ml iiliiiliiWIIi .' '! ■lllllliiJllll m llill' " hiijllijll 'siV, ■t! '"'' iiiyiiiiii ill mlmM ""'iiiiiiiii Mm JH??; J- f THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL. 65 JULY, 1951 to APRIL, 1952 EDITORS AND PXTBLISHEBS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Department of MoUiisks and Marine Invertebrates, Academy of Natural Sciences H. BURRINGTON BAKER Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pa. LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA. CONTENTS Names of new genera and species in italics. Africa 102 Akera thompsoni Olsson & McGinty (2) : plate 3 Alabama 23 American Malacological Union 66, 143 Amnicola pilshryana, A. pilshryi Baily & Baily 50, 144 Anodontites nicaraguae 32 Antalis 17, 33 Arion intermedins 54 Arkansas 109 Asia 114 Atlantic 6, 26, 37, 43, 69, 70, 73, 83 Aiistralorhis amphiglyptus Pilsbry 3 Australorhis hahiensis megas Pilsbry 4 Barnea truncata 73 Brazil 3 Bulimulus diaphanus 69 Caecum himinicola Pilsbry (1) : plate 1 ; (2) : 69 California marines 1, 15, 55, 135, 143 Carychium costatum Hubrieht 59 Clathrus venado Olsson & Smith 45 Crepidula maculosa 83 Cyclostremisciis major Olsson & Smith 46 Dates of The Nautilus 32 Dentale 17 Dentiscala clarhi Olsson & Smith 45 Discus rotundatus 34, 105 Distortio constricta floridana Olsson & McGinty 27 Dredging 37 Drymaeus multilineatus eboreiis Grimshawe 34, 69 Epitonium chalceum Olsson & Smith 44 Fauxulus agulhasensis Pilsbry 102 Florida, inland ^ 106, 107 Florida, marine 6, 26, 37, 69, 83 Great Basin lakes 46, 85 Heath, Harold 28 Helisoma hinneyi ursolacustre Baily & Baily 47, 87 Helix aspersa 75 Idaho 46, 85 Illinois 35, 57 67793 iv THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) Kansas 130, 144 Limacidae 20 Macf arland, Frank Mace 30 Maryland 57 Massachusetts 70 Mexico 109 Microceramus, type species 106, 107 Missouri 57 Nassariidae, key to Pacific species 15 Nevada 46, 85 New Jersey 132 New York 34, 54, 100, 105 Nomenclature, infra-subspecific 139 naiades 93 Pseudotrochus 137 Renier 8 Scaphopoda 17 North Carolina 20, 57, 80 Oklahoma 109 Olividae 55 Ortmann's letters 23 Ostrea weheri Olsson 6 Oxychilus draparnaldi 70 Pacific, northern 1, 15, 33, 135, 143 tropical 27, 43, 44, 55, 74, 120 western 77 PalUfera mutdbilis Hubricht 57 Panama 105 Pennsylvania 23, 103 Persian Gulf 114 Philomycus carolinianus coUinus Hubricht 21 Physa lordi zomos Baily & Baily 47, 89 Platydoris macfarlandi Hanna 1 Pomacea cumingii 105 Poromya malespinae & P. oregonensis 33 Pseudotrochus 137 Publications received 36, 71, 107 Puerto Rico 69 Punctum (Pseudopunctum) lamellatum Hubricht 58 Pyrgulapsis nevadensis paiutica Baily & Baily 52 Renier 's "Tavole" 8 Robertson, Harold R 68 Serpidorhis fargoi (see V ermicularia f.) pi. 1 Shells occupied by tanaids 74 South Carolina 57, 80 Strombus pugilis alatus 70 April, 1952] the nautilus v Strong, A. M 142 Tennessee 23, 35, 57, 109 Terebra (Strioterebrum) hoffmeyeri Abbott 78 Texas 109, 144 Triodopsis fulciden, T. messana & T. pendula Hubricht . . 80-82 Type selections 32, 106, 107, 137 Utah 46, 75, 85 Valvata utahensis horatii Baily & Baily 50 V ermicularia fargoi Olsson 7 Virginia 20, 57, 80, 122 Virgin Islands 69 West Virginia 57 Wisconsin 127 Woodringilla & W. glyptylus Pilsbry & Olsson (Vitrinellidae) 43 Wyoming 60 INDEX TO AUTHORS Abbott, R. Tucker 33, 77 Alexander, Robert C 73, 132 Baker, H. Burring:ton 32 Baily, Joshua L., Jr 143 Baily, Joshua L., Jr. & Ruth Ingersoll Baily 46, 85 Bennett, Susan A 70 Bretet, Roger, & Edwin J. Carswell 100 Chace, Elsie M 142 Clench, William J 69, 69, 70 Demond, Joan 15 Drake, Robert J 120 Emerson, William K 17, 139 Gifford, D. S., & E. W 55 Grimshawe, C. N 34 Haas, F 114 Hanna, G. D 1, 28, 30 Heilman, Robert A 103 Howard, Arthur D 74 Hubricht, Leslie 20, 57, 80 Jacobson, Morris K 34, 109 Jeffries, Frank L 122 Johnson, Richard 1 32 Keen, A. Myra 8 Knight, Howard 75 Krutsch, Philip H 130 Levi, Lorna R., & Herbert W 60 Morrison, J. P. E 105, 106 Olsson, Axel A 6 Olsson & Thomas L. McGinty 26 Olsson (Pilsbry &) 43 Olsson & Maxwell Smith 44 Pilsbry, H. A. . 3, 33, 69, 102, 107, 137 Pilsbry & A. A. Olsson 43 McGinty, Paul L. & Thomas L. (Thompson &) 37 McGinty, Thomas L. (Olsson &) 26 Roscoe, Ernest J 144 Schalie, Henry van der 23, 93 Smith, Maxwell (Olsson &) 44 Solem, Alan 127 April, 1952] the nautilus vii Stingley, Dale V 83 Stohler, R 135 Teskey, Margaret C 54, 66, 143 Thompson, Arthur R., & Paul L. & Thomas L. McGinty ... 37 Webb, Glenn R 35 The Nautilus Vol. 65 JULY, 1951 No. 1 A NEW WEST AMERICAN NUDIBRANCH MOLLUSK By G. D. HANNA California Academy of Science A few minutes before Dr. F. M. MacFarland collapsed on February 21, 1951, he discussed with me the generic position of a rather remarkable species of nudibranch which had been col- lected a few weeks previously. He unquestionably would have described this animal in his very thorough manner had fate per- mitted. As a poor substitute, I will endeavor to place it on record and it seems fitting that it be named for him. Platydoris macfarlandi, new species. Plate 2, figures 1-5. Animal greatly flattened and broadly oval in shape; deep dark red above when alive, fading to a dull vinaceous gray in alcohol ; light gray, almost white below ; mantle flexible and edges sharp. Rhinophores placed 8 mm. from the anterior man- tle margin and separated by 11 mm. ; they are retracted as pre- served leaving two small lighter colored knobs. Gill retracted into aperture which is centrally located and 13 mm. from pos- terior margin of mantle. Otherwise, upper surface dull velvety smooth. Foot truncate anteriorly, tapering to a point pos- teriorly. Labial palps well developed. Reproductive aperture on the right side, 10 mm. back from the head ; cloaca evaginated in the holotype, but the spicular lining not showing ; this is very apparent in one of the paratypes. Holotype No. 9510, Calif. Acad. Sci. and paratypes (nos. 9511, 9512) from Loc. 33,248, C. A. S., collected October 23, 1950, off Pismo Beach, San Luis Obispo Bay, 86-88 fms., by Wm. Ellis Ripley, Keith W. Cox, and J. B. Phillips of the Calif. Division of Fish and Game while conducting fishery investigations with the vessel N. B. Sco field; (Fish and Game) field No. 50-B-59. One additional specimen was collected 7-10 miles southwest of Pt. 2 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (1) San Luis in 70-110 fms. Loc. 33,249, C. A. S. From 11/5/50 to 11/7/50.^ Dr. MacFarland told me that these specimens belonged to the genus Platydoris Bergh,^ the description of which is repeated in the Zool. Rec. for 1877, Moll., p. 51. Sixteen species were included, the first being "D. argo (argus) " (L.), Most of these are from European waters, but one, alaleta, is recorded from the West Indies and one is from the Philippine Islands. He also stated that there was a possible conflict of this genus- name with "Argus" of Bohadsch.^ Bohadseh's names have been a source of confusion for many years. Pilsbry * rejected them on the ground that the work was not binomial. Iredale and O'Donoghue^ adopted them, how- ever. Sherborn ® listed both "Argo" and "Argus" as of Bohadsch 1761, the first in quotes followed by * ' Herrmannsen V. Argu^." No species were cited under either name because Bohadsch considered a species-name unnecessary when there was only one in a genus. Both genus names, Argo and Argus, are listed in the Berlin Nom. Animal, gen. & subgen., 1926, Vol. 1, and in Neave, Nom. Zool., 1939, Vol. 1. Engel ^ discussed the status of the names of Bohadsch at length and on pp. 533-534 he considered the name Argus, which he said "is our Platydoris argo." Although Bohadsch cited no specific name in connection with the description of the genus Argus, Engel stated : "When a man quotes the rules of Linnaeus, tries to use them, discusses their application, it is my opinion that his work has to be regarded as valid, unless it be invalidated by an opinion of the Commission on Nomenclature. As Linne's 1 This nudibranch was collected somewhere between stations 50 B.72 and 50 B.82, Nov. 5, 6, and 7, 1950. The area dredged was off Pismo Beach. Worked both north and south, 7-10 miles. The specimens turned in were all together in one jar and labeled stations 50 B.72-82 — Nov. 5, 6, and 7th, 1950. 2 Bergh, E. Kritische Untersuchen der Ehrenberg 'schen Doriden. Jahrb. d. Malakozool. Ges., Vol. 4, 1877, pp. 73-74. 3 Bohadsch, J. B. De Quibusdam Animalibus Marinis, 1761, pp. 65-74, pi. 5, figs. 4-5. 4 Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1895, pp. 347-350. 5 Iredale and O 'Donoghue, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, Vol. 15, 1923, p. 195. sSherborn, C. D., Index Anim., 1758-1800 (1902), p. 73. 7 Engel, H., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), Vol. 13, May, 1934, pp. 529-540. July, 1951] THE NAUTILUS 3 Rules asked for no specific name in a monospecific genus, it is quite clear that Argus argiis is the type-species of the genus Argus." Acting upon this belief Engel asked for an opinion from the Commission in regard to the validity of Bohadsch's names. This was rendered on October 17, 1945 (Opinion No. 185), the title of which is as follows: "Suppression of Bohadsch (J.B.), De quibtisdam animalibiis marimis, 1761, and of the German translation thereof published by Leske (N.G.) in 1776." There was no dissenting vote among the commissioners so that the early name Argus of Bohadsch is purely of academic in- terest at this time. NOTES ON SOME BRAZILIAN PLANORBIDAE By H. a. PILSBEY In the course of investigating some Planorbidae for Dr. Ottis R. Causey, of the International Health Division, Rockefeller Foundation, certain forms were encountered which gave occa- sion for the following' descriptions and notes. AusTRALORBis AMPHiGLYPTus, new speclcs. Vol. 64, plate 9, figs. 6, 6a. The diseoidal shell has on the left side a deep conical con- cavity with subangular (narrowly rounded) border; the right side is very slightly concave, nearly level, with subangular bor- der. The periphery is rounded. The surface is smooth in the peripheral zone, strongly costulate in both right and left con- cavities, the riblets regular, in the direction of lines of growth; wanting on the first two whorls. The aperture is rather nar- row, less oblique than usual in this genus, the outer margin being straight in profile. Height 6 mm., diameter 13.5 mm. ; 41/2 whorls. "Rio de Janeiro, Brazil," received from the Smithsonian In- stitution. Type 21635 ANSP. The chief differential feature of this planorb is the strong, regular costulation of the walls of the right and left concavities, not found in any other Australorhis seen or found in a search through the literature. 4 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (1) It has been in the collection of the Academy for many years. Some doubt of the locality may be entertained as it does not seem likely that so distinct a snail could have escaped notice in that locality, which has been visited by many naturalists, and v^^here Dr. Lutz made an extensive study of Planorbidae. AusTRALORBis BAHiENSis MEGAs, iicw subspccles. Vol. 64, plate 9, figs. 4, 4a, 5. The discoidal shell has on the left side a rather deep cup- shaped or conical concavity with flattened sides and an angular boundary. The right side is flattened, with a smaller broadly conical central concavity, and is bluntly angular near the rounded periphery, the greatest convexity of the peripheral curve being nearer the right side. The last whorl is rather wide, the width of the spire, measured on the right side, being about 53 to 57 percent of the total diameter. The surface is rather smooth, but shows fine wrinkles of growth under a lens. The color of the type lot is sepia, but in several other lots more of a tawny olive tint. The aperture is somewhat squarish but the outer margin rounded, inclined about 45° to the axis, but the obliquity is mainly in the left or lower half, the plane of the right half being nearly parallel to the axis. The outer lip is therefore concave in a profile view. Height 9.4 mm., diameter 26.5 mm. ; about 6 whorls. Type. Height 11 mm., diameter 30 mm. ; 6% whorls. Petropolis, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Type 186903 ANSP. In this race the shell is larger and especially higher than A. hahiensis (Dunker), and the whorls increase more rapidly, the last whorl, on the right side, being much wider relative to the spire than in A. hahiensis. Dr. J. B. de Spix, who made extensive collections in the prov- ince of Bahia and the Amazon valley, died before writing up his mollusks. He left a series of plates drawn on stone, with the names of his species lettered at the foot. Dr. J. A. Wagner was engaged to supply the text. He had little regard for Spix's names, substituting Lamarckian genera for new genera proposed by Spix, and he frequently changed the specific names. In the publication "Testacea fluviatilia Brasiliensis" (1827) both the Wagner and the Spix names are lettered on the plates, but in July, 1951] THE NAUTILUS 5 the text Spix's names, when differing from "Wagner's, are placed in synonj^my. Planorhis lugitbris Wagner ^ has embarrassed all conchologists who have dealt with Brazilian planorbs. It was described from a specimen not figured, said to measure 3I/2 lines high, IO1/2 wide (that is, about 22 mm. diameter), with four rounded whorls, the last one inflated, cylindric. Wagner referred to an am- biguous figure in Chemnitz, of about 15 mm. diameter, which may represent Helisoma caribhaeiirti (Orbigny) or something similar, as it is said to be "von Westindien." Wagner included two forms of lugubris: "a) Testa adulta, majore. [This is evidently the specimen he described.] "b) Testa juniore, minore : Planorhis nigricans, albescens et viridis Spix, Tab. xviii, fig. 3, 4, 5, 6." These species of Spix were from woodland brooks at Ilheos and Almada, province of Bahia. Professor Von Martens had an opportunity to examine the originals of Spix's figures. He gave the results in Malak, Blatter, 15 : 188, as follows : "... das Original zu Fig. 4 und 5, PI. nigricans Spix (nicht Fig. 3, wie auf der Tafel steht),- hat die Kanten kaum ange- deutet, aber die Windungen doch ziemlich rasch, wie bei tenago- philus zunehmend; dasjenige zu Fig. 6, nigricans [error for viridis] Spix, ist kleiner, unten weniger tief und hat die Kanten, namentlich die obere, besser ausgepragt, es nahert sich also noch mehr dem PI. tenagophilus. Das Original zu Fig. 3, PI. albescens Spix, scheint gar nicht hieher, sondern zu olivaceus zu gehoren. " It would seem that Spix's figures 4 and 5 (nigricans Spix) agree with Wagner's description in having scarcely any indica- tion of carinae. Fig. 4 measures 14.7 mm. in diameter, while Fig. 6 {viridis Spix) is smaller and has a better developed keel.^ 1 Test. fluv. Brasil., p. 27. 2 In the numbering of Spix's plate the numbers 3 and 5 are exchanged. 3 Dr. Adolfo Lutz described and figured a strongly carinate species under the name Planorhis nigricans Spix (Mem. do Institute Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 10, fae. 1, p. 51, 1918), but it certainly is not that species though pos- sibly it may be viridis Spix. LIBRARY ' M 6 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (1) In our older collections there are specimens labeled P. luguhris which agree fairly with Spix's P. nigricans so far as can be seen ; but Spix gave only a view of one side, and there is no description of his shells. What is needed to clear the situation is a good collection from the state of Bahia. In any case, it seems that P. hahiensis Dunker is distinct from P. luguhris Wagner, whatever that may be. NEW FLORIDAN SPECIES OF OSTREA AND VERMICULARIA By axel a. OLSSON OsTREA wEBERi, iicw speclcs. Plate 1, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Shell Anomia-like^ thin, amber or apricot colored, attached usually by the whole surface of the lower valve, hence more or less irregular in form by conforming to the rock bed under- neath but with a general tendency for the outline to approach subcircular. Cardinal area narrow, turned towards the pos- terior side, with the ligament furrow in the middle, the area it- self terminating in a small inconspicuous beak pointing back- wards. The lateral margins on each side of the cardinal area are minutely denticulated, pits in the left valve and small pustules in the right; in some specimens these denticulations may be nearly obsolete. Outer surface of upper valve covered with fine, radial threads which are more or less divaricate along the middle and spread out fanlike on the ventral portion (fig. 4). The surface of the lower valve where it has become free or de- tached without causing injury, is smoother with waved growth- lines, the radials almost or wholly obsolete, its color white or pink with faint rays sometimes showing on the extreme umbo. Interior shiny, subnacreous, the muscle scar, posterior in posi- tion, small and semilunate. Valve margin is bordered by a darker zone, quite wide, formed by the growing outer layer. Type, an upper valve from Key West: Height from beak to ventral margin 37.1 mm., diameter across the sides 37.9 mm. This fine species, wholly distinct from any other oyster known from Atlantic waters, will be recognized at once by its Anomia- like shell, deep, rich color and fine, thread-like, radial sculpture of its upper valve. Although so much smaller, and always thin THE XAUTILFS: ().') (1) PLATE 1 1-4, Osliua inhiri. o, (i, 9, DisiorMio fioridana. 7, 8, Serpulorhi.^ faryoi. 1(1-1:2, DislorsU) chilliiiild. ]■'>, Caecum hiininicola. THE NAUTILUS: 65 (1) PLATE 2 Figs. 1-3. Plati/doris iii(icf(irJ No. 9510, Calif. At-ad. 8ci. Dept. Palrc!. Ty])f Coll. Figs. 4-5. Plal iidoris iiKicfdrhuidi Ilaiiiia, ii. s|). r;n-atyi)c' No. 9511, Calif. Ai-ad. Sci. Dept. Palco. Tyi)v Coll. Fk;. (!. Dri/iiKic/is m nil il iiirdi h.s ihuriiis (iriiiisliawo. Figs. 7-10. ('rcpUlitla niariilo.sa Conrad. Sanihcl Island. July, 1951] THE NAUTILUS 7 and delicate, Ostrea weheri is evidently nearest to 0. iridescens Gray of the Panama-Pacific fauna. Young- specimens of iri- descens have the same wide marginal band formed by the deeply colored outer layer, fine, threadlike riblets, and denticulated dorsal margins. Both species are completely marine. We take pleasure in naming this species for Mr. Jay A. Weber of Miami, Florida, who discovered it several years ago, at its two known localities. Key West and on the Gulf side of Grassy Key. Type and paratype 187641 ANSP from Key West. Vermicularia fargoi, new species. Plate 1, figs. 7, 8. Adult shell large, the living animal free, apparently never attached at any time. The Turritella stage is large (in the type about 35 mm. in length and composed of 12 whorls), formed of normally coiled M'horls between closed sutures, its base openly umbilicate and forming a narrowly perforate axis continuous through the length of the spire. As the coiling relaxes, at first in a strictly spiral manner, the tube finally becomes drawn-out, worm-like and irregular with no fixed pattern of growth. Sculpture strong to moderate ; on the spire-whorls it is formed by three primary spiral cords, one placed at the shoulder, a sec- ond around the middle, and a third lies partly buried in the suture but becomes exposed as the suture opens. The last whorl has therefore 3 strong, nearly equal spiral cords on its outer surface. A strong cord also forms the edge of the um- bilicus producing a small but distinct canal at the base of the lip. Space between the primary spiral cords is flat and marked with fine spiral threads and sinuated lines of growth. Base of tube between the peripheral and umbilical cords is flattened and finely sculptured and a similar type of sculpture is found on the umbilical wall. Color in life is usually a dark-brown or ashy- blue, the primary cords flecked with brown spots. Holotype : Length 35.5 mm. fig. 8. No. 187640 ANSP. Paratype : Length 33.5 mm. fig. 7. This is a common species in Tampa Bay, where it was observed crawling about on the mud-flats at the cable crossing near Pass- a-Grille by Mr. William Fargo, Jay Weber and the writer dur- ing the past winter months. The types, of which measurements are given above, are not completely mature but were selected because of their well-preserved spires. Large specimen may have a length of 70 mm. with the tube drawn out and twisted. 8 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (1) All the specimens collected or observed were individually free, none entangled together as is common among other members of the genus. It has been customary to lump all vermicularias into a single species, V. spirata Philippi, but it is evident that sev- eral distinct forms occur ; collectors are advised to watch for these interesting shells and to obtain them alive if possible. Nothing seems to be known as to the exact habitat of V. spirata, and its soft parts should be studied. THE MOLLUSCAN NAMES IN RENIER'S "TAVOLE" By a. MYEA keen Stanford University, California Compilers of systematic lists in the Mollusca find it virtually impossible to verify and evaluate generic names attributed to S. A. Renier, for Renier's publications are almost non-existent. Only a single surviving copy of the original folio edition of the ' ' Tavole " is on record, in the library of the University of Padua. A photographic copy of this is in the British Museum (Natural History), and a second one is now available in the United States. Other unrecorded examples may, of course, exist. Iredale (1922, pp. 87-90) reviewed the British Museum copy, and his useful notes have been virtually the only information on Renier hitherto available. He dismissed most of the names as unacceptable on the ground that, like Poli's, Renier's are in duplicate and hence, he felt, non-binomial. Now, however, Poli's names are gradually gaining acceptance. It seems well, then, to examine Renier's work anew, especially as Iredale over- looked one name and did not discuss all of the problems involved. In the bibliography of the "Index Animalium, " Sherborn (1922, p. cvii) listed Renier's publications with these comments: Prodr. osserv. Venezia 1804-7 (Not published except as the following : ) Tavola alfab. Conch. Adriat. 1804. Prosp. classe dei Vermi. 1804. Tavola per serv. conosc. classif. Anim. 1807. . . . [These] . . . were loaned to me by the University of Padua, they are 30 single sheets folio, and photographic re- July, 1951] THE NAUTILUS 9 productions were carefully made for the British Museum (Natural History). Evidently a duplicate photographic copy was made by Sherborn for his own library. After his death it was listed by a British dealer and purchased by the library of Stanford University. Bound into this copy are some typewritten notes and a collation in Sherborn 's hand- writing signed and dated April, 1905. All three of Kenier's papers are the initial parts of unfinished works. The first was adequately reviewed by Iredale. The second dealt mainly with worms. Like other workers of his daj', however, Renier grouped a number of molluscan genera in Vermes. Among the latter were some innovations — Scolixe- dion,^ which will be discussed below. Discoides, indeterminate as of 1804 but described in 1807, and Aglaia, also undescribed in 1804 but validated in 1807 under the spelling Aglaja. Renier 's third work, the one most often cited, is entitled, "Tavole per servire alia classificazione e connoscenza degle ani- mali." It consists of eight synoptic tables covering five of the eleven classes into which he divided the animal kingdom. Although in his bibliography, quoted above, Sherborn listed the date of the Tavole as 1807 and imprinted this date upon his own copy, for some unexplained reason he dated all Renier 's genera as "[1804]." In the earlier parts of the "Index Ani- malium" he did not cite those names of Renier ending in -genus. As Schultze et al. (1926-), however, included these in the "Nomenclator Animalium Generum et Subgenerum" published by the Berlin Academy, Sherborn later, in his volume of addi- tions and corrections (1932), listed them all with the strange notation, "... Renier, 1807 (i.e., 1804) . . . teste Nomen. Anim." This action upon the part of one so careful about dates is dif- ficult to understand. Neave (1939-1940) altered most of the references to "[1804] 1807." 1 Among the few errors of recording made by Sherborn is his entry for Scolixedion. The reference is given as Tavole, xx [1804], which should read, "Prosp. . . . Vermi, xx, 1804." There is also a typographical error in the quotation from Sherborn 's bibliography given above. He listed Kenier's third paper as "Tavola" (the singular form of the word) in- stead of "Tavole" (the plural) which he used elsewhere in the Index. 10 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (1) In order that the reader may have a clearer idea of Renier's system, here are some sample entries from Tables VII and VIII, taken at random near the top of each table. Three columns of vernacular names are omitted; these alternate with the sci- entific names. Tavola VII Classe V. MOLLUSCHI Sezione I. Molluschi Acefali Nome generico dei Nome generico delle Nome specifico di alcuni Molluschi conchiglie conehiglie 1. Teredigenus .... Teredo jTer. navalis Lin. \ Ter. hipalmulata Cuv. Eed. 2. Pholadigenus . . Fliolax [sic] Pli. costata Lin. 3. Fistulanigenus . Fistulana Lam Ter. clava Gmel. 4. Saxicavigenus . . Saxicava Fie. Bel Sax. striata Fie. Bel. Tavola VIII Sezione II. Molluschi Cefalati 75. Siliquarigenus . Siliquaria Lam Serp. anguina Gmel. 76. Vermicularigenus V ermicularia Lam Serp. lumbricalis Lin. 77. Arenarigenus vel Arenaria fLa conchiglia Serp. arenaria Lin. Scolixedion j^L 'animale . . Scol. penulatnm Ren. In all, 163 genera were mentioned, but 15 of these are no longer considered mollusks (brachiopods, corals, barnacles, etc.), so that the total is really 148 molluscan genera of which 63 are Pelecypoda, 85 Gastropoda. Under a subhead, " Conchiligeni : Nudi, " in Tav. VIII, Renier listed several nudibranch genera. Only one, Discoides, is new. The name had been published in the Prospetto . . . Vermi in 1804 as a nude name based on an undescribed species. In the Tavole it is validated by a descrip- tion," provided specialists can recognize the form described. 2 The description reads, Dorse variocolorato. Ventre unicolare. Testa anteriore tra i margini membranosi, quadrata, schiacciata, con la bocca inferiorniente, per la quale esce proboscide tubulosa niacchiata. Tentacoli quattro, anteriori, senza occhi, due sotto il margine superiore, sopra il collo, orecchiformi, congiunto alle base, e due laterali nell 'estremita della testa. Aperture due approssimata, anteriori e laterali a destra ; 1 'una per gli organi f eminini, 1 'altra per i mascolini. Membro eirrif orme, lungo, indiviso, imperforate? Senza conchiglia. Barcola vagando. July, 1951] THE NAUTILUS 11 Under a second subhead, "Conchig'lie univalvi, " Aglaja is listed, with a marginal description ^ in the form of a key. The generic name had been spelled Aglaki in the "Prospetto . . . Vermi, " 1804, with Aglaja as the vernacular form, but in Tavola VIII it is recorded as Aglaja without alternative. If, for the sake of argument, one grants that all of Renier's names are to be accepted at face value, two courses of action are open : 1 ) To regard all of the names in the first column as emendations of names in the second, which would seem to be in line with principles of emendation recently set forth by the In- ternational Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1950, p. 148). 2) To evaluate each name in column 1 on its own merit, in terms of the species cited in the third column. Under the first alternative, most of the names of column 1 disappear, for nearly all of them are based on names of Lin- naeus, Lamarck, Cuvier, and others, the ending -genus being ad- ded. They would fall as absolute synonyms with the same type species, whether or not that species was cited by Renier. How- ever, a few Lamarckian names are homonyms, and an otherwise invalid emendation would become available for use in replace- ment. A complete list of these, plus the innovations which Renier proposed, is as follows, preserving Renier's style and order : The sole species is Discoides nutans Eenier. Later authors have synony- mized Discoides with Pletirobranchus Cuvier, but Renier, although bracket- ing the tVFo under a larger category in his marginal key, distinguished Discoides as being without, Pleurobranchus with, internal shell. 3 This description reads : Corpo cilindraceo, anteriormeute rotondato, ed un poco schiacciato; posteriormente troncato ; privo di tentacoli, e di occhi. Ventre smarginato [ femarginato]. Bocca in una fessura orizzontale anteriore, e per la quale il primo ventrieolo rovesciandosi esce in forma di proboscide. Pro- luugamenti del manto membranosi due, liberi, aliformi, estesi, uno per lato ; un terzo anteriore e superiore, aderente al dorso, libero ai margin! ; un quarto posteriore formato a disco, in alcuni (A. dipinta) diviso supe- riormente ed inferiormente, in alteri (A. tricolorata) soltanto inferior- mente e con appendice. Branchie laterali destre e posteriori, pinnate ed unite in piramide, eoperte dei prolungamenti del manto. Ano pos- teriore nel mezzo al disco. The names of the two species, given in the description in vernacular form, are recorded in the table in the latinized form, Agl. depicta and Agl. tricolorata. Although this is under the subhead * ' Conehiglie univalvi, ' ' the words ' ' senza conchiglia interna ' ' precede the description. 12 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (1) 3. Fistulanigenus . . . Fistulana Ter. clava Gmelin 11. Panopeigenus .... Fanopea Fauj J Pan. aldrovandi Fauj. \Pan. faujas 23. Galateigenus Galatea Lam Gal. radiata Lam. 44. Hirundigenus .... Avicula Myt. hirundo Lin. 52. Marginelligenus . . Marginella Ken Mar. subtilissima Een. 55. Cystigenus Cystia Een J Cyst, nivea Een. I^Osi. hullata Bor. 56. Imisigenus Imisia Een 7m. bisulcata Een. 77. Arenarigenus vel Arenaria JSerp. arenaria Lin. ScoUxedion \Serp. penulatum Ken. 86. Piano spiri genus . . Planospira Fauj PZ. ostracina Fauj. 131. Nassigenus Nassa Buc. arcularia Lin. If Sherborn's citation of the date 1804 for the Tavole were correct, two generic names in current usage would fall : Egeria Roissy, 1805, might be displaced by Galateigenus {Galatea Lam. is a homonym) ; and Nassarms Dumeril, 1806, itself an emenda- tion of the homonymous Nassa Lamarck, might be replaced by Nassigenus. However, the occurrence of the name Panopea argues strongly against a date as early as 1804. It is true that Renier cited Panopea as of Faujas rather than Menard,* but this is a kind of lapsus calami that occurs even today. The fact that Renier cited the Panopea aldrovandi is itself evidence that he was writing after the publication of the name, for the species was not formally christened until Menard named it in January (or April) 1807. It seems to me that this is good reason to date Renier 's Tavole as 1807, posterior to Menard's paper whatever the exact date of the latter proves to be. Second are the innovations : Marginelligenus, Marginella, Cystigenus, Cystia, Imisigenus, Imisia, ScoUxedion, Arenari- genus, Arenaria, Piano spirigenus, and Planospira "Fauj." Marginella, proposed for a pelecypod, is not only a homonym 4 There is a problem connected with the exact date and spelling of this name. According to Dall (Proc. Malae. Soc. London, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 34- 35, 1912), the name first appeared in print as Panope in January, 1807 in a privately printed 37-page pamphlet issued by Menard to record a paper he had given a month previously at a meeting in Paris. Condensations of this booklet were later printed in Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., vol. 9, pp. 131-139, in April, 1807, where the name was spelled Panopea. A second condensation appeared in Jour. Physique in August, 1807, with the spelling Panope. Sherborn (1929, pt. 19, p. 4731) does not mention the January publication, gives no evidence that he had studied Ball's testimony on the subject, and dates the name from April, 1807, as Panopea. Tlie matter needs further study. July, 1951] THE NAUTILUS 13 but a nomen nudum as well, and hence Marginelligenus falls with it. Imisia and Imisigenus also are without indication, based on an undescribed species. For Cystia and Cystigenus two species are listed, a point which both Sherborn and Iredale seem to have overlooked; hence, thej' are not nomina nuda. Ostrea hullata Born is now allocated to Lima, sub, slightly convex, sutures im- pressed, last quarter whorl rising slowly below, inflated above and turning abruptly downward behind the peristome. Strongly constricted behind peristome. Peristome white, some- what dished, outer lip tooth inflected with a prominent buttress below. Basal tooth blunt, seated transversely on the lip-callus. Parietal tooth high, straight or slightly curved, entering slightly into the aperture, and connected to the end of the outer lip by a low buttress. Diam. 8.1 mm. Ht. 4.2 mm. Holotype. Diam. 7.2 mm. Ht. 4.1 mm. Paratype. Diam. 8.8 mm. Ht. 4.6 mm. Paratype. 82 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (3) Type locality. — North Carolina : Catawba Co. : upland oaks woods, 3.4 miles west of Conover, holotype 188292, and paratypes 188290 A.N.S.P., paratypes 10935, collection of the author. This species is unique in Triodopsis in having a buttress con- necting the parietal tooth and the end of the outer lip as in many species of Polygyra and Stenotrema. T. rugosa, which it re- sembles in having a buttress below the outer lip tooth, has an aperture very similar to T. tridetitata. Whereas the aperture of T. fulciden is more suggestive of T. fraudulenta. Triodopsis pendula, new species. Shell depressed, dull, pale cinnamon-buff. Embryonic whorl smooth, later whorls rib striate, strongly papillose in the um- bilical region and behind the peristome. Umbilicus somewhat funnel shaped, the last whorl eccentric, twice the diameter of the preceding whorl, contained about 6 times in the diameter of the shell. Whorls 5i/o, slightly convex, sutures impressed, strongly constricted behind the peristome. Peristome white, somewhat dished, outer lip tooth rounded, slightly inflected, basal tooth blunt, set transversely on the lip callus. Parietal tooth slightly curved, high, and connected to the columella. Diam. 11.3 mm. Ht. 6.2 mm. Holotype. Diam. 13.7 mm, Ht. 6.7 mm. High Point. Diam. 9.6 mm. Ht. 5.0 mm. Mt. Airy. North Carolina : Stokes Co. : summit of Hanging Rock Mtn., Hanging Rock State Park, holotype 188293 and paratypes 188294 A.N.S.P., other paratypes A9637, collection of the author; up- land woods, 2.5 miles southeast of Danbury. Allegheny Co. : 3000 ft., Roaring Gap. Surry Co. : Kalmia thicket, 3 miles southeast of Mt. Airy. Wilkes Co. : upland woods, 7.5 miles east of Wilkesboro. Forsyth Co. : upland woods, 3 miles west of Pfufftown. Guilford Co. : upland oak woods, 3.5 miles north- east of Jamestown; 2 miles west of High Point. This species is related to T. fraudulenta vulgata and T. ne- glecta. Differing from the former in being smaller, more de- pressed, with a smaller, less dished aperture, the outer lip tooth is smaller and not as greatly inflected. From T. neglecta, which it resembles in its aperture, it differs in its much smaller umbilicus. Jan., 1952] the nautilus 83 CREPIDULA MACULOSA CONRAD By dale V. STINGLEY During a trip to Sanibel Island, Florida in 1948, the author collected a number of beach specimens of Crepidula showing unusual pigmentation. These specimens on superficial examina- tion were classified as C. fornicata L. and temporarily forgotten. However, in August 1949 and April 1950 on subsequent visits to Sanibel, heavy blows provided an abundance of live material and a more careful stud.y led to the conclusion that this was a distinct species. Examinations were then made of the collections of the Chicago Natural History Museum, Academy of Natural Sciences Phila- delphia, United States National Museum and Museum of Com- parative Zoology. This work disclosed that this species, with two exceptions, had been classified as C. fornicata. The excep- tions being single examples from the west coast of Florida classified as C. glauca Say, and C. maculosa Conrad, respectively. Consulting the literature disclosed that C. maculosa had been described in the Proceedings of the Academj^ of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 3, pp. 26-27 (1846) in an article entitled "Descriptions of New Species of Fossil and Recent Shells and Corals" by T. A. Conrad. "Crepidula maculosa. Subovate ; anterior side flattened ; back acutely rounded ; umbo compressed ; color white, with irregular brown spots somewhat in raj'-like series. Length 1% inch. Breadth % inch. Locality: Mullet Key, Tampa Bay." Conrad, unfortunately, did not figure this species and the type presumably in the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia appears to be lost. No. 188296 A.N.S.P., from the type locality, Mullet Key, has been designated a neotype. Several illustra- tions of C maculosa have been erroneously designated C. forni- cata L., and as a result, the former has been assumed to be a synonym for the latter. C. maculosa is, however, a valid species as the following expanded description and comparison with C. fornicata will show. 84 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (3) Crepidula maculosa Conrad. Plate 2, fig. 7-10. Description. — Shell 25 to 35 mm. in length, uniformly convex and thin but strong, smooth except for minute sculpture of growth lines. Color; white with coarse irregular brown to blackish lines commonly broken up into spots or merged into blotches. Interior; white occasionally pinkish, with exterior pigmentation showing through. The apex is small, generally free and inclined dextrally. Aperture; oval. Diaphram; deep seated, slightly less than half the length of the aperture and ex- tending into the apex. Free margin of diaphram uniformly and smoothly concave, slightly more extended on the left side. There is a prominent muscle scar anterior to the diaphragm on the right side. The animal is a mottled silvery grey color, the foot being silvery white and attached both to the diaphragm and to the shell anterior to the diaphragm on the right side. Comparison. — Special differentiation between C fornicata and C. maculosa is based on major physical differences and the ab- sence of continuously intergrading forms, where the two species occupy the same range. Comparing C. fornicata with C. maculosa, we find first, that the edge of the diaphragm in C. fornicata is irregular and sinu- ously convex while C. maculosa is smoothly concave. The dia- phragm in C. maculosa extends markedly into the apex, and the sides to the aperture approach the diaphragm at a nearly per- pendicular angle. The diaphragm is also moderately deep seated. In C. fornicata, the diaphragm does not normally ex- tend into the apex; the sides of the aperture usually approach the diaphragm at an angle greater than 90° and the diaphragm is shallow. The apex of C. fornicata is coarse and commonly fused to the body whorl. The apex of C. maculosa is distinct and free. The shape of C. fornicata is irregular and greatly influenced by the surface to which it adheres. The shape of C. maculosa is regular and the aperture is consistently oval even in specimens deformed by their situation of growth. A comparison of the animals of C. fornicata and C. maculosa brings forth major differences in anatomy. In C. maculosa, the attachment of the foot muscle to the shell results in a prominent muscle scar, which is almost completely absent in G. fornicata since the foot is attached mainly to the diaphragm. The foot of Jan., 1952] the nautilus 86 C. fornicata is a rather uniform, slightly orange flesh color, while that of C. maculosa is silvery grey mottled. It should be pointed out that the animal of C. maculosa closely resembles C. aculeata Gmelin in both color and anatomy, which may indicate that these species are closely related. The range of C. maculosa cannot be fully determined from the material available. It is well established on the Florida west coast from St. Joseph Bay, south to Marco Island, but in the collections mentioned above, the only east coast record must be considered doubtful. The southern and western limits also cannot be defined. One lot collected by Pilsbry at Havana, Cuba, and another collected by Heilprin at Progreso, Yucatan, appear to be C. maculosa. However, in the author's opinion, this should be confirmed by an examination of preserved material before it can be definitely accepted that these are C. maculosa. The writer is deeply indebted to Mr. W. J. Clench, Mr. John D. Parker and Mr. R. T. Abbott for their encouragement and cheerful assistance in making this study possible. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE RELICT LAKES IN THE GREAT BASIN By JOSHUA L. BAILY, JR. and RUTH INGERSOLL BAILY (Continued from p. 53) Lymnaea (Stagnicola) hemphilli (Baker) Under strict application of the law of priority Henderson should be cited as the authority because his publication was the earlier, but since it was clearly the intention of both writers that Baker should be credited with the names we have cited him although well aware that the decision to do so maj^ eventually be overruled. Lymnaea (Stagnicola) caperata Say. Saratoga. Lymnaea (Polyrhytis) kingii utahensis Call. Lifton; Ideal Beach ; Saratoga, Geneva, Provo. This race, originally described as a variety of Lymnaea ampla Mighels (Call, 1884) and later raised to independent specific rank by the author (Call, 1886), appears to be the extant descendent of Lymnaea kingii Meek (1876) from the Pliocene beds in Cache County, Utah. Cer- 86 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (3) tainly the two are closely related as stated by Baker (1911 ) . The chief difference appears to be in the columellar region of the peristome, which in the figure of the holotype of Lymnaea kingii given by Baker (loc. cit.) appears to be diagonal with a con- spicuous fold, while in the figures of Lymnaea utahensis in the same work the columellar pillar appears straight and parallel with the axis. The latter form seems characteristic of our ma- terial but the range of variation is so great as to justify the assignment of Lymnaea utahensis to Lymnaea kingii as a sub- species. Parapholyx effusa nevadensis Henderson. Toy; Pyramid Lake. The first record of this subspecies seems to have been by Dall (1870) under the name of Pompholyx effusa solida from Clear Lake, California. Later, Stearns (1883) commented on this form, stating that the original material had come from White Pine, Nevada, and that the type locality cited by Dall was erroneous. Still later Henderson (1934, p. 90, pi. 9 fig. 5-7) described a new variety from Winnemucca Lake to which he gave the name Parapholyx effusa nevadensis, and in the same publi- cation he accorded specific rank to Ball's subspecies. In the same year, but subsequent to Henderson's publication, Pilsbry (1934) gave the name Pompholyx solida optima to a variety from Lake Bigler, Nevada. Finally, Baker (1945, p. 164) accorded full specific rank to both Parapholyx nevadensis and Parapholyx solida to the latter of which he referred Pilsbry 's subspecies. In a long series of these shells from Pyramid Lake the ob- servable variation appears to efface the supposed differences among the forms mentioned above. The range of variation is tremendous, some specimens being thin and transparent while others are thick and opaque; some are smooth and others costate; in some the peristome is simple and in others it is flaring ; in some the spire is flat and in others it is elevated ; and these characteristics are united in every possible combination. Between the extremes every conceivable degree of continuous intergradation occurs, making segregation impractical if not ab- solutely impossible. If the distinctions among these forms be considered valid our Pyramid Lake shells will fall into Para- pholyx effusa nevadensis, but if not they should be called Para- pholyx effusa solida. Jan., 1952] the nautilus 87 Carinifex newherryi Lea s.s. Lifton ; Ideal Beach ; Provo. Carinifex neivherryi occidentalis Hanna. Lake Tahoe. This is the paper-thin form characteristic of many northern California lakes. Helisonia tenue Dunker. Pyramid Lake. Plate 4, fig. 12. This is a common species of the Mexican plateau. It is widely spread, specimens in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences indicating it to be known from many localities, among them Arizona ; Humboldt Valley, Nevada ; Estes Park, Colorado ; San Diego County, California; and the Lerma River in Mexico. It is recognizable by the rather triangular aperture, the minute and close but usually quite distinct striae, and the small di- ameter of the upper or left cavity. Modern specialists on this family (see Baker, 1945, p. 149) have divided this species into a half dozen or so subspecies, only two of which are found north of the Mexican border. To these have been given the names Helisoma tenue calif orniense Baker and Helisoma tenue sinuosum Bonnet. The two are practically indistinguishable. If we assume the Sierra Nevada Mountains to mark the boundary between the habitats of these two sub- species (a not unreasonable assumption) the Great Basin race will be Helisoma tenue sinuosum but we have not accepted this name because our material so closely resembles the figure of the type given by Dunker that we are unable to distinguish between them. Helisoma suhcrenatum Carpenter. Lifton. Helisoma binneyi ursolacustre subsp. nov., Lifton. Plate 4, fig. 11. Holotype in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 187690. The large, coarsely striate Helisoma of Bear Lake and other localities in Idaho, Utah, and Nevada fig- ured by Chamberlin and Jones (1929, p. 148, fig. 69) has been listed, according to Henderson (1929), under several names, such as Helisoma corpulentum Saj^, H. hinneyi Tryon, H. Jiorni Tryon, H. pilshryi Baker, and apparently even H. subcrenatum Car- penter, but it does not agree very well with any of these species. In comparison with specimens of equal diameter these shells may be seen to be significantly lower than those of H. hinneyi or H. pilshryi (which are probably equivalent to each other and which may be only varieties of Helisoma trivolvis Say) and sig- 88 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (3) nificantly higher than those of H. subcrenatum or H. horni (the identity of the latter is somewhat uncertain). On the umbilical or right side which is deep and vortex-like, showing two or three whorls, the whorls are rounded, differing from those of Helisoma corpulentum, which are somewhat angulated on both sides. The spire is shallow, with a prominent angulation on the periphery of the whorls, though the body whorl tends to become more or less rounded near the aperture. The surface is sculptured with coarse striae, generally well spaced, but sometimes locally crowded, especially near the aperture, which is decidedly wider in proportion to its length than that of H. binneyi s.s. The size of apparently adult shells varies from about 20 mm. in diameter to over 30 mm. The figured type from Lifton, Idaho, measures: diameter 21.4 mm., height 10.5 mm. In order to have a name certainly applicable to the shells which we and many others before us have collected from this region we are calling them Helisoma hinneyi ursolacustre. We leave to specialists the task of deciding whether this is a sub- species or race of Helisoma trivolvis Say or of H. binneyi Tryon, or a species in its own right. The name Planorbis binneyi was given by Tryon (1870) to the species which Haldeman had identified erroneously as P. corpulentiis Say. The type locality of P. binneyi was the Lewis River, Oregon, Thomas Nuttall being the collector. According to Pennell (1936) Nuttall was on the "Lewis" or Snake River somewhere near the present town of Blackfoot, Brigham County, Idaho, and again he followed the river from the confluence of the Boise River to that of the Malheur River, Fayette County, Idaho, or on the Oregon side. This seems a more probable place for the collecting of Helisoma binneyi. Gyraulus similaris F. C. Baker. Lifton; Saltair; Geneva; Saratoga; Provo; Toy; Topaz Lake; Diaz Lake. This is the most widespread mollusk in the Great Basin, and it is practically indistinguishable from the eastern species Gyraulus parvus Say. Promenetus rubellus Sterki. Lakota. Promenetus exacuous Say. Provo. Ferrissia fragilis Tryon. Saratoga ; Provo. Physa triticea Lea s.s. Geneva ; Provo ; Diaz Lake. Specimens from Provo resemble Physa blandi Lea. This is the only mollusk we observed living in Utah Lake. Jan., 1952] the nautilus 89 Physa triticea venusta Lea. Lakota. Physa nuttalli Lea. Saratoga ; Topaz Lake. Physa virgata traski Lea. Saltair, Saratoga. Physa virgata interior is Ferriss. Liftou ; Ideal Beach ; Walker Lake. This subspecies was named by Ferriss (1920) without a description, and referred by him to Physa humerosa Gould. The name acquired legal standing when Pilsbry (1930) published an illustration of the holotype. The latter author considered it a form of Physa virgata Gould, an opinion in which we whole- heartedly concur. Some of the Bear Lake material looks exactly like specimens in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences, and also like Pilsbry 's figures, but others may vary to a somewhat more globose shape. Neither Henderson (1924; 1931; 1936) nor Chamberlin and Jones (1929) list this variety from Bear Lake, but Henderson (loc. cit.) reports it from other Utah localities, and Chamberlin and Jones (loc. cit.) record Physa virgata Gould, presumably this subspecies, elsewhere in the state. These writers agree that there is only one Physa to be found in the lake, which they identify as Physa ampullacea Gould, a species which we did not observe there. But as we also believe that there is only one Physa to be found in Bear Lake we assume our material to be conspecific with theirs, and conclude that a difference of opinion exists among us as to its affinities. We do not wish to commit ourselves as to the validity of the variety interioris but we are convinced that it should be referred, not to Physa humerosa or to Physa ampullacea but to Physa virgata. Physa lordi utahensis Clench. Geneva ; Provo ; Pyramid Lake. Physa lordi zomos subsp. nov., Pyramid Lake. Plate 4, fig. 4. Holotype no. 187699 in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences. The great number of unrecognizable and unidentifi- able terms which have been inflicted upon the species of Physa bear mute but eloquent testimony to the extent to which no- menclatorial artists have committed mayhem on this genus. So much so is this the case that Henderson (1924, p. 181) has written : " At present it is not possible to work out the synonymies of the western physas. Manj^ species should doubtless be elimi- nated from the list, but I can not now tell where to place the records in the synonymies. Consequently they are presented just 90 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (3) as they were found, in alphabetical order, ..." He then pro- ceeds to list 28 species and varieties with three others thrown in for good measure, and in a later publication (1936, pp. 126-31) adds ten more. It must be remembered that although these are referred to as "western" Physas neither of these treatises in- cludes the records from the three Pacific coast states or Nevada. A contributing factor to the "origin of species" in this sense is the varying degree of importance assigned by different writers to the expansion of the body whorl into a conspicuous shoulder. It is possible that in some instances this expanded shoulder may be of taxonomic significance but it seems likely that in many instances it is an adaptive structure. Pilsbry (1891) suggested that the form in these eases might be correlated with an in- crease in the capacity of the air-sac or lung which occupies that part of the shell, and that it might be the result of a more con- tinuous or prolonged subaquatic existence. Clench (1925) observes that these high shouldered forms are characteristic of large bodies of water of considerable depth, where oxygen is not readily available and where it must be stored up as it becomes obtainable. He is not convinced that the ex- panded body whorl is always the result of an ecologic factor, but feels that it is likely that it may be so. The large Physa from west of the continental divide, Physa lordi Baird, has in the past frequently been confused with Physa parheri, although the two seem to have little in common except the large size to which they attain. Clench (loc. cit. pi. 1, fig. 4, 6) has figured the types of both, and reference to his figures will facilitate the discrimination of these two species. In the typical form of Physa lordi there is a shoulder well de- veloped so that the greatest diameter of the body whorl tends to pass through the center of the parietal portion of the peristome. Specimens from Utah Lake lack this expanded shoulder, so that the greatest diameter tends to pass through the angle where the parietal and columellar portions of the peristome come together. To this form Clench (loc. cit., p. 8, fig. 5) has given the name Physa lordi utahensis; but Chamberlin and Jones (1929, p. 162, fig. 75) have raised this form to independent specific rank on the advice of Clench. Specimens of Physa from Pyramid Lake resemble Physa lordi Jan., 1952] THE NAUTILUS 91 in the absence of the shoulder on the bodj' whorl and in the position of the maximum diameter, but they differ widely in their bodily proportions from both the typical form and from Physa lordi uiahensis. In both of the named forms the greatest diameter is approximately equal to two-thirds of the distance between the apex and the most remote point on the margin of the aperture, while in the Pyramid Lake specimens these dimen- sions are approximately equal. In the language of physical anthropology the habitus of the Pyramid Lake specimens is pycnic whereas that of the other two races is esthenic. For this reason the subspecific name zomos from the Greek fw/xos "fat fellow" is here suggested for the Pyramid Lake form. The out- lines of the types of the three forms are figured in the text. Fig. 1, Physa lordi Baird, after Binney. Fig. 2, Physa lordi utahensis after Clench. Fig. 3, Physa lordi zomos subsp. nov. We feel that until more is known of the anatomy and physi- ology of the soft parts of these it is wiser to take the conservative attitude of considering them to be but variants of a single species. Physa lordi zomos is of course not a newly discovered sub- species. It is inconceivable that a form which occurs in such abundance on the shores of Pyramid Lake should have escaped notice by all the field malacologists who have succumbed to the lure of this lake in the desert. The only surprising fact is that until now no one has seen fit to give it a new name. Oxyloma haydeni kaibahensis Pilsbry. Provo. Succinea nuttalliana Lea. Lakota. The last two species are not, strictly speaking, aquatic moUusks, but their terrestrial habitat is always so close to water that it is convenient to include them in this investigation. 92 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (3) Conclusions As a result of this investigation three facts stand out con- spicuously which any students in the same field in the near future should continuously bear in mind. These may be briefly summarized as follows : First, that the Hayden survey of Territories, despite the care taken by its members, overlooked many forms which modern writers would consider worthy of nomenclatorial recognition. Second, the great variation in those forms of restricted range, and the discontinuous localities of those of widespread geographic range, seems to demand collecting in a much greater number of localities than we had ever considered might be necessary. Third, the fact that the forms to which we have given new names are in no sense new themselves, but merely forms which older collectors had reported under various names which are not applicable, seems to indicate the need of a much more intensive study before a complete unification of minds can be achieved. Consequently we would urge those malacologists, paleontologists, and geologists who may be interested in Quaternary or late Tertiary faunas to turn their attention to the relict lakes in the Great Basin. REFERENCES Baily, J. L., Jr. 1950. Some preliminary notes on the distribu- tion of Mollusca in the lakes of the western states. Nautilus 63 : 73-8. Baker, F. C. 1911. The Lymnaeidea of North and Middle America. Spec. Fubl. Chicago Acad. Sci., p. 103, pi. 17, f. 2; pi. 24, f. 22-6. . 1934. New Lymnaeidae from . . . California, Oregon, and other western states. Nautilus 48 : 17-20. 1945. The MoUuscan Family Planorbidae. University of Illinois Press. Published posthumously. Berry, S. S. 1947. A new Pyrgulopsis from Oregon. Nautilus 60 : 76-8, pi. 7, f . 6. Call, R. E. 1884. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 2 : 373-9, 381, 401. PL 6, f. 7-9. . 1886. Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci. 5 : 5, pi. 1, f . 7-9. AND Pilsbry, H. a. 1886. Pyrgulopsis, a new genus of Rissoid mollusk, etc. Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci. 5 : 9-10. Chamberlin, R. V. AND JoNEs, D. T. 1929. The Mollusca of Utah. BuU. Univ. of Utah 19 : pp. 1-203. Jan., 1952] the nautilus 93 Clench, W. J. 1925. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 161, p. 3. Dall, Wm. H. 1870. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. for 1870, p. 334. DuNKER, W. 1886. Syst. Conchyl. Cab. 17 : 45, pi. 9, f . 14-9. Ferriss, Jas. H. 1920. Nautilus 34 : 2, 4, 7. Haldeman, S. S. 1840. Monog. Limn, and other Freshwater Univ. Sh. of N. A., Planorhis, p. 19, pi. 3, f. 7-9. Hanna, G. D. and Smith, A. G. 1938. The Molhisks of Lake Tahoe. Nautilus 52 : 34-6. Henderson, Junius, 1924. The Mollusca of Colorado, Utah, etc. Univ. of Colo. Studies 13 : 65-223. . 1929. Non-marine Mollusca of Oregon and Washington. Univ. of Colo. Studies 17 : 135-6. . 1931. The problem of the Mollusca of Bear Lake and Utah Lake. Nautilus 44: 109-13. . 1934. Notes on Western Lymnaeidae. Nautilus 47 : 90, 122-4. 1936. The Mollusca of Colorado, Utah, etc. Suppl. Univ. of Colo. Studies 23 : 81-145. Meek, F. B. 1876. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 9 : 532. Pennell, F. W. 1936. Bartonia for 1936, p. 36. PiLSBRY, H. A. 1891. L. and F. W. Mollusks collected in Yucatan and Mexico. Proc. A. N. S. P. for 1891, p. 234. . 1930. Nautilus 45 : 139, pi. 11, f. 12. . 1934. Proc. A. N. S. P. 86 : 52. Stearns, R. E. C. 1883. Proc. A. N. S. P. 35 : 174. Tryon, Jr., G. W. 1870. Monong. F. W. Univ. Moll. U. S., p. 199. AN OLD PROBLEM IN NAIAD NOMENCLATURE By HENEY van DER SCHALIE In 1942 Hans Modell published in the Archiv filr Mollusken- kunde a paper entitled: "Das natiirliche System der Najaden. " That article appeared during the Second World War and it was not till about two years ago that this work became available to me. The quotation of his closing paragraph presents a prob- lem worthy of special consideration. Translated it reads : "I am aware that it is impossible in this first draft to have arrived at the proper arrangement and I am pleased to look forward to corrections and improvements. It is otherwise re- garding nomenclatorial problems especially as they concern the North American naiades where, since Simpson's subdivisions 94 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (3) did not suffice for these purposes, I had to go over completely to the coherent system of Frierson in order to be able to give a better picture. Thereby I had also to accept Frierson 's concepts of Rafinesque's names in their entirety, although I know that these ideas are not shared by many North American investigators because Frierson 's views are in part in opposition to the arrange- ments adopted by Ortmann, Pilsbry and Walker." This statement brings to the fore an historic situation which it seems to me never has been generally appreciated by malacolo- gists. In any reference to mussels a system of nomenclature must usually be adopted and the selection involves knowing what the available schemes are and what the relative merits of these arrangements may be. The problem immediately arises: Why should we have the two systems referred to above by Modell? It is this situation which concerns us mainly and I shall do the best I can to give an honest and a fair appraisal of the historic conditions that led to the development of these two schools of thought. As suggested by Modell the difficulties go back to Rafinesque. His work has caused trying nomenclatorial problems in Botany and Ichthyology, as well as in mollusks. Some interesting ac- counts are available to provide information about the life and travels of this naturalist. Perhaps the most popular memoir is David Starr Jordan's (1911) article, "An Eccentric Natural- ist," in his Science Sketches. T. J. Fitzpatrick (1914) pub- lished a comprehensive account titled: "Rafinesque, A Sketch of his Life with Bibliography." In Chronica Botanica (Vol. 8, No. 2, 1944), the botanists made available a verbatim reprint of Rafinesque's own account entitled, "A Life of Travels." In a foreword to this reprint, E. D. Merrill of the Arnold Arboretum at Harvard has supplied some very interesting information con- cerning some of the special problems that relate to the man and his time. An unusually comprehensive work on the subject was printed in 1895 by a well-known conchologist, Robert Ellsworth Call, in ' ' The Life and Writings of Rafinesque ' ' which appeared as a Filson Club Publication and is not as readily available to students as it deserves to be. Without entering into detail regarding the difficulties that existed in the early eighteen hundreds as they relate to the dis- semination of information, much less to the special personality Jan., 1952] the nautilus 95 traits that were characteristic of Rafinesque, there are a few problems that relate to Rafinesque 's work which can not be ig- nored. David Starr Jordan (1911: 167) stated: "... And his failure seems due to two things : first, his lack of attention to details, a defect which has vitiated all of his work ; and, second, his versatility, which led him to attempt work in every field of learning." Rafinesque is also said hy Jordan (1911: 156) to have had "the ardor of the explorer without the patience of the investigator." E. D. Merrill in his foreword to the reprint of "Life of Travels" has summarized some of the problems which relate to Rafinesque 's work in botany, as follows: ". . . His conclusions in various fields were not always sound, and about every disparaging adjective in the English language has been applied to him by this or that author. And yet, Asa Gray, one of his severest critics, in reviewing his botanical work in 1841, the year of Rafinesque 's death, states: 'It is indeed a subject of regret, that the courtesy that prevails among botanists of the present day (who are careful to adopt the names pro- posed by those who even suggest a genus) was not more usual with us some twenty years ago. Many of Rafinesque 's names should have been adopted; some as a matter of courtesy, and others in accordance with strict rules. ' ' ' The same disregard for Rafinesque 's work as just indicated in the field of botany also existed in conchology. Rafinesque him- self w^as bitter about this lack of regard for his work and in his * ' Continuation of a Monograph of the Bivalve Shells of the Ohio River" in 1831 (as reproduced by Binney and Tryon in 1864, p. 71) he states : "Since 1820, several American Conchologists have attempted to notice, describe, or figure these shells ; Barnes, in 1823, Lea, Say, and Eaton, later still. They had a fine field before them, in elucidating them by good figures, and describing the new kinds; but led astray, by various motives, they have neglected to verify, or properly notice my previous labors, although they were knoiv7i to them. Mr. Say, is, above all, inexcusable. I had respectfully noticed, in 1820, his previous labors; but he has never mentioned mine, and knows so little of the animals of these shells, as to have mistaken their mouth for their tail, and their anterior for the posterior part of the shells ! ' ' It should be understood, then, that even after the appearance of Simpson's "Synopsis" in 1900 and his "Catalogue" in 1914, 96 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (3) there was still considerable uncertainty in the nomenclature of our North American mussels. For the next few years following the appearance of the Simpson "Catalogue" three of the most active naiad workers felt that the time had come to straighten out the confusion in the naiad names. Much of the early work along this line was done by correspondence among them and the letters of A. E. Ortmann, Bryant Walker, and L. S. Frierson on these nomenclatorial problems are all available in our Museum of Zoology. Their letters show that at first these men tried to work together so as to consider all of the arguments in each case and then to resolve their differences in an effort to come to a fair and sound conclusion. It soon became evident that L. S. Frierson was assuming the role of a champion and he became so obstinate that Ortmann and Walker decided to carry on their work without Frierson. The arrangement at that time was that each case would be carefully reviewed by both of them and when they had differences the several arguments pro and con would be submitted to Pilsbry who would act as a judge to make a decision that would be final. In a letter to Bryant Walker from A. E. Ortmann, dated April 19, 1920, there are the following statements : "Pilsbry has sent to me, last week, a bundle of Frierson 's Ob- jections etc., telling me that he has sent the same to you. He has asked me to send my comments on these to you, and that you may add your own, and send both to him. "I do not think it worth while to go again into detail. In the cases of Anodonta ohiensis, V. crassidens (domheyana) , U. cor, TJ. irroratus, Lemiox rimosus, Toxolasma lividus, and V. giganteus, Frierson 's arguments are not new to us. Indeed, we have considered them, and it is of no use for Frierson to repeat his arguments again and again. "Only in one case, that of TJ. teres, I agree with Frierson, while you disagree. But we have concluded to leave the decision with Pilsbry, and if I can do so, and you can do so, I do not see why Frierson can not! Nothing could be fairer than that. "Moreover, last Saturday I received a letter from Frierson in which he tells me not to mind him at all. And in a previous let- ter he hinted at the possibility, that, if we do not come around and approve his views he will act just as he pleases. Under these conditions, also, it is not worth while to spend any more time on him. "Frierson seems to be offended that we do not accept all his Jan., 1952] the nautilus 97 dicta as gospel-truth. He entirely forgets that we have accepted quite a few of his suggestions, published and unpublished, and he apparently does not see that our way of treating the subject is the only candid and scientific one. We want to be fair to all parties concerned, not only to Rafinesque, and we have no bias against anybody, none against Lea, and none against Frierson. " It is clear from this letter that it became impossible to con- tinue to work with Frierson as a party to the revision of the Rafinesque names. But, the work among Ortmann, Walker and Pilsbry continued. Anyone who will take the trouble to see the voluminous correspondence, a revelation of the hours of time and patient work expended by these men, can not help but be impressed b}' the value of their contributions. Also, we must stress that seldom has there been a group better able to handle such problems. The scientific ability through patient study both in the field and laboratorj- of A. E. Ortmann, the legal back- ground of Bryant Walker and his preeminence in the study of mussels, plus the unusually sound judgment of H. A. Pilsbry, combines to bring to bear experience and knowledge which few can question. The considered judgments and the basic information resulting from several jears of painstaking work were published by A. E. Ortmann and Bryant Walker in 1922 as an Occasional Paper (112) of the Museum of Zoology in the University of Michigan under the title : ' ' On the Nomenclature of Certain North Ameri- can Naiades. ' ' In the introduction these authors clearly stated the nature of the problem and their way of resolving special difficulties in an unbiased and legal way. In 1927, just five years later, L. S. Frierson published his own version of a system which to him represented the proper way to resolve these same questions. His publication was privately printed under the title: ''A Classified and Annotated List of North American Naiades." This booklet carefully avoids any mention of the work of Ortmann and Walker. I have been able to find only one reference to their work in a statement which fails even to cite the source of the quotation (see page 18 under Anodonta {Laste7ia) o/iiensis Rafinesque). Another unfortunate aspect of this work is the lack of any references. That Frierson was biased and wished to be a champion for Rafinesque is quite obvious from statements in the introduction 98 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (3) to his paper. There are several such clear indications but per- haps one quotation will suffice to dispel any uncertainty in this matter. After an historic review to indicate that Say, Barnes and Lea redescribed species which should have been credited to Rafinesque, Frierson (1927: 7) stated: "But in quite a different spirit was Rafinesque 's work treated by Lea. The latter published in 1836 a Synopsis of the Naiades, which was afterwards immensely enlarged in editions of 1852 and 1870. In these works Rafiinesque was practically ignored as an author of species. This procedure, Lea undertook to justify on the plea that Rafinesque 's descriptions were incapable of identification with any degree of certitude. He broadly hinted that the names credited to Rafinesque by Conrad, Say, and others, were arived at by 'guessing' ; and quoted sundry writers to the effect that, in their opinion, Rafinesque 's mind was 'diseased,' and still worse, that he was 'in the habit of describing' imaginary objects. Lea lived for many years, was wealthy, and was en- abled to publish sumptuously illustrated works, and accumu- lated an immense collection, left by him to the Smithsonian In- stitute. On the contrary, Rafinesque died in abject poverty, and left no one to champion his cause (not, however, unchampioned altogether), and his work has become practically unread, and his names buried in oblivion. Notwithstanding the immense debt owing to Dr. Lea by conchologists of all time, yet the time has arrived when personal reasons must be abandoned, and justice be rendered for Science's sake. ..." From these statements it would seem very unfair and con- temptible to ignore the other fellow's work. Yet, Mr. Frierson, after criticising Lea and others for ignoring Rafinesque 's work, had no hesistance in completely overlooking the careful paper by Ortmann and Walker which deals directly with the same sub- ject to which he subsequently directed his attention! From Frierson 's own statements it appears quite unlikely that he could be unbiased and render "justice" in these cases of dis- puted names. Also, it is of interest to find a statement by S. S. Haldeman quoted by T. J. Fitzpatrick (1911: 48) indicating that Rafinesque was not entirely without blame for the attitude shown toward him by his contemporaries, as follows : "His greatest fault as a naturalist was not so much, perhaps, the shortness and resulting obscurity of his characters, as his passion for 'new species,' and the recklessness with which he proposed them, without sufficiently examining the works of his Jan., 1952] the nautilus 99 predecessors. The author who pursues such a course, treats his fellow-laborers with disrespect, and prevents his works from being' as much consulted as they may deserve ; for there is noth- ing to compel other authors to wade through unsatisfactory de- scriptions, which must, in many instances, be referred to estab- lished species." If, in the foregoing account, some of the facts that relate to this problem in the solution of resolving the arguments that relate tc disputed names of mussels have been brought to the attention of interested students, the purpose of these remarks will have been attained. Its seems to me we need not decide which system to adopt on any grounds other than the relative merits of work contained in the papers published to clarify these issues. The adoption of the Frierson system by Modell and others would seem much more worthwhile if those authors would produce evi- dence to indicate in which ways we can improve the arrangement given us by Ortmann, Walker and Pilsbrj-. REFERENCES BiNXEY, Wm. G., and G. W. Tryon, Jr. 1864. The Complete Writings of Constantine Smaltz Rafinesque, on Recent and Fossil Conchology. New York : Bailliere Bros., pp. 1-96, 3 plates. Call, Richard Ellsworth. 1895. The Life and Writings of Rafinesque. Filson Club Publication No. 10. Louisville, Kj'. : John P. Morton and Co., pp. i-ix, 1-227. FiTZPATRiCK, T. J. 1911. Rafinesque. A Sketch of His Life with Bibliography. DesMoines : Historical Dept. of Iowa, 241 pp. Frierson, L. S. 1927. A Classified and Annotated Check List of the North American Naiades. Baylor University Press, pp. 1-111. Jordan, David Starr. 1911. Science Sketches (Fourth Edi- tion). "An Eccentric Naturalist." Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Co., pp. 153-169. Ortmann, A. E., and Bryant Walker. 1922. On the Nomen- clature of Certain North American Naiades. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., 112: 1-75. Rafinesque, C. S. 1836. A Life of Travels. (A verbatim re- print of the original and only edition.) Foreword bv E. D. Merrill. Chronica Botanica, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1944: 292-360. Vanatta, E. G. 1916. Rafinesque 's Types of Unio. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., Vol. 67 : 549-559. 100 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (3) A RICH LOCALITY IN THE NEW YORK CITY AREA By ROGEE BRETET and EDWIN J. CARSWELL While making a survey of the land and fresh water moUusk fauna in a fifty mile radius around New York City last July and August, we found an amazingly rich locality situated in the southeastern part of Rockland County, between Piermont and Sparkhill, New York, along highway 9W. This spot is only some 13 miles north of the New Jersey terminus of the George Washington Bridge and hence well within the metropolitan region. The area is bordered by Valentine and Ferdun Ave- nues, conspicuously marked by Upper Ferdun Pond of Spark- hill Creek and spanned by a high steel bridge that supports the upper roadway of 9W. We had to make our way through weeds taller than ourselves to reach the southwest side of the pond. There we found the following species which were crawling on the pond 's walls, under leaves of aquatic plants and on rocks : Stagnicola palustris elodes (Say) Musculium secure (Prime) Musculium transversum (Say) Pisidium variabile Prime Valvata tricarinata (Say) Promenetus exacuous (Say) Physa heterostropha Say Helisoma anceps (Menke) Planorbula jenksii (H. C. Carpenter) Amnieola limosa (Say) Sphaerium rhomboideum (Say) Sphaerium sulcatum (Lam.) Lyogyrus pupoidea (Gould). (Only 1) After getting all these fresh water species we started looking for land shells on a little wall probably built to be the foundation of a house and parallel to the pond at a distance of about ten feet. We did all our collecting in a seventy-five foot radius, al- ways on the southwest side of Upper Ferdun Pond. Here the land mollusks were found in great abundance on the cinder covered ground, a sight most unusual in the New York area, Jan., 1952] the nautilus 101 where the land snail fauna is quite sparse. We discovered large colonies of : Anguispira alternata (Say) Succinea ovalis optima Pilsbry Zonitoides nitidus (Miiller) Zouitoides arboreus (Say) Discus cronkhitei cronkhitei (Newc.) Cionella lubrica (Miiller). Less common were : Oxychilus draparnaldi Beck Vallonia pulchella (Miiller) Gastrocopta contracta (Say) Hawaiia minuscula (Binney) Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) Retinella binney ana (Morse) Retinella indentata (Say). Only one specimen of Carychium exiguum (Say) was found. Under the overhead bridge, on the other side of Ferdum Ave- nue, we collected: Anguispira alternata (Say) Triodopsis tridentata (Say) Triodopsis albolabris (Say) Stenotrema hirsutum (Say) Mesodon thyroidus (Say). The following species have, to our knowledge, never pre- viously been reported from the New York City area : Sphaerium rhomboideum Sphaerium sulcatum Lyogyrus pupoidea Succinea ovalis optima Pilsbry Musculium transversum Valvata tricarinata. These last two are new to the New York City area but Jacob- son reports he has collected them near Peekskill. 102 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (3) Oxychilus draparnaldi is apparently a recent arrival. Discus cronkhitei cronkhitei : the finding of this last species indicates a definite extension of range since Dr. Pilsbry notes it no nearer to New York City than Dutchess County. The Helix striatella Anthony, reported by Hubbard from Staten Island (1865), has been assigned by Dr. Pilsbry to the subspecies catskillensis Pilsbry. The latter subspecies is abundant and widely distributed everywhere in a 50 mile radius about New York City, the locality in Sparkhill being the only one where we have found typical cronkhitei. REFERENCES J. W. Hubbard and Sanderson Smith. 1865. Catalogue of molluscs of Staten Island, N. Y. Annals Lye. of Nat. Hist. of New York, VIII, no. 4 and 5, pp. 151-154. Sanderson Smith and Temple Prime. 1870. Report on the molluscs of Long Island, N. Y. Annals Lye. of Nat. Hist, of New York, IX, pp. 377-407. Henry Prime. 1894. Catalogue of land shells of Long Island, N. Y. Nautilus, VIII, p. 6. Brooklyn Conchological Society. 1907. Bulletin, Vol. I. no. 1. Henry A. Pilsbry. 1939-48. Land moUusca of North America, Acad, of Nat. Sci. of Phil. Monograph 3. A SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES OF FAUXULUS By H. a. pilsbry 111 looking over some recent accessions from South Africa in the collection of Mrs. H. B. Baker my attention was called to a white snail, at first glance like the Grecian clausiliid Alhinaria in size and color. It turned out to be a species of Fauxulus (Pupillidae). It will be figured in the April Nautilus. Fauxulus agulhasensis, new species. The sinistral shell is nearly cylindric, the upper third taper- ing to the rather obtuse apex; imperforate, but with an oblique umbilical crevice. It is opaque white, uniform or with a few small gray dots and stains. The surface is glossy, the first two whorls smooth, the rest showing under the lens weak, irregular Jan., 1952] the nautilus 103 obliquely axial striation. The whorls are moderately convex. The somewhat squarish aperture is about one-fourth the length of the shell, amber brown within, the peristome white, moder- ately expanded, with 5 or 6 lamellae and folds. The angular lamella is high and thin. Parietal lamella is more deeply placed and smaller, entering farther. Columellar lamella is quite small and deeply placed. The two palatal folds are about equal in size. There is also a very low basal fold in the type and an- other specimen (wanting in a third specimen). Length 20.8 mm., diameter above aperture 6 mm. ; 12 whorls. Length 21.5 mm., diameter above aperture 5.7 mm. ; 12^/2 whorls. Cape Province: Cape L'Agulhas, collected by Mr. D. W. J. Ackermann of the Strand, South Africa. Type 188332 ANSP. ; paratypes in the collections of Bernadine B. Baker and of Mr. Ackermann. This species is from about double to triple the size of F. capensis (Kiister) ; 9.8 mm. long, 4 mm. wide being the largest measurement given for capensis by Connolly in his Monographic Survey of South African Non-Marine Mollusca, pp. 377-379. Most specimens of capensis are smaller, 6 to 8 mm. long. The length of F. agulhasensis is more than three times the width above aperture, but in F. cape7isis it is little more than twice the width. The surface of F. agulhasensis is more coarsely striate than in F. capensis, the peristome is more expanded, and the columel- lar lamella is smaller, more immersed. However, the new form is so similar to F. capensis in color and apertural structure that if it were not for the conspicuous difference in size and relative width, it would hardly be considered specifically distinct. Quite normal F. capensis also was taken at Cape L'Agulhas, THE MOLLUSKS OF BERKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA By EOBEET a. HEILMAN Berks County, one of the larger counties of Pennsylvania, is situated in the southeastern section of the state and covers an area of 865 square miles. The northern section of the county 104 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (3) lies within the Appalachian Mountains, the southern lies within the Piedmont Lowlands, and the Great Valley passes through its center. Limestones, sandstones and shales of Paleozoic age form the soil of the county. The Schuylkill River provides the principal means of drainage. Here in Berks County, the eastern most part of the Lebanon Valley, we find a total of 52 different forms of moUusks repre- senting 34 genera and 18 families. Virtually all the aquatic species listed were collected by myself and are now deposited in the Carnegie Museum. The records of the terrestrial species are based mostly on the reports of Dr. H. A. Pilsbry (1899) and Mr. C. B. Wurtz (1940). The list of species follows: Triodopsis tridentata (Say) T. tridentata juxtidens (Pilsbry) T. fallax (Say) T. albolabris (Say) Mesodon thyroidus (Say) M. zaleta (Binney) Stenotrema hirsutum (Say) Ventridens ligera (Say) V. suppressus (Say) Retinella electrina (Gould) K. rhoadsi (Pilsbry) R. indentata (Say) Hawaiia minuscula (Binney) Zonitoides arboreus (Say) Anguispira alternata (Say) Discus eronkhitei catskillensis (Pils.) Helieodiscus parallelus (Say) Punctum minutissimum (Lea) Pupoides marginatus (Say) Gastrocopta armifera (Say) G. contracta (Say) G. pentodon (Say) Strobilops labyrinthica (Say) S. aenea Pilsbry Vallonia pulehella (Miiller) V. exeentrica Sterki Deroceras laeve (Miiller) Pseudosuccinea columella (Say) Stagnicola emarginata (Say) Fossaria exigua (Lea) F. obrussa obrussa (Say) F. obrussa peninsulae (Walker) F. modicella rustica (Lea) Helisoma anceps (Menke) H. trivolvis (Say) H. campanulatum (Say) Gyraulus parvus (Say) Ferrissia rivularis (Say) Campeloma decisum (Say) Valvata tricarinata (Say) Amnicola limosa (Say) Elliptio complanatus (Dillwyn) Goniobasis virginica (Gmelin) Lasmigona subviridis (Conrad) Strophitus edentulus (Say) Alasmidonta undulata (Say) A. marginata susquehannae Ortm. Sphaerium sulcatum (Lamarck) S. striatinum (Lamarck) Pisidium eompressum Prime P. easertanum (Poll) All identifications have been based on the shell rather than on body anatomy. Mr. Gordon K. MacMillan and Rev. H. B. Herrington assisted in the identification of species, and I express my gratitude to each. Jan., 1952] the nautilus 105 NOTES AND NEWS Another Colony of Discus rotundatus (Miill.) in the New York City Area. — Mr. Eddie Slater, a new member of the New York Shell Club, brought a lot of shells to the last meeting of the Club which turned out to be representatives of another colony of the European snail Discus rotundatus (Miiller), the second found in recent months in the environs of New York City. Mr. Slater collected the shells on the premises of the old Grace Estate in Great Neck, Long Island. The specimens in every way resemble those found in Fort Tryon Park on Manhattan Island by Mr. Bretet (Naut. 65: 34). However, it is unlikely that the two colonies are in any way related, since there is a distance of some 18 airline miles between the two localities, in addition to a highly urbanized land area and the salt waters of the East River and part of Long Island Sound separating them. The clue to the origin of the Great Neck colony might lie in the landscaping activities of the gardeners of the Grace Estate. It is well within the realm of possibility that plants were imported from Europe and with them the j'oung or eggs of rotundatus. Mr. Slater is trying to get in touch with the present owners of the estate, who live in South America, to check these speculations. At any rate, both of the present colonies (there may be others) must be of relatively recent origin, since no such species is mentioned in any of the early faunal lists of Long Island, the last as late as 1907 (list of Brooklyn Conchological Club, Vol. I, no. 1 of the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Conchological Club). — Morris K. Jacobson. Correction of the Type Locality of Pomacea Cumingii (King) 1834. — The Type locality given by King in the original description in the Zoological Journal, Volume 5, page 344 is the Island of Sahoga, in the Gulf of Panama. Specimens received by Isaac Lea from Cuming are labelled simply Panama (USNM No. 106162). One of these is of the size of the original dimensions given by King. Two others of this lot are of the size of the small race knoA\ai from Pacheca Island, only about one inch in height. Reeve, in the Conch. Iconica, Vol. 10, Ampullaria No. 81, pi. 17, fig. 81., incorrectly gives "Taboga" Island as the type lo- cality, but figures the species correctly. Likewise, the specimen 106 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (3) received from Sternberg, and catalogued in (1859 1) (USNM No. 4673) is labelled ''Taboga." In 1946, I also followed Reeve, and gave the type locality as the "Island of Taboga." (Smith. Misc. Coll., Vol. 106, No. 6, p. 6.) A specimen recently received from T. Pain, from the G. B. Sowerby III Collection, labelled as from Taboga Island, proves interesting. It is not the species cumingii from the Archi- pielago de las Perlas, but is zeteki, otherwise known from the Isthmus of Panama. (Smith. Misc. Coll., Vol. 106, No. 6, p. 8, 1946.) From all the evidence at hand in the literature and in speci- mens, the type locality is correct as originally given by King, namely: Sahoga Island, Archipielago de las Perlas Panama. The confusion has been caused by the similarity of names of the two geographically separate Panamanian islands. It hardly seems logical to expect cumingii to be living on both Saboga and Taboga. — J. P. E. Morrison. The Genotype of Microceramus. — In the course of prepara- tion of radular slides for the forthcoming Monograph of Cuban Urocoptidae by Torre and Bartseh, the genotype species of Microceramus was critically reexamined, both in the literature and in specimens contained in the United States National Mu- seum collections. A correction of the currently cited genotype was found necessary. Pilsbry and Vanatta published Microceramus in Januar}^ 1898 (Nautilus, 11: 107) including the species: Macroceramus pontificus (Gld.) [1848.] Macroceramus floridanus Pilsbry [nude.] Macroceramus texanus Pilsbry [nude.] Five months later Pilsbry declared the two latter were un- described (Nautilus, 12: 22, June 1898) and proceeded to de- scribe them on page 23. The name Microceramus is therefore based solely on the species pontificus Gould, in its earliest pub- lication. The genotype was thus fixed by monotypy in January 1898, so that Pilsbry 's subsequent declaration of M. floridanus as genotype (Proc. A.N.S.P., p. 281; July 12, 1898; Man. Conch., Vol. 16, p. 151, 1904 ; and Land Moll. N. America, Vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 108, 1946) are completelj^ inoperative. M. pontificus Jan., 1952] the nautilus 107 (Gould) is the genotype. This correction will result in no change whatsoever in the concept of the genus. — J. P. E. Mor- rison. The Genotype of Microceramus. — In the preceding note Dr. Morrison stated that Macroceramus floridanus was a nude name is published in Nautilus, 11, 107. However, the name was fol- lowed there by the note : ' ' Sarasota Bay and Goodland Point, Florida ( = M. gossei of authors, part, not of Pfeiffer)." The authors who identified M. gossei from those places could only be W. G. Binney and others following him. Binney, under his description of M. gossei (Man. Amer. L. Sh., p. 416), gave the locality "Little Sarasota Bay near Charlotte Harbor, Florida." Hemphill collected it at Goodland Point. No other Micro- ceramus is known from that far up the coast. There could be no reasonable doubt as to the species intended by M. floridanus if nothing more had been published. A good many accepted names, including some published by as high an authority as W. H. Dall, have no better basis. While the sug- gested change of the type species of Microceramus seems need- less, there is no great objection to it, since, as Dr. Morrison noted, it would make no change in the limits or characters of the genus. — H. A. P. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED The Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences has published a number of articles on recent mollusks in the last year in Vol. 41 (1951) : No. 1. Jan., pp. 14-16. K. T. Abbott, New stenothyrid gastro- pods from the Philippines (Rissoidae). {S. austini n. sp. and S. austini clarki n. subsp.) No. 1. Jan., pp. 17-20. J. P. E. Morrison, Two new Western Atlantic species of pulmonate mollusks of the genus Detracia and two old ones. (Detracia clarki and parana n. spp.) No. 1. Jan., pp. 20-21. D. Nicol, A new species of gly- cymerid from the Philippines. (Axinactis (Melaxinaea) clarki n. sp.) 108 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (3) No. 1. Jan., pp. 22-24. H. A. Rehder and R. T. Abbott, Two new recent cone shells from the Western Atlantic (Conidae). (Conus clarki and austini n. spp.) No. 1. Jan., pp. 24-26. W. K. Emerson, A new scaphopod mollusk, Cadulus austinclarki, from the Gulf of California. No. 3. Mar., pp. 102-106. D. Nicol. Recent species of the veneroid pelecypod Arctica. No. 4. April, pp. 142-146. D. Nicol. Recent species of the cyrenoid pelecypod Glossus. No. 4. April, pp. 146-147. P. Bartsch. More new urocoptid mollusks from Mexico. (Coelostemma anconai and Holospira wilmoti n. spp.) No. 10. Oct., pp. 335-338. R. T. Abbott and H. S. Ladd; A new brackish-water gastropod from Texas (Amnicolidae : Lit- toridina). {Texadina, new subg. and L. sphinctostoma, n. sp.) — R. T. A. SUCCINEA VAGINACONTORTA (SECTION CaLCISUCCINEA) , A NeW Amber Snail from Kansas. By C. Bruce Lee. Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 533. A species apparently re- lated to S. campestris Say and 8. luteola Gld., living in small spots of mosses, lichens and liverworts in thick stands of gramma grass, in a sagebrush flat in Meade Co., Kansas. Its special feature is a swollen twist at the base of the vagina. — H. A. P. Les types de la collection Lamarck au Museum de Geneve. Mollusques vivants. II. By G. Mermod. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 58 (40) : 693-753, figs. 51-93b.— Examples from La- marck's collection, including several American species, are de- scribed and figured carefully. Species named in Helix, Carocolla, Anostoma, Helicina, Pupa, Clausilia, Bulimus and Achatina are included. Helix planorhida remains a synonym of Polygyra septenivolva. Helix scahra seems more heavily costulate than typical Anguispira alternata. — H. B. B. Directory of conchologists. 1952. John Q. Burch, 1584 W. Vernon Ave., Los Angeles 62, Calif. 32 pp. $1.50.— This adds another very useful and up-to-date compendium of addresses and interests. But, arrangement by states and countries, al- thougrh with some advantages, often makes the search for a name more difficult; for example, one finds Dr. Ramsden in the West Indies (p. 32) but not in Cuba (p. 17)— H. B. B. The Nautilus VoL 65 APRIL, 1952 No. 4 SOME INTERESTING LOCALITIES ON A COLLECTING TRIP TO MEXICO By morris K. JACOBSON The combination of efficient automobiles and excellent roads has made trips to Mexico easy and common. Hence it might prove of some value to other collectors, who might like to under- take such a trip, to discuss a few localities a party of us visited in July, 1950. We are indebted to Dr. Pilsbry, for without the aid of his published papers on Mexican non-marine mollusks and his kindness in reviewing our finds, most of our species would probably not have been so well determined. Our route from New York City took us through the Great Smoky Mountains, then via Tennessee and Arkansas to Wood- ward, Oklahoma; finally through eastern Texas down Mexican Highway 1 to Mexico City. The stay in the Great Smokies was short. The July 4th holi- day brought out hosts of picknickers and visitors, accommoda- tions were difficult to get and the isolation necessary to throw one's heart into the task of searching for land snails completely absent. Even so a few specimens of the "Queen of the Meso- dons, " M. chilhoweensis (Lewis), which had sought refuge under an overhanging ledge near the Tuckaleeehee entrance to the Park, went to enrich our meager haul. About one-tenth of a mile east of the crossing of Swam Pond Road and U. S. Highway 70 near Kingston, Roane County, Tennessee, on a stony and sandy slope on the south side of the road, we found a particularly rich locality. We were surprised to find large numbers of Pomatiopsis lapidarm (Say) far above any obvious body of fresh water. Later we found considerable amusement in reading the thumping debate that Dr. Frank C. Baker conducted with Professor B. Shimek {Nautilus 44) as to the aquatic or terrestrial nature of this snail. Here we found 109 110 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) 14 species of interesting land snails, most of them in satisfactory- numbers. These included: Polygyra plicata Say, Mesodon zaletus (Binney), M. thyroides (Say), M. rugeli (Shuttle- worth), Stenotrema stenotrema (Pfeiffer), 8. spinosum (Lea), Ventridens gularis theloides (Walker & Pilsbry), V. colisella (Pilsbry), Mesomphix suhplanus (Binney), M. cupreus (Rafin- esque). Discus patulus (Deshayes) (very common), Punctum hlandianum Pilsbry and one specimen of an vindetermined Retinella. We also discovered that the numerous and large sized ticks can make collecting in the forests annoying ; fortu- nately most of our specimens were found under stones in the open. Quick stops involving that necessary but unsatisfactory mode of collecting usually referred to as ''grab and run" in several localities in Arkansas and Oklahoma added small numbers of such interesting forms as Mesodon inflectus (Say) (near Con- way, Faulkner County, Arkansas), Polygyra dorfeuilliana per- striata Pilsbry and Ferriss (in Pope County) and P. dorfeuil- liana sampsoni Wetherby (six miles east of Mulberry on U. S. Highway 64, Crawford County, Arkansas). The last locality also yielded one live, mature specimen of Stenotrema edgarianum (Lea), several hundred miles west of its reported range in Bledsoe and Scott Counties, Tennessee (Pilsbry, Land Moll, of N. A., 1: 645). The Panhandle of Oklahoma did not look like a very promis- ing place for mollusks, but collecting proved satisfactory near the Fort Supply Dam and at the artificial lake of the Southern Great Plains Field Station near Woodward, Oklahoma. Here we found Succinea concordialis (Gould?), and representatives of the genera Helisoma, Physa, Fossaria, Gastrocopta armifera (Say), Gyraulus, Ferrissia and several pupillids, zonitids and a Mesomphix. The largest land mollusks of this area proved to be Stenotrema monodon aliciae (Pilsbry) which found in Boiling Spring State Park, where some of the forms already mentioned also turned up. The trip through Texas was fortunately made on days that were intermittently rainy, so that incredible numbers of Buli- mulus dealhatus mooreanus (Pfeiffer) (near Abbott, Hill County) were seen and large lots collected. Here we also found April, 1952] the nautilus 111 Polygyra texasJana (Morieand) and Mesodon roemeri (Pfeiffer). We saw BulimuUis everywhere and near Waco we began to find large associations of Praticolella herlandieriana (Morieand) and Bumina decollata (Linne). A short rain near Troy, Bell County, brought out Helicina orhiculata tropica Pfeiffer as numerous as berries on the low bushes and shrubs. On the banks of a stream about 2 miles northeast of New Braunfels, Comal County, we found, in addition to the usual species, the following: Tropicorhis gracilentus (Gould), T. ohstructus (More- let), Sphaerium suhtransversum Prime and a small Polygyra which in Dr. Pilsbry's opinion might prove to be a new variety or subspecies of P. iexasiana. It is to be hoped that other col- lectors will send sufficient specimens of this snail to Dr. Pilsbry to permit a satisfactory conclusion. The locality is at the bridge on the main highway to San Antonio. In Mexico our first important stop was made in Monterrey to visit the Topo Chico, a locality which was one of our main goals. This turned out to be a low elevation right outside of town, covered with small boulders and with very little vegetation. Here we found most of the species we had expected (ef. Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1903, pp. 761-789), but most, as the result of a long drought, quite dead. The commonest shell was Poly- gyra rhoadsi Pilsbry of which we found 180 specimens, includ- ing a half dozen live ones. We found also the usual Bulimulus alternatus mariae (Albers), Helicina orhiculata tropica Pfeif- fer, Praticolella herlandieriana (Morieand), Thysanophora horni (Gabb), Euglandina texasiana (Pfeiffer) and an undetermined Succinea. This Succinea was also found clinging to the outer walls of our motel, the California Courts, where, as a consequence of the long drought, the animal had undergone complete desic- cation. The best find on the Topo Chico was Holospira topo- chicoensis Bartsch, of which, however, we found only five dead specimens and several fragments. Our next goal was the famous canyon 4 miles west of Ciudad Victoria in Tamaulipas State (Pilsbry, op. cit.). Upon inquiry we found that this canyon was known as the Cailon del Novillo and that Seiior Arce of the neighborhood would be happy to take us there in an old Model A Ford. This car did indeed prove to be old, literally and actually held together with wire and 112 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) twine. The water was added at the last minute to make sure that enough would remain, despite the leaks, to bring us to our destination. We were fortunate too that Seiior Aree decided to bring along an extra choke in the form of a companion, for when the car did indeed conk out on our way home in the dark, the latter seated himself on the fender near the motor and on the chauffeur 's order, * ' Ahogalo ! ' ' placed his hand over the choke tube till the car started. On "Bastante!" he removed his hand. What more reliable than a living choke? When after a while this human auto part resumed his seat in the car, Arce explained that maybe, "The car she feex herself." The famous canyon proved to be a shallow, winding rocky dale, partially traversed by a small stream, overrun with grazing cows and goats and dry and dusty from the long drought. Shells were scarce and practically all dead except for Mesom- phix montereyensis victoriana (Pilsbry) of which we collected 60 specimens. In rubbish which we took home to examine, we found a few specimens each of the following: Thysanophora fischeri Pilsbry (= fuscula C, B. Adams), Discus victorianus (Pilsbry), Euglandina texasiana (Pfeiffer), Oleacina ohlonga tamauUpensis {Filsbry) , Drymaens discrepans (Sowerhj) , Micro- ceramus mexicanus (Martens), Praticolella griseola (Pfeiffer), Lamellaxis tamauUpensis (Pilsbry) (somewhat larger than the dimensions given by Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 776 : 8.5 X 4 mm. as against 6.8 X 3.7). We were disappointed in not finding Scha- sicheila hidalgoana Dall, which Pilsbry (op. cit., p. 783) re- ported from the canyon. We did however find this species and 13 others in the next locality, one of the richest we came across. This station is lo- cated between kilometers 636 and 637 (the Mexican system of marking every kilometer on their highways with noticeable stone markers makes the task of the collector much easier) near the hacienda *'San Lorenzo," between the towns of Santa Inez and Llera in Tamaulipas. It is a boulder strewn hillside on the side of the road, well shaded with bushes, shrubs and trees. The same drought we had found everywhere followed us here too and hence our rich collection was even more surprising. We recommend this place strongly to collectors who might be able to visit it after a rain. Our best find here was a new April, 1952] the nautilus 113 Streptostyla which Pilsbry subsequently described as S. jacoh- soni in Nautilus, 64: 120. Another important discovery was Polygyra aulacomphala Pilsbry and Hinkley, which had been described from river drift near Tampico. Hence the find here serves to particularize the habitat of this species. The other species from this fine locality follow: Drymaeus discrepans (Sowerby), Helicina zephyrina turhinata Pfeiffer, H. flavida Menke, Mesomphix montereyensis victoriana (Pilsbry), Micro- ceramus mexicanus (Martens), Leptinaria tamaulipensis Pils- bry, Streptostyla gracilis Pilsbry, Euglandina corneola (W. G. Binney), E. texasiana (Pfeiffer) and Praticolella griseola (Pfeiffer). For the rest of the trip bad luck dogged us, or rather me as chief collector. The fascinating jungles near Tamazunchale had to go unexplored and the uplands of the plateau did not yield much to our hurried stops. The rivers were full — some- where then there was rain in plenty — so that all the fine Pachy- chilus and naiads remained uncollected. At Xochimilco we found small numbers of all the species reported from there : Lymnaea attenuata Say, Helisoma tenuis (Philippi), Physa osculans Haldeman, Succinea tlalpamensis Pilsbry ( ? ) , Ano- donta impura Say and Sphaerium suhtransversum Prime. In the company of Miss Bourgeois of Mixcoac we visited the Desi- erto de los Leones to collect Drymaeus sulcosus (Pfeiffer), a beautiful corrugated shell with a vivid bluish pink or light brown aperture. However we did not find the Humholdtiana and Bunny a hernardinae H. B. Baker that are said to live on the old convent walls. In the Park of Chapultepec, where at one time the noble ahuahuete trees supported large populations of a unique Drymaeus, we found only the omnipresent Helix a^persa INIuller. The volcanic country about the famous pyra- mids of Teotihuacan is relativelj' barren of shells, as are also the hills that lie between Mexico and Cuernavaca. All we got were some Helix aspersa when we asked some youngsters to bring us caracolitos. Our road back home led us via Matamoros to Brownsville, Texas. Near the town of Jimenez on the Victoria-Matamoros road, our best find consisted of numerous Polygyra ariadne (Pfeiffer), dead specimens all in the very desert itself. The 114 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) completely closed umbilicus is very distinctive. The bushes near Matamoros were covered with hosts of aestivating buli- muli, but we were sated and collected only a small box full. Here we also found a few Praticolella herlanderiana taeniata Pilsbry. As should be added, there wasn't a single locality in the entire route through the deserts of Tamaulipas or south- ern Texas where we did not see Bidimulus, Practicolella and even Succinea. "We returned quite contented. Our trip had been done in complete comfort (except for Tennessee ticks) and we had found new and interesting shells. But it would be futile to deny that, as in all trips, we regretted missed opportunities. One of the most outstanding of these was a lush locality between kilometers 550 and 551 near Mante. We did not stop, but from the corner of our eye it looked so much like the snail rich mogotes of western Cuba that I am sure even a short visit will well repay the col- lector. I offer it free of charge. SHELLS COLLECTED BY THE PEABODY MUSEUM EXPEDITION TO THE NEAR EAST, 1950. I. MOLLUSKS FROM THE PERSIAN GULF By F. HAAS The material to be named in this faunistic list was collected during the 1950 Peabody Museum Harvard Expedition to the Near East, by its leader. Dr. Henry Field. It was deposited with the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, Cam- bridge, Mass.; duplicates, where available, are now in the Chi- cago Natural History Museum. This material was entrusted to me for identification and I am by no means sure that I suc- ceeded in doing so correctly in all cases, mainly for the reason that I lacked material for comparison ; in some cases I even had to restrict myself to a generic classification, leaving the specific name open to further research. Comparatively little is known on the marine mollusks of the Persian Gulf and thus even this short list will contribute toward a better understanding of this interesting area. April, 1952] the nautilus 115 The individual localities, from which the species to be listed came, are recorded in the following numerated list which will make it unnecessary to repeat them in each ease in the faunistic list. List of Dr. Field's Localities 1. 5 miles south of Dubai, Trucial Oman Coast, Arabia; June 2, 1950. 2. Sharjah, Trucial Oman Coast, Arabia; June 3-5, 1950. 3. On loAv mound, 2 miles south of Sharjah, Trucial Oman Coast; June 3, 1950. 4. 15 miles south of Dubai, Trucial Oman Coast ; June 2, 1950. 5. Abu ]\Iusa Island, 40 miles northwest of Sharjah, Trucial Oman coast. 6. Dukhan, Qatar Peninsula, Arabia. 7. Bahrain Island; May 25, 1950. 8. Ras-as-Zallak, west coast of Bahrain Island. 9. Badiya, northwest of Bahrain Island. 10. Ain-as-Saih, near Al Khobar, Hasa Province, Saudi Arabia ; June 10, 1950. From kitchenmidden. 11. Kuwait. Diodora funiculata (Reeve). Loc. 11. Diodora excelsa (Reeve). Loc. 6. Diodora Candida (Reeve). Loc. 6. Gibhula kotschyi (Philippi). Loc. 2, 6, 8, 9, 11. Clanculus satrapius (Martens). Loc. 6, 11. Vmhonium (Umhonium) vestiarinm (Linne). Loc. 2. Isanda (Minolia) tapparonei (Caramagna). Loc. 6. Phasianella (Orthomesus) flaynmulaia Philippi. Loc. 6. Turbo (Lunella) coronatus Gmelin. Loc. 2. Turritella {Haiistrum) niaculata Reeve. Loc. 5. Architcctonium (Architectonium) dunkeri (Hanley). Loc. 5. Bittiuni {Bittiiim) tricarinatum (Pease). Loc. 2. Thericinm ruhens (Martyn). Loc. 6, 9, 10. Clypeomorus clypeomorus Jousseaume. Loc. 2, 6, 8, 9. Cerithiuni echinatum (Lamarck). Loc. 5. Cerithidea (Cerithideopsilla) fluviatilis (Potiez & Michaud). Tiirbonilla (Tropaeas) riippelli Jiekeli. Loc. 2. Canarium (Canarium) floridum (Lamarck). Loc. 2. Polinices (Neverita) ampla (Gmelin). Loc. 2, 5. Erosaria (Erosaria) turdus (Linne). Loc. 10. Erronea {Melicerona) felina (Gmelin), Loc. 5. Ranularia (Gutturtiiiim) lotorium (Linne). Loc. 5. 116 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) Thais (Cymia) carinifera (Lamarck). Loc. 2. Hexaplex (Hexaplex) turhinatus (Lamarck). Loc. 2. Drupa (Morula) concatenata (Lamarck). Loc. 2. Drupa (Morula) siderea (Reeve). Loc. 5. Mitrella (Mitrella) hlanda (Sowerby). Loc. 2, 6. Fusus (Fusus) colus colus (Linne). Loc. 2. Nassa (Nassa) pulla (Linne). Loc. 2. Nassa (Nassa) persica Martens. Loc. 2, 10. Niotha albescens splendidula (Dunker). Loc. 2. Niotha clathratula (A. Adams). Loc. 2. Bullia (Bullia) mauritiana (Gray). Loc. 5. Oliva (Oliva) elegans elegans Lamarck. Loc. 2, 5. Oliva (Oliva) ispidula (Linne). Loc. 1. Ancilla (Ancilla) acuminata (Sowerby). Loc. 6. Ancilla (Ancilla) cinamomea (Lamarck). Loc. 8. Gihherula (Oibherula) granum (Philippi). Loc. 6. Bulla (Bulla) ampulla Linne. Loc. 2. Haminoea (Haminoea) rugosa E. A. Smith. Loc. 6. Area (Barhatia) fusca Bruguiere. Loc. 1. Area (Area) uropygmelana Bory. Loc. 1. Area (Acar) plicata Chemnitz. Loc. 6. Glyeymeris sp. Loc. 1. Brachidontes (Hormomya) variabilis (Krauss). Loc. 6. Pteria (Pinetada') inflata (Schumacher). Loc. 1, 6. Peeten (Chlamys) senatorius Gmelin. Loc. 1, 2, 5, 10. Spondylus foliaceus Chemnitz. Loc. 4, 5. Cardita (Cardita) hicolor Lamarck. Loc. 1, 2, 5. Phacoides sp. Loc. 6. Codakia (Jagonia) fibula (Reeve). Loc. 6. Laevicardium (T r achy car dium) flavum (Linne). Loc. 1, 2, 11. Laevicardium (Tr achy ear dium) unieolor (Sowerby). Loc. 5, 6, Papyridea (Fulvia) tenuieostata (Lamarck). Loc. 6. Maeroeallista (Paradione) nivea (Hanley). Loc. 6, 10, 11. Macroeallista (Paradione) erycina (Linne). Loc. 2. Chione trigona (Reeve). Loc. 1, 2, 6, 8, 11. Lioconeha lentiginosa (Chemnitz). Loc. 11. Venus (Antigona) lamellaris Schumacher. Loc. 6. Circe (Circe) scripta (Linne). Loc. 7, Tivela ponderosa Koch. Loc. 1. Dosinia (Dosinidia) contracta Philippi. Loc. 8. Dosinia (Dosinidia) laminata (Reeve). Loc. 1. Macoma sp. Loc. 6. Tellidora sp. Loc. 6. Angulus (Peronaea) erythraeus (Roemer). Loc. 8. Angulus (Peronaea) micans (Hanley). Loc. 6. April, 1952] the nautilus 117 II. Land and Freshwater Shells The following list has been prepared by another, and a quite competent, specialist; thus no credit should be given to me for its publication. Lebanon From outside Mare Antonius rockshelter at Enfe on the right of the main road from Beirut (Beyrouth) to Tripoli the follow- ing were collected : Helix pachya Bourg. Monacha olivieri Fer. Levantina caesareana Mouss. Pomatias olivieri Sow. Syria Helicella seetzeni Koch. Mile 74.4 from Damascus to Pal- mjTa and 7.6 miles before reaching Qariateine. Wadi Swaab between Iraq Petroleum Company Station T-3 and Abu Kemal. Wadi Serda, five miles south of Deir-ez-Zor on track to Iraq Petroleum Company Station T-2. Twenty miles due north of T-2 on track to Deir-ez-Zor. Helicella vestalis joppensis Roth. On eastern slope of Jebel Abd al-Aziz, eight miles west of Hassetche (Hassecke) on the Khabur River. SpJmicterocJiila candidissima tholiformis Poll. Mile 74.4 from Damascus to Palmyra and 7.6 miles before reaching Qariateine. Buliminus alepensis Pfr. Jebel Abd al-Aziz, eight miles west of Hassetche on the Khabur River. Iraq Helix salmonica Naeg. Sharranish near Zakho. Zakho. Jebel Baradost, Rowandiz Gorge. Twenty-one miles east of Kirkuk. Barrajo near Sulaimaniya. Four miles east of Erbil. Nine miles east of Shakhara. Abu Ghraib, fifteen miles west of Baghdad. Levantina guttata Oliv. Jebel Baradost, Rowandiz Gorge. Hawiga near Kirkuk. Levantina mardinensis Kobelt. Ishkafta Khurwatan, Kurdi- stan. Qaara Depression, north of Rutba Wells. 118 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) Sphincterochila candidissima thoUformis Poll. Three miles down wadi from Tell el-Afaif in Qaara Depression toward An Nasir and Rutba Wells. Monacha schotti L.Pfr. Near Baghdad. Bulimimis alepensis urmianus Boettg. Sharranish near Zakho. Hawiga near Kirkuk. Orcula orientalis moussoni Reinh. Hawiga near Kirkuk. Helicella seetzeni Koch. Barrajo near Sulaimaniya. Three miles down wadi from Tell el-Afaif in Qaara Depression toward An Nasir and Rutba "Wells. Qaara Depression, north of Rutba Wells. Helicella langloisiana Bourg. Three miles down wadi from Tell el-Afaif in Qaara Depression toward An Nasir and Rutba Wells. Helicella vestalis joppensis Roth. Zakho. Hawiga near Kirkuk. Tell Hatab east of Kish (Tell el-Uhaimir), Hilla Liwa. Freshwater Shells Melanoides tuberculata Miill. Lake Habbaniya. Abu Ghraib, fifteen miles west of Baghdad on Ramadi road. Hawiga near Kirkuk. Viviparus hengalensis Lam. Hawiga near Kirkuk. Melanopsis nodosa Fer. Abu Ghraib, fifteen miles west of Baghdad on Ramadi road. Tell Hatab east of Kish, Hilla Liwa. Melanopsis costata Oliv. Hawiga near Kirkuk. CorMcula consohrina Caill. Abu Ghraib, fifteen miles west of Baghdad. Tell Hatab east of Kish, Hilla Liwa. Melanopsis huccinoidea suhtinguitana Annand. Baghdad area, area. Corhicula fluminalis Miill. Lake Habbaniya. Abu Ghraib, fifteen miles west of Baghdad. Tell Hatab east of Kish, Hilla Liwa. JJnio iigridis Bourg. Lake Habbaniya. Abu Ghraib, fif- teen miles west of Baghdad. Tell Hatab east of Kish, Hilla Liwa. Tell el-Izba east of Kish, Hilla Liwa. Unio elongatus eucirrus Bourg. Abu Ghraib, fifteen miles west of Baghdad. Nineveh near Mosul. Pseudodontopis euphraticus Bourg. Abu Ghraib, fifteen miles west of Baghdad. April, 1952] the nautilus 119 Anodonta taurica Bourg. Abu Ghraib, fifteen miles west of Baghdad. Anodonta vescoiana Bourg. Lake Habbaniya. Persia (Iran) Helicella langloisiana Bourg. Fifteen miles south of Shal- gahi on Dizful-Shustar road, Khuzistan. Outside Konji rock- shelter, five miles south of Khurrumabad, Luristan. This rock- shelter, which stands 700 ft. above valley floor, was inhabited by prehistoric man. Helicella vestalis joppensis Roth. Persepolis (Takht-i-Jam- shid). Dorud (formerly Bahrain) on Trans-Iranian Railway, Luristan. Shalgahi, ten miles southwest of Dizful, Khuzistan. Fifteen miles south of Shalgahi on Dizful-Shustar road, Khuzi- stan. Monacha olivieri Fer. Shalgahi, ten miles southwest of Dizful, Khuzistan. Monacha schotti L. Pfr. Shalgahi, ten miles southwest of Dizful, Khuzistan. Buliminns egregius Naeg. Outside Konji rockshelter, five miles south of Khurrumabad, Luristan. Fifteen miles south of Shalgahi on Dizful-Shustar road, Khuzistan. Bidiminus alepensis urmianus Boettg. Persepolis. Jaminia alhida Mouss. Persepolis. Orcida orientalis moussoni Reinh. Persepolis. Freshwater Shells Melanoides tubercidata Miill. Shalgahi, ten miles southwest of Dizful, Khuzistan. Melanopsis huccinoidea doriae Issel. Shalgahi, ten miles south- west of Dizful, Khuzistan. Theodoxiis syriacus Bourg. Khurrumabad, Luristan. U7iio crassiis hruguierianus Bourg. Zagheh between Khur- rumabad and Dorud, Luristan. 120 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) SOME MARINE SHELLS USED BY PREHISTORIC INDIANS IN ECUADOR By ROBERT J. DRAKE In 1940 Edwin N. Ferdon, Jr. was conducting an archaeo- logical survey in southern coastal Ecuador. He was assisted by John M. Corbett, the work being sponsored jointly by the School of American Research and the University of Southern Cali- fornia. For 6 months, in the fall and winter of 1940-41, the archaeologists carried out major excavations in one of the larger sites discovered. It was a shellmound on a cliff, 60 feet above the beach and just west of La Libertad (a town which lies about 147 kilometers west of Guayaquil by rail and is on the northern shore of the Santa Elena Peninsula). The excavation procedure used for this site has been recounted by Ferdon (1941a). The large shellmound (1000 by 1500 feet) had not been too badly pot-hunted by amateurs ; surface collections of artifacts indicated it might be, stratigraphically, a key site for under- standing the prehistory of the entire region. Ferdon (1941b) has given a preliminary notice of the artifacts excavated from the shellmound on the cliff and which was designated as site E 2 g. They were of stone, clay, bone, wood, metal, and shell. Numerically, the shell artifacts outdid the other classes. These were turned over to the writer for identification of the species utilized in their manufacture and for typological study of the cultural forms, the last because of his interest in archaeological emphasis in the interdisciplinary field of ethnoconchology. Only the species identifications are reported here. Ferdon, at the Museum of New Mexico (in Santa Fe), is at present finishing his monograph on the archaeology of La Libertad, Ecuador. He has recently published a report on the geography of the region (1950). As has been observed as usual with other large lots of ethno- conchological specimens from cultures employing considerable art work, most of the La Libertad shell artifacts were worked beyond possibility of even genus recognition. It may be pos- sible, when Ferdon 's reporting is finished, to make additional species identifications of those artifacts not dealt with now. April, 1952] the nautilus 121 Only 86 shell artifacts, out of the 1100 odd, could be more or less positively determined as to the marine species used. In 9 more the genus is known. The writer is greatly indebted to Dr. Leo Geroge Hertlein of the Department of Paleontology, California Academy of Sciences, for making most of the de- terminations and advising on nomenclature. Below are given determinations and number of specimens for each species. The artifact serial numbers, for reference, are given in parenthesis. Natica cf. catenata Philippi, 1 (229) Polinices uber (Valenciennes), 1 (988) Trivia radians (Lamarck), 10 (239, 314, 546, 648, 751, 682, 869, 904, 933, 967) Cypraea robertsi Hidalgo, 1 (82) Malea riyigens (Swainson), 1 (81) Cymatium gihhosuni (Broderip), 1 (30) Anachis fiilva (Sowerby), 1 (31) Cantharus elegens (Gray), 1 (87) Mitra gigantea Swainson, 1 (29) Oliva incrassata (Solander), 1 (139) Olivella columellaris (Sowerby), 9 (261, 290, 297, 315, 470, 597, 706, 753, 1102) Olivella cf. gracilis (Broderip & Sowerby), 15 (33, 47, 90, 106, 123, 137, 206, 230, 221, 223, 274, 311, 312, 341, 507) Olivella guayaquilensis Bartsch, 7 (258, 310, 458, 459, 812, 813, 854) Olivella undatella (Lamarck), 6 (94, 97, 134, 143, 231, 363) Olivella cf. undatella (Lamarck), 3 (442, 888, 1101) Olivella volutella (Lamarck), 8 (524, 525, 526, 527, 583, 605, 997, 1027) Olivella cf. volutella (Lamarck), 5 (201, 335, 401, 529, 597) Olivella cf. zanoeta (Duclos), 5 (698, 706, 711, 735, 749) Conus cf. fergusoni Sowerby, 1 (625) Conus gladiator Broderip, 1 (224) Conus cf, princeps Linnaeus, 1 (609) Conus princeps lineolatus Valenciennes, 2 (117,684) Bulla punctulata A. Adams, 1 (894) Area cf. formosa Sowerby, 1 (741) Area cf. nux Sowerby, 1 (111) Glycymeris cf. inaequalis (Sowerby), 1 (216) Pecten circularis Sowerby, 1 (1031) Pitar concinnus (Sowerby), 1 (259) 122 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) Only the genera could be ascertained for the following: Balanus, 1 (104) ; Dentalium, 2 (65, 157) ; Oliva 1, 1 (725) ; Olivella, 2 (960, 989) ; Conns, 2 (681, 785) ; and Strombus ?, 1 (80). The species are all from the current Ecuadorian marine fauna. Such is to be expected as the people of days gone by at site E 2 g perhaps were only moderately choosy of their materials for shell artifacts; they evidently had a plentiful supply and a good source in the immediate vicinity. Or, at least at times during the occupation (or occupations). It will be interesting to see if examples of some of the E 2 g shell forms turn up typologically and/or by species used some distances away in the cultural area of the time (or times) of the La Libertad shell- mound in question and sampled by Ferdon. More species identifications in the bulk of the E 2 g shell artifacts perhaps could have been made had there been avail- able for study a large collection of beach shells made near the site. Many simply formed artifacts were made of mere worn beach shells and fragments thereof; examples of such would have thus greatly facilitated comparisons and species determina- tions. Such a collection was made by Ferdon in 1941 but had to be left in Ecuador. Literature Cited Ferdon, Edwin N., Jr. 1941a. The excavation at La Libertad. El Palacio, Vol. 48, pp. 38-42. Santa Fe. . 1941b. Preliminary notes on artifacts from La Libertad, Ecuador. El Palacio, Vol. 48, pp. 204-210. . 1950. Studies in Ecuadorian geography. School of American Research Monographs, No. 15. Santa Fe. SOME MOLLUSCAN TRAILS IN PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY, VIRGINIA By frank L. JEFFRIES The locality records herein recorded, are taken from the au- thor's field-book, and constitute a chronicle of his field trips April, 1952] the nautilus 123 during the summers of 1948, 1949 and 1950, within the confines of Prince William County. Formed in 1730 from the counties of Stafford and King George, and named for William Augusta of the House of Han- over, Prince William County has been the scene and locale of many epic events recorded in the pages of early Americana. Southward, some thirty-five miles from the District of Co- lumbia on U. S. Highway No. 29-211, the traveller enters the heart of the famed Bull Run battlefields, where were fought the first and second battles of Manassas. Crossing the Bull Run, which constitutes the dividing line between Fairfax and Prince William Counties, one pauses by the ''Stone Bridge" where rested the "Confederate Left" on the early morning of July 21, 1861, and whence passed Pope's retreating army, August 30, 1862. Continuing on to other points within the county, one visits many historical shrines containing hallowed memories of yesteryear. The wooded area of the county is characterized by an oak- hickory association, with many stands of Virginia pine. Oaks include: black oak {Quercus velutina) ; red oak (Quercus hore- alis) ; southern red oak {Quercus rudra) ; chestnut oak (Quercus montana) ; willow oak {Quercus phellos) ; post oak (Quercus stellata) ; and white oak (Quercus alba). Hickories include: mockernut (Hicoria alba) ; pignut (Hicoria glabra) ; and shag- bark (Hicoria ovata). Other trees commonly occurring in- clude : sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) ; tulip tree (Liro- dendron tulipifera) ; red maple (Acer rubrum) ; river birch (Betula nigra) ; Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) ; and of course Virginia's own flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). During a two day family outing in May of 1948, along the Occoquan River Gorge, from the town of Occoquan to a point approximately one and a half miles up stream, the following species were collected: Mesodon thyroidus (Say); Triodopsis tridentata juxtidens (Pilsbry) ; Haplotrema concavum (Say) ; Anguispira alternata form angulata Pilsbry; Deroceras reticu- latuni (Miiller) ; Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc) ; Marstoniopsis limosa (Say) ; Ceriphasia virginica (Gmelin) ; Pseudosuccinea columella (Say) ; Oyraulus parvus (Say) ; Physa heterostropha (Say). 124 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) During the summer of 1949, the writer undertook and com- pleted a project of collecting along the Bull Run from its source in the Bull Run Mountains of Loudoun County, to the point where it joins with the Occoquan River to continue on into the Potomac River. The following Prince William County records were secured: Bull Run at Sudley Church : Clappia virginica Walker ; Ceri- phasia virginica (Gmelin) ; Helisoma anceps hartschi F. C. Baker; Physa Integra Haldeman; Elliptio complanatus (Dill- wyn) ; Alasmidonta varicosa Lamarck; Sphaerium striatinum Lamarck. Bull Run approx, three quarters mile up stream from ** Stone Bridge : Campeloma rufum Haldeman ; Ceriphasia virginica (Gmelin) ; Helisoma anceps hartschi F. C. Baker; Physa integra Haldeman; Strophitus undulatus (Say) ; Sphaerium striatinum Lamarck; Pisidium ahditum Haldeman. Bull Run at Stone Bridge: Stenotrema harhatum (Clapp) ; Mesodon thyroidus (Say) ; Triodopsis tridentata juxtidens (Pils- bry) ; Haplotrema concavum (Say) ; Retinella indentata (Say) ; Eetinella hurringtoni (Pilsbry) ; Ventridens ligera (Say) ; Zoni- toides arboreus (Say) ; Anguispira alternata form angulata Pilsbry; Anguispira fergusoni (Bland) ; Succinea ovalis (Say) ; Elliptio complanatus (Dillwyn) ; Alasmidonta undulata (Say). Both species of Unionidae were weathered shells from the flood plain, a recent rain having rendered the creek too muddy and deep for collecting purposes. Bull Run between U. S. Highways 29-211 and 28. Campeloma rufum (Haldeman) ; Ceriphasia virginica (Gmelin) ; Elliptio complanatus (Dillwyn); Elliptio productus Conrad; Alasmi- donta undulata (Say). Woods paralleling the Bull Run down stream from U. S. Highway 28 : Retinella hurringtoni (Pilsbry) ; Zonitoides ar- boreus (Say) ; Anguispira fergusoni (Bland) ; Succinea ovalis (Say). Little Bull Run just beyond Sudley Church at the point where the county road to Aldie crosses : Elliptio complanatus (Dill- wyn) ; Strophitus undulatus (Say). NB : The map identifies this creek as Little Bull Run, however, a recent marker on the bridge crossing the creek calls it Cartharpin Run. April, 1952] the nautilus 125 Chestnut Lick at point where U. S. Highway 15 crosses: Fossaria humilis (Say) ; Helisoma anceps hartschi F. C. Baker; Physa heterostropha (Say) ; Anodonta cataracta Say; Sphaerium occidentale Prime ; Pisidium ahditum Haldeman ; Fisidium com- pressum Prime. Sieves were used to screen from marginal mud. Young's Branch just across U. S. Highway 29-211 from the ** Stone House": Lyrogyrus granum (Say); Pseudosuccinea columella (Say) ; Fossaria humilis (Say) ; Helisoma anceps hartschi F. C. Baker; Physa heterostropha (Say); Sphaerium occidentale Prime; Pisidium ahditum Haldeman; Pisidium com- pressum Prime. All collecting at this station was within fifty feet of the highway. Sieves were used to screen from the margin- al mud, the aquatic plant life and the rather gravelly bottom. During the summer of 1950, extensive field trips were made into the region known as Prince William Forest Park. This eleven thousand acre tract of rolling woodland, formerly known as the Chopawamsic Recreational Area, is situated in lower Prince William County on the west side of U. S. Highway No. 1. The Park extends from the Quantico Marine Base, the vil- lage of Triangle and the historic village of Dumfries on the east, for approximately ten miles northwestward to Independent Hill. Terrain ranges from 100 to 400 feet above sea level. Both branches of Quantico Creek flow through the Park. Sev- eral organized group camps are sponsored and operated within the area by various organizations. The writer had the oppor- tunity at close range to observe the wonderful work carried on by the Salvation Army amongst the underprivileged children of city slum areas. Records from this area have been grouped together for the purposes of this article, as space would not permit the listing of the many collecting stations. The follow- ing records were obtained: Stenotrema hirsutum (Say) ; Meso- don thyroidus (Say) ; Triodopsis tridentata juxtidens (Pilsbry) ; Triodopsis fallax (Say) ; Triodopsis alholahris (Say) ; Haplo- trema convacum (Say) ; Retinella rhoadsi (Pilsbry) ; Betinella indentata (Say) ; Betinella indentata paucilirata (Morelet) Betinella hurringtoni (Pilsbry) ; Ventridens suppressus (Say) Zonitoides arhoreus (Say) ; Anguispira fergusoni (Bland) Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) ; Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc) 126 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) PalUfera dorsalis Binney; Strohilops aenea Pilsbry; Strohilops Idbyrinthica (Say) : From the North Branch of Quantico Creek were taken: Pseudosuccinea columella (Say) ; and Physa hetero- stropha (Say). From the South Branch of Quantico Creek were taken: Pseudosuccinea columella (Say); Helisoma anceps hartschi F. C. Baker; Menetus dilatatus (Gould) ; Physa hetero- stropha (Say) ; Elliptio complanatus (Dillwyn) ; Alasmidonta undulata (Say) ; and Sphaerium striatimim Lamarck. Acknowledgment is hereby expressed to Dr. Harold Rehder and staff of the United States National Museum for their con- stant encouragement, and especially to Dr. J. P. E. Morrison, for his long suffering and patience with this lay member of malacology, in checking and many times correcting identifica- tions of specimens collected and listed herein. The following may serve as a preliminary check-list of the mollusks of Prince William County, Virginia — Polygyridae : Stenotrema hirsutum (Say) ; Stenotrema harhatum (Clapp) ; Mesodon thyroidus (Say) ; Triodopsis trident ata juxtidens (Pilsbry) ; Triodopsis fallax (Say) ; Triodopsis alboldbris (Say). Haplotrematidae : Haplotrema concavum (Say). Zonitidae: Retinella rhoadsi (Pilsbry) ; Retinella indent ata (Say) ; Reti- nella indentata paucilirata (Morelet) ; Retinella hurringtoni (Pilsbry) ; Ventridens suppressus (Say) ; Ventridens ligera (Say); Zonitoides arhoreus (Say). Limacidae: Deroceras reticulatum (Miiller). Endodontidae : Anguispira alternata form aiigulata Pilsbry; Anguispira fergusoni (Bland); Heli- codiscus parallelus (Say). Philomycidae : Philomycus caro- linianus (Bosc) ; PalUfera dorsalis Binney. Succineidae : Suc- cinea ovalis (Say). Strobilopsidae : Strohilops aenea Pilsbry; Strohilops lahyrinthica (Say). Viviparidae : Campeloma rufum (Haldeman). Amnicolidae: Clappia virginica Walker; Mar- stoniopsis limosa (Say) ; Lyrogyrus granum (Say). Pleuro- ceridae : Ceriphasia virginica (Gmelin). Lymnaeidae : Pseudo- succinea columella (Say) ; Fossaria humilis (Say). Planorbi- dae. Helisoma anceps hartschi F. C. Baker; Gyraulus parvus (Say); Menetus dilatatus (Gould). Physidae: Physa integra Haldeman; Physa heterostropha (Say). Unionidae: Elliptio complanatus (Dillwyn) ; Elliptio productus (Conrad) ; Ano- donta cataracta Say; Alasmidonta varicosa (Lamarck) ; Alasmi- April, 1952] the nautilus 127 donta undulata (Say) ; Strophitus undulatus (Say). Sphaeri- ida.e iSphaerium striatinum (Lamarck); Sphaerium occidentale Prime; Pisidium dubium (Say) ; Pisidium abditum Haldeman; Pisidium compressum Prime. Angusipira fergusoni (Bland). While eollectino- on Theodore Roosevelt Island (formerly known as Analostan Island), in the Potomac, at "Washington, D. C. the writer collected both fergusoni and angulata from a common colony under the loose bark of a fallen tree. The tree sloped from the ground to a height of seven feet. More than fifty specimens of each were taken in all stages of growth, from very young to large adults, and in each case could be identified as either fergusoni or angulata beyond any doubt. No hybrids w^ere apparent. This certainly would tend to support species status for A. fergusoni rather than form. SOME MOLLUSKS FROM DOOR CO., WISCONSIN By ALAN SOLEM Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania During the first week of August 1951 the author vacationed at Toft's Point Hotel, Bailey's Harbor, Wisconsin. During this time collections were made at several localities in Door County. Since I was accompanied by a group of nonmalacolo- gists, most of the collections were made hurriedly and in a cursory manner ; in particular minute land shells were neglected. Nevertheless, several species of interest were found and since some are not listed from Door County in Baker (1926) or Levi and Levi (1950), it was thought worthwhile to publish a com- plete list of species collected. Credit is due to Dr. Fritz Haas of the Chicago Natural History Museum for identification of the Sphaeriidae and checking my identifications of the Limnaei- dae. Many thanks are also due to Mary Margaret Conkling for patient help in the collection of specimens. In the Succineidae, it was thought prudent to dissect material to confirm the classi- 128 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) fications made from the shells. The shells now comprise lots 992-1034 and 1090-1091 in the author's collection where they are available for study. The following sites were visited: (1). The most inclusive and complete collections were made on the Toft's Point Hotel property. It is a 270 acre tract of virgin pine timber on the west shore of Moonlight Bay (some- times called Mud Bay) about three miles northeast of Baileys Harbor. The hotel is located on the shore of a small sand- bottomed cove, covered by a reed marsh. The lateral sides of the cove consist of rock outcrops. In back of the hotel is the virgin forest, predominately evergreen with some deciduous growth. The undergrowth consists almost entirely of thimble- berry {Ruhus parviflorus Nutt.). (2). About one-half mile south of the hotel is an open spot on the shoreline called Little Bayou. It is an exceedingly damp low area covered with piles of reeds tossed up during storms. A very prolific habitat both in species and actual numbers of specimens. (3). Whitefish Bay is an extension of Lake Michigan about one-quarter of the way up the peninsula from Sturgeon Bay. This, I believe, is the locality from which Chadwick (1905-6) reported many land shells. Collecting was confined to the Cave Point side of the Bay from beach drift. (4). Newport Beach is located on Lake Michigan just south of Europe Bay at the site of the now deserted village of Newport. This spot is of wide knowledge to local people and familiar to a few summer visitors. All specimens were obtained from beach drift in about fifteen minutes. (5). Washington Island is located at the northern end of the peninsula, about 45' 30° N latitude. It is separated from the mainland by the deep and treacherous "Death's Door" passage. At the north-west corner of the island is a small fresh-water lake about one acre in area called Little Lake. It is separated from Lake Michigan by about 200-300 yards of land. The Wash- ington Island Museum is located on the south east shore of the lake. All specimens were collected in the immediate vicinity of the Museum. April, 1952] the nautilus 129 The following species were collected. The numbers follow- ing the species refer to the localities above : Allogona profunda (Say) 1, 2, 5. Amnicola limosa superiorensis F. C. Baker 4. Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry 4. Anguispira alternata (Say) 1, 5. Bulimnea megasoma (Say) 4 (very young). Galha modicella (Say) 1. Galba ohrussa (Say) 4. Goniohasis livescens Menke 4. Gyraulus parvus (Say) 1, 4. Eelicodiscus parallelus (Say) 1, 4, 5. Helisoma campanulatum (Say) 4, 5. Helisoma trivolvis (Say) 1. Lymnaea stagnalis jugularis Say 1, Mesodon thyroidus (Say) 5. Oxyloma retusa (Lea) 2. Physa magnalacustris Walker 1, 4. Planorhula armigera (Say) 3. Pisidium compressum Prime 3. Retinella indentata (Say) 1. Somatogyrus tryonii Pilsbry & F. C. Baker 3. Sphaerium (Musculium) securis (Prime) 1. Sphaerium striatinum (Lamarck) 4. Stagnicola emarginata canadensis (Sowerby) 3. Stagnicola lanceata (Gould) 1. Stagnicola walkeriana F. C. Baker 3. Stenotrema fraternum (Say) 1. Stenotrema monodon (Rackett) 1, 2. Succinea avara Say 2, 5. Triodopsis albolabris (Say) 1, 2, 5. Valvata Mcarinata perdepressa Walker 5. Valvata sincera Say 2. Valvata tricarinata Say 3, 4. Zonitoides arhoreus (Say) 1, 4. Zonit aides nitidus (Muller) 1. Bibliography Baker, F. C. 1928. Fresh water Mollusca of Wisconsin. Bull. 70, Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey. Chadwick, G. H. 1905-6. Naut., 19 : 57 ; 20 : 22. Levi, Lorna R., and Herbert W. Levi. 1950. New records of land snails from Wisconsin. Naut., 63 : 131-138. 130 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) THE STRATOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION OF A WOODLAND GASTROPOD POPULATION By PHILIP H. KRUTZSCH In order to attain a better understanding of the ecology of land gastropods a brief study was undertaken on April 6, 1948, on a small plot near the University of Kansas campus, Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas, The area selected is situated in a small wooded ravine. An intermittent stream, active only dur- ing rainy periods, affords the only evident source of moisture. Neighboring these riparian conditions are fallow, weed covered fields. A five foot square was marked off on the west-facing slope of the ravine. This area was selected at the juncture of the slope and a narrow plain adjacent to the stream-bed. The plot, shaded by osage orange and locust trees, had an understory vegetation of coral berry, weeds, and Muhlenlurgia. The ground surface was covered by debris; this surface litter of old leaves, locust pods, twigs, bark, and rotting vegetation varied in depth from one to three inches. The soil of the hillside was black, granular, and loosely packed. The level area immediately ad- jacent to the stream bank had a surface covering of black soil, and at lower levels this became yellow and fine textured, with a high content of clay. In order that a comparatively complete sampling of the snail population might be made, collections were made at various levels in the substratum by removing successively one inch layers from the entire study plot. The surface litter and the soil be- neath was carefully examined to a depth of four inches. Tem- perature, soil moisture, and soil texture were noted at each level. The snails were removed by straining. Screens of two mesh sizes were employed (I/4 inch and Ys inch). Possibly additional material might have been procured by use of a smaller mesh, but the moist, gummy soil prevented this. The following is a stratigraphic account indicating soil type, moisture, temperature, and snail fauna collected: Surface litter. Temperature of the surface litter was 46 °F. Moisture in the form of water droplets was evident. The snail April, 1952] THE NAUTILUS 131 population was greatest at this level. Forty-six individuals, representing seven species (see table 1), were obtained. Sam- ples examined from various parts of the plot indicated a similar population over the entire area. Table 1. Summary Depth in inches Surface 1 2 3 4 Retinella indentata 11 2 1 2 3 Stenotrema monodon aliciae 2 0 0 0 0 Pupoides albilahris 1 0 2 0 0 Gastrocopta armifera 18 5 3 3 1 Gasirocopta contracta 2 0 0 3 0 Gastrocopta procera 1 0 0 0 0 Zonotoides arbor eus 1 0 1 0 0 Total per level 46 7 7 8 4 One inch below the surface. Soil temperature was 48 °F. Soil everywhere was moist ; however, water droplets were ab- sent. The soil was blackish and granular. There was a marked reduction in the number of individuals and species collected. Seven gastropods, representing only two species (see table 1), were obtained. Two inches below surface. Soil temperature was 47°F; soil was moist and granular. Seven snails, representing four species (see table 1), were collected at this level. Three inches below the surface. Soil temperature was 47°F; soil everywhere was moist. Soil on the hillside was black and granular. Six of the eight snails obtained were in this black soil. Soil on the flat was yellow, tightly packed clay; in spite of intensive and careful search only two snails were collected from this stratum. A total of eight individuals were found; these comprised three species (see table 1). Four inches below the surface. Soil temperature was 47 °F, soil everywhere was moist and elayish. Four snails, represent- ing two species (see table 1), were found. The species Retinella indentata and Gastrocopta armifera were most numerous at all levels ; most individuals collected were living. Other species were represented by few empty shells. 132 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) Conclusions 1. In this woodland habitat, the greatest number of individu- als and species apparently occur in surface litter. 2. The population appears to decrease in direct proportion to the depth below the surface. 3. Loose, granular soil is much preferred to tightly packed, clayish soil. 4. Small variations in temperature and moisture apparently have little influence on the presence or absence of land snails. 5. Most abundant species were Gastrocopta armifera and Retinella indentata. INTRODUCED SPECIES OF LAND SNAILS IN NEW JERSEY By ROBERT C. ALEXANDER The land snail population of any civilized area is apt to in- clude introduced species as well as native species. The intro- duced species may have come from some nearby locality or from a foreign land. Although such introductions are usually acci- dental, there are many cases on record in which snails have been imported deliberately for commercial and scientific reasons. Generally, accidental introductions are first observed where cultivated plants are grown or where soil has been brought in. Specimens collected in flowerpots, in gardens, on lawns and other similar places under cultivation may justly be open to the suspicion of having been introduced. Once introduced species become established, they constitute as much an integral part of the land snail population of the locality where they live as the native element. However unless this foreign element can be readily recognized, it may become a source of considerable confusion to anyone attempting to solve the manifold problems of distribution. This confusion can be prevented to a certain extent by publication of reliable records noting the species that appear to be new to any particu- lar locality. Several introduced species of land snails have been collected in New Jersey. Some of them are well established in the state. April, 1952] the nautilus 133 Cecilioides aperta is recorded from Princeton, Mercer County. This West Indian species was probably collected in a garden or greenhouse having been grought to this country on the roots of an imported plant. It is an isolated record and it is unlikely that the species still persists in this locality. Three European species belonging to the genus Oxychilus have been found in New Jersey. Oxychilus cellarium was col- lected at Cape May, Cape May County, in 1933 and at Long Branch, Monmouth County, in 1926; Oxychilus draparnaldi at Gloucester, Camden County, undated; Oxychilus alliarium at Branch Brook Park, Newark, Essex County, in 1929. The European slugs Limax maximus, Limax flavus and Deroceras reticulatum are widely distributed in the state. Dero- ceras laeve, a species indigenous both to Europe and North America, is probably the commonest slug here and the specimens collected are almost without exception of native origin. While most introductions of land snails have been accidental, some have been intentional. William G. Binney, the concholo- gist, delighted in importing snails in order to observe their adaptability to a new environment. About 1860, he imported living specimens of Triodopsis fosteri which he released in his garden at 202 Union Street in Burlington, N. J. The speci- mens had been sent from Illinois by Robert Kennicott and, at that time, were identified as Triodopsis appressa.^ They estab- lished themselves here and have thrived ever since. Dr. Pilsbry says of this species: ''They are now abundant in suitable places all over town, and in 1909 I found them at least eight miles down the river at Plum Point, above Riverton, and in several intervening places along the Delaware River. " - In 1924, Bay- ard Long collected two specimens at National Park, Gloucester County, about fifteen miles south of Riverton. Apparently they had come down the river on driftwood and, surviving a hazardous voyage past Camden and Gloucester, stranded in the vicinity of National Park, northwest of Woodbury, where they established themselves. Distribution of land snails by the agency of water is not un- common where seasonal freshets and floods inundate lands far 1 Manual of American Land Shells, 1885, p. 288. -'Land Mollusca of North America, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1940, p. 832. 134 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) beyond the river banks carrying driftwood and whatever may be on it far and wide. The swollen waters of the Mississippi and other rivers have been instrumental in distributing certain species beyond the areas they inhabited originally, while at the same time forming an impassable barrier to other species. Less disposed to inundating floods than many rivers, the Delaware is not as important a factor in the distribution of land snails. Another of Binney's importations was the European land snail Cepaea nemoralis. He established the earliest known colony of this species in America and wrote the following ac- count about it : " In 1857 I imported some hundred specimens from near Sheffield, England, and freed them in my garden at Burlington, New Jersey. They have thriven well and increased with great rapidity, so that now^ (1869) the whole town is full of them. They retain the habit of the species of climbing hedges and trees, not remaining concealed under decaying leaves, logs, etc. "^ The history of Binney's colony of Cepaea nemoralis is continued by Dr. Pilsbry : "At the present time (1937), after eighty years, these snails are still confined to the town where they are abundant in some gardens and in several urban cemeteries and churchyards. I have not found them in surrounding country. Prominent features of the Burlington colony are the prevalence of red ground, and the large propor- tion of bandless shells. ' ' * The species is still abundant in Burlington. Helicigona lapicida, Rumina, decollata ^ and other imported species that Binney said he put in his garden at the same time as Cepaea nemoralis disappeared at once. However, Binney kept living specimens of Bumina decollata in his house as well as liberating them in his garden. He wrote: "I kept a number of individuals received from Charleston a long time as scaven- gers, to clean the shells of other snails. As soon as a living Helix was placed in a box with them, one would attack it, introduce itself into the inner whorls, and completely remove the animal. Leaving a number of Succinea ovalis Gld. with them one day, 3 Invertebrata of Massachusetts, 1870, p. 430. 4 Land Mollusca of North America, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1939, p. 10. 5 This species, a native of the Mediterranean region, was first observed in this country at Charleston, S. C, in 1813 by Dr. Edmund Kavenel who said it was very common in gardens there. April, 1952] the nautilus 135 the former disappeared entirely in a short time. The Stenogyra (Rumina) had eaten shell as well as animal." ® Vallonia pulchella, Vallonia excentrica and Vallonia costata are indigenous both to Europe and North America. Specimens collected in New Jersey should be considered to be native unless there is evidence to the contrary. In August, 1898, Dr. Pilsbry collected specimens of Vallonia pulchella and Pupoides albilabris on mounds around the old gas works on Lafayette Street, Cape May, N. J., and reported that they **may possibly be imported species, as nothing of them was seen except in the old and long settled part of town. ' ' ^ The status of species such as these can often be determined with a fair degree of accuracy by the presence or absence of other records of the same species in the immediate vicinity. In 1911, Dr. Pilsbry collected specimens of Hawaiia minu- scula and Helicodiscus singleyanns inermis in a flowerpot in his home on Main Street, Riverton, N. J. The plant had been pur- chased at Dreer's nursery nearby .The specimens of Hawaiia minuscula were probably native since there are several records of this species from Burlington County and it is widely dis- tributed in the state. The specimens of Helicodiscus single- yanns inermis may have been introductions since this is the only record from Burlington County. However, this species is native in the state too. STUDIES ON MOLLUSK POPULATIONS: II By E. STOHLEE Department of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley In connection with a study in this series, to be reported on at a later date, a fairly large number of Olivella hiplicata Sowerby was collected in various localities along the California coast. Every effort was made to obtain as complete as possible a sample from a more or less carefully circumscribed area in each locality, including every individual present. Thus, what are believed to be unselected populations were obtained. 6 Manual of American Land Shells, 1885, p. 457. 7 Nautilus, vol. 14, no. 7, p. 74. 136 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) While the same material is being used for a statistical study, it also offered, because of the fact that it represents unselected populations from widely scattered places, a basis for a study on the color variations of this species. As Gifford and Gifford (1941) have shown, the color varies from white to almost black through various shades of gray, olive and brown. The exact color shades observed are very accurately described in the paper mentioned and may, therefore, be omitted here. It is sufficient to state that the present material includes all the shades men- tioned by Gifford and Gifford. Also included is an occasional yellowish or orange individual, as noted by the same authors. Vanatta (1915, p. 71/72) described a white variety as OUvella hiplicata lapillus from San Pedro, California. As may be seen from the accompanying table, individuals corresponding to Vanatta 's variety (here merely listed as "white") were found to a varying percentage in each of the localities. As was pointed out in the introduction to the current series of studies (Stohler, 1950), taxonomic recognition must be denied to individuals at the extreme ends of the normal range of variation of the species. OUvella hiplicata lapillus Vanatta must, therefore, be relegated to the synonymy of the typical species, OUvella hiplicata Sowerby, The relatively uniformly small percentage of white indi- viduals might be considered as an indication of the presence of a recessive Mendelian trait. On the other hand, the fact that various shades of colors are observed in a population could mean that multiple factors are at work, including, perhaps, blending inheritance. As Gifford and Gifford (loc. cit.) have indicated, only controlled breeding experiments could unravel this problem, which appears to be a rather complex one. At present, there is no hope for such a solution ; on the other hand, a statistical analysis of large populations — much larger than are available at present — might give sufficient clues for a reason- able explanation of the variability in the color pattern of OU- vella hiplicata. This author hopes that these remarks may stimulate a number of collectors to gather carefully, from equally carefully circumscribed areas, large, unselected popula- tions at yearly intervals and to analyze the color distribution with the aid of the "Dictionary of Color" by Maerz and Paul. April, 1952] the nautilus 137 The results of these analyses might be pooled through the me- dium of The Nautilus for an over-all final analysis. Populations from the following California localities were studied : 1. Drakes Estero, Marin Co., collected July 30, 1946. 2. Duxbury Reef, Marin Co., between June 1 and October 12, 1950. 3. Pillar Point, San Mateo Co., June 29, 1950. 4. Monterey Harbor, Monterey Co.; collected by Cadet Hand, July 23, 1948. 5. Government Point, Santa Barbara Co., Aug. 17, 1948. 6. La Jolla, San Diego Co. ; collected by R. Shaw, Dec. 27, 1948. The color range and the relative numbers of "white" shells are given in the following table : jOt Color range, from white to Total no. Number "white" 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. dark chestnut dark chestnut chestnut very dark chestnut very dark chestnut blackish gray 540 1182 450 1044 704 1108 42 (7.9%) 104 (8.7%) 49 (10.9%) 91 (8.7%) 42 (5.9%) 55 (4.9%) Literature Cited GiFFORD, D. S., AND E. W. GiFFORD. 1941. Color variation in Olivella hiplicata. Naut., 55 (1) : 10-12. Maerz, a., AND M. Rea Paul. 1930. A dictionary of color. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, N. Y. Stohler, R. 1950. Studies on mollusk populations: I. Naut., 64 (2) : 47-51. Vanatta, E. G. 1915. Notes on Oliva. Naut., 29 (6) : 67-72. THE GENERIC NAME PSEUDOTROCHUS By H. a. PILSBRY The genus Pseudo-trochus was composed by J. T. Klein in his Tentamen Methodi Ostracologicae, p. 26 (1753). The two species are laevis = Liguus virginea (L.) and striatus = Tele- scopium telescopiuni (L.) Klein's nomenclature was binary but not always binomial, and being prior to 1758 it has now only 138 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) historic interest. His system was noticed by Bruguiere in his review of pre-Linnaean conchology (Encyclopedic Methodique, 1789), Pseudotrochus on p. 530; and Herrmannsen, in his Indicis Generum Malacozoorum primordia enumerated some of Klein's genera, briefly giving their contents, Pseudotrochus in vol. 2, p. 341 (1847). According to Opinion 5 of the International Commission on zoological nomenclature, "A pre-Linnaean name, ineligible be- cause of its publication prior to 1758, does not become eligible simply by being cited or reprinted with its original diagnosis after 1757. To become eligible under the Code, such names must be reinforced by adoption or acceptance by the author publishing the reprint." Neither Brugiere or Herrmannsen adopted the pre-Linnaean names they cited, and therefore did not validate them. The first author, so far as I know, to accept Pseudotrochus was 0. A. L. Morch, in the Catalogus Conch. . . . Yoldi, 1852, as follows : Pseudotrochus KL, Chersina Humphr., Liguus Mtf. virginea L. Cuba var. (Oxystrombus Kl.) fasciata Miill. lineata Val. Humb. Voy. t.55,f .2 crenata Sws. var. sulphurea var. Ig. 73 m. A. fasciata var. c Pfr. Reeve f. 35 e 452 1 alabaster Rang. I. Princip. H. & A. Adams, 1855, in The Genera of Recent Mollusca, 2: 135, adopted Pseudotrochus from Morch, enumerating all of his species and adding several similar species of Liguus and Peri- deris. They figured alabaster Rang as an example. In March, 1904 (Man. Conch., 16: 220), the present writer designated P. alabaster {Helix alabaster Rang) type of Pseudo- trochus H. & A. Adams. This species automatically became type of the identical genus Pseudotrochus Morch. To my knowledge, no type had been designated prior to 1904. It would have been better to have left Pseudotrochus in the synonymy of Liguus (as in Man. Conch., 12: 161), and make a 445 2 446 3 447 1 448 1 449 1 450 2 451 1 April, 1952] the nautilus 139 new name for the homonymous Perideris; but my course in 1904 was influenced by the examples of such men as W. H. Dall and J. A. Allen, who at that time favored the selection of a "type by elimination" — a procedure subsequently discredited. A great deal of water has passed over the mill of nomenclature since 1904. As matters stand, Pseudotrochus Morch, with the type P. alabaster (Rang), is the proper generic name for Peri- deris Shuttleworth, Finally, I feel that I owe an apology to readers of The Nautilus for occupying space with anything so dull and un- interesting as nomenclatorial polemics. My excuse is that the validity of Pseudotrochus has been questioned, and my opinion was requested. INFRA-SUBSPECIFIC TERMINOLOGY IN MARINE MOLLUSKS ^ By WILLIAM K. EMERSON The problem concerning the proper use and meaning of tri- nominal - names has confronted systematic zoologists and pale- ontologists since the adoption of the international rules of zoological nomenclature. Originally no provision was provided for taxonomic units lower than the species level with the ex- ception of subspecies. Unfortunately, subspecies were not de- fined but were mode co-ordinate in the rules with species (Ar- ticles 11, 12). This led to the utilization of a number of tri- nominal terms of diverse meaning and application. The lack of standardization is generally lamentable in all of the varied fields of systematic zoology and has become all too prevalent within many of the specialized branches. Many taxonomists thus welcomed the proposed remedies as outlined by the Secretary of the International Commission on zoological nomenclature.^ These changes in the rules require a trinominal name published prior to 1951 to be considered a 1 Contribution no. 67 of the Allan Hancock Foundation, The University of Southern California. 2 Subgeneric names are not considered in the determination of the number of taxonomic units comprising a species. 3 Francis Hemming, The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, vol. 3, pts. 1/3, pp. 55-62; pts. 4/6, pp. 63-68, London, 1950. 140 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) subspecies unless the original author definitely indicates that he regards the unit to be of infra-subspecific rank. After 1950, i.e., January 1, 1951, the procedure is changed so that the original author must indicate that a proposed unit is a subspecies and units not so designated are to be considered as infra-subspecific in rank. Inasmuch as infra-subspecific units are not governed by the laws of priority and homonymy, the same name is avail- able to indicate similar features of form in the species compris- ing a single genus, several genera, etc., e.g., the descriptive name major could be utilized to indicate forms which are gigantic monstrosities of the species contained in a single genus, or all the genera comprising a family, etc. In cases where subsequent revisers raise infra-subspecific units to the status of subspecific or specific rank, the promoted unit can be given a new name or the original infra-subspecific name may be retained. In either procedure, the reviser's name is attributed to the new unit and priority commences at the date of the transfer. When the original infra-subspecific name is transferred particular caution must be exercised in assuring that the newly promoted unit name is not a homonym. The trinominal units can be divided into two major categories namely, subspecies and infra-subspecific forms. A taxonomic subspecies is here accepted as being a geographically or repro- ductively isolated race or population of a polytypic species.* Infra-subspecific representatives of a species on the other hand, are considered to be units based on variations occurring in indi- viduals or groups, and not necessarily confined to a single population. The infra-subspecific units can be subdivided into a number of categories, the most significant being genetic po- tentials of populations, e.g., color phases, increase in the number of whorls, etc., and ecological variations influenced primarily by environmental conditions which are evidenced by physio- logical responses, e.g., thickness of shell, extent of development of external ornamentation, etc. While the application of the revisions of the rules may be more difficult in some fields than in others, these provisions seem to be especially applicable to the Recent marine mollusks (par- * See Ernst Mayr, Systematics and the Origin of Species, pp. xiv, 334, New York, 1942. April, 1952] the nautilus 141 tieularly for intertidal species). Trinominal assignments of proposed units require careful consideration. For example, in a recent issue of The Nautilus the following citation appears, "Urosalpiiix cinereus Say, var. folly ensis, new form^ [footnote] ^Nomenclatural subspecies." Does the author propose this new trinominal unit to be a variety, form, or subspecies? Under the revised rules this confusing usage must be interpreted to be the proposal of a new subspecies even though the author appar- ently intended only to indicate the presence of an infra-sub- specific form.* While the differentiation between genetic forms and ecologi- cal varieties of infra-subspecific units is often extremely diffi- cult, the writer believes that the distinction should be made when possible. For example, some gastropods which have a wide ecological tolerance produce a thickened shell lacking or reduced in development of spines when living in wave shock areas on an open coast, while representatives of the same species occurring in protected areas tend to have a thinner, larger shell with more spinose ornamentation, e.g., Thais (Nucella) laniel- losa, sensu lato. A number of these ecological varieties have been given "subspecific" names. On the other hand, varietal and "subspecific" names have been proposed for genetic con- stituents of populations of the same species because of the posses- sion of a color character not possessed by the "type," e.g., Tegula gallina tincta. It thus seems advisable to distinguish between these two basic infra-subspecific categories. While a number of terms have been proposed to define mi- nority elements of a rank below the subspecific level, the purpose of this paper is not to elaborate upon them. Since standardiza- tion is definitely needed, lest complete nomenclatural chaos re- sult from the recent changes in the rules. I here recommend that infra-subspecific units of apparent genetic origin be indi- cated by using the word form,^ e.g., ^'Polinices (Neverita) * Systematica (science) and nomenclature (legal rules) should be kept in separate compartments of one's mind. If a new trivial term be worthy of publication, it should be given the same nomenclatorial status as a species, as was done for this (apparently ecologic) form. — H. B. B. 5 The utilization of the Latin equivalents of these, forma and variatio respectively, would necessitate the use of the feminine gender for the de- scriptive terms. 142 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) reclusiana Deshayes, 1841, form imperforata Dall, 1909," and for units of apparent primary ecological influence the word variety® be used, e.g., "Ostrea lurida Carpenter, 1864, variety expansa Carpenter, 1864." In both usages, the definite assign- ment of the proposed trinominal name to an infra-subspecific status should be made, preferably in the body of the text or at least as a footnote to the new minority unit. While it is not my intention of advocating the indiscriminate use of infra-subspecific names, the above recommendations are proposed in an effort to obtain a stabilized terminology for taxo- nomic units of this rank. A. M. STRONG Conchology in the United States suffered a severe loss this past summer in the passing of A, M. Strong, widely known as a student and systematist and valued as a friend by all who knew him. Archibald McClure Strong was born June 18th, 1876, at Westminster, Calif., son of Robert and Villa Marquis Strong, and passed away at Balboa, Calif., July 14th, 1951. In 1888, the family moved to Pasadena. This was his home until after his graduation from Stanford University in 1899, and during these years h,e became interested in conchology, as nearly as we can find out now in association with Senator Delos Arnold in some of the collecting on which Ralph Arnold later based a valuable study of the San Pedro Paleontology. His early business life was spent in the Owens Valley (Inyo County, Calif.) as a mining and civil engineer. Among his activities here were work as Inyo County Surveyor, as chief engineer of the fabulous Cerro Gordo Mine, and an early survey of the Searles Lake potash deposits. At this time, he collected the first new molluscan species which I find credited to him — Sonorella (now Micrarionta) argus Edson. In 1911 he moved his family to Los Angeles where he prac- ticed as a consulting engineer for many years before retiring to Balboa. He became a member of the Conchologieal Club of Southern April, 1952] the nautilus 143 California in 1920 and was first elected to its presidency in 1927, filling that office several times. After his retirement from business, he devoted much time to the classification of the shells collected by several scientific expeditions to the west coast of Central and South America, and alone, or in collaboration with various other conchologists, pub- lished a large number of valuable papers on conchology. Among the organizations to which he belonged were : Ameri- can Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, California Academy of Sciences, Southern California Academy of Sciences, American Malacological Union and the San Diego Society of Natural History. He will be greatly missed by all these groups. He is survived by a daughter, Mrs. Lincoln Clark, and 3 grandchildren all of Balboa, Calif, to whom his fellow concholo- gists have expressed their sincere sympathy. — Elsie M. Chace. NOTES AND NEWS Annual Report A. M. U. for 1951. — Due to an error in bind- ing, some of the 1951 report bulletins of the American Malaco- logical Union are incomplete. Since the missing pages affect the membership list, this omission may cause inconvenience. The secretary requests that those members who received these faulty booklets notify her, and a correct copy will be mailed at once. — Margaret Teskey. Another California Neritina. — Some years age (Nautilus, v. 22, no. 8, p. 93, 1907), I reported a find on the beach at La Jolla, California, of what I believed to be the species then known as Neritina picta Sowerby (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 201, 1832) but which we must now call Neritina luteofasciata Miller (Malak. Blatt., n. s., v. 1, p. 168, 1879). Concerning the specific identity of this single specimen, there is some doubt, since the opportunity to compare it with authentically named material was not accorded me, and after the passage of nearly half a century I feel that it would be unwise to attempt its identifica- tion with anything greater than generic exactitude. Recently I have been privileged to receive from Miss Sidney Brown, a resident of La Jolla, another specimen of Neritina taken from almost the identical locality as the earlier find. 144 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 65 (4) Its specific affiliation appears to be, however, not with the West Mexican species but with Neritina virginea (Linnaeus) of the Atlantic. How its presence so far from home is to be accounted for I have no idea. The nature of the locality, a sand beach bounded by rocks below tide level seems to preclude the possi- bility that it may be established, for Neritina luteofasciata has a preference for estuarine waters whose salinity is considerably diluted, and I presume the same to be true of Neritina virginea as well, although I have never collected that species. Further- more, vessels do not discard their ballast off the shore at La Jolla, so that the possibility that these may be ballast shells seems ruled out. Yet the coincidence, that these two specimens were taken in so nearly the same place, is of interest and seems to justify putting the finds on record. — Joshua L. Baily, Jr. Paravitrea in Kansas. — In the course of work on a manual of the gastropods of Kansas, the following records have accu- mulated which represent a northwestward extension of range from the Ozarkian molluscan faunal province in Arkansas and Missouri into and beyond that part of the Ozark Plateaux which extend into the most southeasterly portion of Kansas. Cata- logue numbers are those in the mollusk collection, Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas. Paravitrea capsella (Gould) : No. 6771, 20 specimens, 7 mi. E. Baxter Springs, Cherokee Co., Kansas, Sept., 1943, D. S. Fran- zen, collector. Paravitrea significans (Bland) : No. 6535, 16 specimens, 7 mi. E. Baxter Springs, Cherokee Co., Kansas, Sept., 1943, D. S. Franzen, collector; No. 6841, 2 specimens, Pottawatomie Creek, 4-5 mi. N. Garnett, on U. S. Highway 59, Anderson Co., Kansas, Nov. 18, 1950, Glenn R. Webb and Robert W. Reese, collectors. Paravitrea simpsoni (Pilsbry) : No. 6763, 1 specimen, 7 mi. E. Baxter Springs, Cherokee Co., Kansas, Sept., 1943, D. S. Franzen, collector. — Ernest J. Roscoe, University of Kansas Biological Survey. Amnicola pilsbryana, new name. — Charles B. Wurtz has informed us that our name Amnicola pilshryi, Nautilus, vol. 65(2), p. 50, is preoccupied by that of Bryant Walker, 1906, Nautilus, vol. 19(10), pp. 116-7. We therefore substitute A. pilshryana. — Joshua L. Baily, Jr., and Ruth Ingersoll Baily. Vol. 65 JULY, 1951 No. 1 ^^i THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of r MoHtrsca,* "" " "-"' .'"■"'" "-^"^'^ Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia sacli ii it; blOiOglCal LaOOratOI H. BuRRiNGTON Baker, Prof essor of Zoolo^, 11, 1 13 K. -A. Irl "V University of Pennsylvania _ ,__. SEP- ^1951 WOODS HOLE. MASS. CONTENTS U.^ A new West American Nudibranch Mollusk. By G. D. Hanna 1 Notes on some Brazilian Planorbidae. By H. A. Pilshry . . 3 New Floridan species of Ostrea and Vermicularia. By Axel A. Olsson 6 The Molluscan names in Renier's "Tavole." By A. Myra Keen 8 Key to the Nassariidae of the .West Coast of North America. By Joan Demond 15 Nomenclatural notes on the Scaphopoda : the subgenus Dent- ale da Costa. By William K. Emerson 17 The Limacidae and Philomycidae of Pittsylvania County, Virginia. By Leslie Huhricht 20 Arnold Edward Ortmann as revealed by his letters — II. By Henry van der Schalie 23 A Distorsio new to the Florida fauna. By A. A. Olsson and T. L. McGinty 26 Harold Heath, 1868-1951 28 Frank Mace Macfarland, 1869-1951 30 Notes and News 32 Publications received 36 .50 per year ($2.65 to Foreign Countries) 65 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory, 38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. THE NAUTILUS THE NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to tlie study of Mollusks, edited and pub- lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Bubrington Baker. Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October), Manuscript should be typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors unless requested. Eeprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT. 4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp. 50 copies $4.30 $6.86 $11.16 100 copies 5.15 8.16 13.73 Additional 100s 1.72 2.58 5.15 Plates (pasted in) : $3.43 for 50 ; additional plates 2.58 each [Postage Extra] The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Imogene C. Kobertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol. 6, no. 8; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18, nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol. 25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6; vol, 28, no. 12; vol. 31, no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna. For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylua. Send your list to Paul P, McGinty, Boynton, Florida, For Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especiaUy Cepaea nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa. Glenn R. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana. THE NAUTILUS HI Wanted : Preserved or living viviparid snails, in exchange for local MoUusca. Glenn E. Webb, Ohio (P.O.), Illinois. Wanted: Excliange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list ready. Ask for it, and send yours. Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois. Wanted: Eecent and Tertiary Mollusca. Offered: Similar material from various countries. Apply with list. J, L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France. Wanted: Marine shells, in exchange for identified marines, land and fresh water mollusks. Mrs. H. B. Baker, 11 Chelten Eoad, Havertown, Pa. Foe Exchange: Bookbinding and book repair done — The Nautilus, Johnsonia, etc. — for duplicate shells or molluscan literature. Dr. Walter H. Jacobs, 124 West 93rd Street, New York 25, N. Y. Wanted: Pectens (world-wide). Exchange or purchase. Can offer good marine specimens, many genera, with data. Gilbert Grau, 2457 Claremont Ave., Hollywood 27, Calif. New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request. List of foreign shells for sale on request. Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass. Specimen Shells and books or papers relating to them bought, sold and exchanged. John Q. Burch, 1584 West Vernon Ave., Los Angeles 37, Calif. IV THE NAUTILUS TRITON HELMET AND HARP SHELLS $5.00 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Fourth revised edition) . . . 6.00 WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00 PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00 All post-paid in U. S. A. Address author: MAXWELL SMITH, Box 65, Windermere, Florida MOLLUSK LITERATURE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY, Pilsbry and Tryon, 1885- 1935, Series II, Pulmonata. Complete in 28 vols., half pig-skin, some worn, vol. 28 as issued. All volumes with colored plates save 1-6. 8vo. $360.00. FERUSSAC and Deshayes, 1820-52, Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles, Paris, folio with 247 hand colored plates. Half-calf. Fine copy. $225.00. Offered for sale by: Richard I. Johnson, 41 Bow Road, Bel- mont, Massachusetts. WRITE FOR COMPLETE LIST. Vol. 65 OCTOBER, 1951 No. 2 THE NAUTILUS A QUAETEELY DEVOTED TO THE INTEEESTS OF COlilCHQLOQiSTS ; h EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS ^ Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Departmeit of Mgjlps^^ .^\.£t^£r Academy of Natural Sciences, Philad ^Iphia 3 H. BuRRiNGTON Baker, Professor of i oologyj •iQV \ [) ]95l University of Pennsylvania CONTENTS i mms Bioiogicai Laboratory :yMQVl 0 1951 WOODS HOLE, MASS. I— Dredging from the Cruiser Triton. By Arthur B. Thomp- son, Paul L. and Thomas L. McGinty 37 A Peculiar Genus of Vitrinellidae. By H. A. Pilshry and A. A. Olsson 43 New Species of Epitoniidae and Vitrinellidae from Panama City. By Axel A. Olsson and Maxwell Smith 44 Further Observations on the Mollusca of the Relict Lakes in the Great Basin. By Joshua L. Baily, Jr., and Buth Ingersoll Baily 46 Arion Intermedins (Normand) near Buffalo, N. Y. By Margaret C. Teskey 54 Olive Shells on Opposite Shores of the Gulf of California. By D. S. and E. W. Gifford 55 Three New Land Snails from Eastern United States. By Leslie Huhricht 57 A Report on Land Snails of the Jackson Hole Region, Wy- oming. By Lorna R. Levi and Herhert W. Levi .... 60 American Malacological Union, 1951 66 Harold R. Robertson 68 Notes and News 69 Publications Received 71 .50 per year ($2.65 to Foreign Countries) 65 cents a copy HOEACE B. BAKEE, Business Manager University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory, 38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa. * Entered as Second-ClaBS matter. October 29, 1032, at the Post Office at Philadelphia. Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. THE NAUTILUS THE NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of MoUusks, edited and pub- lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker. Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October). Manuscript should he typewritten and douile spaced. Proofs vdW not be submitted to authors unless requested. Eeprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT. 4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp. 50 copies $4.30 $6.86 $11.16 100 copies 5.15 8.16 13.73 Additional 100s 1.72 2.58 5.15 Plates (pasted in): $3.43 for 50; additional plates 2.58 each [Postage Extra] The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol. 6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18, nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol. 25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31, no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna. For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida. For Exchange: Native material for live land MoUusca, especially Cepaea nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa. Glenn E. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana. THE NAUTILUS HI Wanted : Preserved or living viviparid snails, in exchange for local Mollusca. Glenn R. Webb, Ohio (P.O.), Illinois. Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list ready. Ask for it, and send yours. Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois. Wanted: Recent and Tertiary Mollusca. Offered: Similar material from various countries. Apply with Ust. J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France. Wanted : Marine shells, in exchange for identified marines, land and fresh water mollusks. Mrs. H. B. Baker, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pa. For Exchange: Bookbinding and book repair done — The Nautilus, JoHNSONiA, etc. — for duplicate shells or molluscan literature. Dr. Walter H. Jacobs, 124 West 93rd Street, New York 25, N. Y. Wanted: Pectens (world-wide). Exchange or purchase. Can offer good marine specimens, many genera, with data. Gilbert Grau, 2457 Claremont Ave., Hollywood 27, Calif. New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request. List of foreign shells for sale on request. Mrs. F, K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass. Specimen Shells and books or papers relating to them bought, sold and exchanged. John Q. Burch, 1584 West Vernon Ave., Los Angelas 37, Calif, IV THE NAUTILUS TRITON HELMET AND HARP SHELLS $5.00 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Fourth revised edition) ... 6.00 WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00 PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00 All post-paid in V. S. A. Address author: MAXWELL SMITH, Box 65, Windermere, Florida MOLLUSK LITERATURE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY, Pilsbry and Tryon, 1885- 1935, Series II, Pulmonata. Complete in 28 vols., half pig-skin, some worn, vol. 28 as issued. All volumes with colored plates save 1-6. 8vo. $360.00. FERUSSAC and Deshayes, 1820-52, Histoire Naturelle des MoUusques terrestres et fluviatiles, Paris, folio with 247 hand colored plates. Half-calf. Fine copy. $225.00. Offered for sale by : Richard I. Johnson, 41 Bow Road, Bel- mont, Massachusetts. WRITE FOR COMPLETE LIST. Vol. 65 JANUARY, 1952 No. 3 T* H R NAUTILUS A QUAETERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3 H. BuRRiNGTON Baker, Profcssor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania CONTENTS Barnca truncata (Say) at South Cape May, New Jersey. By Robert C. Alexander 73 Mollusean shells occupied by tanaids. By Arthur D. How- ard 74 A new record of Helix aspersa Miiller. By Howard Knight 75 A new Terehra (hoffmeyeri) from the Philippines. By B. Tucker Abbott 77 Three new species of Triodopsis from North Carolina. B}' Leslie Hubricht 80 Crepidula maculosa Conrad. By Dale V. Stingley 83 Further observations on the Mollusca of the relict lakes in the Great Basin. By Joshua L. Baity, Jr. and Ruth Ingersoll Baily 85 An old problem in naiad nomenclature. By Henry van der SchaUe 93 A rich locality in the New York City area. By Roger Bretet and Edwin J. Carswell 100 A South African species of Fauxulus. By H. A. Pilsbry . . 102 The mollusks of Berks County, Pennsylvania. By Robert A. Heilman 103 Notes and news 105 Publications received 107 .50 per year ($2.65 to Foreign Countries) 65 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory, 38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Philadelphia. Pa., under the Act of MatBh 0. lOTOi ■ ■« ■■■ Marine Biological Laboratory MAR -3 1952 WOODS HOLE, MASS. THE NAUTILUS THE NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of MoUusks, edited and pub- lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker. Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October). Manuscript should be typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors unless requested. Eeprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT. 4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp. 50 copies $4.30 $6.86 $11,16 100 copies 5.15 8.16 13.73 Additional 100s 1.72 2.58 5.15 Plates (pasted in): $3.43 for 50; additional plates 2.58 each [Postage Extra] The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted : Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially, vol. 3 ; vol. 4, no. 1; vol. 6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vols. 17 to 24; vol. 25, no. 5; vols. 26, 27; vol. 52; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3; vols. 54 to 58; vol. 59, no. 1 ; vol. 60, no. 2. Some nos. of volumes listed are in stock, but others are desired. Address Horace B. Baker, Univ. Penna. Zoo. Lab., Philadelphia 4. For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida. Fob Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially Cepaea nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa. Glenn E. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana. THE NAUTILUS 111 Wanted : Preserved or living viviparid snails, in exchange for local MoUusca. Glenn R. Webb, Ohio (P.O.), Illinois, Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list ready. Ask for it, and send yours. Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois. Wanteds Recent and Tertiary MoUusca. Offered: Similar material from various countries. Apply with list. J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France. Wanted: Marine shells, in exchange for identified marines, land and fresh water mollusks. Mrs. H. B. Baker, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pa. For Exchange: Bookbinding and book repair done — The Nautilus, Johnsonia, etc. — for duplicate shells or moUuscan literature. Dr. Walter H. Jacobs, 124 West 93rd Street, New York 25, N. Y. Wanted: Pectens (world-wide). Exchange or purchase. Can offer good marine specimens, many genera, with data. Gilbert Grau, 2457 Claremont Ave., Hollywood 27, Calif. New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request. List of foreign shells for sale on request. Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass. Specimen Shells and books or papers relating to them bought, sold and exchanged. John Q. Burch, 1584 West Vernon Ave., Los Angeles 37, Calif. Translations of German, French and Spanish shell literature done in ex- change for shells, shell literature, duplicates or money. Morris K. Jacobson, 455 B. 139 St., Roekaway Beach, New York. IT THE NAUTILUS TRITON HELMET AND HARP SHELLS $5.00 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Fourth revised edition) ... 6.00 WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00 PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00 All post-paid in U. S. A. Address author: MAXWELL SMITH, Box 65, Windermere, Florida INDEX TO THE NAUTILUS Volumes 35-60 Compiled by Aurele La Rocque The index to The Nautilus for volumes 35 through 60 is now available for distribution. Copies may be procured from the University of Michigan Press, 311 Maynard Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan. The book is made up in the same format as the First Index, is cloth bound and divided into tv^o sections, an author index and an index to genera and species. Pages: 322, frontispiece Price: $5.00 I V' - « ■■■■ j Marine, 'Biological Laboratory Vol. 65 APRIL, 1952 J ^ i b r .^No. 4 ^ — ^JUN9" ijoz THE WOODS HOLE, MASS. NAUTILUS A QUAETERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of MoUusca, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3 H, BuRRiNGTON Baker, ProfessoT of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania CONTENTS Some interesting localities on a collecting trip to Mexico. By Morris K. Jacohson 109 Shells collected by the Peabody Museum Expedition to the Near East. I. Mollusks from the Persian Gulf. By F. Haas. II. Land and freshwater shells 114 Some marine shells used by prehistoric Indians in Ecuador. By Robert J. Drake 120 Some mollusean trails in Prince William County, Virginia. By Frank L. Jeffries 122 Some mollusks from Door Co., Wisconsin. By Alan Salem . . 127 The stratigraphic composition of a woodland gastropod pop- ulation. By Philip H. Krutsch 130 Introduced species of land snails in New Jersey. By Robert C. Alexander 132 Studies on mollusk populations : II. By R. Stohler 135 The generic name Pseudotrochus. By H. A. Pilsbry 137 Infra-subspecific terminology in marine mollusks. By Wil- liam K. Emerson 139 A. M. Strong 142 Notes and news 143 $2.50 per year ($2.65 to Foreign Countries) 65 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory, 38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Philadelphia. Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879. U THE NAUTILUS THE NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of MoUusks, edited and pub- lished by Heney a. Pilsbry and H. Bubeington Bakee. Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October). Manuscript should be typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors unless requested. Repeints are furnished at printer's rates. Ordees should be written ON OE ATTACHED TO FIEST PAGE OF MANUSCEIPT. 4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp. 50 copies $4.30 $6.86 $11.16 100 copies 5.15 8.16 13.73 Additional 100s 1.72 2.58 5.15 Plates (pasted in): $3.43 for 50; additional plates 2.58 each [Postage Extra] The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Imogene C. Eobertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially, vol. 3; vol. 4, no. 1; vol. 6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vols. 17 to 24; vol. 25, no. 5; vols. 26, 27; vol. 52; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3; vols. 54 to 58; vol. 59, no. 1; vol. 60, no. 2. Some nos. of volumes listed are in stock, but others are desired. Address Horace B. Bakee, Univ. Penna. Zoo. Lab., Philadelphia 4. Wanted : Preserved or living viviparid snails, in exchange for local MoUusca. Glenn R. Webb, Ohio (P.O.), Illinois. For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida. Fob Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially Cepaea nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa. Glenn R. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana. THB NAUTILUS Ul Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list ready. Ask for it, and send jours. De. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Moseom of Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois. Wanteds Kecent and Tertiary Mollusca. Offered: Similar material from various countries. Apply with list. J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France. Wanted: Marine shells, in exchange for identified marines, land and fresh water moUusks. Mes. H. B. Bakes, 11 Chelten Boad, Havertown, Pa. Fob Exchange: Bookbinding and book repair done — The Nautilus, JoHNSONiA, etc. — for duplicate shells or molluscan literature. De. Waltee H. Jacobs, 124 West 93rd Street, New York 25, N. Y. Wanted: Pectens (world-wide). Exchange or purchase. Can offer good marine specimens, many genera, with data. Gilbeet Geau, 2457 Claremont Ave., Hollywood 27, Calif. For Exchange : Sixty species of Cypraea, including rare local varieties, from Red Sea and Indian Ocean. Darrell Bates, Secretariat, Hargeisa, Somaliland Protectorate. New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request. List of foreign shells for sale on request. Mes. F. K. Hadlet, Box 33, West Newton, Mass. Specimen Shells and books or papers relating to them bought, sold and exchanged. John Q. Buech, 1584 West Vernon Ave., Los Angeles 37, Calif. Translations of German, French and Spanish shell literature done in ex- change for shells, shell literature, duplicates or money. MoEBis K. Jacobson, 455 B. 139 St., Roekaway Beach, New York. IV THE NAUTILUS TRITON HELMET AND HARP SHELLS $5.00 EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Fourth revised edition) . . . 6.00 WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00 PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00 All post-paid in V. S. A. Address author: MAXWELL SMITH, Box 65, Windermere, Florida INDEX TO THE NAUTILUS Volumes 35-60 Compiled by Aurele La Rocque The index to The Nautilus for volumes 35 through 60 is now available for distribution. Copies may be procured from the University of Michigan Press, 311 Maynard Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan. The book is made up in the same format as the First Index, is cloth bound and divided into two sections, an author index and an index to genera and species. Pages : 322, frontispiece Price : $5.00 MBL WHOl VlP.Sfi'il^iy UH 17XG K I : i '' ?; :|||ii|||| aiiiiiPS: M '.',',:,' i\ :' ili!i!i!l! li Mr \m ^"^^^^B^: iiiii^^