Lucas, AHF No. 4461, length 2.75, alt. 2, diam. .5 mm., broken anterior edge. Fig. 2, the interior of the same (extremely difficult to photograph because of the polished sur- face). Fig. 3, the interior of the largest of the Socorro Isle shells, AHF No. 4341. Literature cited Beets, C. 1944. Geologic en Mijnbouw, N. S. 6 Jaargang, No. 3-4, pp. 28-31. Dall, W. H. 1898. Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, pt. 4, p. 810. Dall, W. H., Bartsch P., and Reiider, H. A. 1938. A manual of the recent and fossil marine pelecypod mollusks of the Hawaiian Islands. Bull. 153, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. January, 1951] the nautilus 87 Deshayes, G. p. 1863. Cat. Moll. Isle de Reunion, p. 25, 1863, in Maillard. Notes sur L'lle de La Reunion. Fischer, Dr. Paul. 1887. Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 949, 950, Paris, 1887. FoLiN, L. DE, et Perrier, L. 1867-71. Les Fonds de la Mer, p. 83, pi. 9, %. 7, I Paris, Savy. Gould, A. A. 1862. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII, p. 284, 1862. Pilsbry, H. a., and Olsson, A. A. 1944. A West American Julia, Nautilus, 57, p. 86, 87. Woodring, Wendell P. 1925. Miocene mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica. Pelecypods and scaphopods. Pp. 87, 88. Carnegie Inst., Washington. LAND SNAILS FROM THE GUADALUPE RANGE, TEXAS By H. a. pilsbry and E. P. CHEATUM The southeastern end of the Guadalupe Mountains in New Mexico and Texas proves to be rather rich in local land snails, and doubtless is well worth further exploration. A beginning was made in 1922, when J. H. Ferriss and the senior author collected for a few days, finding new holospiras, the fine Hum- holdtiana ultima and other shells. In November, when we were there, the moutain tops were already white with snow; it was bitterly cold, and we had to make fires from time to time to restore feeling to our benumbed fingers. These conditions cut our stay short. A second brief exploration was made last year by the junior author, whose account of the trip follows. During Juty, 1950, mj^ wife, two sons, and I spent two days collecting shells in the Guadalupe range of mountains at Pine Springs, Texas. Occupying the same tourist court with our party were students and teachers from Kansas University and Columbia University, both groups studying the fossil invert- ebrates of that area. Since I was in the process of coming down with virus pneumo- nia, I didn't feel much like climbing the mountains for shells, but fortunately for me, Mrs. Winnif red Fischer, wife of Dr. Wm. 88 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) Fischer of the Geology Department at Kansas University, and her son Bill offered to serve as guide and help collect shells. The trip up the mountains which yielded the new Ashmunella was made by my wife and eldest son, Don. Typical vegetation of that section in dry areas consisted of ocotilla, cacti, and lechueguilla. Mr. Yochelson from Columbia University made the trip with me to McKittrick Canyon, where we found new Holospira. Mrs. Wm. Fischer discovered Holosp ira roemeri in Bone Spring Canyon. This canyon heads back into the mountain mass between El Capitan and Guadalupe Peak, just to the west of Guadalupe Canyon. Flanking both McKit- trick and Bone Spring Canyons are limestone cliffs with suf- ficient vegetation, crypts, etc., to adequately support and protect the mollusk population. Ashmunella edithae new species. Plate 4, fig. 10. The shell is depressed with very slightly elevated spire and a sharply carinate periphery. The umbilicus is contained about three times in the diameter, noticeably widening in the last whorl. The surface is hyaline, pale brown, with fine unevenly spaced growth lines present on all except the smoothish initial whorls. The whorls are weakly convex above, the last whorl carinate with a convex base, slightly descending in front. The aperture is strongly oblique ; peristome white, rather narrowly expanded above and reflected at the outer and basal margins. The parietal wall with a deeply placed short oblique, straight tooth. Within the outer lip is a conic tooth ; in the basal margin two slightly compressed teeth. Height 5.5 mm., diameter 16.2 mm. ; 5^/4 whorls. Type. Height 5.5 mm., diameter 15 mm. ; 5i/4 whorls. Paratype. Guadalupe Range, near the top of the mountain up Pipe Line Canyon, Pine Springs, Texas. Type ANSP; paratype in Cheatum collection. A. edithae is related to A. kochi but is smaller, the spire more elevated and the periphery sharply carinate. The parietal tooth does not bend toward the columella; the tooth within the outer lip is not oblicjuely set and tapers to its tip rather than being blunt topped. This species is named for the wife of the junior author, who found the shells. Januarj^, 1951] the nautilus 89 HoLOSPiRA piTYis ncw specics. Plate 4, figs. 3, 3a. The shell is short, cylindric in the last three whorls which form over half the total length; the first five whorls taper rapidly. Embryonic IV2 whorls smooth, second whorl very con- vex, the protoconch somewhat nipple-like. Remaining whorls very finely and closely rib-striate, the riblets pale against gray ground. The antepenult whorl with about 80 distinct riblets. The whorls are convex, the last straightened and slightly protrud- ing forward. The aperture is ovate the outer posterior portion angulated. The straight parietal margin of the peristome is in contact with, or is barely free from the last whorl, but else- where the peristome is continuous, free and expanded. Inside the shell there is a small columellar lamella within the latter part of the penultimate whorl, near its base. Length 8.5, diam- eter 4 mm. ; 9 whorls. Guadalupe Range: Pine Springs Camp, Texas. Holospira montivaga form hreviaria Pils. is a more narrowly cylindric shell with stronger sculpture. It is usually larger than H. pityis, which in a considerable number collected appears to vary but little in size and shape. Named from its pine cone shape. Holospira oritis new species. Plate 4, figs. 5, 5a. The shell is cylindric in the lower four or five whorls, those above tapering slowly. The embryonic whorls are smooth, the following whorls finely and closely rib-striate, the riblets paler than the blueish- or brownish-gray intervals. Riblets on the penult and some earlier whorls are subdued and irregular or wanting, they reappear on the last whorl, and are coarser on the last half whorl. The eighth whorl has 52 distinct riblets. The whorls are somewhat convex, the last straightened and shortlj^ projecting forward. The aperture is rounded below, truncate above ; peristome is continuous, free, and narrowly reflected. Internal structure is variable. The type and several other specimens opened have a blunt lamella near the base of the axis in the end of the penult and beginning of the last whorl. In another specimen there is also a lamella on the basal partition of the penult whorl. In still another shell within the penultimate whorl there is a strong lamella, at least one-half whorl long, on the upper wall and a strong blunt oblique lamella near base of the columellar axis; also a weak lamina on the floor of the cavity. 90 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) Length 20.8 mm., diameter 5.4 mm. ; I51/2 whorls. Length 19.4 mm., diameter 5.5 mm. ; 15 whorls. Length 16.8 mm., diameter 5.0 mm. ; 13% whorls. Length 14.9 mm., diameter 4.8. ; 14 whorls. This species was collected near Pratt's Lodge in McKittrick Canyon in the Guadalupe Range approximately 7 miles from Pine Springs, Texas. They were upon rocks of a jutting escarp- ment of limestone near a stream. The number of smoothish whorls is variable. In some spec- imens scarcely more than the penult whorl is smooth, but in some others five or six whorls may show no distinct striation. By the variable number of internal lamellae in the penult whorl it resembles the Big Hatchet Mountain species. This snail is evidently related to H. montivaga Pilsbry but it is much less strongly costulate than that species. (Name from opetrts, a mountaineer.) THE PRESERVATION OF SLUGS By LESLIE HUBEICHT The old method of killing slugs by drowning in a container filled with water is unsatisfactory because the slugs struggle and secrete large quatities of slime. The resultant specimens are not fully expanded and slime obscures the color pattern. In the genus Philomycus there are a number of apparently distinct color patterns which seem to have definite geographical ranges. But when specimens are preserved these patterns are obscured by contraction and slime so that their distinctness is lost. I realized that if the genus Philomycus was to be under- stood, a better method of preservation would have to be found. After trying a number of methods I found that the following procedure would produce satisfactory results. Fill a tight container with water and add enough Chloretone to insure a saturated solution and let stand for several days to disolve. When killing slugs some of this solution is poured off into a jar and enough water added to cut the strength to 10 to 20 percent. It is not necessary to fill the jar as the slugs will not struggle or climb out, but in a few minutes become January, 1951] the nautilus 91 relaxed and extend themselves. Killing requires from three to ten hours depending on temperature. When they are dead, which can be tested by pinching the tentacles with a pair of forceps, if there is no reaction they are ready for fixing. For fixing add enough 40 percent formaldehyde to make a solution of one part of the formaldehyde to 16 parts of water and leave for from 24 to 48 hours. After fixing they should be removed to 70 percent alcohol for preservation. When this method is used the slugs are preserved life size with the color patterns clear, and there is no fermentation of the stomach contents which sometimes happens with the old method. Although the killing is hastened by warmth, care should be taken to prevent overheating. The heat produced by parking a car in the sun will ruin the specimens if they are left inside. SOME NOTES ON HALIOTIS By JOSHUA L. BAILY, JR. For some years past, I have been assembling data concerning the abalones of this coast with the idea of someday publishing a detailed monograph of this interesting group. But a recent contribution to the Natural History Museum of San Diego by Mr. Reg Richardson, an amateur diver of La Jolla, contains such interesting material that it appears justifiable to place it on record without further delay. Among this was a single specimen of Haliotis sorensoni Bartsch. This is the species formerly called H. assimilis Dall in local collections, but it is not that species. H. sorensoni may readily be distinguished by its nearly circular outline and its relatively thin shell. Locally it is known as the 'Hrue pink abalone" to distinguish it from the ''false pink abalone" which is H. corrugata Gray. So far as I am aware, jB". sorensoni has never been recorded from La Jolla before, although it has un- doubtedly been taken there, as it has been reported from Point Concepcion to the north and from Guadalupe to the south. A more interesting find, however, consists of a pair of spec- imens of what I believe to be the lost species of C. B. Adams, H. 92 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) ponderosa. They fit perfectly the description and figure given by Bartsch.^ They resemble large coarse specimens of H. rufes- cens Swainson and perhaps might more appropriately be con- sidered a variety of that species, though Avell worthy of a dis- tinguishing name. However, until the opportunity of comparing them with the type has been realized it is better to withhold final judgment. An authentic specimen of H. rufescens was taken with them, and Mr. Richardson pointed out that the meat in H. rufescens is light while in the supposed H. ponderosa it is dark. This difference may prove to have greater taxonomic significance than any of the purely conchological features. Although there were no bJack abalones in Mr. Richardson's donation, perhaps a few observations on the nomenclatorial vicissitudes through which this species has passed may not be considered out of place at this time. Formerly two species of blacks were recognized, H. cracherodii Leach, in which the per- forations are variable in size and irregularly placed, both with respect to their common locus as well as to each other, and H. calif orniensis SAvainson in which the perforations are placed with geometrical precision. The latter has a significantly greater number of perforations, but the ranges of variation of the two overlap. Recently Bartsch - has united the two in a single species on the ground that specimens from San Bonita {sic, error for San Benito) Islands form perfect intergrades connecting the two. Personalh^ I concur in this conclusion, but for a different reason. Occasionally specimens of black abalone are found which are completely imperforate. Since the two recognized species differ only in the nature of the perforations it follows that imperforate specimens might be referred with equal propriety to either species. If two species are admitted two corresponding varieties would have to be recognized, each of which would be entitled to a name, although the two would be absolutely indistinguishable. Since there are no criteria of taxonomic value other than the per- forations, this anomaly can be avoided only by uniting the two species or by giving separate specific rank to the imperforate form. 1 Proc. U. S. N. M., V. 89, p. 52, pi. 7, 1940. 2 Loc. cit., p. 55. January, 1951] the nautilus 93 The first record of the imperforate form seems to have been made by Kelsey ^ who referred to it as a freak and gave it no name, though he subsequently told me that he considered it a legitimate variety. Mr. Kelsey obtained his single specimen from Mr. Frank X. Holzner, the game warden of San Diego County, who kept a curio store on the site of the present Crystal Palace Building in San Diego, who in turn found it in a ship- ment of shells from Ensenada. I was in Mr. Holzner 's store when he found the shell and gave it to Mr. Kelsey, and can certify to the accuracy of the latter 's statement that it was devoid of holes and had no indication of any intention in that direction. Later Hemphill * described an imperforate variety which he called H. cracherodii holzneri. Although he declared that Kelsey 's specimen belonged to this variety inspection of Hemp- hill's three cotypes now in the collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History reveals conclusively that this was not the case. Hemphill's specimens are all pathological monstros- ities. The black abalone, unlike the other species, sometimes lives on cobble stones, and, in conforming to the surface of the cobbles the shell becomes distorted, so that the aperture is curved in three dimensions. If the cobbles are rolled about as the result of wave action during a storm, the abalones adhering to them will be exposed to the risk of fracture, and since the locus of the perforations is structurally the weakest part of the shell it is here that the fracture is most likely to occur. If then the mollusk succeeds in salvaging the fragments of its covering by cementing them together with a fresh deposit of calcareous matter the perforations may become obliterated. This is quite ob- viously what happened with Hemphill's types. There is a well pronounced scar where the holes used to be, and consequently his name lacks taxonomic significance. Later, Dall ^ described the normally imperforate form as H. cracherodii imperforata and still later he figured it.^ (In- cidentally his figure is not the original specimen found by Mr. 3 Nautilus, V. 18, p. 67, 1904. 4 Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 1, no. 2, p. 4, 1907. 5 Proc. U. S. N. M., V. 56, p. 370, 1919. 6 Bull. U. S. N. M., 112, p. 184, pi. 94 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) Holzner and given to Mr. Kelsey, but the description fits it closely. I do not know what became of Mr. Kelsey's shell.) In the latter publication, Dall recognized Hemphill's name and so evidenced his belief that there were two imperforate forms, one normal and the other pathological, and the fact that the specimen which he figured as H. c. holzneri is obviously not that form does not vitiate this interpretation. Ball's name cannot be used as there was a prior Haliotis imperforata of Gmelin, 1791 (Syst. Nat., ed. 13, I, p. 3690), now known to be a synonym of Stomatia phymotis Helbling.^ On account of this preoccupation of the name imperforata Finlay ^ renamed this form H. c. lusiis and this seems to be the correct name by which it will be know^n. The thought sometimes expressed that the normally imperforate variation is unworthy of a separate name is, I think, not well taken, for surely the complete absence of perforations should be accorded as much taxonomic significance as variations in their number, size, or position. There are several other well recognizable varieties of black abalone, but the discussion of their validity must be deferred until more material is at hand. A NEW VARIETY OF SUCCINEA FROM JAPAN By GORDON K. MACMILLAN Carnegie Museum SucciNEA LAUTA SPHAERICA var. nov. PI. 5, fig. 3. Shell ovate, quite globose, dark amber colored, thin, fragile, pellucid; periostracum shining, minutely wrinkled obliquely, rougher towards aperture, with a malleated appearance; spiral striae weak, more prominent towards the suture ; suture mod- erately impressed ; spire very small, not prominent, not pointed ; whorls 31/2, rounded, last very large, expanded, and inflated; aperture oval, very large, expanded, slightly oblique at the outer margin, parietal wall and columellar margin with a slight callus deposit; peristome acute, simple, thin; columella thin, sharp, narrowed. Height 24.1 mm. ; breadth 14.6 mm. 7 I am indebted to the late Mr. E. G. Vanatta for this information. 8 Trans. New Zealand Inst., v. 57, p. 492, 1927. January, 1951] the nautilus 95 Type Locality: Tobi Shima, Ugo, Japan. Holotype: Carnegie Museum No. 62.39794, Section of Invertebrates. Paratypes: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 84867 and Carnegie Museum No. 62.15753 and No. 62.39795, Section of Invertebrates. The measurements of the paratypes in the collection of the Carnegie Museum and the Academy of Natural Sciences are as follows: Height: 19.8-24 mm. Breadth: 11.8-14.5 mm. S. I. sphaerica is a much more globose shell than S. lauta; the spire is blunter, the whorls of which do not form a pointed apex; the surface of the shell is more coarsely sculptured and more malleated towards the aperture; the whorls are rounder; and the aperture is much more rounded and expanded. This new variety is apparently Sicccinea lauta var. that Dr. W. Kobelt mentions and figures in ''Fauna Molluscorum Extra- marinorum Japoniae," 1879, p. 102, pi. 7, fig. 21b. It is Suc- cinea lauta Gould from Tobishima, Ugo, in Y. Hirase, ''The Conchological Magazine," vol. 3, No. 3, March 1909, p. 21, and Succinea lauta Gould (var.), specimen number 1044, from To- bishima, Ugo, on page 22 of "The First Additional Catalogue of the Land Shells of Japan to be had of Y. Hirase," 1908. Daniel B. Langford in his article "Hunting Eulota (Karafto- helix) fiscina Fulton, in Saghalien" (Naut., 41, 1927, 40) mentions Succinea lauta karaftoensis Pilsbry, which had been collected on decaying logs and stumps and under bark at Ichinosaw^a, Kiminai, and Kawakami on Saghalien Island. Dr. Pilsbry informs me that it is of more slender shape than S. lauta or 8. lauta sphaerica. Tobi Shima is a small island situated about nine miles west of Kisakato in the Province of Ugo on the Island of Honshu. At present Succinea lauta has been collected at the following localities in Japan : Tokyo, Saitama, Honshu Island Nikko, Totshigi, Honshu Island Sotakaifumura, Sado Island Hakodate, Hakodate, Hokkaido Island Kigokawa, Ojima, Hokkaido Island Nishigo, Uzen, Honshu Island Sapporo, Sapporo, Hokkaido Island 96 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) Of these records, the shells from Sado Island and Uzen Pro- vince are the closest to Tobi Shima and which are south and southwest of this locality. Since specimens of S. lauta have also been collected from Hakodate, Hokkaido Island, which is north of Tobi Shima, there is the possibility that lauta exists in the intervening territory, and it is on this assumption that sphaerica has been made a variety of that species. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE FOREIGN SNAILS OF LOUISIANA By HAEOLD W. HAREY After I had submitted previous notes on this subject (Nau- tilus, 62: 1, pp. 20-24, July 1948), several additional data came to light. Chance alone accounts for the finding of Taylor's (1899) report of Limax flavus in North Louisiana. The ob- scurity of the ''Gulf Fauna and Flora Bulletin," only three numbers of volume one having appeared, may allow a brief summary of his article. Having observed this slug over a period of several years, Taylor pronounced it the most abundant mollusk at Ruston. Oviposition was reported from February to December, with pos- sibly more than one generation per year. During an unusually severe freeze of 1898-99 he thawed these slugs from ice and found them viable, and slugs under boards buried in the snow were crawling about. Dryness was found to be a more important limiting factor than cold. At the turn of the century, L. flavus was considered a pest, as contaminants of the open wells which were then the chief source of drinking water in the area. If not quickly removed, those which fell into the water rotted and produced obnoxious odors ; this often necessitated bailing out the well, and in some cases its abandonment. Taylor suggested that the presence of slugs in the water might lead to disease. As remedial measures he proposed removing all moisture-retain- ing rubbish from about the well, using tar, sand, salt, ashes or sawdust as barrier-irritants, and keeping a few ducks about to eat the sluers ; chickens found them distasteful. January, 1951] the nautilus 97 In the same publication Frierson (1899) lists 53 mollusks from Desoto Parish, and comments, ^ ' Professor Taylor also sent several examples of Limax flavus from Ruston, La. ... I have not seen any as yet in DeSoto Parish, though it follows the railroad like the English Sparrow." On Christmas Day of 1949 I found several immature examples of L. flavus in a vacant lot of the little village of Frierson, DeSoto Parish, w^hich was founded by the family of the Louisiana conchologist (see Strecker, 1929.) Eggs of this slug containing well developed embryos w^ere found at Shreveport in February 1945 and December 1949. In June, 1948, Dr. Richard Stone gave me examples of Limax marginatus Miiller which he had collected in an overgrown vacant lot near King's Highway and Line Avenue in Shreveport. Later that year he found it in other localities in the general vicinity. Specimens have been submitted to Dr. W. 0. Gregg for verifica- tion, and are deposited in his collection. Though I searched in the same vacant lot where this species was first taken by Dr. Stone, I was unable to find any specimens in December, 1949, and conclude that it is probably rare. Bradyhaena similaris is apparently much more widely dis- tributed in New Orleans than I had previously know^n. Later I found it in Audubon Park, and in several gardens widely separated in that city. Whether Folygyra texasiana (Moricand) is an imported snail in some parts of Louisiana, as I suggested in the earlier note, is questionable. I have lately examined material labeled P. tex- asiana and P. triodo7itoides in the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, also several lots which Mr. E. L. Krinitzsky has recently taken in Louisiana, and some unsorted material of my own collecting. These lots include the following localities: DeSoto Parish (five lots, probably all obtained and distributed by Frierson) ; drift material from the Red River at Montgomery, Grant Parish (A. A. Olson) ; Alexandria, Rapides Parish (W. J. Clench) ; near Bayou Pierre in Shreveport and at Forbing, Caddo Parish (H. W. Harry) ; New Orleans, a vacant lot below Jackson Square (H. W. Harry, 1941) ; also the specimens taken by Mike Wright, in ''Orleans Parish," and cited by Goodrich (Nautilus, 53, p. 105) ; South of the Old Capitol in Baton Rouge (H. W. Harry, 1941, 1947) ; Near the lake in Lake Charles, Calcasieu 98 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) Parish (H. W. Harry, 1941) ; flood plain of the Cane River at Natchitoches, Natchitoches Parish (E. L. Krinitzsky, 1948) ; along- the Mississippi River at Hard Scrabble Bend, Tensas Parish (E. L. Krinitzsky, 1948). All these lots show the labial teeth to be variable in separation, but usually rather widely spaced, so that in no instance is the interdenticular sinus deeper than wide. Yet some of the spec- mens from Tensas Parish, though obviously bleached, retain sufficient color to show a peripheral maroon band. The recogni- tion of two species of this variable complex in Louisiana seems without justification, at least until more distinctive characters are ellucidated than the relative ones of the shell. Having read Pilsbry's account (1948) of Deroceras retic- ulatum 1 rechecked available specimens of Deroceras from the lower Mississippi valley to see if any might be referred to that species. Preserved slugs from the following localities were examined: Louisiana State University Campus, Baton Rouge (E. B. Prince, 12 March 1950) ; 10 Miles south of Shreveport, Caddo Parish (Dec. 1949) ; Frierson, DeSoto Parish (Christmas, 1949; very common with the L. flavics cited above) ; 13 Miles North of Holly Springs, Marshall Co., Miss. (2 April 1949) ; Rankin Co., 4 Miles east of Jackson, Miss. (4 April 1949) ; Crystal Springs, Copiah Co., Miss. (4 April 1949) ; 4.6 Miles east of Greenwood, Carroll Co., Miss. (3 April 1949). Except for the Baton Rouge specimens, all lots were collected by me. They were taken under detritus in vacant lots and along road- sides, ideal situations for the presence of D. reticulatum or other tourist snails. Many examples of large size (25 mm. long, preserved) were noted in the field. The color is usually almost black on the mantle and postdorsal areas, though motled gray on the lateral and anterior portions. A few specimens vary to light gray or tan. The tail is sharply keeled for a short distance at the tip, and always prominently truncate in preserved material. The pneumostomal area is the color of the mantle, or sometimes shows a stellate area of lighter shade, but never is this region as light or as extensive as I have seen it in some D. reticulatiim from January, 1951] the nautilus 99 Michigan. When dropped into alcohol, the slugs produced moderate amounts of an opaque, white, strongly adhesive slime. Examination of the internal anatomy discredits their being D. reticulatum, and I can only conclude they are all Deroceras laeve (Miiller), as Pilsbry (1948) describes this species. All lack a rectal caecum, and have the ovotestis deeply imbedded in the anterior part of the posterior liver lobe, not evident on the periphery of the visceral mass. Though only one to three spec- imens from each station were examined, all are aphallate. A specimen from Crystal Springs, Miss., and another from 10 Mi. south of Shreveport show a small, subspherical appendage on the lower reproductive duct, near the atrium, which may be an Anlage of the penis. Some of the Mississippi specimens were found ovipositing; three specimens from near Batesville (Panola Co., Miss., 3 April 1949) were clustered together with extended genitalia, but unfortunately these slugs were lost. In 1941 I examined phallate specimens of D. laeve from East Baton Rouge Parish which agree with the external characters outlined above ; however, data on the season of collecting the specimens is lacking. Preliminary examination of the radulae of specimens from all cited stations revealed no salient differences among themselves nor from D. reticulatum from Missaukee Co., Michigan, which was dissected for comparison. All agree with Vanatta's drawing of the radula of D. laeve from Isle Royal, Mich. (Pilsbry 1948, p. 540, fig. 289D). Representatives of Limax, Deroceras and Polygyra mentioned herein are on deposit at the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. References Frierson, L. S. 1899. A contribution to a knowledge of the mollusca of Louisiana, as found in the Parish of DeSoto. GuK Fauna and Flora Bulletin, 1(3) :74-80. Ruston, La., F. T. Grayson, printer. Pilsbry, H. A. 1948. Land mollusca of North America, 2 : 2. Strecker, J. K. 1929. Lorraine Screven Frierson, a Southern Conchologist. Contrib. from Baylor Univ. Museum, 21 : 1-12, 1 portrait. Taylor, W. Edgar. 1899. The common slug, Limax flavus, as a nuisance. Gulf Fauna and Flora Bulletin, 1(3) : 69-73. 100 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) THE MOLLUSKS OF DAUPHIN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA By ROBEET a. HEILMAN Dauphin County is a land area of 521 square miles situated in southeastern Pennsylvania. The southern end of the county lies within the Piedmont Province while the remaining and larger portion of the county lies within the Appalachian Valley Province. This county is drained by many small creeks which empty into the Susquehanna River, the western boundary of Dauphin County. Its forests are chiefly deciduous, although there are some large stands of evergreens. The field work which forms the basis of this report was done mostty in the area lying between the Second Mountain and the Conewago Creek. This region might well be termed the Swatara Valley since the Swatara Creek provides the major drainage source for this region. The soil of this valley is rich in lime- stone and calcareous shales and has been extensively developed by man agriculturally and industrially with the result that many of the natural habitats favorable to a molluscan popula- tion have been destroyed or depleted. Throughout this section of Dauphin County, a total of 49 dif- ferent forms of mollusks was collected, representing 17 families and 29 genera. The list of species follows : Triodopsis tridentata (Say) T. tridentata juxtidens (Pilsbry) Mesodon alholahris (Say) "M. thyroidus (Say) Haplotrema concavum (Say) Ventridens ligerus (Say) *V. suppressus (Say) Retinella hinneyana (Morse) R. hurringtoni (Pilsbry) R. wheatleyi (Bland) R. indentata (Say) Hawaiia minu^cula (A. Binney) Zonitoides arhoreus (Say) ^Anguispira alternata (Saj-) A. alternata angulata P. & V. Biscxis cronTihitei (Newcomb) J), cronkhitei catskillensis (Pilsbry) Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) Succinea ovalis (Say) Pupoides alhilahris (Ward) Vallonia pulchella (Miiller) Deroceras laeve (Miiller) T). rcticulatum (Miiller) Philomycus carol in ia nns fexuolaris (Raf.) Pseiidosuccinea columella (Say) * The species indicated by an asterisk were previously reported from Dauphin County by Charles B. Wurtz in "New State and County Kecords of Land-Snails in Pennsylvania,'' The Nautilus, Vol. 53, No. 3, 1940. January, 1951 THE NAUTILUS 101 Stagnicola emarginata (Say) Fossaria ohrussa peninsulae (Walker) F. modicella rustica (Lea) F. exigim (Lea) F. parva (Lea) Helisoma anceps (Menke) H. campanulatum (Say) Gyravlus parvus (Say) G. deflect us (Say) Physa heterostropha (Say) P. gyrina (Say) Ferrissia rivularis (Say) Campeloma decisa (Say) Goniohasis virginica (Gmelin) Anculosa carinata (Brug.) Elliptio complanatus (Dillwyn) Alasmidonta marginata sus- quehannae Ortmann Sphaerium sulcatum (Lamarck) S. solidulum (Prime) S. striatinum (Lamarck) Pisidium dubium (Say) P. compressum Prime P. abditum Haldeman Of particular significance is the absence of any representa- tion of the genus Stenotrema. Despite a diligent search on each field trip, the stenotremas were not to be found, although they should occur in Dauphin County according to known distribu- tional facts. The presence of Alasmidonta marginata susquehannae Ort- mann in the Conewago Creek south of Hershey, Pennsylvania, constitutes a new locality record for this species, and indicates a southward extension of the range of this species. This species has also been taken from the Swatara Creek southeast of Bethel in Berks County, which is also a new locality record. This paper is only a preliminary report on the molluscan fauna of Dauphin County and additional field work is expected to yield many additional species from this county. Mr. Gordon K. MacMillan of the Carnegie Museum, and H. B. Herrington rendered invaluable assistance in the identification of the material from Dauphin County and the author here acknowledo^es his indebtedness to each. NOTES AND NEWS Menetus coloradoensis F. C. Baker in Wyoming. — A few specimens of this lately described and apparently rare species were taken by me July 30, last year, in Yellowstone National Park, Midway Geyser Basin, in a lily pond off Firehole River. It is a new record for Wyoming. — Dorothy E. Beetle. Hirsute Polygyra mooreana (W. G. B.). — The presence of hairs on some examples of this species, first noticed by Strecker, 102 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) was doubted by Pilsbry (Vol. 1, p. 624 of the Land Mollusca of N.A.) ; but specimens taken by me at Hueco Springs, Comal Co., Texas; also some from Hwy. 237, just north of Warrenton, Fayette Co., Texas, under logs by side of road; now in my col- lection and that of the A.N.S. Phila., show many scattered hairs on the upper and peripheral surfaces. — Jack H. McLellan. ViviPARUs coNTECTOiDEs IN New York City. — Recently, a member of the New York Shell Club reported finding Vivipariis contectoides W. G. B. in Central Park Lake, New York City. The President of the Club, Mr. Morris K. Jacobson, found that Vivipara contectoides was not reported before in New York City, or vicinity. It is not mentioned in any known lists of New York land and fresh water shells. 1. ''Cat. of Moll, of Staten Island," Hubbard & Smith, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., voL 8, no. 4-5, pp. 151-154 (1865). 2. ''Report on Moll, of L. I., New York, and its Dependencies," Smith & Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. IX, pp. 377-407 (1870). 3. Bull. Brooklyn Conchological Club, vol. 1, no. 1., November, 1907. 4. "Fauna of New England," 13. "List of the Mollusca," C. W. Johnson, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. (1915). Twenty-five Vivipara contectoides were found in June, 1949. Also a recent search located four dead shells at the same spot (November, 1950) showing there must be some of them still growing in Central Park Lake. — Dorothy D. Freas. Pallifera secreta (Cockerell). — In the latter part of June, 1950 I collected three specimens of a small Pallifera on mush- rooms in the beech woods on the side of Roan Mtn., a half mile southeast of Carvers Gap, Mitchell Co., North Carolina, at an altitude of about 5000 ft. These slugs were small, about one- half inch long, gray-blue without spots, and were obviously im- mature. Although they did not have the spots mentions in Cockerell's description it seemed that they could be no other species than Pallifera secreta. During the middle of September I again visited Roan Mtn. and stopped at the same locality. Three hours of leaf raking resulted in the finding of a series of about twenty specimens of all ages. The adults differed from the immature in being January, 1951] the nautilus 103 lavender-brown in color. Two specimens had scattered small round black spots on the forward half of the mantle. Adults were 25 to 30 mm. in length when fully extended. Three adult specimens were opened. The penis was very long, being about two-thirds the length of the body, and coiled in two loops, slightly swollen at the tip but not containing the fleshy body found in P. marmorea Pils. The spermathecal duct and oviduct were very slender. In three specimens of P. hemphilli (W. G. B.), measuring 40 mm. in length preserved in alcohol, collected the same day at Roan High Bluff, the penis was short, about one-fourth the length of the animal, the end third bent at a right angle and greatly inflated, and without internal protuberences. — Leslie HUBRICHT. The use of infra-subspecific names in Doctor de la Torre ^s essay on Polymita, reviewed in this number, will be of interest to specialists in nomenclature, as it is in accordance with the action of the International Commission on Zoological Nomencla- ture at Paris in August 1948 to add to the Regies or Rules a special nomenclatorial status for names given to infrasubspecific forms (e.g., aberrant, color, seasonal, male and other forms be- low the category of subspecies). The official proposal has been published in detail in the Bull. Zool. Nomen., vol. 3, paper I.e. (48) 9, pp. 55-68, 1950, and its provisions are expected to become effective on Jan. 1, 1951. It will also be retroactive. The Rules will provide that a name given to any inf ra-suspecific form shall be co-ordinate with the name given to any other infra- subspecific form but not with names of subspecies and species. If a name originally published as an infra-subspecific form is elevated to subspecific or specific rank, it shall rank from the date on which it was so elevated and shall be attributed to the author by whom it was so elevated. In a change in the opposite direction, however (subspecies to an infra-subspecies), the name shall retain its original priority and author. Dr. de la Torre's names are clearly defined as infra-subspecific, but there are many doubtful cases in earlier publications, and it appears that some strange name-changing is in store for us. There are other cases which involve micro-races (or sub-species) such as Pilsbry's ** varieties" of Liguus which are not comparable to individual variations or aberrations. 104 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) These infra-subspecific names were formerly merely latinized descriptive terms, but now they become valid taxonomic units. The geneticists have wisely used vernacular terms for their infra- subspecific forms of the fruit fly, Drosophila, such as ''white eye," "forked bristle," and so forth. The flood gates will soon be open to those who must give a latinized name to everything they see, and we can foresee a host of new names not only in Polymita but in many marine groups. It will be interesting to see how long professional workers will refrain from plunging us into a new taxonomic era which will justify the existence of nomenclatorial experts for many centuries to come. — R. Tucker Abbott. Two NEW MOLLUSCAN RECORDS FROM THE NeW YoRK AREA. — In a projected revision of the molluscan fauna of New York City and vicinity, the New York Shell Club is happy to be able to list two records. The first is the presence of Avion suhfuscus Draparnaud at Douglaston, Long Island. This slug was found on the Club's first field trip on May 15, 1949, but was not identified as suhfuscus until it was dissected by Mr. Charles Bruce Lee of the University of Michigan. This determination was later verified by Dr. Aurele LaRoque of Ohio University. We are greatly indebted to these two gentlemen for their cour- tesy and efforts in our behalf. It is interesting to note that this importation from Europe was found living with a large colony of that other foreigner, Cepaea nemoralis (Muller). In a letter of January 12, 1950 our member Mr. Leroy Wilcox of Speonk, Long Island, reported the presence of a Helisoma at Flander which was identified as H. trivolvis marshalli F. C. Baker by Dr. Harald A. Rehder of the National Museum. This is probably the first definitely localized record of this subspecies from New York. The type locality is Washington, D. C. The same gentleman reported on June 6, 1950, that Mr. Latham of Orient, Long Island, wrote him in February of the discovery of a living six and one-half inch specimen of Barnea costata taken at Orient. This is the first record known to me of such a find on Long Island, although the farthest north record for this species alive is still the one published by Gould in the Invert eh rata of Massachusetts, p. 37, of the colony discovered in 1845 at New Bedford. — Morris K. Jacobson. January, 1951] the nautilus 105 Another Mytilus hermaphrodite. — In 1941, I described in this journal ^ a case of hermaphroditism in Mytilivs calif or- nianiis, with partial bilaterality of the sex organs. In an ex- amination of several hundred additional specimens of this spe- cies, I have found another case ; in this one the bilaterality being complete. The specimen was first seen emitting sperm, and was hence identified as a male. Soon thereafter, it was seen deposit- ing eggs, and the former identification was attributed to error. Subsequently it was observed ejecting eggs from the (right) oviduct and sperm from the (left) spermiduct.- Dissection verified this observation. The left mantle lobe, from which all, or most of the sperm had been deposited, was colored a deep brick-red by carotenoid pigment, while the right lobe, which still contained some eggs, was dull brown. This pigment occurs abundantly also in the eggs, and some of it was undoubtedly present in the ovarian mantle lobe, but of insufficient amount to color the mantle deeph^ The eggs and sperm were kept over- night in the battery jar in which they were deposited, and aerated, and the following day the jar contained a vast number of active larvae. — R. T. Young, La Jolla, California.^ PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED Mollusques testaces marins de la cote occidentale d'Afri- QUE. (Manuels ouest-Africains, vol. 2.). By Maurice Nickles. 269 pp., 484 figs. Paul Lechavalier, 12, rue de Tournon, Paris 6e. 2800 francs (paper covers). 1950. — This manual of the marine shells of the west coast of Africa gives artificial keys to the genera, and ranges, brief descriptions and good pen-and-ink figures of the principal species. The generic nomenclature and arrangement mainly follow Thiele's ''Handbuch." A rather unique feature is a glossary of Latin names. Although written especially for the ''Colonists of west and equatorial Africa," 11941, Naut. 54: 90-91. 2 Both I. A. Field, 1922, Bull. U. S. Bureau of Fish., 38 : 127-259, and K. M. White, 1937 " Mytilus, '* University Press, Liverpool, describe the sex ducts in M. edulis as opening on a common papilla, but in M. cali- fornianus they open separately. 3 I am indebted to Dr. H. U. Sverdrup, Director of the Scripps Institu- tion of Oceanography, for the privileges of the Institution during this study. 106 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) the book will be of assistance to conehologists everywhere. — H. B. B. Egg capsules and development of some marine prosobranchs FROM TROPICAL West Africa. Atlantide Report No. 1. Co- penhagen, 1950. — The capsules, veligers or embryonic shells of many species of Crepidula, Natica, Murex, Marginella, Neritay Conus, and other genera are described and figured. ** Broadly speaking, it can be stated that prosobranch eggs with a diameter of about 400/x [.4 mm.] or more will have their pelagic stage suppressed, thus having a non-pelagic development. On the other hand, egg diameters less than 200/^ will in most cases give pelagic development. There are however exceptions, especially in species which have nurse eggs." The subject has not had much attention on our shores, and this paper may serve to stimulate an interesting study, of importance also in relation to dispersal. H. A. P. New York Shell Club Notes, No. 3, Sept. 1950, is a mime- ographed 5 page leaflet containing reports of field trips and other activities of the Club. An interesting contribution to the history of former shell clubs by the Secretary, Dorthy D. (Mrs. Allen L.) Freas, gives an account of the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Conchological Club, 1907. This short-lived club was one of several forerunners of the AMU. The land snails of West Virginia (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 31 : 89-238, pis. 1-15, 1949) . By Gordon K. MacMillan.— A valuable contribution to the knowledge of the distribution of the land snails of West Virginia. The author has compiled an impressive list of records of occurrence that is perhaps unequalled for any other state. Mesodon thyroidus for example is listed from 111 localities. Of particular help to local students are the descrip- tions of each species which are drawn for the most part from the original descriptions. With few exceptions the figures composing the fifteen plates are excellent. (PI. 13, figs. 3-4 are of Gastrodonta fonticula rather than G. interna as indicated.) It is hard to understand why the author used only the shell as a basis of classification as it results in some peculiar anomalies. Triodopsis alholahris and Allogona profundus are thus included in Mesodon. Even using conchological characters alone the se- quence of Helicinidae, Cionellidae, Ilaplotrematidae, Pomatiop- January, 1951] the nautilus 107 sidae is not logical. The intermingling of Prosobranchiata and Pulmonata must have been an oversight. This paper will be a genuine aid to students of the snails of West Virginia. — Charles B. WURTZ. El genero Polymita. [The genus Polymita.] By Carlos de la Torre y Huerta. Memorias Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ''Felipe Poey," vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1-20, pis. 1-11. August 25, 1950. (Pub- lished posthumously with a preface by Isabel P. Farfante.) — The lifelong study of the Cuban genus, Polymita Beck 1837, by Dr. de la Torre, has been published with a magnificent set of colored plates depicting nearly 200 shells and animals in their natural colors. This work should prove welcome to the many amateurs interested in this popular and colorful group. The text is in English and Spanish. To future scientific workers interested in speciation and geographical distribution, the illustrations will be an invaluable tool. It is surprising into how few pages the au- thor was able to condense the wealth of information at his command. Six new subspecies and a new subgenus {Oligomita) are described and figured, and 31 infra-subspecific varieties are illustrated without description. The name P. muscarum Lea, 1834, is used instead of P. glohulosa Ferussac, 1820, despite the fact that the latter is not preoccupied by glohulosa Benz (in C. H. de Zieten) 1832 or Wood 1828. Future workers on this genus will have to contend with the decision of 1948 on the invalidity of the infra-subspecific forms which are introduced by name and figure only. The infra-subspecific varieties of versicolor, proposed by Beck in 1837 (Index Moll., p. 45), appear to be valid, however, since they appeared before 1930. The form minor on Torre's plate 10, figs. 6, 9, 10 should be credited to Beck, or if credited to Torre, then considered a homonym. Beck's infra-subspecific form major is also valid, but students of Polymita will have to ascertain to which form it applies. Stu- dents who exchanged with Dr. de la Torre may now revise their collections and eliminate a number of manuscript names which were not employed in the final draft of this paper. — R. Tucker Abbott. EsTUDio anat6mico del genero Polymita Beck. [An An- atomical Study of the Genus Polymita Beck.] By Abelardo Moreno. Memorias Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ''Felipe Poey," vol. 108 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (3) 20, no. 1, pp. 21-35, pis. 12-22. 1950.— A very thorough and well-illustrated study is presented of the genitalia of the six known species of Polymita and of several of their subspecies and infra-subspecific forms. Micro-photographs are given of cross- sections of the dart sac in one species. Valid differences in the anatomy are indicated at least at the species level. — R. Tucker Abbott. Speciation in ancient lakes. By John Langdon Brooks. The Quarterly Preview of Biology, 25: 30-60, 131-176, many text figures. 1950. — There is an extensive literature on specia- tion through isolation by topographic, climatic, ecologic or other barriers on land areas, but the problem of the evolution of flocks of allied species in lakes is more involved. This attempt at a solution is based upon all of the aquatic life but chiefly upon the small Crustacea and to some extent on the Mollusca and other animals and plants. The author relies mainly upon late geo- logical action such as : 1, subdivision of the lake into large basins with subsequent amalgamation. 2, formation of small peripheral lakes with subsequent reincorporation. 3, long coastline with large, ecologically isolated stretches. During the isolations the populations would undergo genetic changes often of sufficient magnitude to effect reproductive isolation when the geographic isolation breaks down. — H. A. P. Illustrated glossary of Gastropoda, Scaphopoda, Amphi- NEURA. By Beatrice LaRue Burch. Minutes 105, Conchologi- cal Club of Southern California. 55 pages. 111 figures. $1.50. 1950. — This careful glossary should be of great help in the un- derstanding of technical terms, especially of those of the shell. But the addition of a ''d" to adjectives ending in *'ate," etc., should be avoided; e.g., coronate (ex coronatus, meaning crowned) not ''coronated" (crowneded) ; also umbilicate, not * * umbilicated. " As is not surprising, when one considers the con- flicting usages and the superfluity of synonyms, the definitions of the soft parts do not attain quite the same excellence. In- cidentally, Hendersonia, although pulmonate (developing a lung), is an aberrant genus of the Prosobranchia (Rhipidoglossa) and has little in common with the pulmonate moUusks (Pul- monata). — H. B. B. The Nautilus Vol. 64 APRIL, 1951 No. 4 A NEW CARIBBEAN MOLLUSK By H. a. PILSBEY and A. A. OLSSON Chione (Chioxopsis) pinchoti, new species. Plate 9, figs. 7, 8. Shell for this group small (average length about 23 mm.), subtrigonal, quite plump, the diameter about 60-63 percent of the length ; inequilateral, the posterior side a little longer, bluntly pointed at the end. The color is white throughout, or the lunula and escutcheon may be chestnut-brown or with flamules of that color on the escutcheon. Surface sculpture is elegant, formed by numerous (about 20 to 23) narrow, nearly equally spaced low concentric lamellae with radial riblets or cords in their inter- spaces, a pattern roughly similar to that of C. amathusia but much finer. The detail of the sculpture is complex, but some- what as follows : from the umbo to about a third of the height there are low concentric ridges and simple radial riblets in their intervals. At this point, in the middle area of the valve, the radial riblets appear to double suddenly and a third smaller thread is introduced in their intervals. With growth, the two branches of the primarj^ riblets and the third intercalary attain approximate size so that on the ventral half of an adult shell, the surface across the middle segment is covered with small, equal, close-set radial riblets or cords which appear also on the ventral faces of the concentric lamellae ; the posterior area is sculptured throughout by larger and simpler riblets. The lunule is large, cordate, rather strongly ribbed. Escutcheon lanceolate, smooth except for growth lines. Interior white, flushed with warm buff towards the beak cavity. The lunular and ventral margins are finely crenulated throughout. There is a small, moderately deep, triangular pallial sinus. Length 24.5 mm., height 20.5 mm., diameter 16.7 mm. Type, fig. 8. Length 22.3 mm., height 19 mm., diameter 14 mm. Fig. 7. 109 110 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (4) This small Chione was dredged in some abundance by the senior author while on the Pinchot Expedition, in Limon Bay, near Colon, Panama. The type and figured paratype are 187194 ANSP. Other paratypes have been deposited in the U. S. Nat. Mus., M.C.Z., and Cal. Acad. Sci. Although evidently this is a very common species in the recent fauna, it has so far not shown up as fossil in the Pleistocene beds surrounding Limon Bay, from which several mollusks were de- scribed by Dall and Pilsbry. The small size of this species recalls certain Miocene forms such as Chione walli Guppy from Trinidad, C paraquanensis Hodson from Venezuela and C. propinqua Spieker from Peru. Chionopsis Olsson ^ (type Chione amathusia Philippi), is mainly Pacific in distribution at the present day, but with numer- ous fossil species in the Caribbean-West Indian region. It dif- fers from typical Chione (type C. cancellata L.), by its thinner, more inflated shell, the well crenulated lunular margin, deeper pallial sinus and certain hinge characteristics. Gnidiella Parker- (type Venus gnidia Brod. & Sby.), is a synonym of Chionopsis. NEW DEEP-WATER OLIVELLAS FROM FLORIDA, WITH NOTES ON THE O. JASPIDEA- NIVEA COMPLEX ' By R. tucker ABBOTT Associate Curator, U. S. National Museum Recent dredgings made off Miami and Key Largo by Messrs. F. M. Baj'er and Gilbert L. Voss on the University of Miami Biological Laboratories launch "Megalopa" have brought to light two small species of Olivella, which apparently have not been described. These two species were also represented abund- antly in the numerous dredging hauls of J. B. Henderson's yacht, 1 Olsson, a. a., 1932, The Peruvian miocene. Bulls, Amer. Paleontology, vol. 19, p. 111. - Parker, P., 1949. Fossil and recent species of the pelecypod genera Chione and Seeurella from the Pacific Coast. Jour, of Pal., vol. 23, no. 6, p. 582. 1 Published by permission of the Smithsonian Institution. April, 1951] THE NAUTILUS 111 ''Eolis." I am appending to these descriptions a few remarks to clarify the identities of 0. watermani McGinty, 0. jaspidea (Gmelin), 0. nivea (Gmelin) and 0. mutica (Say). Olivella bayeri, new species. Plate 7, figs. 2a-b. Description. — Adults 6 to 9 mm. in length, elongate, rather thin, glossy, translucent with faint brown markings, and with 4 to 5 whorls. Nuclear whorl of one revolution, large, moderately bulbous, glassy-smooth, translucent, and separated from the post- nuclear whorls by a fine, axial line. Postnuclear whorls 3 to 4, slightly convex, smooth, translucent, clear tan in live specimens to milky white in dead specimens. Suture distinct, deeply and finely canaliculate. Most of the channeling is on the inner edge of the top of the whorl, although there is a small amount of con- cave etching against the side of the preceding whorl. Aperture elongate to lanceolate, about 6/10 the total length of the shell, narrow posteriorly, and continuous with the deep sutural chan- nel. Outer lip thin, sharp, and projecting considerably down- ward at its lower and outer, rounded corner. Inner lip smooth with a very indistinct, elongate, clear-colored callus which is thickest in specimens over 6 mm. in length. It is often micro- scopically scratched with numerous, short, wavy, axial lines. The area of the anal fasciole is bounded above by a finely raised thread. The columella below this line is evenly and shallowly S-shaped. The lower fourth of the columella is very slightly thickened into a single, raised, rather wide, spiral plication. In thicker specimens, there is often a tiny, weaker and narrower plait just above. Color of anal fasciole usually white, but oc- casionally with a spiral series of weak, brown spots. Color pat- tern on body whorl variable, usuallj^ indistinct, with small, ir- regular, light-brown spots just below the suture and just above the anal fasciole thread. Sides of whorls irregularly painted with inter-connecting streaks and flamules of light-brown. In most specimens, especially dead ones, milky whiteness obscures the color. Operculum thin, translucent j^ellowish, horny, sickle- shaped to lanceolate, with smooth edges, and slightly larger than the aperture of the shell. The mean length of adults varies considerably in the various dredging samples. At nine stations (from off Fowey Light south about 30 miles to Molasses Reef, Key Largo), adults rarely ex- ceeded 7.0 mm. in length, while the majority of 98 dredging sta- tions, mainly ''Eolis" (from Miami to Key West) contained adults 8.0 to 11.0 mm. in length. 112 THE NAUTILUS Measurements in mm. [Vol. 64 (4) Lenjrth 9.0 11.0 3.6 7.0 7.0 Width 3.8 4.0 1.8 2.7 2.9 Aperture 5.0X1.7 5.7X2.0 2.3X0.9 3.8X1.3 4.0X1.3 Holotype. "Eolis" Station 369 Paratype. "Eolis" Station 369 Paratype. (young) Station 369 Paratype. "Megalopa" Station 21 Paratype. "Megalopa" Station 21 Type locality. — About 3 miles off Ajax Reef, off Elliott's Key, Lower Florida Keys, Florida. 80 to 100 fathoms. August 1917. *'Eolis" station 369. Types. — The holotype from the above locality is in USNM 595132. Paratypes from the same lot are in USNM 412871; also in the Mus. Comp. Zool. (Harvard), the Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadelphia), and the Biological Labora- tories of the University of Miami (Florida). Range and records. — From off Lake Worth to Key West. I have examined and used in describing this species specimens from 105 dredging stations, but wdll list only a few: (UM = Univ. Miami Biol. Lab. M/V ''Megalopa." F. M. Bayer, legit. July 1950). UM-14, 3 mi., 150° from Molasses Reef, off Key Largo, 73 fms.; UM-21, 3 mi., 100° from Carysfort Reef, Key Largo, 78 fms.; ^'Eolis" 174, E.N.E. off Fowev Light, Miami, 58 fms.; ^'Eolis" 302, off Sand Key, 100 fms. ; ''Eolis" 384, off Key West, 75-80 fms. The depth ranges in the 94 *'Eolis" stations were from 25 to 118 fms., wath most larger lots occurring around 75 fms. Remarks. — Several species approximate the characters of 0. hayeri but none has the combination of bulbous nuclear whorls, elongate, fragile shell, almost smooth lower columella, and semi- translucent texture of the shell. 0. hlanesi Ford from north- ern Cuba and the Bahamas is a shallow-w^ater species with a completely smooth low^r columella, with a deeper, more concave arch in the lower part of the columella and with a heavier, more squat shell. This species is named for Frederick M. Bayer of the United States National Museum. Olivella moorei, new species. Plate 7, figs. la-b. Description. — Adults 7 to 8 mm. in length, moderately elon- gate, rather thin, glossy, translucent with bright dark-brown April, 1951] THE NAUTILUS 113 axial streaks, and with 4 to 5 whorls. Nuclear whorl of one revolution, large, quite bulbous, glassy-white. Postnuclear whorls flattish above, moderately convex below, gradually de- scending. Sutural channel deep, very narrow; and the side of the preceding whorl is not etched. Aperture lanceolate, con- stricted above, wide and open below, and about 6/10 the total length of the shell. Outer lip thin, sharp, very slightly turned inward near the upper third, and projecting slightly downward at its lower, outer corner. Inner lip smooth, with or without a weak, elongate, glazed columellar callus which is often micro- scopically scratched with fine, sharp threads. Anal fasciole bordered above by a single, fine spiral thread. The columella below this line has an abrupt, angular S-shaped indentation. Base of columella swollen into a rather wide, large twisted fold. Anal fasciole white with a few short spiral brown bars. Color of whorls translucent with a small, solid, spiral band of light- brown just below the suture and numerous long, wavy, axial flammules of reddish brown on the sides. Interior of aperture white, sometimes faintly tinted with tan. Operculum similar to 0. hayeri. Verge in males vermiform, about as half as long as the shell. Measurements in mm. Length Width Aperture 7.5 7.0 8.0 3.0 2.9 3.6 4.0X1.4 3.9X1.2 4.3X1.6 Holotype, UM Station 20 Paratype, UM Station 20 Paratype, "Fish Hawk" 7280 Type locality. — 3 miles, 100° from Carysfort Keef, off Key Largo, Florida. 112 fms., July, 1950. Univ. Miami Biol. Lab. M/V, "Megalopa" station 20. Types. — The holotype from the above locality is in USNM no. 595133. Paratypes from the same locality in USNM 595134; also in the Mus. Comp. Zool. (Harvard), the Acad. Nat. Sci. (Philadelphia) and the Univ. Miami Biol. Lab. (Florida). Range and records. — Off Key Largo to Key West, 115 to 125 fms. Other paratypes from: UM-18, 6 mi., 135° from Molasses Reef, off Kev Largo, 122 fms; UM-19, 51/2 mi., 127° from Molasses Reef, 120 fms; off Sand Key, ''Eolis" sta. 316, 120st fms; off Sambo Reef, ''Eolis" stations 329, 330, 331, 332, in 135, 120, 118, and 115 fms., respectivelv ; off West'n Dry Rocks, ''Eolis" sta. 341 in 144 fms; off Key West, ''Fish Hawk" sta. 7280, 132 fms. 114 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (4) Remarks. — 0. moorei is closest to 0. strigata Reeve, 1850 from the ''West Indies," the latter, however, beinjr a larger, much more squat species with a light-brown aperture. 0. moorei is sometimes dredged with 0. hayeri in depths below 110 fathoms, and can be distinguished from it readil}- by the longi- tudinal brown streaks, less elongate spire, thicker fold at the base of the columella, and the less obvious suture. This species is named for Dr. Hilary B. Moore of the University of Miami Biological Laboratories. The bathymetric ranges of the off-shore Olivella appear to be rather distinct for each species. From the more than 100 dredging stations represented in the U. S. National Museum col- lection, 0. nivea occurs from shore to 25 fathoms; 0. hayeri occurs from 25 to 122 fathoms, and 0. moorei from 115 to 144 and probably deeper. Olivella watermani McGinty. Plate 7, figs. 5a-b. Olivella watermani McGinty, 1940, The Nautilus, vol. 54, no. 2, p. 64, pi. 3, figs. 4 and 5 (off Palm Beach, Florida). Description. — Adults varying from 9 to 12 mm. in length, whorls 4 to 6. Nuclear whorl smooth, glassy-white, moderately bulbous, exserted. Sutural canal deep, not very narrow. The wall of the preceding whorl is strongly and concavely etched opposite the sutural canal. Upper series of plaits on columella 5 to 7, usually 5, and separated from the lower series of 4 to 5 plaits on the base of the columella by a shallow U-shaped con- striction. On the inside of the outer lip in most specimens, there is a series of indistinct, raised, spiral, cord-like thicken- ings. Range and records. — Off Palm Beach to Key West, Florida from 28 to 100 fathoms. In the majority of the 91 dredging stations from which we have specimens, the largest series came from depths of 50 to 70 fathoms. One of Ball's paratypes of Olivella jaspidea var. rotunda from off Sombrero, 72 fms., is this species. Typical rotunda is extremely close, but seems to differ in having a longer aperture, very bulbous callus on the upper part of the parietal wall and in having an axial color pattern. April, 1951] THE NAUTILUS 115 Olivella jaspidea (Gmelin). Plate 7, figs. 3a-b. Voluta jaspidea Gmelin, 1792, Systema Nat. 13th ed., p. 3442, no. 21 (refers to Lister Conch., t. 726, f. 13a and to Martini Conch. Cab., vol. 2, t. 50, f. 556) (''in mari hispanico"). Both of the figures referred to by Gmelin are admittedly poor, but I think the character of the color-marked anal fasciole and the shell's general shape are sufficient to identify the name 0. jaspidea with our common West Indian species. The nuclear whorl in Martini's figure is depicted as large, although no great weight can be put on the accuracy of his artist. This species is commonly confused with 0. nivea. Description. — Adults 10 to 18 mm. in length, whorls about 5; apex hlunt; nuclear whorl large and rather bulbous, white. Sutural channel moderately deep, narrow; without an etched spiral indentation on the side of the preceding whorl. Surface of shell moderately glossy, with fine axial growth lines. Plaits on upper two-thirds of columella absent or very weak. Base of columella with about 4 rather strong, variably-spaced plaits. Color of shell variable, usually grayish white with small, dull maculations of purplish brown. Fasciole colored with irregular brown spots and bars. Range. — Southeast Florida, south through the Antilles to Barbados. No Bahama or Gulf of Mexico records. A darker, more squat subspecies occurs from Curacao and Aruba to Barbados. It is probably 0. conoidalis (Lamarck), 1811. Oli\t:lla nr^a (Gmelin). Plate 7, figs. 4a-b. Voluta nivea Gmelin 1792, Systema Nat., 13th ed., p. 3442, no. 22 (refers to Martini, Conch. Cab., vol. 2, t. 50, f. 558 and for his var. B, t. 50, f. 557) (''in mari hispanico"). Martini's figure 557 is an adequate representation of our common Florida and West Indian species, and I have seen specimens which very closely duplicate the same color pattern. The fasciole is colorless. Figure 558 is probably a bleached or white specimen of this species. Description. — Adults 10 to 25 mm. in length, whorls about 7, apex pointed, sharp; nuclear whorls small, white, tan or purple. Sutural channel deep, fairly wide; with a strongly 116 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (4) concave, etched, spiral indentation on the side of the preceding whorl. Surface of shell very glossy. Plaits on upper two thirds of columella strong", 6 to 8. Base of columella with about 4 to 6 not too strong, variable plaits. Color of shell variable, usually cream-white with orangish, tan or purple markings occurring in clumps in a spiral series just below the suture and just above the fasciole. Fasciole lacks color, except for a yellowish tint in fresh specimens. Range. — Bermuda, southeast Florida, the Bahamas, the Ant- illes and the Gulf of Mexico north to Yucatan (and Texas?). Olivella mutica (Say) I would like to point out that Tomlin (Nautilus, 1934, vol. 48, p. 71) was probably unwise in suggesting that Porphyria minuta Link, 1807, was an earlier name for our common eastern species, 0. mutica Say, 1822. Link's name is based on Martini's Conch. Cab., vol. 2, pi. 50, f. 545, which is a West Indian species. It is much fatter than 0. mutica, with axial zigzag color lines on the outer shell and on the inside of the inner lip, and whose columella is cut-away or narrowed sharply at the base. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7 Fig. 1. Olivella moorei Abbott, a, holotype. b, paratype (both x 6). Fig. 2. 0. hayeri Abbott, a, holotype. b, paratype (both x 6). Fig. 3. 0. jaspidea (Gmelin). a, spire X 6. b, shell X IVa- Fig. 4. 0. nivea (Gmelin). a, spire X 6. b, shell X 1M». Fig. 5. O. ivatermani McGinty. a, front view X 6. b, X 1%. NEW MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM BRITISH WEST INDIES AND FLORIDA KEYS By JEANNE S. SCHWENGEL Crassispira drangai, new species. PI. 8, fig. 1. Shell elongately turrite, blackish brown, with deep livid brown between the ribs on the periphery of the body whorl. Apex missing, eleven slightly bulging whorls, encircled with a single keel on the upper part, concavely depressed above and below the keel. Striae encircle this sulcus, slightly undulating above the keel to conform to the uneven suture, heavier and farther apart below. Longitudinally ribbed beneath; ribs THE NAUTILUS: 64 (4) PLATE 7 THE NAUTILUS: 64 (4) PLATE 8 Fl(i. 1, Cnissi.splrtt (hdiif/di. --'.'>, Oil id did ii f/di. 4-.'), ('(illiostonKt jujiihi- inini (idclac. G-H, PUaiia cordald. April, 1951] THE NAUTILUS 117 slightly oblique and ranged with great regularity, the inter- stices wider than the ribs. Suture inconspicuous and ap- pressed. A heavy, rounded varix some distance back from the lip. Entire shell transversely striate; three or four heavy spiral lines on each whorl, with three to five finer lines between each heavy line. Incremental lines faintly perceptible, except over the sulcus, where they are stronger, where they are convex below the keel and above the shouldered axial ribs. These ribs, which are farther apart on the body whorl, gradually flatten out on the final third of the whorl. On the central third of the body wh'Orl only, the longitudinal ribs become slightly knobbed where heavier spiral lines cross the ribs. Aperture slightly more than one-third the length of shell, narrow, smooth within. Strong callosity above the anal sinus ; outer lip thin, crenulated. Siphonal sinus moderately deep, subtubular ; columella straight ; slight umbilical chink where the callus lifts from the pillar. Length 1214 mm. ; width 6% i^ni- ; length of aperture 5i/^ mm. Type in author's collection. Locality; Hastings, Barbados, British West Indies. This shell is very similar, at first glance, to Drillia ehenina Dall. It differs in the greater number of whorls; greater com- parative width ; the presence of fewer spiral striae on each whorl, and the addition of finer spiral lines between each of these heavier lines. The anal sinus is much deeper and the callus on the pillar is more pronounced, producing a small but definite umbilical chink at the base. This shell was collected by Ted Dranga and named for him in appreciation of his wonderful help and patience in teaching the author the first steps in the collecting and care of marine mollusks. Oliva drangai, new species. PI. 8, figs. 2-3. Shell subcylindric, highly polished. Ground color prim- rose yellow, body whorl tinted with lines of walnut brown, fad- ing toward the anterior end into a cream buff, with tinting barely discernible. Spire moderately high, with nucleus glassy, opaque, exserted, about three whorls, the following five whorls revolving ; channeled suture ; body whorl seven-eighths the length of the shell. Columella sloping sharply to the notched base. Callus obliquely plaited; interior of shell creamy white. Wal- nut brown markings on inner edge of lip. 118 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (4) Length 45 mm. ; diameter 18 mm. Length 30 mm. ; diameter 12 mm. Type No. 187428 ANSP, Co-type in my collection. This Oliva differs from 0. sayana Ravenel by its larger and more produced nucleus; its lack of tassel-like dark lines at the suture of the body whorl; its more sloping columella and the complete lack of color bands around the body whorl. The shells were collected by Ted Dranga at Pigeon Point, Tobago, British West Indies, and are named for him in recognition of his many years of fine and discriminating collecting, all over the world. PiTARiA coRDATA, ncw specles. PL 8, figs. 6-8. Shell equivalve, chalky-white, sub-ovate, very convex. Sculp- ture of hea^'y^, uneven, concentric growth-wrinkles, converging anteriorly into a feebly defined, cordate lunule. The low, promi- nently rounded umbones are almost smooth, shiny, and incurved over the lunule; and the shell, when viewed anteriorly, is beautifully heart-shaped. Anterior slope short and straight, the end moderately round- ing into an evenly arcuate ventral margin. Posterior end broadly rounded; in the adult, slightly more produced. The dorsal margin is slightly rounded; in some specimens almost straight. Ligament narrow and slightly depressed. Umbones narrowly and deeply separated. Interior of shell white, lip slightly crenulate. Posterior ad- ductor impression close to border and almost round; pallia] sinus sharpl}^ triangular, ascending deeply; pallial line very clearly defined; anterior adductor impression long pear-shaped, ending close to margin. Length 44 mm. ; heighth 32 mm. ; breadth 33 mm. Length 35 mm. ; heighth 341/2 mm. ; breadth 25 mm. Localitv: West of Drv Tortugas, Florida, in 20 fathoms. Type No. 187430 ANSP. These shells were sent to the author by Ted Dranga, who ac quired them from the shrimp fisherman at Key West. Speci- mens have also been received from Adele Koto, collected in the same approximate locality. This shell is about the same shape and size as CaUocardia (Agripoma) morrhuana Linsley, differing in its greater con- vexity, more rounded and recurved beaks, and larger pallial April, 1951] THE NAUTILUS 119 sinus, which is sharply triangular and ascends farther toward the center of the shell. Calliostoma (Eutrochus) jujubinum adelae, new variety. PL 8, figs. 4-5. Shell conical, nearly as wide as high. Nucleus minute, glassy, of about IV2 whorls; followed by 8 body whorls; base flat, be- coming slightly rounded at the aperture. Color chamois with white and chocolate markings on the two heavily beaded lirae at the base of each whorl. Rarely a speci- men is walnut-brown with the same white and chocolate mark- ings. Sculpture consists of elevated spiral, bearded lirae ; beginning with two on the first whorl and gradually increasing to four on the last whorl; with a faintly bearded lirae being added as the whorl nears the outer lip. At the base of each whorl are two projecting and heavily beaded lirae. Base is flat, uni- color, with eight or nine beaded lirae ; the lirae next the funnel- shaped, white umbilicus has fewer and heavier beads. Aper- ture almost the same as in C. jujuhinum Gmelin, being quadrate ; oblique outer lip, five or six lirate within ; basal lip straight and strongly five or six lirate within; columella arcuate, partially overshadowing the umbilicus, ending below with a point or tooth. Aperture white, except for outer lip, which is beauti- full}^ iridescent in live specimens. Alt. 15 mm. ; dia. 14% mm. Locality : Indian Key, Florida. Type No. 187203, ANSP. Co-type in author's collection. This variety differs from C. j. perspectivum Philippi especially by the two heavily beaded projecting lirae at the base of each whorl, and the presence of fewer spiral lirae on the whorls. It was collected hy and named for, Adele Koto, one of our finest amateur collectors. NEW SPECIES OF AMNICOLA AND STREPTOSTYLA By H. a. PILSBEY Amnicola sablensis, new species. PL 9, figs. 1-lc. The shell is umbilicate, ovate-conic, corneous, of 5% whorls; the apex rather acute ; early whorls strongly convex, the last two less convex. The surface is smooth. The aperture is ovate, 120 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 64 (4) its length contained 2% times in that of the shell. The peri- stome is continuous but normally adnate to the preceding whorl and very thin for a short distance above the umbilicus. Length 3.33 mm., diameter 2 mm. ; length of aperture 1.45 mm. West Lake near Cape Sable, Florida. J. A. Weber, T. L. McGinty. Type and paratypes 185190 ANSP. Other para- types in Weber and McGinty collections. This species is very much like A. sanctijohannis Pils., widely spread in Florida, but it differs by the more acute apex and the weaker convexity of the later whorls. The type (fig. 2) and a paratype of A. sanctijohannis are shown for comparison in plate 9, figs. 2, 2a, No. 69461 ANSP. The largest specimen in two lots of A. sablensis received is 5.2 mm. long, with 6 whorls, the last one somewhat more convex than in other specimens; evidently an unusually old shell (fig. Ic). Streptostyla jacobsoni, new species. Plate 9, fig. 3. The small shell is somewhat fusiform, the diameter somewhat less than half the length of the shell. The apex is obtuse, out- lines of the spire slightly convex, the whorls increasing slowly, slightly convex. The surface is glossy and marked irregularly and very weakly with forwardly convex lines of growth. The aperture is nearly half as long as the shell, very narrow in the upper half, the columella deeply concave above, and with a strongly convex lobe below, which is obliquely truncate at the base. The outer lip arches forward a little below the middle, being straight and receding above and below. Length 10.8 mm., diameter 4.5 mm., length of aperture 5.3 mm. 7 whorls. Kilometer 636, on the road between Santa Inez and Llera, state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Type and paratype 187058 ANSP, collected by Mr. M. L. Jacobson ; other paratypes in his collection. With about the size and figure of S. meridana (Morelet), this species differs entirely by its short, strongly twisted columella. By the deep con<^avity of the columella above, it differs from 8. minuta Pils. THE NAUTILUS: 64 (4 PLATE 9 1-lc, Amnicola sahJensis. 2-2a, A. saiictijoliannis. 3, Streptostyla jacobsoni. 7-8, Chione pinchoii. THE NAUTILUS: 64 (4) PLATE 10 Upper ',] 75.00 Hemitonia rubida Verrill .60 Latirus infundibulum, griants, 3%"-4%" 10.00 Mltra swainsoni flssurata 2.00 Voluta musica carneoletta, superb, 2Vi"-2V$!" 2.50 Voluta musica with operculum, 1V4"-1V2", VKRY RARE 1.60 Voluta musica thiarella, 2»4"-2Vi" 4.00-5.00 Lists sent upon request. State whether Florida or foreign or both. A. HYATT VERRILL Lake Worth Florida Vol.64 OCTOBER, 1950 No. 2 TT H F NAUTILUS A QUAETERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF C0NCH0L0GIST8 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS Henry A. Pilsbrt, Curator of the Department of MoUusca, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3 H. BuRRiNGTON Baker, Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania CONTENTS New fountain snails from Florida. By H. A. Pilshry .... 37 Tethys {Aplysia) willcoxi in Rhode Island Waters. By Donald J. Zinn •. 40 Studies on mollusk populations. By R. Stohler 47 Holospira kriegeri, new species, from Tamaulipas. By Roh- hert J. Drake 51 Land snails from Clifty State Park and Versailles State Park, Indiana. By Clinton J. Bushey 54 Pseudosul)nlina, a genus new to the United States. Bv H, A. Pilshry \ 55 Notes on land snails of Texas. By H. A. Pilsl^ry 56 Some new records for exotic slugs in the United States. By C. Bruce Lee 58 New Mexican and Panamie shells. By Maxwell Smith 60 Daniel Littlefield Emery. By William G. Fargo 61 Olof 0. Nylander. By Percy E. Raymond 63 American Malacological Union : 16th annual meeting. By Margaret C. Teskey 65 Notes and news 67 Publications received 71 $2.50 per year ($2.65 to Foreign Countries) 65 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory, 38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879. Marine Biolo^icc:! I X. I B :r ^•=i. 5^ ^ NOV 6-1!'*''^^ WOODS HOLE, MA^^S. THE NAUTILUS THE NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub- lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrinqton Baker. Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October). Manuscript should he typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors unless requested. Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written ON OR ATTACHED TO TIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT. 4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp. 50 copies $3.58 $5.72 $ 9.30 100 copies 4.29 6.80 11.44 Additional 100s 1.43 2.15 4.29 Plates (pasted in): $2.86 for 50; additional plates 2.15 each [Postage Extra] The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol. 6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18, nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol. 25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6 ; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31, no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3; or any of these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna. For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida. Foe Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially Cepaea nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa. Glenn R. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana THE NAUTILUS Ul Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list ready. Ask for it, and send yours. Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois. Wanted: Recent and Tertiary Mollusca. Offered: Similar material from various countries. Apply with list, J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Eheims, Marne, France. Wanted: Marine shells, in exchange for identified marines, land and fresh water mollusks. Mrs. H. B. Baker, 11 Chelten Eoad, Havertown, Pa. For Exchange: Bookbinding and book repair done — The Nautilus, Johnsonia, etc. — for duplicate shells or molluscan literature. Dr. Walter H. Jacobs, 124 West 93rd Street, New York 25, N. Y. Wanted: Pectens (world-wide). Exchange or purchase. Can offer good marine specimens, many genera, with data. Gilbert Grau, 2457 Claremont Ave., Hollywood 27, Calif. New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request. List of foreign shells for sale on request. Mrs. F. K. Hadlet, Box 33, West Newton, Mass. Specimen Shells and books or papers relating to them bought, sold and exchanged. John Q. Burch, 1584 West Vernon Ave., Los Angeles 37, Calif. IV THE NAUTILUS TRITON HELMET AND HARP SHELLS $5.00 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . 5.00 WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50 ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00 PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00 All post-paid In U. S. A. Address author: MAXWELL SMITH, Box 65, Winter Park, Florida SEND LIST OF SHELLS YOU NEED. PROBABLY I CAN SUPPLY THEM. OVER 2000 SPECIES, 60,000 SHELLS CONSTANTLY IN STOCK. RARE SHELLS AND WEST INDIAN SPECIES MY SPE- CIALTY. LOWEST PRICES, SATISFACTION AND SAFE ARRIVAL GUARANTEED. Just a few examples: MUREX ABGO, world's rarest shell, only 3 known: Se<-ond known, superb, with operc $500.00 Third known, fine, with operc 200.00 Murex cailletti kugleri .75 Murex motarilla, superb large shells . . ". 3.00—5.00 Murex woodringil 5.00 Hydatina verrilli Pilsbry 50.00-75.00 Hemitonia rubida Verrill .50 Latiras infundibulum, giants, ZVz"-^Vi" 10.00 MItra swainsonl flssurata 2.00 Voluta musica carneoletta, superb, 2i/i"-2Mi" 2.50 Voluta musira with operculum, 1^4 "-1M:", VERY RARE 1.50 Voluta musica thiarella, 2^4 "-21/2" 4.00-5.00 Lists sent upon request. State whether Florida or foreign or both. A. HYATT VERRILL Lake Worth Florida Vol. 64 JANUARY, 1951 No. 3 T H F NAUTILUS A QUAETERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of MoUusca, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3 H. Burrington Baker, Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania CONTENTS Interesting shells from the Delmarva Pfninsula Bernadine Barker Baker A clarification of some Central American Unioni Richard I. Johnson The family Juliidae. By Arthur D. Howard 84 Land snails from the Guadalupe Range, Texas. By H. A. Pilsbry and E. P. Cheatum 87 The preservation of slugs. By Leslie Huhricht 90 Some notes on Haliotis. By Joshua L. Baily, Jr 91 A new subspecies of Succinea from Japan. By Gordon K. MacMillan 94 Additional notes on the foreign snails of Louisiana. By Harold W. Harry 96 The mollusks of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. By Robert A. Heilman 100 Notes and news 101 Publications received 105 $2.50 per year ($2.65 to Foreign Countries) 65 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory, 38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Philadelphia. Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879. THE NAUTILUS THE NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub- lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. BmiRiNGTON Baker. Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the mouth of issue (January, April, July and October). Manuscript should be typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors unless requested. Reprints arie furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT. 4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp. 50 copies $4.30 $6.86 $11.16 100 copies 5.15 8.16 13.73 Additional 100s 1.72 2.58 5.15 Plates (pasted in): $3.43 for 50; additional plates 2.58 each [Postage Extra] The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Imogene C. Eobertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES VVanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol. 6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18, nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol. 25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31, no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna. For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida. For Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially Cepaea nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa. Glenn R. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana THE NAUTILUS 111 Wanted : Preserved or living viviparid snails, in exchange for local MoUusca. Glenn E. Webb, Ohio (P.O.), Illinois. Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list ready. Ask for it, and send yours. Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois. Wanted: Recent and Tertiary MoUusca. Offered: Similar material from various countries. Apply with list. J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France. Wanted: Marine shells, in exchange for identified marines, land and fresh water mollusks. Mrs. H. B. Baker, 11 Chelten Eoad, Havertown, Pa. For Exchange: Bookbinding and book repair done — The Nautilus, Johnsonia, etc. — for duplicate shells or moUuscan literature. Dr. Walter H. Jacobs, 124 West 93rd Street, New York 25, N. Y. Wanted: Pectens (world-Avide). Exchange or purchase. Can offer good marine specimens, many genera, with data. Gilbert Grau, 2457 Claremont Ave., Hollywood 27, Calif. New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request. List of foreign shells for sale on request. Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass. Specimen Shells and books or papers relating to them bought, sold and exchanged. John Q. Burch, 1584 West Vernon Ave., Los Angelas 37, Calif. IV THE NAUTILUS TRITON HELMET AND HARP SHELLS $5.00 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . 5.00 WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50 ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00 PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00 All post-paid in U. S. A. Address anthor: MAXWELL SMITH, Box 65, Winter Park, Florida MOLLUSK LITERATURE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY, Pilsbry and Tryon, 1885- 1935, Series II, Pulmonata. Complete in 28 vols., half pig-skin, some worn, vol. 28 as issued. All volumes with colored plates save 1-6. 8vo. $360.00. FERUSSAC and Deshayes, 1820-52, Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles, Paris, folio with 247 hand colored plates. Half-calf. Fine copy. $225.00. Offered for sale by : Richard I. Johnson, 41 Bow Road, Bel- mont, Massachusetts. WRITE FOR COMPLETE LIST. Vol.64 APRIL, 1951 No. 4 THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3 H. BuRRiNGTON Baker, Professor of Zoology, • ^ " University of Pennsylvania CONTENTS A new Caribbean mollusk. By H. A. Pilsbrij and A. A. Olsson 109 New deep-water olivellas from Florida, with notes on the 0. jaspidea-nivea complex. By R. Tucker Abbott 110 New marine mollusks from British West Indies and Florida Keys. By Jeanne S. Schwengel 116 New species of Amnicola and Streptostyla. By H. A. Pilsbry . . 119 A new Vexillum from Pliocene of St. Petersburg, Florida. By William G. Fargo 121 A new subspecies of AmmoniteUa. By E. P. Chace 122 Catalogue of Ancylidae of South and Central America and the West Indies, with description of a new species. By Charles B. Wiirtz 123 European ballast shells in Staten Island, N. Y. By Mathilde P. Weingartner 132 Notes on some streptaxids. By F. Haas 133 Arnold Edward Ortmann as revealed by his letters. By Henry van der Schalie 134 Helicella caper ata (Montagu) in Yorktown, Virginia. By John Thornton Wood 141 Notes and news 142 Publications received 144 12.50 per year ($2.65 to Foreign Countries) 65 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory, 38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879. THE NAUTILUS THE NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub- lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker. Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October). Manuscript should he typewritten and double spaced. Proofs -will not be submitted to authors unless requested. Eeprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT. 4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp. 50 copies $4.30 $6.86 $11.16 100 copies 5.15 8.16 13.73 Additional 100s 1.72 2.58 5.15 Plates (pasted in) : $3.43 for 50 ; additional plates 2.58 each [Postage Extra] The Nautilus is the ofi&cial organ of. the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Imogene C. Eobertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol. 6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18, nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol. 25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31, no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol, 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna. For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida. For Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially Cepaea nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa. Glenn E. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana THE NAUTILUS HI Wanted: Preserved or living viviparid snails, in exchange for local Mollusca. Glenn R. Webb, Ohio (P.O.), Illinois. Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list ready. Ask for it, and send yours. Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois. Wanted: Eecent and Tertiary Mollusca. Offered: Similar material from various countries. Apply with list. J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France. Wanted: Marine shells, in exchange for identified marines, land and fresh water mollusks. Mrs. H. B. Baker, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pa. For Exchange: Bookbinding and book repair done — The Nautilus, JoHNSONiA, etc. — for duplicate shells or molluscan literature. Dr. Walter H. Jacobs, 124 West 93rd Street, New York 25, N. Y. Wanted: Pectens (world-wide). Exchange or purchase. Can offer good marine specimens, many genera, with data. Gilbert Grau, 2457 Claremont Ave., Hollywood 27, Calif. New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request. List of foreign shells for sale on request. Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass. Specimen Shells and books or papers relating to them bought, sold and exchanged. John Q. Burch, 1584 West Vernon Ave., Los Angelas 37, Calif. IV THE NAUTILUS TRITON HELMET AND HARP SHELLS $5.00 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Fourth revised edition) ... 6.00 WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00 PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00 All post-paid In V. 8. A. Address author: MAXWELL SMITH, Box 65, Windermere, Florida MOLLUSK LITERATURE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY, Pilsbry and Tryon, 1885- 1935, Series II, Pulmonata. Complete in 28 vols., half pig-skin, some worn, vol. 28 as issued. All volumes with colored plates, save 1-6. 8vo. $360.00. FERUSSAC and Deshayes, 1820-52, Histoire Naturelle des MoUusques terrestres et fluviatiles, Paris, folio with 247 hand colored plates, Half-calf. Fine copy. $225.00. Offered for sale by: Richard I. Johnson, 41 Bow Road, Bel- mont, Massachusetts. WRITE FOR COMPLETE LIST. MBL/WHOI UBRARY UH 17XF J IM w liiiSiiiiiiliiiiiPiiiiii! mim lift