THE

/

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. 67
JULY, 1953 to APRIL, 1954

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusks and Marine Invertebrates,

Academy of Natural Sciences

H. BURRINGTON BAKER

Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pa.

LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA.

CONTENTS

Names of new genera and species in italics.

Alcadia, subgenera Penisoltia & W einlandella 139, 140

Amateurs 41

American Malacological Union 66, 104

Armina tigrina 83

Atlantic 1, 38, 40, 61, 83, 92, 105, 108, 112, 120

Aurinia 5

A. kieneri ethelae Pilsbry & Olsson 10

Bermudas 53

Boston Malacological Club 36

Bryozoa 76

Bulimulus (Rabdotus) novoleonis Pilsbry 46

Busycon 61

Calidviana H. B. Baker, subgenus of Eutrochatella 139

California, inland 20, 69, 81, 96

Canada 94

Clenchina Pilsbry & Olsson, genus of Volutidae 4

C. robust a marionae Pilsbry & Olsson 8

Coelostemma balesi Pilsbry 82

Conus austini Render & Abbott pi. 3, fig. 3.

Cypraeidae 86

Dates of The Nautilus 36

Discus rotundatus 36

Egypt 44

Erectidens Pilsbry, genus of Polygyridae (?) 46

E. trichalus Pilsbry 47

Eutrochatella, subgenus Calidviana 139

Florida, inland 33, 48, 56

marine 1, 38, 58, 76

Fusinus (Heilprinia) dowianus Olsson . .pi. 8, figs. 2, 3, p. 106

Helicina, subgenus Pseudoligyra 139

Humboldtiana edithae Parodiz 107

Idaho 37

Illinois 25, 26

Indian shell mounds 90

Indians and mussels 25

Indopacific 13, 86

Lymnaea stagnalis 44

Magnipelta Pilsbry, genus of Arionidae 37

M. mycophaga Pilsbry 37

Marshall Islands 13

Massachusetts 36

iv THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (4)

Melongenidae vs. Galeodidae 139

Mexico 46, 55, 81

Michigan 19

Monadenia circumcarinata 69

New Jersey 36

Niso hendersoni Bartsch 38

Ohio 26

Onoba jacksoni Bartsch 40

Oregon 95

Oreohelix 20

Palearctic 44

Paramiella Clench for Paramia, genus of Cyclophoridae . . 139

Penisoltia H. B. Baker, subgenus of Alcadia 139

Pisidium 97, 131

Pleistocene fossils 120

Pseudoligyra H. B. Baker, subgenus of Helicina 139

Pseudosubulina ruthae Pilsbry 81

Publications received 104, 140

St. Petersburg shell show 138

Scalariform shells 18

Scaphella 4

Shells, scalariform 18

''Texas longhorn" 76

Slug culture 129

Strobilops (Discostrobilops) pilsbryi Morrison 53

S. (D.) sinaloa Morrison 54

Temporary pools 26

Texas 107

Trichodiscina sinaloa Pilsbry 81

Turbonilla louiseae Clarke 118

Vertigo dalliana 75

Virginia 22, 90

Viviparus georgianus vs. V. multilineatus 56, 58

Volutidae 1

Volutifusus 7

Weinlandella H. B. Baker, subgenus of Alcadia 139

Wyoming 121

Zonitidae 22

INDEX TO AUTHORS

Abbott, R. Tucker 83

Abdel-Ghani, A. Fouad 44

Allen, J. Frances 92, 108

Baily, Joshua L., Jr 20

Baker, H. Burrington 36, 139

Bartsch, Paul 38, 40

Beetle, Dorothy 121

Clarke, Arthur H., Jr 112

Clench, W. J. 139

Deichnian, Elizabeth 76

Deinond, Joan 86

Dexter, Ralph W 26

Dietrich, Richard V. & Percy A. Morris 13

Emerson, William K 61

Freed, Sam D 36

Haas, Fritz 94

Hanna, G. D. & A. G. Smith 69

Herrington, H. B 97, 131

Hubricht, Leslie 22, 90

Matteson, Max R 25

Michelson, Edward H 33, 48

Morris, Percy A. (Dietrich &) 13

Morrison, J. P. E 53, 56

Nichelson, Edward H 33, 48

Nicol, David 41

Olsson, Axel A 105

Olsson, Axel A. (Pilsbry &) 1

Parodiz, Juan J 107

Pilsbry, H. A 37, 46, 58, 81, 138

Pilsbry, H. A. & Axel A. Olsson 1

Richards, Horace G 120

Sivik, Frank P 129

Smith, A. G. (Hanna &) 69

Solem, Alan 18

Teskey, Margaret C 66

IfcWAl

The nautilus

Vol. 67 JULY, 1953 No. 1

MATERIALS FOR A REVISION OF EAST COAST AND

FLORIDAN VOLUTES

By HENRY A. PILSBRY and AXEL A. OLSSON

The Volutidae are comparatively rare shells in the Recent
fauna of eastern North America and the Caribbean region, and
most species can be obtained only by dredging in off-shore
waters. Scaphella has recently become more easily available to
collectors from the shrimp trawlers. Voluta musica and its
several subspecies or varieties is probably the commonest of the
West Atlantic volutes and is locally plentiful along certain por-
tions of the north coast of South America from the Goajira
peninsula of Colombia eastward to Margarita Island and Trini-
dad. Westward of the Goajiras, V. musica is replaced by V.
virescens, which extends northward along the Central American
coast to Texas. We have records of virescens from Cartagena,
Colombia, and Colon, Panama. These two species are distin-
guishable by their color markings and by very marked differ-
ences in their nuclear construction. A fossil form of V. virescens
is common in the Miocene of western Panama and Costa Rica.

In Florida waters only the Scaphellinae appear to be repre-
sented. An important paper on this subfamily was published
by William J. Clench in Johnsonia, vol. 2, no. 22, 1946. Clench's
work was based on a study of the combined collections in the
National Museum, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phil-
adelphia, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and the Museo
Poey in Havana. It is the indispensable foundation for further
work on these elegant but elusive mollusks.

In recent years the McGinty brothers, together with Arthur

2 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

R. Thompson, in dredging operations from Mr. Thompson's
motor yacht Triton, principally along the southeast coast of
Florida and the Keys, have brought together a series of Aurinia
and its allies probably larger than any collection previously
available for study. The material and information assembled
by them, together with Thomas L. McGinty's studies of the
radulae, form the chief basis of this paper. We are deeply in-
debted to Mr. Charles R. Locklin and to Mr. Thomas L. McGinty
for gifts of rare and valuable specimens, and to Mr. Tom Dow
and Mrs. E. L. Townsend for the use of volutes from their
collections.

Clench first indicated the existence of a radula in the American
species of Scaphellinae, and gave figures of the teeth of five
species. Dall, who had failed to obtain a radular ribbon from
a specimen (erroneously) identified as "Aurinia dubia" dis-
sected for the Blake report, 1889, concluded that the absence
of a radula constituted a characteristic of the subfamily, an
error copied later by Thiele and several other systematists. The
radular ribbon of the Scaphellinae, as in most other volutes, is
uniserial, lateral teeth being absent, so that only the central row
or rachidian teeth remain. The ribbon is small to minute. As
figures 1 to 4 show, the teeth of Scaphellinae are of three pat-
terns. All have a biramose base of attachment.

1. In Scaphella the teeth have a single long, narrow cusp
only, its upper surface deeply concave (as in fig. la), the shanks
of the base either shorter than the cusp, as in 8. junonia as
figured by Clench, or longer and more spreading, as in the
Campeche race or. subspecies drawn in our figures 1, la.

2. In Clenchina there is a conic central cusp deeply concave
above, suggesting the upper surface of a rounded shovel (fig. 2a),
and two minute accessory cusps, which are the sharpened ends
of two ridges continued from the lateral edges of the basal
shanks. The radula is minute, about 2 mm. long, teeth 0.05
mm. wide, more or less, in the type species C. dohrni (Sowerby),
figs. 2, 2a. The teeth are similar in C. florida (CI. & Ag.), and
in C. robusta marionae, fig. 3.

July, 1953]

THE NAUTILUS

3. In Aueinia there is a pointed central cusp and two well
developed side cusps. The radula is relatively large, in the
neighborhood of 10 mm. long, with teeth about 0.2 mm. wide,
in A. georgiana (Clench), fig. 4. Aurinia kieneri ethelae (pi. 3,
fig. 1), has a radula very similar to A. georgiana.

In Volutifusus the teeth are shaped as in Aurinia, but the
radula is much smaller, 2 mm. long in a shell of V. torrei (Pils-
bry) 54 mm. long, according to Clench.

Figs. 1, la. Tooth of Scapliella junonia butleri from shrimping grounds
southwest of Campeche in 16 fms. Shell 112 mm. long. Eadula about 6
mm. long, with approximately 210 teeth, formula 0.1.0. At fig. la a tooth
viewed obliquely from side and above.

Figs. 2, 2a. Clenchina dohrni from rocky reef southeast of Sombrero
Key Light, 110 fathoms. Shell 43.3 mm. long, clean and not eroded.
Eadula about 2 mm. long, with approximately 120 teeth. At fig. 2a a
tooth seen from side and a little above.

Fig. 3. Clenchina robusto marionae from shell figured on pi. 2, fig. 5,
Scale about same as for fig. 2.

Fig. 4. Aurinia georgiana from off Palm Beach, 115 fms. Eadula
slightly less than 10 mm. long, with about 160 teeth.

All figures except fig. 3 traced from camera lucida drawings by Thomas
L. McGinty.

4 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

Classification of East Coast and Floridan Volutidae

Subfamily Scaphellinae

Genus Scaphella Swainson, 1832

Type by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847: Voluta junonia

Shaw. Recent, Florida coasts westward into the Gulf of Mexico.

The shell is broadly spindle-shaped, medium or thick-walled,
the spire a third the total length or less. Protoconch sub-
truncate, stump-shaped, often with a pointed calearella. Early
postnuclear whorls having small axial ribs and spiral striae, the
last whorl with spiral striae weak or vanishing and an extremely
thin and pale periostracum, usually scarcely noticeable. Colu-
mella margin of aperture nearly straight, bearing four plaits.
Parietal callus a thin and transparent glaze, at its widest exten-
sion covering about half the width of the ventral face or less.
The anterior canal is rather short, stout, slightly recurved, with
deep terminal notch and a distinct but low siphonal fasciole.
Teeth of the radula with a single cusp (as described on page 2
and figs. 1, la).

Clenchina, new genus

Type : Voluta dohrni Sowerby, 1903.

The shell is fusiform, similar to Scaphella by the nucleus, the
numerous rows of spots, usually 8 or more (rarely wanting),
and the limited parietal glaze, restricted to the columellar half
or less of the ventral surface of the shell (pi. 1, fig. 4, C. dohrni).
Three of four plaits emerge on the columella. A siphonal fasciole
is more or less evident. The early postnuclear whorls may have
spiral striation only, or axial ribs may be present also. Fine
spiral striation extends upon the last whorl. The radula is very
minute, the teeth having mesocone and vestigial side cusps, as
described on page 2 and figs. 2, 2a, 3.

This genus differs from Scaphella chiefly by the form of the
radular teeth, which are shorter and have distinct though minute
side cusps. Such differences as exist in the shells do not seem
very important, the Clenchinae being somewhat less solid and less
shouldered.

Clenchina differs from Aurinia mainly by the much more
minute radula, with teeth having only rudimentary side cusps.
The shell differs by the stronger columellar plaits, the more
numerous rows of spots, and especially by the far less extended
parietal glaze ; but this most important character is often faintly

July, 1953] THE NAUTILUS 5

or not at all expressed in fresh shells, and is usually removed in
those which have been "cleaned."

The genotype, C. dohrni, lives in rocky stations. It is ap-
parently confined in Florida waters to the rocky area off the
Keys known as the Pourtales Plateau.

"Valuta" gouldiana Dall, with a unicolored shell or with
broad pale bands, is referable without doubt to Clenchina, but
the dentition is still unknown.

Genus Aurinia H. & A. Adams

Aurinia H. & A. Adams, 1853, monotype Voluta dubia Broderip.
Rehderia Clench, 1945, type Aurinia schmitti Bartsch. Auri-
niopsis Clench, 1953, Johnsonia 2 : 378, type Scaphella kieneri
Clench.

Distribution : Southeast Atlantic coast of the United States,
Florida and the West Indies.

The shell is spindle-shaped and rather thin. Protoeonch sub-
truncate stump-like or somewhat globose, often with a pointed
calcarella. Whorls generally sculptured with fine spiral threads,
the spire whorls (which may be shouldered) having axial folds
as well. Columellar margin nearly straight or weakly sigmoid.
There are two feeble columellar plaits, sometimes not persisting
into the adult stage of the shell. Anterior canal long, straight
or little recurved, terminating in a shallow notch. There is no
siphonal fasciole. The periostracum is extremely thin, not con-
cealing the color pattern of about 6 (5 to 7) spiral rows of
brown spots; or (on mud bottom) the periostracum is slightly
thicker, dull and opaque, dusky yellow, brownish or olivaceous.
The parietal callus is an extremely thin glaze spreading over
much or most of the ventral surface of the shell. Radula with
tricuspid teeth as described on page 2 and fig. 4.

The chief feature differentiating the shell of Aurinia from
other Scaphellinae is that the thin callus or glaze deposited by
the columellar margin of the mantle covers most or all of the
ventral face of the shell, covering also such incrustations as may
adhere to the periostracum. In A. georgiana it may cover most
of the apertural side of the last whorl only, as in plate 1, fig. 2,
or it may extend on the ventral side over sutures and whorls, to
the apex. In the long series seen from off Palm Beach there are
all intermediate stages. This condition is obvious in most speci-
mens from muddy bottom, which have the periostracum a little

6 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

thicker and darker than those from sandy or rocky bottoms. In
the latter such very thin periostracum as may be present is
transparent, the flesh colored or pinkish surface with rows of
spots showing through ; the ventral glaze is extremely thin, or
so slight that none is visible, the spots showing through it, and
the mantle line on the shell defining it is inconspicuous or no
line may be visible.

Most specimens of Aurinia in collections have been "cleaned,"
and the mantle line on the shell defining the ventral glaze is
faint or generally obliterated entirely.

The anterior canal is not, or but very slightly, recurved in
Aurinia, and there is no trace of the convex siphonal fasciole
seen in Scaphella and usually in Clenchina.

Rehderia was based upon specimens with dull, more or less
incrusted periostracum, covered by the parietal glaze which had
not been "cleaned." The type of Aurinia was a specimen with
very thin periostracum and imperceptible ventral glaze. Their
essential generic identity is demonstrated by the series of
dozens of specimens dredged by the McGinty brothers, preserved
in their natural condition except for the removal of the sea
anemones which were on most specimens. All conchological
characters of Aurinia and Rehderia are exactly the same except
for the difference in the surface, which as noted above is fully
covered by transitional individuals in li Rehderia' ' georgiana.
We agree with Dr. Bartsch, who referred the genotype of
Rehderia to the genus Aurinia.

The McGintys report that species of the genus Aurinia live
in sandy or muddy situations, Avhile members of Clenchina live
in both rocky or sandy mud localities.

Some confusion has attended the identification of the geno-
type Aurinia dubia Broderip. Originally described and figured
by Broderip in 1827, it was based on a shell from an unknown
locality. The same figure was copied by Reeve who was not
otherwise acquainted with the species. The original figure of
dubia shows a slender shell about 65 mm. in length, with a rather
long, slender, straight anterior canal, and a large bulbous pro-
toconch tipped with a pointed calcarella. There are six rows
of well separated brown spots on the body whorl, two rows on
the penultimate whorl. The columella!- plaits are described as

July, 1953] THE NAUTILUS 7

two in number, ' ' very slightly marked. ' ' A photographic copy
of Broderip's figure is reproduced in our plate 2, fig. 2. It
appears to be a young shell which would add another whorl, the
axially costate last whorl shown in Broderip 's figure correspond-
ing to the penult whorl of A. kieneri. The "two almost imper-
ceptible plaits on the columella" of the immature stage repre-
sented by Broderip's type would probably be lost in the fully
mature stage, as they are occasionally in A. georgiana. In A.
kieneri the plaits evidently disappear still earlier. The nuclear
shell of A. dubia is larger than in A. kieneri but of the same
shape; cf pi. 2, fig. la. If this estimate is correct, Auriniopsis
will fall as a synonym of Aurinia.

Genus Volutipusus Conrad, 1863

Volutifusus Conrad, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1862,

p. 563.
Bothy aurinia Clench & Aguayo, 1940, Mem. Soc. Cubana de Hist.

Nat. 14: 92 (Type Aurinia torrei Pilsbry).

Type by monotypy: Fasciolaria mutabilis Conrad, 1834, Mio-
cene of St. Mary's River, Maryland.

The shell is smooth except for obscure axial riblets and spiral
striae on the earliest post-nuclear whorls. It does not have the
pattern of spots in spiral series characteristic of most Scaphel-
linae. The surface is covered by a light glaze of enamel which
wholly or mainly obscures the sutures and spreads over the
protoconch as well. Anterior canal nearly or quite straight,
with siphonal canal notch small; without a siphonal fasciole.
Columella plain in the adult, with two small plaits developed in
early whorls only, but not emerging to the aperture in the adult
stage. Radula as in Aurinia but much smaller.

vov

To this genus belong several fossil species often referred to
Aurinia, from the East Coast Miocene and Pliocene. Volutifusus
differs from the closely related Aurinia by having the surface
completely covered by a glaze of enamel from which it may be
inferred that the mantle can be extended to envelop the whole
shell. In shape of the radular teeth Volutifusus {Bathy aurinia)
is entirely like Aurinia.

Bathyaurinia Clench and Aguayo, 1940, differs in no wise from
Volutifusus in shell characters and is regarded as a synonym.

Volutifusus agnayoi (Clench) from deep water east of St.

8 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

Augustine is the only Recent species of this genus known from
off Florida.

List of Volutidae of the East Coast, Florida, and
westward in the Gulf

Scaphella junonia (Shaw)

Scaphella junonia johnstoneae Clench

Scaphella junonia butleri Clench

Clenchina dohrni (Sowerby)

Clenchina florida (Clench & Aguayo)

Clenchina gouldiana (Dall)

Clenchina robust a (Dall)

Clenchina robusta marionae Pilsbry & Olsson

Aurinia kieneri (Clench)

Aurinia kieneri ethelae Pilsbry & Olsson

Aurinia schmitti Bartsch

Aurinia georgiana (Clench)

Volutifusus aguayoi (Clench)

Notes and descriptions of some Scaphellinae

Clenchina robusta marionae, new subspecies. PI. 2, figs. 4, 5

The shell is rather shortly fusiform, the diameter contained
about 2% to 2% times in the length, moderately solid; dull
whitish with squarish dark brown spots in 5 or 6 spiral series.
The nucleus has an elevated point, but is eroded in both speci-
mens seen. Postnuclear whorls angular near the middle, the
angle closely set with tubercles which are slightly lengthened
axially. These tubercles continue over the first half or more of
the last whorl ; the angle and tubercles disappearing on the
latter part of the whorl. Spiral sculpture of low, rounded cords
wider than their intervals, about two cords in one millimeter
(measured on the last whorl below the shoulder). The cords are
smaller and closer above the shoulder and a trifle coarser towards
the base. The arcuate outer lip of the aperture is a little more
strongly curved in its posterior half. The inner lip is very
weakly sigmoid, being slightly concave in the middle and curved
towards the left anteriorly ; the anterior canal being somewhat
recurved, without a distinct siphonal fasciole. There are three
low columellar plaits, not visible in front view in the type, but
barely emerging in the paratype.

Length 45.3 mm., diameter 20 mm. ; length aperture 32 mm.
Type.

Length 59 mm., diameter 24.3 mm. ; length aperture 40.5 mm.
Paratype.

July, 1953] THE NAUTILUS 9

"Gulf of Mexico." Type 189920 ANSP., paratype in Charles
R. Locklin's collection.

The special feature of this subspecies is the spiral sculpture
which is far coarser than in any of the otherwise similar species.
The anterior canal is distinctly recurved. The very thin parietal
glaze is about as in C. florida, (pi. 1, fig. 4), at the widest extend-
ing about half way over the ventral side. In the type the
squarish spots are somewhat longer axially, but in the paratype
they tend to be lengthened spirally.

This subspecies is based upon two specimens, both probably
mature, the difference in size thought to be sexual. The spiral
striation is decidedly coarser than in C. florida. Though ap-
parently adult the shells are much smaller than C. robusta. It
is named for Marion (Mrs. C. R.) Locklin, formerly Assistant
in the department of mollusks, Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.

Aurinia kieneri (Clench), Plate 2, figs. 1, la.

Fusus tessellatus Schubert, Kiener, 1840, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes

5, Fusus, p. 39, pi. 29, fig. 1. [Not F. tessellatus Schubert &

Wagner, 1829.]
Scaphella (Aurinia) kieneri Clench, 1946, Johnsonia 2:58, pi.

31, fig. 1 [copied from Kiener, I.e. ; not Auriniopsis kieneri

Clench, 1953].

This species was named by Clench from Kiener 's figure and
description, no specimens being then known in America. It is
now known by specimens from rather deep water in the north-
eastern Gulf, one from the Locklin collection figured on plate 2,
fig. 1. The shell is light pinkish cinnamon (of Ridgway) in color
with six rows of squarish spots of Vandyke brown, spots of the
upper row small and scattered; the anterior end is vandyke
brown with blackish streaks. The embryonic shell of slightly over
two whorls is globular and runs spirally to an acute point. The
penult and nearly two earlier whorls have rounded axial ribs on
the lower half or slightly more, but obsolete on the concave
upper part. There are widely spaced traces of ribs in the
peripheral part of the last whorl. Fine spiral striae are over
all post-embryonic whorls. No trace of columellar plaits. The
specimen is adult, having several strong wrinkles indicating
former peristomes behind the outer lip.

10 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

Length 115 mm., diameter 36 mm. ; length of aperture 86.5
mm. ; 5% whorls.

These specimens agree in the main with Kiener's figure, but
the aperture is a little narrower and the columellar margin is
less strongly sinuous. The strong ribs of the penult whorl and
the minute spirals of the glossy surface are the same.

In the shell figured as A. kieneri in Johnsonia 2 : 379, pi. 187
(1953) the absence of ribs on the penult whorl and the straighter
columellar margin of aperture and canal indicate that it is not
typical A. kieneri, but is referable to the following subspecies.

Aurinia kieneri ethelae new subspecies. PI. 3, figs. 1, 2, 2a.

Shell large, spindle-shaped, thin-walled, of almost paper thick-
ness at the apertural edge, somewhat heavier elsewhere. The
body-whorl is large, moderately convex but with its opposite sides
in the middle zone appearing a little flattened and parallel;
above that the surface slopes inward to form an appressed zone
bordering the suture. Base of whorl is contracted rather strongly
and produced into a narrow, straight to slightly twisted canal.
The specimen has 5 whorls in addition to a small calloused
nucleus of about 1 whorl which has an elevated, peaked cal-
carella. The first postnuclear whorl is quite narrow, the change
from the nuclear stage being abrupt. Second and third post-
nuclear whorls have about 17 narrow, axial riblets across the
middle but they fade out towards the suture. On the remaining
whorls the ribs rapidly diminish and are wholly lacking on the
penultimate and final whorls. Spiral sculpturing is relatively
strong except on the body-whorl where the surface is nearly
smooth except for the longitudinal lines of growth. The shell
has a thin-edged growing lip, nearly straight or but slightly
sinuous in the middle ; but about a quarter turn back the growth
lines are bunched together and heavier, indicating halts in shell
growth.

Length 182 mm., greater diameter near upper end of aperture
54.5 mm. ; height of spire above end of aperture 57 mm.

The contracted animal in formalin has a length along the foot
of about 70 mm., of a dirty cream color smudged irregularly with
black. Tentacles broad, triangular, flat, with a small pro-
tuberance on each side at the outer base, probably bearing small
eyes. Buccal mass is a large, sausage-shaped, thick-walled organ.
The radula is relatively long and very slender, approximately
12 mm. in length, width of teeth about 0.28 mm., the individual
teeth closely similar to those of other Aurinia, each with three
cusps, the mesocone largest, widest in the middle, side cusps long.

July, 1953] THE NAUTILUS 11

Off South Pass, Mississippi Kiver in 220 fathoms. Coll. by-
Mr. Thomas Dow. Holotype in the private collection of Mrs.
Ethel L. Townsend, Coconut Grove, Florida.

We have seen a number of specimens, the type in the collection
of Mrs. Townsend being the largest, our illustrations being a
few mm. less than actual size. It differs from A. kieneri by the
far less developed axial ribbing of the spire which is restricted
to one or two early whorls, and totally absent on the last two or
three whorls. In the specimens of A. kieneri seen, and in that
figured by Kiener, the costation is strongest on the penult whorl.
It remains to be seen whether ethelae is specifically distinct from
A. kieneri when longer series of both become available. For
the present, in view of the variability we have observed in some
other species of Aurinia, we leave it as a subspecies.

No parietal glaze is usually visible on the ventral side of this
form, but in one specimen (pi. 2, figs. 3, 3a) given by Mr. C. R.
Locklin the surface had gathered a thin coat of diatoms or other
marine deposit over which the mantle has laid a glaze covering
the ventral side, exactly as described for ' ' Rehderia. " This is
another illustration of our contention that Aurinia species may
either occur clean, or incrusted individuals may have a glaze
deposited over the incrustation. As this gives the shell quite a
different appearance we give here a description of such an
incrusted specimen.

Plate 2, figs. 3, 3a. The fusiform shell is long and slender, the
diameter one-third of the length or less; not very thick. The
nuclear 1% smooth whorls taper spirally to a high point, as in
A. kieneri. First postnuclear whorl is axially ribbed with spiral
threads, the ribbing becoming weaker and irregular on the fol-
lowing whorl, the last 2~y2 whorls smooth except for fine growth
striae. The whole ventral face of the last two whorls is covered
with a white glaze, also covering the suture. The color, visible
on the back and spire, is pinkish buff with two rows of russet
squarish spots on whorls of the spire, four rows (with traces of
a fifth) on the last whorl. The spots are rather small (3 mm.
long more or less) on the last whorl, the rows widely spaced.
The aperture is flesh tinted within, showing the spots faintly,
widest at the anterior third. The outer lip is strongly curved
forward in the middle, as usual, retracted to the suture. Colu-
mellar margin is very weakly concave in the middle, without
plaits.

12 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

Length 128 mm., diameter 39 mm.; length of aperture 86.5
mm. ; 5y± whorls.

The shape and color-pattern, as well as the less extensive glaze,
differentiate this form from Volutifusus.

Aurinia schmitti Bartsch. PI. 1, fig. 1.

A specimen in the McGinty collection is figured to show the
appearance when found clean. The last whorl is more evenly
convex and less shouldered than the type figures of A. schmitti,
but that type specimen is a little abnormal from an interruption
of growth in the sutural region near the aperture. There are six
spiral rows of squarish spots, those of the upper row small, the
rest larger and separated by spaces usually less than twice the
size of the spots. The aperture is widened at its anterior third,
and about 69 percent of the total length. The columellar margin
is nearly straight, and in an oblique view shows two very low but
wide columellar plaits. In another specimen the plaits emerge
more, being visible in a front view.

Length 130 mm., diameter 41 mm. ; length of aperture 89.4 mm.

This specimen is from Triton Station 992, 165° off Sombrero
Key Light in 60 fms., gray mud. It was taken July 21, 1952.

Aurinia georgiana (Clench). PI. 2, figs. 2 to 6.

Aurinia georgiana on muddy bottom off Palm Beach in about
75 to 90 fathoms is one of the usual perches for sea anemones.
Sometimes several of them occupy the whole surface leaving
only the aperture free. Even this may sometimes be contracted
by encroachment of this old man of the sea. Other specimens,
especially those from sandy bottom, may come up entirely clean,
as in pi. 1, figs. 3, 6. The extension of the parietal glaze over
the periostracum, as emphasized by Clench in his account of
Rehderia, is not an unusual condition in shells with thin periost-
racum, in which, as in many land shells, the glaze is laid on
over the periostracum. On muddy bottoms many Aurinias
acquire a coating of lime, often with diatoms and other growths.
Over this the columellar margin of the mantle deposits a glaze,
so that a smooth surface rests upon the extended animal. The
back of a coated specimen is shown in pi. 1, fig. 5. See also
pi. 2, figs. 3, 3a.

TILE NAUTILUS 67 (1)

PLATE 1

1, Aurinia schmitti. 2, 3, 5, 6, A. georglana. 4, Clenchina dohrni. 7, Trio-
dopsis fraudulinta vulgata (above), Anguispira alternata (below).

THE NAUTILUS 67 (1)

PLATE 2

1. La, Aurinia kieneri. -. Aurinia dubia, after Broderip. 3, 3a, Aurinia Tc,

i tin liir, var. 4, 5, Clcnchina robusta marionae.

THE NAUTILUS 67 (1)

PLATE a

\ 1

X. .J*

1 *

Ohsort ol**dr

1, 2, 2a, Aurinia Tcieneri ethelae. 3, Conus austini ReMer & Abbott.

THE NAUTILUS 67 (1)

PLATE 4

Mollusks from Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands.

July, 1953] THE NAUTILUS 13

A. georgiana shows great variation in shape of the anterior
canal end of the aperture, as in pi. 1, figs. 3 and 6. They would
hardly be thought the same species if they were not fully con-
nected by intermediate specimens taken on the same bottoms.
The anterior canal may be noticeably recurved and rather broad,
as in fig. 3, or in a small minority of specimens it may be straight
and slender, as in fig. 6. The two small columellar plaits may
be barely visible in a direct front view, figs. 2 and 6, or they
may be so deeply immersed that they are not visible in the
aperture in any view.

Fig. 2 represents a specimen of about maximum size for the
species, length 94 mm., width 31 mm. ; length aperture 63 mm. ;
fully 5 whorls. All specimens figured (pi. 1, figs. 2, 3, 5, 6).
are from off Palm Beach, 75 to about 90 fms. taken by the Triton.
There it is the only species of Aurinia found in its area.

MOLLUSKS FROM KWAJALEIN

By RICHARD V. DIETRICH
Department of Geology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia

AND

PERCY A. MORRIS

Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University,
New Haven, Connecticut

The mollusks listed here were collected on the Kwajalein
Atoll by R. V. Dietrich while he was on duty with the U.S.A. A. F.
during World War II. They have been classified by P. A.
Morris of Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven,
Connecticut, where the collection now is filed.

Kwajalein Atoll, sometimes referred to as Menschikov Atoll,
is in the Marshall Island group. The Atoll lies between 8° 40'
and 9° 25' North latitude and between 166° 45' and 167° 50'
East longitude (fig. 1).

All shells in this collection were collected from the area around
Ebeye, Ennylabegan, Enubuj, Gea, and Kwajalein Islands which
are located in the southern part of the atoll. Cypraea (Ponda)
ventricidus Lamarck, Peribolus (Arabica) histrio Gmelin, Eros-
aria (Ravitrona) caput serpentis Linne, Turbo argyrostomus

14

THE

NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

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Fig. 1. Index map showing location of area from which this collection came.

Linne, Lamb is chiragra Linne, and Haliotis varia Linne were
found alive on the ocean-side reef of Kwajalein Island ; Strombus
gibberulus Linne, Cerithium fasciatum Bruguiere, Rhinoclavis
sinensis Gmelin, and Isognomon perna Linne were found alive
on the reef between Kwajalein and Enubuj Islands; Pinctada
vulgaria Schumacher, Plicatula philippinarum Sowerby, Ostrea
chemnitzii Hanley, Peribolus (Arabica) reticulata Martyn,
Erosaria (Rauitrona) caput serpent is Linne, Monetaria (Orna-
mentaria) annulua Linne, Erosaria (Ravitroma) helvolva Linne,
Erosaria (Erosaria) pararia Linne, and Nerita polita Linne were
found alive on the reef between Ennylabegan and Gea Islands.
The shell of Charonia tritonis Linne was found on the lagoon side
of Ebeye Island. Monetaria (Monetaria) moneta Linne was
found alive on all reefs visited. Only the shells of the other
mollusks were found; they were procured from dredgings from
the lagoon on the north side of Kwajalein Island during the
dredging operations of 1945.

July, 1953]

THE NAUTILUS

15

List of Mollusks Collected
Pelecypoda

Area ventricosa Lamarck

Area krausii Philippi

Barb at ia amygdalumtostum

Roding
Anadara scapha Meuschen
Pinctada vulgaria Schumacher
Isognomon perna Linne*
Ostrea chemnitzii Hanley
Spondylus cruentus ? Lischke
Spondylus ducalis Roding
Plicatula philippinarum Sow-

erby
Pallium pallium Linne
Chlamys squamosus ? Gmelin*
Comptopecten spiceri Rehder*
Lima cf . annulata Lamarck
Volsella philippinarum Hanley
Brachidontes sp.
Tridacna maxima Roding
Hippopus hippopus Linne
Chama aspersa 1 Reeve
Chama semipurpurata Lischke
Chama lazarus Linne
Loripinus vesicula Gould

Codakia interrupta Lamarck
Codakia punctata Linne
Fimbria fimbriata Linne
Trapezium oblong um Linne
Trachycardium elongatum Bru-

guiere
Fragum fragum Linne
Lioconcha hieroglyphica Con-
rad
Periglypta reticidata Linne
Pitar obliquata Wood
Garfrarium pectinatum Linne
Glycydonta marica Linne*
Asaphis deflorata Linne
Tellina perna ? Spengler
Tellinella virgata Linne
Pinguitellina nucella Dall,

Bartsch and Rehder*
Scutarcopagia scobinata Linne
Leptomya near cochlearis

Hinds*
Macoma sp.
Quadrans gargadia Linne*

Note: star (*) indicates species illustrated.

Cephalopoda

Nautilus pompilius Linne

Gastropoda

Patelloidea saccharina Linne
Patella stellaeformis Reeve
Haliotis varia Linne
Trochus pyramis Born
Trochus histrio Reeve
Clanculus atropurpureus Gould
Turbo petholatus Linne
Turbo argyrostomus Linne
Nerita polita Linne
Nerita plicata Linne
Nerita picea Recluz
Nerita albicilla Linne
Natica cf. violacea Sowerby*

Cymatium pyrum Linne
Murex sp.

Nassa sertum Bruguiere
Drupa morum Roding
Drupa ricinus Linne
Drupa grossularia Roding
Drupa rubusidaeus Roding
Thais (Thalessa) hippocas-

taneum Linne
Morula ura Roding
Morula undata Lamarck
Morula granulata Duclos
Morida concatenata Lamarck

16

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 67 (1)

Polinices mammilla Linne
Polinices melanostoma Gmelin
Siphonium sp.*
Aletes sp.

Cheilea equestris Linne
Hipponyx conicus Schumacher
Hipponyx barbatus Sowerby
T ovinia infundib uliformis Gme-
lin*
Phillipia cingulum Kiener*
Littorina obesa Sowerby
Cerithium cf. salebrosum Sow-
erby*
Cerithium cf. echinatum La-
marck
Cerithium asper Linne
Cerithium columna Sowerby
Cerithium fasciatum Bruguiere
Cerithium nodulosum Bru-
guiere
Rhinoclavis sinensis Gmelin*
Rhinoclavis tenuiscidptus Sow-
erby
Strombus dentatus Linne
Strombus mutabilis Swainson*
Strombus fragilis Roding
Strombus gibberulus Linne
Strombus lentiginosus Linne
Strombus variabilis Swainson
Strombus rugosum Sowerby*
Lamb is lamb is Linne
Lambis chiragra Linne
Terebellum terebellum Linne
Cypraea tigris Linne
Cypraea (Lyncina) lynx Linne
Cypraea (Ponda) carneola

Linne
Cypraea (Ponda) ventriculus

Lamarck
Cypraea (Mystaponda) vitel-

lus Linne
Erosaria (Erosaria) erosa

Linne
Erosaria (Erosaria) pararia

Linne
Erosaria (Ravitrona) caput-
serpentis Linne

Morula elata Blainville
Pyrene /lava Bruguiere
Columbella turturina Lamarck
Engina mendicaria Linne
Pisa fasciata Deshayes*
Nassarius papillosus Linne
Nassarius graniferus Kien
Nassarius glans Linne
Nassarius concinnus Powis
Pisanm ignea Gmelin
Cantharus undosus Linne
Latirus bar clay i Reeve
Pristernia incarnata Deshayes
Peristernia caledonica Petit
Peristernia chlorostoma Gray
Vasum turbinellum Linne
Pusia lanta Reeve
Pusia arenosa Lamarck
Pusia crocata Lamarck
Pusm aureolata Swainson
Pusia sp.*
Mitra mitra Linne
Mitra ambigua Swainson
Mitra papilio Link
Mitra stictica Link
Mitra cylindrica Reeve
Mitra acuminata Swainson
Mitra ostergaardi Pilsbry
Mitra microstoma Sowerby
Mitra chrysalis Reeve
Cylindromitra glans Reeve
Cylindromitra crenulata Gme-
lin
Scabricula cucumerina La-
marck
Scabricula ferruginea Lamarck
Mitrella figula Duclos
Strigatella paupercula Lamarck
Strigatella golischi Dall*
Tiara filaris Linne
Tiara rufescens A. Ads.
Vexillum gruneri Reeve*
Turricula corbicula Sowerby*
Oliva annulata Gmelin
Oliva sericea miniacea Roding
Oliva sandwichensis Pease
Ilarpa amouretta Roding

July, 1953]

THE NAUTILUS

17

Erosaria (Ravitrona) helvola

Linne
Erosaria (Ravitrona) labro-

lineata Gaskoin*
Erronea caurica Linne
Luria (Basilatrona) Isabella

Linne
Cribraria (Cribraria) cribraria

Linne

(Talostolida) teres

(Arabica) histrio

Cribraria

Gmelin
Peribolus

Gmelin
Peribolus (Arabica) depressa

Gray
Bistolida (Bistolida) hirundo

Linne
Monetaria (Monetaria) moneta

Linne
Monetaria (Ornamentaria) an-

nulua Linne
Pustularia globulus Linne
Pustulariabistrinotata Schilder
Nuclearia nucleus Linne
Quimalea pomum Linne
Phalium vibex Linne
Cymatium gemmatum Reeve
Cymatium pileare Linne
Cymatium aquatile Reeve
Cymatium labrosum Wood
Charonia tritonis Linne
Distorsio anus Linne
Bursa cruentata Sowerby
Bursa granulans Roding
Ranularia ( Cutturnium )

ricina Roding*
Chicoreus sp.*

mu-

Clavus auricidiferus Lamarck*

Terebra maculaia Linne

Terebra crenulata Linne

Terebra straminea Gray

Terebra striata Quoy and Gaim-
ard

Terebra funiculata Hinds

Terebra sp.*

Conus omaria Hwass

Conus tulipa Linne

Conus glans Hwass

Conus nussatella Linne

Conus praelatus Hwass*

Conus vitulinus Hwass

Conus imperialis Linne

Conus senator Linne

Conus pulicarius Hwass

Comes capitaneus Linne

Conus rattus Hwass

Conus ermineus Born

Conus marmoreus Linne

Conus chaldens Roding*

Conus ebraeus Linne

Conns eburneus Hwass

Conus abbas Hwass

Conus lividus Hwass

Conus miliaris Hwass

Conus miles Linne

Conus fabula Sowerby

Imbricaria conica Schumacher

Imbricaria sp.*

Xenuroturris angulifera La-
marck

Turris sp.*

Solidula glabra Reeve*

Bulla ampulla Linne

Acknowledgments : Edwin H. Bryan, Jr., Curator of Collec-
tions, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, prepared
the map (fig. 1) ; Harald A. Rehder, J. P. E. Morrison, and R. T.
Abbott of the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.
checked the identifications of the specimens; Carl 0. Dunbar,
Director of Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven,
Connecticut encouraged the writers to prepare this data for
publication. All this aid is gratefully acknowledged.

18 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

Plate 4

Species from the collection that are unusual or not figured in readily
available conchology books.

Note. — Unless otherwise indicated, all figures are natural size.

1. Chlamys squamosus ? Gmelin, x2. (Eich yellow)

2. Comptopecten spiceri Eehder. (Ivory and pale red)

3. Pinguitellina micella Dall, Bartsch & Eehder, x2. (Pale yellow)

4. Quadrans gargadia Linne. (Pure white)

5. Glycydonta marica Linne. (White and rose)

6. Leptomya near cochlearis Hinds. (Pure white)

7. Phillipia cingulum Kiener. (White and yellowish tan)

8. Solidula glabra Eeeve. (Brown and white)

9. Strigatella golischi Dall. (Pale tan)

10. Turris sp. (Ivory and chocolate)

11. Cerithium cf. salebrosum Sowerby. (Grayish)

12. Siphonium ?. (Pinkish gray)

13. T ovinia infundibuliformis Gmelin, X2. (Orange-red)

14. Terebra sp. (Ivory)

15. Erosaria (Ravitrona) labrolineata Gaskoin, X2. (Cream and red-

brown)

16. Pisa fasciata Deshayes, X2. (Red-brown and white)

17. Pusia sp. (Orange and white)

18. Imbricaria sp. (Cream)

19. Conus chaldens Boding. (Chocolate and pink)

20. Natica cf. violacea Sowerby. (Ivory and yellow-brown)

21. Chicoreus sp. (Eusty yellow)

22. Rhinoclavis sinensis Gmelin. (Purplish gray)

23. Conus praelatus Hwass, x2. (Tan and white)

24. Strombus rugosus Sowerby. (Orange and white)

25. Turricula corbicula Sowerby. (Orange and white)

26. Clavus auriculif erus Lamarck. (Orange and white)

27. Vexillum gruneri Eeeve. (Lavender and white)

28. Strombus mutabilis Swainson. (Ivory and chocolate)

SCALARIFORM ANGUISPIRA AND TRIODOPSIS

By ALAN SOLEM
Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan

While a large number of molluscan monstrosities have been
reported in the literature, essentially we know little about the
extent and causes of deformities. Many monstrosities are ob-
viously caused by repair of damage to the shell, but a number
have been reported where no evidence of damage can be detected.
The two described below fall into that category.

Daniels (1912) summarized our knowledge of abnormalities
in American land mollusks. Most are the result of damage to
the shell or are reversals in direction of coiling. However, he
does include two reports of seemingly undamaged scalariform

July, 1953] THE NAUTILUS 19

specimens. One specimen of Oreohelix strigosa depressa (now
UMMZ 127942), and a specimen of Anguispira alternata figured
by Wheat (1907) (now ANSP). The Oreohelix has five whorls
and abnormal growth starts with the post-embryonic whorls.
No evidence can be detected of any damage to the shell in the
area where abnormal growth starts.

In working over the extensive Royal Ontario Museum of
Zoology collection of mollusks (now being added to the Uni-
versity of Michigan collection), I found a single scalariform
Anguispira alternata without data. The specimen has a diameter
of 17.8 mm., height of 15.2 mm. with six whorls. The embryonic
whorls are normal, but all subsequent growth is abnormal. Once
again there is no apparent trace of injury. The specimen is now
UMMZ 181323 and is figured on pi. 1, fig. 7 (lower fig.).

A scalariform specimen of Triodopsis fraudulenta vulgata was
collected October 9, 1952 from a woodlot on Geddes Road, 2.3 mi.
east of the University Museums building near Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan. The specimen was dead, but in good condition, with five
and five-eighths whorls, 14.8 mm. in diameter, 9.9 mm. high.
The parietal tooth was reduced to a low ridge; otherwise the
aperture is normal. Again, the nuclear whorls are normal and
there is no trace of injury to the shell. The specimen is now
UMMZ 181324 and is figured with a normal specimen from the
same locality on PI. 1, fig. 7 (above). I believe this is the first
reported scalariform polygyrid snail.

T. van Hyning (1923) reported a scalariform Hawaiia minus-
cula alachuana. "The nucleus and first whorl are normal, then
it suddenly becomes scalariform. What caused the whorls to
separate is not possible to determine."

Unlike the abnormalities reported by Wetherby (1878), none
of the three I examined shows any trace of an injury which would
explain the abnormal growth. In all three cases, the nuclear
whorls are normal. A study to determine the possible causes
of such growth through experimental injuring of young snails
might produce interesting results.

References

Daniels, L. E. 1912. Abnormal shells. Nautilus, 26 (4), pp.

38-42, pi. V.
van Hyning, T. 1923. A scalariform specimen of Zonitoides

minusculus alachuanus Dall. Nautilus, 36 (3), p. 105.

20 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

Wetherby, A. G. 1878. On the deformities of some Tennessee
helices. J. of the Cincinnati Soc. of Nat. Hist., Oct. 1878, pp.
1^.

Wheat, S. C. 1907. Abnormal shells. Bull. Brooklyn Conch.
Club, I (1), pp. 3-4, figs. 4-7.

OREOHELIX IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY,
CALIFORNIA

By JOSHUA L. BAILY, JE.

In the original description of Oreohelix calif ornica from San
Bernardina County, Berry (1931) states that this is the first
record of this genus from the mainland of the state, with the
possible exception of a rumor of a single specimen taken on
Cuyamaca Mountain. This peak is in San Diego County of
which I am a resident, and the possible occurrence of an Oreo-
helix almost in my own back yard induced me to pursue this
rumor to its origin.

In reply to my inquiry Dr. Berry stated that the shell had been
taken by Charles L. Cass. Accordingly I called on Mr. Cass who
obligingly showed me the specimen. That it was correctly identi-
fied as an Oreohelix I have no doubt. I asked him why he had
never named it and published a description of it, and he told me
that he had submitted it to the late Junius Henderson for the
purpose, but that the latter had advised against this course.

I then called on Mr. Henderson who was living in San Diego
at the time. He explained to me that Mr. Cass himself did not
know where the specimen was found. I returned to Mr. Cass
who related the account of its discovery.

He had been told of a locality on the mountain where Hel-
minthoglypta cuyamacensis could be obtained. Accordingly he
visited this locality but did not follow the main highway. He
took instead a less travelled road farther to the south. On the
way, before reaching the foothills, he stopped at what looked like
a good collecting ground, and found several specimens of Hel-
minthoglypta traskii. Later in the day he succeeded in reaching
the locality he had started for, where he obtained specimens of
Helminthoglypta cuyamacensis, which he put into the same con-
tainer, as he had only the one with him. On returning home
he found no difficulty in separating the two species but there was

July, 1953] THE NAUTILUS 21

one specimen that did not belong- to either. He did not recognize
this as an Oreohelix at the time as he was not familiar with this
genus, but thought he had found a deformed Haplatrema. There
are two species of this genus in San Diego County, both of which
live near the coast, and it was natural under the circumstances
for him to conclude that he had picked up this specimen at the
first locality. Later, when he became acquainted with Oreohelix
he recognized his find and concluded that it must have been taken
at the higher altitude. (Oreohelix is characteristic of high alti-
tudes, the name means "mountain snail.")

I communicated this information to both Mr. Henderson and
Dr. Berry. The former felt that since Mr. Cass had not recog-
nized the shell as being unusual when he picked it up made it
impossible to rule out the possibility that it may have been in
the container before he left home, but Dr. Berry produced a
letter which he had received from Mr. Cass shortly after the shell
was found, in which the latter stated that Mrs. Frank Stephens
had found three snail shells with carinated peripheries on the
desert near the eastern boundary of San Diego County. I called
on Mrs. Stephens, who did not remember having told Mr. Cass
any such thing. Together we spent about an hour going through
her collection but found nothing. I then consulted Mr. Cass, but
he had forgotten having written Dr. Berry about Mrs. Stephens'
shells.

About a year ago I met Mr. Cass in the vault of a bank in San
Diego. He told me he had come there to put the shell into his
safety deposit box for safe keeping. He allowed me to examine
it superficially. It appeared to be an Oreohelix of the subgenus
Radio cent rum. I dropped a pretty strong hint that I would like
to have it loaned to me for more detailed examination, but he did
not rise to the suggestion, and I had to watch him put it away
and then lock the box.

Last summer when I was in England, Mr. Cass died. On my
return I learned that his house had been sold, his estate closed,
and his personal effects distributed. I contacted the executor
of his estate, who told me that he had not seen the shell when the
safety deposit box was opened. He consulted the inventory
made at the time and reported that the shell was not listed in it.
He also gave me the name of the purchaser of the shells in Mr.
Cass's home, and I wrote her but she replied that nothing answer-
ing the description which I gave her was among them.

22 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

Mr. Cass's description of the first locality where he collected
was very vague, but that of the second was quite exact. It was
on the west side of the road between Descanso and Cuyamaca
State Park, where the road was concave to the east, and crossed
a culvert through which a trickle of water was flowing. There
are two localities answering this description, but they are within
a few hundred yards of each other, and anything found at either
one is likely to be found at the other as well. I have searched
both, but did not find Oreohelix. I did not even find Helmin-
thoglypta.

The geographic distribution of Oreohelix is interesting. Its
metropolis is in the Rocky Mountains, and one species, now
extinct, is found as far east as Iowa (Pilsbry, 1939). It gets as
far west as Celilo on the Columbia River. In California there
are only two records — one, that of Oreohelix calif ornica already
mentioned ; the other is Oreohelix avalonensis found by Hemphill
(1911) on Catalina Island, and described a half century ago, and
which has not been taken since, although many collectors have
searched for it diligently. An Oreohelix in San Diego County
would be surprising in view of the activity of collectors here in
the past, but the distribution of the genus makes it seem not
unreasonable to suppose that one may exist here. My object in
putting these data on record is to encourage modern explorers
to look for it, and I hope that their efforts will meet with success.

Literature cited

Berry, S. S. 1931. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, v. 8, p. 115,

f. 1, 2.
Hemphill, H. 1911. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 1,

p. 104, pi. 4.
Pilsbry, H. A. 1939. Monog. no. 3, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., v. 1,

p. 413.

THE ZONITIDAE OF PITTSYLVANIA COUNTY,

VIRGINIA

By LESLIE HUBRICHT

This paper is the fourth installment on the land snails of
Pittsylvania County, Virginia. The first, on the Polygyridae,
was published in The Nautilus, vol. 64, no. 1, July, 1950. The

July, 1953] THE NAUTILUS 23

second, on the Limaeidae and Philoniycidae, was published in
vol. 65, no. 1, July, 1951. The third, which treated the remain-
ing families except the Zonitidae, was published in vol. 66, no. 1,
July, 1952. The present paper concludes the series.

Euconulus fulvus (Mull.). Found only on the bluffs along
the Roanoke River from Smith Mtn. Gorge to northeast of Hurt.

Euconulus cher sinus (Say). Generally distributed over the
county in upland oak woods.

Euconulus chersinus dent at us (Sterki). Generally distrib-
uted over the county, preferring drier situations than the typical
subspecies.

Guppya sterkii (Dall). Generally distributed over the county,
but not common.

Oxychilus cellarius (Mull.). Found on a cellar wall in Dan
ville.

Retinella ourringtoni (Pilsbry). Found on the bluffs and in
ravines along the Roanoke River from Smith Mtn. Gorge to
northeast of Hurt.

Retinella wheatleyi (Bland). Generally distributed over the
county, in upland oak woods.

Retinella lewisiana (Clapp). Known only from a single speci-
men collected under a log in an upland oak woods along US-29,
now within the city limits of Danville.

Retinella rhoadsi (Pilsbry). Generally distributed over the
county, but not common.

Retinella indentata (Say). Generally distributed over the
county.

Retinella cryptomphala solida H. B. Baker. Known from a
single specimen collected on Brier Mtn., near Callands.

Mesomphix rugeli oxy coccus (Vanatta). Common in the hills
along the Dan and lower Sandy Rivers.

Mesomphix capnodes (W. G. Binney). Common on the bluffs
along the Roanoke River from the Smith Mtn. Gorge to northeast
of Hurt.

Paravitrea mtdtidentata (Binney). Found only in the Smith
Mtn. Gorge, 5 miles north of Sandy Level.

Paravitrea capsella (Gould). Found on the bluffs along the
Roanoke River from Smith Mtn. Gorge to northeast of Hurt.

24 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

There is considerable variation in the development of the teeth.
Some very young shells will be toothless, but most of them have
rows of two or three teeth. Most adult shells are toothless but
an occasional shell will have teeth.

Hawaiia minuscula (Binney). Found on waste ground in
Danville, where it is probably introduced.

Ventridens suppressus (Say). Found in the hills in the north-
western part of the county. Its range extending as far east as
Hurt, and as far south as Callands.

Ventridens gularis (Say). Generally distributed over the
county, in meadows, clearings and along roadsides.

Ventridens collisella (Pilsbry). Found abundantly on the
bluffs along the Koanoke River from Smith Mtn. Gorge to north-
east of Hurt.

Ventridens ligerus (Say). Common in the flood plains of the
Dan and Roanoke Rivers.

Ventridens intertextns (Binney). Generally distributed but
not common, in clearings and along roadsides.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Generally distributed and com-
mon.

Striatum meridionalis (Pilsbry & Ferriss). Generally dis-
tributed over the county along river bluffs and in ravines.

Genus and species unknown. A single shell found on the bluff
along the Banister River, 1.5 miles northwest of Riceville.

The shell is translucent, pale yellowish, depressed, a sculpture
of fine growth wrinkles appearing under high magnification, the
sutures distinctly impressed; umbilicate, the umbilicus 3.35
times in the major diameter of the shell ; major diameter 1.3 mm.,
whorls 3.3. The shell appears to be mature. The general ap-
pearance suggests a young of Helicodiscus singleyanus inermus
H. B. Baker, but it is distinctly smaller for a shell of the same
number of whorls, the umbilicus is smaller, and the shell is not
so impressed around the umbilicus. It is undoubtedly a new
species but I do not care to name it without anatomical material
to determine its affinities. So far, attempts to find additional
material have been unsuccessful.

July, 1953] THE NAUTILUS 25

FRESH-WATER MUSSELS USED BY ILLINOIAN
INDIANS OF THE HOPEWELL CULTURE

By MAX E. MATTESON
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
(Concluded from April number, p. 138)

By examining the list of different mussels which were taken
from the stream by the Indians at that time and recognizing the
type of habitat required by each of these, we are able to deter-
mine somewhat accurately the nature of the stream as it existed
in 500 B.C. It must have flowed in a shallow basin which is
still in existence today on either side of its present channel
(fig. lb). The river's width at that time was 30 to 40 feet.
The water was relatively low in velocity, clear, and flowed over
sand, gravel, and other types of substrata which were favorable
for the existence of the former unionid community. Today, the
creek flows over a clay substratum fifteen feet below the former
river's basin. The floor of the older river-bed is composed
chiefly of sand and gravel. It may be postulated that the stream
began to destroy its original bed when flooding increased, due
to topographical changes brought about by the farming activities
carried on by the present inhabitants of Illinois.

It seems evident that if the habitat demands of an animal
or, preferably, a group of animals which are living today can
be well established, the environment may be described where
these animals formerly occurred. This is taking for granted,
of course, that the groups are of the same species. Variations
which might develop, even to the formation of a new subspecies,
might bring about a new habitat demand which would nullify
any speculation of past conditions.

It also seems feasible that, within limitations, conditions
somewhat removed from the original habitats of animals who
formerly occupied the area may be ascertained. An ecological
situation existing at any point in a lotic environment is partially
the result of factors operating farther up-stream and, more
remotely, conditions existing in the surrounding territory, al-
though the latter may be strictly terrestrial in nature. As an
illustration, substances may enter a stream by surface drainage
and influence the organisms living there for a considerable dis-

26 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

tance below its point of entry. In general, the accuracy with
which a former situation may be described is indirectly propor-
tional to its distance from the original site at which the animals
of known environmental requirements lived.

By means of carbon 14 determination, the approximate time
when any given animal existed can often be determined. This
may be done by testing either the remains of the animal itself
or some objects with which it was closely associated. By ex-
ploiting all available knowledge concerning its life history, the
nature of the former environment may be ascertained. There
are many opportunities for further research in this field.

Bibliography

Baker, Frank C. 1928. The fresh-water Mollusca of Wis-
consin. Pt. II. Pelecypoda. Bull. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur.,
No. 70: 1-485.

. 1930. The use of animal life by the mound-building In-
dians of Illinois., Trans. 111. Acad. Sci., 22: 41-64.

. 1931. Additional notes on animal life associated with

the mound-builders of Illinois. Trans. 111. Acad. Sci., 23:

231-235.
Ortmann, A. E. 1920. Correlation of shape and station in

fresh-water mussels (naiades). Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 59:

269-312.
Ortmann, A. E., and Bryant Walker. 1922. On the nomen-
clature of certain North American naiades. Occas. Pap. Mus.

Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 112: 1-75.
Schalie, Henry van der. 1938. The naiad fauna of the Huron

River, in southeastern Michigan. Misc. Pub., No. 40, Mus.

Zool., Univ. Mich., 1-83.

THE MOLLUSKS INHABITING SOME TEMPORARY
POOLS AND PONDS IN ILLINOIS AND OHIO

By EALPH W. DEXTEE
Kent State University, Kent, Ohio

I. Introduction

Mollusks were collected from temporary pools in Champaign
County and a portion of neighboring Vermilion County of East
Central Illinois during the spring seasons of 1935-37 as part of

July, 1953] THE NAUTILUS 27

a survey of fresh-water mollusks in that region. Collections
were made again from the same pools in April of 1941 and in
March of 1945-50 inclusive. Most of the collecting after the
first year of field work was carried out while engaged in a survey
of the fairy shrimps (Anostraca, Crustacea) in these vernal
pools and ponds. During the ten years from 1941-50 a similar
survey was made of fairy shrimp populations in temporary
bodies of water found in Portage, Summit, and Stark Counties of
northeastern Ohio, and again the mollusks inhabiting these pools
were collected. In the summer of 1941 and 1949 observations
were made on the aestivation of mollusks in the dried-out basins
of many of these pools. While these collections were for the most
part made rather incidentally in connection with another field
study, they are probably representative of the mollusks inhabit-
ing the specialized environment of temporary bodies of water.

Altogether 208 pools and ponds were examined in this study,
23 in Illinois and 185 in Ohio. A total of 137 of these, or 67%
of the total, were found to contain mollusks. Undoubtedly a
more thorough sampling would have resulted in the collection
of specimens from more of the ponds. Some of the pools were
examined but once, some a few times, while others were sampled
every year for a period of ten years. A few pools were visited
several times each season and 21 pools were examined after
drying out as well as during the spring season. Two pasture
pools were under observation all months of the year for several
years. Those pools which contained fairy shrimps were visited
more often and sampled more carefully than those which did not
contain those sporadic crustaceans. Collecting took place for
the most part between the months of February and May inclu-
sive, and in addition the dried pools were examined from June
to August. Collections were made with a dip net during the
spring and a garden trowel during the summer. Acknowledg-
ment is made to Mr. Richard L. Snyder for assistance in the
study of the Stark County pools during the spring of 1950.

The two regions studied are located in the Central Plains in
one case and the Allegheny Plateau in the other. Both regions
were covered by the late Wisconsin glaciation; both have clay
subsoils providing a clay bottom for the ponds. Most of the
ponds investigated are natural depressions, which are more

28 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

numerous in Ohio than in Illinois because of the rolling topog-
raphy of the Allegheny Plateau. Both areas receive an average
of 37 inches of annual rainfall which is well distributed through
the year, but often with a large share of it falling in the spring
months.

In all there were 17 species of gastropods collected and three
genera of sphaeriids. All the 12 species of aquatic snails are
pulmonates belonging to the families Physidae, Lymnaeidae, and
Planorbidae. There were three amphibious species, two belong-
ing to the genus Succinea and one to Fomatiopsis, and two ter-
restrial slugs of the genus Deroceras. Strangely enough, the
slugs were often found submerged in the water and frequently
so in large numbers. Shells of certain land snails were some-
times found in the water as well as in the dried-out basins.
These were probably remnants from terrestrial mollusks living
there during the dry seasons. Shells of Mesodon, Triodopsis,
Vertigo, Gastrocopta, and Cicmella were thus collected. The
great majority of the polygyrid shells were immature. In gen-
eral, mollusks were not abundant, although in 36 ponds the
common species were present in abundance. Eight species of
gastropods and all 3 genera of fingernail clams were collected in
large numbers from one or more of the pools. Most of the mol-
lusks were collected on or among vegetation. Bodies of water
examined ranged from very shallow puddles in which the water
did not remain for more than a few weeks to ponds five feet in
depth and which contained water during the greater part of the
year, but yet are dried out for at least a brief period annually.
A few of the deeper ponds are known to have a small amount
of water in the center of the basin throughout years of heavy
precipitation. These were few in number, however, and they
always had a wide, dry margin every ' summer. Habitats in-
cluded the following types : temporary pools and ponds found
in pastures, field, flood plains, woods ; ditches along roadsides
and railroad beds; and cattail, sedge, button-bush, willow, and
pin oak swamps. About half of the species of mollusks collected
were widely distributed among the various types of temporary
bodies of water. Field ponds contained the greatest number
of species and roadside ditches the least. The deeper ponds
did not contain more mollusks than pools of moderate depth

July, 1953] THE NAUTILUS 29

as might be expected. Very shallow pools, however, were seldom
inhabited with mollusks.

Identifications were made or verified by the use of keys in
Goodrich and van der Schalie (1944) and by comparison with
named specimens in the Rush Collection of mollusks at Kent
State University. All species found in Ohio had been earlier
listed for the state by Sterki (1907), under one name or another,
and those found in Illinois had been reported by F. C. Baker
(1902).

II. Species Collected

Physa gyrina Say was the most abundant and widely dis-
tributed snail found in this study. A total of 65 pools and
ponds including' all of the habitat types contained this species
which seems to be universally distributed in both space and
types of aquatic environments of the east central states. It was
especially common in field ponds. Its near relative Aplexa
hypnorum (Linnaeus) was found in only three ponds which were
of different types : a pasture, a field, and a woodland pond. In
all three cases, however, this species was very common. The
most abundant lymnaeid was Lymnaea obrussa Say. This was
found in 61 pools and ponds especially those in fields and pas-
tures and was the second most abundant and widely distributed
gastropod. Like Physa it was found in every type of aquatic
habitat. L. columella Say was collected from 25 stations, L.
palustris (Miiller) was found in 17 of the ponds, and L. parva
Lea was found in 12 places, all three of these being found in a
wide variety of ponds, but most often in those of fields and pas-
tures. L. caperata Say was collected from only 2 stations.
Gyraulus parvus (Say) inhabited 27 ponds of all types whereas
G. hirsutus (Gould) was found in only 3 places. Helisoma
trivolvis (Say) was found 13 times, while Menetus exacuous
(Say) was taken 3 times, once each in a cattail swamp, willow
swamp, and flood plain pond. Planorbula armigera (Say) was
collected from 3 localities and Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say) was
collected only twice — the former in pasture and woodland ponds
of Ohio whereas the latter, the only operculate snail collected in
this study, was found on a flood plain of the Salt Fork River near
Homer, Illinois. Succinea retusa Lea was collected from 6 ponds
and S. avara Say was found in 3 places. The slugs provisionally

30 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

identified as Deroceras reticulatum (Miiller) and D. larve (Miil-
ler) were frequently found in these temporary pools of water.
The former species was found in 24 of the stations of a wide va-
riety of habitat and the latter species was found with it 7 times.
All 3 genera of the fingernail clams were collected in this survey.
Sphaerium (probably 8. occidentale Prime) was recorded from
37 pools and ponds, Muscidium from 22, and Pisidium from 10.
Undoubtedly specimens of these bivalves could have been found
in a greater number of cases had more care been given to
collecting from the bottom sediments of the collecting sites.

III. Mollusc an Populations

While the common species collected were found widely dis-
tributed and in a great variety of types of pools and ponds,
there seem to be certain assemblages more or less characteristic
of a certain type of habitat. The following is a synopsis of
the species collected in certain selected stations to illustrate the
best development of molluscan populations encountered in this
field study. A roadside ditch in Stark County was found to
contain Helisoma trivolvis, Physa gyrina, and a great abundance
of Pisidium sp., while the ditch of a railroad fill in Portage
County yielded the following species — Physa gyrina, Lymnasa
obrussa, L. palustris, L. parva, Gyraulus parvus, Succinea retusa,
and Pisidium sp. A field pond in Portage County contained
P. gyrina, A. hypnorum, L. obrussa, L. palustris, G. parvus, D.
reticulatum, Sphaerium sp. and Musculium sp. A pasture pool,
also in Portage County, had the following assortment : A. hy-
pnorum, L. obrussa, L. columella, G. parvus, and Sphaerium sp.
A pasture pond in Stark County has had the following mollusks :
L. obrussa, L. palustris, G. parvus, D. agreste, D. gracile, and
Musculium sp. A sedge pond of Summit county has yielded
specimens of P. gyrina, L. obrussa, L. columella, G. parvus,
Sphaerium sp. and Muscidium sp. A cattail pond in the same
county has had P. gyrina, L. columella, G. parvus and Sphaerium
sp. A grassy swamp pond of Stark County contained H. tri-
volvis, L. obrussa, L. palustris, G. parvus, D. agreste, Sphaerium
sp., Muscidium sp., and Pisidium sp. A buttonbush swamp pond
in Summit County has had P. gyrina, L. obrussa, L. columella, G.
parvus, D. agreste, Sphaerium sp. and Musculium sp. A similar

July, 1953] THE NAUTILUS 31

swamp in Champaign County, Illinois, has produced specimens
of P. gyrina, H. trivolvis, D. agreste, and Musculium sp. A
willow swamp in Portage county has been found to contain M.
exactions, S. retusa, D. agreste, D. gracile, and Musculium sp.
A woodland pond in Portage County contained P. gyrina, L.
obrussa, L. columella, G. parvus, Sphaerium sp. and Musculium
sp. Two flood plain ponds of Portage County had the following
species in common : P. gyrina, L. obrussa, L. palustris, G. parvus,
Sphaerium sp., and Musculium sp. One, however, had in addi-
tion H. trivolvis and D. agreste whereas the other contained M.
exacuous. Two flood plains, both in Champaign County, Illinois,
had the following species in common: P. gyrina, L. obrussa, L.
columella, P. lapidaria, but one contained in addition Succinea
avara while the other one contained Sphaerium sp.

IV. Aestivation of Temporary Pond Mollusks

During the summer months when the pools were dry, 21 of
them were visited for collection of material and observations
on aestivation. A great many empty shells were found scattered
over many of the dried-out basins, but only a very few living
mollusks were found. For the most part, these were under a
matrix of decaying vegetation which formed a protective mat
over the ground and afforded a moist microhabitat in which the
mollusks could survive. Strandine (1941) reported similar ob-
servations. Some were also found among the roots of plants,
in moist soil, and a few under logs, boards, and similar debris.
In a number of cases the snails were found concentrated in a
small pocket in the lowest portion of the basin where they had
apparently followed down the water level as it evaporated and
were finally left exposed. If all of the water had not evaporated
at the time of visitation or if a small amount of water collected
from summer rain, the mollusks were concentrated in such a
puddle of warm water during its brief existence. Some of the
snails found in aestivation, especially L. palustris, had formed an
epiphragm while others had not. Mozley (1932) earlier reported
epiphragm formation by this species living in temporary ponds.
In the region of his study (Winnipeg, Manitoba) L. palustris is
active for only two months of the year.

Sterki (1912), H. B. Baker (1914), F. C. Baker (1919, 1928),

32 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

Mozley (1928, 1932), Henderson, (1932), Strandine (1941),
Cheatum (1934), van der Sehalie (1940), Ingram (1941), Dickin-
son (1948^9), and Kenk (1949) have all listed mollusks col-
lected from temporary aquatic habitats, including various species
mentioned in the present paper. Many of these writers also
discussed the subject of aestivation and reported instances of
mollusks in temporary pools surviving periods of dryness by
burrowing into the bottom sediments and taking advantage of
cracks and similar natural recesses which develop in dried mud.
H. B. Baker (1914) observed the appearance of large numbers
of juvenile specimens of Lymnaea palustris and Aplexa hypnorum
as soon as rain filled the depressions. Since he had found no
adults living in the sediments he believed that the eggs were
resistant to drying. He found juvenile specimens of Sphaerium
occidentale surviving within the protecting shells of the dead
parents. Kenk (1949) and the present writer also found only
juvenile specimens of sphaeriids to survive a period of drought.
Mozley (1928) and Henderson (1932), however, have reported
finding full-grown snails active in temporary pools on the first
day of filling. Cheatum (1934) has discussed both hibernation
and aestivation among fresh-water pulmonates and conducted
experiments on these phenomena. Precht (1939) also conducted
experiments on resistance to desiccation. Ingram (1940) de-
scribed the survival of a colony of fingernail clams during dry
seasons and Kenk (1949) has reported observations and sum-
marized the literature on survival of the Sphaeriidae during
periods of drought. H. B. Baker (1914) and Goodrich and van
der Sehalie (1944) attributed the distribution of mollusks in
many temporary pools to birds as carriers of these animals which
have become adapted to living in a unique environment.

Literature Cited

Baker, F. C. 1902. The Mollusca of the Chicago area. Part
II. Gastropoda. Nat. Hist. Surv. of Chicago Acad, of Sciences
Bull. 3 (2) : 131-420.

. 1919. The ecology of North American Lymnaeidae.

Science 49 : 519-521.

1928. The fresh water Mollusca of Wisconsin. Part II.

Pelecypoda. Bull. Univ. of Wisconsin. No. 70.
Baker, H. B. 1914. Physiographic and molluscan succession
in lake pools. Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci. 16 : 18-45.

July, 1953] THE NAUTILUS S3

Cheatum, E. P. 1934. Limnological investigations on respira-
tion, annual migratory cycle, and other related phenomena in
freshwater pulmonate snails. Trans. Micros. Soc. 53 (4) :
348-407.

Dickinson, Jr., J. C. 1948(1949). An ecological reconnaissance
of the biota of some ponds and ditches in northern Florida.
Quart. Jour, of Florida Acad, of Sci. 2 (2-3) : 1-28.

Goodrich, Calvin, and Henry van der Schalie. 1944. A re-
vision of the Mollusca of Indiana. Amer. Midi. Nat. 32 (2) :
257-326.

Henderson, J. 1932. Prolonged aestivation of lymnaeids.
Nautilus 45 : 140.

Ingram, W. M. 1941. Survival of fresh-water mollusks during
periods of dryness. Nautilus 54 (3) : 84-87.

Kenk, Roman. 1949. The animal life of temporary and perma-
nent ponds in southern Michigan. Misc. Pub. Museum of
Zoology, Univ. of Mich. No. 71. 66 pp.

Mozley, Alan. 1928. Note on some fresh water Mollusca in-
habiting temporary ponds in western Canada. Nautilus 42:
19-20.

. 1932. A biological study of a temporary pond in western

Canada. Amer. Nat. 66 (704) : 235-249.

Precht, H. 1939. Die Resistenz gegen Austrocknung bei
Planorbiden. Zool. Anz. 128 (5/6) : 124-135.

Sterki, V. 1907. A preliminary catalogue of the land and
fresh-water Mollusca of Ohio. Proc. Ohio State Acad. Sci.
4 (8) special paper no. 12: 367^02.

. 1912. Fresh water mollusca living out of water. Nau-
tilus 26 (6) : 64-65.

Strandine, E. J. 1941. Effect of soil moisture and algae on
the survival of a pond snail during periods of relative dryness.
Nautilus 54 (4) : 128-130.

van der Schalie, Henry. 1940. Aestivation of Lymnaea
lanceata (Gould). Nautilus 53 (4) : 134-135.

A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE LAND MOL-
LUSKS OF ALACHUA COUNTY, FLORIDA

By EDWARD H. MICHELSON

I. Introduction

Although the marine mollusks of Florida have been studied
in great detail and the fresh-water and land shells of South
Florida and the Florida Keys to a considerable extent, relatively

34 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

little has been published concerning the terrestrial mollusks of
northern and north-central Florida, With the exception of E. G.
Vanatta (1920, 1928), few workers have concerned. themselves
with the fauna of this region.

This survey was undertaken, from June, 1950, to June, 1951,
to investigate the biology of the land mollusks of Alachua
County. It was centered around a study of their ecology and
distribution. During the year, approximately 100 collecting
stations covering the various types of vegetational associations
were systematically collected. In order to assure equal and
adequate coverage of the various associations, all collecting trips
were plotted upon a large vegetation map which had been
divided into 30 sections based upon ranges and townships.

A total of 40 species were found. Nine additional species and
subspecies have been recorded in the literature from this area,
but were not collected during the present survey.

In the past fifty years Florida has changed from a virgin,
tropical paradise to one of the most exploited pieces of real estate
in the United States. Through the years, the natural vegetation
has receded before urbanization, until today there is little left of
the "wild" tropical beauty that once covered a major portion
of the state. It is hoped that some record will be made of the
distribution and habits of its land mollusks before they have
vanished from the contemporary scene.

II. Description of the Eegion

Alachua County is located in the north-central portion of the
Florida peninsula at latitudes 29° 25' to 29° 57' and longitudes
82° 04' to 82° 39'. It covers an area of 581,760 acres, of which
228,275 acres are in cultivation. The county is characterized by
the presence of numerous lakes and streams. It is bordered on
the north by the Santa Fe River.

The geology of this region is of some importance in the study
of the ecology of land mollusks, in that the basic raw materials
for soils are developed from rock strata. In the main, the soils
of Florida have been developed from formations consisting of
limestones, marls, and marine deposits of sand and clay (Hender-

July, 1953] THE NAUTILUS 35

son, 1939). Underlying the entire state are limestones which
are exposed in some limited areas, chiefly the Central Highlands.
Most of the limestone deposits are buried beneath more recent
depositions of clay, marl, and sand; however, the depth of such
cover varies, so that the characteristics of the soil are often
directly influenced by the underlying limestones. This is of
some importance to the abundance and distribution of terrestrial
mollusks, for most are calciphilic to some degree.

Alachua County is a portion of the Central Highlands (Cooke,
1945), which extends from the Georgia state line southward to
Glades County, and is enclosed between the St. Mary's and the
Withlacoochee Rivers. The topography of the area is of a
diverse nature including low hills, swamps, and plains. The soil
is of a sandy nature being derived from the Pleistocene terraces,
Hawthorne formation, and the Pliocene Citronelle formation.
Practically the entire northeastern portion of Alachua County
is underlain by the Hawthorne formation which in turn rests
upon Ocala Limestone. The higher western portions of the
county appear to be underlain by "Alachua Clays" of the
Alachua formation, which is unique in that it was not deposited
in water, but rather by the compacting of collapsed portions of
the Hawthorne formation. The southern part of the county
rests primarily on Ocala limestone.

Alachua County lies approximately 180 feet above sea level,
which is about average for the Central Highlands. The average
annual mean precipitation for the county is 49.36 inches. July
usually has the highest precipitation of 7.32 inches while Novem-
ber is the driest month, having 2.04 inches. Half of the pre-
cipitation occurs from June to September and is convectional
rather than cyclonic.

The average annual temperature for Alachua County, is 80
degrees. The hottest months are July and August, the coolest
January and December. Temperatures below 28 degree are un-
usual and snow is a rarity. The county, however, is not immune
to frosts, December 3 and February 26 being the average dates
of the first and last killing frosts.

(To be continued)

36 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (1)

NOTES AND NEWS

Dates of the Nautilus. — Vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 1-36, pis. 1-4, was

mailed July 25, 1952. No. 2, pp. 37-72, pi. 5, November 17, 1952.
No. 3, pp. 73-108, pis. 6 and 7, Feb. 2, 1953. No. 4, pp. 109-144,
i-v, pis. 8-10, June 8, 1953.— H. B. B.

Discus rotundatus (Muller) from New Jersey. — In R. C.
Alexander's "Checklist of N. J. land snails" (Nautilus 66, p.
54), this species was not included. I found it living in large
colonies (several hundred snails) at two stations, about a quarter
mile from each other, at the extreme southeast corner of Millburn
Township, Essex County, elevation about 100 feet, on what was
formerly known as the Whittingham Estate. The Westline rail-
road once ran through this area. The soil is gravelly loam with
much vegetation. The snails were found alongside a hiking path
on the moist, shady sides of large rocks. Oxychilus cellarium,
Zonitoides arboreus, Cionella lubrica and several species of slugs
were found in the same area with Discus rotundatus. — Sam D.
Freed, Union, N. J.

The Boston Malacological Club. — Meetings were held on the
first Tuesday of every month October through May at the Mas-
sachusetts Audubon Society Library, 155 Newbury St., Boston,
Mass., at 8 P.M. On June 15th, 1952, the Annual Club Outing
was held at Half Way Pond in Plymouth Township, Mass. It
was the largest and most successful of the recent outings with
everyone enjoying the abundant fresh water collecting. At the
monthly meetings from October to May, the following com-
munications were given :

Malacology in New England, Miss Ruth D. Turner.

American Conchologists and their Books, Mr. Richard Johnson.

Molluscan Fauna of the Puget Sound Region, Dr. Emery F.
Swan.

Shipworms — Enemies of Man, Miss Ruth D. Turner.

Buoy Collecting off the North Carolina and Florida Coasts,
Dr. Arthur Merrill.

Mollusks and Parasites, Dr. Wilber Bullock.

The following officers have been elected for 1953-54 : President,
Mr. Herbert Athearn. Vice President, Mr. Arthur H. Clarke,
Jr. Conchological Recorder, Dr. Joseph C. Bequeart. Secre-
tary-Treasurer, Miss Margaret Farrell. Executive Committee,
Mr. Arthur Merrill, Mr. Edward II. Michelson.

The nautilus

Vol. 67 OCTOBER, 1953 No. 2

MAGNIPELTA, A NEW GENUS OF ARIONIDAE

FROM IDAHO

By H. A. PILSBEY

A single specimen of a slug from 4% miles south-southeast of
Lolo Pass, Idaho, at 4500 ft. elevation, was collected by Dr. and
Mrs. R. T. Orr, July 19, 1948. It was submitted by Mr. Allyn
G. Smith to the author for determination. What remains of
this specimen is No. 32640 Paleo Type Coll., California Academy
of Science. Lolo Pass, in the Bitter Root Range, is in a part
of the state where very little if any previous collecting of mol-
lusks has been done.

On opening the specimen it was at once apparent that it was
a young slug. The genital system was only partially developed,
the ducts thread-like and extremely fragile. Moreover, the
viscera were partially macerated though the external integument
was still in good condition.

I have withheld report on this slug for some years in the
hope that other specimens would turn up; but it seems best to
direct attention to such a peculiar species, though only an in-
adequate account can be given at this time, and its systematic
place remains unknown. A new genus to be called Magnipelta
is indicated, characterized by the structure of mantle and foot
described below.

Magnipelta mycophaga, new species. Plate 5, figs. 1, 2, 3.

The slug in alcohol is short, the mantle covering far the
greater part of the upper surface. The mantle is free an-
teriorly for more than one-fourth of its length, smooth, chamois

37

38 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (2)

colored with an irregular black stripe on each side and else-
where unevenly spotted with black. The quite short respiratory
slit is slightly post-median on the right side. Length of mantle
16 mm. The foot is lighter colored than the mantle, spotted
with black on the flanks posteriorly. It has an irregular poly-
gonal impressed reticulation. The pedal margin is quite nar-
row, the pedal grooves meeting above the tail without any trace
of a caudal pore. The sole is transversely wrinkled at the sides,
the middle third smoother, but it is not distinctly tripartite.

The jaw is thin, with about 16 flat ribs. It resembles closely
that of Zacoleus (Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1903, pi. 28, fig. 3).

Fleshy ridges radiate partly spirally from the orifice where
the oesophagus enters the long stomach. The intestinal folds
are about as in Zacoleus, Prophysaon and Anadenulus but
shorter, corresponding to the shorter body.

The kidney and heart are about as figured for Hesperarion
niger (Cooper).

The specimen, when found, was feeding on one of the larger
fungi, which suggested the species name.

A NEW NISO FROM AMERICAN WATERS

By PAUL BAETSCH

A number of years ago I bestowed the manuscript name Niso
hendersoni upon a most exquisite member of the genus from off
our Gulf and southern coast. The specific name is intended as
a little tribute to my friend, John Brooks Henderson, a former
regent of the Smithsonian Institution, whose early death inter-
rupted a brilliant career in marine exploration and robbed us
of a master in the molluscan field. Mr. Henderson's immense
collection rests in the U. S. National Museum, and part of the
specimens here listed were dredged by him.

Niso hendersoni, n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 4.

Shell large, very regularly elongate-conic, with flattened
polished, shining whorls. The early whorls are decollated in
all our specimens. The early remaining turns are yellowish

THE NAUTILUS 67 (2)

PLATE 5

1

IP

w-

*. -j.

■ -*?■

■ 4|

1^^.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, Hagnipelta pliycopliaga. Type.

Fig. 4. Niso hendersoni. Type.

Fig. 5. Onoba jaclcsoni. Type.

Fig. 6. Bulimulus novoleonis X about 21/o. Type.

THE NAUTILUS 67(2)

PLATE 6

Fig. 1. Strobilops pilsbryi, n. sp. Paratype, broken to show internal
lamellae (USNM No. 251195).

Tigs. 2, 3. Strobilops pilsbryi, a. sp. Holotype, Whitby Cave, Bermuda.

(USNM No. 618751).

Figs. 4, (5. Strobilops sinaloa, a. sp. Holotype, from Sinaloa, Mexico.
(USNM No. r>!>2719).

All approximately X 15.

Oct., 1953] THE NAUTILUS 39

white; the later whorls gradually develop a striking color pat-
tern which consists of an uninterrupted slender brown line at
the periphery, which is crossed by elongate axial brown spots
that extend for about an equal distance upon the whorls and
down upon the base. These dark spots are separated by white
areas which are two or three times as wide as the dark marks,
forming a light spiral zone, which emphasizes the dark markings.
Another light spiral zone, about half as wide as the peripheral,
is present at the summit, which, like the peripheral zone, is
interrupted by brown marks that appear synchronous with those
at the periphery. The space between the two light zones has
a faint brownish flush. The base is openly umbilicated, the
funnel-shaped umbilicus being surrounded by a rather sharp
keel, and having a diameter one-third that of the base. The
sharp edge of the umbilicus is marked by a slender brown line
of about the same width as the dark line at the periphery, and
which, like that at the periphery, is crossed by dark and light
axial areas that extend upon the base and into the umbilicus.
The space between the light sub-peripheral and umbilical zone
hase the same brownish tone characterizing the middle portion
of the whorls, which is also the color of the interior of the um-
bilicus. Aperture obliquely oval, outer and inner lip slightly
expanded, thin.

The type, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 93966, was dredged by the U. S.
Bureau of Fisheries at station 2402, between the Mississippi
Delta and Cedar Keys, in 111 fathoms on mud bottom. It has
15 whorls remaining and measures : length, 27.8 mm. ; diameter,
10.3 mm.

U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 43390, a half grown specimen, was dredged
by Mr. Henderson in 40 fms. off Fowey Light, Miami, Florida.

U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 433091, a fragment, was dredged in 1913
by Mr. Henderson at Eolis station 104, in 50 fms. off Fowey
Light.

U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 87268, a fragmented tip, evidently fish-
chewed, was dredged by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, at station
2619, in 15 fms., on sand bottom off Cape Fear, North Carolina.

This species appears nearest related to Niso splendidula

40 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (2)

Sowerby * which was originally collected by Hugh Cuming at
Santa Elena, Colombia. The more elongate, slender shape of
the new species will distinguish it from its Pacific coast analogue.

A NEW RISSOID MOLLUSK FROM MARYLAND

By PAUL BARTSCH

In 1924 Mr. Ralph W. Jackson submitted a lot of minute
shells to me for identification, upon which I then bestowed the
manuscript name Onoba jacksoni. Stress of many duties caused
me to overlook the publication of the description of the species,
a fact which was recently brought to my attention. The species
to which I am now giving status appears to have been distributed
under this name. Mr. Jackson has been kind enough to send
me the material he has collected since his original sending.

Onoba jacksoni, new species. Plate 5, fig. 5.

Shell very minute, ovate-conic, thin, semitranslucent, horn
colored. The nucleus consists of a little more than one strongly
rounded smooth turn forming a blunt apex. The postnuclear
whorls are inflated, strongly rounded, marked by microscopic
spiral threads, of which 7 are present upon the first turn, 16
upon the next, 20 upon the third, and 26 upon the last whorl.
These spiral threads are stronger and more distantly spaced
upon the anterior portion of the turns than on the posterior.
Periphery strongly rounded. Base with a narrow umbilical
chink, marked by microscopic spiral lines like those on the spire.
Aperture oval, peristome thin, parietal wall with the merest
wash of a callus. The type has 5 whorls and measures : length
2.4 mm. ; diameter 1.1 mm.

The type, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 361662, was collected by Mr.
Ralph W. Jackson, at Town Point, on the Little Choptank
River, near Dailsville, Dorchester Co., Maryland. U.S.N.M.
Cat. No. 361663 contains 80 paratypes from the same source.

i Eulima splendidula Sby., 1834. Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1834, p. 6 ;
Coneh. Illustr. Eulima, 1834, pi. 53, figure 7.
Niso splendidula Sby., Reeve, 18C6. Coneh. Iconiea, vol. 15, Niso,
figure 7.

Oct., 1953] THE NAUTILUS 41

Paratypes from the type locality are in the collection of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, and in
Mr. Jackson's collection. Three further localities are repre-
sented in Mr. Jackson 's collection : Bolingbroke Creek, Talbot
County, and Tedious Creek, Crocheron and Dailsville, 5 miles
west of Cambridge, both in Dorchester County. All of these
places are on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay. In the
latter locality the shell was found living on eel grass, which is
probably its normal habitat.

From the type of the genus, Onoba semicostata (Montagu,
1803), inhabiting European waters, and from Onoba aculeus
(Gould, 1841), found from Nova Scotia to Long Island Sound,
the present species differs in being thinner, smaller, and openly,
through narrowly, umbilicate. The aperture is more regularly
oval, with the long axis almost vertical and not diagonal, and
the columellar margin not flattened; the peristome is thin and
not internally thickened, and in one plane, the outer lip not
being arched forward. Until the animals of this species are
examined, the exact generic position of this species cannot be
definitely settled.

THE SCIENTIFIC ROLE OF THE
AMATEUR MALACOLOGIST

By DAVID NICOL
U. S. National Museum i

How can the amateur malacologist best serve the field of
science that is his hobby? What could be his most valuable
contributions ? These are questions that many serious amateurs
consider. Professional malacologists, because they benefit from
the work of the amateurs, should also consider these questions
and suggest answers to them.

In my own field of work I am primarily concerned with
marine mollusks. I therefore direct my suggestions to amateurs
who are interested in the same field of study; but perhaps my

i Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution.

42 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (2)

ideas are equally applicable to those who study land and fresh-
water niollusks.

Many amateur nialacologists concentrate on taxonomic stud-
ies which include mainly faunal lists and descriptions of new
genera, species, subspecies, and varieties. In this type of work
the amateur is often badly handicapped by the lack of a good
library and large collections from many localities. Further-
more, although taxonomic work appears to be relatively easy,
it is becoming increasingly complex. New species of mollusks,
especially the larger ones, are becoming more difficult to find,
and the vast taxonomic literature on mollusks is burdened with
countless synonyms and homonyms. In fact, the burden of
names has already become too great ; as a result, the broader and
more comprehensive aspects of the classification of mollusks are
being neglected — or drowned in a sea of taxonomic minutiae
I suggest, therefore, that amateur nialacologists in the future
attempt fewer contributions to the taxonomic literature.

This does not mean that the amateur need not study taxonomy.
On the contrary, it is essential that the amateur, as well as the
professional, strive to classify and document his collections cor-
rectly. To know the correct name of a species of mollusk the
researcher is working on is absolutely necessary; otherwise the
observations have little if any value. Papers that are pri-
marily taxonomic, however, should not be the forte of the
amateur. Instead, the amateur can make much more valuable
scientific contributions in other fields of malacology.

What is greatly needed is the amateur who treats the mollusk
as a living animal, not one who treats it like a stamp and adds
a new and rare variety to his collection as his greatest personal
satisfaction. Many of the most common mollusks are the most
interesting and, furthermore, the most important. To put a
premium on uniqueness benefits neither the professional nor the
scientifically minded amateur.

Many amateurs have more opportunity to observe the living
mollusks than professional nialacologists, much of whose time
must be devoted to curatorial or teaching activities. Amateurs
can make valuable observations on depth and type of bottom
where the living mollusk is found, time and mode of spawning,
observations on the larvae, how and on what the mollusk feeds,

Oct., 1953] THE NAUTILUS 43

and the like. Many of these observations can be made with a
minimum of equipment. The professional taxonomist and the
economic malacologist would be glad to see these observations
published. The professional would, furthermore, be eager to
assist the amateur in identifications and interpretations.

An example or two of what is needed seems apropos. When
I was working on the genus Echinochama (Nicol, 1952), I
needed some ecological observations, particularly on the type
of bottom on which these pelecypods live. I had access to some
data on dredged specimens at the U. S. National Museum, but
could I be certain that these data were accurate? Perhaps all
the specimens had been dead and had been swept into foreign
environments by waves and currents long before they were
dredged. I wrote to Mr. Tom McGinty and asked him on what
type of bottom he found living specimens of Echinochama. He
replied that Echinochama usually lives on a bottom of broken
shells. This observation did not jibe with most of the dredging
records on specimens at the Museum, but, needless to say, I
used Mr. McGinty 's observations on living specimens rather
than the dredging records on dead ones.

Many observations by amateurs can be of economic impor-
tance. What gastropods are carnivorous? What species do
they feed on? When do some of the common mollusks spawn
and under what conditions? Many of these observations, par-
ticularly on the commoner species, are made by malacologists
working for the Federal Government or a State government.
Many thousands of dollars are spent every year collecting such
data, and the amateur could often supply that information by
publishing his observations. It is astounding to find what little
has been published on even the simplest ecological facts on the
most common and commercially important mollusk species.

Many species problems could be solved by field observations
made by the amateur malacologist. As a hypothetical case, a
common clam lives in a muddy bay; and a very similar form
lives in shallow water far out in the Gulf of Mexico. The bay
specimens may have a slightly different shape and perhaps
differ in other minor details from specimens found in the Gulf
of Mexico. Perhaps all that is needed to settle the question as
to whether there are one or two species is to observe the time of

44 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (2)

spawning of the two forms. An observant amateur can solve
the problem as skilfully as any professional.

Thus, the amateur 's most valuable contributions to the science
of malacology can result from his consideration of mollusks as
living animals. Carefully recorded observations, if published,
can aid the professional economic malacologist and the profes-
sional taxonomist in malacology.

Reference

Nicol, David, 1952. Revision of the pelecypod genus Echino-
chama. Jour. Paleontology, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 803-817.

LYMNAEA STAGNALIS IN EGYPT

By A. FOUAD ABDEL-GHANI i
Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt

Members of the genus Lymnaea have a world wide distribu-
tion. Although L. cailliaudi is the common species found in
Egypt, Pallary (1924) listed five species, i.e., L. cailliaudi, L.
acroxa, L. alexandrina, L. truncatula and L. raffrayi. He did
not describe L. stagnalis or list it for Egypt.

During April of 1953 the author made a preliminary survey
of mollusks in Wadi El Natroun, on oasis-like area in western
Desert of Egypt, approximately 60 miles northwest of Cairo.
The search was made primarily to learn whether L. cailliaudi
occurred in this area. Specimens of L. stagnalis were dipped
from the vegetation along the margins of both clear and stagnant
pools of water in the wadi. Planorbis philippii, P. mareoticus
and Succinea were also found. The following plants were com-
mon in the pools: Cyperus laevigatus, Typha augustata, Zani-
chiella palustris, and Veronica anagallis. The first two plants

i The author wishes to express appreciation to Dr. A. Ezzat who sug-
gested survey of the Wadi El Natroun area; to Dr. Eobert E. Kuntz of
NAMRU-3 for assistance in preparation of the manuscript; to Dr. B.
Hubendick and Dr. A. Mozley for confirmation of identification of snails
and to Dr. I. S. Helmy under whose supervision the work has been done.

Oct., 1953] THE NAUTILUS 45

are preferred by both snails and grazing animals. The water
had a pH of 7.3.

Most of the snails went into aestivation during the 24 hour
period between time of collection and return to the laboratory.
These readily emerged and became active when placed in
aquaria containing tap water and lettuce. During the period
of one month 104 L. stagnalis deposited approximately 500 egg-
masses, varying in length from 13 to 65 mm., and containing
from 23 to 180 eggs ; polyembryony was common. The measure-
ments of the larger specimens are as follows: overall length or
height 50 mm. ; maximum breadth 26 mm. ; height of spire 25
mm. There are six whorls. Body and shell coloration is typical
of that described for the species. Identification of alcoholic
specimens has been checked by Dr. B. Hubendick and Dr. Alan
Mozley. Both feel that these are typical Lymnaea stagnalis.

The finding of L. stagnalis at Wadi El Natroun presents an
interesting problem in mollusk distribution. It seems strange
that the species should occur spontaneously in a desert area
where ecological conditions are not the best for survival and
where there is no direct means of introduction through rivers
or irrigation systems. The area is several meters below sea
level and is separated from the Nile Delta by fifteen miles of the
wadi desert and sand. "Water levels in the wadi fluctuate con-
siderably throughout the year. •

Freshwater in which snails were found is limited. Although
speculation is none too safe, two facts may be mentioned for
possible consideration: Wadi El Natroun lies in the path of
migrating birds to and from Africa and Europe. The area is
visited yearly by the nomadic Bedouins who travel across North
Africa, and to and from the Middle East. The goat skin water
bag is always carried and is filled from streams, springs and
other bodies of water as the Bedouin moves from one locality
to another and serves as a possible means of transfer for aquatic
invertebrates.

Reference

Pallary, P., 1924. A la Faune Malacologique Terrestre et
Fluviatile de l'Egypte. Mem. l'lnstitut d'Egypte, Tome 7:
46-49.

46 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (2)

LAND MOLLUSKS FROM NUEVO LEON, MEXICO

By H A. PILSBRY

Bulimulus (Rabdotus) novoleonis, new species. PI. 5, fig. 6.

Mexico, state of Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi (near Galeana), at
about 10,000 ft. Collected by C. N. Mueller. Type 191020
ANSP.

The narrowly umbilicate oblong-conic shell is rather slender,
the length nearly twice the diameter ; thin. The dead shell is
white. The embryonic shell of about IV2 convex whorls is smooth
at first then with regular sculpture of fine but weak axial
riblets separated by somewhat wider intervals. The apex is
obtuse, with deep sutural dimple. Later whorls are convex and
have unevenly spaced riblets and wrinkles. The aperture and
peristone are shaped about as in B. dealbatus.

Length 12 mm., diameter 6.4 mm., length aperture 5.4 mm. ;
5% whorls.

This appears to be a dwarf mountain form of the B. dealbatus
group.

Erectidens, new genus

The shell is somewhat similar to Polygyra, but differs by its
fewer whorls, small size and thin texture, and by the form of
the parietal tooth, which is entirely transverse, being a thin,
marginal erection of the parietal callus somewhat as in Steno-
pylis, without any such obliquely entering part as is seen in
Polygyra.

Type Erectidens trichalus, n. sp.

That this peculiar little snail is directly related to Polygyra
appears doubtful. In the only Polygyra approaching Erectidens
in size, P. pustula (Fer.), the parietal tooth is not marginal,
and has an entirely different structure. The Mexican shell ap-
parently represents a new genus. As it was not collected alive,
or seen in the field, its place in the system remains uncertain
until living examples are secured.

Oct., 1953] THE NAUTILUS 47

Erectidens trichalus, n. sp. Figs. 1, 2.

Mexico, state of Nuevo Leon : Drift debris of the Rio Maurisco
near its junction with the Rio Carrizo to form the Rio Ramos.
Collected by the author, 1934. Type 164748 ANSP.

The very thin shell is discoidal with the spire only slightly
convex, the periphery bluntly subangular, the base with an open
umbilicus which is contained about 3.4 times in the diameter.
There are 4% rather convex whorls, the first one and two-thirds
smooth, the rest having thin, widely spaced radial ribs, about
26 on the last whorl. The last whorl has a weakly concave
zone in the middle of its height, above and below which it is
convex. The base is somewhat convex. The aperture is tri-
lobed; the peristome thin, continuous, the outer lip expanded,
two lobed, with a short tooth within near its lower end. Basal
margin is straightened, narrowly reflected, thickened within,
with a tooth at about the outer third of its length. The parietal
margin is thin, rising into a high squarish lamellar tooth oppo-
site the contraction of the outer lip.

Height 1.65 mm., diameter 3.35 mm.

The single specimen was found in a small quantity of flood
debris, taken home for examination as it was seen to contain
shells, chiefly Pupillidae. The Rio Maurisco is a short stream
on the eastern slope of the Sierra Madre Oriental, about 25
kilom. south of Monterrey.

The widely spaced, slender riblets and the concavity around
the peripheral curve of the last whorl are not seen in any other
snail known from Mexico or the United States. No color re-
mained in the dead specimen.

48 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (2)

A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE LAND MOL-
LUSKS OF ALACHUA COUNTY, FLORIDA

(Concluded from July Issue)

By EDWAKD H. NICHELSON

III. Description of Vegetational Communities

The vegetational communities studied during this survey will
be briefly described; a more thorough description may be ob-
tained from Laessle's (1942) paper on the area.

Scrub Communities : Scrubs are usually well drained, sandy
areas dominated by sand-pine (Firms clausa) ; however, the
drainage in such communities may be no better than High Pine
communities. The topography is of the rolling type and the lack
of a hard pan accounts for the excessive drainage in such areas.
Herbaceous vegetation in exceedingly sparse and considerable
areas of white sand are characteristic. The apparent lack of
herbaceous vegetation, more than likely, accounts for the in-
frequency of ground fires. The vegetation that does occur is
usually 6 to 8 feet in height with variations caused largely
by the length of the intervals between fires. Typical vegetation
of this area includes sand pine (Pinus clausa), scrub oak (Quer-
cus myrtifolia) , live oak (Q. virginiana) , saw palmetto (Serenoa
repens), and rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides). The type of major
habitat indicated by the scrub community is limited in this
county and occurs only in a small area around Newman's Lake.

High Pine-Turkey Oak Communities : This community is some-
times more xeric than the scrub. Like the scrub there are areas
which are bare of vegetation and lighted by the sun. In this
community, as in the scrub, fire is an important factor and the
relative proportion of pine to oak is determined by the frequency
of fires. The pine, being less susceptible, is usually the dominant
plant. This community may exist predominantly as pine, as oak,
or as a mixture of the two. The characteristic vegetation in-
cludes the long-leaf pine (Pinus palustris), which at times is
dominant, turkey oak (Quercus laevis), and wire grasses. Red
oak (Q. falcata) may be present.

Hammock Communities : Hammock communities have been

Oct., 1953] THE NAUTILUS 49

defined by Laessle (loc. cit.) as woods dominated by broadleaved
evergreen trees, never flooded but well drained or saturated.
The hammock communities of Alachua County are divided into
three types : xeric, mesic, and hydric.

(a) The xeric hammocks are characterized by being rather
open, with live oak, the dominant species, scattered irregularly
throughout. Other characteristic species are blue-jack oak (Q.
cinerea), laurel oak (Q. laurifolia), and cabbage palms (Sabel
palmetto). The soil is well drained and with the heavy tran-
spiration of the larger trees accounts for the xeric conditions.

(b) The mesic hammocks contain richer soils than do the xeric
hammocks and show a greater water holding capacity. This is
due to the accumulation of organic matter. Laessle considers
the climax condition of this type of hammock to be a Magnolia-
Ilex hammock. Laurel oak, live oak, water oak (Q. nigra), and
sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) are frequently present.
The vegetation of mesic hammocks is more dense than that of the
xeric hammocks, allowing little sunshine to fall on the forest
floor. Fire is not too frequent in this community, but when it
does occur, it may cause a regression to the scrub or turkey
oak community.

(c) The hydric hammocks, oftentimes referred to as low-ham-
mocks, have soils which are poorly drained though never flooded.
The high saturation evidently places a check on fires and they
rarely occur in such localities. The arboreal plants character-
istic of such communities consist of sweet gum, red bay (Persea
borbonia), Florida elm (Ulmus floridana), cabbage palm, and
wax myrtle {Myrica cerifera).

Flatwood Communities : The flatwoods are characterized by
poorly drained flat land, normally dominated by either Pinus
palustris or Pinus Elliotti, soils of high pH, and rather abundant
herbaceous ground cover in the absence of fire. It is, however,
the general practice in this area of Florida to burn over the flat-
woods periodically to provide improved grazing land. The two
types of flatwood communities investigated were the long-leaf
pine and slash pine communities. The long-leaf pine and sabal
palmetto being prevalent in the first, while slash pine, gallberry
{Ilex glabra), and wax myrtle are in abundance in the latter.

50 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (2)

The slash pine communities frequently lie between the long-leaf
Pine flatwoods and low elevations.

Ruderal Communities : This term is applied to those areas
whose natural flora has been disturbed by man. It is a broad
definition and includes arable fields, roadsides, lawns, orchards,
and other such areas. In addition to the previously designated
communities, two additional areas have been investigated. These
are dry prairie, occurring only at one location, and limestone,
sinks, which are numerous throughout the county.

IV. Frequency of Occurrence

The regularity with which a given molluscan species is found
to occur in a given type of habitat may be called its frequency
of occurrence. In Table I an attempt is made to present a
unified picture of the frequency of species in the vegetational
habitats of Alachua County. To accomplish this purpose, six
categories have been selected : hammock communities, scrub com-
munities, pine flatwoods, high-pine turkey-oak communities, lime-
stone sinks and outcroppings, and ruderal communities. The
symbols "C", "F", "0", and "R", are used to represent
common, frequent, occasional, and rare occurrence. Common
species are those found more than 75 percent of the time in a
given type of habitat. Frequent species are present from 50 to
74 percent of the time. Species found 25 to 49 percent of the
time are occasional, while those collected less than 25 percent but
more than 1 percent of the time are considered rare. No symbol
is used for species found less than 1 percent of the time, but
these are included in Table I to indicate their occurrence in the
county.

In addition to those species found in Table I, several other
species are recorded in the literature as occurring in Alachua
County which were not found in the present survey. Ventridens
ligera has been reported by Van Hyning (fide Pilsbry, 1946).
Pilsbry believes that it was introduced, and in view of the lack
of records from elsewhere in Florida, this seems to be sub-
stantiated. Vanatta (1923) reports the presence of Carychium
exile and Helicina orbiculata at two localities — Buzzards Roost
and the Devils Mill Hopper. Examination of both locations has

Oct., 1953]

THE NAUTILUS

51

failed to produce a single specimen of either species. Both areas
have undergone great phytographic changes in the past twenty
years, and it is likely that these species have been exterminated
as a result. With respect to Carychium exile it is more plausi-
ble, however, to assume that Vanatta confused this species with
Carychium floridanum, for there is no other record of the former

Table I. Frequency of occurrence of Molluscan species in the
habitats of Alachua County

Ham-

High-

Sinks

Species

mock

S h

Pine

and

Culti-

Road-

Associ-

Turkey

Out-

vated

sides

ations

Oak

crops

Polygyra pustula

c

c

0

0

Polygyra auriculaia

0

R

F

0

Polygyra avara

c

F

Polygyra seplemvolva

Polygyra seplemvolva volvoxis

R

Praticolella jejuna

0

Triodopsis hopetonensis

R

Triodopsis vannostrandi goniosoma

Euglandina rosea

c

R

0

0

0

Drymaeus dormani

c

C

Deroceras laeve

0

0

Euconulus chersinus

0

Guppya gundlachi

R

R

Retinella indentata paucilirata

F

0

R

Retinella dalliana

F

R

C

R

Mesomphis vulgatus

0

Hawaiia minuscula

C

0

Venlridens cerinoideus

C

R

Zonitoides arboreus

C

0

R

Striatura meridionalis

0

Gaslrocopta pentodon

0

0

Gastrocopta corticaria

R

Gaslrocopta rupicola

0

Gaslrocopta armifera

R

R

Gastrocopta tappaniana

0

0

Gastrocopta contracta

0

Vertigo milium

F

0

Vertigo ovata

F

0

Vertigo oscariana

Pupisoma minus

0

0

Pupisoma dioscoricola

0

Carychium floridanum

o

Philomycus carolinianus

C

0

Helicodiscus parallelus

0

0

0

Strobilops texasiana

F

R

0

O

Strobilops aenea

F

0

0

Strobilops hubbardi

R

Succinea unicolor

0

R

Succinea concordialis

R

Oxyloma effusa

R

52 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (2)

species occurring anywhere on the Florida peninsula. Striatum
milium has also been reported by Vanatta. In view of the
present distribution of this species, West Virginia and Ken-
tucky being the southern limits so far as I can determine, it is
very likely that Vanatta 's specimens may have been Striatum
meridionalis.

Two races of Hawaiia minuscula have been reported by Pilsbry
as occurring in this county, Hawaiia minuscula mimiscula and
Hawaiia minuscula alachuana. The race alachuana was de-
scribed by Dall upon the shape of the umbilicus, which is
dilated, as compared to minuscula, which has a thimble-shaped
umbilicus. The majority of the specimens collected during this
survey had a thimble-shaped umbilicus; however, there were
transitions between the two shapes and a few specimens might
be considered as having a dilated umbilicus. The specimens
collected in the survey, in themselves, do not present a picture
of two well defined races.

Guppya sterkii, Retinella cryptomphala solida, Helicodiscus
singleyanus inermis, and Punctum minutissimum have also been
recorded as coming from this county (Pilsbry, 1946, 1948).

In view of the data obtained thus far, apparently the environ-
ments of the hammock associations and the limestone sinks and
outcroppings provide a suitable habitat for land mollusks. Like-
wise, the environments of the pine flatwoods (omitted from the
table, as only two species, Praticolella jejuna, frequent, and
Englandina rosea, rare, were found) and scrub localities are
least suitable.

Literature Cited

Cooke, C. Wythe. 1945. Geology of Florida. Florida Geo-
logical Survey, Geol. Bull. 29 : 1-339.

Henderson, J. R. 1939. The soils of Florida. Univ. Florida
Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 334: 3-67.

Laessle, Albert M. 1942. The plant communities of the
Welaka area with special reference to correlations between
soils and vegetational succession. Univ. Fla. Pub., Biol. Sci.
Ser. 4 (1) : 1-143.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1946. Land mollusca of North America (North
of Mexico). Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 2(1): 1-520.

. 1948. Land mollusca of North America (north of

Mexico). Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 2 (2) : 52-1113.

Oct., 1953] THE NAUTILUS 53

Vanatta, E. G. 1920. Shells of Orlando, Florida. Nautilus

34: 31.
. 1928. Land shells of Alachua County, Northeastern

Florida. Nautilus 42 : 20-21.

TWO NEW AMERICAN SPECIES OF STROBILOPS

By J. P. E. MOERISON i

For the second time, after an interval of ten years, the Bureau
of Entomology and Plant Quarantine of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture submitted specimens of the Pulmonate
genus Strobilops from western Mexico, to the United States
National Museum for determination. A critical check of these
shells of the subgenus Discostrobilops with all related material
in the collections of the United States National Museum and of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, has shown that
they belong to a hitherto undescribed species, coming from a
geographic region in which the genus has not previously been
recorded.

In the course of this brief study it was discovered that this
genus also includes a species endemic to the Bermudas, which
has been hitherto unnamed. The description of the two new
species follows :

Strobilops pilsbryi, new species. Plate 6, figs. 1-3.

1904 Strobilops hubbardi Gulick, Proc. A.N.S.P., 1904: 413.
1904 Strobilops hubbardi Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci.,

12: 168: fig. 53.
1927 Strobilops hubbardi vendryesiana Pilsbry (partim), Man.

Conch., 28: 49: 7: 10-12.

Gulick in 1904 remarked on the larger size of the adult he
saw from locality 806 (fossil in Bermuda). He gives the size
as altitude 1.2 diameter 2.8 mm. Pilsbry (1927) described the
Bermuda form as "larger, with the lip somewhat more thick-
ened. There is no interparietal lamella. The umbilicus is
wider [than in hubbardi] but somewhat variable; in a specimen
2.85 mm. in diameter the umbilicus is contained only 2% times."

i Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

54 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (2)

The sculpture is like that of hubbardi, but a little more regu-
larly striate above, and not as smooth below as in that species.
A critical examination of the few specimens from Bermuda in
the collections of the United States National Museum has shown
that this species is the only member of the subgenus Discostrobi-
lops that possesses a small coliimellar lamella! It is visibly
larger with a wider umbilicus than 8. hubbardi, but is yet
smaller in size and less coarse in sculpture than 8. sinaloa.

The holotype was received from Mr. Haycock, from Whitby
Cave, Bermuda. It is catalogued as USNM No. 618751, has 4.7
whorls and measures: height 1.4 mm., greater diameter 2.8 mm.,
aperture height 0.7 mm., aperture diameter 1.2 mm. ; width of
umbilicus 0.8 mm.

The broken paratype which is figured to show the lamellae,
and two additional paratypes, are catalogued as USNM No.
251195, from the same locality and source.

Its geographic restriction as now known to the Bermudas,
both Recent and Pleistocene, and its shell characters, are indica-
tions that pilsbryi is a distinct species, not a variation of
hubbardi.

Strobilops sinaloa, new species. Plate 6, figs. 4-6.

The shell is large (for the group), subdiscoidal with very low
spire, translucent, horn colored, irregularly coarsely ribbed
above and smoothish below the rounded periphery. Nucleus of
1V4 whorls, smooth ; postnuclear whorls irregularly closely ribbed
above, the ribs obsolete on the base. Close, microscopic spiral
lines are visible above and below, but are somewhat indistinct.
The aperture is rounded lunate, with a moderately expanded
and thickened lip. Parietal lamella strong, highest at the
apertural end ; infraparietal lower, internal, and not emerging
to the aperture in adult shells. No interparietal lamella seen.
Nearly a half whorl behind the aperture is a series of four basal
folds, and one palatal fold above the periphery. The first basal
is shorter, subconic ; the outer three are longer, subequal, parallel
and equally spaced, running for about one-tenth of a whorl.
The single palatal fold is linear, a little shorter than the outer
basals, and is a little farther behind the aperture than the basal
folds.

Oct., 1953] THE NAUTILUS 55

The holotype, USNM No. 592719, has 4.7 whorls and measures :
height 1.4 mm., greater diameter 3.1 mm. Aperture height 0.8
mm., aperture diameter 1.3 mm., width of umbilicus 1.0 mm.

This species may be easily distinguished by its large size, with
wider whorls below and apparently proportionately narrower
umbilicus than S. pilsbryi. It is much larger and irregularly
coarser in sculpture above than 8. hubbardi. It is the only
species of the group now known with a palatal lamella (above
the periphery).

The holotype was among specimens of snails intercepted No-
vember 20, 1948, by the Bureau of Entomology and Plant
Quarantine of the United States Department of Agriculture
at Nogales, Arizona, on succulent plants from Sinaloa, Mexico.
It was taken in company with young individuals of Humboldti-
ana sp., Bulimulus sp., and Retinella indentata paucilirata (More-
let). Whether it lives in Sinaloa in the same places as the species
of Humboldtiana is at present unknown.

Three paratypes, USNM No. 522681, were intercepted by the
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine of the United
States Department of Agriculture on January 6, 1939, at San
Francisco, California, on orchids shipped from Mexico. Pre-
sumably these specimens which agree with the type in all char-
acters are also from western Mexico. The fact that they oc-
curred on orchids may eventually lead to their discovery in
nature and better localization of their habitat in the state of
Sinaloa, Mexico.

Key to the American species of the subgenus Discostrobilops

A. Shell with a small columellar lamella in addition to four
basals . . . pilsbryi Morrison. (Bermuda Islands.)
AA. Shell without any columellar lamella.

B. Shells with basal lamellae only . . . hubbardi (A. D.
Brown). (Florida; Gulf coast to northeast Mexico;
Bahamas, Cuba, and Jamaica.)
BB. Shells with four basal lamellae and one palatal lamella
above the periphery . . . sinaloa Morrison. (Sinaloa,
Mexico.)

56 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (2)

VIVIPARUS MULTILINEATUS (SAY) 1829,
FROM FLORIDA

By J. P. E. MOERISON i

Thomas Say at first thought this banded species was identical
with the European genotype, since in his earliest works he in-
cluded it under, or called it Paludina vivipara. In 1829 (New
Harmony Disseminator, 2: 245) Say separated it, but he mis-
identified it as elongata of Swainson. However, with his de-
scription and remarks on the material at hand, he said it was
from the St. John's Kiver, Florida (LeConte), and proceded
to publish and so validate his own manuscript name, multilineata,
for this species. Although Say again called it vivipara in the
American Conchology (part 1, plate 10, middle figures, 1830),
he there figured the shell (holotype of multilineata) received
from LeConte. Haldeman, in his 1840 Monograph, also pub-
lished the name multilineata Say in the synonymy of his bengal-
ensis, and refigured Say's holotype (plate 7, figs. 3-4).

Tryon in 1866 virtually renamed Say's Florida species, with
the additional new material collected by Mrs. Walton, as Vivi-
para waltonii. He discusses at length and then rejects the name
multilineatus Say, to rationally clear the way for his new name.
Under present international rules of nomenclature, no available
names may be rejected as Tryon did in this case on grounds of
inappropriateness. The variety name fasciatus Tryon 1870 con-
cerns only individual variation within the species, such speci-
mens occurring with plain individuals in many populations from
different localities.

Meanwhile, Isaac Lea had described Paludina georgiana from
the Altamaha River, Georgia, in 1837. Considered distinct for
many years, it remained for Goodrich (1942) to show it was
identical with Say's species. Unfortunately, Goodrich did not
look behind Lea's 1837 name for the possibility of earlier avail-
able names. Reexamination of all the specimens of the genus
Viviparus in the United States National Museum collections has
corroborated the statement of Goodrich (1942) that these is no
specific difference between georgianus and waltoni (whose correct

i Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Oct., 1953 J THE NAUTILUS 57

name is multilineatus Say). The synonymy of this Florida
species includes :

1829. Paludina multilineata Say, New Harmony Disseminator,
2: 245; (Aug. 12, 1829); Mrs. Say's reprint (1840), p. 21;
Binney 's reprint (1858), p. 146. (in synonymy of Paludina
elongata Say, not P. elongata Swainson 1822).

1830. Paludina vivipara Say (in part), American Conchology,
part 1, plate 10, middle figures.

1837. Paludina georgiana Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, new se-
ries, vol. 5, p. 116, plate 19, fig. 85.
1840. Paludina vivipara Haldeman (in part), Monograph

Limniades, part 1, p. 17, pi.* 6, figs. 3-4.
1840. Paludina georgiana Haldeman, Monograph Limniades,

part 1, p. 23, pi. 7, figs. 1-2.
1840. Paludina bengalensis Haldeman (in part), Monograph

Limniades, part 1, p. 24, pi. 7, figs. 3-4.
1852. Paludina georgiana Kiister, Conch. Cab., 1(21) : p. 15,

pi. 3, figs. 7-8.
1852. Paludina wareana (Shuttleworth MSS in:) Kiister,

Conch. Cab., 1(21) : p. 21, pi. 4, figs. 10-11.
1862. Paludina haldemaniana (Shuttleworth MSS in:. Frau-

enfeld, Verh. K. K. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1862, p. 1162.
1865. Vivipara contectoides W. G. Binney (in part), L. & FW.

Shells N. Am., part 3, p. 23, fig. 48.

1865. Vivipara georgiana W. G. Binney, L. & FW. Shells N.
Am., part 3, pp. 27-30.

1866. Vivipara waltoni Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., Vol. 2, p.
108, pi. 10, fig. 2.

1870. Vivipara georgiana Tryon, Contin. Haldeman 's Mono-
graph, p. 16, pi. 14, fig. 5.
1870. Vivipara georgiana fasciata Tryon, Contin. Haldeman 's

Monograph, p. 17.
1870. Vivipara waltonii Tryon, Contin. Haldeman 's Monograph

p. 20, pi. 13, fig. 2.
1918. Viviparus georgianus fasciatus Walker, Catalogue, Misc.

Publ. No. 6, Mus. Zool., U. of Mich., p. 125.
1918. Viviparus haldemanianus Walker, Catalogue, Misc. Publ.

No. 6, Mus. Zool., U. of Mich., p. 125.
1918. Viviparus waltonii Walker, Catalogue, Misc. Publ. No.

6, Mus. Zool, U. of Mich., p. 127.
1918. Viviparus wareanus Walker, Catalogue, Misc. Publ. No.

6, Mus. Zool., U. of Mich., p. 127.
1942. Viviparus georgianus Goodrich, Nautilus, 55 (3), p. 88.
1942. Viviparus georgianus form wareanus Goodrich, Nautilus,

55 (3), p. 90.

58 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (2)

To summarize briefly, the earliest valid specific name for the
common banded viviparous pond snail, from the Altamaha
River, Georgia, to the St. John's River, and east-central Florida,
in the lakes in general, is Viviparus multilineatus (Say) 1829.
This name is one of the few not listed in Sherborn, but nothing
in Sherborn 's Index Animalium (1801-1850) indicates it could
be preoccupied, either.

There are four other valid and distinct forms (subspp. or
spp.?) of Viviparus known from the Florida Region, namely:

Viviparus multilineatus altior Pilsbry 1892, from kitchen mid-
dens along Hitchen's Creek, Lake George, Florida.

Viviparus multilineatus limnothaumus Pilsbry 1895, from Lake
George, and westward in Western Florida rivers.

Viviparus (multilineatus f) walkeri Pilsbry & Johnson 1912,
from Juniper Creek, Lake County, Florida.

Viviparus (multilineatus ft) limi Pilsbry 1918, from the Flint
River system in Georgia and West Florida.

The last named form may better belong to the multilineatus
complex, rather than to contectoides, on the basis of shell char-
acters and distribution. The body-whorl of limi is much larger
and more expanded, flattened laterally, markedly less rotund,
than the body whorl of contectoides. The National Museum col-
lections do not include specimens of Viviparus contectoides
from any part of the Florida Region.

THE CASE OF PALUDINA MULTILINEATA SAY

By H. A. PILSBRY

This paper may be regarded as supplemental to that preceding
(p. 56), for the purpose of directing attention to some considera-
tions which the author of that paper overlooked or thought un-
important. It should be mentioned that he had been informed
of the objection to his conclusions.

In his paper of 1829 in the New Harmony Disseminator, Say
gave the following paragraph :

"3. P. elongata, Swainson. Capt. Leconte presented me with
a shell which, he informed me, he found in the river St. John,

Oct., 1953] THE NAUTILUS 59

Florida. I described it nearly four years since under the name
of multilineata, but recently, being about to publish it, on a
more attentive examination and comparison with a specimen of
the elongata from Calcutta, given to me by Mr. Hyde of Phila-
delphia, I have concluded that it varies from that specimen only
in having the umbilicus a little smaller."

Say never figured [Paludina] multilineata,1 and the only "de-
scription" he gave is: "it varies from that specimen [Paludina
elongata Swainson from Calcutta = V. oengalensis Lam.] only
in having the umbilicus a little smaller." This definition can-
not possibly apply to V. georgianus.

Paludina elongata Swainson (1821-2, pi. 98, upper and lower
figures) is a rather long-spired acute species having many dark
lines and narrow bands on an olive ground. It has long been
recognized as synonymous with Viviparus oengalensis (La-
marck), and Swainson 's figures well represent that well known
Indian species.

A specimen (No. 27007) given by Mrs. Say to the Academy
of Natural Sciences after Say's death, is believed to be Say's
type of multilineata, but as it does not bear Say's label to that
effect, we do not have absolutely positive evidence. Since Say
mentioned multilineata only to discredit it, he would not be
expected to keep that name in his collection. This specimen was
figured by Haldeman, Paludina, pi. 7, figs. 3, 4 (copied by W. G.

i Dr. Morrison 's statement that Say, in American Conchology, ' ' figured
the shell (holotype of multilineata), received from LeConte" is not sup-
ported by any published evidence. In that work Say stated that he had
two specimens of "P. vivipara" (the early writers thought V. georgianus
Lea and V. contectoides W.G.B. were identical with this similar European
species) from the St. Johns River from Mr. Elliott, and one from Capt
LeConte, who "obtained it at Lake George on the same river." Say did
not given any locality or collector for the specimen (of "P. vivipara" =
V. georgianus) he figured. In his synonymy of P. vivipara Say did not
mention P. elongata Swains, or multilineata Say, as he certainly would
have done had he considered them identical with "P. vivipara" Captain
LeConte had given "St Johns River" as locality for multilineata, not
Lake George.

Dr. Morrison stated that American Conchology plate 10, middle figures,
and Haldeman, Paludina, pi. 7, figs. 3, 4 are both illustrations of the
holotype of multilineata. A comparison of these very different figures
gives one a measure of the reliability of his statements; many of them
seem equally "ambiguous."

60 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (2)

Binney, 1865, p. 61, fig. 125). It is a "dead" specimen, faded,
but still showing six of the darker bands and it is indistinctly
subangular in the infraperipheral region.

Nelson Annandale, the brilliant zoologist of the Indian Mu-
seum, published an anatomic, ecologic and taxonomic study of
V. bengalensis in which the several forms of that species are de-
scribed. The Say type specimen of multiUneata corresponds
closely with Annandale 's plate 2, fig. 8, V. bengalensis phase
annandalei Kobelt, from pools in the Calcutta region polluted
by domestic use. He appears to consider it a depauperate eco-
logic form or phase owing to the contaminated habitat, rather
than a true subspecies. No competent conchologist who exam-
ined the specimen could confuse this Say shell with any form
of V. georgianus, and Say and Haldeman did not do so. Dr.
Morrison, whose competence we do not question, evidently
based his reference to georgianus upon a cursory glance at the
Haldeman figures, and implicit reliance upon the assigned
locality.

In this matter of the locality of multiUneata the following note
becomes important.

On the same page of the Disseminator with multiUneata, Say
described Ampullaria rotundata, which also was given to him
by Capt. LeConte, "who informed me that he found it in St.
Johns river in Florida." Ampullaria rotundata was described
as having a calcareous operculum. Beautiful figures of shell
and operculum drawn by Mrs. Say are pi. 75 of Say's American
Conchology, but it did not appear in the text of that unfinished
work. A. rotundata is a synonym of Ampullaria (now Pila)
globosa Swainson (1822, pi. 119), an Indian species.

It seems to me quite incredible that such an acute observer as
Say would confuse any form of V. georgianus (Lea) with V.
bengalensis, or that he would have given a speciment of V.
georgianus the name "multilineata." Say was no bungler at
conchology ; nearly every species he described has been recog-
nized and is still considered valid. If the LeConte shell had
been any form of V. georgianus, Say surely would have com-
pared it to V. vivipara which he knew, not with a very different
Indian species.

It appears reasonably evident that a mixture of specimens

Oct., 1953] THE NAUTILUS 61

was made by Captain LeConte, and the specimens of Paludina
and Ampullaria given to Say were both common Indian species
and not from the St. Johns River. Any attempt to resurrect
either name for an American species seems to me erudition
misdirected.

References

Lamarck, M. le Chevalier de, 1819. Hist. Nat. Animaux sans
Vertebres, VI.

Swainson, William, 1821-2. Zoological Illustrations II.

Say, Thomas, 1829. (New Harmony) Disseminator of Useful
Knowledge, Aug. 12.

Haldeman, S. Stehman, 1840-46. Monograph of the Fresh-
water Univalve Mollusca of the U. S. Paludina.

Binney, W. G., 1865. Land and fresh-water shells of N. A.,
part III, p. 61.

Annandale, Nelson, 1921, Records Indian Museum, XXII.

A REVIEW OF MARKS' SUBGENERA OF BUSYCON
RODING, TOGETHER WITH REMARKS PER-
TAINING TO THE GENUS x

By WILLIAM K. EMEESON
Museum of Paleontology, University of California

The late E. Sydney Marks recently erected (1950: 34)
Fulguropsis and Sycofulgur as new sub generic names for the
well-defined gastropod genus Busycon. In proposing Fulgurop-
sis as a new subgenus to replace "Sycotypus Gill, 1867, not
Gray, 1847, "2 Marks apparently overlooked Wenz's (1943:
1219) earlier valid replacement of Sycotypus Gill. Thus, Ful-
guropsis Marks, 1950 [type species: Busycon pyrum (Dillwyn)]
is a junior subjective synonym of Busycotypus Wenz, 1943
[type species: Busycon canaliculatum (Linne)]. Marks estab-
lished the subgenus Sycofulgur for the Miocene species Busycon
rugosum (Conrad) and differentiated it from Fulguropis

i Contribution from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Cali-
fornia, Berkeley, California.

2 Actually, not Gray, but Morch, 1852 : 110.

62 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (2)

[= Busy coty pus] by the possession of "nodes on its shell
throughout its growth." The acceptance of Sycofulgur as a
nomenclatural category higher than a "section" is not in
harmony with the generally accepted classification of Busycon
(sensu lato). It is the writer's opinion that in order to per-
spicaciously utilize Sycofulgur as a subgenus, it would be neces-
sary to raise the presently recognized subgenera of Busycon to
full generic status, and in turn name and treat the several
bio-temporal species groups which comprise the genus as sub-
generic units. Though the considerable available data may be
sufficient to undertake such a revision, there still remain many un-
solved taxonomic problems 3 which would appear to preclude any
radical nomenclatural changes in the classification of the genus
at this time.

General remarks pertaining to the Busy cons

The busycons constitute one of the most prominent molluscan
elements in the eastern American Cenozoic marine faunas.
Available data would indicate that the group originated in the
Upper Cretaceous of eastern America as small, thin-shelled
species, and gradually evolved into many large, heavy-shelled
species. The genus attained an apparent acme in the Miocene
of the Atlantic coastal region, and is represented in the Recent
faunas by a few, but very conspicuous species, which, like their
fossil predecessors, are limited in distribution to the western
Atlantic coasts.

A number of writers have undertaken phylogenetic and taxo-
nomic studies of the genus. Prominent among these are : Gill
(1867), Conrad (1867), Dall (1890), Grabau (1903), Smith
(1914), Wade (1917), and Gardner (1944; 1948). The most
recent classification of the genus is that of Wenz (1943). Un-
fortunately, the section of this work in which the genus appears
is not generally available in this country. Inasmuch as the
busycons are of particular interest to American students, a par-
tial resume of Wenz's classification of the genus, together with
additional data, is provided below :

3 Especially perplexing is scarcity of data pertaining to the Eocene his-
tory of the genus; the significance of the sinistral forms is not thoroughly
understood.

Oct., 1953] THE NAUTILUS 63

Family GALEODIDAE

Subfamily BUSYCONINAE 4
Genus Busycon Roding, 1798

Busy con "Bolten" Roding, 1798, Museum Boltenianum, pt. 2,

p. 149.
Busy cum "Bolt." Morch, 1852, Cat. Conch. Yoldi, vol. 1, p. 104.
Busicon "Confrad] " Emmons, 1858, Kept. North Carolina Geol.

Surv., p. 248.

Type species: (by subsequent designation, Smith, 1938: 20) 5
Murex carica Gmelin, 1790 = Busycon carica (Gmelin).
Geologic range : Upper Cretaceous to Recent.

Diagnostic characters: Shell large, pyriform, thin to heavy;
spire short, terminating in a paucispiral, papillate nucleus;
body whorl large, inflated ; columella long, slender with a single,
somewhat obsolete fold ; spiral sculpture usually developed ; axial
sculpture expressed by growth lines and resting stages, often
tuberculate or spinose upon the periphery of the whorls; an-
terior canal long, open, somewhate recurved; posterior canal
lacking; operculum ovate, with apical nucleus; periostracum
thin, simple or ciliated.

Subgenus Protobusycon Wade, 1917

Protobusycon Wade, 1917, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 43, p.
295; Cossmann, 1917, Rev. Critique Paleozool., Annee 20, no.
3, p. 100; Wade, 1926, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 137,
p. 136.

Type species: (by monotypy) Busycon cretaceum Wade, 1917.

•i Wenz (1943: 1211) followed Thiele (1931: 319) in not allocating to the
group a subfamily name, and placed Melongenidae auct. and Busyconidae
auct. (Fulguridae) in the family Galeodidae. See Wade (1917: 295) for
a review of the group's previous family and subfamily assignments.

s Smith (1938) has made a critical and apparently exhaustive study of
the involved type designation for this genus. He concludes that none of
the previous designations are valid, selecting Busycon carica (Gmelin) as
the type species. Although this designation appears to be valid, the citation
of Busycon muricatum Roding, 1798 [ = Murex carica Gmelin, 1790] as
the type species would have been in strict adherence to the Regies.

64 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (2)

Geologic range: Upper Cretaceous [Ripley Formation, Mc-
Nairly Co., Tennessee (Senon.)].

Diagnostic characters : Shell small for genus ; character of
protoconch unknown; axial sculpture restricted to low, sub-
spinose nodules upon periphery of the whorls ; a secondary keel
outlines base of body whorl, keel beset with 4-5 obsolete spines ;
shallow sulcus at base of body whorl, terminating as a slight
projection at the margin of the inner lip.

Subgenus Busycon (sensu stricto)

Fulgur Montfort, 1810, Conch. Syst., vol. 2, p. 502, type species :

(by original designation) Fulgur eliceans Montfort, 1810 =

Busycon eliceans (Montfort).
Fulgus "Montf." Desmarest, 1856 [In Chenu], Enc. Hist. Nat.,

Crust. Moll. Zooph., p. 179.
Sycopsis Conrad, 1867, Amer. Journ. Conch., vol. 3, p. 184, type

species: (here designated) Busycon tuberculatum (Conrad),

1840.

Geologic range: [fEocene], Oligocene to Recent.

Diagnostic characters: Shell large to very large; axial sculp-
ture typically spinose or tuberculate on the periphery of the
whorls, whorls not separated by canaliculate suture ; periostra-
cum simple, not ciliated; radular dentition: rhachidian tooth
5-6 dentate, laterals 5-6 dentate, fide Stimpson.

Subgenus Busycotypus Wenz, 1943

Sycotypus "Browne" Gill, 1867, Amer. Journ. Conch., vol. 3, p.

147, type species: (by original designation) Sycotypus canali-

culatus (Linne), 1758 = Busycon canaliculatum (Linne).

Not Sycotypus Morch, 1852, Cat. Conch. Yoldi, vol. 1, p. 110.
Busycotypus Wenz, 1943, Handb. Pahiozool., vol. 6, Gastropoda,

div. 6, pt. 8, p. 1219 [new name for Sycotypus Gill, 1867, not

Morch, 1852] .
Fulgur opsis Marks, 1950, Nautilus, vol. 64(1), p. 34, type species :

(by original designation) Bulla pyrum Dillwyn, 1817 =

Busycon spiratum (Lamarck), 1816 [new subgenus replacing

"Sycotypus Gill, 1867, not Gray, 1847"].

Oct., 1953] THE NAUTILUS 65

Sycofulgur Marks, 1950, Nautilus, vol. 64(1), p. 34, type species:

(by original designation) Fulgur rugosus Conrad, 1840 =

Busy con rugosum (Conrad).

Type species: (by original designation) Murex canaliculatus
Linne, 1758 = Busy con canaliculatum (Linne).

Geologic range : Miocene to Recent.

Diagnostic characters : Shell large to very large ; whorls sepa-
rated by deep canaliculate suture; axial sculpture typically
tuberculate in juveniles, uniting, in senility, to form rounded
or keeled shoulders on the periphery of the whorls ; periostracum
ciliated; radular dentition: rhachidian tooth 3 dentate, laterals
4-5 dentate, fide Stimpson.

Literature

Clench, W. J., 1951, Busycon coarctatum Sowerby. Occasional
Papers on Mollusks, vol. 1, no. 16, pp. 405-409, pi. 50.

Conrad, T. A., 1867, Synopsis of the genera Sycotypus Browne
and Busycon Bolten. Amer. Journ. Conch., vol 3 (2) pp.
182-185.

Dall, "W. H., 1890, Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of
Florida. . . . Part 1, Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Phila-
delphia, vol. 3, pp. 109-118, pis. 4, 9 [Fulgur].

Gardner, Julia, 1944, The Molluscan Fauna of the Alum Bluff
Group of Florida, pt. 7. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 142-G,
pp. 449-458, pis. 49-50 [Busycon].

, 1948, Mollusca from the Miocene and Lower Pliocene of

Virginia and North Carolina, pt. 2. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.
Paper 199-B, pp. 238-243, pis. 33-36 [Busycon].

Gill, Theodore, 1867, On the genus Fulgur and its Allies.
Amer. Journ. Conch., vol. 3 (2), pp. 141-152, text fig.

Grabau, A. W., 1903, Studies of Gastropoda. II. Fulgur and
Sycotypus. Amer. Naturalist, vol. 37, pp. 515-539, 19 text
figs.

Marks, E. S., 1950, New subgenera of Busycon Roeding.
Nautilus, vol. 64 (1), p. 34.

Smith, Burnett, 1914, Morphologic sequences in the canalicu-
late Fulgurs. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc, vol. 66, pp. 567-
578, pi. 24.

, 1938, Busycon carica (Gmelin) as a Genotype. Nautilus,

vol. 52 (1), pp. 16-20.

, 1939 a, A sinistral specimen of Busycon pyrum (Dillwyn).

Nautilus, vol. 52 (3), pp. 89-91, pi. 7, figs. a-c.

66 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (2)

1939 b, Type specimen of Busy con perversum (Murex

perversus Linne). Nautilus, vol. 53 (1), pp. 23-26, pi. 7,

figs. 1-2.
Thiele, Johannes, 1931, Handbuch der Systematischen Weich-

tierkunde, Jena, p. 321 [Busycon].
Wade, Bruce, 1917, An Upper Cretaceous Fulgur. Amer. Journ.

Sci., ser. 4, vol. 43, pp. 293-297, 2 text figs.
Wenz, W., 1943, in Schindewolf, 0. H., Handbuch der Palao-

zoologie, vol. 6, Gastropoda, div. 6, pt. 8, pp. 1216-1219, figs.

3464-3466 [Busycon].

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION,
NINETEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

By MARGARET C. TESKEY

The American Malacological Union invaded the nest of the
Kansas Jayhawk late in June (1953) and found the large-
beaked bird with the purposeful mien to be a very hospitable
fellow indeed. For he is the mascot of the University of Kansas,
which was host to the A.M.U. on occasion of the nineteenth
annual meeting. All sessions and the annual dinner were held
in the beautiful Memorial Union Building, of which the "Jay-
hawkers" are justly proud. Proud too of their Natural History
Museum, where the visitors were conducted on a behind-the-
scenes tour. Both of these buildings are on the campus which
occupies what must surety be one of the most beautiful spots
in Kansas; its hilltop location with the Kaw river in the back-
ground overlooks the little city of Lawrence.

Although but seventeen persons were able to accept the in-
vitation of Dr. A. Byron Leonard, the meeting was an unquali-
fied success. The weatherman cooperated by knocking down
the heat wave which during the previous week had set a record
of 118°, and delegates from cooler climes had no complaint as
perfect summer weather prevailed during the three days the
meeting was in session, June 25th through the 27th.

A meeting of the Executive Council followed registration,
followed in turn by the annual business meeting. A revised
Constitution was submitted by the committee appointed for
that purpose ; approved by the Council, it will be placed before

Oct., 1953] THE NAUTILUS 67

the membership which will then be polled for its acceptance
or rejection. Three persons whose contributions to the field of
American malacology have been outstanding where honored with
life memberships : Dr. Paul Bartsch, Dr. S. Stillman Berry, and
Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry. The invitation of Dr. George M. Moore
to hold the 1954 meeting at the University of New Hampshire
was accepted. And finally, the following panel of officers was
nominated by the Council and elected to serve for the following
year :

President: Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert
Vice-president : Mr. M. K. Jacobson
2nd Vice-president : Mrs. Elsie M. Chace
Secretary Treasurer : Mrs. Margaret C. Teskey
Councillors-at-Large : Mr. R. Tucker Abbott

Mr. Ralph W. Jackson
Dr. Miguel Jaume
Dr. Albert R. Mead

Presentations of papers and subsequent discussion occupied
the afternoon of opening day. In the evening the delegates
were entertained by Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel in the Crystal
Room of the Eldridge Hotel, the social hour followed by a
buffet supper.

Papers were presented at the morning and afternoon sessions
of the second day, and before the delegates returned to the
hotel to dress for the evening they were entertained by Dr. and
Mrs. Leonard who held open house at their home from 4 :00
until 5 :00.

The annual dinner was held in the Sunflower Room of the
Memorial Union Building, and following a repast of Kansas beef
with all the trimmings, Dr. Myra Keen presented the film of
Japanese pearl culture which had entertained west coast mala-
cologists at the earlier meeting of the A.M.U.P.

The final event was the day-long field trip to the Ottawa river,
about twenty-five miles south of Lawrence. Eleven people
made the trip, returning sunburned, happy and laden with loot,
convinced to a man that this had been the best meeting ever !

68 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (2)

These papers were presented at the nineteenth annual meeting:

Mollusean Faunal Successions in the Pleistocene of the Great
Plains
A. Byron Leonard, University of Kansas
The Economic Significance of Using Giant African Snail Meal
as a Poultry Feed
Albert R. Mead, University of Arizona
Snail Hosts of Schistosomiasis in British West Africa

Elmer G. Berry, National Institutes of Health
Some Peculiarities of the West African Terrestrial Mollusean
Fauna
Joseph C. Bequaert, Museum of Comparative Zoology
A Preliminary Beport on Mollusean Types of Frank Collins
Baker
Dorothea Franzen, Illinois Wesleyan University
Additional Introductions of Foreign Snails Into Arizona

Albert R. Mead, University of Arizona
Ten- Weeks Tour of Raroia Atoll, Tuamotu Islands and French
Oceania; A film
Joseph P. E. Morrison, United States National Museum
A Progress Report on Some Revisions for the "Treatise of
Invertebrate Paleontology"
A. Myra Keen, Stanford University
Brief Report on the Walter Webb Collection

Fritz Haas, Chicago Natural History Museum
Zoogeography, Subfamilies and Families

Joseph P. E. Morrison, United States National Museum

The Nautilus

Vol. 67 JANUARY, 1954 No. 3

REDISCOVERY OF TWO CALIFORNIAN
LAND SNAILS

By G. D. HANNA and A. G. SMITH
California Academy of Sciences

MONADENIA CIRCUMCARINATA (Steams)

Helix var. circumcarinata Stearns, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol.
1, 1879, p. 316, plate 8, figs. 5, 6, 7.— Nautilus, vol. 16,
1902, pp. 61-62. [Compared to ' ' Pyramidula' ' elrodi
Pilsbry.]

Arionta mormonum var. circumcarinata, Stearns, W. G. Bin-
ney, Fifth Suppl. to Terr. Moll., Vol. 5, Bull. No. 8, 1883,
Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Coll., pp. 158-159, pi. I, fig. K.—
Binney, Man. Am. Land Shells, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
28, 1885, pp. 142-143, fig. 121.

Epiphragmopliora circumcarinata (Stearns), Pilsbry, Nautilus,
vol. 14, 1900, p. 41.— Pilsbry, Nautilus, vol. 16, 1902, p. 62-
64. [Distinguished from Pyramidula elrodi.] — Stearns,
Nautilus, vol. 16, 1902, pp. 83-84. — Keep, West American
Shells, 1904, pp. 128, 304.— Keep, West Coast Shells, 1911,
p. 278, fig. 269.— Hanna & Rixford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
Ser. 4, vol. 12, 1923, p. 43.— Pilsbry, Nautilus, vol. 36, 1923,
p. 141.

Epiphragmophora (Monadenia) circumcarinata (Stearns),
Pilsbry, Nautilus, vol. 11, 1897, p. 48. "Turlock, Stanilaus
[sic] Co., Cal."

Monadenia circumcarinata (Stearns), Hanna & Smith, Nauti-
lus, vol. 46, 1933, p. 85. [Compared with M. troglodytes
H & S.]— Keep, West Coast Shells (Baily Rev.), 1935, p.

69

70 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (3)

303, fig. 319.— Pilsbry & Cockerell, Nautilus, vol. 51, 1937,
p. 24. [Compared to Dinotropis harringtoni P & C] —
Hanna, Nautilus, vol. 52, 1939, p. 139.— Pilsbry, Land Mol.
of N.A. (North of Mex.), Monog. 3, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1939, pp. 62-63, fig. 29. [Description,
with notes by A. G. Smith.]

Seventy-four years ago some remarkable land shells were
brought to R. E. C. Stearns and were described by him as Helix
var. circumcarinata from the prominent keel surrounding the
shell. They were furnished by A. W. Crawford, who stated that
they were found near Turlock, Stanislaus County, California,
and that they were given to him by a friend. At a later date
Stearns evidently realized that the locality was an unlikely one ;
so he made further inquiry and Crawford stated it was an error
and "near Columbia, Tuolumne County" was correct. As a
result of this discrepancy the real type locality of M. circum-
carinata may never be learned.

Many people have searched for the species without success.
Among those known to us were the famous collectors Henry
Hemphill and James H. Ferriss. The town of Turlock is located
out in the flat San Joaquin Valley, now intensely cultivated by
irrigation but originally very dry and hot in summer, with no
cover for land snails of this kind. Columbia, in Tuolumne
County, is a much more likely locality because there are abun-
dant exposures of marble in the vicinity, it is lightly forested,
and there is moisture, even in the summer time. Consequently
much fruitless search has been devoted to that area. Another
Columbia, a small hamlet in Nevada County, much farther north,
has been investigated and abandoned as unlikely territory.

Not until June 10 of this year had there turned up a single
clue to the home of this fine species. On that day Mr. Raymond
deSaussure, of San Francisco, brought to one of us (A.G.S.)
an excellent dead specimen that he had picked up on the surface
in Tuolumne County. Mr. deSaussure is a speleologist and at
the time was searching for a "lost" cave, not a land snail. He
described the spot in minute detail (there is an excellent topo-
graphic map of the area) and agreed to accompany us to it.
Opportunity came on July 11, 1953 with the result that 50 adult

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 71

specimens and many juveniles were collected during the day.
All these were in limestone crevises or talus piles and all were
dead. However, we have good reason to suspect that the species
is living there because our collecting was done at the height of
the dry season and on the very steep, hot and dry southern
exposure of the canyon of the Tuolumne River.

The exact area of our investigation is shown on the illustrated
portion of U. S. Geological Survey Topographic Map, 7.5 minute
series, Tuolumne, California, scale 1:24,000 (1949). It may be
described more explicitly as follows: Take the paved road from
Sonora to Tuolumne City, and from there continue on over an
unimproved road across the North Fork of the Tuolumne River
and across Hunter's Creek to the Buchanan Mine. From this
point proceed southwest to the end of a poor road along Paper
Cabin Ridge called "Ponderosa Way," where there is another
abandoned mine. Many steep grades will test the low gear of the
modern automobile but there are no high centers in the road.
This last mine has buildings located in a level park-like area and
the underlying rock is limestone, metamorphosed into a gray
marble. The mass is probably a southeast extension of the great
deposit in the vicinity of Sonora, as shown on the U. S. Geo-
logical Survey Sonora Folio No. 41 (1897).

From the mine it is only a short distance southeastward and
down where there are bold outcrops of marble on the steep slope
of the river canyon. We found numerous specimens in the first
outcrop that had loose rocks and then followed the deposit
eastward toward Sugar Loaf Hill as far as was practicable in
one day. Our route, which is sketched on the map, leads down
the 45-degree slope to the Tuolumne River, then up the river a
quarter of a mile or so to a rugged side canyon with a small
stream flowing down it, but dry at the end at this time of year.
Massive outcrops of marble could be seen high up on either side
of this canyon, so we proceeded up it a short distance searching
diligently in likely spots. No circumcarinata were found on the
way down to the river after the limestone gave way to schist
except for a few bleached "bones" picked up on the surface,
which had been washed down from higher up. None was found
along the river in the schist, and it was not until we reached the
marble again up the canyon just mentioned that we collected a

72

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 67 (3)

Fig. 1. Explanation on opposite page.

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 73

couple of additional dead specimens. Time did not permit fur-
ther exploration up this canyon.

It seems clear that circumcarinata prefers a lime-bearing
habitat. Any further exploration to define the limits of its range,
in this area at least, probably should be confined to the limestone
belt just under Paper Cabin Ridge. Dropping down below this
to the bottom of the canyon of the Tuolumne, a distance of 1500
feet, and particularly the tough pull out again, is an experience
we would prefer not to repeat, especially as the result would
undoubtedly be unproductive.

The common foothill snail Helminthoglypta cypreophila
(Bland & Binney) was found associated with M. circumcarinata
in a ratio of about five to one of the latter. This species was
found in slides of schist as well as marble and several fine adult
living specimens were collected where they were in hibernation.
The only other species of land snail collected was Haplotrema
alameda Pilsbry, a few dead specimens of which were taken in
leaf mold in a slide of schist not far up from the mouth of the
side canyon explored. A search along Hunter Creek, where we
camped over night, produced only H. cypreophila. Along the
North Fork of the Tuolumne where the road crosses we found
this species also and one or two Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Leaf
mold brought back from the North Fork for later sifting was
unproductive.

Only a few of the specimens of M. circumcarinata we collected
showed the peripheral brown band and only two of the adults
retained the thin periostracum. One of the latter has the sec-
ondary lighter brown band mentioned by Pilsbry (1939, p. 62).
All surface specimens were bleached pure white. Others found
buried in the silt of crevices or well down in talus piles were in
rather bad condition; some had been dead undoubtedly for a
great many years.

Sculpture of our specimens varies a good deal in minor par-
ticulars. The number, spacing, and strength of the transverse
ribs are quite variable, as are the size, shape and density of the

Fig. 1. Part of U. S. Geol. Survey. Topographic Map, Tuolumne Quad-
rangle, Tuolumne County, California, showing points of collection of
Monodenia circumcarinata (Stearns). The center of Sec. 28 is the place
where Mr. De Saussure rediscovered the species.

74 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (3)

underlying papillose sculpture. Many of our specimens have
well impressed sutures, with the whorls convex, as Stearns
described them and as shown in Pilsbry's paratype figure (1939,
fig. 29 ) . On several others the sutures are not impressed, giving
the whorls above the carina a spire of beehive shape ; this results
in a shell of slightly greater over-all height. Mr. deSaussure's
shell (AGS No. 9419), found at the center of Section 28 on the
map, is of this form.

Twenty specimens of our lot show the following measurements :

Average Range

Maximum diameter 27.2 mm. 25.3 to 30.5 mm.

Minimum diameter 22.3 mm. 20.7 to 24.1 mm.

Height 11.5 mm. 10.4 to 12.4 mm.

Diameter of umbilicus 4.7 mm. 4.1 to 5.6 mm.

Number of whorls 5% 5% to 6V4

Nine shells from the original lot collected by Crawford (one
figure on plate 8, fig. 5-7) are available for comparison with the
present lot, as follows :

C.A.S. No. 7607 Two adults and 1 juv. (fine specimens) ;

Hemphill Coll., from Crawford (?).
C.A.S. No. 29961 Two adults, bleached (or faded?); Rix-

ford Coll., from Crawford (?).
A.G.S. No. 2566 Two adults, one good, one bleached ; Univ.

California Coll., from Clark.
A.G.S. No. 8808 One adult and one juv., bleached; Raymond

Coll., from Herrman, an early San Francisco dealer in shells.

Some of these were certainly collected alive and the others,
though bleached, all appear not to have been long dead when
taken. All of them have fairly strong to prominent transverse
ribbing ; and all have well impressed sutures. In our lot the
transverse ribs are relatively weak — in some they are reduced
almost to coarse lines of growth. From this we assume our shells
did not come from the exact spot where the original lot was
found, which is quite likely to be a more favorable locality and
one that should produce better, if not living material, if it can
be located.

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 75

Vertigo dalliana (Sterki)

Pupa dalliana Sterki, Nautilus, vol. 4, 1890, p. 19 ; p. 39, pi. 1,
fig. 2 [as Vertigo dalliana] .

Vertigo dalliana, Binney, 4th Suppl. Terr. Moll. V, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., Harvard Coll., vol. 22, 1892, p. 195, text fig.—
Pilsbry, Nautilus, vol. 11, 1898, p. 119.— Pilsbry, Man.
Conch., vol. 25, 1919, pp. 137-138, pi. 11, fig. 1 [Length
corrected from 1.2 to 2.1 mm.]. — Pilsbry, Land Moll, of N.A.
north of Mex., Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monog. No. 3,
vol. 2, pt. 2, 1948, p. 994, fig. 517-1 on p. 964.

This species was described by Sterki in 1890 from 15 specimens
sent to him by Hemphill, the locality being given as near Clear
Lake, Lake County, California. So far as we know, it was not
collected again until 1952, although it has been looked for re-
peatedly. In July 1952, while doing geological work in north-
western California, Mr. Salem Rice and one of us (G. D. H.)
happened to visit Sanger Lake. In some leaf mold that was
collected near the shore line were seven specimens of V. dalliana.
This is a long way from "near Clear Lake" but the shells have
all the necessary characters, as given by Sterki and as shown
by comparison with six specimens of the original lot in the
California Academy of Sciences collection, which Hemphill
labelled "Types."

Sanger Lake is a quite small body of water located in a glacial
cirque 1^4 miles southeast of Sanger Peak, in the SE corner of
Sec. 31, T18N, R5E, M.D.B. & M, at an elevation of 5050 feet.
This is shown on the 1922 edition of the Preston Peak Quadrangle
map, U. S. Geological Survey. The road from O'Brien, Oregon,
to the Cyclone Chrome Mine passes by the lake ; it is 6V2 miles
south of the Oregon border in Siskiyou County, California. The
lake is bordered by a fine stand of the rare Weeping Spruce
(Picea oreweriana Watson) and the equally rare Sadler Oak
(Quercus sadleriana R. Br. Campster). Willows and alders con-
tributed most of the debris forming the leaf mold in which the
shells were found. The situation was decidedly on the damp side
but was not definitely wet. With this clue as to habitat perhaps
the species can now be found closer to the original locality.

76 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (3)

Other mollusks found with V. dalliana were Punctum, Haplo-
trema, Vespericola, Prophysaon, and Monadenia (fidelis group).

August 16, 1953

THE "TEXAS LONGHORN SHELLS" FROM THE
FLORIDA WATERS

By Elizabeth Deichmann

From Mr. J. H. Butler, Marathon, Florida, has been received
an interesting series of what by first look appeared to be gas-
tropod shells — more or less of the Planorbis-type — and com-
pletely overgrown by a porous calcareous substance which on
each side extends into a long tapering horn, at right angle to
the plane of the shell. In the smallest of the seven shells there
is furthermore a series of shorter horns, arranged as a coxcomb
along the median line of the shell. For these odd structures Mr.
Butler has coined the most appropriate name "Texas Longhorn
Shells," and he has been fortunate enough to round off the
collection with the inhabitant of one of the larger shells — a small
hermit crab with almost straight abdomen, and the right claw
modified into a flat operculum with which it can close the opening
of the shell.

The six large shells proved to be overgrown by the bryozoan
Hippoporidra edax (Busk) while the seventh, much smaller and
more delicate one, was overgrown by the closely related form
H. calcarea (Smitt). The hermit crab was found to be a rare
form, Pylopagurus ungulatus (Studer), originally described
from South African waters, and later reported by Milne Edwards
and Bouvier from West Indian waters, that is, around Florida
and Yucatan.

Both the species of bryozoans were also previously reported
from the West Indies, having been captured by Pourtales in
connection with his classical Gulfstream Explorations. Canu
and Bassler established in 1927 a genus, Hippoporidra, to take
in these closely related forms, partly recent, partly fossil, which
are supposed always to live on gastropod shells, and both species
were described in the following year, with figures, records of

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 77

their earlier distribution, and references. Whether the two
authors are correct in defining Hippoporidra as a genus which
exclusively lives on mollusk shells is debatable, for one of Smitt 's
figures, his var. calcarea, shows a colony growing "in raised
stems of pumicose consistence." His other figure of what he
considers a fragment of a Serpula tube which has been over-
grown by the bryozoans and then absorbed, is probably correctly
interpreted as identical with a fragment of a gastropod shell.
Also Verrill's note that H. edax is found on corals in Bermuda
indicates an independence of the mollusk shell as substratum.
The two authors were apparently unaware of the commensalism
which exists between the bryozoan-covered mollusk shell and the
hermit crab, which inhabits the shell and has its house enlarged
by the growing colony.

Only three cases are known of such a commensalism between
hermit crabs and bryozoans on gastropod shells; they have been
reviewed by Balss in 1924, and all were based on material from
West Africa.

In the shell overgrown by the bryozoan Conopeum commensale,
Kirkpatrick found the shell inhabited by Pagurus granulimanus
Miers, and the author was able to follow the gradual overgrowth
of a Turitella-shell until it was transformed into a bryozoan-
covered ball with the original shell absorbed and the hermit
crab occupying a tube formed by the skeleton of the bryozoans.
Kirkpatrick holds that the bryozoan never occurs except on mol-
lusk shells and that is a clear case of mutual benefit, the hermit
crab being released from the trouble of having to hunt for a
larger house and the bryozoans being dragged around to, presum-
ably, better feeding grounds.

In the two other cases the shape of the colony recalls somewhat
that of the two West Indian forms. Stechow has tentatively, in
1921, named the bryozoans, Celloma keruniformis and Keruniella
valdividae, but the names are still nomina nuda, and I would
not be surprised if they have to be withdrawn as synonyms of
Hippoporidra. How many bryozoan-covered shells were ex-
amined is not clear from Stechow 's account, and apparently
only one has been figured — by Balss in 1920. The hermit crabs
which inhabited the shells were Eupagurus pollicaris Say, alcocki
Balss and Diogenes pugilator Roux, and of both there were

78 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (3)

several specimens available from the locality where the bryo-
zoans were taken (off Kongo Kiver, 44 meters depth). Both
species of hermit crabs are widespread species and also listed
from the western Atlantic.

The present shells covered by H. edax measure from 8.2 to 12.5
cm. from tip to tip of the horns ; thus they are much longer than
those figured by Canu and Bassler; the diameter of the disk-
shaped shell is about 2.2-2.8 cm., and the long diameter of the
oval mouth opening ranges from 0.6 to 0.9 cm. In some cases the
tips of the horns are broken and in two instances accessory
branches are present on the horns. The horns are so placed
that they evidently balance the shell; where one horn is longer
the other is somewhat stouter.

In the small calcarea shell the total distance from tip to tip
must have been about 4 cm. ; both horns are broken so the actual
length is 3.5 cm. from tip to tip ; likewise the shorter horns form-
ing the coxcomb are partly broken. Also in this case the various
projections balance the shell and interestingly enough exactly the
same arrangement of the horns is found in shells overgrown by
a calcareous hydrozoan, Janaria mirabilis Stechow, inhabited by
Eupagurus varians Benedict and known from about 10 fathoms
depth along the western coast of Mexico.

Of the three specimens of Pylopagurus ungulatus taken in the
West Indies, two came from Florida and one from off Yucatan,
the same localities from which shells covered by H. edax have
been taken; one was in a sponge incrusted shell, the two others
presumably uncovered. In the present specimen, a male, the
total length from tip of the large claw to tail end is 4.3 cm., the
carapace is 0.9 cm. long, and the lid-like right claw measures
0.9 cm. in length, just the correct length to close the opening
in one of the larger shells.

One somehow wonders how the rather small hermit crab is
able to drag that huge shell around, even if it is well balanced
and, of course, much lighter in water than in air. (Canu and
Bassler mention how the small shell covered by H. calcarea
appears to be able to float in the water.) Possibly the reason
why one so rarely finds the shell inhabited is that when a certain
size is attained the hermit crab leaves the shell — or it may be
unusually quick to get out of its house when the dredge is
hauled up.

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 79

For the person -who is fortunate enough to live near the shore
in Florida and has access to a dredge, the present findings offer
an unusual opportunity to solve a number of ecological problems.
In localities where the "Texas Longhorn Shells" are not un-
common, it should be possible to find the early stages of the
shells and also, by carefully studying the broken debris in the
dredge, to ascertain whether or not the bryozoans are bound to
settle down on a gastropod shell. Also one might discover
whether other hermit crabs than Pylopagurus undulatus inhabit
the "Texas Longhorn shells."
Material examined :

Hippoporidra edax (Busk)

Four shells from off Wreck Buoy, Key West, Florida, 12-18
fathoms, from different type of bottom : sand, sticky marl, sand
and marl.

Two from off Pelasky Light, Tortugas, Florida, 13 fathoms,
sticky marl.

Two from Rebecca Shoals Light House, 16-18 fathoms — also
the hermit crab.

Hippoporida calcarea (Smitt)

One from Sombrero Light, Key Vaca, Florida, 40 fathoms.

Material previously known :

Canu and Bassler report H. edax, from Elbow reef and off
Yucatan and Florida at 2H9 fathoms depth (Pourtales' mate-
rial described by Smitt, 1873) ; they also list the Verrill record
from Bermuda. According to the two authors the bryozoan is
ovicelling in January. Of H. calcarea they report Osburn's
material (listed as edax) from Tortugas in 6-15 fathoms, and
a number of localities around Florida, 39-56 fathoms, partly
Pourtales' material, partly "Albatross" material; the species
was observed as ovicelling in March-April. Plesiotypes of both
species are in the U. S. National Museum.

References

Balss, H. 1920. Paguriden. Wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse d.
Deutschen Tiefsee Expedition (Valdivia, 1898-1899), Vol. 20.

80 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (3)

Pt. 2, pp. 85-124 (Reprint 1-40), pis. 7-11. Description and
figure of Eupagurus pollicaris Say, var. alcocki with its bryo-
zoan incrusted shell.

1924. Tiber Anpassungen und Symbiose der Paguriden.

Eine zusammenfassende Ubersicht. Zeitschr. Morphol. und
Okologie der Tiere, Vol. 1, pp. 752-792. On pp. 784-785
description of symbiosis with bryozoans.

Canu, F. and Bassler, R. S. 1928. Fossil and Recent Bryozoa
of the Gulf of Mexico Region. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 72,
Art. 14, pp. 1-199, pis. 1-34. Hippoporidra edax and H. cal-
carea (Family Celloporidae) are treated on pp. 138-140, pi. 22,
figs. 1-6, text fig. 30.

Kirkpatrick, R. and Metzelaar, J. 1922. On an instance of
Commensalism between a Hermit crab and a Polyzoan. Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1922, pp. 983-990, pis. 1-2.

Milne Edwards, A. and Bouvier, E. L. 1893. Description des
Crustaces de la famille des Paguriens. Reports on the Results
of the Dredgings — Blake, no. 33. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 14,
No. 3, pp. 1-172, pis. 1-12. Pylopagurus n.g., p. 74; P. un-
gulatus (Studer), p. 80, pi. 6, figs. 15-18.

Osburn, R. C. 1914. The Bryozoa of the Tortugas Island,
Florida. Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C. Publica-
tion 182, pp. 181-222. H. calcarea listed as Lepralia edax.,
from Tortugas, 13-29 meter.

Smitt, F. A. 1873. Florida Bryozoa, collected by Count L. F.
de Pourtales, 2. Kungl. Svenska Akademiens Handl. 11, no. 4,
pp. 1-85, pis. 1-13. Lepralia edax Busk and varieties, p. 63,
pi. 11, figs. 220-225.

Stechow, E. 1921. Neue Gruppen skelettbildender Hydrozoen.
Verhandl. d. deutsche zool. Gesellschaft in Berlin, 26, pp. 29-31.
Preliminary description of the West African bryozoan genera
Celloma and Keruniella (Family Celloporidae) with their type
species, still nomina nuda.

Verrill, A. E. 1903. Zoology of the Bermudas, Vol. 1, Art. 10,
Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas from the Yale Ex-
pedition of 1901, with notes on other species, pp. 15-62, pis.
1-9. Leprelia edax (Busk), p. 54. On underside of corals,
shallow water. It has apparently not been verified by Canu
and Bassler.

THE NAUTILUS 67(3)

PLATE 7

Figs. 1, 3. Large specimens of Texas Longhorn shells, formed by the
bryozooan Hippoporidra edax (Busk).

Fin. 2. A small Texas Longliorn shell, formed by H. calcarea (Smitt).

Fig. 4. Lateral view of hermit crab, Pylopagurus ungulatus, found in
(another) shell overgrown by H. edax. Scale in centimeters.

THE NAUTILUS 67(3)

PLATE 8

Fig. 1. Pseudosubtilina ruthae P.

Figs. 2, 3. Fiisinus (Heilprinia) dowianus Olsson, and apex enlarged.

Pig. 4. Coelostemma balesi P.

Figs. 5-7. Monad enia circwmcarinata (Stearns) x 1%.

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 81

SOME CALIFORNIAN AND MEXICAN
LAND MOLLUSKS

By H. A. Pilsbry

Pseudosubulina ruthae, new species PL 8, fig. 1

California : on the beach at False Bay above high tide level in
drift which also contained Truncatella and Assiminea. Type and
paratypes 190114 ANSP.; other paratypes in Baily Collection.
Collected by Joshua L. Baily Jr. and Ruth I. Baily.

The shell is slender (the greatest diameter contained about
three and one-third times in the length), regularly tapering to
an obtuse, rounded apex. It is thin, corneous but becoming
whitish on the spire. The surface glossy, and in places showing
extremely weak folds in the direction of growth lines. These
may be distinct in some adult specimens but visible with difficulty
in others. The whorls are strongly convex. Aperture ovate.
The columella is straight above, and rather wide and heavy,
becoming narrow and concave below.

Length 5.7 mm., diameter 1.75 mm.; iy2 whorls.

The nearly smooth surface and absence of any truncation of
the columella are unusual characters for this genus. It is not
very similar to any Mexican species known to me. The speci-
mens are fresh, probably alive when collected.

Dr. Baily writes that ' ' two of my friends, Mrs. Ida Sweet and
Miss Edna Wilson, got specimens from the same locality, so that
I think there is no reasonable doubt that it belongs to our fauna.
Unfortunately the locality has been destroyed by a real estate
development. ' '

It is named for Ruth Ingersoll Baily (Mrs. Joshua L. Baily).

Trichodiscina sinaloa, new species Text fig. 2

Mexico, state of Sinaloa : Drift debris of the Rio Puerte, San
Bias. Type 166601 ANSP. collected by Pilsbry, 1935.

Fig. 2. Trichodiscina sinaloa.

82 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (3)

The shell is discoidal with nearly flat spire, slightly and very
bluntly angular periphery and convex base. Umbilicus broadly
open, shallow, its width nearly half the diameter of the shell
and showing about 3% whorls with a deep suture. There are
3!/2 whorls joined by a deep suture, the first one and a half
smooth, the rest with retractively radial striae, fine and close
at first but rapidly becoming strong and almost lamellar, and
separated by much wider intervals. The last whorl is noticeably
flattened below the periphery, descends slowly to the aperture
and becomes shortly free from the preceding whorl. The aper-
ture is oblique, shortly oval, the peristome thin, expanded and
continuous.

Height 3 mm., diameter 6 mm.

The last whorl shows remains of several former expanded
peristomes, so that individuals which appear to be mature will
be found smaller than the unique specimen serving for type.

Coelostemma balesi, new species PL 8, fig. 4

Mexico, State of Guerrero : kilometer 175, near Chilpancingo
on the road to Acapulco. Type and paratypes 191110 ANSP.,
collected by Dr. B. R. Bales.

The shell is cylindric with shortly conic summit, rather thin,
white. The nuclear shell of about 2% whorls is slightly nipple-
like, smooth. Following six whorls of the cone have slightly
oblique thread-like striae about as wide as their intervals. On
the cylindric part of the shell the striae become much smaller,
but on the last whorl they become coarser again. The whorls
are all very weakly convex. The last whorl is short, well rounded
at base, and very shortly built forward in front. Umbilicus
closed. The thin peristome is expanded, its parietal margin
straightened. The internal axis is about two-fifths of the diam-
eter of shell. It is slightly larger where the cylindric portion
passes into the conic, and is smaller in the penult whorl. Its
surface has numerous rather weak, obliquely axial threads.

Length 17.7 mm., diameter 5.4 mm. ; 17% whorls.

This shell resembles C. adria (Bartsch), but that species is
smaller, has a much lower summit cone, the periphery of the
last whorl is obscurely angulated and the base narrowly per-
forated.

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 83

THE HABITS AND OCCURRENCE OF THE NUDI-
BRANCH, ARMINA TIGRINA, IN SOUTH-
EAST UNITED STATES

By E. Tucker Abbott
Associate Curator, Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum i

Specimens of the nudibranch mollusk, Armina tigrina Rafines-
que, have appeared in collections recently sent to the U. S. Na-
tional Museum for identification. Because this genus has not
been hitherto recorded from the east coast of North America
(except for one obscure reference by K. J. Bush in Verrill 1885,
p. 586), we are giving here a brief diagnosis, the synonymy,
geographical records and habits of this relatively common species.
A. trigrina is common in the Mediterranean Sea, and our Amer-
ican specimens show no important differences in either animal or
radula characters. Although this species has not been figured
in American literature, a number of illustrations, including
several in color, have appeared in European works, as noted in
the synonymy of the species. The most readily available figure
appears in Paul Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 551,
fig. 289 (as Pleurophyllidia lineata Otto).

Diagnosis. — Animal about 2 inches in length and % inch in
width ; somewhat lanceolate in shape, as seen from above ; broad
in front and tapering to a point posteriorly. Notum or back
smoothish, brownish black in color with about 25 to 45 narrow,
yellowish or whitish, longitudinal stripes. The notum overhangs
the sides of the body. There is a series of 25 to 35 obliquely-
arranged lamellae attached to the underside of the margins of
the notum on each side of the animal. Anterior to these, there
is a more compact series of short, very thin, crowded gill-lamellae.
Rhinophores close together, short, cylindrical, with a laminated
surface, dark-brown in color in preserved specimens and re-
tractile. Internal buccal mass large, with strong jaws and a
relatively large radula ribbon. The latter consists of 30 to 50
transverse rows of golden-brown teeth, with a large, quadrate,
denticulate central tooth which is flanked on either side by 60 to
70 smaller, sickle-shaped laterals.

i Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

84 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (3)

Superfamily ARMINACEA

Family ARMINIDAE
Genus ARMINA Rafinesque

Armina Rafinesque 1814, Precis des Decouvert. Somiologiques ou
Zool. et Botaniques. Palermo, p. 30, no. 21 (see W. 6. Binney
and G. W. Tryon 1864, Compl. Writings of . . . Rafinesque
. . .Conch., p. 12). Type by subsequent designation: Armina
tigrina Raf. by Iredale and 0 'Donoghue 1923, p. 217.

Pleurophyllidia Stammer 1816, Dissert. Anatom.-Medica Observ.
ex Anatomia Compar. Halae, p. 30. Type by monotypy: PI.
undulata Stammer = A. tigrina Raf.

Diphyllidia A. W. Otto 1820, Nova Acta Physico-Medica, Acad.
Caesar. Leopold. -Carolin., vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 126. Type by
monotypy : D. lineata Otto = A. tigrina Raf.

Armina tigrina Rafinesque

Armina tigrina Rafinesque 1814, Precis Decouv. Somiol. Zool.

Botan. Palermo, p. 30, no. 21 (no locality stated, but probably

Sicily) .
Pleurophyllidia undulata Stammer 1816, Dissert. Anat.-Med.

Observ. ex Anatom. Comp., p. 30. (Neopolitano.)
Diphyllidia lineata A. W. Otto 1820, Nova Acta Physico-Medica,

Acad. Caesar. Leopold.-Carolin., vol. 10, pt. 1, pp. 121-126,

pi. 7, figs, la, b, c (in color). (Neapel.)
Pleurophyllidia cuvieri Meckel, K. J. Bush in A. E. Verrill 1885,

Annual Report Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1883 (Wash.,

D. C.),p. 586.
Armina tigrina Raf., Pruvot-Fol 1937, Archives du Mus. National

d'Hist. Natur., series 6, vol. 14, pp. 57-59, pi. 1, fig. 1 (in

color).

Anatomical details of this species are found in Bergh 1866,
pp. 16-29, pi. 1, figs. 1-39 ; Vayssiere 1901, pp. 116-121, pi. 6,
figs. 16-22 ; Souleyet's Voyage de La Bonite, 1841, Atlas, pi. 24E,
figs. 1-17 ; text pp. 455-459 ; Cuenot 1915, pp. 22-29 ; and Pruvot-
Fol 1937, pp. 57-59, pi. 1, fig. 1. The latter figures and describes
the egg-case as being a five-inch-long, spirally-coiled gelatinous
string containing numerous, pale rose-coral eggs.

Habits. — Members of the genus Armina have been reported as
being sand burrowers (Kelaart 1859, p. 494; Eliot 1906, p. 679;
and Cuenot 1915, p. 25). In 1940, Miss E. B. Richardson of the
Charleston Museum in South Carolina made notes (in litt.)

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 85

which we are quoting here on the habits of this species. Numer-
ous specimens were observed on the lower reaches of the Fort
Moultrie, South Carolina, beach at low tide in December 1939.
"When we first got to the beach, the animals were just emerging.
They occurred in a stretch of from 15 to 18 feet from the low
water mark. The first sign of emergence is the rising of a small
crown of sand anywhere from ^ to % of an inch across. The
head appears first with the underside of the body uppermost.
Where the sand is comparatively hard, the two-inch-deep holes
remain, showing a diameter of *4 to % inch ; when in the wetter
part of the beach, the holes cave in and leave little sign. The
longest track we saw was about 7 feet in length. It had a
decidedly corrugated appearance, and bore a trail of slime. One
of the live animals that we brought back to the museum made
itself into a ball, and then pushed itself head first into the sand.
The body of the animal can be stretched considerably when in
motion. The mantle usually hangs over and touches the foot,
but now and then is restlessly undulated. The color of the living
animals is bright cream with gray-black lines, although in some
specimens I see an olive-green color. They are very thin, and
the orange digestive organs can be seen quite plainly."

Mr. Joel Hedgpeth who has sent us specimens from the Gulf
of Mexico reports (in litt.) that this species is common along the
Texas coast just offshore.

Records. — North Carolina: 20 miles due east of Cape Hat-
teras, 15 fathoms. Fine sand; bottom temperature 68° F. Alba-
tross station 2007. 1883. South Carolina : Fort Moultrie, Sul-
livan 's Island, Charleston Co. (E. B. Richardson, 1939^10).
Texas : off Port Arkansas, 20 fathoms (J. W. Hedgpeth, Jan. 25,
1946) ; off Port Isabel (J. W. Hedgpeth, Mar. 30, 1947) . Mexico :
off Puerto Obregon, Gulf of Campeche, 13 to 20 fathoms (Henry
Hildebrand, August 1951).

The Albatross record off Cape Hatteras was included by K. J.
Bush in a list of mollusks (see A. E. Verrill 1885, p. 586) as
Pleurophyllidia cuvieri Meckel. Bush probably was referring to
Armina cuvieri d'Orbigny 1837 which, however, appears to be
another species from western South America. I have examined
the Albatross specimen and find it is A. tigrina Raf.

86 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (3)

Literature Cited
References appearing in the synonymies are not repeated here.

Bergh, R. 1866. Bidrag til en Monographi af Pleurophyllidi-

erne. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift (Copenhagen), 3rd series,

vol. 4, pp. 1-80, 9 pis.
Bergh, R. 1890. Weitere Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Pleu-

rophyllidien. Verhandl. der k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesell-

schaft in Wien, vol. 60, pp. 3-16, 2 pis.
Cuenot, L. 1915. Pleurophyllidiens. Bull. Station Biologique

d'Arcachon (Univ. Bordeaux), vol. 16, pp. 25-36.
Iredale, T. and C. H. O'Donoghue. 1923. List of British Nudi-

branchiate Mollusca. Proc. Malacol. Soc. London, vol. 15, pts.

4-5, pp. 195-233 [217].
Kelaart, E. F. 1859. Descriptions of New and Little-known

Species of Ceylonese Nudibranchiate Mollusks. Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist., series 3, vol. 3, pp. 291-304; 488-496 [see 494].
Ohshima, H. 1933. Young Pycnogonids found Parasitic on

Nudibranchs. Annot. Zool. Japon, vol. 14, pp. 61-66.
Vayssiere, A. 1901. Recherches Zool. et Anat. sur les Mollus-

ques Opisthobranches du Golfe de Marseille (pt. 3). Annales

Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Marseille, vol. 6, pp. 1-130, 7 pis.
Verrill, A. E. 1885. Results of Explorations of the Steamer

Albatross off the Northern Coast of U. S. in 1883. Annual

Report Commission Fish and Fisheries for 1883. Wash., D. C.

[p. 586], pp. 506-610, 44 pis.
Von Ihering, H. 1886. Zur Kenntniss der Nudibranchien der

brasilianischen Kiiste. Jahrbiicher der Deutschen Malakozool.

Gesellschaft, vol. 13, pp. 223-240, pi. 9 [PI, miUleri].

A KEY TO THE HAWAIIAN CYPRAEIDAE
By JOAN DEMOND

The Cypraeidae, particularly the beautifully colored species
of the Hawaiian Islands, are among the mollusks most attractive
to collectors. However, to my knowledge, there is no key to
these species available. Consequently, I have devised such a key
in the hope that it will aid in identification.

According to Ingram (1937), 29 species of Cypraeidae are
found in the waters of the Hawaiian Islands, five of which are
endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Twenty-eight of these species

Jan., 1954 J the nautilus 87

are included in the key. I have excluded C. ostergaardi Dall,
since its occurrence is so rare.

The key is based upon external characteristics of unweathered
adult specimens in the collection of the University of Hawaii
and specimens loaned to the University by private collectors in
Honolulu.

A. Dominant dorsal ornamentation of transverse solid color
bands, of a transverse mid-dorsal band of irregular
color markings, of transverse raised ribs, or of irregu-
lar raised nodules B

AA. Dominant dorsal ornamentation of spots or reticula-
tions, of thin longitudinal streaks, of dark splotches and
faint transverse bands, or dorsal ornamentation essen-
tially absent J

B. Dominant dorsal ornamentation of transverse solid color
bands, of a transverse mid-dorsal band of irregular color
markings, or of transverse raised ribs C

BB. Dominant dorsal ornamentation of raised nodules I

C. Transverse solid color bands or transverse raised ribs
over dorsum ; margins almost equally inflated D

CC. Transverse median band of brown irregular color mark-
ings over dorsum; right margin more produced than
left H

D. Transverse raised ribs over dorsum and base

Cypraea childreni Gray

DD. Transverse solid color bands over dorsum E

E. Margins very dark chocolate brown; teeth, base, and
extremities of same dark brown C. talpa Linnaeus

EE. Margins flesh color F

F. Teeth and interstices between teeth brilliant purple. . . .
C. carneola Linnaeus

FF. Teeth not brilliant purple G

G. Teeth deeply incised, extending over base on both sides ;
teeth ashen or whitish ; margins not arenaceously striated
C. sulcidentata Gray *

GG. Teeth not deeply incised nor extending over base ; teeth
minute, numerous, ivory white ; margins arenaceously
striated above C. arenosa Gray

* Species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.

88 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (3)

H. Transverse band extending over columellar (left) mar-
gin onto base ; extremities brilliant purple ; margins un-
spotted C. fimbriata Gmelin

HH. Transverse band not extending over margin onto base;
extremities white with brown or blackish brown spots

C. teres Gmelin

I. Extremities produced and beaked; shell grayish with

pale rust-colored nodules and ridges

C. nucleus Linnaeus

II. Extremities not produced or beaked; shell and nodules

pinkish or white C. madagascarensis Gmelin *

J. Dominant dorsal ornamentation of thin brown or black-
ish brown longitudinal streaks; extremities dark brown

or orange C. Isabella Linnaeus

JJ. Dominant dorsal ornamentation of spots, splotches, or

reticulations, or dorsal ornamentation absent K

K. Dorsal ornamentation essentially absent; margins and
extremities thickened, often somewhat irregularly tu-
bercled ; dorsum yellow-orange to greenish yellow ; shal-
low groove setting dorsum off from margins

C. moneta Linnaeus

KK. Dorsal ornamentation of spots, splotches, or reticula-
tions L

L. Dorsum white or very light brown, greatly elevated and

rounded ; length 11 to 19 mm M

LL. Not so N

M. Numerous light brown rings over dorsum; extremities

slightly produced C. annulata Gray

MM. No such rings over dorsum, but few scattered brown
spots present on dorsum ; extremities extremely produced

and beaked C. cicercula Linnaeus

N. Four large, brown, squarish blotches on dorsum, two on
either side of midline; three light brown transverse
bands over dorsum (in unworn specimens) ; margins and

extremities produced C. tessellata Swainson *

NN. Numerous spots or reticulations over dorsum 0

0. Margins pitted P

00. Margins not pitted S

P. Extremities brilliant to pale purple Q

PP. Extremities white or fleshy orange P

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 89

Q. Margins and base purplish ; numerous irregular white

spots over brownish dorsum G. poraria Linnaeus

QQ. Margins and base fleshy orange; brown and white spots

over bluish gray dorsum C. helvola Linnaeus

R. A large, squarish, purple-brown spot over the middle of

each margin ; margins produced C. erosa Linnaeus

RR. Such single marginal spots absent; margins not pro-
duced ; definitely defined white spots over chestnut brown

dorsum ; extremities and teeth fleshy orange

C. semiplota Mighels *

S. One or both margins considerably produced T

SS. Neither margin considerably produced W

T. Teeth white U

TT. Teeth brown ; large blackish brown splotch on columellar

side of base C. reticulata Martyn

U. Interstices between teeth orange; margins white with

purple dots C. cruenta Gmelin

UU. Interstices white V

V. Light spots on brownish dorsum ; deep brown or blackish
brown spots on white margins; only right margin pro-
duced C. gaskoini Reeve

W. Brownish spots on whitish dorsum, extending slightly

onto margins ; both margins produced

G. rashleighana Melvill

W. Margins angular X

WW. Margins rounded Y

X. Teeth dark reddish brown with white interstices; ex-
tremities considerably produced; length 40 to 96 mm

C. mauritiana Linnaeus

XX. Teeth white ; extremities not considerably produced ;

length 17 to 37 mm C. caputserpentis Linnaeus

Y. Teeth dark brown C. scurra Chemnitz

YY. Teeth white or whitish Z

Z. Interstices between teeth orange C. lynx Linnaeus

ZZ. Interstices between teeth white or flesh color A'

A'. White spots on brown dorsum; arenaceous striations on

margins ; average size 25 to 35 mm in length

C. vitellus Linnaeus

A'A'. Brown or brownish black spots on whitish dorsum;
arenaceous striations on margins absent or very faint;

average size 100 mm or more in length

." C. tigris Linnaeus

90 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (3)

Literature Cited

1. Ingram, W. M., The family Cypraeiclae in the Hawaiian
Islands, Nautilus 50(3) : 77-82, 1937.

2. Ingram, W. M., Endemic Hawaiian cowries, B. P. Bishop
Mus., Occ. Papers, 14(19) : 327-333, 1939.

3. Ingram, W. M.. Hawaiian Cypraeidae, B. P. Bishop Mus., Occ.
Papers, 19(1) : 1-23, 1947.

THE SNAILS FROM TWO INDIAN SHELLMOUNDS
NEAR CLARKSVILLE, VIRGINIA

By LESLIE HUBKICHT

In the vicinity of Clarksville, Virginia, on the land now in-
undated by Buggs Island Lake, were two Indian shell mounds.
The first of these was located on the north bank of Roanoke
(Staunton) River, northwest of Clarksville. The second site was
on Occoneechi Island on the north bank of Dan River, north-
west of Clarksville. In addition to large numbers of shells
of the mussel, Elliptio complanatus (Solander), these mounds
contained numerous snail shells, some species of which are no
longer found living in this region today. The aquatic species,
as indicated by their abundance, must have been collected locally
for food. The land snails wrere probably attracted by the lime
and lived on the mounds.

The first site contained no land snails, but contained large
numbers of the following species of aquatic snails. The Pleuro-
ceridae were determined by Mr. Calvin Goodrich.

Campeloma decisum (Say). This species is not known at
present from either the Roanoke or Dan River proper. It is
found in Wimbish Lake, a slough of the Dan River, west of
Schoolfield, Pittsylvania Co., Virginia.

Lioplax subcarinata (Say). The nearest known locality for
this species is in the Tar River, south of Spring Hope, Nash Co.,
North Carolina.

Nitocris carinatus (Brug.). The majority of the specimens
found in this mound were of the multicarinate form. This
species occurs in the Roanoke River in the vicinity of Lafayette,

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 91

Montgomery Co., Virginia, and at Staunton River State Park,
Halifax Co., but is not known from between these two localities.
At both of these localities the multicarinate form predominates.
In the Dan River it is abundant at Meadows of Dan and near
Kibler, and the specimens are quite large. Below Kibler they
become very depauperate, and before the Dan crosses the North
Carolina line they disappear completely, and are not known from
below this point at the present time. Only the smooth form is
known from the Dan River. The smooth form is also known
from many tributary streams of the Dan and Roanoke Rivers.

Goniobasis virginica (Say). Only the smooth form was found
in the mounds. The nearest known locality for this species is
in the Tar River, near Spring Hope, Nash Co., North Carolina.

Goniobasis catenaria, catenaria (Say). The nearest known
locality for this species is in the Haw and Rocky Rivers, near
Pittsboro, Chatham Co., North Carolina.

Goniobasis catenaria dislocata (Ravenel) . The presence of this
subspecies associated with the typical form without intergrada-
tion suggests that it may be a distinct species. Its nearest known
locality is in the Eno River, Durham Co., North Carolina.

At the second site, the same aquatic species occurred, but they
were not common. Nitocris carinatus (Brug.) occurred only in
the smooth form. Shells of land snails were abundant. Of the
land snails found in the mound, the following species are found
living in the vicinity. Stenotrema barbatum (Clapp), Mesodon
thyroidus (SajO, ^- appressus f. sculptior (Chadwick), Triodop-
sis juxtidens (Pils.), T. fallax (Say), T. albolabris (Say),
Haplotrema concavum (Say), Mesomphix rugeli oxy coccus
(Van.), Ventridens ligerus (Say), Zonitoides arboreus (Say),
Anguispira alternata f. angulata Pils., A. fergusoni (Bland), and
Gastrocopta contracta (Say).

The following four species of land snails are no longer found
living in the vicinity of the mound.

Triodopsis vulgata Pils. Not known living east of the Blue
Ridge Mountains.

Allogona profunda (Say). The nearest known locality for
this species is in the Smith Mt. Gorge, Pittsylvania Co., Virginia.

Mesomphix capnodes (W.G.B.). This species is found living

92 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (3)

on the bluff along the Roanoke River as far east as Hurt, Pittsyl-
vania Co., Virginia.

Anguispira knoxensis (Pils.). More than fifty specimens of
this species were collected in the mound. Its nearest known
locality is on Pine Mountain, Harlan Co., Kentucky.

NOTES ON THE GASTROPODS COLLECTED IN THE
VICINITY OF CRISFIELD, MARYLAND

By J. FRANCES ALLEN
Department of Zoology, University of Maryland

During recent ecological investigations being undertaken in
the vicinity of Crisfield, Maryland, the opportunity presented
itself for the collection of the molluscan fauna of the area. Since
little is known of the mollusks of this region, this paper is con-
cerned with the occurrence and distribution of the gastropods in
this locality.

Appreciation is expressed to Dr. J. P. E. Morrison, Associate
Curator, Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum,
for his assistance with the identification of these forms.

Crisfield is located on the eastern shore of Maryland on the
Little Annemessex River, adjacent to Tangier Sound of Chesa-
peake Bay. Much of the area is marshland which supports
typical vegetation, Spartina alterniflora, the cord grass; 8.
patens, the marsh grass; and Ioa vitrea, the marsh willow or
water bush. The shore line, exclusive of marshland, varies in
topography from beaches to banks. The beaches consist of sand
or mud, or a mixture of both, with the bottom becoming in-
creasingly muddy as one approaches the subtidal stratum. This
type of mud-sand substrate supports a considerable amount of
vegetation extending for a distance of several hundred feet from
shore. Since this is an estuarian body of water with a fluctuating
salinity, both salt and freshwater forms are common. Ruppia
maritima (Linn.), the wigeon grass, and Zannichellia palustris
(Linn.), the horned pondweed, are the two most abundant species
of submerged vegetation present. Ulva, in general, is also quite

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 93

common. S. alterniflora grows from within the level of the lowest
neap tides to a point reached by the high tide. The mud banks
support an extensive population of the ribbed mussel, Volsella
demissus (Dillwyn), which is embedded around and attached
to the roots of 8. alterniflora so that these two forms make up a
part of the bank itself. 8. patens grows higher up on the banks
and above 8. alterniflora, with Ioa vitrea forming a well-defined
boundary line between the two species. The entire shore line of
the Little Annemessex adjacent to Crisfield, including the marsh-
land beyond the high tide level, was examined as well as was the
shore line of the cove formed by Jenkin's Creek.

Eight families of gastropods including ten genera have been
found in the vicinity of Crisfield. These same areas were visited
for five consecutive years and whenever possible specimens were
collected.

The family Ellobiidae is represented by two species, Melampus
bidentatus lineatus (Say) and Phytia myosotis marylandica Pils.
The former species occurs in greatest abundance a little above the
mean high tide mark. Melampus is found on the surface of the
ground during the winter, thus differing in its habits from those
on the western shore of the Bay where it finds some protective
shelter. Phytia myosotis marylandica was collected from a boat
slip, known locally as Carson's Slip, where they were embedded
in the wooden bulwark and on an algae covered area immediately
above the high tide line. In an area bounded by Jenkin's Creek,
they were present in large numbers on the ground under wood
and debris and inside decomposed driftwood well above the nor-
mal high tide level.

Littorina irrorata (Say) of the Littorinidae is extremely abun-
dant in the entire area where it is present at the base of Spartina
alterniflora. Many of these periwinkles remain completely sub-
merged; they are, however, more numerous on the banks. This
species occurs in association with Melampus bidentatus lineatus
and inhabits the shore line in all of the areas examined. L.
irrorata also differs in its habits in this locality in that it is
present on the surface of the ground during the winter and does
not burrow in the mud as in some areas of the western shore.

Two specimens of Odostomia bisuturalis (Say) of the family
Pyramidellidae were collected from the vegetation brought in

94 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (3)

with a haul seine from approximately 150 feet offshore from the
McCready Memorial Hospital which is located at the junction of
the Little Annemessex River and the Annemessex Canal. This
is the only area examined in which this species was found to
occur. Since in the same collection, over 1200 specimens of
Bittium varium Pfr. were taken, this is a good indication that
0. bisuturalis is not common in this particular region.

Only a single species, the slipper limpet, Crepidula convexa
Say, representing the Calyptraeidae was collected. It was found
abundantly and distributed indiscriminately on all species of sub-
merged vegetation.

Syncera modesta (H. C. Lea) was the only member of the
Synceratidae observed. It was found in small numbers with
Phytia myosotis marylandica on the sea wall at Carson's Slip and
in considerable number with the same species on and in wTood
above the high tide line. S. modesta is also found on the sub-
merged vegetation, apparently surviving satisfactorily in both
types of habitats.

It appears that the most abundant of the snails occurring on
submerged vegetation is Bittium varium, Pfr. of the Cerithiidae.
This species was found in all the areas investigated, on all sub-
merged vegetation including Viva.

The family Nassidae is represented by two species llyanassa
obsoleta (Say) and Nassarius trivittatus (Say). The former is
extremely abundant on mud flats and can readily be observed
at low tide. Nassarius trivittatus was collected on a sandy beach
at one locality and a number of empty shells were collected along
the shore of the cove of Jenkin's Creek.

Specimens of the genus Littoridinops of the family Hydro-
biidae were retained by Dr. Morrison for future identification
to species.

NON-MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM THE PACIFIC
SLOPE OF NORTH AMERICA

By F. HAAS

During the Zoological Field Trip to the Northwest in 1953
for Chicago Natural History Museum, I had opportunities to

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 95

collect land and freshwater mollusks at various localities, none
of which seems to have been well covered by previous collectors.

Nanaimo and vicinity, Vancouver Id., B. C, Canada

Monadenia fidelis fidelis Gray. The typical form, from Dodds
Narrows, August 22, 1953.

Haplotrema (Proselenites) vancouverense Lea. Dodds Nar-
rows, August 22, 1953.

Hippeutis (Menetus) opercularis planulatus Cooper. In a little
creek emptying into Lake Hoggan, Gabriola Id. near Nanaimo,
August 16, 1953.

Physa (Physa) gyrina hildrethiana Lea. Same locality and
date.

Pisidmm occidentale Newcomb. Same locality and date. My
specimens seem to correspond well with Newcomb 's descrip-
tion of this never figured species, which seems to be closely
related to Pisidium abditum Haldeman.

Rogue River at Grants Pass, Josephine Co., Oregon

Lanx (Lanx) subrotundatus Baird. Very plentiful. September
8, 1953.

Goniobasis draytonii Lea. Very plentiful. Same date.

Margaritifera (Margaritifera) margaritifera Linnaeus. Rather
scarce. Same date.

Gonidea angulata Lea. One single specimen. First report in
the Rogue River. Same date. Jedediah Smith State Park,
and vicinity, Del Norte Co., California.

Monadenia fidelis fidelis Gray. Jedediah Smith State Park,
Sept. 4, 1953. Evergreen Glade Courts in Hiouchi Flats,
September 2, 1953. Redwoods west of Hiouchi Bridge, Sep-
tember 5, 1953.

Trilobopsis loricata nortensis Berry. Redwoods west of Hi-
ouchi Bridge, September 5, 1953 ; two specimens. Apparently
the first record since the original description in 1933.

Vespericola megasoma Dall. Evergreen Glade Courts in Hi-
ouchi Flats, September 2, 1953. Hill north of Hiouchi Flats,
September 7, 1953.

Haplotrema (Proselenites) vancouverense Lea. Redwoods
west of Hiouchi Bridge, September 5, 1953. Evergreen Glade
Courts in Hiouchi Flats, September 2, 1953.

96 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (3)

Lanx (Lanx) subrotundatus Baird. Smith River in Jedediah
Smith State Park, September 2, 1953. Mill Creek in Jedediah
Smith State Park, September 3, 1953.

Goniobasis draytonii Lea. Smith River in Jedediah Smith
State Park, September 2, 1953. Mill Creek in Jedediah Smith
State Park, September 3, 1953.

Margaritifera (Margaritifera) margaritifera Linnaeus. Mill
Creek in Jedediah Smith State Park, September 3, 1953. Not
found in Smith River except immediately below the mouth
of Mill Creek and only in the water of the latter, before its
mixing with that of Smith River.

Pisidium variabile Prime. Creek in the Redwoods west of
Hiouchi Bridge, close to its mouth into Smith River; Septem-
ber 5, 1953.

Korbel, Humboldt Co., California

Monadenia fidelis pronotis Berry. One young specimen from
the valley behind the schoolhouse, September 15, 1953 ; I
cannot be entirely sure of this identification.

Helminthoglypta (Helminthoglypta) arrosa marinensis Pilsbry.
One specimen from a clearing, about one mile north of Korbel,
September 15, 1953 ; apparently the northernmost record of
this subspecies.

Vespericola megasoma Dall. From various localities around
Korbel, September 10-15, 1953. The parietal tooth of the
shell is well represented in the majority, entirely absent only
in a few of the specimens.

Haplotrema (Proselenites) vancouverense Lea. From various
localities around Korbel, September 10-15, 1953.

Haplotrema (Ancotrema) sportella Gould. From four locali-
ties around Korbel, September 10-15, 1953. All specimens
heavily granularly striate.

Gyraulus (Gyraulus) hirsutus Gould. Two specimens from
a creek in the woods, September 11, 1953 ; both of them quite
typical.

Goniobasis draytonii Lea. Could not be found in the Mad
River, but discovered in one of the headwater creeks of the
North Fork of the Mad River.

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 97

PISIDIUM SPECIES AND SYNONYMS, NORTH
AMERICA, NORTH OF MEXICO

By H. B. HERKINGTON

The purpose of this paper is to present a revised list of the
species of Pisidium of the family Sphaeriidae (finger nail clams) .
The writer also gives some reasons for revising the taxonomy of
the Sphaeriidae, and makes some comments.

The genus Pisidium is distinguished from other members of
this family by the beaks being subcentral to far back, and being
on the posterior side of center. (In Sphaerium they are on
the anterior side of center.)

Pisidium is found over a large part of the world. The writer
has specimens of Pisidium conventus Clessin and P. idahoense
Roper from Great Bear Lake, North West Territories, Canada,
and Odhner (1921: 3) reports conventus from about 73° 15' N.
Lat. in Novaya Zemblya. Several species of Pisidium are eir-
cumpolar, and P. casertanum (Poli) is also found in Africa,
New Zealand and Australia.

On this continent the process of setting up new species by
conchologists went on for more than a century. In some cases
duplicate names arose because the author did not have access to
the descriptions made by other conchologists. In other cases
species were named on too little degree of variation. And this
went on and on until my index shows over one hundred described
species for North America, besides MS. and label names.

Mr. B. B. Woodward (1913) made a revision of the British
Pisidium and gave a new impetus to the study of these little
clams in the Old Land. Very little revision has been undertaken
on this continent since the days of Temple Prime (1865) ; Dr.
Victor Sterki was more interested in adding new descriptions.

In approaching the study of Pisidium, with a view of revising
the names, the student must face the question, Are we dealing
with groups of species, or with species that have a considerable
degree of variation? If we proceed on the second assumption
we will come out pretty much as I have set down below. If
we accept the first I see no end to the number of species. Dr.
V. Sterki having accepted the first, what else could he do but
go on multiplying descriptions ? What else could anyone do ?

98 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (3)

The unsoundness of Sterki's method of using variation in out-
line of shell as the chief character in constituting species, is to
be seen in the names he gave to some of his 'species.' Having
concluded that these were but groups of species and that species
have to do with but degrees of difference he proceeded to set
up his 'species.' But, now and again, he received specimens that
intergraded a bit with more than one of his 'species,' but were
exactly like none he had already named. These 'gave him a
headache.' They vexed his soul, as is indicated by some of the
names he gave to these intermediates — vexum, fraudulentum,
probum, paradoxum, proximum, and depressum (a label name).

It seems to this author that to be a valid species the specimens
must be sufficiently different from all other species to permit the
distinguishing characters to be written down in such a way
that other students in this field can recognize the species. The
distinguishing characters must not be simply more or less, but
the specimens must have some character, or characters, that do
not intergrade with any marginal form of some other species.
That is to say the difference we require, before we acknowledge
that such and such specimens constitute a species, must not
be so slight that other specimens are left, suspended 'in the air'
as it were, with such statements on the labels as 'near,' 'some-
what like,' or 'perhaps' and so not definitely belonging to any
species.

The list of species and synonyms below is based on the
morphology of the shell. The writer has endeavored to make
use of all the distinguishing characters he could find. A study
of the soft parts of the animal is only beginning on this con-
tinent. Dr. Nils Hj. Odhner, Stockholm, Sweden, has made
such a study of some of the Eurasian species, some of which
are common to both hemispheres. It is possible that an exami-
nation of the soft parts of the North American Pisidia may
lead to some modification of the conclusions here set down.

This paper is based on the study of a great many specimens.
The writer has had almost the entire collection of Sphaeriidae
of the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology and Palaeontology,
Toronto, for more than twelve years; samples of Sterki's col-
lection from Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa., on a long term
loan; and loans from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge, Mass., from the Academy of Natural Sciences. Philadel-

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 99

phia, Pa., and from the Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Besides this he has around 4,000 lots, of his own collecting or
samples taken from specimens sent in for determination from
various parts of Canada and the United States. A number of
lots of my own collecting have from 1,000 to 5,000 or more speci-
mens. In all I have some 75,000 to 100,000 specimens in my own
collection. I also have hundreds of lots of Eurasian specimens
obtained by exchange, together with the handsome gift from
Mr. A. W. Stelfox, Dublin, Eire, of his whole collection— 2,375
lots. Then I was privileged to spend a week studying Sterki's
collection at Carnegie Museum, ten days with Prime's collection
at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and a month at the
British Museum (Natural History) London. Most of my North
American specimens I have worked over several times.

As a help in arriving at what should be regarded as belonging
to a species, I would study the specimens of a species common to
North America and Eurasia, and then send large samples to one
or more of the following for their judgment : Mr. A. W. Stelfox,
Dublin, Mr. J. G. J. Kuiper, The Hague, Netherlands, Dr. Jules
Favre, Geneva, Switzerland, and Dr. Nils Hj. Odhner, Stock-
holm, Sweden. Of course I take full responsibility for the list
of species as here set down.

Seemingly a consideration of interbreeding as a factor in
determining whether specimens belong to the same species is
excluded in the study of Pisidium. Dr. Odhner points out
(1951: 27-28) that Pisidium convent us Clessin is 'autogamic.'
He received some live specimens of conventus from Mr. A. W.
Stelfox, Dublin, put isolated specimens in aquaria and kept
watch over them. When a young was expelled from the parent
he put it in an aquarium by itself. He continued to do this
until the third generation, at least, and the isolated specimens
went on producing young. It may be that all Pisidium, or even
all Sphaeriidae, are autogamic. If this proves to be the case the
explanation of their spread is simplified a bit — two specimens of
the same species are not required to be left in a suitable habitat
to start a colony ; a single specimen is all that is needed.

It must be borne in mind that there is considerable variation
among the specimens of a large collection from any station.
Fine details of description, such as that made by B. B. Wood-
ward in his Catalogue (1913), are of little use in actual practice.

100 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (3)

There is variation in shell outline, in degree of inflation, and in
shape of every hinge character. But there are certain general
characters, taken in the large, that separate one species from
another. I would suggest to the learner that he secure specimens
representative of the usual run of each species — not necessarily
like the type, for the type may have been an unusual form —
and familiarize himself with these. Then he can work out toward
the unusual forms. One can readily learn to distinguish the
usual run of each species, but to determine some of the forms
requires long familiarity with Pisidium through handling thou-
sands of specimens.

In Pisidium the beaks vary from broad to narrow and from
low to high ; however, they are mostly neatly rounded. But in
most species there is some departure from this and in others a
great deal of departure. For instance some specimens are more
or less flattened on top, and in other species this departure from
the usual even develops into ridges. But in most, if not all, of
these species that have ridges on the beaks there are some speci-
mens that have the ridges but little developed or entirely absent.
Habitat seems to have something to do with this. In the case
of ferrugineum Prime the explanation of the tubercular beaks,
in their varying degree of development, seems to be that it is
related to the same growth process that produces the ridges on
the beaks of the other species of this genus. I have specimens of
this species (P-1001. Birdsall beach, Rice Lake, Peterborough
County, Ontario) that have the beaks in varying stages of
development. Some specimens have beaks high and rounded on
top, some with beaks high and flattened on top ; this flattening
carrying the beaks straight up produces the usual tubercular
beaks; and others are high and flattened and the top, near the
outer edge, is depressed, forming a wrinkle — the beginning of
a ridge. Sterki rightly pointed out (1916: 450) that the ridge
is not a growth — an appendicule — but a wrinkle which may be
seen on the inside of the shell in young specimens. This wrinkle
is conspicuous on the inside of these ferrugineum.

It should also be born in mind that the kind of habitat affects
the degree of gloss or dullness of a specimen. There is the border
of toleration, on each side, which a species can endure. Beyond
that border you do not find it. Specimens coming from these
two extreme borders will have some difference in appearance.

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 101

For example. I have collected P. adamsi Prime, form affine
Sterki, in rotting wood and vegetable matter at the mouth of
a swamp creek. I have collected it also among live vegetation
where fine sand is beginning to pass over into coarse. Specimens
from the rotting vegetation are very dull and bleached. From
the other station they are approaching a gloss and are dark with
a bluish cast. Habitat also affects shape, heft of shell, degree of
striation, etc.

Great difficulty was experienced by the author in trying to
determine what Sterki had in mind when he described some of
his small species. His descriptions are not always too clear.
Besides, I frequently found the samples of his small species in
the museums mixed with infants of other species. Take the
case of P. abyssorum (Stimpson) Sterki as an example. In the
original loan to me from Carnegie Museum ( Sterki 's collection)
one lot contained five different species. On March 12, 1952,
I wrote to Carnegie Museum for samples of 63 species about
which I still had some doubt. On March 20 they sent me 46
species stating that this was all they could find in Sterki 's col-
lection. P. abyssorum was not among them. Then I wrote to
the Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, for such species as I still
needed. They also did their best (I still am unable to find speci-
mens to match some of Sterki 's names). Among their shipment
were eight lots marked abyssorum. These also were badly mixed.
But as most of the lots came from Lake Michigan — the type local-
ity— and most contained P. conventus Clessin, and as there were
no other specimens that did not belong to one of the recognized
species, and as conventus best fits Sterki 's description of abys-
sorum I have listed it as a synonym of conventus Clessin. Evi-
dently Sterki never saw named specimens of conventus. (It
is only found in water that does not get warm.) Sterki found
some without knowing what he had. Some specimens he called
'levissimum (?),' and some (9778) he named hendersoni. The
difficulty I had with abyssorum I also had with ohioense and, in
a lesser degree, with some others.

The only lot marked P. paradoxum Sterki I have seen contains
but 3 casertanum (Poli )and 5 lilljeborgi Clessin. So I do not
know where to place paradoxum Sterki.

The one lot of P. angelicum Rowell (3840) from Sterki 's col-
lection was marked genuine specimens from type locality. It

102 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (3)

was also marked not Pisidium but crustaceans. I agree that they
are not Pisidium.

It is interesting to find that of our twenty-five North American
species twelve of them — punctatum, lilljeborgi, obtusale, supinum,
subtruncatum , ferrugineum, milium, henslowanum, conventus,
nitidum, casertanum, and amnicum — are circumpolar; eight —
insigne, adamsi, aequilaterale, fallax, compressum, mainense,
walJceri, variabile, and idahoense — are common to Canada and
U. S. A., but are not found in Eurasia; and three — cruciatum,
singleyi, and ultramontanum — are secured in U. S. A. but not in
Canada or Eurasia. Only amnicum (Miiller) is looked upon as a
recent introduction into North America. The writer knows of
only five species in Eurasia, north of the Himalaya Mts., not
found in North America, and one of these — astartoides Sand-
berger — is fossil.

When we take up the matter of the degree of similarity of
specimens of a species, on the two sides of the Atlantic, one finds
that in some sets from one side of the ocean the specimens are so
like specimens from the other side that if the two lots were mixed
it would be difficult, if not impossible, to separate them. But
there are also differences that are of the nature of forms or
varieties. Then, too, there are certain general differencs. Thus,
on the whole, specimens of the same species are more inflated and
less heavily striated in North America than in Eurasia — but
individual lots are found that are much the same in degree of
inflation and striation.

When we keep in mind that Sterki, on the basis of a small
degree of variation, divided some species up into several 'species'
it can easily be seen that most of his subspecies, varieties and
forms are based on distinctions so finely drawn as to be of little
practical value ; hence I usually ignore them. A study should
be made of the 'species' I have listed below as synonyms to
determine which would be of value if retained as forms. The
forms I usually make use of I am listing with the species.

These little clams have an important economic value as food
for waterfowl, for small bottom feeding fish — which, in turn,
become food for larger fish — and as food for large bottom feeding
fish like sturgeon and whitefish (Herrington 1950:28-29). But
they also sometimes act as host for injurious parasites.

Mr. B. Prashad points out (1925:407) that both Dr. Nils Hj.

Jan., 1954] the nautilus 103

Odhner and Mr. A. W. Stelfox independently discovered that
the shell of Pisidium is porous, not hairy, and that the so-called
hairs are but prolongations from the epithelium which penetrate
the calcareous part of the shell but not the periostracum.

We know that some species can survive for a long time without
water. I have found live specimens of casertanum (Poli) several
months after the swamps and swamp creeks in which they lived
had dried up. When the wet season returns they open their
valves and begin their normal activities.

I have been unable to detect any geographical subspecies, with
the possible exception of P. obtusale C. Pfeiffer v. lapponicum
Clessin (5 lots with a total of 8 4/2 specimens), which, in North
America, I have found only in association with the cold climate
of the far north.

I owe thanks to the following:

To Dr. John Oughton, without whom this study would not have
been undertaken. He has patiently coached me all along in my
studies and publication of papers.

To Mr. J. R. Dymond for the loan of Sphaeriidae, microscopic
equipment, for vials, etc., from the Royal Ontario Museum of
Zoology (and now Palaeontology). And for a grant from the
Museum enabling me to visit the Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy, Cambridge, Mass.

To the National Research Council of Canada for a grant
enabling me to visit Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.

To Mr. A. W. Stelfox, Dublin, Eire, for loans, and then for
giving me his whole collection.

To Dr. Henry van der Schalie and the Museum of Zoology,
Ann Arbor, Mich., for a grant making possible a visit to Mr.
Stelfox to pick up this collection and to spend a month studying
the Sphaeriidae in the British Museum (Natural History).
And for loans of specimens.

To the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., and to Carnegie
Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa., for loans of specimens.

To the British Museum (Natural History) for courtesies dur-
ing my visit.

To Dr. Stanley Truman Brooks, Dr. Jules Favre, Geneva,
Switzerland, Mr. J. G. J. Kuiper, The Hague, Netherlands, and

104 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (3)

Dr. Nils Hj. Odhner, Stockholm, Sweden, for examining speci-
mens and other courtesies.

(To he continued)

NOTES AND NEWS

The 1954 annual meeting of the American Malacological Union
will take place August 16-19 at the University of New Hamp-
shire, Durham, N. H. Detailed information will be sent to
members.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

The Vebonicellidae op Africa. By Lothar Forcart. Ann.
Mus. Roy. Belg., Sci. Zool., vol. 23, 110 pp., 5 pis., 1953.—
Hoffmannia, Congoveronicella (both new) and Vaginina are
included as subgenera in Pseudoveronicella, in which 7 species
(also 1 in Laevicatdis) and 1 subspecies are described as new.
The treatment of the penial apparatus is excellent. But un-
fortunately the spermatheca is neglected ; from earlier accounts
of this, Elentherocaidis (iiLaevicaulis,,)'L seems a subgenus of
Filicaulis, while Flagellicaidis (included in Filicaidis) appar-
ently belongs to Imerinia. Discussions of distribution, with 13
maps of the African mainland, add to the interest. Since printed
in English, the errors in spelling are really surprisingly few, but
"sheat, " consistently used for sheath, should be mentioned.
"Vaginula'1'' for Vanigula (p. 98) shows the danger of names too
similar; a typesetter once changed all my Vaginidus-Wke usages
in the same way. — H. B. B.

A HISTORICAL REVIEW OP THE MOLLUSKS OP LINNAEUS. Part 2.

The class Cephalopoda and the genera Conus and Cypraea in the
class Gastropoda. By Henry Dodge. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., vol. 103, art. 1, 134 pp., 1953. — This continuation discusses
92 species in four Linnean genera : Argonauta and Nautilus in
addition to the two mentioned in the title. The studies are made
with great care, although perhaps, in Cypraea, the Schilders seem
somewhat overweighted. — H. B. B.

'i-*

i Because, as shown on p. 12, Simroth himself (1913) made Laevicaulis
a subgenus (i.e., a subjective synonym) of his genus Eleutherocaulis, must
not the latter have precedence? The same holds for Desmocaulis vs.
Curticaulis.

The Nautilus

Vol. 67 APRIL, 1954 No. 4

A NEW HEILPRINIA FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO

By A. A. OLSSON

Heilprinia was proposed by Grabau in 1904 as a full genus
to include a number of Recent and late Tertiary fusoid shells
from the Atlantic coastal states and the Antillean region, which
differ from Fusinus (Fusus) in having the nuclear whorls sculp-
tured with strong axial riblets over their entire surface, whereas
in true Fusinus the whorls of the protoconch are largely smooth
except on the final half turn, which is sculptured with riblets
and sometimes spiral threads. Fusus caloosaensis Heilprin, a
Pliocene species from Florida, Grabau selected as the genotype.
Most species of Heilprinia are stout, closely coiled, with a rela-
tively short spire and well-rounded, convex whorls. The an-
terior canal is long, straight or moderately twisted. Axial ribs
are present on the earlier whorls, usually fading out on the
penultimate and final turns. At maturity the parietal callus
generally thickens to form a high, free-edged, laminar blade.
Several fossil species and subspecies have been named from the
Miocene and Pliocene formations of the Atlantic states, and
occur as far north as Maryland and Virginia. Fusinus oarba-
rensis (Trask), from the Pliocene of California, was at first con-
sidered to be a Heilprinia by Grabau, but later transferred to
another group named Barbarofusus by Grabau and Shimer,
1909.

The shell herein described under the name Fusinus {Heil-
prinia) dowianus, new species is the second Recent species of the
subgenus. It differs strikingly from Fusinus (Heilprinia)
timessus (Dall) by its longer, more slender form and higher
spire. In these respects, F. dowianus is more similar to F.

105

106 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (4)

caloosaensis of the Caloosahatchee Pliocene of southern Florida.
Five specimens were collected by Mr. Thomas Dow of which
three have been examined in the course of this study.

Fusinus (Heilprinia) dowianus, new species Plate 8, figs. 2, 3

The shell is moderately large, fusiform, the spire a little
shorter than the length of the aperture and anterior canal. Spire
is relatively slender, composed of about twelve whorls including
the nucleus. General ground color of the shell is white except
for a portion of the spire which has a pink or amber color which
is deepest between the ribs and around the suture. The nucleus
is that typical of the subgenus and composed of one and a half
whorls finely sculptured over the entire surface by strong, axial
riblets (about sixteen to the turn) ; the color of the protoconch
is a deep amber brown. The change from the nuclear stage to
the nepionic is sharp and abrupt, indicated by the assumption
of spiral sculpture. Whorls are well-rounded, their convexity
being accentuated by the coarse ribs which persist through over
the penultimate whorl, fading out only on the back of the body-
whorl in a fully adult specimen. The ribs and their interspaces
are crossed by strong, ridge-like spiral threads, rather well
spaced, the concave intervals between them marked by still
smaller secondary and tertiary spirals, the whole crossed by
longitudinals imparting a coarse, cross-etched effect which shows
best on the whorls of the spire. The anterior canal is fairly
long and slender, about one-third the total length, thick and
straight in the upper section, more slender and slightly twisted
in the lower, the canal itself narrow and open along its whole
length. The aperture is semilunate, the outer lip strongly and
deeply lirate within. Inner lip has a callous spread over the
parietal wall which in the adult shell becomes free in its lower
part to form a high, wide, wing-like blade. Operculum corneous,
thick, of the usual Fusinus type.

Length 137 mm., aperture and canal 83 mm., greater di-
ameter 39.3 mm.

Of this splendid species, three specimens have been seen. The
largest shell selected as the type has a length of 137 mm. and,
except for a slightly weathered protoconch, is well-preserved in
other respects. Fusinus timessus, the only other known Recent

Apr., 1954] THE NAUTILUS 107

species of Heilprinia, is generally a smaller and stouter shell,
with a wider, more inflated or rounded body-whorl.

This shell, one of the finest species of the subgenus, is named
for Mr. Tom Dow of South Miami, who collected all the known
specimens.

Locality : Northwest of Caxones Island, off the northeast coast
of Honduras, in 30 fathoms.

A NEW SPECIES OF HUMBOLDTIANA FROM TEXAS

By JUAN JOSE PARODIZ
Carnegie Museum

Humboldtiana EDiTHAE, n. sp. Plate 9, 3 left figures

Shell subglobose-depressed, deeply umbilicate but with the
perforation narrowed by the expansion of the columellar margin
of the peristome; rather thin and translucent. Color white,
with only two brown bands almost equal in size (4.5 mm. wide
at the ends), on the upper and lower part of the last whorl; the
separation between the bands is 8.5 mm. on its wider part near
the lip ; the lower band is not visible from an apical view ; each
band ends 2.5 mm. from the peristomatic edge, and are perfectly
visible inside the aperture. Suture without colored border. 4
whorls — 150°, very convex; * the first 1^2 whorls smooth and
the following with minute sculpture of pits and radial wrinkles
of growth very irregular ; the minute granulation continues over
the wrinkles. Large aperture, 74.9% of the height of the shell
and very oblique, forming an angle of 32° with the columellar
axis.

Type : Carnegie Museum no. 42,895, from Mt. Emory at Chisos
Mountains (elevation 7000 feet), on granite outcrop, Big Bend
National Park, Brewester County, Texas. Coll. Miss Edith H.
Long, 1949.

Measurements (in mm.) :

Diameter (major) 38.1

Diameter (minor) 31.5

Height 32.7

* For the number of whorls and measure of the angles, Diver's and other
methods have been used, as explained by the author in ' ' Physis, ' ' XX,
58: 241, Buenos Aires, 1951.

108

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 67 (4)

Aperture (height)

25.5

Aperture (wide)

21.0

Sutural angle *

2°

Spiral angle

125°

Columellar angle

10°

Whorls

4-150°

Humboldtiana edithae is a larger and more depressed form
than any other species of the genus known from Texas. H.
cheatumi Pilsbry, nearest in size, is only 29 mm. high and 33.5
wide, with higher spire and smaller aperture, and the wrinkles
of growth stronger.

It differs also from other Texan species by having only two
wide brown bands. The only species of Humboldtiana occa-
sionally with two bands is H. fortis Pilsbry from Nuevo Leon,
Mexico. H. montezuma from the same region is a larger, very
globose species, without bands, except in the subspecies inferior
which is three-banded. All these Mexican species are very dif-
ferent from the Texan forms, and especially H. edithae, and
their localities are 400 miles southeast.

The surface of the new species is of an intermediate type be-
tween H. palmeri and H. chisoensis Pilsbry ; from the last form,
which inhabits a nearby locality in the Big Bend Nat. Park, it
differs by its very large size, larger aperture, more depressed
spire, and has not the intermediate peripheral band which makes
the suture margined with brown.

It is a pleasure for the author to name this species for Miss
Edith H. Long, of Del Rio, Texas, collector of the specimen in
1949.

NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF
GALESVILLE, MARYLAND

By J. FRANCES ALLEN
Department of Zoology, University of Maryland

During the past six years, collections of the molluscan fauna
have been made at Galesville, Maryland, and observations on the
environmental changes and relative differences in the distribu-
tion of these forms were recognized.

Apr., 1954] THE NAUTILUS 109

Galesville, on the western shore, is located on the West River
adjacent to Chesapeake Bay. The immediate area under con-
sideration is a part of the shore bordering on Tent House Creek,
a short westerly indentation of the West River.

Beginning at the upper extremity of Tent House Creek, the
shore line is rather irregular, some of it being flat, some of it
sloping gently toward the water, and the other part being a
steep bank which is subject to continual wave action. The
upper region is densely populated with Spartina alterniflora,
the cord grass. It is rather marshy and there are several in-
dentations where land drainage flows into the water. Next to
this is the sloping beach which extends outward to form a mud
flat which is partially exposed at low tide. S. alterniflora oc-
curs here only sporadically. The beach is interrupted by a steep
bank where there is continual eroding away of the land. Be-
yond, the bank is again a level area which also supports Spartina
alterniflora. Scirpus americanus, the three square bullrush,
also occurs here. Above the high tide line the marsh willow,
Ioa vitrea, forms a boundary line, and then 8. patens extends
over the drier part of the area.

The bottom composition of the mud flat consists mainly of a
mud-sand mixture, although in some spots it is noticeably more
sandy than muddy. According to 0 'Rourk (1948), the sediment
has the following composition: 93% sand, 7% total colloids,
6.3% conventional clay, 0.7% conventional silt, and 6.1% finer
clay. There was an unusually large amount of glauconite in
the soil. These determinations were made by the Department
of Agronomy of the University of Maryland. From personal
observations, the area up the shore appeared to be more sandy.

The ribbed mussel, Volsella demissus (Dillwyn), during the
early period of observations, grew abundantly attached to and
around the roots of 8. alterniflora (Allen, 1952). These forms,
in the majority of cases, were located in groups around the
Spartina. However, their location could be determined by the
slit in the mud due to valve action, showing their presence when
the animals themselves were embedded too deeply to be seen.
This locality has been subject to continuous silting and erosion
so that at the present time, the mussel population has almost
entirely disappeared. There are very few young mussels; the

110 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (4)

majority are large. Measurements show that they range as high
as 99 mm. in length with the greatest proportion being between
70 and 80 mm. in length.

Associated with Spartina alterniflora is the common peri-
winkle, Littorina irrorata (Say), which is widely distributed
along the shores of Chesapeake Bay (Allen, 1952). During the
winter, these gastropods burrow in the mud at the roots of the
cord grass and remain there until spring. They differ in this
habit from the same species on the Eastern Shore, especially
along the Little Annemessex River (Allen, 1954) and Pocomoke
Sound of Chesapeake Bay. There they remain on the surface
or are submerged under six or more inches of water. Large
numbers will crawl on 8. alterniflora which may be a source of
food.

Living in association with Littorina irrorata is the marsh
snail, Melampus bidentatus lineatus Say. This species dwells
on the shore where it is sometimes flooded at high tide, but it is
more abundant slightly farther from the water. Eighteen inch
quadrat samples show that L. irrorata and M. b. lineatus occur
in a ratio of 25 to 21.

Associated with Melampus bidentatus lineatus and also living
at a still greater distance from the water or from the normal
high tide line is Detracia floridana Shuttleworth of the family
Ellobiidae, reported for Chesapeake Bay by Morrison (1950).
The hibernating tendency of M. b. lineatus to cluster together
in winter and find shelter under stalks of cord grass, debris, and
boards (Hausman, 1932 and 1948) was observed to occur. But
within the Melampus groups, Detracia floridana was present in
abundance. During the collections of November, 1953, Detracia
floridana outnumbered M. b. lineatus approximately three to
one. Morrison (1951) has said that under estuarine conditions,
the former is universally abundant and that it tolerates salinities
somewhat lower than M. b. lineatus.

The composition of the bottom sediments has been described.
The submerged vegetation here includes : Zannichellia palustris
(Linn.), the horned pondweed, which is greatest in abundance;
Potomageton bupleuroides (Fernald) which is second in abun-
dance ; and Buppia maritima (Linn.) , the least abundant. These
plants have been carefully examined and the snail fauna ad-

Apr., 1954] THE NAUTILUS 111

hering to them has always been poor. A few specimens of small
forms, believed to be hydrobiids, were collected and they have
been given to Dr. J. P. E. Morrison, United States National
Museum, for future identification. Also attached to the sub-
merged vegetation were a few bivalves, Congeria leucophaeta
Conrad. This latter form was found in considerable numbers
attached to submerged concrete blocks around the point, adjacent
to the steep bank previously mentioned. Young representatives
of Volsella demissus were attached with them as well.

Samples from the bottom, some of which were sieved, produced
two bivalves, both of which occur abundantly both intertidally
and subtidally. Mya arenaria (Linn.), the soft clam, lives at
a depth of from eight to ten inches. The mortality of the young
is apparently great for at times, especially following rough
weather, the bottom is virtually covered in some places with
small dead Mya. Specimens up to 64.5 mm. in length have been
dug here.

Macoma balthica (Linn.) is more numerous than Mya arenaria
and it grows to a size of more than two inches in length. There
is a noticeable difference in the coloration of the inside of the
valves, some being a definite bright pink, and others being white.
Examination of the media from which they were dug showed
that the pink ones are confined to areas whose composition is
sandy, while the white ones come from those places which are
almost exclusively mud. Pratt (1935) says that in muddy
bottoms the shells are thick and covered with a dark or rusty
colored periostracum, and that in sandy localities, pure white or
pinkish or yellowish periostraca and thin shells are character-
istic. This implies that the color is on the outside of the valve.
Personal observations in this particular locality have determined
that the periostracum is rather dark, with an occasional rust
color at the ventral edge of the shell. In the case of Mya
arenaria,, the rusty periostracum is quite obvious.

In conclusion, the molluscan fauna of Galesville is represented,
from current observations, by six families including seven spe-
cies. The hydrobiids are excluded. These species include:
Detracia floridana Shuttleworth and Melampus bidentatus
lineatus Say of the family Ellobiidae; Littorina irrorata (Say)
of the Littorinidae ; Volsella demissus (Dillwyn) of the Mytili-

112 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (4)

dae ; Congeria leucophaeta Conrad of the Dreissenidae ; Macoma
balthica (Linn.) of the Tellinidae; and Mya arenaria (Linn.)
of the Myacidae.

Literature Cited

Allen, J. Frances. 1952. The morphology of the radula of

Littorina irrorata (Say). Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 71: 139-

145.
. 1954. Notes on the gastropods collected in the vicinity

of Crisfield, Maryland. Naut. 67 : 92-94.
Hausman, Sybil A. 1932. A contribution to the ecology of the

salt marsh snail, Melampus bidentatus Say. Amer. Nat. 66 :

541-545.
. 1948. Further studies on the marsh snail (Melampus

bidentatus or lineatus). Amer. Nat. 82: 137-144.
Morrison, J. P. E. 1950. American Ellobiidae — an annotated

list. Amer. Malacological Union Report 1950.
. 1951. Two new western species of pulmonate molluscs

of the genus Detracia and two old ones (family Ellobiidae).

Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 41 : 17-20.
0 'Rourk, Ann Elizabeth. 1948. A study of the annelid worm

population of the inshore region of Chesapeake Bay at Gales-

ville and Solomons. Unpublished M.S. thesis, University of

Maryland.
Pratt, H. S. 1935. A manual of the common invertebrate ani-
mals. Blakiston. 854 pp.

SHELL BEARING MARINE MOLLUSKS OF
CAPE ANN, MASSACHUSETTS

By ARTHUR H. CLARKE, JR.

During the past four years my wife and I have been collecting
marine mollusks in the vicinity of Cape Ann. From beach col-
lecting in all seasons and after storms, we have accumulated
a fair number of species. Recently additional material ob-
tained from fisherman's nets and from fish stomachs has in-
creased the list considerably and has produced some interesting
new records, including at least one new species.

Cape Ann is in Essex County, Massachusetts. It is approxi-
mately 35 miles northeast of Boston and fifteen miles south of
the New Hampshire state line, and constitutes a prominent fea-

Apr., 1954] THE NAUTILUS 113

ture of the New England coastline, jutting out into the Atlantic
for nearly twenty miles and forming the northern boundary of
Massachusetts Bay. The only city on Cape Ann is historic
Gloucester, still world famous as a leading fishing port and
summer resort.

Most of Cape Ann is actually an island, cut off from the main-
land by a narrow salt water passageway, the Annisquam River.
The shore line is alternately sandy and rocky. To the north
and east, the ocean bottom falls away gradually to 60 fathoms,
approximately ten miles from shore, and is intermittently sand,
mud and gravel or a mixture of all three.

It is in this general area that so much work has already been
done. Mighels, Adams, Gould, Couthouy, Verrill, Morse, Wink-
ley and others have collected extensively in this and nearby
regions. The area is a relatively rich one for New England and
is still a very fascinating territory to collect.

The most productive locality for beach collecting was found
at Wingaersheek Beach, Gloucester, facing northward into Ip-
swich Bay. It is typically New England in its topography,
tremendous boulders and rocky outcrops are scattered in patches
between stretches of fine sand. Northeast storms often litter
the beach with shells, many of which may be from deep water
or are rare species.

Extensive local gill net fishing also provides a good source
of material. The fishing is done in nearby waters from 25 to
60 fathoms. The weighted edges of the nets lie on the bottom
and mollusks, spider crabs, large sea anemones, and several
species of starfish including the nine- to twelve-rayed Solasters
and Crossasters are often accidentally drawn up. The most
abundant invertebrate is the brachiopod Terebratulina septen-
trionalis Couthouy, found clinging to almost every solid object.
Most of these animals are thrown overboard as soon as they come
on board the boats, but some always escape and fall out on the
pier where the nets are dried. Here they may be easily col-
lected.

Recently we have been searching for shells in the stomachs
and intestines of fish caught in these nets. Most of the shells
were found in haddock but codfish also yielded many specimens.
A large majority of the shells were found in the lower digestive

114 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (4)

tracts; less than 10% were actually found in the stomachs.
Many small shells which would probably have been overlooked
were obtained by straining a water slurry of the intestinal con-
tents through a fine wire mesh, rinsing with water and inspecting
the residual material under a low power microscope.

Admittedly some uncertainty exists in regard to the proper
locality of shells found in the fish, but W. F. Clapp has sug-
gested, on the basis of convincing evidence, that shells collected
in this manner can be regarded as probably from the area in
which the fish were caught. (See Nautilus 25, 104, 1912.)

The following 103 species and 4 subspecies have been collected
by my wife, Louise R. Clarke, and me during 1950 to 1953 from
Cape Ann and nearby waters. It has been deemed impractical
to list all known records from the area. Such a list would be
beyond the scope of this paper and belongs in a larger, more
comprehensive work. It is believed that the list is nearly com-
plete for this area and presents a fairly accurate picture of rela-
tive abundance of species.

The following abbreviations are used :

(G) Generally distributed over the entire coast of Cape Ann.

(GS) Generally distributed after storms.

(WB) Wingaersheek Beach Gloucester.

(WBS) Wingaersheek Beach after storms.

(GN) From gill nets used off Cape Ann, somewhere between 25

and 60 fathoms.
(F25-60) From fish caught off Cape Ann, somewhere between

25-60 fath.
(F28-40) From fish caught off Cape Ann, somewhere between

28-40 fath.
(F52-54) From fish caught off Cape Ann, somewhere between

52-54 fath.

Lepidochiton (Tonicella) marmorea marmorea Fabricius. (GN)

rare.
Solemya (Petrasma) borealis Totten. (WBS) uncommon.
Nucula proximo, proximo, Say. (F25-60, F28-40, F52-54)

common.
N. tenuis tenuis Montagu. (F25-60, F28-40, F52-54) common.
N. delphinodonta Mighels and Adams. (F28-40) uncommon.
Nuculana tenuisulcata Couthouy. (GN, F25-60) rare.

Apr., 1954] THE NAUTILUS 115

Yoldia sapotilla Gould. (F25-60, F28^0, F52-54) common.

Y. (Megayoldia) thraciaeformis Storer. (F25-60, F28-40, F52-
54) juveniles common.

Y. (Yoldiella) lucida Loven. (F25-60, F28-40, F52-54) com-
mon.

Pecten (Chlamys) islandicus islandicus Mtiller. (GN, F25-60,
F28^0, F52-54) common.

P. (Aequipecten) irradians irradians Lamarck. (WBS) one
broken valve, doubtless advectitious.

P. (Placopecten) grandis Solander. (WBS) rare; (GN, F25-
60, F28^0, F52-54) common.

P. (species). (F25-60, F28^0, F52-54) common, tiny dark
red specimens.

Anomia aculeata Miiller. (GS) common among holdfasts of
kelp; (F25-60, F28-40, F52-54) uncommon.

A. simplex d'Orbigny. (GS) uncommon among holdfasts of
kelp; (F25-60) uncommon.

Mytilus edulis edulis Linne. (G) abundant.

M. edulis pelucidus Pennant. (G) common, with the preceding.

Modiolus modiolus Linne. (GS) common among holdfasts of
kelp; (F25-60) juveniles uncommon.

M. (Brachidontes) demissus plicatulus Lamarck. (WB) com-
mon.

Modiolaria niger Gray. (GN) one specimen.

M. sub striata Gray. (GN) uncommon.

Crenella decussata Montagu. (F25-60, F28-40, F52-54) un-
common.

C. glandula Totten. (F25-60, F28^0, F52-54) common.

Periploma (Cochlodesma) leanum Conrad. (WBS) uncommon.

Thracia conradi Couthouy. (WBS) juveniles uncommon, adults
rare and always fragmentary.

T. truncata Mighels and Adams. (WB) one specimen.

Lyonsia hyalina Conrad. (WB) uncommon.

Cuspidaria glacialis Sars. (F25-60) uncommon.

C. ooesa Loven. (F28-40, F52-54) uncommon.

Cyprina islandica Linne. (GS, GN) common; (F25-60, F28-
40, F52-54) juveniles common.

Astarte castanea picea Gould. (GN) rare.

A. undata Gould. (GN, F25-60, F28^0, F52-54) common.

A. subaequilatera subaequilatera Sowerby. (GN, F25-60, F28-
40, F52-54) common.

A. borealis Schumacher. (GN) common.

Venericardia borealis borealis Conrad. (GN, F25-60) common.

V. borealis novangliae Morse. (GN) uncommon.

Thyasira gouldii Philippi. (F52-54) common.

T. plana Verrill and Bush. (F52-54) uncommon.

116 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (4)

T. ferruginosa Forbes. (F52-54) one specimen.

Aligena elevata Stimpson. (WBS) abundant 1-13-52. Rare

on all other occasions.
Clinocardium ciliatum Fabricius. (GN) rare.
Cerasto derma pinnulatum Conrad. (F25-60, F28-40, F52-54)

most abundant mollusk found in fish — purple, brown and

yellow specimens common with typical white variety.
Pitar morrhuana Gould. (G) uncommon.
Gemma gemma gemma Totten. (G) common.
Petricola (Petricolaria) pholadiformis pholadiformis Lamarck.

(WB) uncommon.
P. (Petricolaria) pholadiformis lata Dall. (WB) rare.
Tellina (Angulus) tenera Say. (G) abundant.
Macoma balthica Linne. (WB) uncommon. Inlets of Annis-

quam River, abundant.
M. calcarea Gmelin. (GN, F25-60, F28-40) common.
Ensis directus Conrad. (WB) common.
Siliqua cost at a Say. (WB) common.
Spissula (Hemimactra) solidissima solidissima Dillwyn. (WB)

common.
S. (Hemimactra) polynyma Stimpson. (GN) uncommon.
Mulinia lateralis lateralis Say. (WB) rare. Inlets of Annis-

quam River, uncommon.
Mesodesma arctatum Conrad. Good Harbor Beach, Gloucester,

common.
My a arenaria Linne. (G) common. (F25-60, F28-40) small

angular specimens common.
Saxicava arctica Linne. (G) common among holdfasts of kelp;

(F25-60) uncommon.
Panomya arctica Lamarck. (GN) common.
Cyrtodaria siliqua Spengler. (WBS) common 11-28-51, rare

on all other occasions; (GN) common.
Xylophaga atlanticus Richards. (GN) one specimen.
Teredo navalis Linne. (G) uncommon in floating wood.
Acmaea testudinalis Miiller. (G) common.
Lepeta caeca Miiller. (GN) one specimen.
Puncturella princeps Mighels and Adams. (F25-60, F28-40,

F52-54) common.
Solariella (Machaeroplax) obscura obscura Couthouy. (F28-

40) rare.
Margarites helicina Phipps. (WB) on kelp, rare.
M. groenlandica Gmelin. (F25-60, F28-40, F52-54) uncommon.
M. (Pupillaria) drier ea cinerea Couthouy. (F25-60, F28-40,

F52-54) uncommon.
Calliostoma occidentalis Mighels and Adams. (F28-40) un-
common.

Apr., 1954] THE NAUTILUS 117

Calliostoma (species). (GN) one worn specimen, doubtless ad-

vectitious.
Epitonium (Boreoscala) greerilandicum Perry. (GN) rare;

(F25-60, F28-40, F52-54) uncommon.
Turbonilla louiseae (New species, description below). (F52-

54) one specimen.
Natica (Tectonatica) clausa clausa Broderip and Sowerby.

(F25-60) uncommon.
Polinices (Euspira) heros Say. (G) common.
P. (Euspira) triseriata Say. (WB) rare.
P. (Euspira) groenlandica Moller. (F28-40) rare.
Velutina laevigata Linne. (F25-60, F28-40, F52-54) common.
Crepidula fornicata Linne. (G) uncommon. Long Beach,

Gloucester, common.
C. plana Say. (G) uncommon; (GN) inside apertures of dead

Neptunea decemcostata Say, common.
Alvania carinata Mighels and Adams. (F28-40) one specimen.
Littorina littorea Linne. (G) abundant.
L. obtusata Linne. (G) common on shore rocks.
L. saxatile saxatile Olivi. (G) common on shore rocks.
L. saxatile tenebrosa Montagu. Inlets of Annisquam River,

common.
Lacuna vincta vincta Montagu. (G) common.
Trichotropis borealis costellata Couthouy. (F20-60) rare.
Aporrhais occidentalis occidentalis Beck. (WBS) rare; (GN)

uncommon.
Thais lapilla lapilla Linne. (G) common.
Nassarius (Ilyanassa) obsoleta Say. (WB) rare.
N. (Tritia) trivitata Say. (G) common.
Buccinum undatum undatum Linne. ("WBS, GN) common;

(F20-60) uncommon.

B. cyaneum cyaneum Bruguiere. (GN) one specimen, possibly

advectitious.

Neptunea decemcostata Say. (WBS) uncommon; (GN) com-
mon.

Colus stimpsoni stimpsoni Morsch. (WBS) uncommon; (GN)
abundant.

C. stimpsoni brevis Verrill. (WBS) common.

C. (Siphonorbis) pygmaeus Gould. (F20-60, F28-40, F52-54

common.
Lor a scalaris scalaris Moller. (F28-40) rare.
L. decussata decussata Couthouy. (GN, F2O-60, F28-40, F52-

54) common.
Pleurotomella (species). One specimen, possibly undescribed.
Admete couthouyi Say. (F20-60, F28-40, F52-54) uncommon.

118 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (4)

Retusa gouldii Couthouy. (F28^£0) uncommon.

B. pertenuis Mighels. (F28-40) uncommon.

Diaphana debilis Gould. (F28-40) rare.

Cylichna (Bullinella) alba alba Brown. (F20-60) rare.

Limacina retroversa retroversa Fleming. (F52— 54) rare.

Melampus lineatus Say. Inlets of Annisquam River, abundant.

A few species, generally common on northeast Massachusetts
shores, were not found by us on Cape Ann. The most outstand-
ing examples were :

Pandora gouldiana Dall. Common at West Beach, North Bev-
erly, and Marblehead in 1-2 fathoms.

Zirphaea crispata Linne. Common at West Beach, North Bev-
erly, and Salisbury Beach, Salisbury.

Polinices (Neverita) duplicata Say. Common at Dane Street
Beach, Beverly. This locality seems to be the northern
limit for this species.

Turbonilla louiseae, new species Plate 9, right figure

Shell gray, faintly lustrous, elongate and with a regularly
tapering, acute spire. Periostracum thin, light brown. Whorls
ten, uniformly rounded and impressed at the sutures. First
three whorls smooth, fourth whorl crossed by 17 broad, rounded,
straight light brown, prominent ribs separated by grooves.
Ribs increasing in number and angularity on successive whorls
to 28 on the body whorl where each rib has assumed a flattened
sigmoid curve. Grooves equal to ribs in width but lighter in
color. Ribs and grooves crossed by numerous fine, spiral lines,
more distinct on the body whorl, but apparent on all ribbed
whorls, especially in the grooves between the ribs. Aperture
sub-ovate, lip thin, somewhat thickened at columella. Length
9 mm., width 2y2 mm. (F52-54) One specimen.

From shell characters alone, T. louiseae is apparently more
closely related to T. (Strioturbonilla) formosa Verrill and Smith
1880 (=T. bushiana Verrill 1882) than to any other North
Atlantic species. T. formosa has been recorded from off Georges
Bank, Mass. and Long Island, N. Y. in 365 to 1525 fathoms.
Several significant differences between the two species have been
observed, however.

T. formosa is white, lustrous and iridescent while T. louiseae
is gray, only faintly lustrous and not iridescent. No perio-
stracum was seen on living specimens of T. formosa by Verrill ;

THE NAUTILUS (37(4)

PLATE 9

Left 3 figs. Humboldtiana edithae Parodiz.
Eight fig. Turbonilla louiseae Clarke.

THE NAUTILUS 67(4)

PLATE 10

ALBANY COUNTY. WYOMING

For key to numbers, see pages L28— 129.

Apr., 1954] THE NAUTILUS 119

a light brown periostracum is present on T. louiseae. Spiral
lines are absent in T. formosa but are obvious on all but the
nuclear whorls of T. louiseae. Finally, the whorls are more
flattened and the ribs are less distinct in T. formosa than in
T. louiseae.

Only one specimen has been found, and that was taken in
April 1953 from the stomach of a haddock caught off Cape Ann
in 52 to 54 fathoms. The holotype is now number 189662 in
the collection at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. By a
coincidence, it was the first shell found by the author in fish
taken from Cape Ann waters.

Through a regrettable error during the cleaning process, the
specimen was allowed to soak in a strong soap solution for an
excessive length of time and the thin periostracum was dissolved
by the alkaline component of the soap. The figure, therefore,
does not show the periostracum.

This species is named in honor of my wife, Louise R. Clarke,
who cheerfully accompanied me on all of our collecting trips,
many of which were made in zero winter weather, and who per-
sonally found a great many of the rarer species. Without her
help in collecting specimens and in typing the manuscript, this
paper could not have been written.

I wish to thank Dr. William J. Clench and Dr. Ruth D.
Turner for their generous cooperation and help in the identifica-
tion of some of the species, for their valuable suggestions in
connection with this paper, and for permitting the writer to
have access to the large and excellent collection at the Museum
of Comparative Zoology.

References

Blaney, D. W. 1906. List of the Shell Bearing Mollusca of
Frenchman's Bay, Maine. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 32,
23-41.

Clench, W. J. 1941-1951. Johnsonia, Vols. I-II.

Gould, A. A. Ed. by W. G. Binney. 1870. Report on the
Invertebrata of Massachusetts. Boston. Wright and Pot-
ter, State Printers.

Johnson, C. W. 1915. Fauna of New England. List of the
Mollusca. Occas. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 7, No. 13,
1-231.

120 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (4)

. 1934. List of the Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic Coast

from Labrador to Texas. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 40,

1-204.
Sars, G. 0. 1878. Mollusca Regionis Arcticae Norvegiae.

xvi + 466 p. Christiana, (Norway).
Verrill, E. A. 1882. Catalog of Marine Mollusca Added to the

Fauna of the New England Region, During the Past Ten

Years. Trans. Conn. Acad. 5 : 447-587.

PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS FROM ANDROS ISLAND,

BAHAMAS

By HORACE G. EICHAEDS
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.1

Through the kindness of Dr. Norman Newell of the American
Museum of Natural History in New York, a collection of
Pleistocene mollusks from Andros Island was submitted to the
writer for study. The material came from a fossil reef at Fresh
Creek Village from elevations between 2 and 11 feet above high
water mark. The radio-carbon tests give a figure of more than
30,000 years. Therefore it seems probable that these shells date
from a pre-Wisconsin (or possibly inter- Wisconsin) high stand
of the sea. The shells all indicate warm water similar to that in
the region today. All the species are common in Bahama waters
today except Cantharus auritula (Link) which is somewhat
rare.

The main collection is at the American Museum of Natural
History with some duplicates at the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences.

Pelecypoda

Area occidentalis Philippi
Echinochama arcinella (Linne)
Lucina pennsylvanica (Linne)
Codakia orbicidaris (Linne)
Chione pubera (Valenciennes)
Tellina fausta Donovan

i Also University of Pennsylvania.

Apr., 1954]

THE NAUTILUS

121

Gastropoda

Diadora listeri (d'Orbigny)

Livonia pica (Linne)

Tegula scalar e (Anton)

Calliostoma jujubinum perspectivum Philippi

Astraea celata (Gmelin)

Astraea longispina (Lamarck)

Vermicularia spirata (Philippi)

Conus sp.

Cerithium floridanum Morch

Cyphoma gibbosum (Linne)

Trivia pediculus (Linne)

Thais deltoidea (Lamarck)

Cymatium chlorostoma (Lamarck)

Columbella mercatoria (Linne)

Cantharus auritula (Link)

Fasciolaria distans Lamarck

For further data on the Pleistocene fossils, see Dall.2

TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC MOLLUSKS OF
ALBANY COUNTY, WYOMING

By DOEOTHY BEETLE

Albany County lies in southeastern Wyoming, adjoining Colo-
rado. The county has an area of 4,339 square miles, 800 square
miles more than the area of Delaware and Rhode Island com-
bined. New Jersey is not quite twice the size of Albany County.
Most of the land is utilized as ranches. There is some Taylor
Grazing Land, the rest being in National Forest. The popula-
tion of the county is slightly over 20,000.

The main geographical features of Albany County are those
of a high mountain plateau or basin rimmed on its eastern and
western edges by mountain ranges. The Laramie Mountains
border the county on the east, rising just south of the Wyoming-
Colorado border. Near the northern county line, the mountain
chain alters direction, so that the mountains curve to the north-

2 Dall, William H. Fossils of the Bahama Islands, with a List of the
Non-marine Mollusks. In "The Bahama Islands," Geographical Spc. of
Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1905, pp. 23-47.

122 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (4)

western corner and terminate in Natrona County. The crest of
the Laramie Mountains is rather uniform in height at approxi-
mately 8,000 feet. Laramie Peak, set somewhat apart from the
main mountain chain, has an elevation of 10,274 feet.

The Laramie Basin lies between 7,100 and 7,500 feet. The
Basin is drained by the Big and Little Laramie Rivers. They
join to form the Laramie River proper which has cut a channel
midway through the Laramie Mountains to flow into the North
Platte River. All waters in the county eventually flow into the
North Platte. East of the Laramie Mountains the elevation
drops to 6,500 feet.

The Medicine Bow Mountains occupy the southwestern sec-
tion of the county and extend into Carbon County. These
beautiful mountains average about 1,000 feet higher than the
Laramies. Near their center is a group of glaciated peaks
known as the Snowy Range. Medicine Bow is the highest peak
with an elevation of 12,005 feet.

Localities

I. Laramie Mountains. The Laramie Mountains are a pene-
plain that has been eroded to Pre-Cambrian granites. The
granites outcrop along the crest of the mountains and in the
vicinity of Vedauwoo appear as monuments. The soil is shallow
and neutral to slightly acid, ranging to a pH of 6.5. The creeks
are tiny and run over granite gravel bottoms. Where they have
been dammed b}r beaver, Pisidium, Physa and Lymnaea may be
found in the black mud bottoms. The average annual rainfall
is between 12 to 18 inches. The mean summer temperature near
the summit is 52 to 55° F.

The Laramie Mountains are unique in lacking a true plant
climax. Here occurs the transition from a plains to a mountain
flora. All of the trees native to Wyoming may be found in scat-
tered stands here in locally favored situations.

In aspen groves, particularly those along the creeks and about
the beaver dams, the greatest variety and quantity of mollusks
have been found (26 species). The Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
taxi] 'olio) -blue spruce (Picea pungens) communities rank sec-
ond in number of species (10) found. Mature ponderosa pine
(Pinus ponderosa) stands yield fewer snails (6) species.

Apr., 1954] THE NAUTILUS 123

On the western flanks of the Laramie Mountains, limestone,
sandstone, and shales outcrop. The land is steep and dry with
only intermittent flowing creeks. The soil is generally alkaline
or saline. Grasses and woody shrubs such as mountain ma-
hogany (Cercocarpus montanus) are the dominant vegetation.
In crevices in the rocks and under slopes with a northern or
eastern exposure, a limited snail population can be found.
Vallonia, Pupilla and Oreohelix species apparently alone occupy
the range. Moisture appears to be the limiting factor.

II. The Laramie Basin. The Laramie Basin is a grass-cov-
ered plateau largely underlain by sedimentary rocks. In com-
paratively recent geological time, it has been dug out by wind
and water. The Big Hollow, a wind eroded depression nine
by three miles in dimension, is a conspicuous example of wind
action which still continues all over the basin. The soils are
alkaline or saline and support a shortgrass and mixed grass
association. A few trees grow along the waterways, primarily
narrow-leafed cottonwood (Populus angustifolia) and willows
(Salix sp.). Many streams are intermittent; lakes and ponds
are strongly alkaline.

The growing season in the basin lasts about 90 days as con-
trasted to about 70 days in the mountains. Not much activity
among the snails has been noted outside these limits. Minimum
winter temperatures drop to — 40° F. Summer maximums range
above 80° F. The average yearly rainfall is 11.35 inches, re-
ceived mainly between April and August. The average relative
humidity is 65 percent. The winds are steady and moderate,
their direction being influenced considerably by the local topog-
raphy. Low precipitation, low temperatures and low relative
humidity combined with a high rate of evaporation, limit the
mollusk population.

Various small creeks and the Laramie River have yielded
species of Physa, Lymnaea, Sphaerium, Ferrissia, Aplexa, and
Gyraulus. Some ponds have become so salty that they contain
no mollusks at all. I have dug below the salt crust of some
dried-up ponds, but have found no remains of snails. Along
the banks of Spring Creek a species of Helisoma was found
weathering out of the topsoil. A sagebrush community borders
the Basin and Oreohelix subrudis often occurs in considerable

124 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (4)

numbers in the open about the base of the shrubs. Other than
these, no specimens have been found in the Basin.

III. Medicine Bow Mountains. The Medicine Bow Mountains
are composed largely of igneous and metamorphic rocks. About
8,500 feet the region has been subjected to two cycles of glacia-
tion. Permanent snowbanks may be found above 10,000 feet.
The soil is deeper than that on the Laramie Mountains, and is
neutral to slightly acid. The average yearly rainfall is 20 inches,
distributed rather evenly over the year. The mean summer
temperature on the mountain heights is 47° F. Winter mini-
mums probably drop below — 60° F.

There are numerous small seepage lakes, moraine ponds and
beaver ponds. Some lakes are fed by melting snow on their
banks even in July and August. The water in lakes near the
summit is so nearly neutral that it can be used as distilled water.

The Transition Zone, as defined by Merriam, occupies the
foothills up to about 8,000 feet. Sedimentary rocks eroded into
hogbacks usually underlie the area in this county. Mountain
mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus) and ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) are the dominant vegetation. Douglas fir and blue
spruce are to be found in the moist valleys. Narrow-leafed
cottonwood, black birch (Betula fontinalis) , willows and shrubs
grow along the streams.

The Canadian Zone has its upper limits at 9,500 to 10,000
feet, The dominant tree is the lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta).
Bearberry, juniper and various herbs make up the ground cover.
Along the streams mountain alder (Alnus tenui folia) is common.

The Hudsonian Zone has its upper limit at timberline between
11,000 and 11,500 feet. The dominant trees are alpine fir (Abies
lasiocarpa), white barked pine (Pinus albicaulis), and Engle-
mann spruce (Picea engelmanii), characteristically stunted and
wind shaped. Willows grow along the creeks.

The Arctic-alpine Zone extends to the tops of the mountains,
but the highest peaks have only barren boulder fields at their
summits. Alpine grasses, sedges and flowers as well as thickets
of willows grow in this zone, forming a dense carpet where the
soil is good. Freezing temperatures may be recorded every
month of the year.

Most land shells are found in the Transition and Canadian
Zones. Aspen groves have the most populous inolluscan com-

Apr., 1954]

THE NAUTILUS

125

nmnities. In the Douglas fir-blue spruce climax, Vitrina,
Vertigo, Columella, Euconulus, Zonitiodes, and Oreohelix are
common. Pure dense stands of young lodgepole pine have yielded
no snails at all. Mature lodgepole forest has a somewhat more
moist floor. Here Oreohelix and Zonitiodes appear.

The only place where shells were found in great numbers in
the county was at Chimney Rock on Sand Creek. Here a small
creek runs through the dry wind-sculptured sandstone beds. It
is bordered by a thicket of willow scrub, possibly five feet wide
on either side, and the leaf litter teams with Oreohelix sub-
rudis.

Species found in Albany County.

Terrestrial Mollusks

Oreohelix strigosa cooperi
Oreohelix subrudis
Euconulus fulvus
Euconulus fulvus alaskensis
Retinella binneyana occiden-

talis
Hawaiia minuscula
Zonitoides arboreus
Vitrina alaskana
Deroceras laeve
Discus cronkhitei
Succinea stretchiana
Pupilla blandi
Pupilla hebes

Pupilla muscorum
Vertigo concinnula
Vertigo gouldi coloradensis
Vertigo modesta
Vertigo modesta var. parietalis
Columella alticola
Columella edentula
Vallonia albula
Vallonia cyclophorella
Vallonia gracilicosta
Vallonia pulchella
Zoogenetes harpa
Cionella lubrica

Aquatic Mollusks

Lymnaea stagnalis appressa
Galba bulimoides cockerelli
Galba palustris
Helisoma trivolvis
Gyraulus vermicularis
Physa ampullacea
Physa forsheyi
Physa gyrina

Physa nuttalli
Physa triticea
Aplexa hypnorum
Ferrissia rivularis
Valvata lewisi helicoidea
Sphaerium striatinum
Pisidium contortum

Species Localities of Laramie Mountains

Middle Fork of Crow Creek: Physa triticea, Pisidium sp.
Blair Picnic Ground: Vallonia cyclophorella, Pisidium sp.

126 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (4)

Wallis Picnic Ground: Physa triticea. Pole Mountain, South
Fork of Pole (Lodgepole) Creek: Oreohelix subrudis, Euconulus
fulvus, E. fulvus alaskensis, Retinella binneyana occidentalis,
Hawaiia minuscula, Zonitoides arboreus, Vitrina alaskana,
Deroceras laeve, Discus cronkhitei, Succinea stretchiana, Pupilla
blandi, P. hebes, P. muscorum, Vertigo concinnula, V. gouldi
color adensis, Columella alticola, C. edentula, Vallonia albula,
V. cyclophorella, V. gracilicosta, Zoogenetes harpa, Cionella
lubrica, Galba palustris, Physa nuttallii, Pisidium sp.

"A Report on the Land Snails of the Jackson Hole Region.
Wyoming" (Levi, 1951) notes that earlier workers had consid-
ered Zoogenetes harpa rare or possibly introduced. In the
southern Laramie Mountains I have found Zoogenetes harpa
three times, two of the localities being in Laramie County. Un-
der one decaying log, 14 mature individuals were clustered. As
the three localities are well removed from human habitation,
most likely Zoogenetes occurs naturally in the area.

Yellow Pine Camp Ground: Oreohelix subrudis, Euconulus
fulvus, Zonitoides arboreus, Vitrina alaskana, Discus cronkhitei,
Pupilla muscorum. Telephone Canyon : Oreohelix subrudis, Pu-
pilla blandi, Columella edentula, Vallonia cyclophorella. Horse
Creek: Zonitoides arboreus, Physa ampullacea, Lymnaea sp.,
Pisidium sp. Roger's Canyon: Oreohelix subrudis, Columella
edentula, Vallonia albula. Wheatland Cutoff, adjacent hills:
Pupilla muscorum, Vallonia gracilicosta. North Sibille Creek :
Discus cronkhitei, Pupilla blandi, P. hebes, Vallonia cyclopho-
rella, Lymnaea, Physa ampullacea, Pisidium sp. Laramie Peak,
road along west slope: Oreohelix subrudis, Euconulus fulvus,
Zonitoides arboreus, Discus cronkhitei, Vallonia cyclophorella.
Horseshoe Creek near Esterbrook: Euconulus fulvus, Zonitoides
arboreus, Discus cronkhitei, Vallonia albula.

Laramie Basin

Fish Creek, Two Bar Seven Ranch: Succinea stretchiana.
Sand Creek at Wooden Shoe Ranch : Galba palustris, Physa
gyrina. Pool along road to Wodden Shoe Ranch: Galba palu-
stris. Dale Creek : Physa triticea. Harney Creek at Hermosa :

Apr., 1954] THE NAUTILUS 127

Galba palustris. Red Buttes: Vallonia cyclophorella, Physa
ampullacea. Soldier Creek: Galba palustris. Spring Creek:
Vallonia cyclophorella, Galba palustris, Helisoma trivolvis, Gy-
raulus vermicular is, Physa ampullacea, Valvata lewisi heli-
coidea, Pisidium sp. Laramie River at Laramie : Galba palustris,
Physa ampullacea, Aplexa hypnorum, Ferrissia rivularis, Spha-
erium striatinum. Laramie River two miles south of Bosler:
Aplexa hypnorum. Pioneer Ditch: Galba palustris, Gyraulus
vermicularis, Physa ampullacea, Physa gyrina. Pool at Univer-
sity of Wyoming Agronomy Farm: Galba palustris, Gyraulus
vermicularis. Pond on University of "Wyoming Livestock Farm :
Lymnaea stagnalis appresa. Roadside pool on Rt. 230: Galba
palustris. Seven Mile Lake: Galba palustris. Porter Lake, Rt.

130 : Gyraulus vermicularis, Physa ampullacea. Little Laramie
River near Centennial: Physa ampullacea, Pisidium sp. Little
Laramie River near Quaely: Lymnaea sp., Physa ampullacea,
Pisidium sp., Valvata lewisi helicoidea. Lake Hattie Reservoir :
Gyraulus vermicularis. Bamforth Lakes : Galba bulimoides

cockerelli.

Medicine Bow Mountains

Chimney Rock : Oreohelix subrudis, Pupilla blandi, Vallonia
cyclophorella. Woods Landing: Physa ampullacea. Camp
Roosevelt on Pelton Creek: Gyraulus vermicularis, Physa sp.,
Pisidium sp. Sheep Mountain, west side : Oreohelix subrudis.
University of Wyoming Recreation Camp: Oreohelix subrudis,
Euconulus fulvus, Zonitoides arboreus, Vitrina alaskana, Discus
cronkhitei, Pupilla muscorum. Libby Creek Camp Grounds:
Oreohelix strigosa cooperi, Zonitoides arboreus. Barber Lake:
Zonitoides arboreus, Vitrina alaskana, Pupilla blandi, Gyraulus
vermicularis, Physa ampullacea. Middle Fork of the Little
Laramie River : Euconulus fulvus, Vitrina alaskana, Deroceras
laeve, Vertigo modesta, V. modesta var parietalis, Columella
edentula, Pisidium contortum. Nash Creek at Picnic Grounds :
Galba palustris. Brooklyn Lake: Galba palustris, Gyraulus
vermicularis, Physa sp., Pisidium sp. Telephone Lakes : Pi-
sidium contortum.

No collections were made at Lake Marie at 10,000 feet in the

128 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (4)

Medicine Bow Mountains. Nothing was found in Rock Creek,
Antelope Creek near Garrett, nor Bluegrass Creek.

The foregoing species have been collected by the author during
the summers of 1950-1953. Duplicate specimens have been de-
posited in the University of Colorado Museum, American Mu-
seum of Natural History, Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia, and the Chicago Museum. Acknowledgment is made
of the aid received from Dr. William Rodeck who permitted the
author to examine the collections of the University of Colorado
Museum. Thanks are due to Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry and Dr.
Fritz Haas who have identified some specimens, and to Dr.
George T. Baxter and Dr. Alan A. Beetle who have criticized
this manuscript.

Other reports of mollusks from Albany County are as follows :

Baxter, G. T. Fox Creek near Fox Park: Physa forsheyi,
Pisidium sp. Lake Irene: Oalba palustris. Porter Lake: Galba
palustris, Physa ampullacea.

Henderson, J. Chimney Rock: Pupilla hebes. Southeast of
Jelm: Euconulus fulvus alaskensis, Zonitoides arboreus. Seven
miles south of Laramie : Zonitoides minuscula. Albany County :
Vallonia cyclophorella.

Pilsbry, H. A. Southeast of Jelm: Discus cronkhitei. Near
Laramie : Hawaiia minuscula.

Baker did not give the exact localities for species of Lymnaea
and Oalba, but the ranges of seven species might bring them into
the county.

Key to Localities of Map

1, Middle Fork of Crow Creek. 2, Blair Picnic Ground. 3,
Wallis Picnic Ground. 4, Pole Mountain, South Fork of Pole
(Lodgepole) Creek. 5, Yellow Pine Camp Ground. 6, Tele-
phone Canyon. 7, Horse Creek. 8, Wheatland Cutoff. 9, North
Sibille Creek.

10, Bluegrass Creek. 11, North Laramie River. 12, Laramie
Peak. 13, Antelope Creek near Garrett. 14, Horseshoe Creek
near Esterbrook. 15, Esterbrook. 16, Fish Creek, Two Bar
Seven Ranch. 17, Sand Creek at Wooden Shoe Ranch. 18, Pool
along road to Wooden Shoe Ranch. 19, Dale Creek.

20, Tie Siding. 21, Harney Creek at Hermosa. 22, Red
Buttes. 23, Soldier Creek. 24, Spring Creek. 25, Laramie.

Apr., 1954] THE NAUTILUS 129

26, Laramie River at Laramie. 27, Laramie River two miles
south of Bosler. 28, Wheatland Reservoir. 29, Sheep Creek.

30, Rock Creek. 31, Rock River. 32, James Lake. 33, Pioneer
Ditch. 34, Pool at University of Wyoming Agronomy Farm.
35, Pool at University of Wyoming Livestock Farm. 36, Road-
side Pool on Rt. 230, four miles west of junction with Rt. 130.
37, Seven Mile Lakes. 38, Soda Lakes. 39, Porter Lake, Rt. 130.

40, Lake Hattie Reservoir. 41, Little Laramie River near
Centennial. 42, Centennial. 43, Little Laramie River near
Quaely. 44, Bamforth Lakes. 45, Chimney Rock. 46, Woods
Landing. 47, Fox Creek at Fox Park. 48, Camp Roosevelt on
Pelton Creek. 49, Sheep Mountain.

50, University of Wyoming Recreation Camp. 51, Barber
Lake. 52, Libby Creek Camp Grounds. 53, Middle Fork of the
Little Laramie River. 54, Nash Fork at Picnic Grounds. 55,
Brooklyn Lake. 56, Telephone Lakes. 57, Lake Marie. 58,
Medicine Bow Peak. 59, Jelm Mountain.

60, Lake Irene. 61, Rogers Canyon.

References

Baker, F. C. 1911. The Lymnaeidae of North and Middle

America. Recent and Fossil. Chicago Acad. Sci. Spec. Publ.

3.
Baxter, G. T. 1952. The Relation of Temperature to the Alti-

tudinal Distribution of Frogs and Toads in Southeastern

Wyoming. Ph.D. Thesis Univ. Mich.
Henderson, J. 1924. Mollusca of Colorado, Utah, Montana,

Idaho and Wyoming. Univ. Colo. Studies 13 (2).
. 1936. Mollusca of Colorado, Utah, Montana, Idaho and

Wyoming. Supplement Univ. Colo. Studies 23 (2).
Levi, L. R., and Levi, H. W. 1951. A Report on Land Snails

of the Jackson Hole Region, Wyoming. Nautilus 65 (2) :

60-65.
Merriam, C. H. 1898. Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United

States. Bull. 10, Biol. Survey U.S.D.A.

A TECHNIQUE FOR SLUG CULTURE
By FKANK P. SIVIK

Department of Entomology, North Carolina State College,
Ealeigh, North Carolina

Slugs are common pests in greenhouses as well as in gardens.
They are economically important, more so in the greenhouse than

130 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (4)

out in the field, because of the generally higher value of green-
house plants. The writer worked on the biology and control
problem of the gray garden slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Miil-
ler), and the following technique for the rearing of slugs was
noted to be satisfactory.

A stock culture was kept in a wooden box 20V4" long, 9V4"
wide and 6" high with an open top covered by gauze held down
by surgical tape. This covering prevented the escape of the
slugs and permitted air to circulate in the box. Old boards
were put on top of the soil to serve as hiding places for the
slugs during the day. The soil was kept damp at all times and
the quarters were cleaned twice a month to prevent the growth
of molds and fungi. It was checked about every three days for
the presence of eggs. Lettuce was used for food and this was
supplied when necessary.

Any eggs present were removed and placed in petri dishes
lined with filter paper. Drops of water were added to the filter
paper, when necessary, to maintain a constant moist condition.
Various other containers were used experimentally but the above
was found to be the most satisfactory. The eggs collected were
carefully handled and observed each day for embryonic develop-
ment. The relative humidity was considered to be approximately
100 per cent as the dishes were covered and the filter paper
kept moist. The writer observed that once embryonic develop-
ment started in an egg, it took from 17 to 23 days to hatch.

The newly hatched slugs were placed singly in petri dishes
lined with moist filter paper. Lettuce was used for food and
this was replaced when consumed by the slug. Every four days
the slugs were measured. The length and width measurements,
in centimeters, were taken when the slug was extended. The
width was taken at the widest part of the mantle — dorsal aspect.
The petri dishes were examined daily and water was added to
keep the filter paper moist. Care should be exercised in tempera-
ture regulation. High temperature dried the filter paper and
the slugs died. A desirable temperature range would be 65° F
to 75° F.

Apr., 1954] THE NAUTILUS 131

PISIDIUM SPECIES AND SYNONYMS, NORTH
AMERICA, NORTH OF MEXICO

(Continued from January number)

By H. B. HERRINGTON

The Pisidium species as I understand them, are as follows.

PlSIDIUM CASERTANUM (Poli)

1791. Cardium casertanum Poli. Test. utr. Siciliae, Vol. 1, p. 65.
1838. Pisidium cinereum Alder. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Nor-

thumb. Durh. 2 : 341.
1841. Pisidium abditum Haldeman. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phila. 1 : 53.

1841. Cyclas minor [minus] C. B. Adams. Boston Proc. 1 : 48.

1842. Cyclas steenbuchi Moller. Index. Moll. Groenlandiae, p.

20.

1843. Pisidium roseum Scholtz. Sehlesien's Moll., p. 140.

1852. Pisidium regulare Prime. Boston Jour. 6 : 363.

1853. Pisidium noveboracense Prime. Ann. N. Y. Lye. 6 : 66.
1863. Pisidium occidentale Newcomb. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Calif. 2 : 94.

1895. Pisidium politum Sterki. Nautilus 9 : 75.

1896. Pisidium randolphi Roper, ibid. 9 : 99.
1896. Pisidium trapezoideum Sterki. ibid. 9 : 124.
1898. Pisidium roperi Sterki. ibid. 12 : 77.

1901. Pisidium streatori Sterki. ibid. 14 : 100.

1902. Pisidium strengi Sterki. ibid. 15 : 126.

1903. Pisidium ashmuni Sterki. ibid. 17 : 42.
1903. Pisidium complanatum Sterki. ibid. 17 : 79.
1903. Pisidium rowelli Sterki. ibid. 17 : 80.
1903. Pisidium cuneiforme Sterki. ibid. 17 : 81.

1905. Pisidium atlanticum Sterki. ibid. 18 : 128.

1906. Pisidium proximum Sterki. ibid. 20 : 5.
1906. Pisidium subrotundum Sterki. ibid. 20 : 19.
1906. Pisidium friersoni Sterki. ibid. 20 : 20.

1906. Pisidium neglectum Sterki. ibid. 20 : 87.

1907. Pisidium superius Sterki. ibid. 20 : 98.
1907. Pisidium succineum Sterki. ibid. 20 : 99.
1911. Pisidium albidum Sterki. ibid. 25 : 2.

132 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (4)

1911. Pisidium dispar Sterlri. ibid. 25 : 2.

1911. Pisidium inornatum Sterki. ibid. 25 : 3.

1912. Pisidium alleni Sterki. ibid. 26 : 9.

1913. Pisidium columbianum Sterki. ibid. 26: 117.
1913. Pisidium nevadense Sterki. ibid. 26 : 137.

1916. Pisidium elevatum Sterki. Prelim. Cat. N. A. Sphaeriidae,

Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10. 3-4. p. 455.
1916. Pisidium ovum Sterki. ibid. p. 464.
1916. Pisidium huachucanum Pilsbry & Ferriss. ibid. p. 467.

Pilsbry & Ferriss (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1, 173) had

named this P. abditum huachucanum, but Sterki raised

it to the status of a species.
1916. Pisidium fabale Sterki. ibid. p. 468.
1916. Pisidium hannai Sterki. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 51 : 475-

477.
1922. Pisidium griseolum Sterki. Some Notes on Sphaeriidae

with desc. of New Species. Ann. Carnegie Mus., 13.

3-4. p. 432.

1922. Pisidium orcasenese Sterki. ibid. pp. 425-439.

1923. Pisidium lucidum Sterki. Nautilus, 37 : 19.
1923. Pisidium mirum Sterki. ibid. 37 : 20.

The following, to the best of my knowledge, were never de-
scribed. They are MS. or label names, but I list them in case
they may be in circulation. They are all P. casertanum (Poli).

Pisidium anceps Sterki. Pisidium berryi Sterki. Pisidium
canadense Sterki. Pisidium capax Sterki. Pisidium cinetum
Sterki. Pisidium concinnulum Sterki. Pisidium corpulentum
Sterki. Pisidium devium Sterki. Pisidium egregium Sterki.
Pisidium eyerdami Sterki. Pisidium fidalgoense Sterki. Pisid-
ium isabellancum Sterki. Pisidium levissimum Sterki. Pisidium
mamillanum Sterki. Pisidium pumilum Sterki. Pisidium
rugosulum Sterki. Pisidium striggill'm Sterki.

Pisidium nitidum Jenyns

1832. Pisidium nitidum nobis : Jenyns. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc.

4:304.
1865. Pisidium contort um Prime. Mon. Amer. Corb., Smith.

Misc. Coll. 145 : 73.

Apr., 1954] THE NAUTILUS 133

1896. Pisidium pauperculum Sterki. Nautilus 10 : 64-66.

1898. Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. ibid. 11: 112-114.

1899. Pisidium handwerhi Sterki. ibid. 13 : 90.
1901. Pisidium tenuissimum Sterki. ibid. 14 : 99-100.
1906. Pisidium minuscidum Sterki. ibid. 20 : 17.
1913. Pisidium glabellum Sterki. ibid. 26 : 137.
1913. Pisidium lermondi Sterki. ibid. 26 : 138.

1916. Pisidium latchfordi Sterki. Prelim. Cat. N. A. Sphae-
riidae. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 10, 3-4. 16 : 452.

1922. Pisidium prognathum Sterki. Some Notes on Sphaeriidae
with descr. of New Species. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 13.
3-4. pp. 436^37.

I do not think the following were described, but the names are
found in MSS. or on labels. Pisidium flexum Sterki. Pisidium
overiapicula Sterki. Pisidium luteolum Sterki. Pisidium
amoenum Sterki.

Form contortum Prime. Form pauperculum Sterki.

The forms glabellum and latchfordi are only variations of
pauperculum and need be given no recognition. The contortum
are rare, but pauperculum are plentiful.

Pisidium ferrugineum Prime

1851. Pisidium ferrugineum Prime. Boston Proc, p. 162.
1865. Pisidium ferrugineum Prime. Mon. Amer. Corb., Smith.

Misc. Coll. 145 : 71.
1894. Pisidium (Fossarina) hib ernicum Westerlund. Nachricht-

sbl. Deutsch. Malak, Gesell. 26 : 205.
1899. Pisidium medianum Sterki. Nautilus 13 : 10.
1903. Pisidium costatum Sterki. ibid. 17 : 22.
1916. Pisidium vexum Sterki. Prelim. Cat. N. A. Sphaeriidae.

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 10. 3-4. 16 : 461.
1922. Pisidium pilula Sterki. Some Notes on Sphaeriidae with

Descriptions of New Species, ibid., 13. 3-4. 1921:437.
Pisidium depressum Sterki. This is a label name but, lest

it be in circulation, I list it.
Good forms: Form medianum Sterki. Form costatum Sterki.
Form hib ernicum Westerlund.

134 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (4)

Pisidium obtusale C. Pfeiffer

1821. Pisidium obtusale C. Pfeiffer. Naturg. Deutsch. Moll.

p. 125.
1851. Pisidium ventricosum Prime. Boston Proc. 4 : 68.
1851. Pisidium rotundatum Prime, ibid. 164.
1865. Pisidium ventricosum Prime. Mon. Amer. Corb., Smith.

Misc. Coll. 145 : 72.
1865. Pisidium rotundatum Prime, ibid. 72-73.
1896. Pisidium vesiculare n. sp. Sterki. Nautilus, 10 : 20-21.

Form ventricosum Prime. Form lapponicum Clessin.

Pisidium milium Held

1836. Pisidium milium Held. Isis. Coll. 281. [Fide Clessin,
Malak. Blatt. 18, 1871 : 190.]

Pisidium conventus Clessin
1877. Pisidium conventus Clessin. Malak. Blatt. p. 181.

Pisidium lilljeborgi Clessin

1886. Pisidium lilljeborgi Clessin. Esmark & Hoyer, Malak.

Blatt. N.F. 8 : 119.
1896. Pisidium scutellatum Sterki. Nautilus 10 : 66.
1928. Pisidium scutellatum Sterki, form cristatum Sterki. ibid.

42 : 25.
Form cristatum Sterki.

Pisidium subteuncatum Malm

1855. Pisidium subtruncatum Malm. Gotheborgs K. Vet. &
Vitt. Samh. Handl. 3 : 92.

Pisidium supinum A. Schmidt

1850. Pisidium supinum Schmidt. Zeitschr. f. Malakozool.
7:119.

Pisidium henslowanum (Sheppard)

1825. Tellina henslowana Leach MS. : Sheppard. Trans. Linn.
Soc. 14 : 150.

Apr., 1954] THE NAUTILUS 135

Pisidium punctatum Sterki

1895. Pisidium punctatum Sterki. Nautilus 8 : 99-100.
1918. Pisidium tenuilineatum Stelfox. Jour, of Conch. 15 :
296-298.

Pisidium amnicum (Muller)

1774. Tellina amnica Muller. Verm. Hist. 2 : 205.
1832. Pisidium amnicum Muller: Jenyns. Trans. Camb. Phil.
Soc.4:309.

Pisidium compressum Prime

1851. Pisidium compressum Prime. Bost. Proc. 4 : 164.
1865. Pisidium compressum Prime. Mon. Amer. Corb., Smith.
Misc. CoU. 145 : 64-66.

Pisidium variable Prime

1851. Pisidium variabile Prime. Bost. Proc. 4 : 163.
1853. Pisidium cicer Prime. Ann. N. Y. Lye. 6 : 65.

1865. Pisidium variabile Prime. Mon. Amer. Corb., Smith.

Misc. CoU. 145 : 66.
1865. Pisidium compressum cicer Prime, ibid. 145 : 65.
1913. Pisidium furcatum Sterki. Nautilus 26 : 118.
1923. Pisidium probum Sterki. ibid. 37 : 18.

Pisidium aequilaterale Prime

1852. Pisidium aequilaterale Prime. Boston Jour. 6 : 366.
1865. Pisidium aequilaterale Prime. Mon. Amer. Corb., Smith.

Misc. Coll. 145 : 63-64.

Pisidium insigne Gabb

1868. Pisidium insigne Gabb. Amer. Jour. Conch. 4 : 68.

1900. Pisidium imbecille Sterki. Nautilus 14 : 5.

1901. Pisidium monas Sterki. ibid. 14 : 100.

1916. Pisidium abortivum Sterki. Prelim. Cat. of N. A. Sphae-
riidae. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 10. 3^. 16 : 469-470.

1922. Pisidium notophthalmi Sterki. Some notes on Sphae-
riidae with descriptions of new species. Ann. Carnegie
Mus. 13. 3-4. pp. 434-435.

136 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (4)

Pisidium adamsi Prime

1851. Pisidium adamsi Prime. Stimp. Moll. New Engl. 16.
1865. Pisidium adamsi Prime. Mon. Amer. Corb., Smith. Misc.

Coll. 145 : 63.
1901. Pisidium affine Sterki. Nautilus 15 : 66-67.
1901. Pisidium sargenti Sterki. ibid. 15 : 67-69.
1912. Pisidium sphaericum Sterki. ibid. 26 : 8-9.
1916. Pisidium adamsi affine Sterki. Prelim. Cat. N. A. Sphae-

riidae. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 10. 3-4. p. 454.
1922. Pisidium deflexum Sterki. Some notes on Sphaeriidae

with descriptions of new species. Ann. Carnegie Mus.

13. 3-4. p. 429.

Form affine Sterki. Form deflexum Sterki.

Pisidium fallax Sterki

1896. Pisidium fallax Sterki. Nautilus 10 : 20.
1899. Pisidium kirklandi Sterki. ibid. 13 : 11.

Form kirklandi Sterki.

Pisidium mainense Sterki
1903. Pisidium mainese Sterki. Nautilus 17 : 21.

Pisidium walkeri Sterki
1895. Pisidium walkeri Sterki. Nautilus 9 : 75.

Pisidium idahoense Roper
1890. Pisidium idahoense Roper. Nautilus 4 : 35.
Form indianense Sterki.

Pisidium dubium (Say)

1816. Cyclas dubia Say. Nicholson's Encycl.

1820. Cyclas equalis (Phymeroda equalis) Rafinesque. Ann.

Gen. Sci. Phys. Bruxelles, p. 319.
1841. Pisidium abrupt um Haldeman. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., p.

53 (Elk River, Md.).

Apr., 1954] THE NAUTILUS 137

1852. Pisidium dubium Gould. Prime, Bost. Jour. N. H. 6 : 254.
1865. Pisidium virginicum Bourguignat. Prime, Mon. Amer.

Corb., Smith. Misc. Coll. 145 : 61.
1916. Pisidium virginicum (Gmelin). Sterki, Prelim. Cat. N.

A. Sphaeriidae. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 10. 3^. p. 446.

(See Nautilus 59 : 86-87, for Pilsbry 's statement about above.)

Pisidium cruciatum Sterki
1895. Pisidium cruciatum Sterki. Nautilus 8 : 97.

Pisidium singleyi Sterki
1898. Pisidium singleyi Sterki. Nautilus 11 : 112-114.

Pisidium ultramontanum Prime

1865. Pisidium ultramontanum Prime. Mon. Amer. Corb.,
Smith. Misc. Coll. 145 : 75.

The following ' species ' have too few specimens or are too badly
mixed for the writer to make any pronouncement about them at
the present time.
1900. Pisidium peraltum Sterki. Sometimes listed under

fraudulentum. Nautilus 14 : 5.
1903. Pisidium ohioense Sterki. ibid. 17 : 20.
1905. Pisidium limatulum Sterki. ibid. 18 : 108.
1912. Pisidium fraudulentum Sterki. ibid. 26 : 95.
1922. Pisidium limpidum Sterki. Some notes on Sphaeriidae

with descriptions of new species. Ann. Carnegie Mus.

13. 3^. p. 433.

Conclusion. — This is a revised list of Pisidium species with
some reasons for such a revision.

A description of the characters the author uses in determining
these species, with drawings, is in process of preparation. A
similar treatment of Sphaerium and its subgenus, Musculium, is
also in process.

A Selected Bibliography

Herrington, H. B. 1950. Sphaeriidae of Athabaska and Great
Slave Lakes, Northwestern Canada. Can. Field Nat. 64 : 25-32.

138 THE nautilus [Vol. 67 (4)

Odhner, Nils Hj. 1921. Mollusca. Pisidium conventus Clessin

(P. Clessini Surbeck, partim). Report of the scientific results

of the Norwegian Expedition to Novaya Zemlya, 1921. Videns-

kapsselskapet I Kristiana. 6 : 1-6.
. 1951. Swedish high mountain Mollusca. The mountain

fauna of the Virihaure area in Swedish Lapland. Lunds Uni-

versitets Arsskrift N. F. Avad. 2 Bd. 46. Nr. 2 : 26-35.
Prashad, B. 1925. Notes on Lamellibranchs in the Indian

Museum. Indian species of the genus Pisidium. Records of

the Indian Museum. 27. Part 5 : 405-422.
Prime, Temple. 1865. Monograph of American Corbieuladae.

Smith. Misc. Coll. 145.
Sterki, Victor. 1916. A Preliminary Catalogue of the North

American Sphaeriidae. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 10. No. 3&4.

16 : 429-474.
Woodward, B. B. 1913. Catalogue of the British species of

Pisidium. Coll. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

NOTES AND NEWS

The St. Petersburg Shell Show was held February 11 to
18, in the clubhouse of the Rod and Gun Club, on Lake Mag-
giore, southern St. Petersburg. The large room was crowded
with cases containing about forty exhibits of Floridan and
foreign shells. The Smithsonian Award, a handsome plate of
Amphidr omits suitably framed, was awarded to Mr. and Mrs.
Dan Steger of Tampa, for their fine collection of deep water
Gulf shells. About all the newly described species, as well as
many known only from the "Blake" and earlier explorations, are
represented in this scientifically valuable collection, which was
all dredged by the Stegers. Although impossible in our space
to mention the many meritorious exhibits, mention is made of
the largest series of a single family, Volutidae, by Frank G.
Lowerre, who also exhibited a very perfect specimen of the rare
Strombus goliath, from Brazil. Land shells were neglected,
the only exhibit being Ernest Klein's beautiful series of the
New Zealand genus Paryphanta.

The judges were Axel A. Olsson, Maxwell Smith and the
writer. Points used in judging were attractiveness of arrange-
ment, scientific or educational interest, accuracy of labelling and
apparent amount of work involved. — H. A. P.

Apr., 1954] THE NAUTILUS 139

Galeodes, Busycon and Melongena. — In the issue of the
Nautilus, vol. 67, no. 2, p. 63, 1953, W. K. Emerson has used the
family name of Galeodidae to include (cf. Thiele) the genera
Busycon and Melongena (Schumacher). However, this family
name is invalid as it is based upon Galeodes Roding 1798, non
Galeodes Olivier 1791 (Arachnida). The first available name
for Galeodes Roding is Melongena. Both Melongenidae and
Busyconidae have been used to include these genera, either
together or separately. If both genera are included in one
family, the name should stand as Melongenidae, replacing Galeo-
didae. There are many valid reasons, particularly on the basis
of the shell structure, why these two genera should remain in
separate families. — W. J. Clench.

Paramiella, new name for Paramia Clench (1949, Bull. 196,
B. P. Bishop Museum, p. 25) non Paramia Bleeker, 1863 (fish).
Mr. G. P. Whitley of the Australian Museum, Sydney, has
kindly called my attention to the fact that I had overlooked a
previous use of the name Paramia. My use of the name was for a
genus of cyclophorids limited to the islands of Truk in the Caro-
line Islands. — W. J. Clench.

New subgeneric names in Helicinidae. — Because the follow-
ing rather well marked groups of species have preoccupied
names, which many taxonomists would date from me since Wag-
ner probably used them simply as groups of the species named,
I perhaps shall be excused for the following replacements:

Calidviana, new name for Callida A. J. Wagner, 1908, Conch.
Cab. (2), lief. 530, p. 113, or H. B. Baker, 1922, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, v. 74, p. 60. Not Agassiz, 1846. Type Eu-
trochatella (Microviana?) calida = Helicina c. Weinland, 1862,
Malak. Bl., v. 9, p. 91, from Crooked Island, Bahamas.

Penisoltia, new name for Hispida A. J. W., 1907, op. cit., lief.
522, p. 54, or H. B. B., 1922, op. cit., p. 46. Not Bate, 1868.
Type Alcadia (s.s.) hispida = Helicina h. Pfeiffer, 1839, Wiegm.
Arch. Naturg. I, p. 355, from near Matanzas, Cuba.

Pseudoligyra, new name for Tenuis A. J. W., 1910, op. cit.,
lief. 544, p. 302, or H. B. B., 1922, op. cit., p. 50. Not Barrande,
1881. Type Helicina (Tristramia) tenuis Pfeiffer, 1849, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1848, p. 124, from Mexico.

Weinlandella, new name for Mamilla A. J. W., 1907, op. cit.,

140 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 67 (4)

lief. 522, p. 71, or H. B. B., 1922, op. cit., p. 47. Not Fabricius,
1823. Type Alcadia (Idesa) mammilla Weinland, 1862, Malak.
Bl., v. 9, p. 197, from the island of Haiti. — H. Burrington
Baker.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Shell Album. By Helen S. O'Brien. 33 pp., 12 color post-
cards. O'Brien Color Studio, P.O. Box 1691, Fort Myers, Fla.
$1.75. 1953. — This loose leaf folder is the first of a series. It
includes beautiful color photographs of about 160 species, with
key outlines which refer to brief descriptions, and notes on col-
lection and preparation of shells. It should be very useful for
amateurs. — H. B. B.

Die Banderschnecken. By F. A. and Maria Schilder. 92
pp., 8 text-figs., 33 maps. Gustav Fischer, Jena. DM 20. 1953.
— This detailed study of variation in coloration, size, form and
shell-thickness of Cepaea hortensis and C. nemoralis from the
island of Hiddensee, Germany, is founded on 72,000 shells from
322 localities. The authors decide that a clear picture of the
variations and their relative abundance in each species would
require collection of at least 200 examples spread over about one
square block (1 hectare) during at least 2 or 3 successive years,
and repetitions of such sampling every ys mile (% km.) over
continuous ranges and also ecologically and zoogeographically
isolated areas. Since great differences appear even in neighbor-
ing colonies, the island population is not in balance, which
means Hardy's law can not be applied directly to such a natural
distribution. A similar study of the color-variants of Liguus
fasciatus might be very valuable, especially if it could (?) be
continued for a decade or more. — H. B. B.

Praktikum der Weichtierkunde. By S. H. Jaeckel. 87 pp.,
21 text-figs. Gustav Fischer, Jena. DM 5.20. 1953.— This little
manual gives keys to the major groups of Mollusca (down to
orders), directions for collection, preservation, preparation of
radulae, dissection and histologic studies, and includes a brief
glossary of common technical terms. It is written especially for
amateurs, but its author hopes, with good reason, that it also may
be useful to professional students. — H. B. B.

Vol. 67 JULY, 1953 No. 1

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of Mollusca,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3

H. Burrington Baker, Professor of Zoology,
University of Pennsylvania

[ - 1953

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

CONTENTS

Materials for a Revision of East Coast and Floridan

Volntes. By Henry A. Pilsbry and Axel A. Olsson . . 1

Mollusks from Kwajalein. By Richard V. Dietrich and

Percy A. Morris 13

Scalariform Anguispira and Triodopsis. By Alan Solem . . 18

Oreohelix in San Diego County, California. By Joshua L.

Baily, Jr 20

The Zonitidae of Pittsylvania County, Virginia. By Leslie

Hubricht 22

Fresh-water Mussels Used by Illinoian Indians of the Hope-
well Culture. By Max R. Matteson 25

The Mollusks Inhabiting some Temporary Pools and Ponds

in Illinois and Ohio. By Ralph W. Dexter 26

A Preliminary Survey of the Land Mollusks of Alachua

County, Florida. By Edward H. Michelson 33

Notes and News 36

$3.00 per year ($3.15 to Foreign Countries) 75 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at
Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

11 THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-
lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the
month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).
Manuscript should be typewritten and DOUBLE SPACED. Proofs will not
be submitted to authors unless requested.

Eeprints are furnished ax printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $4.95 $7.89 $12.83

100 copies 5.92 9.38 15.79

Additional 100s _ 1.97 2.96 5.92

Plates (pasted in) : $3.94 for 50 ; additional plates $2.97 per 100

[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.
Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.
Margaret C. Teskey, Financial Secretary, 144 Harlem Avenue, Buffalo
24, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially, vol. 3;
vol. 4, no. 1; vol. 6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vols. 17 to 24; vol. 25, no.
5; vols. 26, 27; vol. 52; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3; vols. 54 to 58; vol. 59, no.
1 ; vol. 60, no. 2. Some nos. of volumes listed are in stock, but others
are desired. Address Horace B. Baker, Univ. Penna. Zoo. Lab.,
Philadelphia 4.

Wanted : Preserved or living viviparid snails, in exchange for local Mollusca.

Glenn E. Webb, Ohio (P.O.), Illinois.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including
three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,
Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.
Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

For Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially Cepaea
nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa.

Glenn B. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

THE NAUTILUS 111

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list

ready. Ask for it, and send yours.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois.

Fob Exchange: Bookbinding and book repair done — The Nautilus,
Johnsonia, etc. — for duplicate sheila or molluscan literature.

Dr. Walter H. Jacobs, 124 West 93rd Street, New York 25, N. Y.

Wanted: Pectens (world-wide). Exchange or purchase. Can offer good
marine specimens, many genera, with data.

Gilbert Grau, 2457 Claremont Ave., Hollywood 27, Calif.

For Exchange : Sixty species of Cypraea, including rare local varieties, from
Eed Sea and Indian Ocean.

Darrell Bates, Secretariat, Hargeisa, Somaliland Protectorate.

For Exchange: Fine specimen shells, world wide.

Nick Katsaras, 479-B South Washington Ave., Bergenfield, N. J.

Preparing new world-wide list of shell collectors. Send your name and
interests. No obligation for registering.

John Q. Burch, 1584 West Vernon Ave., Los Angeles 62, Calif.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.
List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

Specimen Shells and books or papers relating to them bought, sold and
exchanged.

John Q. Burch, 1584 West Vernon Ave., Loa Angeles 37, Calif.

Translations of German, French and Spanish shell literature done in ex-
change for shells, shell literature, duplicates or money.

Morris K. Jacobson, 455 B. 139 St., Rockaway Beach, New York.

IV THE NAUTILUS

TRITON HELMET AND HARP SHELLS $5.00

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Fourth revised edition) . . . 6.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

All post-paid In V. S. A.
Address author:

MAXWELL SMITH,
Box 126, Windermere, Florida

SOUTH SEA SHELLS

A large collection of South Sea and other shells including also fresh
water shells, many of them from the W. D. Hartman collection, collected
by Andrew Garrett, is offered for sale.

It is fine material but not adaptable to Secondary School work, and oc-
cupying space needed for local material. Address

Prof. Fred Swan, Westtown School, Westtown, Penna.

INDEX TO THE NAUTILUS

Volumes 35-60
Compiled by Aurele La Kocque

The index to The Nautilus for volumes 35 through 60 is now available
for distribution. Copies may be procured from the University or
Michigan Press, 311 Maynard Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan. The book
is made up in the same format as the First Index, is cloth bound and
divided into two sections, an author index and an index to genera and
species.

Pages: 322, frontispiece Price: $5.00

MBL WHOI LIBRARY

UH 17XH