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Aa i 4 $F Saude: rashes ‘ ” Spe or ihe ! iD maptas he 1? IT ai sta Hews wen) ve ( U3 Uatntiipe iat: ites ary oe eit “Ag a se paren ivan shy an yh Dy *r y etith. pele + Mya th, ot MPL pepeaa deb ey deo init a olanenh Rite ee We ee BOC Cate eeate ida berg Bal iedy ents yee va lit ty nud He f} patie ‘ Hana tKd jen ivy iste A , yt ve ve eaewaleittiies bear wee ie Whebsdi deh aie Pa My mit 109 i yi) TSAR strate ora nt oe st ie 4 Nea Hp ae ani? athe tat, hy st y teu niene he teietanestsra ie pai! anak “a » iy dened shah deseo Rae] agit ‘5 attest) V Adal Rie i vA % Pacyiiess pa iP a : ee Bebb oer ry ee ens pitd te y Whe oh aa be ie on oth rare $09 berate Pane Hora! gist! “4 Sut, ” pest vcbeiplevese “el Saas make yo Ns { rg Weed ths “4 isp] Ned ey ‘he * Lr ted tty bib ade bie tia i Sit. be « mi it . Sieh: AF Sidhe ky yrs heal wie Otic 4a HAE. + apt ie va i ; (tats ct ‘ \ bthyt rhe teetess A rhe pelen de fag eie lige o sateen teat spinster A ante het tie La ¥ a ih rere begs Ha peas eee tae ie Als PLL vegies 3 i 994 a yantehy st] ett neh set Gat a 2 ry ae ae ie ree a ay ae pis steh 1) *% nhigeerioattaees Diaeraae + debe door 8 a fat ota ahs Walid : } Ayigh 28). Fee hanes Hit + AO Le \ Bp mebt hy or it yu ard) eee fa oo et : oe spat pan Fey , “el oe arise) Vit aps Vanda fy 4 ag outs A Aad o e f ue erat ao ba 8 poate eae $0 gor it se) ehh i one 8 aa Meio: coe eds * inane are Tete i ane ae 2 vandal Scr ingiohitetstl bat ts ed SIRS HL _- 7 ~ hy THE NAUTILUS. A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS. * — ee VOL. X. MAY, 1896, to APRIL, 1897. PHILADELPHIA : Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON. ae J@lals NAUTILUS Ole IXDEX TO TITLES AND SPECIES DESCRIBED. Achatinellidze, description of two new species Agriolimax campestris in the Pecos Valley, N. M. Amastra aurostoma, n. sp. American Association of Concholmaieta : Amnicolidz, note on the genera of South item : Anctus (?) Stearnsianus Pilsbry, n. sp. : Arion hortensis in green-house, Seattle, Wash. Aspergillum giganteum Sowb. ee Bahia, Brazil, list of Pollueks collected oe De Ht von Ihering Bulimulus hypodon Eyishry,. n. sp. Bulimulus lamellifer Pilsbry, n. sp. . Bulimus, a new species of . Bulimus galericulum Mouss., on the generic ection Wh : Bulimus Hanleyi and B. coronatie noteon . . Callista varians Hanley in eastern Florida Callistochiton decoratus var. punctocostatus Pilsbry, n. var. Campbell, John H., in memoriam. . . Campeloma an Say, reversed Carychium exile, note on . Casco Bay Notes : Chitons, notes on some West ‘Amenean : Chondropoma (Ctenopoma) Bahamense Shutt at ‘Wey West Cochlicella ventricosa Drap. near Charleston, S. C. Conrad, Timothy Abbott . Cuttle fishes washed ashore in San Brito Bay Cyrenoidea caloosaensis Dall,n.sp.. . . Cyrenoidea floridana (Dall, MS. 1889) n. sp. . Cyrenoidea, on the American species of . lv THE NAUTILUS. Draparnaudia Montrowz . . . . -QiMeiewee eee 110 Editorial correspondence . . . . ees Gl 53 Endodonta (?) tenuiscripta Ancey,D.sp.. ....... 90 Ervilia ‘concentrica. Gould,. - . Sieweames) » 0 Aue 26 Ervilia maculosa Dall, nu. sp.. . Gee. ee 26 Ervilia nitens (Mont.) Turton . . See) 5. eee 25 Ervilia, the American species of . Siareuen-) i (05am 25 Ervilia subcancellata Smith... . ee. <0 ee 26 Extracts from a note-book. . . Siwese -) 2 eee 82 Fossils of Dead Man’s Island . . 4 .9.,.%>. ..:: 140 Fossil shells of San Pedro Bay . Saige.) fc 33 Goose Fair Brook... . . 8: 15 Helicina plicatula var. aii stoplior! Eisai WAP sa ae 118 Helix alternata, influence of environment upon the form and colorof. . . . . . . GimNeweye-an ieee 63 Helix nemoralis at Lexington, Via 5. Ee rae 142 Ianthina . . . ime 133 Isaac Lea Deparment ae Noes Aerention: 10, 33, 45, 56, 68, 81, 92, 106, 112, 123, 140 Ischnochiton scabricostatus Cpr. . . 49 Land and fresh water shells collected by ie mate EE Rue in Uruguay and Argentina . . . 76 Land mollusca from the rejectamenta of che Tie Gude Nap Mie agers s- ae 41 Land shells of Mouece City anid distrige Mates Ol< Gea 98 Large Decapod .. =... . . » aRgpeeee yee 108 Jueda caelata Hinds; note on. . Geeeuse -) oh) cee 70 Ledacellulita Dall;n. sp... . . Bigeeee sce ee 1 Leda conceptionis Dall, n. sp.. . @aauce> =). eee 2 Leda from the Pacific Coast, new species of. . . .. . I: ILedaleonina Dall, n.sp.'. :... . SRR ee 2 Leeda: pontonia Dall... . .. . SRR aes eee 2 Lepyrium Dall,n.gen;. . . . . 3 feie,goee eee 15 Lia, note on. . . Gk se 47 Limnea bulimoides Teen resisting ‘dtouehes neem. «> 96 Mactra, note on. .. . werd tS 47 Mactrella Iheringi Dall,n.sp.. . . :, ae 123 Marine shells on the southern C: ieee Goast ee se 56 Melania vatensis Ancey,n.sp. . . 295 +2) cee 90 Methods, chapteron .. ... . . oi eeede ee 43 THE NAUTILUS. Vv Mexican land shells . 59 Moores, Henry, in memoriam . 128 Mopalia imporcata Cpr. 49 Neobeliscus, n. gen. 5 ae 46 Neritina coccinea Ancey, n. sp. . 91 Neritina Showalteri Lea, note on . 13 New or rare species of marine mollusca aeranitle fc in British Columbia . > eee 16 New publications received. . . . 2, 23, 35, 47, 60, 70, 120; 131 New Hebrides Archipelago, new shells from the . . . . 90 Moteandenews. . : . . 22, 34,47; )9;-70, 96, 108, 117, 130 Notes on collection of shells in museums of Paris, Berlin and Amsterdam . 61 Notes on Florida mollusca . 40 Notes on mollusks of Florida . 27 Notes on new species of Amnicolidee Palleceed: he pe Rush in Uruguay : 86 Notes on some Ontario Melle. 10 Odor of snails . 84 Olvia, some references to ihe. genus (Gllnstrated) -. 3 Paludina heterostropha Kirtland . 23 Partulina Hayseldeni . 31 Pisidia, a few notes on . 8 Pisidia, descriptions of new . 20 Pisidium fallax Sterki, n. sp. . 20 Pisidium pauperculum Sterki, n. sp. . 64 Pisidium scutellatum Sterki, n. sp. . . 66 Pisidium vesiculare Sterki, n. sp. . atc 4 rab 21 Piaaorims nautilens Iu. in America .73)5).0. . 117, 130, 189 Pomatiopsis Hinkleyi Pilsbry, n. sp. . 37 Postage on specimens of natural history . 127 Potamolithus, new genus . 86 Potamolithus bisinuatus n. sp. : 88 Potamolithus bisinuatus obsoletus, n. var. . 88 Potamolithus dinochilus n. sp. . 87 Potamolithus gracilis n. sp. 88 Potamolithus gracilis viridis, n. var. 89 Potamolithus hidalgoi, n. sp. . 87 Potamolithus Iheringi, n. sp. . . 87 Potamolithus lapidum supersulcatus, n. var. 88 vi THE NAUTILUS. Potamolithus microthauma n. sp. . Potamolithus Orbignyi, n. sp. Potamolithus Rushii Pils., n.sp. . Potamolithus Sykesii,n. sp. . Pseudopartula Pfr. ‘ Puget Sound, notes on some shell han Punctum conspectum var. pasadenz Pilsbry, n. var. . Pupa, a new form of . Purpura lapillus var. umbricata . Pyramidula strigosa, young . Schmacker B. (obituary) . Shells of Maryland . Sinistral land shells . Snailery, my . Some land shells of Wivakiean Sphaeria, a word about . 88, 89 Sphyradium (Pupa) edentulum Dee ihe eyienanee posi- tion of . Sulcobasis, anatomy of . Synapterpes, n. gen. : Trachydermon Sharpii alter: n. sp. Tray of shells from Denmark . Unionide, descent and distribution of . Unio Askewi Marsh, n. sp., pl. I, figs. 3, 4 Unio Brimleyi Wright, n. sp. Unio Burtchianus Wright, n. sp. . Unio Kirklandianus Wright, n. sp. Unio Lehmanii Wright, n. sp. Unios, the muscle scars of . Unio Pinkstonii Wright, n. sp. : Unio superioriensis Marsh, n. sp., e I; hes 1, 2, a4 Unios of Illinois River . United States Unionide, contrihune ‘oF a nowhere a Vallonia pulchella in Pittsburgh. . . Van Nostrand, Henry D. (obituary) . Vertigo coloradensis and its allies . Vitrea cellaria Mull., notes on . Weight and size of shells . Zonites glaber Stud. and Zonites noida Dio in green- houses, Seattle, W ashington . 91, 121 103, 121 INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS. eee. |, MM en me we sey. 90,104 MCGOEIS hai... | A we Ss 80, 140 Pei) Peewee |. | I 3 Rgeaaweeireme ev. |. | ME eee 82 Piomeebircos fone... |. AS ck Se es OR 142 MamippclioMns sme G, . 2 2 Beh ee we ee 56 lin (Geis 1 oy 20a rere? 148 Cockerell, T. D. A. a... ee. ooo al Lot 143 Dall, Wai et. |. Me eso, Ole aad oe Pirkei Maric... . .' Mees, 2 ela aS 68 ih. Tiitt STE al A le er oo i Shiri EL bk ne i 43 Sram e , . . . Me ee 98 130 PeMMeCrAON GNM Dm ce... MM ee ee 72, 128 = DEST ON I, P< ore 9 3 61, 128, 144 J ESET cS tee tee, en: 124 moaeie eames Ely ape. |. Me Se 10 Lowe, Hi. iat eee. | ME ME for ae hn 11 Marsh, Wn. eer eee: . . Cinco oh. tg. . Ot 108 Mazyck, ecw. Me 105 ats ein eey (OM ee eo a ais 16 iearetiaty es. |. eis LY BAO “| DERG LOS Se, | Ge gs cr 13 Peauty rt. A. =. .-. 21, 37, 4ieeao. 49) 76,86, 102, 109, 118 LTD a) Eo a > 70 Peabeeioe kaymiond:) : . . . Mes tes 3 Meneewbatwarde Wes... .. MMM, . ss. ss 29 Rush, Wm. H. . C... o————— e 76 Simpson, Ghai. ©... ee se. 29, 57, 13: Smith, H. . . ne. . 2 Spe yeee 84 Soper, Miss C.. . a... | ae a iS Stearns, Peer. |. | MI 85 ence Dreyer. , . . . eae ok. 2 8P-20) 64°75 Streng, DH: , ee oS seer seas 23 Strode, Tr a ee 106 Taylor, Se ee | en ee 135 Valse 16s ae 142 Pine eiranicen .. . . lw 3 AEB cee es 40 Willcox, Joseph. . . . ae 27 Williamson. Mrs. M. Burton . Aes "10, 39, “112, 123 Maniieyeticnry W. . . . . Hime 2 . = 5, 38, 47, He Miitieneeeeriin Ee. | |. Ms Sarre EArt i. - «MM se we 136 (vii) , os. . "ty > ‘ aa Drea 48 ae + e ‘ ys : Tue NeavTILus. VOL. x. MAY, 1896. No. 1 NEW SPECIES OF LEDA FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. BY WM. H. DALL. The species of Leda from the littoral zone north from Panama are not numerous, though individuals are plenty in suitable locali- ties. Leda hamata Cpr. is only known from the Sta. Barbara Islands. Leda celata Hinds ranges from Bodega Bay to Lower California in 6 to 60 fms. Leda fossa Baird is known from Bering Sea to Puget Sound. Leda cuneata Sby., from Panama to Mon- terey and also in the Atlantic. Leda minuta Fabr., a circumpolar species, reaches south as far as Puget Sound on the Pacific. Omit- ting some Arctic and abyssal species, the above-mentioned five spe- cies include all hitherto recognized from the western coast of the United States. I am now able to add three well defined species to the list. Leda cellulita n. s. Shell solid, with a dull olive-gray epidermis, moderately convex, with subcentral, not prominent beaks, base profoundly arcuate, an- terior dorsal slope rounded, posterior straight or slightly concave ; posterior extreme bluntly pointed; escutcheon large, transversely striate ; lunule not differentiated but similarly striate; sculpture of fine sharp, concentric grooves with wider interspaces, less arcuate than the incremental lines; chondrophore small, triangular, not projecting, with 22 anterior and 16 posterior hinge teeth on the cardinal border. Height 10-5; diameter 7:2; length 15°5 mm. Puget Sound near Port Orchard, dredged by tue Young Natural- ists’ Society of Seattle, Wash. bo THE NAUTILUS. This species is less inflated, less polished, with finer grooving and less recurved rostrum than J. ce/ata. It is heavier, more inflated, and with a coarser hinge plate and larger teeth than LD. confusa Hanley (L. pella Sby. non Lin.) from Japan. Leda leonina n. s. Shell rather thin, compressed, with the low beaks at the anterior third ; base slightly arcuate, anterior end rounded, posterior dorsal slope concave, lunule and escutcheon narrow, elongate, strongly im- pressed, smooth, with the valve margins elevated ; rostrum broadly and a little obliquely truncate ; sculpture of thin sharp concentric lamelle strongest on the rostrum, epidermis dull olive-gray, dehis- cent; hinge with 22 anterior and 28 posterior teeth, the chondro- phore small, inconspicuous. Height 11; length 23°5; diameter 5°25 mm. Off Sea Lion Rock, Coast of Washington in 477-559 fathoms, mud, U.S. Fish Commission. This species bears a distant resemblance to L. tenuisulcata Se cannot be confounded with it. e Leda conceptionis n. s. Shell elongate, smooth, polished, compressed, with the beaks in the anterior third ; base arcuate, prominent below the beaks ; ante- rior dorsal slope slightly rounded, posterior slope straight, rostrum narrow, pointed, obliquely truncate, cardinal margin elevated be- tween the halves of the narrow impressed, almost linear lunule and escutcheon ; beaks very small, low, the prodissoconch. conspicuous ; hinge with 18 anterior and 33 posterior small and delicate teeth ; the chondrophore narrow, produced posteriorly, interior of the ros- trum without a longitudinal septum. Height 10°5; length 27-5; diameter 4°5 mm. From Sannakh Islands, Alaska, to the Santa Barbara Channel in 200-500 fathoms, especially off Point Conception, Cala., in 278 fathoms, U.S. Fish Com. This is nearest to L. platessa Dall, from off Rio Janeiro, but that species is smaller, with much fewer teeth and has a strong septal ridge dividing the interior of the rostrum. Leda pontonia Dall, originally described from 812 fathoms off the Galapagos Islands, has since been dredged in 822 fathoms ‘off San Diego, California, thus adding another to the rapidly increas- ing list of species which occur off the coast of West America in both hemispheres. THE NAUTILUS. 3 SOME REFERENCES TO THE GENUS OLIVA. BY JOHN FORD. Of all the marine univalves the Olives are perhaps among the most difficult to define specifically. It is true that the most irregu- lar forms can in some instances be readily determined and properly placed by expert concholoyists, for however greatly they may differ from the accepted types, certain characters, proving a common ori- gin, are always perceivable. This is especially the case with such species as O. inflata Lam., O. maura Lam., and O. perwviana Lam. (Fig. 1). To other species, however, many shells have been assigned which are apparently devoid of characters necessary to sustain the rela- tionship claimed for them. In this group may be included O. ara- neosa Lam., O. irisans Lam., O. ispidula Linn., and O. reticularis Lam. So variable both in form and color patterns are many of the shells assigned to these four species, it is not at all strange that they have been honored with scores of specific names. That a majority of these names are synonymous there is no reason to doubt, but it seems equally apparent that quite a number of the shells, the names of which have been thus subordinated, are really specifically dis- tinct from the types with which they are associated. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. O. peruviana Lam. O. erythrostoma Lam. O. porphyria Lam. Among these may be noted O. ornata Marratt and O. julietta Duclos, which some recent writers have determined to be varieties only, the former of O. irisans, the latter of O. araneosa. If there 4 THE NAUTILUS. is an affinity between these so-called varieties and the species men- tioned, I have failed to discover it, though in possession, perhaps, of every form of the shells in question known to science. Certain writers also claim that the difference between O. irisans and 0. textilina Lam. is merely varietal. Possibly this may be true; still, the facts do not appear to favor any such conclusion. On the contrary, the characters exhibited by large numbers of each clearly show them to be specifically distinct. It is just possible that intervening forms linking the two together are known, such for instance, as those uniting the typical O. irisans with its admitted varieties O. ze/anica Lam., O. tremulina, Lam., and O. erythrostoma Lam. (Fig. 2), but if so they are certainly ab- sent from the several large collections of Olives belonging to mem- bers of the American Association of Conchologists and the Phila- delphia Academy of Natural Sciences. These are but a few samples of the difficulties at present barring the way to a thorough com- prehension of the specific relationship of the various members of the genus. The presence of such obstacles, however, should be to the earnest student more of a pleasure than an annoyance, since any effort for their removal will surely give him ample opportunity to exercise both his judgment and powers of observation. Despite the individual vagaries referred to, the genus is a thoroughly at- tractive one, many of the species, indeed, being unsurpassed in Fic. 4 O. eryptospira Ford. Fia. 5. THE NAUTILUS. 5 richness of color and perfection of form by even the more preten- tious members of the genus Cypreea. Among the most charming of the 55 or 60 accepted species, O. porphyria Lam. (Fig. 3) may be safely reckoned. These are the “tent shells” of the amateur collector, being so-called from the peculiar patterns which often cover the surface in such profusion as to suggest a large military encampment, including the marquees supposed to be necessary for official comfort, ete. The ground color, on which these tent-like figures appear, is of a deep chocolate hue and exceedingly brilliant. Add to this the graceful form of the shell and we may readily see that the combina- tion presents a picture of the utmost beauty. O. eryptospira Ford (Figs. 4, 5) is smaller and less charming in appearance than O. porphyria, but the callus-covered spire and enamelled body whorl make it a very interesting species. The type of this is in my own collection. There is, however, a fine suite of typical specimens in the Phila. Acad. Nat. Sciences, and, I think, a similar set in the U. S. National Museum at Washington. DESCENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF UNIONIDE. BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT, PENN YAN, N. Y. It must be admitted that the Unionidae are under the same natural laws, and occult forces, that have operated for vast ages on all animal and vegetal life. Fossilized Unios are found in several geological formations, and all living Unios are their descendants, or else they are new creations. But no evidence sustains the theory of successive creations. On the contrary, we behold everywhere successive new but related forms of descent on divergent lines. Nowhere is this astonishing fact better exemplified than in the nu- merous species of Unionidze. But what causes the new forms? If not direct creations—a baseless theory—they are the outcome of changed conditions of life or varying environments. Geographical distribution furnishes such environments. The young fry of the Naiads have a byssus which generally disappears early and with this appendage they can and do attach themselves to the legs of ducks, wading birds and floating objects. They are then easily transported by the semi-annual bird migration, from river to river, and from lake to lake, and eventually to very remote 6 THE NAUTILUS. regions. New habitats, with new climates, and with changed chemical qualities of new waters, and with new food materials, must disturb the usual and normal lines of descent. A change in the activity of functions of organs, affecting the physiology of the animal must result. Over stimulation of some functions, and de- pressed activity of others, must change the tenor of life, ultimately evolving new shell characters, and minimizing old ones, or even re- ducing them to a rudimentary state—all being effected by change of environment. The dispersion of species is scarcely affected by mountain ranges, but oceans are potential barriers. | Distribution eastward or west- ward is very slow, owing to the fact that the migrations of water fowls and birds, is mainly from north to south and vice versa. The spawn, fry or seeds being carried in these migrations, causes a great mixing of fauna and flora, on the lines of migration. The paucity of Unionidee west of the 100th meridian is probably due to the fact that since the laying of the cretaceous beds there and the destruction of the once numerous forms of Naiads that swarmed in that region, by the great upheavals of the country— there has not been sufficient time to repopulate. There are signs, however, of adventive Naiads, even from Europe, there. Margari- tana (Unio) margaritifera L. and Anodonta cygnea L. from Europe, neither of them fully divorced from their Old World progenitors, seem to have somehow got a lodgement in California and Oregon, though Drs. Lea and Gould did not detect it. Mr. Simpson suggests that the Californian A. cygnea is the parent of the “tramp” A. exilior Lea, found from Southern California to Mexico and Central America, where it resents having relatives in Europe. The most common Unios are those most subject to variation, as seen in U. complanatus Sol., whose progeny are clamoring for “ sov- erign rights” and recognition, which some Uniologists grant, and others deny. On the other hand Naiads vigorously resisting varia- tion, such as U. eylindricus Say, and others, have no near relatives, and are generally rare and with very restricted distribution. In living plants, secessions from a given and normal type are readily traceable, and in fossil types, floral and faunal, the grada- tions of differences are well marked. “ Connecting links” may be absent, when we seek to trace and run down a species, through the long xeons of geologic time. But if a long line of visible road be crossed by a chasm, we cannot resist the conviction that the road was once continuous. THE NAUTILUS. There are no inherent tendencies in a species to depart from it- self, but when estrangements do oceur, they are effected by ulterior causes, natural or artificial. Where color markings are bleached out in mature shells in clear streams, they are retained in the same species in muddy waters. Shells thin and fragile in cold, limeless, pure water, become thicker and coarser in dirty streams. Spinose and verrucose shells are found in rapid waters, with a maximum de- velopment of spines and warts, while the same species in sluggish waters have these characters minimized or even absent. The thin edentate Anodontas of ponds or lakes, need no teeth to keep their valves in place, and hence have none. Nature’s argument for an organ or an accessory is the need of it, which is furnished by a pro- cess of slow development the heavier species showing rudimentary teeth. Mr. Darwin, in “ The Origin of Species,’ shows that in a genus having many species, if it has not reached a maximum de- velopment, many other species are still forming in it. This is con- firmed in Unio and Anodonta, and we may reasonably Eaeoe new species will be discovered in them. Departures of a Unio from its parent stock, when seen as features of whole colonies, entitle it to specific distinction without hesitation, provided the habitats differ, and to varietal distinction where found in company with or near its next in affinity. On such a basis spe- cific recognition is accorded in other branches of zoology, and also in botany. Plenty of land and marine shells, are specifically sep- arated, only by the most minute or microscopic differences of the shells. We would not advocate such peering minuteness in the Unionidz where the tendency to variation is much greater, and where expert comparative anatomists are unable to find distinguish- ing generic or specific differences in the soft parts. In the Unionidae, the constants of nature are few and the differ- entials many. How then shall a rule be formulated by which we can confidently say a given Unio is distinct from another? ‘The hiatus necessary for the founding of a new species must be such an aggregation of differences of character, such an estrangement from its next in affinity, that the gap will be large enough to justify a specific separation of the two. A substantial agreement in the out- line of two Unios may be a fact, and yet other distinctive characters easily and unmistakably separate them. A process of differentia- tion must be applied in uniology but with extreme care. But just 8 THE NAUTILUS. here we are confronted with the fact that all differential observa- tions are more or less affected with the variable “ personal equa- tion’ among observers. The measure of conclusions is more or less. in error, and the elimination of the variable is not a mathematical possibility. It follows, therefore, that a definition of the word sPE- cres is almost an impossibility, the judgment of a naturalist being a controlling factor. This is a serious and unalterable fact. The most unselfish and conscientious naturalists will often radically dis- agree on the validity of a species. Others without a surplus of con- science, candor or brains, will go on making species ad libitum, to the end of time. Ags a result of such diffusiveness, the birds, fishes, insects, shells, and plants, have generally been named three or four times over. This condition is discreditable to science, and Congresses of scientists are not able to remedy the evil. An epidemic of this sort is raging in Europe, and the “ New School” mills are grinding out species by the hundreds. The animus of species mongers is often visible, and not praise- worthy. Posing as scientists, they grasp nomenclature and bandy names about football fashion, with a nonchalance that takes away the breath of astonished beholders and raises the hair on end. The vocation of such gentry is that of the “ Bulls and Bears,” tearing down what others labored hard to build up, and raising standards which a later litter of “ Bears” will demolish. A FEW NOTES ON PISIDIA. BY DR. V. STERKI, It is hoped that our fellow conchologists will not feel chilly whem reading this title, but kindly excuse the writer for coming again with Pisidia. The Cycladide are in order at present, and the season for collecting is at hand. Many conchologists in the East and West, North and South of our country are prepared to do vigorous collect- ing, and many others not yet enlisted will probably join them, so that, in all probability, more will be done in this line than at any previous time. And there is no doubt that the results will be highly satisfactory. Almost every sending coming in from the compara- tively few places where collecting has been done so far, brought up some new form or forms which may prove to be new species, or varieties, by comparing them with more materials from other places. THE NAUTILUS. 9 By the perplexing variability of some members of this group, it is too unsafe to establish new species upon a few specimens coming from a single locality. The headquarters of these smallest Bivalves, and so probably of Spherium, are the region of our great lakes, which, in fact, seems to be the richest on the globe. And here, too, a serious difficulty is added to the one already lying in the embarassing richness of forms itself. The deep water mussels are decidedly different from the shallow water and shore forms, reduced in size, and less character- istic in shape, striation, color, hinge formation, ete., hence the double difficulty in ascertaining their true relations with the shallow water, river, pond and shore forms on the one hand, and among themselves on the other. Such is the teaching of the materials brought up so far from some deeper places of the lakes, mainly by the efforts of the Michigan Fish Commission, as I understand, upon the encourage- ment of Mr. Bryant Walker. There also is a field for successful work; the use of the dredge. | Another point may as well be mentioned here. It isan open ques- tion how far Cycladide are able to exist in brackish water, of rivers and creeks emptying into the sea, and in salt marshes. Conchologists having chances to collect in such places are invited to pay the matter their attention. The researches may be extended to other fresh water mollusks at the same time. A few hints must be added for those collecting and sending Pisidia (and Spheria). 1. Not even the smallest specimens should be overlooked, as some forms are very minute, and the young of all are of interest and value. 2. It is not only annoying, but really perplexing and deceptive, to examine lots where a part of the spec- imens had been picked out previously. Thus the larger, mature and characteristic examples of one or several species may be want- ing, while the younger and poorer are represented in the remnants. Whole suites only can afford a true conception of a species, variety or local form. Mixed lots, however, are the most desirable for examination, separated only for considerable differences in size of the specimens. Several conchologists lately have sent living Pisidia, which arrived alive and could be kept alive for some time, observed and examined for the soft parts. I would solicit the sending of more such. They should be packed up with damp moss, or other similar material, in receptacles admitting air, not in tightly corked vials. 10 THE NAUTILUS: ISAAC LEA DEPARTMENT. {Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz Associa- tion by its General Secretary, Mrs. M. Burton Williamson. ] During the first quarter of the year the following new members have been added to the chapter: Mrs. H. A. Zeck, Los Angeles, Cal.; Mrs. E. H. King, Napa, Cal.; Mrs. E. A. Lawrence, 2024 E. Second St., Los Angeles, Cal. ; , in the Juvenile Section, } Ss 1 St., Los Angeles, Cal. ; and, in the J le Section, Master James H. Porter, New Wilmington, Pa. The California members will belong to Sections A. and F., the first section “ Marine Shells of the West Coast,” is under Professor Keep’s instruction, and, Section F, “ Fossil Shells,” is directed by the Hon. Delos Arnold. NOTES ON SOME ONTARIO SHELLS. [Report of Mr. James H. Lemon. From the Transactions of the Isaac Lea Con- chological Chapter for 1895.] During last Summer I was able to do very little work in the con- chological line, as my time was mostly occupied with botany. This report, therefore, will have to deal with work done in former years. As far as I am aware about 147 species of land and fresh water shells have been found in the Province of Ontario, fifty-five species being land shells, and ninety-two fresh water; but as very few localities in the Province have been diligently searched it is very © probable that in the future several more species will be added to the list. Of the 147 species, quite a number are extremely common all over the Province. Others, although widely distributed, are comparatively rare. Others, again are rather plentiful in some parts, but entirely wanting in other parts. Of our rarer species mention might be made of the following: Selenites concava Say. This shell has been found in several parts of the Province of Ontario, but nowhere abundantly. I, myself, have found it in Eastern Ontario, and it is reported from around Ottawa. Omphalina fuliginosa Griff., has been found, as far as I am aware, only near the city of Hamilton, in 8. Ontario, and even there is not a common shell. Omphalina inornata Say, has been found around Ottawa, but I have not heard of its being taken elsewhere in the Province. Gastrodonta intertexta Binn. This shell has not been found, to my knowledge in Eastern Ontario, but several specimens have been THE NAUTILUS. 11 collected around Hamilton. I also collected a few specimens near Brantford. Pyramidula perspectiva Say, is another species which seems to be 2 confined to the southern portion of the province. I have found it around Hamilton, and, also in Brant County, but it is not abundant in either place. Polygyra (Mesodon) Sayii Binn. has been found in several parts -of the Province, but is by no means a common species. I have never been fortunate enough to find any live specimens, but have found dead ones. Polygyra (Triodopsis) palliata Say, and T. tridentata Say, are both comparatively common in parts of Southern Ontario, I have not heard of their being found in the Northern or Eastern parts. Pupa fallax Say, has been found very abundantly around Hamil- ton, especially in sandy places, but I have not found it elsewhere. It is chiefly among our Fresh Water species that additions to the list are to be expected. Ontario abounds in lakes and streams, which when diligently explored will no doubt yield a number of species new to the Province. Many additions may be expected among the Unionide and Cycladide (Spherum and Pisidium), although over 30 of our 92 Fresh Water species belong to the Unionide. | During the coming summer I hope to have more time to devote to the study of Conchology, and will endeavor to get as complete a a loPy list, as possible, of those shells found around Toronto. CUTTLE FISHES WASHED ASHORE IN SAN PEDRO BAY. [Extract from the reportof H. Lowe. Fromthe Transactions of the Isaac Lea Con- . chological Chapter for 1895]. In June, while I was out collecting one morning, I was surprised to find a number of cuttle fishes which had been washed ashore. They were all dead, excepting one, which I carried home and kept in water for a day or two. The length of the entire mollusk was about four feet, and, weight about twenty pounds. It was covered with a very thin paper-like skin, so thin that the bloodvessels could be seen beneath for it has, unlike most other mollusks, red blood. The head was surmounted by ten arms with powerful suckers, two of these arms were much longer than the rest, being about two feet long. Where the ten arms radiated was the mandible, shaped like, 12 THE NAUTILUS. and much resembling, the beak of a parrot. This mandible was partially enveloped in a tough white muscle and was connected with the digestive organs by a muscular gullet. On each side of the head was a Jarge eye about two inches in a diameter. The crystalline lens, when dried, were clear and bright and closely resembled large solitaries (I have seen the lenses used for settings). The gladius, or internal shell was about eighteen inches long, composed of shining white cartilage, and shaped like a large quill-pen, with the pen point towards the tail. I found about fifteen of these mollusks, but have been unable to identify them and would be pleased if some one could give me the probable name. GENERAL NOTES. Nore on CarycHiuM EXILE (C. B. Apams).—This Jamaican species was originally described in Adams’ Contributions to Con- chology, III, p. 88 (Oct., 1849) as Pupa evilis; and Pfeiffer retains the species in Pupa in the Monographia Heliceorum III, p.556. It is omitted from the Monographia Auriculaceorum. Bland in Journal de Conchyliologie, 1872, p. 46, first refers the species to Carychium. In this genus the name is preoccupied by H. C. Lea for a species of the United States described in 1841. The Jamaica form will, there- fore, stand C, exile Lea, var. jamaicensis Pilsbry (see Nautilus VIII, p- 63, figs. 15, 16), although some would probably consider it dis- tinct from the United States species. P. exilis Ad., C. exile Bland, becoming a synonym of the variety described by myself.—H. A. P. NEW PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. I. Tae UNIONIDe OF THE Ogro River. II. THe StREPOMA- TID# OF THE FALts OF THE On10.—By R. Ellsworth Call, from Proceedings Indiana Academy of Science, No. 1V, 1894. Published Nov., 1895. Brief comparative reviews. The writer states that “the literature of the subjects reveals some sixty species” of Union- idee found in the Ohio River, “The Strepomatid molluscan fauna of the Falls of the Ohio is one that is very rich in numbers, but rather poor in species,” the total number being but ten species. ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ALECTRYONIA UNGULATA IN S. E. AFRICA WITH A NOTICE OF PREVIOUS RESEARCHES ON THE CRETA- ceous ConcHoLocy or Sourn Arrica.—By R. Bullen Newton (from the Journal of Conchology, VIII, 1386-151, Jan., 1896). BULLETIN OF THE U. S..GEoLoGIcaAL Survey, No. 133; Con- TRIBUTIONS TO THE CRETACEOUS PALEONTOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC coast; FAUNA OF THE KNoxvILLE Beps. By T. W. Stanton. This Bulletin, which contains 132 pages and 22 plates, is a very valu- able addition to our knowledge of the Cretaceous Mollusca. Pre- ceding the descriptions of species, is a thorough discussion of the geological features of the region. There are enumerated 77 species of invertebrates, 50 of which are described as new; all but 7 ot the species are mollusks. foe, Ne@rrus: VoL. x. JUNE, 1896. No. 2 NOTE ON NERITINA SHOWALTERI LEA. BY WM. H. DALL. In February, 1861, Dr. E. R. Showalter of Alabama sent four small shells without opercula or soft parts to Dr. Isaac Lea. They were obtained ten miles above Fort William, Shelby Co., Alabama, from the Coosa River. Three of these specimens are now in the National Museum, with the original labels of Showalter and Lea. The species was described under the name of Neritina Showalteri by Dr. Lea, who observed that it was the first instance of the discovery of true freshwater Neritina, like those of Europe, in our southern waters. The note in which the description is embodied was read Feb. 12, 1861 and published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. xiii, p. 56, March 19, 1861, and also separ- ately. Since that time for many years no notice of the species as collected has come to my knowledge and I began to suspect that Dr. Showalter had been imposed upon by some one who had given him, as obtained from the Coosa River, some specimens of Neritina fluviatilis of Eur- ope, to which these shells bear a marked resemblance, except that they are smaller and without any dark markings upon the olivaceous surface. It seemed very curious that a species of the section Theo- doxus, to which Neritina fluviatilis is now referred, and which is not- ably profuse in individuals when occurring at all, in Europe, should be found only in one small stream in our Southern States and very sparsely there. Of numerous collectors on the Coosa River since 14 THE NAUTILUS. 1865, none seemed to have found it. Dr, Lewis in his Freshwater and Land shells of Alabama (Geol. Sur. Ala. Rep., p. 25, 1876) gives no further information but states that in the absence of the operculum it is uncertain whether it should be referred to Neritella —Neritina). Binney was not able to add any further information in his Land and Freshwater shells of North America. I find in one of my books a manuscript note by a very competent conchologist which declares under date of 1884 that this shell is the young of Anculosa ampla Anth. Under Neritide in the Manual of Concho- logy (vol. x, 1888) Mr. Tryon observes that it has not the char- acters of Anculosa, on the contrary it more nearly resembles Neritina crepidularia, though the coloring of the epidermis is more like that of Anculosa than in the other fluviatile species of Neritina. For some years I have used every opportunity to seek further in- formation about this species but without success, until lately Mr. Bryant Walker of Detroit informed me that he had found, among shells collected on the Cahawba River in Alabama, by Prof. R. E. Call, a single specimen which he had referred to Lea’s species. This he was kind enough to send me for examination and on com- parison with the types it proved identical, thus establishing the correctness of the American habitat of the shell which had been so long in doubt. The specimen had also the operculum, which was not that of a Neritina, but the soft parts had been removed. A comparison was then made with the young of all the species of Anculosa in the National collection, which resulted in confirming Mr. Tryon’s opinion that it could not be referred to that genus. Dur- ing this search, under the head of “ Anculosa ampla, very young” were found three additional specimens of the so-called Neritina, received under that name from Dr. Lewis, who in turn had received them from Mr. T. H. Aldrich who had collected them from the Cahawba River, Alabama, thus fixing a second locality for the species. Thesmallest of Dr. Lewis’s specimens fortunately contained the operculum and dried remains of the soft parts which were put in soak and boiled in potash finally revealing an extremely minute rhipidoglossate radula, in general not unlike that of Neritina but not like that of any species of Neritina yet figured. The differences are such as would ordinarily be regarded as generic and, taken into consideration with the operculum, it becomes evident that, while the species is related to Neritina (and not to Anculosa), a new genus must be instituted to receive it. THE NAUTILUS. 15 Genus Lepyrium Dall. Shell neritiniform, small, thin, unicolorate; with a broad smooth- edged pillar lip; the operculum shaped like that of Neritina but without any calcareous layer or projecting processes ; the dentition comprising a very wide rhachidian tooth with a short finely denti- culate cusp, the median denticle hardly larger than the others and on each side of it a small obliquely set lateral, a broad major lateral with finely denticulate short cusp, and a short series of spatulate uncini much longer than the median teeth. Formula x.2.1.2.x. Type Lepyrium Showalteri (Lea, as Neritina), from rivers of the Appalachian drainage in Northeastern Alabama. Types, numbers 29,016 and 102,851, U.S. Nat. Museum. The specimen from which the radula was obtained was very small and the radula so minute, and its long uncini so tangled, that it was impossible to make a complete description or enumeration of them. The rhipidoglossate character, however, was evident, and the form of the cusps of the middle part of the radula could be clearly seen. They differ from those of Neritina by having a very wide and short, finely denticulate rhachidian tooth, instead of a small quadrate one with simple edges; one instead of two oblique minor laterals; in the broad and simple quadrate form of the major lateral, and the relatively smaller number and larger size of the uncini. Anculosa has a tenioglossate radula with the formula 3.1.5, so it is evident that this form is not in any way related to Anculosa. The Oligocene of the Southern United States contains several species of Neritina, but none, so far as known, having a close resem- blance to Lepyrium; which is, however, probably an offshoot from Neritina. The fluviatile fauna of the Coosa region contains several unique or isolated types of mollusks and the present species adds another to the list. THE GOOSE FAIR BROOK. BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY. A curious brook, with an odd name, the origin of which I do not know. For some years this stream has formed the boundary be- tween the city of Saco and the town of Old Orchard. ‘The portion of it known to the writer is the last five or six miles of its course. 16 THE NAUTILUS. It flows for a distance through meadow land in a valley ; here mol- lusca are seldom found. The next portion continues through a val- ley thickly wooded, with alders overhanging the water and covering the narrow belt of marsh; beyond these the steep banks and upper land are covered with pine growth. Land shells occur rarely along this area: Succinea ovalis, Patula striatella, Strobilops labyrinthica, Zonites exiguus ete., have been found here. The brook has a fine lot of Margaritana margaritifera of large size and fine specimens. Pisidium variabile, abditum and adamsii occur in the mud, the last of these in an area of a few feet, but having some fine examples. Planorbis and Physa also occur sparingly. The third area is a mile or two of tide marsh ; here one may study the problem of salt and freshwater distribution. The writer gave an afternoon to this work a few days ago with the following result: [n the upper quarter of the marsh Pisidiwm occurs more or less abundantly, and Amnicola is to be found in great profusion ; following the windings careful siftings were made. Pisidiwm disappeared after the first quarter of the distance to the sea; I am quite sure that salt water has little or no influence here. Amnicola was met with where Pisidium had disappeared, but only for a short distance. The portion following this in the second quarter was entirely wanting in shells, but grad- ually salt water forms showed themselves, i. e., Macoma and Litorina. The marsh itself now gives an interesting field of study. Plant life is very rich, but that is not our subject. Pot holes now reveal the presence of multitudes of Litorinella minuta living on the thread- like marine plants. The Goose Fair Brook enters the sea in the middle of a long beach, generally known as Old Orchard beach. Its marine shells are chiefly Litorina littoria and Macoma, the latter often badly eroded. I have seen living specimens with the animal exposed in places where erosion had destroyed the shell. Not far from the shore there must be beds containing Te/lina tenera, Cero- nia arctata and others, as specimens are washed up by storms. I trust that these few observations may help to settle the question of the distribution of marine and freshwater forms. At any rate this is one point in the evidence. SOME NEW OR RARE SPECIES OF MARINE MOLLUSCA RECENTLY FOUND IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. The following note may be of interest to collectors of West Coast. Mollusca. It adds sixteen species to our fauna not hitherto reported THE NAUTILUS. Ng from British Columbia (though some have been found in neighbour- ing seas), and four species are new to science. My best thanks are due to Dr. Dall for kindly determining new and doubtful material, and species so identified are marked in the accompanying list by an asterisk. It will be noticed that the range of several Californian species receives a considerable extension, as in the case of Diala marmorea Cpr., Eulima falcata Cpr., Ischnochiton radians Cpr., Lepidopleurus rugatus Cpr., Chrysallida cincta Cpr., Phasianella pulloides Cpr., Tornatina harpa Dall, and Turbonilla stylina Cpr., ete. Of northern species the southward range is extended of Buccinum plectrum Stimps. (now first established as living in our waters) of Trichotropis borealis Br. & Sby., and of Sipho verkriizeni Kobelt. The two last mentioned species occur at Alert Bay in company with an unusual abundance of boreal and circumpolar species such as Buecinum cyaneum Brug., Bela violacea M. & A., Margarita helicina O. Fab., Cryptobranchia concentrica Midd., Lepidopleurus cancellatus Sby., Crenella decussata Mont., etc. Of the four new species, three belong to genera new to our waters ; viz. Rissoina, Mélleria and Phasaniella. The fourth species belongs _ to asubgenus (Mumiola) of Odostomia especially Japanese in its recorded species. Most of the following additions are of small shells, of which, how- ever, we are still far from having on record anormal proportion. The stations quoted in the following lists are arranged in their order passing from the south towards the north. Station 1. Near Victoria, Vancouver Island, in 60 fathoms, fine clean sand. Collected by the Natural History Society of B. C. March 14, 1896. Station 2. Near Alert Bay, Queen Charlotte Sound, northeast of Vancouver Island, 20 fathoms, small gravel. Collector, C. F. N. July, 1895. Station 3. North side of the entrance to Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Islands, 10-20 fathoms, small broken shells and sand. Collector, C. F. N. Sept., 1895. Station 4. East end of Skidegate Inlet, Queen Charlotte Islands, sand and mud. Collector, C. F. N. August, 1895. Station 5. Dawson Harbour, west end of Skidegate Inlet, Queen Charlotte Islands, 20 fathoms., broken shells. Collector, C. F. N. Sept., 1895. 18 THE NAUTILUS. List of Species. * Admete Couthouyi Jay. Cumshewa Inlet, living. Angulus variegatus Cp. Victoria, Station 1. * Bela fidicula Gld. “ variety approximating B. sca/aris Moller.” Alert Bay, Station 2. * Bela tabulata Cpr. A remarkably slender variety occurred at Station 2 with the last. * Bela violacea Migh. & Ads. Not uncommon at Alert Bay, Station 2. * Bittium quadrifilatum Cpr. At all stations in the Queen Char- lotte Islands. A Californian shell new to B. C. * Buecinum cyaneum Brug., var. Mérchianum Fischer. Very fine and plentiful, living at low water near Station 2, Alert Bay. Not reported from any other locality. * Buceinum plectrum Stimpson. Two dead and a few living spec- imens at Station 1, Victoria. Dead specimens have before been recorded since 1878 as B. polare var. compactum Dall, and as B. percrassum Dall. It has also been found at Rivers Inlet, B. C. (C. F. N.) and in Queen Charlotte Sound by Dr. G. M. Dawson. Cadulus aberrans Whiteaves. Several specimens at Station 1, Victoria. Only once taken before in B. C. * Cecum crebricinctum Cpr. Living in great abundance at Sta- tion 3, Queen Charlotte Islands. Only a single dead specimen before noted. * Cancellaria modesta Cpr. One dead specimen dredged in 15 fathoms, near Victoria in 1894, the first reported in B.C. It measures 33 mm. in length and is the largest species of its genus here. * Oancellaria unalaskensis Dall. A few found at Stations 3 and 5 in the Queen Charlotte Islands. Chrysodomus rectirostris Cpr. Three living specimens of this rare shell at Station 1, Victoria. Chrysodomus (Sipho) Verkriizent Kobelt. Three young living specimens dredged near Alert Bay by Mr. W. Harvey in 1894. * Orenella decussata Mont. Abundant at Station 2 near Alert Bay. Dentalium pretiosum Nuttall. A single living specimen at Station 5, Dawson Harbour, Q. C. I. Dentalium rectius Cpr. A few living at Station 1, Victoria. Only noted here once before. * Diala marmorea Cpr. At Station 5, Dawson Harbour, Q. C.I. New to these waters. , THE NAUTILUS. 19 Doridium Adelle Dall. Clayoquot Sound, B.C., and near Victoria. Taken in 18938, by C. F. N. Not hitherto recorded from B. C. * Kulima falcata Cpr. At Station 2, near Alert Bay. Also taken at low water. A rare Californian shell not on our lists, but prob- ably identical with the form recorded as £. distorta and E. incurva. * Halistylus pupoideus Dall. Very abundant, living at Station 8, Cumshewa Inlet. Ischnochiton interstinctus Gld. On rocks at low water near Station 4, A Californian species new to our Province. Sixteen specimens of various markings. Lazaria subquadrata Cpr. Dead shells and single valves at Sta- tions 3 and 5 in the Queen Charlotte Islands, the northern limit of this species so far as known. * Leda acuta Conr. . oh) Seer? ea 87 Ashmunella Pilsbry and Cockerellfmagen...........-...-..---: 107 Ashmunella pseudodonta (Dall) capitanensis Ashmun and Gockerelli my. sub-sp.... . . . Sigmar - OE een! cs! ibeudome. © .P, (ObiuiaaAry).... : See tess iece wae ea cee 80 Bifidaria Ashmuni, a new species of Pupide........ rere see ts) Prodaria Ashimuni form: minor. .aaeege-: ---:--2s- 62s. tafaes) #92 ipendaria, Mulliana Sterki, 0. sp... MeMeeee: 2.6.26 + ewes ss oye: gl Bifidaria hordeacella Pils, var. ie Sit Keli Welty <= ety) 128 Bifidaria perversa Sterki, n. sp. 1 coo Oe arc eee 99 Bifidaria quadridentata ,Sterki. n. sp.. “fe HAM e ane ee. MO Biologia Centrali Americana, Mollaten: Geview) Nes rive ee co 11 CHE OVE Sie) IGS... 0 52) eer i 132 Ceres Nelsoni Dall, n. sp....... e. Ae ean ne 2! Cerion Fordii Pils. & Van. (Figs. moo Re “ey (a teg a NL ee 27 Sean Enisbiry: Pils. & Van. (Wieeeiia: 2-:5.:s-..2.-222 08. 27 emicaro drainage canal, a day on theee..-.......:.-...:..2..-- 63 nN MOLES ON Tew .:.------- SOMMeeen be euss il. oleate. 50 Seanectine im the Great Smokies. Jgemeas,o.: 2.2.2.6: ek oe PEGE Collecting shells in the Klondike country ..................-... 109 Columbella avara in Brazil and Uruguay.... ................. 45 Conchology in the Klondike...........:.. PP A dopa ote Sh eine 24 Conulus chersinus dentatus Sterki..-...... Se cinstse). co's AAG, Uh gta Conulus chersinus polvgyratus Pils., m. var...........:.... Bh ay Conus: Cheraimin (Sanya... ... SEMeMEIRRNR crate nie) fols es ecw ew 116 Conulus chersinus trochulus ( Reinhardt)...................... 116 Conulus fulvaigalaskensis Pils.,. Daywgiesee 0. <-s6s ees ers ss ea 116 Conulus fulyasmortont. (Jeffrey s\eeeoerees 2 s&s cee renews 115 (iii) iv THE NAUTILUS. CGonulus fullyvus (Muller). .<. . ee Be | Helix disparilis Ancey, n. sp- (P12 Wie. 13.) ....... ci. see Hehx Lowet Fer......... ois sey. - 3. 2042 interglacial enclls a at Tor Gute: ae ‘atin. 6. 6 Isaac Lea Department of the Agassiz Renae lation. .~..3.-8,.8o2—gee Ischnochiton oniscus Krauss, and I. Elizabethensis Pilsbry, MOLES OMe). 66 os. oat es Ee 3. 2 agg one er 41 Ischnochiton Mitsukurii Pilsbry, n. sp.-......-..-..... es ee 51 Lagocheilus marangensis Aldrich, n. sp. (PJ. I, fig. 5.)........ 3 Land shells of Gun Cay, Bahamas (Illustrated)................ 26 Lanx patelloides Lea, in Shasta Coy Cal........:.....+., 2:5 60 Lepidopleurus Meneghinii var.? Dautzenbergi, Ancey,n. var. 55 Leptopoma Fultoni Aldrich, n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 11, 12.)......... : Limnea gracilis at Reed’s Lake, Maeh............. «++... 119, 131 List of land and fresh water shells of Enganio, with descriptions of new species. (Illustrated.)... ....... o: s.dadine Sener 13 List of marine shells collected at Port Gueydon, K-bylia, with description of a new Cyclosirema, etc............--....:: 52 Lvogyrus granum (Say)... .....- sp -hae- ee cess ee ee eee 42 Macroceramus floridanus Pils., n. Sp-.--....----+---+eeeseeeees 28 Macroceramus texanus Pils., n. sp....--- +--+. eee ee ee wane ees 23 THE NAUTILUS, Macrochlamys Dohertyi Henderson, n. sp. (P1. II. figs. 8, 9.)-.-. Mariaella Dussumerieri, note on...........-- SSE sent og et gC Melampus floridanus Shuttl. in Maryland..........-..-..-..-. Melania (Melanoides) badia Henderson, n. sp. (P1. IT, fig 7.)... Melania (Melanoides) hercula Gld. var. (PI. IT, fig. 6.)......... Mippneke of the Sreat African Lakesee...... --+..-:-..-+-2.+-- pemrerndia, Pils. a. Van, 0 sub-g pee... eee le eee ae ae Mca GuUAS Dall. TWSp.... MME. s-.ce) cl eee eee @- Mytilus Stearnsi Pils. & Raym.. n.n.(Vol. XILI, pl. I. fige. 1, i adion ootin Ande CORRE - 0 0 Us sa oeeGoneEoee sn anat Nanina(Hemiplecta) marangensis Aldrich. n. sp.’ PI. [.figs. 9, 10 Powe smieriean lang: SHELIS,..... ...gmeRi= == es oe Newramarcan lana shell. (Lllustratedheee+.....2...-.--s. 5. New species and varieties of American land shells.............. Womenclature of some African shellg.-.-..--.-...-.-.---.... moron Mollusks from Arcadia, M@giees =. 22... gine wee Notes on some land and fresh water shells from Sumatra, with description of new species. ( [lmetrated.).............-.5. Notes on Uruguay and Argentine fresh water shells, supple- mental to the list in NAUTILUS X, pp. 76-S1............... Woontestomus, notes on the genus .geeee.:. 22:5... . 22. wee ene Olivella Blanesi Ford, n. sp. (Vol. XLII, pl. I, fig. 4 Smapnains talizinosa polita Pils., Weyar... 2... -. vee. ee Omphalotropis (Selenomphala) dohertyi Aldrich, u sp. (PI. I, figs. eR Mate © Pei...) OE. Fars Be Aare PMGestrina tnaitator Pils., N.S). Seep +. 4. cpeer eee es ces oe Palidestring otearnsiana Pils., 0. SWReeeis. 2... 2. .- a0 senses oe Pennsylvanian mollusks from the Ohio River system below APA S DUO MCE ec ae... MMM ce ws ac clgee orton = Pisidium fallax var. sepentrionale Sterki. n. var................ PRN teOPeErL OUCLKI, Nl: SP... .. MMMM occ). cscs ccted ee ces oc Pisidium Walkeri var. mainense Sterki, mn. var................ -Planispira Aldrichi Henderson, n. sp (PI. IT, figs. 4, 5.)....... Planorbis dilatatus Gld. in a abet ee a eee so ines Se Polygyra altissima Cockerell, n. ieee Wet IMESICO): 2 5 Polygvra edvardsi Bld. at Fiza boule TREAT ae oe ae ae Polygyra lawe var. tallulahensis Piis. n. var.,.........0.+.... Pole yin mMoriyssd, Dalen. sp... Maeemeer ss ss... es. cscs eke Polyeyra postelliana sabelausa Pile@eyar. 2.0... .2..- 2... a Polygyra richardsoni lingualis Pils., n var hah Polygyva rhyssa var. hy porhvssa Cockerell, un. var ...... -.--- Rolyevra Reperrin Shasta Count yet@ale-s...... 1... . 5. se. Polygyra tridentata var. complanata Pils. n. var ...........-.- Eematiopsia calitornica Pils., n spaeeeeeeeer ss. .-.. 630. see Postage on Natural History specimens to foreign countries. ... Potamolithus jacuhyeusis Pils , n. sp Giallo! leini= ius) '=) 09 69) 16 «eq © 1°)? *0 © @ © 2. “I Ww bo wow or = — et Sees iy casei no} ~T rw Ww Ww a (=~) Vi THE NAUTILUS Prosopeas argeutea Henderson, n. sp. (PI. II, fig. 10).......... . Me Pieronoius Carpenteri Dall; n: spies. -...:...-.. ocemeeeee .. 138 Publications received. .: .. +. -\..0< saameeee- - 10, 33, 47, 60, 72, 81, 93, 108 Pupea Hopp Moller... ..:..0.5. Sees: > 1+. <¢¢c8 gee 104 Pupa (Neartula) superioris Pils. n.sp.............. 200k os nn Bupa CPupila) sonorana Sterki, Heme. -......:. i. ceeeeoeeeee 128 Pupa (Pupilla) sonorana var. tenella Sterki, n. var....... vs oh gba ite Up He DIEM . 2... ose a oe OS. Oe oer 127 Pyramidula Cockerelli, Pils... speee..............2-35e ee 85 Pyramidula striatella catskillensis Pils,, n. var...............- 86 Pyramidula strigosa (young)... Fee... ens note eee 24 Quarternary fossil shells, Long Begen. Cal .......-.....-2aeeee ff Ravenia Hollandi Henderson, n. sp. (figured).................- 25 Roper, Edward W., In Memoriamige......<. o.2...%2+~ cee eeeee 129 San Diego, California, as a collecting ground.................: 88 Septifer bifarcatus Conrad, note/@am....-. 2... .2.teren see 69 Septifer bifurcatus Rve. and Mytilus bifurcatus Conrad, an in- terrogation in regard to .-<2ie...:.:...... see 67 Shallcross, John (Obituary) ........ Sic 41.3356 95 Shell collecting at Mt. Desert, Mame... ......5:.~<.. 0. seeeeeeeaee 73 Shells of Redding, Shasta Countyaqw@al..........-.:9:- 52s 59 Sitala carinifera Stol. var. marangensis n. var., Aldrich (PI I, 1) EA tA e en 2 Spherium lilgcashense Baker, nwepe...... 2.22.22. ene 65 Spixia Fals,and Van n. subg. Oame......... 2025. oem eee a7 Snecimea retusa tmagister Pils, Magee... .<....... .. oes eee eee 103 Terebra tesaue. Dall, n. sp... ac. Geert <=... 00h one oe 45 Trochomorpha Dohertyi Aldrich, n. sp (PI. 1, figs 7. 8)....... 4 Unio complanatus Sol. at New Philadelphia, Ohio ............ 24 finropcolleching...-...... 2.5. o2 Mey 0s 60 ce 8 Unio cvlindricus Say, var. strigillatus Wright, n. var....-..... 6 Unio therinegt Wright, n. sp... dibae.s<-..:... koe eee 93 mo strodeanus Wricht, n. sp. gee ---...: << epee 3 Uimiowallosus Wricht, n- Sp.<0: See, 63+... .. cake eee eeaes 8 Unionidae, migration of.-. 2p +... - ote a eee 139 Unionide, some observations on the genital organs with refer- ence to classification. . .-..-2e-. - weve ore el LOD Urosalpinx cinereus in San Francisco Bay.............-.-----+ 112 Vallonis ontme Pacitiic. Coast... dames <- 0. 5s < ong eee eee 60, 71 Vitrea carolinensis, Cockerel)...0e9.--..-....... 2.24. =...265nnn Vitiea indentata var. umbilicata Simgley...........-----.-.:2=8 120 Vitrea, notes on the indentata group of.............---..s0--9 120 Vitrea Rhoadsi Pils., o, sp. ... <-geeteve et 4s «9.2 0.4 CSS IS Ie ERS canine 6 MVCla Names: COSMO: 25. ..'..... qe cee SO Pilsbry, Henry A..22, 26, 42, 46, 50, 57, 69, 79, 85. 101, 108, 121. 140, 144 PO eet se oa Sea sas..-.... Me ot ee 109 Raymond, W. Ji... 2... Site’: .. » MEM ln colada... eee GO J RECENT th, ne 7 rie on 133 MaMenisvo. haymond............. Meme. 24, 80 peearns, it. H.C... -. Sve. Sn ee eee ae ee ne 106, 112 Stel, IDE eee eeeee eee. 18, 24, 28, 49, 77, 89, 90. 117, 127 OL OGEM DST. Wee. tcc cs asc. .... eee oh ae 8 SUlzE, DiC ne. . Oia e semiee merely ted 4] Remote Geese. i... . Ae ee es 107 (vil) a) pee 1 omens 4 Bars ayy ee ze 4 7 OS VOL. XII. PEADEAG 13 9. ALDRICH—SUMATRA MOLLUSCS. Vee Nerves: Vor. XII. MAY, 1898. No. 1. NOTES ON SOME LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS FROM SUMATRA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. BY T. H. ALDRICH. In the fall of 1890, the writer received from Marang, Sumatra, a small collection of shells made by Wm. Doherty, Esq., at that place. A partial list of same is here given, with descriptions of some new forms :— . Nanina gemina Busch. . Ariophanta weyersi Smith. . Ariophanta dohertyi Aldrich. Hemiplecta marangensis n. sp. . Sitala carinifera Stol., var. marangensis n. var. . Trochomorpha dohertyi n. sp. . Amphidromus palacens Busch. . Helicina parva. . Clausilia aenigmatica Sykes. . Cyclophorus eximius Mous. . Cyclophorus perdix Brod. . Crossopoma bathyraphe Smith. . Lagocheilus marangensis n. sp. . Omphalotropis (Selenomphala) dohertyi n. sp. . Diplommatina liwaensis n. sp. . Leptupoma fultoni n. sp. . Cyelotus sp. . Melania lirata Bens. . Melania artecava Mouss. 2 THE NAUTILUS. 20. Melania javanica v. d. B. 21. Melania rustica Mouss. (?) 22. Melania perplicata Brot. 23. Melania sobria Lea. 24. Melania rudis Lea. 25. Melania scabra Mull. 26. Melania tuberculata Mull. 27. Melania ( Tiara) setosa Sw. 28. Melania mitra Meuschen. 29. Melania winteri V. de B. 30. Melania scabra Mill. 31. Melania herklotzi Petit. 32. Faunus ater L. 33. Ampullaria ampullacea L. 34. Pythia scarabeus L. 35. Melampus fasciatus Dh. 36. Cerithidea cornea A. Ad. 37. Navicella tessellata Lam. 38. Batissa sphericula Prime. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. Nanina (Hemiplecta) marangensis n.sp. PI. I, fig. 9, 10. Shell thin, narrowly umbilicated, obliquely striated above, smooth below; spire obtuse; color light brown; whorls seven, body whorl carinated, outer lip sinuous, expanded. Diam. of largest specimen 22 mm. This shell resembles H. aceidota Bttg. from Java, but is more acutely keeled and has no band, the substance of the shell is thin- ner, and when adult is larger; it also resembles NV. naninoides Bens. Sitala carinifera Stol. var. marangensis n.var. PI. I, fig. 6. The specimens before me differ from the description by Stolicka. It is characterized by having six whorls, base rounded, body whorl bilirate, the others with but a single raised line, moderately umbili- cated. The largest specimen shows six whorls, the others but five,. base is more rounded than typical forms. It also is close to S. bili- rata W. 'T. Blanf., except having one whorl less, and not being so openly umbilicated. Alt. 4 mm. Trochomorpha dohertyi n. sp. PI. I, figs. 7, 8. Shell thin, lenticular, whorls six to seven, body whorl acutely keeled, whorls bordered by a yellow band covering the suture, peri- THE NAUTILUS. 3 phery of body whori also with a yellow color band, both above and on base, suture moderately impressed. Aperture oblique, acute oval, umbilicus wide and deep, base somewhat rounded. Diameter 17 mm. This handsome shell is similar to the well known T. bicolor Mts., but is larger, has a different and wider umbilicus, is flatter and dif- fers in its coloration; the base is a uniform brown, except at peri- phery of body whorl. Type in my collection, examples also in Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Lagocheilus marangensis n.sp. PI. I, fig. 5. Shell turbinate, umbilicate, whorls six, convex, epidermal lines of growth prominent at sutures, shell with a dotted band of red just below suture, and also another one on base below periphery of body whorl; aperture circular, with a very thin callus on the body whorl ; lip expanded, partially reflected over the umbilicus. Diam., maj. 8 mm., alt. 9 mm. This species is very close to L. ciliocinctus Von Martens, but au- thentic specimens of that species do not show the dotted red band on the base. The body wall has a connecting callus, the lip is also somewhat exserted, while our species differs in both these particulars. Omphalotropis (Selenomphala) dohertyi n.sp. PI. I, figs. 1, 2. Shell umbilicated ; ovate conical, very finely striate; whorls 6 to 7, convex, suture deeply impressed, aperture ovate, peristome sim- ple, color yellowish brown. Diam. 3 mm., alt. 43 mm. This species is close to O. colombeliana Heude, but has one more whorl, and a more expanded outer lip. Dr. O. Von Mollendorf pronounces it new and of a group not heretofore known from Su- matra. Leptopoma fultoni n.sp. PI. I. figs. 11, 12. Shell medium, conical, narrowly umbilicated, whorls six, the first three smooth, the others with numerous revolving lines, aperture oblique, rounded, exserted lip expanded and tinged with red within ; a few specimens show a dark green band extending from the back of the inner red coloring half around the body whorl, gradually narrowing to a point. Those with this green band are invariably smaller than those without it. Height 12 mm., max. width 13 mm. 4 THE NAUTILUS. This species resembles L. matildae Dohrn, and may eventually be classed as a variety of that species. The peculiar color markings constituting the chief differences. The red color within is always present. Over 60 specimens received. Diplommatina liwaensis n. sp, PI. I, figs. 3, 4. Shell dextral, fusiform, thin, sculpture fine and close, covering all the whorls, color pale brown, whorls rounded, apex not acuminate, suture impressed, whorls seven, antipenult. largest, constriction in front. Aperture ovate, outer lip reflected, columellar tooth small. Maj. diam. 1$ mm., alt. 4 mm. Locality: Liwa, at 4,000 ft. altitude. Close to D. gracilis Beddome, but has much finer sculpture, is larger and has one more whorl. ON A NEW SPECIES OF FUSUS FROM CALIFORNIA. BY WM. H. DALL. Fusus Roperi n. sp. Shell small, rather short and wide, with a short, subacute spire and about six whorls; color ferruginous brown, faintly spirally zoned and lighter on the siphonal fasciole, pillar and throat whitish, outer lip between the white of the throat and the margin showing narrow spiral brown lines on a yellowish ground, whorls with a ten- dency to a white, narrow peripheral line most evident on the sum- mits of the ribs; whorls excavated behind, somewhat rounded before the periphery, the margin at the suture strongly appressed with the whorl in front of it somewhat constricted ; suture distinct, hardly undulated, the spiral thread in front of it slightly minutely imbri- cated ; axially directed sculpture of finely wrinkled silky incremen- tal lines and (on the last whorl) nine rounded ribs with rather wider interspaces, the ribs are obsolete near the suture, on the early whorls, and on the base; spiral sculpture of numerous flat strap- like threads with the interspaces much narrower and sharply reticu- lated by the incremental sculpture which rises in the interspaces nearly to the level of the tops of the threads ; the nucleus (lost) is small, the first two or three whorls are more coarsely reticulate than the later ones; aperture elongated and insensibly passing into a rather wide and short canal; siphonal fasciole rather marked, THE NAUTILUS. 0 though the siphon is not recurved; pillar smooth, nearly straight with little callus; the body with no subsutural callus; the outer lip slightly flaring, hardly thickened ; lon. of shell 26, of aperture 15.5, lat. 13.0 mm. San Pedro, Cal., in rather deep water, E. W. Roper; in whose honor the shell is named. This is a singular species, recalling Ocinebra or Muricidea by its surface sculpture and the constricted and appressed sutural region of the whorls. I have not been able to find any species with similar characters in the monographs or in the National Collection. It is probable that it should be separated sectionally from the group typified by F. colus, and it cannot be associated with Sipho or Chry- sodomus, so it may be regarded as typifying a new section, Roperia. NEW UNIONIDZ. BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT. U. Strodeanus sp. nov. Shell smooth, subtriangular, not inflated, inequilateral, rounded before, obtusely angular behind, slightly arched above and grace- fully rounded beneath. Substance of the shell solid and nearly uniform throughout. Beaks gracefully pointed, not prominent, scarcely extending above the short red ligament and surrounded by a few coarse, low undulations which do not extend back as much as usual. Umbos flattened. Epidermis olive-black, rayless. Not polished and with distant, faint marks of growth. Umbonial slope obtusely angular or rounded ; posterior slope slightly compressed and with two or three slightly impressed lines extending from beaks to margin. Cardinal teeth strong, deeply cleft and inclined to be direct. Lateral teeth prominent, curved and inclined to be double in both valves. Shell cavity moderate and quite uniform. Beak cavity slight and abruptly rounded. Cicatrices small, barely dis- tinct and well impressed. Nacre white and only slightly iridescent towards the margins. Width 2 in., length 14 in., diam. 3 in. Habitat: Escambia River, West Flordia. Type in National Museum. Remarks: Affinity, U. reclusus nobisand U. simulans Lea. From the former it differs in having a darker and rougher epidermis, not so pointed behind, flatter sides, shorter and teeth heavier. From 6 THE NAUTILUS. the latter it differs in its shorter dorsal line, more pointed posterior, red ligament and greater length. It has the outline of U. Genthii Lea but it is darker, rayless and the teeth are heavier, the single lateral being uniformly tapered off to its posterior end instead of ending abruptly. Twelve specimens were taken along with U. succisus (cacao) Lea, U. inerassatus Lea, var. boykinianus Lea and neisslerit Lea, var. We name it in honor of our esteemed friend, Dr. W.S. Strode, of Lewiston, Ill. U. cylindricus Say, var. strigillatus nov. The chief distinguishing characters of this variety are: Much more compressed, sculptured throughout, and lateral teeth widely diverging and curved downwards. ‘The umbonal ridge is very low nad broad, and fluted with elongated, divergent, flattened elevations. Nacre usually pink. Habitat: Clinch River, Lee Co., Va. Typein National Museum. Remarks: A large number of these shells was received several years ago from Mr. J. F. Sword, of Jonesville, Va., and sent out under Mr. Say’s name.. Recently several young ones were found which convinced me of their varietal value, indicating a connecting link with U. tuberculatus Barnes. ISAAC LEA DEPARTMENT. [Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz Association by its General Secretary, Dr, W. S. Strode]. INTERGLACIAL SHELLS AT TORONTO, CANADA. [Extract from the report of James H. Lemon. Fromthe Transactions of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter for 1897. | The most interesting deposit from a conchological standpoint is found at Taylor’s Quarry on the banks of the Don River, a mile northeast of the city of Toronto. At this point a good section of the Drift has been exposed. The underlying rocks are Hudson River shales belonging to the Silurian period, rising about 30 feet above the bed of the river. They are immediately covered by a layer of till three feet thick, and which fills in all irregularities of the underlying shale. The fos-ils are found in a few inches of clay THE NAUTILUS. 7 just above thistill. Dr. Coleman, of the School of Practical Science, collected and sent a number of the species to Dr. Dall and C. T. Simpson, who identified them as follows: U. phaseolus, U. clavus U. pustulosus, U. pustulusus var. schoolerafti, U. occidens (?), U. luteolus, U. undulatus, U. rectus, U. trigonus and U. solidus. Besides these a number of other shells have been found, viz.: Pleurocera subulare, P. elevatum, Goniobasis, Valvata sincera, V. bi- carinata, Campeloma decisum, Amnicola, Physa, Planorbis, Pisidium, Sphaerium, ete. A peculiar fact is the comparative rarity of Campeloma, Planor- bis and Physa, shells which are very abundant to-day in the waters of the Don. Of the 10 species of Unios identified by Dr. Dall and Mr. Simpson only U. luteolus and U. rectus are found here to-day. Unio phaseolus and U. undulatus have been found in small numbers in Lake Erie, but not in Lake Ontario. Three of the species, Unio pustulosus, U. solidus and U. clavus are not found to-day in the St. Lawrence drainage system at all, but are confined to the Mississippi area where they are extremely common. The presence of the Mississippi forms seems to indicate that the climate existing during the first interglacial period was somewhat more southern than it is to-day, and this conclusion is also borne out by the nature of the plant remains. Along the shores of Lake Ontario to the east of Toronto is a long line of cliffs known as Scarboro’ Heights, composed entirely of Drift deposits. Only a very few shells have as yet been found here, but the beds are very rich in insect and plant remains. The deposits along the Don River have yielded by far the most interesting results in the shell line. QUATERNARY FOSSIL SHELLS, LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA. [Excerpts from report of Julia E. Campbell, 1896). One day in April, 1896, while out for wild flowers, we drove to Signal Hill, which lies back from the ocean about 23 miles. Down one side of the hill runs a narrow ravine or little cafion as it is often called. | While climbing up in the center of this ravine we found the banks on either side literally filled with fossil shells. We secured the fol- lowing species, viz. : Nassa mendica Gld., N. perpinguis Hds., Den- 8 THE NAUTILUS. talium pretiosum Nutt., Lutricola alta Conr. and Callista (Amian- tis) callosa Conr. UNIO COLLECTING, BY DR. STRODE. On October Ist I went to London Mills on Spoon River, about 40 miles up stream in the hope of finding U. capax and U. aesopus, but was disappointed. I was surprised to find U. undulatus Bar. super- ceeding U. plicatusand U. multiplicatus, so common Jower down the stream. MM. complanata Bar. was here in great numbers ; U. occidens and U. gibbosus were also quite abundant. On Nov. 10th, while on a picnicing expedition at Duncan Mills, 20 miles from the mouth of Spoon River, I observed on the oppo- site side of the stream a rocky ledge and beach below extending for quite a distance up and down the river. The thought at once struck me that my giant multiplicatus might be once more found here. Accompanied by Dr. Maguire and our wives we crossed over and lost no time in getting into the water among the rocks. Almost the first shell brought up was one of these big fellows. They were here in company with scores of big plicatus, ligamentinus, tuberculatus and a dozen other species. In two hours’ time we had found over fifty of the multiplicatus, one good U. capax and one M. confragosa four inches long. The doctor’s bird dog Belva, partook of our enthusiasm and manifested a desire to also search for shells. After alittle showing she understood how it was done, and it was amusing, indeed to see her with head sub- merged hunting a shell and then after securing it the air of import- ance assumed as she waddled ashore with it. We hope, the coming season, to make an expert collector of her. One of the most pleasant and profitable collecting trips of the sea- son was made in September at a place called “ The Devil’s Elbow,” five miles below Havana on the Illinos River. At this place the south bank for nearly a half mile is a sand-bar, full of little bayous, and in these places was where we found the Unios. Prof. Hart, of the State Biological Station, who was one of the party, brought with one sweep of his dredge-net over fifty specimens, covering a dozen spe- cies. All ofthe following species were found plentiful, viz.: U. plicatus, U. multiplicatus, U. alatus, U. gracilis, U. pustulosus, U. pustulatus, U. lachrymosus, U. anodontoides, U. gibbosus, U. ligamentinus, U. ebenus, U. ellipsis, U. solidus, U. donaciformis, U. cornutus, U. elegans, M. confragosa, M. rugosa, M. complanata. eee N Berivus: Vor. XII. JULY, 1898. No. 3. A NEW JAMAICAN LAND SHELL. BY J. B. HENDERSON, JR. Ravenia Hollandi n. s. Imperforate, rather thin, subtranslucent, pale horn color. Whorls 10, well-rounded, sutures impressed ; from 30 to 35 somewhat strongly developed longitudinal waving ribs upon each whorl, except upon the two apical which are perfectly smooth. Apex obtuse. Aperture ear shaped, much narrowed in the middle, suggestive of the figure 8. Columella strongly twisted like the letter “S,” and thickened. Outer lip slightly pinched in the middle where it is armed with a prominent tooth. Alt. 9 mm. “ Jamaica,” Dr. W. J. Holland. \ The genus Ravenia was created in 1873 by Crosse AAA (Journal de Conch., Vol. 21, p. 69) to include a — Se — % = = single species from Curacoa, R. blandi (do. Vol. 22, pl. 2, fig. 4). The author remarks that the form is an eccentric one “between Spirazis and Pupa.” Tryon, in St. and Syst. Conch. (Pt. 3, p. 18), in- cludes the genus within the Streptazide. The exact position of this curious genus is doubtful, and, without a knowledge of the anatomy, cannot definitely be placed. It is not unlikely, however, that it will fall within the Stenogyride, probably next to Spiraxis. The character of the constriction in the centre of the outer lip is common to Spiravis, and is sometimes to be observed in Varicella, the Jamaican section of Glandina. There 26 THE NAUTILUS. are one or two of the rarer species of Spiraxis described by Adams that are suggestive of Ravenia. An examination of the types of these may necessitate their removal from Spirazis. Note.—I am inclined to believe that the relation between the Jamaican Glandinas and the various genera of Stenogyra found in the same island is much closer than supposed. Often the dividing line between Opeas, Subulina and Varicella is annoyingly close. It is to be regretted that a comparative anatomical study of the Glan- dina and Stenogyra in Jamaica has never been made. LAND SHELLS OF GUN CAY, BAHAMAS. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. Gun Cay is a tiny islet on the extreme western border of the Bahama group. It is low, with very scant vegetation—‘“‘a few scattered specimens of cactus, wild grapes, wild geraniums and ver- bena’”’—with the usual Bahaman shore plants. There is a light- house, but no settlement. Dr. Wm. H. Rush, U.S. N., some years ago collected there the following species : 1. Ctenopoma bahamense Shuttl.? One very young specimen. 2. Cepolis (Hemitrochus) sp. (young; rib-striate, like C. filicosta Pir.); 3. Thysanophora vortex Pfr. 4. Cerion incanum Binney. Basal volution more distinctly cos- tate than in Key West examples. 5. Cerion Pillsburyi Pilsbry & Vanatta.’ A new form resembling C. regina, but with narrow umbilical area. It is named at the re- quest of Dr. Rush, in honor of Lieutenant-Commander John Elliott Pillsbury, of the U. S. Coast Survey steamer “ Blake.” 6. Cerion glans Kister, var. The only previous record from this islet isin Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. xxv, no. 9, p. 119, 1894, where Dall enumerates three spe- cies collected by Prof. A. Agassiz: Cerion cinereum, C. pannosum and Cepolis (Hemitrochus) Troscheli. The young Hemitrochus taken by Dr. Rush may be an immature Troscheli, but it is more strongly ribbed than usual] in that species. 1 Described in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 366. THE NAUTILUS. 27 C. pannosum is a species of Little Cayman, south of Cuba, and as none of the Cayman species have been known to occur in the Ba- hamas, it is not unlikely that the identification might be modified on further comparison of good specimens; | think it likely that the form described as C. Pillsburyi is what was identified as pannosum, which it somewhat resembles. C. cinereum of Maynard is the typi- eal C. glans Kiister of New Providence, so that this corresponds with what Dr. Rush collected. At all events, it appears that at least six or seven species of land shells inhabit Gun Cay. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Figs. 1, 2,3, 4, Cerion Fordii Pilsbry and Vanatta; Fig. 5, Cerion Pills- buryi P. & V., the latter from Gun Cay. A NEW SPECIES OF CERES FROM MEXICO. BY W. HaepAnL: Ceres Nelsoni n. sp. Shell large, depressed, with a sharp, somewhat upturned keel over which the inner edge of succeeding whorls is laid ; color from pale lemon-yellow to deep orange, the umbilical region polished, translu- cent and always pale lemon-yellow; whorls seven, the nucleus pol- ished, smooth, translucent, slightly prominent, of a whorl and a half; succeeding whorls flattened above, with an appressed suture, with low, fine raised threads in harmony with the incremental lines tend- ing to break up into granules, which, with the growth of the shell, gradually come to take on a centrifugal direction, and, in the adult, near the aperture, have a trend nearly at right angles to the lines of growth; on the base the rugosities have a more punctate or vermi- 28 THE NAUTILUS. cular aspect, and in the young are much obscured by the polish of the base of the shell; base rounded moderately, about as much as the spire, slightly depressed, with a very thin, brilliantly polished callus near the axis; aperture with the upper lip projecting consid- erably beyond the lower one, moderately thickened and rounded, overrunning the keel at the inner corner where there is a narrow, sharp sulcus, of which the termination in fully adult shells makes a a decided notch in the edge of the lip; lower lip receding, flexuous slightly thickened ; throat with three basal, one axial and two par- ietal, strong, subequal, spiral laminz, much as in C. salleana, the pillar very short, rendered flexuous by the end of the keel; the in- ternal walls of the preceding whorls and most of the axis, absorbed. Lat. of base (major) 30, (minor) 26, alt. 11 mm. Habitat, Pilitla, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, E. W. Nelson. This is the finest species of the genus, more evenly divided by the keel, more depressed, and larger than C. salleana or C. eolina, the only species hitherto known. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENITAL ORGANS OF UNIONIDZ, WITH REFERENCE TO CLASSIFICATION. BY DR. V. STERKI. ( Concluded.) “ Margaritana.” Considerable changes will be necessary about those species hitherto ranged under this genus, and some evidently related forms, e.g. Unio pressus Lea and Anod. edentula Say. The latter two species seem to stand near Marg. truncata, rugosa and complanata. In all of them, the soft parts are of rather the same appearance, and especially so are the branchiz, of which the outer are gravid, in almost their whole extent, from fall to spring. U. pressus, Marg. rugosa and A. edentula were found with the posterior halves of the branchize empty—evidently just emptied, the anterior part still filled with young, in spring. Some of them were seen with the branchise empty, the gonads charged, in July. In edentula, the young are arranged in a singular way, apparently different from others. There are small, cylindrical, worm-like, whit- ish masses, of about one mill. diameter, lying transversely in the branchiz, closely packed together. In them, the young are located, six to ten or more in each one, in single or double file, each one in THE NAUTILUS. 29 an isolated cavity, which is evidently corresponding with, and de- scendant from an ovum. These cylinders seem to be not homologous with the “sacks” in Lampsilis and other groups, and may properly be called placente. When removed from the branchiz and sur- rounded by water, they swell up, at the same time becoming more translucent, aud each embryo is dislodged from its cavity, evidently expelled by the swelling of the surrounding substance, and the exit facilitated by its softening. But each one is still hanging on the cylinder, held by a short byssus thread, whose proximal end is attached to the soft parts of the young, the distal to the inner lining of the ovum cavity. Very probably these placentz are discharged as such by the parent, with the young first enclosed, and then attached for some time. In the other species named above, the arrangement is rather similar; the young are attached to and held together by filaments which seem to be homologous with the placentz of edentula. And the same byssus has been seen in the young of marginata, coiled up at the distal end. The embryonic young of these species as well known, are all of the same type, 7. e. pointed below and strongly “hooked,” quite different from those of other groups, a very significant character. The shells of the adult show some common features, and their nacre is of rather the same appearance. All these qualities combined seem to prove that the several species under consideration, with some nearly related forms, constitute a rather well characterized genus. That the hinge of edentula is still more rudimentary than that of most of the others, can be no valid argument to the contrary, and also the more developed placentz are, in my opinion, of secondary significance. 3. Gonad and gravid branchice in the young and old; Parasite.— It has already been stated that in young individuals, two, three, or possibly four years old, the gonads are not yet developed at all, and at that period the shells show no distinction of sexes, even in Lamp- silis. The animals seem to be asexual and, in this respect may be regarded as larve. There are very few animals, of higher or lower order, showing this peculiarity in their apparently definite state, except possibly some of their congeners, marine Pelecypods. When the gonads commence growing, there are at first few acini developed, producing small quantities of cither ova or sperma. It is a ques- tion, however, whether at that juvenile age the future sex of an in- 30 THE NAUTILUS. dividual be already established in some way, or becomes so only with the development of the gonad. On the other hand, in very old specimens, the ovaries and testes seem to become atrophied, and lose their capacity of producing ova and sperma, respectively. There is a mass of fibrous, connec- tive tissue, while the glandular elements are considerably diminished or entirely lost. Yet it must be mentioned here that there is another cause of that degeneration. In the ovaries and testes of many species and differ- ent genera, from the Ohio and Tuscarawas Rivers, the Ohio canal, and other places, I have found a singular, polymorphous, worm-like parasite, of microscopic size and low organization, sometimes in 1m- mense numbers. It is very common, in old and middle-aged spec- imens, and wherever it occurs, the products of the gonad are con- siderably diminished or entirely suppressed. Details will be found in another place. It has been stated that in young Lampsilis the number of sacks in the marsupium is considerably smaller than in older ones. In the younger specimens of most other groups only a small area of the outer branchiz may be charged, and slightly so, usually about the middle. The same is found in phaseolus. One specimen, 62 mill. long, had 12 sacks on one side, 38 on the other; all of them were quite small, but of rather unequal sizes. 4. Hermaphroditism, ete.—-It has been asserted, by different writers, partly long ago, that some, if not all, of the Unionide are herma- phroditic, as some other groups of Pelecypods are. From my own observations I can say that it is found occasionally, rather an ex- ception than the rule, in the large majority of our species. In a number of specimens, ova and sperma were found in the same gonad, but usually one product was greatly in excess of the other. Very probably it has been overlooked in many instances, as there may be only a few acini producing sperma in an “ ovary,” or vice versa. It takes a very keen eye to see that unaided, and to look over every parcel of a large gonad, requires an undue amount of time, when scores and hundreds of specimens are to be examined. And so it would be with microscopic examination, either by looking over samples from all parts of the gonad, or by section series on hardened specimens. Yet the question should be studied carefully, especially as to Anod. imbecillis and some other species. That would be a task for persons having a good deal of time at their disposal. THE NAUTILUS. 31 One specimen of U. rubiginosus Lea, (Ohio Canal, May) hada few acini producing ova in the gonad charged with copious sperma. In that instance the distinction was easy, for the bright crimson color of the ova. Among 120 specimens of U. pyramidatus, from the Ohio River, collected late in September, two were found contain- ing ova and sperma in the same gonads. Of U. parvus Barnes one specimen had a good quantity of sperma beside ova in abundance. This case especially needs revision. Among a limited number of Anod. imbecillis four specimens (Ohio Canal, May) were found with ova and sperma in various proportions. The question whether such individuals are capable of self-im- pregnation, might be decided by experiment on such species where hermaphroditism is frequent. It has also been said that a total change of the sexes may take place in an individual, and that question also could be settled only by long continued observation and experiments. Ora large num- ber of specimens might be marked in some way, in a pond or certain place ofa river or creek, and as many as can be found again, would be controlled year after year. That, however, would be necessary only for such forms in which the shells show no sexual differences. While such a change is a priori improbable in all Uniones, it ap- pears really absurd in regard to those forms in which the sexes are established and manifested by permanent characters of the branchiz, and also the shells, as in Lampsilis and some others. It may be mentioned here that, as to my knowledge, observations on the question of possible agamogenesis and parthenogenesis, in Unionide, have not been made. Carefully conducted experiments might give interesting results in that direction. They would neces- sarily be difficult, for the possibility of hermaphroditism and self- impregnation, in every instance. 5. Sexual differences of the shells—In Lampsilis, as well known, the posterior inferior part in the female mussel is dilated to make room for the marsupium, yet this dilatation is very various in kind and degree. But the differences sometimes are in a certain measure relative, owing to the nature of the habitat, and to inheritance. L. luteolus, e. g., in certain localities, is so short and inflated that the males may closely resemble the females from other places where the mussels are more slender. In most other “ Uniones,” the differences are little marked. Yet, in general, the females are more inflated than the males, as in 9 32 THE NAUTILUS. undulatus, pustulosus, ete. In U. gibbosus the sexes may be rec- ognized with a fair degree of probability by the more inflated shells of the females. A decided difference we find in U. verrucosus Raf. (tuberculatus: Barn.), where the older females are considerably elongated at the posterior end, that part of the shell being rather even, without the characteristic undulations and warty prominences. In younger,. though fecund specimens, that feature is yet little marked. U. phaseolus shows no constant differences in the sutural shape of the shell, but a decided one on the inner surface, in older speci- mens. The female has, in each valve, a deep, oblique sulcus corre- sponding with and leaving room for the gravid outer branchie. In the female Marg. marginata the posterior end is directed downward and more inflated (with a stronger umbonal ridge), and the same can be said of “ An.” edentula, although it is less marked. 6. Numerical proportion of Sexes.—In most species, the number of males is in excess over that of the females, often considerably. A few examples may be cited. Of 50 specimens of L. subrostratus Say, from a lake in Indiana, only about one-third were females, and the same must be said of a lot of Z. nasutus from Ohio. Here, as in many species, the females were averaging considerably smaller. Of 115 U. pyramidatus, from the Ohio River, 71 were males, and of eight retusus, seven were males, the eighth was young with the gonad undeveloped. It is a question whether this be the normal condition or due to local causes, or an evidence of beginning de- generation. In concluding, it may be said that the time has come when new species should be based not only upon the shells, but also the soft parts, if such be obtainable. New Philadelphia, Ohio, April, 1898. A NEW UNIO. BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT. Unio villosus sp. noy. Shell ovate-elliptical, somewhat inflated, smooth, very inequi- lateral, bluntly rounded or subbiangular behind, subtruncate before, umbonal slope uniformly rounded above, disappearing at the lower margin. Substance of the shell moderately thin; very slightly THE NAUTILUS. 33 thickened before. Ligament long, thin and reddish. Beaks prom- inent and surrounded by coarse, oblique undulations, about four in number and rather acute at summit. Epidermis fuscous, black and deeply striate; strong transmitted light shows a light-olive texture, densely covered throughout with broad, greenish rays. Cardinal teeth rather solid and deeply serrated. Lateral teeth long, slender, straight, nearly smooth and extending to the posterior cardinal. Posterior cicatrices scarcely visible; anterior ones distinct. Beak cavities slight and rounded. WNacre tinged with salmon under the umbos, milky white anteriorly and of a bright blue and irridescent behind. Width, 24 in., length 14 in., diam. 2 in. Habitat.—Suwannee River, Suwannee County, Florida. Type in National Museum. Remarks.—This species seems to be related to both the amygdalum and parvus groups, is readily distinguishable from any of its associates by its remarkable width, beautiful rays and pointed, compressed posterior. It reminds one most of U. minor Lea, with which it is found, having the same dark, fuscous epidermis, and like that species is disposed to be sub-truncate before, but the rays, light teeth, thinner substance and greater size at once distinguish it. Some forms of U. trossulus Lea approach it, but the beak sculpture, outline and teeth are radically different, besides that species is never rough, but is smooth, polished and yellowish when taken from the water; the rays of the two species are quite similar, except that those of our species are only visible by the aid of transmitted light. RECENT PUBLICATIONS. SyNopsis OF THE RECENT AND TERTIARY PSAMMOBIID OF Norro America, by W. H. Dall (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, pages 57 to 62). The title of this paper gives some idea of the ground covered by it. In the genus Psammobia a new section Grammatomya, is made by Dr. Dall, and in the group Sanguinolaria another one, Nuttallia is formed, with Sanguinolaria Nuttallii Conrad as the type. Heterodonax has been removed from the family Donacide into this family. This will be gladly received by collectors who have been sorely puzzled to find affinites in Heterodonax bimaculata Lin. with Donax. Besides a full synonomy, the geographical distribution of thespecies are given. By the way, 34 THE NAUTILUS. Heterodonax bimaculata is not only collected at San Pedro all the year round, but is reported as far north as Anacapa Id.—one of the Channel Islands—off Ventura Co., California. Fossil species of Psammobiidee of the Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene formations are listed. A long list of shells that have been incorrectly named are appended under the title “Synonyms and Corrections.” Some idea of the confusion which must have existed among some of the fossils of this family may be inferred when we find no less than five names have erroneously been bestowed upon Heterodonax bimaculata Lin. Dr. Dall’s revision will be especially valuable to conchologists on the S. Atlantic and Pacific Coasts— MM. B. W. On tHe MoprricaTions OF THE APEX IN GastRoPOD MoL- Lusks, by Frank C. Baker, (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1X, 1897). The apices of numerous species, including representatives of the main families of Gastropoda are described and illustrated by three plates of outline figures, drawn by the author. No considerable departures from a simple form occurred except in the Rhachiglossa. THE Post-PLIOCENE NON-MARINE Mo.uusca oF Essex, by A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward, (Essex Naturalist, X, 1897, pp. 87-109). ‘This extensive paper apparently covers the subject in a thorough manner. Individual variation in the Pleistocene was even more marked than at the present day. The absence of Helix pomatia furnishes additional proof of the theory that it is post- Roman in its introduction into England; but H. aspersa has been recognized from pre-Roman deposits. Hulota fruticum (now extinct in England) occurs; and Cyclostoma elegans was more widely dif- fused than at present. Some of the fossil species are more boreal in the modern fauna ; however there are also some species more south- ern in present distribution, so that a colder climate is not necessarily to be predicated. Helicella caperata is the only species which has increased in size since the Pleistocene, all the other forms having certainly diminished. “ There can be no doubt that the Pleistocene molluscan fauna was in every way a finer one than that now exist- ing,” a conclusion of considerable interest, agreeing as it does with the mammalian fauna, which however has, of course, been affected by human intervention. The comparative age of the several expos- ures is fully discussed. Another paper, “ THe Mo.iusca oF THE ENGLISH CAVE DEPos- its” by the same authors, appears in Journ. Malac. Soc. Lond., THE NAUTILUS. 3d Nov., 1897, supplements the preceding. “ Hygromia umbrosa Partsch (from Ightham fissure) is by far the most noteworthy form, since it ‘has not been met with previously on this side of the channel. Its present range is southern Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, etc., and according to Mérch, near Holstenburg in Denmark.” A peculiar form of Carychium minimum also occurs. The exact age of this deposit is somewhat doubtful, but it is certainly Pleistocene. “ Taken altogether, the shells from our cave deposits are decidedly larger than recent examples, and there can be no doubt that there has been a marked diminution in the size of our indigenous mollusca, and probably also in their numbers since Pleistocene times.” In Amer- ica the only extensive Post-Pliocene deposit, the Loess, shows an opposite tendency, and the few Pleistocene caves, such as the fissure at Port Kennedy, which proved to be rich in sloth, sabre-tooth, pec- eary and other mammalian remains, have so far yielded no mollusca. M. le Dr. JoussEAME describes an alleged new genus and species of Nuculide as Diabolica diabolica (Le Naturaliste, Nov., 1897, p. 265). Comment is superfluous. VERZEICHNISS DER AUF DEN PHILIPPINEN LEBENDEN LAND Mo.iusken, by Dr. O. von Mollendorff. (Abhandl. naturforsch Gesellsch.). In this timely list the multitudinous new species added to the Philippine fauna in recent years by Hidalgo and especially von Mollendorff are intercalated with those made known by Semper and the older authors, the whole classified, with references to descriptions and localities ; forming an indispensible handbook to the Philippine fauna. One thousand and seventy-nine species is the grand total of land shells. As an instance of the additions to this fauna made by von Mollendorff and his collaborator Quadras, we may mention the section Diaphora of Ennea, in which 32 of the 35 known species were described by him. ‘This is an extreme case, but many genera have been more than doubled in species by von Mollendorff’s researches. A very large number of the new species were des- eribed in the “ Nachrichtsblatt”’ without figures; and it is to be hoped that the author’s intention of figuring these forms will be fulfilled. We understand that another volume of Semper’s great work will be devoted to this purpose. Mr. W. Moss has been investigating the genitalia of the English Zonitoides species, and has given a preliminary notice of some interesting results before the (Brit.) Conch. Soc., May 12, 1897. He announces the finding of a channel-shaped calcareous organ with 36 THE NAUTILUS. a rim or collar at one end, in the penis, similar to that which he had previously described and figured in Helix (Cochlicella) acuta. Further investigations are in progress. GENERAL NOTES. Nore on Mouuusks From ArcaprA, Missourr.—Mr. Frank M. Woodruff, while on a collecting trip during the latter part of May and first part of June, incidentally picked up a few mollusks, a list of which may be of some value and interest in the study of geo- graphic distribution. The region is reported by Mr. Woodruff to be rather stony and arid, the rock being granitic, and pulmonate mol- lusks, therefore, were very scarce. The Mississippi River was very high, in fact a veritable torrent, and but one fresh-water mollusk was found. The list of species is as follows :— Lampsilis ventricosus Barnes. Arcadia. Polygyra exoleta Binney. Vineland. Polygyra thyroides Say. Vineland. Polygyra clausa Say. Arcadia. Polygyra appressa Say. Arcadia. Polygyra dorfeuilliana Lea. Areadia. Vitrea indentata Say. Arcadia. Pyramidula alternata Say. Areadia. All of the specimens were typical. One specimen of appressa had a rather flat spire, but was otherwise normal.—F RANK C. BAKER. Fosstt Pearis.—Not having read anywhere that “ fossil” pearls have been found or noticed in the literature, | submit the following facts :-— Some years ago, while looking over some sand (very carefully) that I had collected on the Chipola River in west Florida, from Oligocene strata, I found and saved a pretty little pearl. I after- wards found one in some Pliocene sand from California collected by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns. I also found one other in some sand from Claiborne, Ala., which I had collected from the Eocene. Lately, while looking over some fossils from the “ Woods Bluff” Eocene from Thomasville and Choctaw Corner, Clarke Co., Ala., I found one other pretty little fellow, so that we now have four of them here for investigation. Such fossil specimens may be in other museums, but I have not seen or heard of the fact after diligent enquiry among the wisest of our workers here—F RANK Burns, Pu. D. Reis N\ Aer US. Worx LL: AUGUST, 1898. No. 4. THE MOLLUSKS OF THE GREAT AFRICAN LAKES. Mr. J. E. S. Moore has recently studied the Mollusk fauna of the African Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika, and has recorded a portion of his results, which prove to be of very great interest.’ It is pointed out that the molluscan genera constituting the lake faunas of Africa fall into two catagories; those genera more or less widely distributed in Africa such as Unio, Spatha, Iridina, Corbic- ula, Limnea, Isidora, Planorbis, Ancylus, Ampullaria, Vivipara, By- thinia, Melania and their immediate allies, these constituting a per- feetly normal group, all or most members of which occur in most of the lakes yet explored. The second group comprises Typhobia, Nassopsis, Limnotrochus, Syrnolopsis, Tanganyicia, Bathanalia, Para- melania, Bythoceras and some other forms, and is confined to the single lake Tanganyika. This series of genera is called by Mr. Moore the “ Halolimnic group.” With few exceptions, they are deep water forms, mainly ranging from 200 to 1000 ft. which was the greatest depth reached, while the species of the “ normal” group of genera live mainly within the 100 ft. line. After a thorough discussion of the geological and biological aspects of the case, Mr. Moore concludes that the Halolimnie mollusks in Tanganyika owe their origin to an ancient connection with the sea. 'Proc. Roy. Soc., LXII, no. 387, March 29, 1898. Quarterly Journ. Mic. Sci., XLI, pt. 1, p. 159, March, 1898. 38 THE NAUTILUS. “ Tnstead of the Halolimnic molluses being restricted to the shallow ereeks and bays about the coast, they swarm on the rough surf- swept rocks and on the open beach. And what is more remarkable than this, they extend in great profusion to the deepest portions of the lake. Thus, dredging in water which varied in depth from 800 to 1,200 feet, I always obtained plenty of Typhobia, Paramelania, Bathanalia, and Bythoceras among the Gastropods, as well as the so-called Unio Burtoni among the Lamellibranchiata ; and how far these genera extended beyond these depths I cannot say, but they showed no signs of dying out, but rather the reverse. On the lake floors which were not so deep as this, from 200 to 300 feet below the surface, but which were yet deep enough to have yielded nothing by dredging in Nyassa, there was an abundance of Limnotrochus, Syrnolopsis and Neothauma, together with those varieties of Melania which inhabit Tanganyika. It is thus rendered apparent by these observations that the Halolimnic molluscs are all either surf-swept rock dwellers, or entirely deep-water forms. It is thus apparent that the Halolimnic molluses are completely dissociated from the normal fresh-water forms, along with which they exist in Tanga- nyika, not only by their singular geographical isolation, but by their bathymetric distribution also; the conclusions to which the facts of their geographical distribution seem to point being thus com- pletely substantiated from another point of view. There are, how- ever, yet other ways in which the fact that the Halolimnic fauna is entirely distinct from, and unconnected with the more normal series becomes clear. For in many branches of biological inquiry we are often rightly guided by impressions which, like the types of human physioguomy, are real enough, but quite incapable of definite ex- pression. Impressions of this character are at once produced on reaching Tanganyika, as I did, after studying the fauna of several neighboring lakes. For there is a singular and oceanic profusion of life in Tanganyika, which is quite peculiar, and it quickly be- comes evident that this numerical increase in the aquatic population does not affect the normal fresh-water stock, it is solely produced by the astonishing abundance of the members of the Halolimnie group. “Tn contrast with the shallows of Nyassa, the creeks and bays of Tanganyika swarm with crabs and prawns, and the open sandy beaches are strewn with empty Halolimnic shells; dead detached fragments of the deep-water sponges are tossed up by hundreds on THE NAUTILUS. 39 the shore. And on the extensive rocky coasts the barely submerged stones are covered with the so-called Lithoglyplus and Nassopsis, just as the half-tide rocks swarm with Natica and Litorina on an English beach. Further, on putting out into the lake itself, the deep open water is filled and discolored with clouds of pelagic Protozoa (chiefly Peridinia and Condylostoma) ; and during the dry season swarms of the lake jelly-fish are seen pulsating at all depths. “ Recapitulating, it may be said, then, that the facts of the geo- graphical and bathymetric distribution of the great lake molluscs lead to the following results :—That among all the fresh-water lakes of the African continent which have hitherto been explored there exists a type of fauna which is curiously similar throughout. It differs only in the specific representation of the same genera which these lakes contain. This generalized African lake fauna contains only those families and genera of molluscs which would be regarded as typically fresh-water, lake, river, and pond dwellers, in whatever continent the fresh-water might occur. In one African lake, how- ever, but in one lake only, there have been found to exist, super- added to this normal lacustrine stock, a number of Gastropods which do not closely resemble any other forms either living or extinct ; these molluses are also completely dissociated from the remaining normal series of the lake in which they occur by their modes of life. Together these molluscs constitute the molluscan section of a whole faunistic series, which in Tanganyike is added to the normal fresh- water stock the lake contains. This fauna forms what I have called the Halolimnic group, and the tout ensemble of all the Halo- limnic genera is marine.” The detailed anatomy of the Halolimnic genera is described in the second part of Mr. Moore’s paper. Typhobia and the allied new genus Bathanalia are extremely peculiar in many respects. The dentition resembles most that of the Strombide and Calyptrwide. The nervous system is most like Strombide, Cancellaria, Voluta, ete., with some peculiar features, and totally unlike any freshwater families. There isa crystalline style in the stomach, such as occurs in Pterocera. The external peuis is a new development in the mantle-wall. The gills are like those of Strombide. <> +> —_____. IN MEMORIAM—M. H. CROSSE. (1) BY REV. A. H. COOKE, KING’S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, ENG, The scientific world in general, and malacologists in particular, will have learned with profound regret the news of the death of M. Joseph Charles Hippolyte Crosse, which took place on August 7, 1898, at his country residence, the Chauteau d’ Argeville, at Vernon, near Paris. No man of his time has done more, few have done as much, to promote the study of the mollusca, and in him France has lost one of her most distinguished men of science. It was one of those strange coincidences that sometimes occur to us all, that I should have been walking down the Rue Tronchet, Paris, and wondering whether I should eall at No. 25, only the day before I returned home to hear of his death, and receive the request to write this obituary notice. Born in 1827, it was in 1851 that Crosse contributed his first paper (Notice sur Uhabitat du Panopxa aldrovandi de Sicile) to the Journal de Conchyliologie, which was then in the second year of its existence, edited by M. Petit de la Saussaye. It gives some idea of the strides which the science has made since those days to learn that then malacology was still governed by the systems of Lamarck and of Cuvier. Reeve, Sowerby and Kuster had but recently commenced their iconographies ; Kiener had suspended his; the Adams Genera, Philippi’s Handbuch, Gray’s Guide, Woodward's and Chenu's Man- ua/s were yet to appear. (Geographical distribution, as a serious study, was absolutely unknown. It is with the Journal «ie Conechyliologie that Crosse’s memory will be forever associated. His name first appears in the title page of that periodical in 1861, and it is not too much to say that to him and his distinguished colleague, Dr. P. Fischer, who, considerably the younger man, pre-deceased him by nearly half a decade, is due the entire (1) From Vie Fournal of Ma/acology, Vel. vii, p. 4, December, 1898, THE NAUTILUS. 105 credit of carrying on for more than thirty years a publication which has consistently maintained the highest standard of excellence in the ar- ticles which have appeared in its pages. Not to speak of innumerable minor notices and reviews of books, Crosse contributed from his own pen alone, 249 articles, 83 in conjunction with P. Fischer, and 13 more in conjunction with A. C. Bernardi, T. Bland, O. Debeaux, E, Marie and Dr. Souverbie, making a grand total of 548. He was singularly faithful to his own journal, for the only contributions he ‘ever appears to have made to any other recognized scientific paper were six articles which appeared in the years 1855-59 in the Revue ef Magasin de Zoologre. Crosse’s knowledy» of the mollusca was not confined to any special group or groups, but was tar-reaching and comprehensive. Naturally his acquaintance with anatomical details was subordinate to his familiar- ity with other portions of the study. The land mollusca of New Cale- donia and New Mexico are, perhaps, the two fields on which he will be found to have left the must permanent traces of his ability. The former he dealt with in the columns of the Journal alone ; the latter, in c)l- laboration with Dr-P. Fischer, in the Etudes sur les Jollusques ter- restres et fluvialiles du Mexique et du Guatemala, which formed. with an atlas of 71 plates, the two large quarto volumes making up Part VIL of the Recherches Zoologiques, compiled by the Mis- ston Scientifique au Mexrique et dans’ Amerique Centrale, and published by order of the Minister of Public Instruction in France (1870-1893). He also began, in conjunction with the same author, the Histoire naturelle des Mollusques lerrestres et fluviatiles de Madagascar, 1889, but this work does not appear to have been com- pleted. He was especially fond of cataloguing the molluscan fauna of islands. Some of his lists thus compiled are invaluable to the student of geographical distribution, remarks upon which generally accompa- nied the lists. Among the islands thus treated are Rodriguez, Ker- guelen, Socotra, Prince’s and St. Thomas Islands (W. Africa), Nossi- Be and Nossi-Comba, Trinidad, Cuba (177 pp.), San Domingo (143 pp-), Porto Rico and New Caledonia (315 pp). His sympathy with problems of geographical distribution is further shown by such articles as the following: Distribution geoaraphique et synonymie des Bulimus auricul’formes del Archipel Viti; Catalogue des mol- lusques qui vivent dans le Detroit de Behring et dans les parties voisines de Vl ocean Arctique; Faune malacologique du Lac Tan- ganytka, du Lac Baikal. / 106 THE NAUTILUS. Another marked feature of his writings is the cataloguing of all known species of certain genera, often with synonymie and geograph- ical distribution appended. Among the genera thus treated are Cancellaria, Conus, Holospira, Hybocystis, Lyria, Merwe, Opis- thostoma, Parmacella, Pireaa, Placobranchus, Pleurotomaria Pomatias, Rapa, Rhodea, Kisella and Voluta. It naturally befel one who had the handling of vast masses of ma- terial to found new genera, as well as innumerable new species, yet he ” school, and discountenanced. rather by example than rebuke, the folly of those who reduce the sci- ence to confusion by manufacturing a new species for every second specimen. ‘To Crosse are due, either singly or in conjunction with P. Fischer, the following, amongst other genera: Acroplychia, Berend- tia, Diplomphalus, Eucalodium, Geostilbis, Guestieria, Peret- ra. Strebelra and Xanthony-r. ———— PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY OF HALIOTIS. was no sympathizer with the “splitting BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS. Haliotisfulgens, Phil., yar. Walallensis, Stearns. On the coast of Mendocino county, California, in the extreme south- west corner, close to the northerly boundary line of Sonoma county, is an embarcadero or shipping point of the lumber interests of that neigh- borhood ; here is situated a small settlement known as Gualalla.* The coast hereabout is broken and rocky, with bluffs fifty to a hundred feet high. In the immediate vicinity of this village Mr. J. J. Rivers some years ago collected the forms herein described,specimens of which are contained in the National Museum (No. 98,327) and in the mu- seum of the University of California. The examples in the National collection were kindly presented to me by Mr. Rivers, and are a part of the original lot. The largest adult is of much smailer size than the average adult examples of the ordinary form of H. fulgens ; my ex- amination of the entire series collected by Mr. Rivers suggested the European H. twberculata of the Channel islands. There is a Japa- nese figure in Reeve’s Conch. Icon., H. planata, which it somewhat resembles. As my note book containing the diagnosis, ete., of the above was unfortunately destroyed some years ago, I am indebted to 2 Guallala, which is the official post office name of the village, is a local- ized corruption of the Indian Wa/a//a, which latter, Ithink, should be per petuated. SS THE NAUTILUS. LOT the courtesy of my friend, Dr. W. H. Dall, for the following deserip- tion from the National Museum examples: Shell of an oval form, considerab y flattened and with about two and a half whorls; color, dark brick red, with occasional mottlings of pale bluish green; holes, four in the young to six in the adult; sculpture, of fine, somewhat irregular spiral threads, crossed by fine, close, slightly elevated, sharp, concentric lamellee, and a few small obscure wavelets which radiate obliquely from the apex ;. nacre rather pale, with pink and pale green reflections, but much less deep in color than the typ- ical fulgens Lon., 100; lat., 68; alt., 17 mm. This variety differs from the type in its more elongate and flattened form, its constantly finer, spiral threading and its paler nacre. The concentrie lamellation is sometimes undeveloped on the young shells. It has the same number of boles as the type. This varietal form may be regarded as the extreme northerly expres- sion of Hf, fulgens; the latter, if my memory is not at fault, has not heretofore been credited to any part of the coast north of Point Con- cepcion ; from that point to Gualalla is an immense jump, about 320 nautical miles. pare es GENERAL NOTES. A New Genus or Hetices.—Upon dissecting specimens of Poly- gyva miorhyssa Dall, recently, Prof. Cockerell noticed several important points of divergence in the genitalia as compared with what has been been observed in Polygyra, and sent fresh material to Prof. Pilsbry, stating that a new group seemed to be indicated, and requesting fur- ther examination This resulted in the confirmation of the features first noticed and the discovery of others, indicating a new generic group, which may be called Ashmunella, in honor of Rev. EK. H Ashmun, whose researches in New Mexico and Arizona have added materially to our knowledge of the mollusk fauna of those regions. The type is P. mtorhyssa Dall. An illustrated account of Ashmun- e/la will appear in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia. eA. Po & ED, Ay C MELAMPUS FLORIDANUS SHUTTL. In August; 1894, I collected some Melampus on Chambers’ farm, Queen Anne county, opposite Chestertown, Md. They were put in the collection of the Academy under the name, I. I/neatus Say, but on examination they prove to be M. floridanus, Shuttl. May not other collections have this Floridian species from northern localities ? K. G. VANATTA. 108 THE NAUTILUS. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. THe Lower CRETACEOUS GRYPH2ZAS OF THE TEXAS REGION. By Ropert T. Hit and T. WAYLAND VAUGHAN. (Bull. 151, U.S. Geol. Survey.) In the introduction to this work there is an ac- count of the great controversy that arose between Prof. Jules Mar- cou and other American paleontologists “concerning the species Gryphea pitcher7, Morton, and the formation in which it was found.” * By the erroneous impression given to Dr. Roemer, th rough the careless preservation of original type specimens, the first confusion of Morton’s G, pitcher? with other species of Gryphe@a was started, and the nucleus was created for an almost endless misrepresentation and confusion of forms, which has so permeated all the literature of the country that the task of correcting it at times seemed almost impossible.” The variationsof Gryphea corrugata, Say 1823 (G. pitcherz, Mor- ton, 1834), called by Marcou in 1851 G@. fuewmncar//, are now known to be Lower Cretaceous. “Mr. Stanton’s (Bull 106, U. S. Geol. Sur., pp 60-62), recent studies of Newberryand Schiel’s Gryph@a pitcher/ trom the Upper Cretaceous of New Mexico and Utah shows it to bea distinct spe- cies (G. Newberry/, Stan.), and removes the lasi vestige of G. p7tch erZ from the Upper Cretaceous. “A review and classification of the fossil Ostreidz of the Texas re- gion is given, after which is a historical statement of the discovery of the forms referred to, G. pricher?, Mort., and the geographical and stratigraphical distribution of the Lower Cretaceous Gry- pheeas.” A description of species follows G. ward7is described as new, and tor G. p/tcher/, Blake (not Morton) the name of G. marcou? is proposed. The other forms that have been referred to, G prtcher/, etc., by various authors, are here arranged under four species: G. corrugata, Say: G. navia, Hall; G. washitaensis, Hill,and G. mucronata, Gabb. The work contains 66 pp. of text and is pro- fusely illustrated by 35 plates. Toe Nawericus. War, 2618 FEBRUARY, 1899. No. 10. COLLECTING SHELLS IN THE KLONDIKE COUNTRY. BY P. B. RANDOLPH We left Seattle, Wash, on August 1, 1897, for the Klondike gold fields. Our first stop was made at New Metaketta, Duncan’s Island, Alaska. We only made a short stop here to take on water. I made a rush for shore, and, in a short time, had collected a few each of Cir- cinaria sportella hybrida Anc., Circinaria vancouverensis Lea and Poly - gyra columbiana Lea. These were found under the logs and boards just above high tide mark. No further stop was made until we reached Dyea, at the head of Lynn canal. From here we had to be our own pack-horses to the lakes. The Dyea valley is heavily timbered and the narrow bottom land covered with alder. We laid over one day, about half-way to the Dyea cafion, and [ improved the time collecting the small species found there, consisting of Pyramidula striatella cronkhitei Newe., very plentiful under dead leaves and sticks, Conulus Julvus alaskensis Pils., Punctum conspectum Bld., and Pupa decora Gould. This last was very plentiful, and I think that in one day’s faithful collecting I could supply the cabinets of the world. Packing 100 pounds over a pass 3,000 feet high did not tend to arouse my conchological ambition, but at each stop I prospected the dead leaves and sticks with varying success. We laid over one day at Lake Linderman, resting from the past week’s hard work, and I had time to hunt over the flat at the head of the lake, where a small stream empties in. Here I found several dead shells of the Vitrina exilis Morel., and was despairing of finding any alive, but at the last moment found three under a small dead stick. These were the first of this genus that I had ever seen alive, and I felt 110 THE NAUTILUS. well paid for the time spent. I also found Pyramidula striatella cronkhitei Newe. and Conulus fulvus alaskensis Pils. Associated with these were two shells that Mr. George H. Clapp and Mr. H. A. Pilsbry considered new, and were kind enough to name in my honor, Zonitoides randolphi Pilsbry and Clapp. At the head of the lake, near our camp, the rocks were covered with Valvata sincera Say and Linnea palustris Mull. The next day we put together our canvas boat, made of twenty- ounce duck, ready for our 600 miles trip down the Lewes and Yukon rivers to Dawson. At Marsh lake found dead shells of L/niiea ampla Migh., some very large, one measuring one inch aud a half long and one inch across, and a dwarf variety of Limnea palustris Mull. The only shell collected going down the Lewes river was Succinea nuttalliana Lea. We ran the famous Miles cafion in our canvas boat, but packed our outfit and boat around the White Horse rapids. I had no further opportunity for collecting until we reached Dawson, Northwest Territory. There I found dead shells of a Suceinea, where a fire had run through the moss, but they were too fragile to handle. Snow commenced to fall on September 12th, and that put an end to collecting trips. We spent the winter on one of the claims on Bonanza creek, in the ordinary occupation of a miner in that latitude, which would be another story. After the clean-up in the spring we rebuilt our canvas boat in the shape of a scow to godown the Yukon river 1,800 miles to St. Michael’s. We left Dawson on June the 9th and leisurely floated with the current, enjoying the days twenty-four hours long; that is, at Fort Yukon the sun was visible all the time. As I heard one man ask another “the time of day,” “ Kight o’clock’’ was the answer. The first said: ‘Tam worse off than before; I do not know whether it is night or morning.” I did not find any live shells on the upper river, but on the bars found a few dead shells of Succinea chrysis West. The mosquitoes were very bad on the lower river, and it was nearly suicidal to go into the brush; but when about twenty miles below Andreafsky we were compelled to lay over on account of wind and rain. I tried the experiment of building a smudge in the gold- pan and carrying it with me. I was rewarded by finding that the ground and stalks of grass were alive with Succinea chrysis West., and before the day was done I had nearly a pint cup of them cleaned. THE NAUTILUS. iM fae The next day we left the main river and followed a slough that led us into three large lakes that run to the foot of the mountains. The banks are ten to twenty feet high and perpendicular. Near the water was a stratum of shells (Macoma inconspicua Brod.), about four inches thick. This locality is about 100 miles from the Aphroon mouth of’ the Yukon. Atan Indian camp below Holy Cross Mission I saw the right valve of an Anodonta used as a spoon by an old squaw. She could not under- stand, or would not, so I could not learn where it was found. She also prized it so highly that, though offered a good trade, she would not. part with it. It was the size and color of our Anodonta oregonensis. We made an early camp at Point Romanoff, which is about half way from the mouth of the river to St. Michael’s,on the Arctic Ocean. Here I had to make use of the same expedient that I used before to: “stand off”’ the mosquitves, and found on the drift wood on the beach specimens of Conulus fudvus alaskensis Pils. and Pupa decora Gould. After entering the canal that connects the Arctic Ocean with Norton’s Sound I found the small ponds that are common on the trundra full of Limnexa palustris Miull., most of them of large size. I also found a small bivalve very plentiful that was new to me, and I collected a large number of them ; but, alas! they belong to the Crustaceans and the other fellows are enjoying them. I did not find any marine shells at St Michael’s, but when we stopped at Unalaska, on the Aleutian Islands, I had a low tide to work on, and on the rock spit near the dock collected and recognized the following species: Purpura lima Mart: Buccinum fischerianum Morch. Volutharpa ampullacea Midd. Margarita helicina Fabr. Margarita albula Gould. Littorina sitchana Phil. Tritonium oregonense Redf. Kulima sp. Acmzxa patina Esch. Pecten sp., dead shell. Sazicava ruaosa I. Saxidomus squalidus, Modiola modiolus Lam. Mytilus edulis 1. 112 THE NAUTILUS. Tapes staminea Contr. Placunanomia macroschisma Dh. Katherina tunicata Wood, and two species that I have not located as yet. At low tide Tritonium oregonense is very plentiful and busy filling their egg cases. Out of the hundreds seen, but one miniature specimen possessed the beautiful epidermis that characterizes the species; the rest were eroded so badly that in some cases the body whorl was alone whole. At the high tide mark Littorinas were so thick that both hands could be scooped up full, and the color varieties were all there. Under the stones at near low tide the beautiful Eulimas were so plentiful that under one stone, not larger than a dinner plate, [ gathered over 100; but the tide would not wait for me, so I had to leave this rich field before I had half explored it. The steamer had finished coaling ; so I bid adieu to the northern country with much regret. I wish to thank Messrs. Dall, Clapp and Pilsbry for straightening out the material which I brought down. we me UROSALPINX CINEREUS IN SAN FRANCISCO Bay. In Tue Naurttiuus for June, 1894, 1 cailed attention to the oceur- rence of the eastern “oyster drill,’ Urosalpinx cinereus (Fusus cinereus Say), on the beds of transplanted eastern oysters near Bel- mont, as announced in Mr. Charles H. Townsend’s paper* on “ The Oyster Resources and Oyster Fishery of the Pacific Coast.’’ The Belmont beds are on the western shore of the bay on the flats of San Mateo county. Within a few days I have received from Mr. Henry Hemphill several examples of this familiar form, collected by him on the old oyster beds on the eastern shore or flats of Alameda county. In course of time this species will no doubt be found elsewhere, and become numerous on both sides of the southerly portion of San Fran- cisco bay. Mr. Hemphill, it may be remembered, was the first to detect the presence of Mya arenaria hereabout (named by Dr. New- comb at the time M. Hemphilli). It is not unlikely the mussel so frequently found adhering to the eastern oysters, Mytilus hamatus Say, will sooner or later turn up in the bay region, and Mr. Hemp- hill may be the first to find it. Rosert E. C. STEARNS. Los ANGELES, CAL., December 7, 1898. * Report of the U.S. Fish Commissioner, ete., 1889-91, published in March, 1893 ee en ee THE NAUTILUS. IA: POTAMOLITHUS JACUHYENSIS, N. SP. BY H. A. PILSBRY. Shell turbinate globose, the last whorl with a “ shoulder,” pro- duced by an obtuse but distinct angulation of the whorl above its middle ; solid and strong, smooth, except for light growth lines, cov- ered with a strong, dark brown cuticle, becoming reddish on the spire and green behind the outer lip. Spire low conic, whorls about 43, those of the spire but slightly convex, the last large, obtusely angular above, rather flattened peripherally, the base somewhat concavely tapering. Aperture large, rather dilated, oblique, livid within, be- coming blue-white toward the lip and on the inner margin ; peristome continuous, blunt, thickened within at the upper angle, the outer lip a little waved or sinuous, inner margin heavily calloused, rounded, a narrow columellar crescent defined by an arcuate angle. Alt. 6.5, diam. 5.3, greatest length of aperture 5 mm. Rio Jacuhy, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Dr. H. von Ihering) This species differs from P. lapidum in the angular last whorl, more heavily calloused, parieto-columellar margin, much larger aperture, and the angle defining a narrow, crescentic columellar area. P. orbig- nyt Pils. is more closely allied than any other known species, but in that the body whorl is more distinetly biangular, the outer lip is more expanded and distinetly varixed, ete. The species of this genus already described by d’Orbigny and my- self, came from La Plata, Parana and Uruguay rivers. The present form is interesting as being from the Jacuhy, a stream flowing into the Atlantic instead of into La Plata. For previous references to this genus, under the names Paludes- trina, Lithoglyphus and Potamolithus, see d’Orbigny, Amér. mérid., p- 382; E. von Martens, Malak. Blatter, 1868, p. 192; H. von Ihering, Malak. Blatter (n. F ) VII, p. 96, and Pilsbry, Nautilus X, pp- 86, 119. ——.614 a — REMARKS ON THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF CONULUS. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. In most parts of the world there occur small land snails with thin, yellow or brown glossy shells, conical, pyramidal or teocalli shaped, with the axis imperforate or barely perforated. The foot has pedal grooves and the side-teeth are thorn-shaped, with two or more points, 114 THE NAUTILUS. In North America, Europe and Siberia these shells are known as Conulus; in middle and South America as Guppya ; in India and the Orient generally they bear the names Sttala and Kaliella ; wins still other names cover species of Polynesia, ete. Belonging to the great family, Zonitide, these are among the least known snails of that group. The anatomy of only a few species has been investigated ; the limits of specific variation are ill understood ; and while it is moderately certain that there are several genera, still the boundaries and contents of them remain to be decided. Of the several generic names mentioned above, Conulus of Fitzinger (1833) is the oldest,* the type thereof being the familiar, though not well known, Helix fulva. Herr Reinhardt} was, I believe, the first to point out the fact that under C. fulvus of European authors, more than one species was in- cluded. He distinguished two: the true C. fulvus, living in the woods, and a new one, C. praticola, whick is darker colored, brownish yellow, very glossy, the height very nearly equalling the diameter, whorls rounder, the keel almost wholly disappearing, the mouth less wide but higher, and the base shows distinct spiral striation. It lives in meadows. Bourguignat,{ dealing with the forms of southern and western Eu- rope and northern Africa, agrees with Reinhardt as to the identity of the typical fwlvus ; and, ignoring C. praticola, he recognizes and defines some eight species inhabiting this area, all but two of them, fulvus Mull, and Mortonz Jeffr., being new. This, however, seems to be rather an extreme view, and it is likely that there are not more than half this number, if so many as that, in Europe. A number of forms have been described from Japan ; but, like the Japanese Helices, Clausilias and most other snails, they apparently belong to Chinese and Indian types, rather than to the C. fulvus group. The senior species, H. pupula Gould, is far larger than ful- vus, measuring some five mm. in height. In America, Thomas Say defined two forms: Helix chersina, based upon one hardly mature specimen from the Georgia Sea Islands, and H. eaena, from a locality in the suburbs of Philadelphia. Both of these have been considered synonyms of C. fudvus. In 1883 Herr *Syst. Verzeich. Oesterreich Weichtiere, p. 94. The group originally con- tained some Helices also. +Sitzungsber. Ges. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 1883, p. 40. 3ull. Soc. Malac. de France, VII, 1890, p. 325-338, plate 8. THE NAUTILUS. E15 Reinhardt described another, C. trochulus, from Texas. I do not know that this has ever been noticed by any subsequent writer. Finally, Dr. V. Sterki, that indefatigable observer of small shells, whose researches have added so much to our knowledge of American iniand mollusks, described a toothed Conulus, the first dentate form of the genus known, as C. fulvus var. dentatus. § The shell figured by Binney in the Manual of American Land Shells (p. 67, fig. 26), is evidently C. fulvus. It will be noticed that he re- cords considerable divergence in dentition between the observations of various observers, Morse giving 18-1-18 as the formula of teeth, with 7 laterals on each side; Binney, 30-1-30, with 8 laterals, and Lehmann, 25-1-25. This, as Binney remarks, is more variation than often, if ever, occurs among individuals of one species, especially in view of the comparatively small number of teeth. The difference between the two American observations is 24 teeth in a row, the totals being 61 (Binney) and 37 (Morse). This probably indicates that two dif- ferent species were under observation by the two observers. Unfor- tunately the limited time at my disposal, and the limited number of specimens with the soft parts dried in, has prevented me from exam- ining the dentition, which I hope to do when more abundant material collected alive and with the animals dried in, is available. We may now notice the American forms in detail. Conulus fulvus (Miiller). The species was originally based in part upon a larger shell of the genus Hygromia, but authors agree in considering as the true fulvus a shell much less elevated than chersinus, with five whorls, not so closely coiled as in the several forms of chersinus, the last one distinctly angular in front, the angle disappearing on the latter part of the whorl ; base convex, indented and minutely perforate or subperforate at the axis. Distinguished from chersinus and its varieties by the fewer, wider whorls and generally less elevated contour. Helix egena Say seems to me to be equivalent to fulvus. It is widely distributed over the northern half of the Union and Canada, The Rocky Mountain and California C. fulvus seem to be nearly typical Julvus, though slightly diverging forms are present. Conulus fulvus mortoni (Jeffreys). Rather more depressed, the periphery of the last whorl distinctly carinated throughout; whorls about 43. Described from England. 2 This journal, Vol. VII, p. 4 (May, 1893). 116 THE NAUTILUS. It oceurs in Massachusetts, New York and at Hamilton, Ontario, but I have not seen this from the South or West. It is the size of typical fulvus, the young of which must not be mistaken for mortond. Conulus fulvus alaskensis, n. var. Similar to C. fulvus but with only 43 whorls, the iast one wider ; periphery a little angular in front, becoming well rounded ; columellar insertidn of the lip reflexed over the perforation, nearly or quite closing it. Alt. 2.6, diam. 3.25 mm. Dyea valley and Point Romanoff, Alaska (P. B. Randolph). Conulus chersinus (Say). This is very much elevated, the height of fully mature examples exceeding the diameter, the general form being somewhat like that of an immature Cerion. Outlines of spire quite convex ; whorls 63, appear- ing very closely coiled, as seen from above, the last only faintly an; gular, though in immature shells itds carinated. The base is quite convex and the umbilical perforation very narrowly open. The lunate aperture forms a less attenuated crescent than in the following va- riety. Alt. 3, greatest diameter 2.8 mm. This form occurs from the Sea Islands of Georgia to Florida, the specimen illustrated being from Volusia county (coll. Pilsbry and Johnson, 1894). Conulus chersinus trochulus (Reinhardt). Similar to the preceding, but lighter colored, less elevated (though still high), the crescentic aperture narrower. Alt. 2.75, diam. 2.8 mm, New Braunfels, Texas. Though near chersinus, this form is not dif- ficult to distinguish, and will probably stand as a southwestern sub- pecies. Conulus chersinus polygyratus, n. v. Similar to the preceding, but less elevated, with narrower aperture ; whorls over 6, very narrow, the last one bluntly but decidedly an- cular in front, the angle above the middle of the whorl, base peculiarly sloping below the periphery; upper surface with the lustre of silk; base glossy, with a silky band around the outer margin. Alt. 2.2, diam. 3 m., sometimes larger. Color generally deep, brownish am- ber. Hamilton, Ontario (associated with C. fulvus mortont) ; Grand Rapids, Michigan (with C. fulvus). Differs from typical chersinus and trochulus chiefly in the peculiar form of the base, produced by the high situation of the periphery, and the narrower aperture. The numerous narrow whorls readily distinguish it from fulvus. Conulus chersinus dentatus (Sterki). Rather small, with the narrow whorls of the species, the last whorl THE NAUTILUS. iba hie containing 1 to 3 low, radial teeth, forming transverse barriers on the basal wall, and appearing when the shell is viewed from the base as white radial stripes. Jackson county, Alabama, on hills (H. E. Sar- gent); Washington, D. C. (EK. Lehnert). The radiating “teeth ”’ are of exactly the same type found in Gastrodonta lamellidens Pils. —a species of very different form. —— + @> + SOME STUDIES ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE CYCLADIDE. BY DR. V. STERKI. 1. It has been said that there are two cardinal teeth in the right valves of Pisidium amnicum Mull. and P. virginicum Gmel., while all the other Pisidia have only one, and a group has been founded mainly on that character. Examination of numerous specimens of both species have shown me that that feature is only apparent. In young and half-grown shells the cardinal teeth of the right valves are single, just as in other species, only more curved, and as they grow older there is a slight indentation in the middle. There the growth of the tooth ceases, while both ends keep on growing, until at last there are apparently two teeth, which, however, can usually be seen more or less distinctly coherent, even in mature mussels The same character has often been noticed in specimens of P. variabile and compressum, where the ‘‘two teeth” were sometimes completely separated. 2. Reversed hinges. A few years ago Mr. Bryant Walker pub- lished some interesting notes** about abnormal hinges in Sphaeria. I had made some observations on the same subject, and have continued doing so since. Three different arrangements were found: 1. The posterior laterals are reversed. 2. The anterior laterals and the zardinals. 3. The whole hinge is reversed, laterals and cardinals. As Mr. Walker says, the posterior laterals and the cardinals alone were never seen reversed, nor both pairs of laterals alone, nor did I see the anterior laterals alone, nor the cardinals alone reversed. Evi- dently the anterior laterals plus the cardinals form a kind of a unity, being situated in front of the ligament, and when one part of them are reversed all are so, while the posterior laterals stand alone. And the reversion does not only affect the numbers of the teeth, but their whoie *THE NAUTILUS, IX., p. 135. (April, 1896.) 118 THE NAUTILUS. character. In the normal hinge the (single) lateral teeth of the left valve are higher than those of the right one, usually projecting above the level of the valve-edge. The reversed teeth are so in the right valve. Reversion in one or other degree was seen in hundreds of specimensof the Sphaeria s. str.: simile, striatinum, stamineum, (v.) emarginatum and other forms, flavum, fabale, nobile, primeanums, and in lots from some localities in 20 to 30 per cent. of all specimens. Might it be inferred, trom the great instability of the hinge characters, as well as the almost endless variability in shape, size and striation of some species, that the whole group is of a recent geological age, with the features not fully established? Has any such variability been noticed in Corbicula, ete., or in the marine Cardiacea? In Sphaeria rhomboideum, occidentale, corneum, etc., reversion seems to be rare; and so in Calyculina. It has been noticed in Pesidium - virginicum (three specimens, cardinal and anterior laterals), abditum (totally and partly), and politum (one specimen, totally reversed). These were the only instances noticed among many hundred, probably thou- sands, of Pisidia examined for the hinge characters. 3. Ridges on the beaks of some Pisidia. Ridges (or appendages) are known to be present on the beaks of a number of species, such as supinum, henslowanum, compressum, fallax, cruciatum, punc- tatum, ferrugineum, and for some of them they have been described as characteristic. Of the North American species they have been seen wanting in P. compressum, fallax and punctatum, usuaily in forms which are characterized also by other peculiar features, and must be regarded as varieties. But sometimes all possible intergradations may be seen among specimens from one locality and ranging under the same “form” or variety. In P. cruciatum the singularly shaped ridges have been found absolutely constant so far. On the other hand, beaks with their tops more or less flattened, and with slight indications of ridges, may be seen in species where they are usually rounded, as in P. variabile, abditum, splendidulum. Among lots of the latter species, from Aroostook county, Maine, specimens were found with very strong ridges, just as in P. ferrugineum, and they would have to be regarded as representing a widely distinct species, if it were not for intermediate forms. This is one well marked example of the often perplexing variability of those small mussels, and strongly urges the student not to rely on one or other ever-so-striking feature for the distinction of species, but to carefully consider the ensemble of all the different characters, all of THE NAUTILUS. 119 which may be variable to a lesser or higher degree. It shows also that it is impossible to found a species upon one or even a number of' speci- mens from one locality with any degree of certainty. 4. Beaks of Calyculina. The presence of ‘“calyculate” beaks and of caps on them, has been regarded as characteristic, first, for the type species (C. lacustris Miull.), and then for the genus. Both these characters had to be given up, as being not shown by all species (e. g. transversa) of the otherwise well-defined genus. As to the “caps,” they are by no means a constant feature of such species as C. partumeia, securis, etc., and during the last years numerous speci- mens were seen with the beaks simply rounded and having not even traces of caps. These caps are nothing else but the embryonic shell of the mussel, which is oblong or elliptic in perpendicular section, and the additional growth is formed at an angle asa tule. It seems that the specimens without caps were hatched during the warmer season, when the young may be expelled at an earlier stage of growth, while in cold weather they are retained longer in the brood pouches of the parent and there growmore convex. Numerous young have been seen with several narrow stripes, separated by lines of growth, along the edges of the valves. On the other hand, specimens of C. transversa are now and then seen with caps, and occasionally also Sphaeria and different species of Pisidia. This point deserves to be studied more . exactly. ————_ + > > GENERAL NOTES. STATION OF LIMNA:A GRACILIS.—We have received from Mr. Bryant Walker the following note on the above species, extracted from a letter from Dr. R. J. Kirkland : ‘¢ Perhaps you will be interested in an observation respecting Limneea gracilis Say. I think Dr. DeCamp was the only person who found it in Reed Lake, near this city (Detroit, Mich.), and he only found it one year in May. He once told me he collected eighty-five on the rushes, where ‘they had come to spawn.’ I have searched for it in the spring for the past three years, but have never found one. Last fall, as I wrote you, I found quite a number in November. ‘This fall, I found five on September 17, in the same place as last fall. A week later found eighteen, two weeks later found fifty. After that only two or three on each of several visits. I think it was because the community was exhausted. Have searched at other points in the lake, but unsuccessfully. They were found 120 THE NAUTILUS. on rushes at an average distance of from six to eight inches from the bottom, adhering unusually firmly with spire uppermost on a line with the rush stalk. They did not seem to be in water over four feet deep, nor in that shallower than six inches. They clung so tightly to the rush that, in three instances, in the act of removing them the muscle attaching them to the shell was fractured, and the animal remained attached to the rush, leaving me with a clean shell in my fingers. ‘Twice the shell broke without disengaging the animal from his position.” Notes OX THE INDENTATA GROUP OF VITREA.—Referring to the remarks on this topic in the January Nautitus, I would note here that the perforated form of Vtrea indentfata from Texas is var. um- bilicata Singley. In ‘‘British Naturahst” April, 1893, p 81, I wrote: ‘*Z. indentatus, var. umbilicatus, Singley, n. var. Mr. Singley has kindly sent me this from Lee county, Texas. It is the form figured in Man. Amer. Land Shells, fig. 17.” If the figure of Binney cited by me is /. rhoadst, the name um- biliicata must still apply to the Texan shell, as that is the only one Singley or I had seen. I do not remember, however, that the shell was much larger than usual. In case there is any misunderstanding as to what carolinensis is, I enclose a note giving my original description, not published hith- erto in full in THe Navtitus: Vitrea carolinensis, (Ckll). The original type was thus described : Max. diam. 10, alt. 5 mm., whorls 5. Pale horn, shiny, semi- transparent, umbilical region somewhat whitened. Surface of shell with strong transverse growth lines and distinct transverse grooved lines. The grooved lines are about 26 on body whorl. Umbilicus small, narrow. Aperture obliquely large-lunate, the upper angle much smaller than the lower. Peristome not sinuate. Vitrea sculptilis (specimen from W. G. Binney). Max. diam. ro, alt. 5 mm. Impressed strizee very numerous ; go or more on body whorl. Peristome sinuous, reflected so as to nearly cover umbilicus. Aperture narrower. These were originally sent to me by Mr. Binney as ‘* two forms” of sculpilis He afterwards agreed that they were distinct, and that the form referred to scu/piilis was that species. T. D. A. COCKERELL. As Potyeyra Epvarnsi Bld. seems to be a rather localiy restricted species, it may be of interest to record that Mr. Simpson and myself found it not uncommon at Elizabethton, Tenn. Polygyra iri- dentata complanata also occurred there. —BRYANT WALKER. eae. N Avail Us. VoL. XII. MARCH, 1899. Note CATALOGUE OF THE AMNICOLIDZ OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. In the course of preliminary studies for a monograph of American species of this family, projected some years ago by Dr. C. E. Beecher and myself, I found that the Western species, or at least part of them, have been very imperfectly understood by most conchologists who have collected them. Thus, the name Bythinella or Pomatiopsis intermedia has been applied to several distinct species of middle California, a region where it does not occur. Bythinella binneyi and some Amnicolas have been equally misunderstood, and some of the Fluminicolas need revi- sion. I have, therefore, drawn up a list, with the localities of speci- mens in the collection of the Academy, and descriptions of some new species. With a view to extending our knowledge of the range of any of the species, I will willingly examine and identify specimens of the group for collectors desiring to have their shells compared with types or typical specimens of the several species. The types of Amnicola limosa, A.micrococcus, Paludestrina imitator, P. stearnsiana, P. hemphilli, Fluminicola columbiana, F. merriami, F. erythropoma, Pomatiopsis binneyi and P. californica, as well as of the synonyms Bythinella intermedia, Melania exigua and Amnicola turbini- formis, and author’s specimens or co-types of all of the other species ex- cept Fluminicola seminalis, are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences. My opportunities for determining the status of the various species, and their synonymy, have therefore been favorable. Genus AMNIcOLA Gld. and Hald. A. micrococcus Pilsbry. Nevada: Small spring in Oasis Valley, Nye Co. (Merriam); Aurora, Esmeralda Co. (W. M. Gabb). Cali- 122 THE NAUTILUS. fornia: Death Valley, Inyo Co. (Nelson and Bailey); seven miles from Fort Tejon, Kern Co. (W. J. Raymond). It is a species of the desert region. A. LImosa (Say). Utah Lake (Hayden and others), and Spring Lake (Putnam), Utah. A. (Cincinnatia) CINCINNATIENSIS (Anth.). Lake Point, (Hemp- hill) and terraces, (‘‘ Bonneville” ) and Salt Lake, (Hayden); Sevier Lake Valley, Utah (Wheeler Exped.). Genus PyRGULOopsisS Call and Pils. P. NEVADENSIS (Stearns). Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Genus PALUDESTRINA Orb. [Includes Bythinella Moq. Vand., and of authors generally. ] P. LonGainqua (Gould). Colorado Desert, southern California, at Indio, ete. (fossil specimens); Campo, and springs in Cayamaca Mts., San Diego (‘o., (Hemphill); Arizona Desert (R. EK. C. Stearns); near White Pine, Nevada (Hemphill); Weber Caton, near Provo, near Brigham City, near Salt Lake City (Hemphill); Bear Lake (Hayden), and Utah Lake, Utah (Putnam); Crooked creek, a tributary of the Owyhee R., southeastern Oregon (Gabb.) Bythinella intermedia Tryon is a synonym. An extremely variable, widely distributed spe- cies, often incorrectly identified. P. rmrraror Pilsbry. Sonoma, Alameda and Santa Cruz counties, California. P. stTEARNSIANA Pilsbry. Marin, Alameda, Tuolumme, Santa Clara vend Santa Cruz counties, California. P. HEMPHILL (Pils.) near Kentucky Ferry, Snake River, Wash- ington (Hemphill). P. prorea (Gld.) Colorado Desert; Death Valley, Cal; States of Durango and Michoacan, Mexico. Bythinella seemani Ffld. is a synonym or smooth local race; FP. protea varies, as Dr. Stearns has shown, from latticed to smooth. “ Bythinella” cequicostata Pils., of Fla., is extremely similar. Tryonia is probably only a subgenus of Paludestrina. (See Stearns, N. A, Fauna No. 7, p. 278). Genus TRYONIA Stimpson. T. cLATHRATA Stimps. ‘Colorado Desert”; Pahranagat Valley, Nevada (Merriam). Genus FLUMINICOLA Stimps. F. virens (Lea). Oregon: Willamette R. at Portland and Oregon City; Columbia R. at the Dalles; upper Des Chutes R.; Umpqua R. THE NAUTILUS. DBS at Elkton, Douglas Co. Washington: Olympia and San Juan Co., Vancouver Id. (Faludina nuclea Lea is a synonym.) F. NUTTALLIANA (Lea). Oregon: Willamette R. at Oregon City ; Crooked creek, a tributary of the Owyhee R., Malheur Co. (Amnicola hindsi Baird, described from Kootenay R., a tributary of the upper Columbia, in British Columbia, is a synonym.) This species probably inhabits the entire Columbia Valley. F. conuMBIANA Hemphill. Columbia R., near Wallula and near mouth of Snake R.,in southwest Washington; Snake R., near Weiser, western Idaho (Hemphill!). F. seMINALIS (Hinds). California: Sacramento R. (Hinds, New- comb); Shasta Co. (Newe.); Pitt R. (Gabb); South Fork of Pitt R., at South Fork P. O., Modoe Co., head of Fall R., Siskiyou Co., small ereek, Eagle Lake, Lassen Co. (MacGregor); Surprise Valley, north- east Cal. (Gabb) Oregon: Klamath R.; west side of Stein’s Mts., Harney Co. (Gabb). Var. dalli (Call). Brook flowing into north end of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, (Call). Var. Crane Lake Valley, northeast California. (Gabb.) Amnicola dalli Call, A. turbiniformis Tryon and Lithoglyphus cuming? Ffld. seem to be synonyms, the former perhaps a tenable small variety. F. rusca (Hald) Wyoming: Black's Fork, Green River, at Millersville, and Smith’s Fork Green R. (Dr. Jos. Leidy). Utah: Utah Lake; Bear Lake (Hayden), Malad River (Hemphi!l). South Dakota: Cheyenne Pass (Carter). The localities “California’”’ and “Oregon” for this species probably refer to former wide extension of these territories to the eastward. F. erYTHROPOMA Pilsbry. A spring in Ash Meadows, Nye Co., Nevada (Stephens). (F. fusca Hald. var. minor, Stearns, N. A. Fauna No. 7, p. 282). Differs conspicuously from F. fusca in the less rapidly widening whorls of the operculum. F. MERRIAMI Pilsbry and Beecher. Warm Springs, Pahranagat Valley, Nevada (Merriam). Genus Pomariopsis Tryon. P. BINNEY! Tryon. Bolinas, Cal. P. cauirorNica Pilsbry. San Francisco and Oakland, California. Hydrobia californica Tryon is an Assiminea; ‘“ H. egena Gld.” of some collectors is the large form of Paludestrina imitator, the original 124 THE NAUTILUS. ‘‘ Amnicola egena” of Gould being a spiueless Potamopyrgus from New Zealand. Descriptions of New Species. Paludestrina imitator, ». sp- Shell narrowly perforate or nearly closed, narrowly ovate, thin, light corneous, subtranslucent, nearly smooth, not glossy; whorls 43, the first planorboid, causing the apex to be decidedly obtuse, the rest quite convex, separated by a deep suture. Spire slender, conic. Aperture somewhat less than half the shell’s length, ovate, angular posteriorly, the parietal margin somewhat flattened; peristome thin, the inner margin adnate tothe preceding whorl for a short distance above. Alt. 3, diam. 1.6, greatest axis of aperture 1.28 mm. Counties near San Francisco Bay, California. Types from Santa Cruz. This species, though corneous and subtranslucent, resembles a young Bythinella nickliniana in form. It is evidently a ecmmon shell in the region mentioned above. In a lot from Oakland the shells are larger length 43 mm, with five whorls. This is analagous to the attenuata form of nickliniana, in the East. The same large form is before me from Petaluma Creek, Sonoma county (J. B. Davy) and Santa Cruz in brackish water (W. J. Raymond); and [I have seen similar but deeply eroded specimens, the earlier whorls wholly removed, from San Pedro. It may be that the types and other specimens before me of small size, perhaps some 200 shells in all, are only half grown, and all would attain a length of 4 to 5mm. when adult. It is conspicuously unlike “ Bythinella intermedia” Vryon and Pomatiopsis binneyi Tryon, and is less attenuated than the smooth * seemani”’ form of ** Tryonia”’ protea. P. stearnsiana is not attenuated above, but stout spired, more on the style of P. longinqua Gld. (intermedia Tryon), while in imi- tator the spire is slender above, though the apex itself is quite obtuse. P. stearnsiana, n. sp. Shell narrowly perforate, ovate, thin, corneous, nearly smooth, some- what glossy, whorls nearly 44, convex, separated by rather deep sutures, the spire with convexly conic lateral outlines, stout. Apex rather obtuse. Aperture half the shell's length or somewhat less, ovate, the posterior angle blunt and rounded, peristome continuous, the inner margin weil defined, generally quite free at the edge from the adjacent whorl. Alt. 2.6, diam 1.7, or larger up to 3.2 mm. alt. Near Oakland (type locality); Marshall’s, Marin Co.; Tuolumme Co. (Hemphill). San Franciseo Peninsula? (G. W. Dunn.) THE NAUTILUS. 125 at Differs from P. imitator in the decidedly convex outlines of the upper part of the spire, making it stouter, the rounded posterior angle of the mouth, free inner lip, ete. In some specimens which I refer to this species as a variety or form, the aperture and peristome are less typical, but the shape of the spire readily distinguishes them from P. imitator. Localities for this variety, if such it is, are Lyndon Gulch, near Los Gatos, and a tributary of the same, Santa Clara Co., Straw- berry Creek, Berkeley, Contra Costa Co., and Conly Gulch, Santa Cruz Co., all collected by Mr. W. J. Raymond. Named in honor of a West Coast friend. I wish for his sake it was a foot long instead of two or three millimeters. Fluminicola columbiana Hemphill, n. sp. Shell subglobose, with very short, conic spire, and imperforate of nearly imperforate axis. Moderately solid, of a dark olive or brown color, glossy, with fine growth-striz. Whorls 4, separated by deep sutures, the last whorl with a narrow ledge or shoulder below the suture, then flattened and sloping, the periphery decidedly below the middle of the whorl, broadly rounded; base convex. Aperture large, irregularly piriform, being narrow and angular above, bluish inside; outer lip quite thin and sharp; columella broadly concave, heavily white calloused; parietal wall almost free from callous, dark. All. 7.5, diam. 6.8, longest axis of aperture 5.2 mm. Columbia River, Washington, near Wallula and near mouth of Snake R.; Snake River, near Weiser, Idaho (H. Hemphill). The dark color, superior constriction and narrow but prominent shoulder of the last whorl, accuminately narrowed posterior portion or the aperture, and absence of callous on the inner lip, posteriorly, are characters easily distinguishing this species from its congenors. It has been known for some years under Mr. Hemphill’s MS. name of “ F. nuttalliana var. columbiana,” but it seems to be one of the most dis- tinct species of the genus. Fluminicola erythropoma, n. sp. SheJl small, globose-turbinate with short spire, perforate, thin but moderately solid, silvery corneous in color, black where the soft parts are retained, not glussy, nearly smooth. Whorls 33, separated by impressed sutures, the last half more rapidly descending; last whorl well rounded throughout. Aperture oblique, broadly ovate, angular above; outer lip thin, inner lip concave below, slightly expanded, 196 THE NAUTILUS. moderately calloused; adnate portion above very short, somewhat cal- loused. Operculum light red, composed of about 3 slowly increasing whorls, the nucleus sunken. Alt. 2.7, diam. 2.8, longest axis of aper- ture 1.5 mm. Ash Meadows, Nye Co., Nevada. Like F. fusca in color, and at first referred to that species as a stunted local form by Dr. R, E. C. Stearns and myself (see N, A. Fauna No. 7, 1893, p. 282); but on renewed examination it was noticed that the operculum is very different from that or other known members of the genus, in having the latter part of the last whorl far narrower, the spiral portion consequently larger, and the nucleus nearer the middle. It differs from F. merriami Pils. in the calloused inner lip, among other features; and the different operculum and pale translucent tint of the shell readily separate it from ‘“ Amnicola” tur- biniformis, ‘* Amnicola”’ dalli, and other small varieties ot Fluminicola seminalis Hinds. The red color of the operculum seems to be constant, and the size varies but little in the large series collected. Pomatiopsis californica, n. sp. Shell turrited-conic, umbilicate, rather thin, chestnut-brown. Sur- face somewhat shining, with slight, irregular growth wrinkles and more conspicuous wrinkles or incipient epidermal lamelle at unequal intervals, especially on the upper portion. Spire conic, the apex slightly obtuse, glossy, generally eroded in adult shells. Whorls 53, extremely convex, separated by deep sutures, the last whorl short and convex. Aperture vertical, ovate, scarcely angular above; peristome continuous, the inner margin less convex than the outer, nearly straight where it is in contact with the pre- ceding whorl for a short distance posteriorly; edge simple, the col- mellar margin a trifle expanded above the umbilicus. Alt. 5, diam. 3.3, longer axis of aperture 2.14 mm. sau Francisco, California (R. E. C. Stearns); Oakland (Beecher co ) Two lots of this species are before me from “San Francisco,” one received from Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, the collector of the other un- known. Another lot (Beecher collection) is from Oakland, collector also unknown. Ali were labelled “ P. intermedia Tryon.” P. californica resembles the Eastern P. lapidaria and P. hinkleyt in color, texture and general appearance. It differs from P. lapidaria in being conspicuously wider, less turrited, more Amnzcola-shaped. From P. hinkleyi, described from Alabama (NAuTILUS X, 37, Aug. THE NAUTILUS. hiA76 1596), it differs in being rougher, and of chestnut rather than of olive-brown color; but the contour is nearly the same. P. Cincinnati- ensis Lea is paler in color, with shorter, more neariy circular aperture, and different texture. The true Bythinella intermedia of Tryon is a wholly different thing. Thirty-eight specimens examined. Types from the locality and col- lector first mentioned above. The denticle formula is a » 9, 6, 6. Since the above was written, additional specimens from San Fran- cisco have been received from Mr. W. J. Raymond. They agree in all respects with the types. —_— > ON A NEW SPECIES OF DRILLIA FROM CALIFORNIA. BY WM. H. DALL. Drillia empyrosia, n. sp. Shell solid, with a high acute spire and polished surface ; color yel- lowish with a burnt sienna brown tint on the later whorls, a paler peripheral band develops white patches where it crosses the ribs ; transverse sculpture of (about 11) slightly oblique somewhat flexuous ribs, obsolete below the periphery and upon the anal fasciole, sharpest on the earlier whorls; Spiral sculpture of coarse, sometimes nearly obsolete threads, most obvious below the periphery; whorls nine, the nucleus lost in the specimen ; aperture short, wide, with a deep wide notch leaving a wide fasciole, a callous lump above the notch on the body, and a rather strong whitish callus, externally brown-edged, on the pillar; siphonai notch wide with a marked fasciole, the canal slightly recurved: Lon. of shell 31, of last whorl 16; of aperture 10, max. diam. 10 mm. Found in deep water off San Pedro, Cala., by Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd. This species resembles D. unimaculata Sowerby: but is smaller, with a different coloration, with less nodular and more oblique ribs, and more slender form. Though not the largest, it is perhaps the most elegant Pleurotomoid of alta California. em NEW PUPIDAE. BY DR. V. STERKI. BIFIDARIA QUADRIDENTATA, n. sp. Shell narrowly perforate-rimate, conical-turriculate, with the apex somewhat obtuse; colorless glassy ; 128 THE NAUTILUS. surface very slightly striated, shining ; whorls six, gradually increasing, with the suture rather deep between the upper, less so between the lower whorls; the last whorl moderately ascending at the aperture, rather rounded at the base, slightly expanded near the aperture, with an impression over the inferior palatal fold; aperture rather oval, truncated above, margins well everted, the palatal somewhat more curved than the columellar, the two connected by a thin callus; lamellae and folds four, subequal; angulo-parietal appearing almost simple, inclined toward the columella; columellar horizontal, rather short and strong, palatals rather short and stout, in normal position, the inferior somewhat larger and more remote from the margin ; size: alt. 2.4 to 2.8, diam. 13; apert. alt. 1.0 mm. Hab.: Capitan Mts., Lincoln Co., New Mexico. Over a hundred good, fresh specimens were collected by Rev. E. H. Ashmun. In size, shape and color, our species has much resemblance to Bif. contracta Say, but the aperture, with its lamella and folds, is very different, as is at once apparent from the description. Bif. quadridentata rather ranges with Bif. pilsbryana, which, however is very much smaller, usually has a basal lamella and whose angulo- parietal shows hardly its being complex. Bir. HORDEACELLA Pils. var. PARVIDENS, n. Quite small, apex more acute than in typical examples, and outline more obovoid ; peristome rather abruptly but narrowy everted; lamellz and folds small, es. pecially so the upper palatal, often being a mere trace; basal absent or very small; color pale horn; alt. 1.5 to2 mm. Jerome, Arizona, a good number of specimens, collected by Rev. EK. H. Ashmum, Pupa (PuPILLA) SONORANA, n. sp. Shell perforate-rimate, cylin- drical, apex obtuse, rounded; color brownish horn; surface finely striated-rugulose, more coarsely so near the aperture ; whorls 63, grad- ually increasing; suture rather deep; the iast whorl comparatively small, compressed in its inferior part, the base narrow, almost keeled ; near the aperture a high, sharp bulging filled with a strong whitish callus, shining through the shell ; a narrow, deep constriction in front of it, and an impression over the palatal fold; aperture rather small ; margins abruptly but rather narrowly everted; lameilze and folds 3, white; parietal rather deep seated, long, spiral; columellar perpen- dicular (along the columella), lamellar; palatal (the inferior) rather strovg, often with a thread-like prolongation inward. Size: alt. 2.0, diam. 1.3. ; THE NAUTILUS. 129 Hab.: White Oaks, Mescale, Gilmores, New Mexico, and of one lot the origin is unknown, (very probably New Mexico or Arizona) col- Jected by Rev. E. H. Ashmun. Var. TENELLA, n. Shell rather oblong or ovoid; the bulging in the palate less high, and only witha slight callus inside. Most speci- mens are less high than the types (2.3 to 2.6). Capitan Mts., New Mexico, Mr. Ashmun, a dozen specimens. This Pupilla is distinct from all our American forms ; but it stands very near P. triplicatu, Studer, of Europe, and may prove to be dis- tinct only asa var. It is smaller than P. blandi, the last whorl is more compressed below, and the granular surface, the long parietal, and the perpendicular, elongated, lamelliform columellar lamella, are other distinguishing features. Sin alii IN MEMORIAM—EDWARD W. ROPER. Kdward Warren Roper was born in Revere, Mass., October 12, 1858. When he was three years old his mother died, and he was taken into the family of her sister, Mrs. Benj. F. Perry, where he grew up to manhood. When six years of age his uncle and aunt re- moved toa farm in Lynnfield, Mass. This farm was his home until the age of fifteen. The creatures of the woods and fields were his favorite companions. He was especially interested at this time in birds and wild flowers. An essay on ‘‘The Nesting Habits of Birds,’ won him a prize while in High School, and led to his early recommendation for membership in the Boston Society of Natural History. The family having removed to Revere, Edward’s education was finished in the Chelsea High School, from which he graduated in June, 1877. The treasures of the sea, shore and marsh had begun to interest him, and he now determined to concentrate his scientific efforts on conchology. Three years after leaving school Mr. Roper became employed in newspaper work, which he followed for eleven years, editing the ‘Revere Journal,” and afterwards a paper in Somerville, ‘‘ The Truth,” and for several years the “ Chelsea Record.” In December, 18938, he suffered asevere attack of grippe. As soon as he was able he went to Jamaica for the remainder of the winter, and returned apparently fully recovered. 130 THE NAUTILUS. In October, 1894, he married Miss Flora G. Allison, of Dublin, N. H. The following winter brought a return of the former illness, and again he went to Jamaica, accompanied by his wife. They spent four months on the island ard collected and brought home a large number of land shells and ferns. The spring and summer of 1895 Mr. Roper spent in putting his af- fairs in order preparatory to becoming a permanent exile from New England. The next year was spent in Colorado Springs. Mr. Roper was oe- eupied a great part of the year in arranging and cataloguing his special collection. And here a daughter was born in March, 1846. In September, 1896, Mr Roper and family went to California, going first to Pasadena, a year later to Long Beach, and last July to San Diego. Mr. Roper’s health never really improved, but he was able most of the time to do some collecting, Even Southern California is not free from grippe, and in the early part of October Mr. Roper had an attack from which he could not recover. In November he was some- what better and made several trips to the beach. As late as November 27th he was driven with his family to La Playa and spent the day on the shore. He usually succeeded in finding a choicer shell than any of the rest of the party. About the middle of December his health began to fail quite rapidly. His indomitable energy kept “him from giving up, and he was confined to his bed only one day. The end came on the last day, of the year 1892. Mr. Roper’s collection of about 3000 species, including his special collection of Cyrenidz, becomes the property of the Boston Society of Natural History. Mr. Roper was well known to conehologists through his papers in Tue Nauritus. His articles were always of the greatest interest, including such subjects as: ‘‘ Collecting Land Shells in Southern California,” “In a Maine Conchologist’s hunting ground,’’ “ Collect- ing at Eastport, Maine,”’ “ Pleurodonte Brainbridgeiand other Jamaican Shells,” ete., ete. Later Mr. Roper made a special study of the Sphzeria and Pisidia, and contributed the following articles on the subject: ‘* Notes on Sphzerium secure Prime,’ “A new American Pisidium,”’ (P. idahoense) Vol. iv, page 85, December, 1890. ‘‘ Notes on the 99 66 THE NAUTILUS. 131 Washington Spheeria and Pisidia with Description of New Species,” _ (P. randolphit) Vol. ix, page 97, January, 1896. “A Word About Spheeria.” The species Polygyra Ropert and Fusus Roperi, were discovered by Mr. Roper and named in his honor. The latter is type of Roperia a new section of Fusus. —__~+ 2 > ___ GENERAL NOTES. STATION OF LiMN#&aA GRACcILIS —By a curious blunder. Reed's Lake was said to be near Detroit instead of Grand Rapids, Mich., in the February NavtiLus, page 1109. i Canon A. M. Norman, in the ‘‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’’ for January, 1899 (page 79), gives an interest- ing account of two recent specimens of the gigantic Madeiran Helix Lowei Fer. This species, which attains a diameter of up- wards of 2 inches, is not uncommon in the calcareous beds of Porto Santo, but only two recent specimens are known: one collected by Sr. J. M. Moniz some years ago, the other recently acquired by Canon Norman, formerly in the collection of the late Baron von Maltzan. _CONULUS CHERSINUS var. DENTATUS.—The toothed form of Conulus was first noticed by Mr. W. G. Binney (Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 69). A note on the dentition of Conulus by Dr. V. Sterki will be found in Nautitus VI, p. 10v. 132 THE NAUTILUS. ISAAC LEA DEPARTMENT. {Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the . Agassiz Association by its General Secretary, Dr. W. S. Strode. | CARING FOR SHELLS. {Extract from the reportof Prof. Josiah Keep. From the Transactions of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter for 1898.] During the past year the time that I have been able to give to conchology has chiefly been spent upon my cabinetof shells. There is one enemy that is ever present, namely, dust; and my work has largely been in the line of erecting fortifications to repel its intrusion. Shells will get dusty in the best kept houses, and labels are liable to be lost or grow dim. So now it is my practice to put all my small shells into some dust-tight receptacle and to put the labels with them or else secure them firmly upon the outside of the box. The cost of suitable boxes and vials has been an obstacle in the past; but that has been now largely overcome, and I can do no greater service to ‘‘ Isaac Lea’’ comrades, than to suggest one means at least of securing the desired end. In past years I have used homeopathic vials for the smallest shells, and one or two-ounce, wide-mouthed bottles for the larger oncs ; but neither of these were very satisfactory. The homceo. vial has too small a mouth, and the bottles were coarse and clumsy. Last Summer I purchased a quantity ot ‘‘ seal shell vials,’’ which are merely short pieces of glass tubing, sedled at one end and ready to receive a cork at the other. These vials I obtained from Whitall, Tatum & Co., 410 Race street, Philadelphia. I bought three gross, of different sizes, the smallest being about % inch in diameter and 134 inches in length ; the largest is 34 inch diameter and 214 inches long. The cost, with corks, was only about one cent on an average. For my very small shells I use short 4% dr. homceo. vials. The shells are safely coiked in these vials, with the label inside, where they may defy the old enemy, dust; and a little wiping of the tubes will make them appear as good as new at any future time. But these vials will not answer for flat shells, like limpets or small pectens. So, for these, I bought, of the same firm, a quantity of turned wooden boxes, 1% ounce, . ounce and 2 ounces, phoenix pat- ern. They cost even less than the vials, and are very convenient for many purposes. After filling a box, I paste a label on the top of the cover. I use Dennison’s lapels, Nos. 204, 208 and 212. They are very inex- pensive and convenient. MILLS COLLEGE, CAL... Jan. 4, 1899, ‘THe NAUTILUS. VoL. XII. APRIL, 1899. No. 12. ON A RECENT COLLECTION OF PENNSYLVANIAN MOLLUSKS FROM THE OHIO RIVER SYSTEM BELOW PITTSBURG. BY SAMUEL N. RHOADS. Owing to the steady extermination of the molluscan life of the Ohio river in western Pennsylvania, due to the pollution and damming of the waters of that river and of the Monongahela, and to a smaller extent of the Allegheny river, any information relating to the species still existing in these: waters must be quickly put on record to be pre- served. It is the aim of this paper to give a list, briefly annotated, of the fresh water species recently collected by the writer in the vicin- ity of Pittsburg. While the time devoted to this collection was lim- ited to less than a week’s work, and the number of species taken do not duplicate all those hitherto secured by local collectors in that re- gion, it seems desirable to publish, if only to inspire others more fa- vorably situated than myself to record their knowledge in this line be- fore it is too late. Indeed, it is remarkable, when we consider the amount of molluscan research carried on by the conchologists of Penn- sylvania that as yet nothing in the nature of a faunal list of the aquatic mollusca of western Pennsylvania has ‘yet appeared.* Before giving the list it is proper to enumerate some of the agencies which are surely accomplishing the extinction of so much of the fluviatile life of the Ohio river and its tributaries. Above the city of Pittsburg the Mo- nongahela is bordered for the greater part of its navigable length with factories, furnaces, refineries, mines, and oil and gas wells, whose refuse products are continually draining into the river. The sewage of the towns on this river is also a factor in its pollution. Great as this pollution may appear, it is not likely that it would cause the death *Some Unionide from the Allegheny river in Warren county, Pennsylva- nia, were listed by W. B. Marshallin Bulletin of the New York State Museum, Voll, but as no localities are given in the list it is impossible to determine whatspecies were taken in Pennsylvania and what in New York. 1354 THE NAUTILUS. of many mussels and fish, which now no longer exist in the lower half of the Monongahela, if the waters had their free course ; but the damming of the river has so concentrated this sewage during low water that the imprisoned animals have no relief from the free flow of the current nor means of escape from the limits of the dammed area. The Mononga- hela is said to be now dammed for purposes of navigation throughout its entire length in Pennsylvania and for some distance farther into West Virginia. Old rivermen told me that it was useless to try and get live mussels below Cheat river, though only a year since, asmall col lection of uniones from the Monongahela near Charleroi, Washington county, was made for the Carnegie Museum. It is noteworthy, how- ever, that most, if not all, of these were ‘“‘ dead” shells. At MeKees- port, the junction city of the Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers, I was unable to find any evidences of molluscan life in the waters of either river, nor were any dead shells to be found on the mud banks and shoals exposed by the very low stage of water then prevailing. A boatman stated that there was little hope of finding any live mussels below Connellsville on the Youghiogheny.* A similar condition exists in the Allegheny river above Pittsburg, as far asmy search extended a few miles above Sharpsburg, ouly dead shells of the larger uniones being found where three years since a member of the High School Naturalists’ Club of Pittsburg told me he had secured the living animals- The same remarks apply to Chartier’s creek within the city limits and flowing into the Ohio river at McKees rocks, just above the Davis Island dam. A few dead shells of U. /igamentinus were picked up in the bed of this creek. Following the instructions of Mr George H. Clapp, of Edgeworth, Allegheny county, Pa., who kindly gave me the full benefit of his intimate knowledge of the Ohio river between his home and Pitts- burg, I searched for water mollusca at the lower end of Neville Island opposite Coraopolis, but without success, only a few cast-up shells of ligamentinus and crassidens being noted. Just as I had given up the search and was wuting fora trolley car on the bridge above Coraopolis, connecting the city with Neville Island, [ espied some live uniones in the shallow running water of the ‘back river” which flows beneath the *This is, no doubt, largely due to the immense volume of ** mine water’? now discharged into the river. This ‘* mine water” is heavily charged with sulphurie¢ acid, due to the leaching out of the sulphate of iron in the coal measures. At times of excessively low water the percentage of free acid in the water is so high that works along the banks of the Youghiogheny and Monongahela rivers as far down as Pittsburg have been forced to suspend operations, due to the eating out of the steam boilers, and the railroads which use this water in their engines, for lack of a better supply, have spent large sums of money in putting up treating tanks in which to neutralize the acid before pumping into the boilers.—G,. H, C. THE NAUTILUS. 135 bridge at that point. Here, and for a distance of two and a half miles above it, the small stream, to which the ‘‘back river ’’ dwindles at ex- treme low water on the south side of Neville Island below the wing dam, is more or less thickly populated with living uniones. This stream is supplied almost wholly by fresh water springs rising along its bottom. From the absence of live mollusks in any part of the main river and other parts of the “back river” where these fresh springs exert no influence, it is just to conclude that to these alone is due the existence of the only living uniones which I was able to locate in Allegheny county. A special collecting trip for mussels was taken to Beaver, Beaver county, search being made in the Ohio river at the junction of Beaver river, and at several points below Beaver to the mouth of Raccoon creek and up that creek two miles. Living shells were very scarce anywhere along this route, most of them being taken where the less polluted waters of the Beaver joined those of the Ohio. Below this, along the bed of the Ohio, nearly all the uniones found were dead or dying, a condition of affairs which the ferryman at Vanport told me had come to pass largely in the last two years. The subjoined list will also contain an enumeration of the species found during a day’s hunt in the Beaver river below Wampum, in the southern border of Law- rence county, about fifteeen miles north of Beaver. The conditions obtaining among the water mollusca in that locality are probably normal. Mr. Clapp has kindly consented to read the manuscript of this paper and make such annotations as may be Sf special interest. To such notes his initials areappended. In the Mentification of this collection the author was accorded every facility afforded by the collection of uniones in the Carnegie Museum, identified by Mr. Simpson and by the historic collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, where the final determinations were made. To Dr. W. J. Holland, of the former, and Prof. Henry A. Pilsbry, of the latter, [ am especially in- debted for services rendered in this connection. For sake of conven- ience in reference the nomenclature of Lea’s Synopsis (1870) is adopted for the Uniones; and the sequence of the genera and species of Unionide is alphabetic. Annotated List of Species. Family Unronrpar. Anodonta edentula Say. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 16; Beaver, 1 : Beaver R., 14. 136 THE NAUTILUS. Anodonta gracilis Lea. Ohio R., Beaver, 9; Coraopolis, 9. Anodonta marginata Say. Ohio R, Coraopolis, 4; Beaver R., Wampum, 100. Margaritana rugosa Bar. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 5; Beaver, 1; Bea- ver R., Wampum, 6. Unio aesopus Green. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 3; Beaver R.. Wam- pum, l. Unio alatus Say. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 14; Beaver, 1. Unio coccineus (Hild) Lea. Beaver R., Wampum, 7. Unio cooperianus Lea. Ohio R., Beaver, 1; Corapolis, 4. Unio cornutus Bar. Ohio R., Beaver, lL; Corapolis, 1. Unio cylindricus Say. Ohio R., Corapolis, 1; Beaver, 1; Beaver, R., Wampum, 2. Unio crassidens Lam. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 40; Beaver, 3. Unio donaciformis Lea. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 2. The larger speci- men is 66 mm. long. Unio elegans Lea. Ohio K., Coraopolis, 3. These specimens out- wardly appear like rubiainosus from the same locality, in this respect being much more elongated and less sharply carinated than the typical elegans. Unio gibbosus Bar. Ohio K., Coraopolis, 41; Beaver, 9; Beaver R., Wampum, 28. Unio irroratus Lea. Ohio R., Beaver, 1. Unio kirtlandianus Lea. Beaver R., Wampum, 150. Unio lens Lea. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 3; Beaver R., Wampum, 25. Unio ligamentinus Lam. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 100*; Beaver, 20; Beaver R., Wampum, 70. In the Ohio this was the most abundant mollusk, exceeding in numbers all the other Unios put together. Unio luteolus Lam. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 16; Beaver R., Wampum, 18. Unio metanever Raf. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 12; Beaver, 5. Unio multiradiatus Lea. Beaver R., Wampum, 14. Unio obliquus Lam. (U. subrotundus and varicosus Lea.) Ohio R., Coraopolis, $1; Beaver, 8. Forty adult specimens of the ob/iquus type presents so many gradations corresponding on either hand to sub- rotundus and varicosus in the series at the Academy of Natural Sciences named and presented by Isaac Lea, that I am obliged to lump them as above. There is also a complication regarding the appli- cability of the name mytiloides Raf., to some of these. It is probable THE NAUTILUS. 137 that my series represents two species, but the task of separating them must be left to a specialist. Unio ovatus Say. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 29; Beaver, 1 ; Beaver R., Wampum, 3. Unio parvus Bar. Beaver R., Wampum, 1. Unio phaseolus Hild. Beaver R., Wampum, 37. Unio pilaris Lea. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 1. Unio plicatus Lesueur. Ohio R., Beaver, 1; Beaver R., Wam- pum, 10. A more careful examination may show some of these to be undulatus. The distinction between these two species as identified in the Academy collection is not correlated by constant differences. Unio pressus Lea. Beaver R., Wampum, 3. Unio pustulosus Lea. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 1; Beaver R., Wam- pum, 8. ; Unio rectus Lam. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 4; Beaver, 5. Unio rubiginosus Lea. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 5. Unio securis Lea. Ohio K., Coraopolis, 1. Unio triangularis Bar. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 17; Beaver, 10 ; Beaver R., Wampum, 15. Unio trigonus Lea. Ohio R., Coraopolis,5. These specimens are so young that their identification is not satisfactory. Unio tuberculatus Bar. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 1; Beaver, Ris Wampum, 2. Unio verrucosus Bar. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 2; Beaver, | ; Bea- ver R., Wampum, 2. Family CYRENID&. Sphaerium stamineum Conr. Ohio R,, Coraopolis, 20; Raccoon Creek, Beaver Co., 4. Sphaerium striatinum Lam. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 15; Raccoon Creek, Beaver Co., 3; Beaver R., Wampum, 2. Family PLEUROCERID®. Goniobasis depygis (Say). Ohio R., Coraopolis, 150; Beaver, 10; Beaver R., Wampum, 60 ; ; Fleurocera canaliculatum Say. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 50; Beaver, 16. Family VIVIPARIDA. Campeloma subsolidum (Auth). Beaver R., Wampum, 20. Family Paysip a. Physa heterostropha Say. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 3; Beaver, 20 ; Allegheny R., 6m. Isl., Pittsburgh, 60; Beaver R., Wampum, 27. 138 TYE NAUTILUS. Physa integra Hald. Ohio R., Coravpolis, 1; Beaver, 6, Family LIMN 2ID&. Limnaea columella Say. Shenley Park, Pittsburgh, 20; Ohio R., Beaver, |. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 15. ‘ Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Ohio R., Coraopolis, 20. Family ANCYLID&. Ancylus diaphanus Hald. Near mouth of Raccoon Creek, 20; Allegheny R., 6 m. Isl., Pittsburgh, 50. Ancylus rivularis Say. Beaver R., Wampum, 6; Raccoon Creek, Beaver Co., 3. —___+ #» +___ A NEW FTERONOTUS FROM CALIFORNIA. BY W. H. DALL.” Pteronotus Carpenteri, n. sp. Shell trialate, reddish brown, with obscure spiral lines of darker brown, the aperture whitish with a darker throat; nucleus brownish, whorls about eight, the last much the largest; suture distinet, ap- pressed, intervarical surface smooth or obscurely spirally striate, the apical whorls with reticulate threading ; the last two or three whorls with a single obscure nodulosity on the periphery between the var- ices; varices continuous up the spire; posterior face of the varices smooth with obscure radial ridges which slightly crenulate the margin, in adolescent shells; but in full grown ones there are zbout five rather wide, low radial ridges, each of which terminates in a digitation of the margin; anterior face of the varices with profuse, close-set crenulate imbrications, which in fully grown shells show radial depressions cor- responding to the ridges on the back of the varix; digitations exca- vated in a shallow manner anteriorly, terminating in somewhat blunt projections, thin and sharp edged; aperture small, oval, with a con- tinuous, raised, smooth margin without denticulations; canal closed, moderately wide, bent to the right in front, a disused smaller canal bordering its posterior two-thirds on the jeft. Length of shell 57, of last whorl from the suture, 42; width including varices, 55; width of aperture, 9.5; length of aperture, 13 mm. Monterey, Cala., F. L. Button ; at station 2908, off Pt Conception, Cala., in 31 fms., sand, U. S. Fish Com.; and at the Farralone islands, Cala., J.S. Arnheim. This shell recalls P. macropterus Desh.. of the Antilles, and like it belongs to che section Pteropurpura Jouss. Young specimens are more pointed, and with narrower, less digitate varices, THE NAUTILUS. 139 than the adults. A specimen without locality, but probably from Monterey, was in the collection of Mr. F. Button, now belonging to his son, F. L. Button. ee HOW UNIONES EMIGRATE. BY LORRAINE S. FRIERSON. In the June number of Naurrius, 1891, is an article by Mr. C. T. Simpson. on ‘The Means of Distribution of Unionidz in the South- eastern United States,” in which he says that he had often found U- obesus Lea in dry places, where for nine months of the year they must have been in a dormant cunditiun. This Unio, which is no doubt a variety of U. declivis, U. symmet- ricus, ete., is one that can stand such changes. I[ have obtained them in places where they must have spent half of their lives in such a dor- mant condition. On the other hand, some Anodontas and Margari- tana confragosa Say are so intolerant of heat that they are frequently killed by the sun’s rays while yet in water six inches deep. For the spread of these species of Unionidz some other means than those which would suffice for U. obesus must be employed. Should it be shown that embryonic unios become encysted in fish, of course the problem would be solved in large part. There is, however, a method em- ployed in nature which I have not seen mentioned, and which is to my mind a complete solution of the problem. Did any of my fellow Unio ‘‘cranks’’ ever catch Unio during the winter months by means of a long slender switch ? You go to a bed of mussels in clear water, and standing on the shore you gently poke the end of your switch into the gaping shell of the unsuspecting unio. As soon as it feels the stick it closes the shell tightly on it; then you gently pull the mussel out and put it in your game bag. Now suppose that this mollusk was an impregnated female, and that instead of a switch it was a wild duck’s toe, which was accidentally caught between the valves. What would happen? Why, that the duck would fly out of the Black Warrior river in Alabama, and finally alight in Lake Kissimee, Florida, and by this time either the unio would let go or the duck’s toe be cut off; and presto, a whole colony of unios is established. This is no fancy, but an observed fact, that is, so far as the transportation of unios is concerned. T wice I have killed wild ducks with unios attached to their toes, 140 THE NAUTILUS. and have seen what I believed to be unios hanging from the feet v1 others flying overhead. What has come under my individual obser- vation fwice must have happened thousands of times. How else could Unionide from the Mississippi drainage get into Florida ? OS DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW AMEBICAN LAND SHELLS. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. Gastrodonta coelaxis, n. sp. Shell rather widely umbilicate, the width of umbilicus contained 6 to 6% times in the greatest diameter of the shell; thin, somewhat fragile, yellow-corneous, sub transparent, the last suture readily visible through the base; much depressed, the periphery subangular, upper surface convex ; surface glossy, sculptured with irregular wrinkles in the di- rection of growth lines above, almost smooth beneath, and in favorable lights showing subobsolete spiral striz. Whorls 63, slowly widening a little convex, the last moderately convex below. Aperture oblique irregularly lunar, deeply excised by the preceding whorl, not calloused inside, two-toothed a short distance within; one thin and rather short lamella projecting from the lower part of the outer wall, and another smaller one from the middle of the baso-columellar wall; both some- times wanting; pristome thin and sharp, the outer margin well rounded, baso-columellar margin straightened. Umbilicus well-like, but widening at the opening and showing the penultimate whorl. Alt, 3, diam. 6 to 62 mm. Cranberry, North Carolina (Mrs. George Andrews). This species adds another to the long series of mountain snails dis- covered by Mrs. Andrews, whose success in finding new and rare species has been remarkable. Future students of the snails of this “Cumberland” mountain region will always gratefully remember two ladies who have done much of the pioneer work—Mrs. ANDREWS and Miss Law. G. coelaxis is intermediate between G. gularis (Say) and G. las- modon (Phill). It is more widely umbilicate than the former and has a narrower umbilicus than the latter species. There is no callus within the basal lip, such as shows a yellowish blotch in most speci- mens of gularis. This species is perhaps what Mr. Binney identified as Zonites ma- cilenta Shuttl. in First Supplement to Terr. Moil. V, p. 143, but is not the macilenta ot Shuttleworth, which is an absolute synonym of THE NAUTILUS. 141 G. lasmodon Phill. That so good a conchologist as Shuttleworth should have described a known species is readily explicable in this ease; “ H. lasmodon” having been described but a short time before in the proceedings of a society probably not in Shuttleworth’s posses- sion, it had not been figured and was not contained in any general work on the shells of America. However this may be, so good a diagnosti- cian as Shuttleworth could have used the words, “‘/ate et perspective umbilicata’”’ of no other species of the region, and the rest of the de- scription,* as well as the comparison with Patula, agrees excellently with /asmodon. This conclusion will remove macdlenta from the list of valid species and place it under /asmodon as a synonym. The gularis group of Gastrodonta is a peculiarly perpiexing one. Both gularis and cuspidata were originally described as imperforate ; but both have perforate forms also. G. gularis was described from Ohio, and I wiil be most grateful to anyone who has Ohio specimens, for a few. Shell out, brethren! Mr. Vanatta, who has recently overhauled the series in the Acid2my collection, informs m2 that he finds great diffi- culty in separating G. collisella from gularis, and it seems likely that that form should be ranked as a variety of gularés rather than a dis- tinct species. He finds, too, that there isa narrowly umbilicated var- iety (already noticed by Binney) and another with notably excavated base, consequently straight baso-columellar lip, and more or less defi- cient internal teeth. This was named by Mr. A. D. Brown in his collection (now in coll. A. N.S. P.); but pending a thorough exam- ination of the gu/aris group, it is scarcely fair to worry a long-suf- fering generation of conchologists with any names for these local races. The genitalia of the various forms should be examined. Polygyra postelliana subclausa, n. v. Differs from P. postelliana in the greater development of all the oral obstructions. The parietal process enters more deeply ; the upper lip-tooth is more deeply placed, more strongly hooked than usual in the typical form, and the apertural orifice decidedly narrower through- out, shaped like an interrogation mark (?) without the terminal dot. Surface regularly rib-striate, below as well as above. Whuorls 53 to 6. Alt. 5.7, greatest diam. 10 mn. Alt. 5, greatest diam. 9 mm. Bauldingsville; Baldwin, Baker county, and Imri, Hamilton county, Florida. A smaller form of this variety, smoother below, occurring in Volu- * A slightly inaccurate translation is given by Binney in Manual of Ameri- can Land Shells, p. 227. 142 THE NAUTILUS. sia county, Florida, differs as follows: Aperture similar to the preced- ing, but anterior outline of the parietal wall more elevated, straighter, less excavated in front of the parietal fold. Surface almost or quite free from rib-striate below. Whorls 43 to 5, Alt. 4, greatest diam. 72mm. Alt. 33, greatest diam. 64 mm. Typical P. postelliana occurs in Glynn and Wayne counties, Georgia, and South Carolina. I have not seen it from Florida. ——_—__49———___—_ ISAAC LEA DEPARTMENT. {Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological et of the Agassiz Association, by its General Secretary, Dr. W.S. Strode. | SHELLS OF LAKE WORTH, FLORIDA. {Extract from the report of J. J. White. From the Transactions of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter for 1898. ] Having had occasion to visit the soldiers stationed at Miami, in July last, [ could not let such an opportunity pass without profiting by it. Heavy rains kept me within doors the greater part of the time. When dry enough I was out in the woods skirting the town and was amply repaid by finding large quantities of the beautiful Liguus fas- ciatus Brug. These I found on trees, sometimes as high as twenty feet from the ground. I had to procure a long pole to detach them from trees, catching them in my hands, so as to prevent them from breaking by falling on the rocks and roots of trees. I soon found that I must have a safer way to collect them; so I made a little basket of twigs and bark, and attached it to the end of my pole, and found it to work admirably. I soon collected all I thought I would need. While sitting in the car, waiting for the train to start for Palm Beach, I counted twenty-seven on the trees close by the station. During my stay of five weeks at Palm Beach and Lake Worth I made a number of trips up to the new and old Lake Worth inlets, which have been my favorite collecting grounds in years past. Finer collecting grounds would be difficult to find on the Atlaniic coast, and those who visit them always come away well repaid. Lake Worth is about the northern limit for the Strombus, except S. pugilis, which is sometimes found further northward. While stopping with W. K. Spencer, of Lake Worth, he helped me make a water glass, which was a great help in collecting. We took a small butter tub, and, after taking out the bottom, we cut a sheet of window glass to fit in its place THE NAUTILUS. 143 and cemented it with beeswax, and it was a great benefit to me during my visits to the inlets. Inside the inlets there are vast sand flats, which are mostly covered at high tide and exposed at low tides. When the flats were exposed at low tides we found a great many fine shells, such as Zugelus gibbus, Fulgur pyrum, Natica livida, Sigaretus perspectivus, Neverita duplicata, Cardium magnum, C. isocardia, Lucina tigerina, L. divaricata, L. pennsylvanica, Oliva literata, Venus cribrarea, V. cancellata, Cerithium liter- atum, C. muscarum, C. minimum, C. floridanum, Neritina vir- ginia and Nassa vibex. In the shoal waters around the outside of the flats, on the open bottoms and among the grasses, we waded around, using the water glass by resting it on the surface of the water, looking through it. We could then see the bottom and everything on it as plainly as though there was no water above it. There we found Strombus gigas, S. pugilis, berculatus and S. accipitrinus by the hundreds and in all stages of growth, Fasc/olaria distans, Arca ponderosa, Atrina rigida (‘+ Pinna muricata’’), Dolium galea and Plicatula ramosa in limited numbers, and one eack of /'ulgur perversum and Fasciolarza gigantea, each one ten inches in length At the old inlet, in the shoal waters, I found a great many Bulla occidentalis, Venus macrodon, Macoma tampaensis, Modiola plt- catula, Liocardtum mortont and Margtnella apicina. On the rocks at the mouth of the inlet we collected several hundred Purpura hemastoma and P. hemastoma var. undata, while everywhere the rocks were literally covered with Szphonarza lineolata and Littorina lineata Orb.; but, as [ already had all I wanted of these last, I did not molest them. I do not know how many shells I would have collected during my stay there, but Mrs. White put up a vigorous protest, declaring I had more than I needed; and, of course, I had to respect her wishes, and stopped. I, however, came home with a large trunk full of very fine specimens. By this time, however,I have disposed of the greater part of them, showing that her judgment about the number of shells needed is not to be relied on. I believe, as the Means did in “ The Hoosier Schoolmaster,” “While you are a gittin’, git a plenty.” Acting on that advice, while collecting Ampullaria caliginosa and Planorbis trévolvis, in the fresh water ponds back of Rockledge, I gathered at least half a bushel of the large Ampullaria and hundreds of the Plan - orbis. 144 THE NAUTILUS. GENERAL NOTES. THE DENTATR VARIETY OF Condus was first noticed by William Doherty in the Quarterly Journal of Conchology (Leeds), I, p. 344, in 1870. He found it at several points near Cincinnati, Ohio, describ- ing thesheil as follows: ‘‘ The ‘teeth’ are placed as in Z. mudltiden- tatus Binn., and vary from one slight shapeless roughening of the inner surface of the outer whorl, to four large elongate teeth, radiat- ing from the umbilicus like the spokes of a chariot wheel. As is usual with gastrodont snails, these teeth attain their greatest de- velopment in the half-grown shell. From the chief locality of this variety I obtained 39 young fw/vus, of which 18 or nearly half were more or less dentate, while of 17 adult fulvus from the same place, one had in the next to the last whorl a single tooth, much flattened and eroded, while all the others were toothless. Hence I suppose that the teeth are gradually worn away by the motions of the animal. In Z. multidentatus, rows of teeth appear at an early age, and as often as the shell grows a quarter of a whorl a new row i } roduced, while the earliest is worn away. So the shell grows to maturity, always having three or four rows of denticles. In this variety of fulvus, however, this process seems to cease Jong before the shell reaches maturity and the last whorl is thus left without teeth.” POLYGYRA RICHARDSONI. var. LINGUALIS n. var.—Similar to the type in size (alt. 5-514, diam. 10-1114 mm.), very smooth and glossy, depressed above and below, though the base is convex, pro- jecting downward as far as or below the basal lip ; umbilicus filled by the preceding whorl «xcept for a minute axial puncture ; parietal fold of the aperture decidedly longer than in 7ichardsont, extend- ing to within one-half or one-third of a millimeter from the broad lamina on the outer lip, Whorls 4% (instead of 5). Rosario, near Mazatlan, N. W. Mexico, collected by M. A. Knapp, received from W. J. Raymond.—H. A. Pivspry. PLANORBIS DILATATUS Gould has recently been found by Hon. J. D. 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