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| NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST,
Ag) :

AN ACCOUNT OF THE MOST

VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT,

ADAPTED TO CULTIVATION

IN

THE CLIMATE OF THE UNITED STATES,
FROM THE LATITUDE OF 25° TO 54°,
WITH THEIR USES, MODES OF CULTURE, AND MANAGEMENT ; REME-

DIES FOR THE MALADIES TO WHICH THEY ARE SUBJECT,
FROM NOXIOUS INSECTS, AND OTHER CAUSES, &c.

ALSO
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE

MOST ORNAMENTAL FOREST TREES, SHRUBS, FLOWERS, &c.

~

iH

BOSTON:
CARTER, HENDEE, AND CO.
AND

“RUSSELL, ODIORNE AND CO.
1833.

EEN at ce We, A ae,
Hs .o FN wy wy o%. 9 o*% ‘es, > SSR Yr o>

i a +7 ‘es °¢

*

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1852,
By Wiuutam Kenrick,

In the Clerk’s office of the District Court of the District of
Massachusetts.

ldbOdg

Px.
hes BERN SS, ASA ane ad,

TO THE HON. JOHN LOWELL, LL.D.

Sir,

I am happy in being enabled to inscribe this work to
a gentleman, whose name is so intimately associated
with all the great improvements connected with Agri-
culture and Horticulture, during the last quarter of
a century. ‘The many valuable productions, — the
donations from Mr Knight, and other sources, by you
_ so extensively disseminated; your disinterested and
distinguished zeal, to encourage and enlighten, in all
useful pursuits, and especially those to which this work
is principally devoted, are not only highly appreciated
by cotemporaries, but posterity will know and acknow-
ledge their value.

Please to accept this dedication, not only as an ac-
knowledgment of the many favors received, but as an
expression of my high estimation of your manifold and
successful efforts in all that concerns the best interests
of our country.

With the highest respect and esteem,
- Your much obliged, .
and most obedient servant,

WILLIAM KENRICK.

Page Xv,

cs

68,
78,
85,
88,

196,
214,
231,
253,
259,
260,
267,
263
317,
339,
365,
368,

’

371,
374,
ce

384,
389,
396,

ERRATA.

28th line, for from ten to two frances, read from ten
sous to two francs.

middle of the page, for Maseau, read Museau.

8th line, for Groper, read Grosser.

13th line, for Roland, read Ronalds.

18th line, after the words M. Christ, erase the six
next words which follow.

23d line, for Pamsel, read Panisel,

6th line from the bottom, for skinned, read thinned.

Ist line, for marbled read marked.

20th line, for Pr coxe, read Precox.

25th line, for Imperative, read Jmperatrice,

Ist line, the same error again occurs.

11th line, do; . do. do, do.

20th line, for Queen Gage, read Green Gage.

23d line, for noon, read soon.

26th line, for Oxycoccum, read Oxycoccus.

18th line, for Porteau, read Potteau.

20th line, for equal to five degrees above the zero,
&c, read equal to from ten to fourteen degrees, & c.

20th line, for Lin-kiv, read Lin-kio.

35th Jine, for Tarpa Natans, read Trapa Natans.

39th line, for Tuma, read Tuna.

10th line, for Alianthus, read Ailanthus.

15th line, Magnolia purpurea, &c, erase line.

for A singular shrub, rising, &c. read 4 singular
shrub, branching, &c. :

CONTENTS.

For particulars, see Inpex, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, at the end of
the Volume.

Page.
Dedication, : é ‘ . : iil
Introduction, vii
Acknowledgments to Px dekaviuee aia Correapoaaanie. ix
List of Authors and Works quoted or referred to, x

Climate, see Introduction, and pages, 61, 87, 88, 318, 326
On the Decline of the old varieties of Fruit ; Observa-
tions on the new Fruits; Modes by which they

are produced, 3 - ; Page 8 ga
On the Growth of Trees, : : : xX
Transpiration, : Stith aa Shih: *
Transplanting. ; : rs - - ib.
Propagation : : : - : XXl
Inoculating, : : ; : 2 A
Grafting, : XXIil
Fruitfulnessf of ed of caeatiy, Dwvarfig &e, ee XXV
Quenouille, : XXX
Pruning, see also each por aie article, ; XXXli
Noxious Insects : : . : . XXXiil
Hailstones and Rain, 2 : : ; XXXVI
Apple, 2 : : ‘ : , 25
Old Pears, : : : ° ; 126
New Pears, G d i : . 153
Quince, . ‘ “ ; ; 205
Peach, : : ‘ : 4 . 208
Nectarine, : : : : 3 241
Almond. : Arad ee : i . 46

Apricot, : 5 ‘ : : 249

vi CONTENTS.

Page.
Plum, ; : ; ‘ ; . eae
Cherry, ° : , 5 : 271
Mulberry, : 5 4 : . 284
Currant, : : : j : 291
Gooseberry, : : : : . 294
Grape Vine, : . : ‘ : 298
Lime Plant, : : i : . 328
Fig, ; : ; - : ; 329
Berberry, . : ‘ : : . 3835
Blackberry, : : 4 : ‘ 336
Cranberry, ee : wet . . oof
Elder, . . ; . : - : 338
Mountain Ash, ; : ; ; Mes
Cranberry Viburnum, . ; : 4 339
Persimon, . ; ; ; mts . 840
Silver Leaved Shepardia, ‘ . - 340
Raspberry, . : : ; : . 841
Strawberry, : ; 4 - : * 343
Medlar, : 354
Nuts, Walnuts, cheers Wilborta, es ene 354360
Melon, . 360
Appendix, Fruits glaabid to Sather Sete &e, . 365
Olive, : : : , : . 365
Orange, 5 : - ‘ : 375
Pine Apple, : ae ; ; : ne
Plantain, : : A : ? 379

For numerous other varieties, adapted to the Southern
Section of the Union, see Index No. 2.
Ornamental Forest Trees and Shrubs, see Index No. 3. 383

Ornamental Flowers, a Select List, : ; 400
Index, -. Z : : «is pea.
to Southern Proita, ; : 418
to Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, ee «. lO

Select and recommended List of Fruits for a moderate
collection, : : : : . 421

INTRODUCTION.

ame ee eet

HorticunTureE is the most ancient employment of man.
Its utility and importance have been acknowledged by all in suc-
ceeding generations. To the poor, its resources yield subsis-
tence —to the rich, and to those spirits who cannot idly slum-
ber, a pleasing occupation.

A science whose pursuits are alike so conducive to the health
of the body, and of the mind — so calculated to render mankind
useful, virtuous, and happy, has never wanted advocates.

Ithas found them, with the best, and the most enlightened of all
ages — with every friend to his country, and to the human race.
In our own country it has, and more especially of late, received
that encouragement which its utility demands. This is suffi-
ciently evinced in the simultaneous organization of the numerous
societies for its promotion, and that of agriculture. With us, its
progress has been only commensurate with the indefatigable zeal
ofa Lowell to enlighten and encourage, and a host in numbers,
and renowned in intellect, to codperate in its advancement.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society deserve of me also,
in this place, a particular notice. This Society, although yet in
its infancy, has accomplished much. And to the unwearied
researches and enlightened zeal of its president, General Dear-
born, I am greatly indebted, for much valuable information
which I have to him accredited in the following pages. Also to
those numerous individuals whom I have elsewhere named.

England, by the exertions of their most intelligent and influ-
ential men, and by their societies, particularly the London Hor-
ticultural Society, and its excellent president, Mr Knight, has
confessedly done a great deal for the advancement of the sci-
ence ; and we are greatly indebted to their luminous writers
on these subjects ; also to those of France and Belgium, and
to the Horticultural Society of Paris.

In England however, they cannot duly appreciate the valueofour
native fruits, and those of other climates equally favored with us.

Vili INTRODUCTION.

Their high northern latitude forbidsit ; although they have done
wonders in counteracting the hostility of their seasons and climate.

In their vast collection of fruits, which they have congregated
from all climates, in their Horticultural Society’s garden at Chis-
wick, I find by their Society’s Catalogue for 1826, that they
have at least fifty varieties of the native peaches of Amer-
ica — the selections from the extensive native orchards of this
fruit, raised in the middle and western states for distillation. All
these, so fine in our climate —so much admired by travellers,
with but two exceptions, are rejected as ‘“‘ worthless’? — not be-
ing adapted to their latitude, and not arriving to their full matu-
rity and excellence, even on the walls to which their cultiva-
tion is confined.—[See Vol. 2. No. 54 of the Pomological Mag-
azine. }

Other varieties of native fruit, so superior in our own climate,
are by them almost as little noticed. The apples of America,—
the fine selections during two centuries, from the innumerable
native orchards,

The finest fruits of Italy, and of other countries, possessing a
climate analogous to our own, seem in some measure to have
shared the same disastrous fate. The Mela Carla or Pomme Fi-
nale, which is supposed to be the finest apple in the world, and
which is cultivated so extensively as an article of commerce in
Italy, proves in the climate of England a very ordinary fruit,
as their writers inform us. On the other hand, it is very doubt-
ful whether some of the native fruits of northern countries, do
not lose a portion of that high reputation which they may have
there acquired, when brought down to our own latitude, and com-
pared with the native fruits of our own and other equally favor-
ed climates. — [See Astracan, page 87, also page 61.]

The temperature of our climate, on our extensive Atlantic
coast, differs considerably from those parts of Europe and of Af-
rica in corresponding latitudes.

The climate of a country is variously modified by its proximity
to mountains and to the ocean. And it has been observed, that
the western coasts of continents and large islands, possess a
hither mean temperature than the eastern coasts. Our climate,
therefore, on the shores of the Atlantic, must correspond nearly
with that of the eastern cvasts of China, Japan, and Chinese Tar-
tary, and the islands on its coast. And our territory which is
bounded on the Pacific Ocean, may correspond nearly with that
of Europe onthe coasts of the Atlantic, between the same paral-
lels of latitude. ¥:

Elevation above the level of the ocean, has the same effect in
lowering the mean temperature, as an increase of latitude. Mons.
de Candolle, has ascertained by experiments on some mountains
in France, that the elevation of one hundred and eighty or

two hundred yards, affects the mean temperature in the same

INTRODUCTION. ix

proportion as a degree of latitude to the north, on that same me-
ridian ; and in a similar proportion for any increase of height.

The olive and the vine may indeed grow within the tropics ;
but we are assured they produce little or no fruit, except in
the mountainous elevations. The cereal varieties of grain, the
annual plant sand productions, those most necessary to the subsis-
tence of man, have by him been acclimated from the borders of
the tropics, to very high northern latitudes. —

Man himself has become habituated to all climates. The horse,
the most noble of animals, and the ox, the most useful, seem un-
der the guardianship of man, in some measure, alike constituted.
The horse and his rider traverse the earth from the burning des-
erts of Sahara, to the frozen regions of Siberia, and the bounda-
ries of the Arctic circle.

The location of a garden should if practicable, be on the south
side of a hill in northern latitudes. It should be screened on the
north and the east, either by high walls and fences, or what is far
better, either by hills or a deep and dense border of evergreen
and other forest trees, intermixed with fruit trees and shrubs of
ornament, and of easy access to water. A walk within the bor-
~ der should surround the whole ; and where beauty and taste are
to be considered, the irregular serpentine or gently waving line
should be preferred. The straight line is too monotonous and
artificial ; it is but too manifestly a perversion of nature. In cer-
tain cases, however, a very broad and straight avenue, suitably
lined on both sides, has a very noble and striking effect.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO AUTHORITIES AND
CORRESPONDENTS.

‘The descriptions of the fruits contained in the following pages
are drawn from the most authentic testimonies and authorities.
Their names, I have generally designated at the head of each par-
ticular article. Although most of these fruits are already in our
country, many of them are new, and of very recent introduc-
tion ; but a portion only of the new kinds have as yet produced
fruit with us.

In the descriptions of the new foreign, and to us unknown kinds,
I have sometimes adopted the accurate descriptions of the English
for the exterior, while for the more important descriptions of the
qualities and flavor of these same kinds, I have had recourse to
the French authorities, or those possessed of climates analogous to
our own. ;

Let me not be misunderstood. The descriptions which most

x INTRODUCTION.

foreign authors have given us, are beyond a doubt true, as they
haye proved in former ages, and may still prove in some exposi-
tions, soils and climates ; and they may prove generally true in our
own age and climate — but not always — especially with regard
to some old varieties. Once with us they might have been true,
— perhaps with all. But that age has gone by, and we have now
done with many of them. |

My obligations to Mr Lowell I have elsewhere acknowledged
—and my obligations to Gen. Dearborn, the President of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. I am also under very par-
ticular obligations to Mr Manning of Salem, for the many descrip-
tions he has afforded me. All those articles marked R. M., Esq.
are described on his authority, and are such as he has proved
them to be in our climate. Those marked S. H.S. are on the
authority of Stephen H. Smith, Esq. of Providence, R. I. such
have been by hiin approved as adapted to our climate. To
him, therefore, I am particularly indebted. I have availed
also of the valuable deseriptions in the New England Farmer, of
the following gentlemen: Messrs Downer of Dorchester; Buel
of Albany, N. Y.; and Floy, of the city of New York, in the
London Horticultural Transactions. Also I have availed of com-
munications from the following gentlemen. Messrs 8. G. Per-
kins of Boston; John C. Gray, of Boston; Robert Carr, propri-
etor of Bartram’s Botanic Garden near Philadelphia; B. V.
French, of Boston ; Micah Leland, of Sherburne ; Gorham Par-
sons, of Brighton; Wm. Prince, and Wim. Robert Prince of the
Linnean Botanic Garden, Flushing, N. Y. These last named
gentlemen are the authors of a work on Horticulture, also an-
other on the Vine, and another on Fruits ; Andrew Parmentier,
late of the Horticultural Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; E. M. Rich-
ards of Dedham ; John Prince, of Roxbury ; Leonard Stone of
Watertown ; EK. Vose, Jr. of Dorchester ; A. D. Williams of Rox-
bury, and others.

LIST OF AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED
OR REFERRED TO.

AputuM. Memoiron the cultivation of the vine in America,
and the best mode of making wine, by John Adlum. 12mo.
Washington, 1828. 4

ANNALEs D’HorRTIicULTURE. Annales de la Société d’-
Horticulture de Paris, a. valuable publication in monthly
numbers, 8vo.

Barnet. Description ofthe great collection of Strawberries
at Chiswick, in vol. vi. Hort. Trans. by James Barnet, occupying
eighty pages quarto.

Bon Jarp. Le Bon Jardinier, edited by Messrs Poiteau and

INTRODUCTION. XI

Vilmorin, for the year 1828. Paris; a work annually published
for nearly seventy years.

Bosc. -Louis Auguste Guillaume Bosc, F. L. 8S. H.S.; author
of several articles in Nouveau Cours Complet d’Agriculture,
and other works.

Cozgserr. American Gardener, by William Cobbett, a cele-
brated political writer.

Coxe. View of the cultivation of Fruit trees, &c, in the Uni-
ted Statesof America, &c, by William Coxe, Esq. S8vo. Phila-
delphia, 1817.

Cuev. ParMENTIER.: The Chevalier Joseph Parmentier of
Enghein ; description of various new Fruits in Hort. Trans.

De Canpvouue. L. A. De Candolle, author of several arti-
cles in Nouveau Cours Complet d’Agriculture. A celebrated
writer on Botany, &c. ;

Dom. Ency. Domestic Encyclopedia by A. F. M. Willich,
M. D., edition of Dr James Mease. 5 vols. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1803.

Dua. O. Dun. Traité des ArbresFruitiers par Henri Lewis
du Hamel du Monceau. 2 vol. 4to. Paris, 1768.

N. Dux. Nouveau Duhamelou Traité des Arbres, Fruitiers,
Nouvelle Edition, Augmentée, &c, &c, formerly conducted by
Dr Loisleur Deslongchamps, now stillcontinued by M. M. Poi-
teau and Turpin, several vols. folio,with colored plates, Paris.

Ep. Enc. Edinburgh Encyclopedia. American Ed. byDr
Brewster. The article on Horticulture to which this principally
tefers, was drawn up by Patrick Neill, Esq.

Fes. AMER. Garp. New American Gardener, containing
practical directions on the culture of fruits and vegetables, &c, by
Thomas G. Fessenden, Editor of the New England Farmer, Boston.

For. Treatise on the culture and management of Fruit trees,
&c, by William Forsyth, Esq., seventh ed. 8vo. London, 1824,

Hooker. Pomona Londinensis, containing representations
of the best fruits cultivated in British Gardens, by William Hook-
er, Esq. F. L. S. H.S. 4to. with colored plates.

Hort. Soc. Car. Catalogue of the fruits cultivated in the gar-
den of the: Horticultural Society of London, at Chiswick, 8vo. 1826,

Horr. Trans. Transactions of the Horticultural Society
of London, 4to. 8 vols.

Jerrerson. Notes on Virginia, &c, by Thomas Jefferson,
late President of the United States.

Mr Knicur. Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. F. R. 8. L.
S. &c, President of the London Horticultural Society, and the
author of nearly an hundred articles in the London Hort. Trans.
&cec, &c, and author of several works on Rural Economy.

Linpu. A Guide to the Orchardand Kitehen Garden, or an
account of the most valuable fruits and vegetables cultivated in -
Great Britain ; with calendars of the work required in the orch-
ard and kitchen garden during every month in the year; by
George Lindley, C. M. H. 8. London, 1831.

xii INTRODUCTION.

Lovpvon. Encyclopedia of Gardening, &c, by John C. Lou-
don, F. L. S. H. 8. &c, London, 8vo. 1825. A work of 1233
condensed pages, and several hundred engravings.

Loup. Garp. Mac. The Gardener’s Magazine, by the same
Author. An excellent periodical work in semi-monthly numbers.

Micuavux. The North American Sylva, or a description of
the forest trees, &c, &c, with 156 colored engravings, by F. An-
dré Michaux, 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1819.

Mriuuer. The Gardener’s and Botanist’s Dictionary, &c, by
Phillip Miller, F. R.S. 2 vols. folio. Revised by Professor Mar-
tyn, London, 1819.

Neiuu. Pacrick Neill, Esq. A. M. F. L. S. author of the ar-
ticle on Horticulture, in the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, and oth-
er works. Secretary of the Caledonian Horticultural Suciety, &e.

Novv. Cours CompuetT v’AGRI. Cours ComMPLeET.
Nouveau Cours Complet d’Agriculture, &c, ou Dictionnaire rai-
sonné et Universel d’Agriculture, by the members of the section
of Agriculture of the Institute of France, viz. M. M. Thouin,
Parmentier, Tessier, Huzard, Silvestre, Bosc, Chassiron, Chap-
tal, Lacroix, De Perthius, Yvart, De Candolle, du Tour, Du-
chene, Feburier, De Brébisson and Rosier, (R.) 16 vols. 8vo.
Paris, 1823.

Puiuuipes. Pomarium Britanicum ; an historical and botan-
ical account of Fruits knownin Great Britain; by Henry Phil-
lips, F. H. S. &c, 8vo. London, 1823.

Porrrau. A Poiteau, one of the conductors of the Bon Jar-
dinier and the New Duhamel : and author of many of the articles
in Annales d’Horticulture, &c.

Pom. Mac. Pomological Magazine, or figures and descrip-
tions of the most important varieties cf fruit cultivated in Great
Britain, 3 vols. Svo. London, a very late work.

Pyrus Mauus Brent. Pyrus Malus Brentfordiensis, or a
concise Description of selected Apples, by Hugh Ronalds, F. H.
S. &c, with colored engravings.

QuinTINIE. Jean de la Quintinie, Treatise on the Fruit Gar-
den, &c. Evelyn’s Translation, London, 1693.

Roster. Cours Complet d’Agriculture, theorique, pratique,
economique, &c, ou Dictionnaire Universal d’Agriculture, &c, 15
vols. 4to. Paris, 1801.

Dr Pascauts. The Silk Culturist, &c, published in num-
bers by Dr Felix Pasealis, Philadelphia.

SPEECHLy. William Speechly, a Treatise on the Culture of .
the Vine, &c, 8vo.

Dr TuHacner. Author of the American Orchardist, and
various other works on history, medicine, &c.

THouin. Monographie de Greffes, ou Description technique

INTRODUCTION. Xill

de diveres sortes de Greffes, employées pour la multiplication des
Végéteaux, par le Chevalier de André Thouin, Proffessor, &c, in
the University of Paris. Paris, &c, &c, folio with plates.

Van Mons. Dr Jean Baptiste Van Mons. Catalogue des
Arbres Fruitiers, &c. Lovaine, 1823. Also, Pomogtaphie Bel-
gique Moderne, 4to. with plates. This work is still in progress,
and but a small part has yet been received from him. They are
in the Library of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Dr Wiututcu. All thus designated, refer to the Domestic
Encyclopedia ; these were drawn, as [ am informed, from the
works of I. L. Christ, a clergyman of Kronberg, near Frankfort
on the Maine.

SECTION I.—OBSERVATIONS ON THE NEW VARIETIES
OF FRUITS. MODES BY WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN
PRODUCED.

ON THE DECLINE OF THE OLD VARIETIES.

The decline of many of the most valuable old varieties of fruit,
has been noticed by several writers of different countries ; and
particularly by Mr Knight, the President of the London Horti-
cultural Society. In the vicinity of Boston, it has been more
especially observed in regard to the old Pears; for our best ap-
ples and some other species, are mostly native fruits, or of modern
origin.

Tet no one suppose that the intelligent Horticulturists here
have never been acquainted with the best of the old Pears, which
the intelligence and industry of ages had concentrated in France.
Who is not aware, that in every good collection, a proportion of
the very best are always sent ? — How opposed alike to reascn
and to probability is the supposition, that even one of the best
should have escaped. — They must have been here received, in
the numerous and ever varying selections — in the unnumbered
importations.

Rosier, in the original edition of his celebrated Dictionary of
Agriculture, which was completed in 1801, has candidly informed
us, that for his description of fruits, he is almost wholly indebte<
to the no less celebrated Duhamel Dumoneeau; and from the
whole list of Pears which he has described, he has recommended
as their essence, for a moderate collection, fiftythree trees of
nineteen varieties, in different proportions. These are every one
of them known amongst us; and more than half of them, inclu-
ding the very best, are decidedly the kinds long since, from their
defection, proscribed by those who cultivate for the markets of
Boston. And of the list of twelve trees of nine varieties, which

B

xiv INTRODUCTION.

he has recommended as the best of all, fora very small garden,
three quarters of them atleast, are of the kinds which have long
since ceased to produce perfect fruit with those who cultivate
for our markets. ,

We regret the circumstance, but have ceased to wonder at the
cause — since the same complaints of defection have already
reached us from other quarters —even from the capital of that
country, for which those celebrated works were principally
designed.

I shall in the following pages, designate some of those, in the
class of old varieties, once the finest of all old pears, whose
duration we had hoped, but in vain, to perpetuate. For except
in the city, and some very few solitary and highly favored situa-
tions in the country around, they have become either so uncer-
tain in their bearing — so barren — so unproductive — or so mis-
erably blighted — so mortally diseased — that they are no longer
to be trusted :— They are no longer what they were once with
us, and what many of them are still described to be by most for-
eign writers.

The gentleman who prepared the article on frnits in Fessen-
den’s Vew American Gardener, has warned us to beware re-
specting some of them. He is weli known with us as first rate
authority.

In the markets of the city which formerly abounded with them,
they are no longer or but rarely to be seen:—The cultivators
who furnish its supplies have given up their cultivation. Like
the barren Fig tree they have been destroyed — but not without
cause; for if they had not been accursed, their fertility and good
qualities were gone ; and they were no longer fruitful but as
the sources of vexation.

The practice of renaming those unknown varieties, whose orig-
inal names are lost, after these old kinds is objectionable, inas--
much as it is calculated to mislead —and to falsify the proofs of
their mortality. From some fancied similitude, the barbarous
names of antiquity are brought down upeius, applied to exis-
ting varieties.—From semblance of name alone, the ‘ Gergon or
Jargon’ of antiquity has reappeared, — it has been reclaimed, not
merely as kindred, but as in all probability identical with varie-
ties still existing.*

* See t. 108 of the Pomological Magazine, where the authority of
Menage and Duchat, and of Merlet are brought forward to justify
the supposition, that the Jargonelle, asserted by them tobe derived
from Jargon, anciently Gergon, in Italian Gergo, in Spanish Geri-
conca, all corruptions of Gracum, and by the inference of Merlet the
Pyrum Tarentinum of Cato and Columella, the Numidianum Gire-
cum of Pliny, the Greeculum of Macrobius ; that all these, named or
described near two thousand years ago, are but one and the same,
and no other than the Jargonelle of the present day.

INTRODUCTION. XV

According to the theory advanced by Mr Knight and others,
and confirmed by their experience, the different varieties of fruit
have their periods of existence fixed by the laws of nature; and
after a certain time, either sooner or later, comes on their de-
cline and final extinction.

I shall offer some evidence to shew that the complaints of de-
fection are not confined to us alone — they have reached us from
other and remote quarters. In the markets of fruits and legumes
at Paris, as M. Masson the Commissaire General has informed
us in his report published in the Annales d’ Horticulture for 1828,
some of these same ancient, and with us once celebrated kinds,
are no longer cultivated even with them. — He expresses aston-
ishment at the cause —but the conclusion seems irresistible, that
with them, as with us, they are no longer worthy of cultivation ;
and that out of that city, and in its vicinity, and the country
around, these once famous fruits are at this day, as liable to
blight, and as unworthy of general cultivation, as in the neigh-
borhood of Boston.

The following are his words extracted from his report: ‘One
is astonished on viewing in the markets of Paris so very few
melting Pears. We no longer see the Sucre Vert, the Sucre
Musqu the Bezi de la Motte nor the Bezi d’Airy ; [Bezi d’-
Heri?) very few Chaumontelles, very few Culotte de Suisse ;
no Royale d’ Hiver [Royal Winter], no Virgouleuse, and what is
to be deplored, no Colmars.’ [Some of these expressions, it
seems evident from what follows, were designed to be understood
only in a general sense. K.] ‘These three last species sell from
. ten to two frances each, [about forty cents] and their cultivation
is neglected.

‘The Rousselet, so perfumed, so sought after by the confection-
ers and distillers, is no longer of good quality. How different this
Rousselet from that which they cultivate at the hamlet of Cor-
montreuil, at the gate of Rheims! At that place they cultivate
the Rousselet almost exclusively, and these altogether on espa-
liers. These espaliers offer at the end of Augusta sight the
most rich and beautiful.’

M. Poiteau when speaking of the decline of the old French
varieties of Pears in the vicinity of Paris, and the urgent neces-
sity of a renewal ofthe kinds, has informed us in the Annales
d’Horticulture for May 1828, that notwithstanding the unwearied
efforts which have been made in that country during several of
the latter ages, by their most intelligent cultivators, in rearing
new and valuable varieties from the seed; yet such attempts
having been conducted on wrong principles, have resulted in
‘absolute nothingness.’ They must, he asserts, look clsewhere
fornew varieties to replace the old:—any where else but to
their own country :— even to America,— but more especially to
Belgium,

4 ee INTRODUCTION.

The same writer further informs us, that the celebrated Duha-
mel, during the long course of his scientific career, planted the
seeds of ail the best fruits which were eaten at his table, without
being able to produce a single fruit worthy of cultivation.

Others in that country —as the Alfroys, for a succession of
generations, have adopted the same course, planting the seeds of
the very best fruits, and with no better success.

It would thus appear that all the finest varieties of apples and
pears having been raised in successive generations of fruit, from
the original crabbed and worthless origin, that after the improve-
ment has gone on for five or six generations, to the production of
a perfect fruit, it can be carried no further ; that exhausted nature,
if urged beyond certain bounds recedes, and_a retrograde course
commences. For the seeds of the best fruits, which are sown,
she generally gives back nought but the worthless. In illustra-
tion of the truth of this position, M. Poiteau has stated it as a fact,
recorded by. several authors, that the seeds of the Winter Bon
Chretien always produce a detestable fruit. And Mr Knight has
positively asserted, that the seed of the wild pear, fertilized by
the stamens of the blossoms of an ameliorated one, will yield a bet-
ter fruit than the seeds of an ameliorated pear.

The mode however adopted in Belgium, with such wonderful
success, in procuring new ani extraordinary varieties, differs very ~
materially from the process of Mr Knight: for it appears that
they commence by simply sowing the seeds, not of the best, but
rather ofthe most austere and indifferent varieties, for asuccession
of a few generations, till the perfect sorts are produced.

Itis asserted by Mr Knight, that generally, the old varieties
of fruit begin to decay, first, in the colder latitudes; and that a
fruit which there begins to decay, may yet be successfully cul-
tivated in a more southern climate, or what is equivalent, in the
confined and warmer atmosphere of cities. Those varieties
therefore, which no longer succeed with us, may yet continue
for a while to flourish in the milder regions of the Union, and
especially in the interior, beyond the Hmits and influence of
thoze cold eastern breezes from the Atlantic, which, rising with
the diurnal appearance of the sun, visit us so regularly and con-
giantly at stated seasons.

here are some however, who dissent from the opinions ad-
vaneed by Mr Knight and others — opinions which seem justified
by the experience of ages. — They do not indeed deny the jact
of their decay, but they deny the cause. In their attempts to
sustain the credit of the oid fruits by rendering them immortal,
they would ascribe their deterioration to any other cause; — to
some supposed alteration of climate, and not of ours alone, but of
the climate of all those countries where the same proofs of their
mortality have appeared.

We await the proofs of such changes ;— meanwhile in their

INTRODUCTION. XVli

‘absence, I believe all will agree, thatin adopting his theory, we
adopt the safest course.

Mr Knight in England, and the Comte de Coloma of Malines
and some others, have fortunately succeeded in rearing several
new and valuable varieties of fruit, from the seeds obtained by the

rocess of cross fertilization.

The following is the mode as described by M. Fries Morel:
It is extracted from the Annales D’ Horticulture, and is alike ap-
plicable to fruit trees, to trees of ornament, and to flowers.

[I adopt in this place with some abbreviation — the transla-
tion of the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn as it appeared in vol. viii.
No. 34, of the New England Farmer for May 12, 1830.]

* * * * ¢The operation must be performed, before the blos-
som is entirely expanded. The corollas should be carefully
opened, and the anthers immediately extracted with delicate
scissors, great caution being taken not to wound the fillets which
support them, or any other part of the flower. The favorable
moment for executing this, is that which precedes the rising of
the sun; because at that time the pollen being humid, it is closely
attached to the anthers.

Between eight and nine o’clock, the plan's being exposed to
the full influence of the sun, the perfectly matured pollen from
another variety must be taken with care and placed on the stigma
of the flower or blossom which it is intended to fertilize, and from
which the anthers have been extracted; repeat this operation
two or three times during the course of the day.

If the process has been successful the flower on which the
experiment has been made, will wither and fade [if a carnation]
in twentyfour or thirtysix hours; on the contrary, if the fertili-
zation has not been effected, the corolla will preserve entire for
ten or twelve days and more, all its freshness and splendor; it
will then be necessary to repeat the operation, which should
always be performed in dry weather ; andit is proper that the
plant should be protected from the rain and mist, till a swelling
is perceived in the ovary or germ.

By frequent waterings and exposing the plants tothe north,
the maturity of the pollen and the stigma may be retarded.

When the fertilization has really taken place, the pollen, which
had been artificially placed upon the stigma, remains so.closely
attached, that it cannot be removed with a hair pencil ; it changes
form and color, and soon disappears; but this is not the case if
the fertilization has not been perfect, and the pollen is easily de-
tached from the stigma; its color and form is not changed, and
it remains visible, until the total destruction of the flower.

_ The greater the quantity of the pollen, the larger is the number
of the seeds produced; but the number of seeds produced by art,
is never so great, as when the operations of nature are left to,
herself alone.

B*

XVHi ; INTRODUCTION.

The plant which has been artificially fertilized yields seeds,
which (if a flower) produce generally flowers formed like that
from which the anthers were extracted, but the colors resemble
that which furnished the pollen.’ * * * And in the case of the
new varieties of fruits thus produced, the new variety it is as-
serted, will inherit mainly the qualities of the kind which fur-
nished the pollen, while on the other side it will acquire some
of the constitutional peculiarities of the fruit which matured the
seed.

The pollen of blossoms, and flowers according to Mr Lindley,
when viewed through a microscope, is found to consist of ex-
tremely minute hollow balls, filled with a fluid in which swim
particles of a figure varying from spherical to cblong, and having
an apparently spontaneous motion. The stigma is of lax tissue,
the intercellular passages of which have a greater diameter than
the moving particles of the pollen.

When a grain of pollen comes in contact with the stigma, it
bursts, and its contents are disseminated among the lax tissue upon
which it has fallen. The moving particles descend through
the tissue of the style until some of them find their way, by
routes specially destined by nature, into a small opening in the in-
teguments of the ovarium. Once deposited there, the particle
swells, increases gradually in size, separates into radicle and
cotyledons, and finally becomes the embryo of a seed or plant.

These observations of Mr Lindley are extremely curious. No
cross fertilization, itis further stated, can take place between plants
or fruits unless nearly related. None for instance, can take place
between the pear, apple or quince: or between the plum, peach
or cherry, &c.

I will now proceed to show another and different mode, by which
the Belgians have, by experiments on a most extensive scale, suc-
ceeded in obtaining probably a far greater number of new and su-
perior varieties than all that ever existed before.

The following is the mode, according to Van Mons, and is ex-
tracted from the Annales d’Horticulture for May, 1828, and M.
Poiteau.*

[I adopt here the translation of the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn,
yon was published in the New England Farmer, vol. vii. No.

8.]

‘The Belgians give no preference to the seeds of table fruits,
when they plant to obtain new ameliorated kinds. When their
plants appear they do not, like us, found their hopes upon indi-
viduals exempt from thorns, furnished with large leaves, and

* The English writers by some mistake, seem to have confounded
the system which I have just described, with that which I am now
about to describe.—It will readily be perceived that there is no
similitude.

INTRODUCTION. XIX

remarkable for the size and beauty of their wood ;* on the con-
trary they prefer the most thorny subjects, provided that
the thorns are long, and that the plants are furnished with
many buds or eyes, placed very near together. This last cir-
cumstance appears to them, and with reason, to be an indication
that the tree will speedily produce fruit. As soon as the young
individuals which offer these favorable appearances, afford grafts or
buds capable of being inoculated upon other stocks, these opera-
tions are performed; the apples on paradise, and the pears on
quince stocks, to hasten their fructification. The first fruit is gene-
rally very bad, but the Belgians do not regard that; whatever it is,
they carefully collect the seeds and plant them; from these a
second generation is produced, which commonly shows the com.
mencement of an amelioration. As soon as the young plants of
this second generation have scions, or buds, proper for the purpose,
they are transferred to other stocks as were the preceding ; the
third and fourth generation are treated in the same manner, and
until there are finally produced ameliorated fruits worthy of being
propagated. M. Van Monsasserts, that the peach and apricot, ,
treated in this manner,afford excellent fruit in the third generation.
The apple does not yield superior fruit before the fourth or
fifth generation. The pear is slower inits amelioration; but M.
Van Mons informs us, that in the sixth generation, it no longer
produces inferior, but affords excellent fruits, intermixed with
those of a middling quality.’

Intelligent writers, those on whom we may rely, have assured
us, that the new and numerous class of fruits which have arisen
during the last forty years, is far more precious and inestimable
in point of quality, than all previously known. They refer in this,
more particularly to pears.

Highly satisfactory specimens of some of the new species
which are described in the following pages, have been seen and
exhibited amongst us; enough to convince us of the decided ex-
cellence of at least a portion of them; but as yet but a small pro-
portion of the new foreign varieties here described have borne
fruit in our country.

The unwearied labors of a Van Mons, of Knight, of Coloma,
of Hardenpont, of Duquesne, of Nelis, of Liart, of Dorlain and
others, have probably effected more during the iast forty years,
than all that had been previously accomplished during twenty
centuries.

All these fruits are recommended as highly deserving of trial
in our climate. — From them, we must make our selections at
another day, of such kinds only, as prove on trial, alike adapted
to our climate, the very best in quality, and the most productive.

*Ji has been asserted that such individuals as are here thus de-
scribed and rejected, generally produce early and inferior varieties

XX INTRODUCTION.

SECTION Il. —OF THE GROWTH OF TREES.

Trees derive their principal nourishment through their roots ;
not however by their lateral surfaces, but by the extreme ends
of their minute fibres, which are as so many innumerable mouths
or spongelets. Their blunt points being formed of a spongy sub-
stance, through which they absorb or drink in their supplies of
nourishinent from the contiguous earth.

This nourishment or sap ascending, is distributed through the
branches to the leaves. In the leaves itis elaborated ; the more
aqueous parts pass off by transpiration ; itis now changed, and
is quite another substance from the sap in its ascent ; it now de-
— peculiarly prepared to nourish and give flavor to the

ruit.

SECTION III. — TRANSPIRATION.

The transpiration of trees and plants, has been found by experi-
ments to be very great. When compared with that which takes
place in the human system, it is found to be in very great dis-
proportion. It has been stated on good authority, that there are
some plants which perspire twice their weight in twentyfour
hours.

SECTION IV. — TRANSPLANTING.

When trees are removed for the purpose of being transplanted,
their roots should, if possible, be preserved fresh and entire. If
these precautions have been omitted, their whole bodies and
roots must be immersed in fresh water during twentyfour hours ;
and their tops must be lessened in proportion to the loss their
roots have sustained. The sources by which they derive the
nourishment which they receive from the earth being diminished,
the whole sap of the tree and even its vitality would otherwise
pass off by transpiration.

October and November, after the first hard frosts have arrested
their growth, is esteemed by many the best season for transplant-
ing hardy trees. — The peach, the plum, end the cherry, and
evergreen trees, are thought by many to answer best by being
transplanted in spring. But any,even the most delicate of trees,
answer wellif trensplanted in autumn, provided a little protec-
tion is afforded at their roots, during the first and most trying
winter. This protection may consist of a few. inches of litter
from the stable, placed around their trunks and over their roots.
Moss from the meadows or evergreen boughs are however pre-
ferable for delicate plants, as these substances, being almost in-
corruptible, never injure what they were designed to protect.
It has been lately announced as an important fact, that the de-

INTRODUCTION. xxi

struction of delicate plants which is sometimes occasioned by
winter, is caused by the alternate freezing and thawing of the
earth at the surface — that death commences at the surface,
which this protection will prevent.

When trees are transplanted in Autumn, the earth becomes
duly consolidated at their roots, and they are ready to vegetate
with the first advancement of spring.

The holes for receiving the trees, should be dug from four to
six feet in diameter according to the size of the trees usually
transplanted, and eighteen inches deep; the yellow subsoil
should be cast out to this depth and replaced at bottom with rich
soil intermixed with a portion of manure. The tree should gen-
erally be set about two inches deeper than it stood before, but
not deeper than this ; the fibres should be spread horizontally in
their natural position, and the soil intimately and compactly
placed about their roots; manure may be placed above, and be-
neath, and on every side, but ought never to be suffered to come

_in contact with the roots, as it is liable in this case to corrupt and
injure them: finish by treading the ground very hard. — When
evergreen trees are set it is generally considered indispensable to
pour at once a few gallons of water around the tree previous to
treading hard the earth; finish earthing and tread hard an hour
afterwards. This is an excellent and safe mode with regard to

- any tree. :

SECTION V. — PROPAGATION.

Some trees are propagated by seeds, some may be propagated
by layers and cuttings. In raising trees from the seed it is gen-
erally a good rule to plant or sow them as soon as gathered from
the tree. Those seeds however which are enveloped in a pulp,
must be first separated. Those ef the hawthorn and many
other sorts possessed of a gummy or resinous pulp, will not veg-
etate till the second year, unless first separated and subjected
to the action of frost. The seeds of the locust, and others
possessed of hard shells, require to be covered with boiling
water, andset in a warm place till swollen; as they become
swelled they are to be separated, and fresh boiling water poured
over the remainder every twentyfour hours — seeds thus pre-
pared quickly vegetate.

Layers are the limbs or suckers of trees bent down without
being separated from the parent tree, and covered with soil ;
their extreme ends only being left out: thus buried they will
soon strike roct, generally. Some particular kinds of trees how:
ever, with extreme difficulty ; such must be tongued, an opera-
tion which censists in cutting the layer half off, beneath the
surface, and below an eye, and splitting it up an inch or more ;
the cleft to be kept open by a small wedge. ‘This operation

XXil INTRODUCTION.

should be performed in spring; and the plant when well rooted
may be separated in the autumn or spring following. —

Curtrnes. There are many kinds of trees which may be
raised from cuttings. Cuttings should generally be from eight
inches to a foot in length, and cut off at bottom close below an
eye, and planted in a humid soil two thirds of their length be-
neath the surface, and the ground trodden hard. With some
particular kinds however it is necessary to square the bottom of
the cutting, and to press it hard down on the bottom of a pot.
Other kinds must be shaded from the sun till rooted — they re-
quire artificial heat in the soil, and a confined atmosphere ; this
last is effected by covering them with a bell glass, which mod-
erates their transpiration.

SECTION VI. — INOCULATING.

Inoculating is the operation of transferring any particular and
desirable variety of tree upon the stock of an inferior or wild
variety. The operation is principally practised on small trees,
and only during the time the sap flows freely, and chiefly during
the months of August and September.

Select for the buds the ripest young twigs of the year, and
cut off the leaves, leaving the footstalk entire. Having selected
asmooth place in the stock, make a perpendicular slit down-
ward quite through the bark, an inch or a little more in length.
Make across cut at the top of this slit, quite through to the
wood, a little slanting downwards; next with the ivory haft of
the knife, raise the bark on both sides from top to bottom, being
very careful not to injure in the least the cambiuti or sap wood.
Next, and with expedition, proceed to take off a bud; this is
effected by entering the knife a litthke more than half an inch
below. the bud or eye, quite through the bark, and separating
the bark from the wood to the same distance above the eye: al-
ways leaving a very thin slip of wood of about one third of
the length of the bud; this thin slip of wood occupies the mid-
dle section of its length. The bud is to be immediately inserted
in the stock to the bottom of the slit, and between the bark and
the wood; and the top of the bud being squared even with the
cross cut, every part except the eye, is firmly bound and covered
with strong wet bass matting.

It is immaterial whether the cross cut is made at the top,
or bottom of the slit: whether the bud is inserted downwards,
or upwards; it generally succeeds equally in both cases.
The mode of taking off the bud with a thin slip of wood
occupying the middle section of its length, is called the new or
American mode ; as I find it described by no European author.
It is the mode best adapted to a warm climate. But when the
season js far advanced and the sap flows less freely, it is deemed~

INTRODUCTION. XXlil

the surest mode to take out the whole of the wood, always leav-
ing the root of the bud.

The string is to be taken off as soon as it begins to girdle the
tree, which is generally in about ten days.

In spring, between the time the frost is out of the ground and
the rising of the sap, cut off the stock a quarter of an inch above
the bud — sloping*downwards on the opposite side.

SCALLOPE BUDDING is performed by cutting from a small
stock, a thin narrow scallope of wood, about an inch in length ; and
taking from a twig a thin scallope of wood of the same length;
this is instantly applied and fitted perfectly at top and bottom,
and on at least one of its sides, and firmly bound with wet bass
matting. ‘This mode may be practised in spring, and if it fails,
a second chance will be offered in July. — The French are stated
to practise this mode on roses.

‘I'he above are the principal modes of inoculating adopted in
practice, although Professor Thouin has described no less than
twentythree distinct modes of operation.

Dr Van Mons buds his roses in June, so that they grow and
frequently blossom in the same year. He prepares the young
and unripe wood by separating the leaves, leaving only their
footstalks; in fifteen days after, their buds are swollen, and are
now fit for insertion: the stock is cut off six inches above the
insertion of the bud, at the time the operation is performed.
They are bound with thin strings of bass matting, previously
drawn through a solution of alum and white soap, and dried,
which renders them impervious to water.

SECTION VII.— GRAFTING.

Grafting is usually performed in spring. Professor. Thouin
has described forty modes, but the following will answer for all
general purposes.

Wuip GrartineG or splice grafting. This mode is practised
principally on small stocks ; and it succeeds best when the scion
and stock are of an equal size.

The scion, which consists of the young wood of the former
years growth, is cut to the length of about four inches. This
and the stock are each to be cut sloping for an inch or more, and
tongued. Tonguing consists in cutting a slit in the middle of
the slope of the stock downwards, and a corresponding slit in the
scion upwards; both are now to be very nicely joined, so that
one of the sides at least, if not both, shall perfectly coincide, and
to be securely bound with a wet bass matting string, and covered
with composition, or with grafting clay. As soon as the scion
and stock are completely united, the string is to be removed.

Cuerr Grarrine. This mode of grafting is usually practised

XX1V INTRODUCTION.

on stocks of from one to two inches in diameter. It is thus per-
formed. The head of the stock is carefully sawed off at a part
free from knots, and the top pared smooth; with a thin knife
split down the stock through the centre, to the depth of about
two inches, and insert a wedge to keep it open for the reception
of the scion. The scion is to be prepared in the form of a wedge ;
with an eye if possible in the upper part of the portion thus
formed perfect success is the more certain when this is the case.
The scion is now to be carefully inserted, so that the inner bark
of the scion and of the stock may both exactly meet. Large
stocks require two scions; one on each side; sometimes four are
inserted. The whole is now to be carefully covered with the
composition, or grafting clay, except two or three eyes of each .
scion. This mode of grafting is equally applicable to very small!
stocks, but these being weak must be bound with a string of bass
matting.
SappLE Grarrine. This mode of grafting is performed
chiefly on very small stocks — it is much practised by Mr
Knight. The upper part of the stock is prepared in the form of
a wedge, by two sloping cuts, one on each side. ‘The scion is
prepared by splitting it upwards, and paring out the middle part
on each side to a point. When the stock and scion are of equal
size, the adjustment may be made perfect; but if unequal,
one side at least must exactly meet. The whole is secured by
a string of matting and covered with the composition, or clay.
The string however is to be removed when a perfect union has
taken place. ; ie

-Roor Grartine. This operation is often performed on
grape vines, just below the level of the surface, by the usual
mode of cleft grafting. It is also performed on portions or pieces
of root where suitable stocks are scarce. at .

Sipe Grarrine. This mode is sometimes practised on those
parts of a tree where alimb is wanting. — There are two ways
in which it is performed. Ist. The scion is prepared in the same
manner as for splice grafting, and the bark and wood on the side
of the stock is cut sloping, and the scion being adjusted as care-
fully as possible, it is bound on and covered with clay. 2d. The
scion being cut sloping as in whip grafting, a cross cut is made
in the side of the tree on the top of a perpendicular slit; the
bark of the tree above the cross cutis pared down slanting to
the wood. The bark is now raised as in inoculating, and the
scion inserted, and bound fast, and covered with clay.

GRAFTING By APPROACH. This is often practised on trees
and shrubs which succeed with difficulty by other modes. The
tree to be grafted must be growing very near the tree which is
to furnish the grafts. — The limb or limbs of each tree which is
to be thus united, must be pared with a Jong sloping cut of seve-

INTRODUCTION. XXV

al inches, nearly to its centre; and the parts of each tree thus
prepared, are to be brought together and firmly secured by a
bandage of matting, so that the bark shall exactly meet on at
least one side, and covered with clay or composition. Whena
complete union has taken place the trees are separated with a
knife, by cutting off below the junction.

Grafting clay is made of one third part of fresh horse manure
free from litter, one third of cow-manure, and one third of good
clay, with a small mixture of hair, well beaten and incorporated
several days before using. 4

Grafting composition is made of three parts of rosin, three
parts of bees’ wax and one part of tallow melted together ; when
well mixed, it is poured into water and worked up like shoema-
kers’ wax by hand. This composition may be spread while in a
melted state pretty thickly with a brush on very stiong brown
paper. ‘This paper is to be cut into small strips of suitable size,
and is very quickly applied. In cool weather it may Le instant-.
ly warmed with the breath, so as to become adhesive.

SECTION VIII.—OF THE FRUITFULNESS OF TREES.

Modes by which they are by artificial means rendered pro-
ductive.
Whatever operates in repressing the too vigorous growth of
the tree, by obstructing the free circulation of its sap or juices,
and by causing it to accumulate and become concentrated, has

a tendency to render the tree fruitful.

While a tree is yet young and flexible, and exercised by every
moving breath of wind, its pores continue open, and the sap is
rapidly and uninterruptedly diffused; its whole juices are ex-
pended in the formation of leaf buds. But as they grow older,
their consistence becomes changed and more inflexible ; their
bark also becomes more thick and rigid, and may therefore
operate by compression; and the sap which before passed on un-
interuptedly, is now retarded in its process ; it accumulates and
developes fruit buds, and the tree falls into bearing. To effect
this object by artificial means, various modes have been adopted.
ist. Ligatures, or ringing, or girdling ; variously termed decor-
tication or circumcision. 2d. By bending their branches. 3d.
By frequently transplanting and confining their roots to a very
limited space, and diminishing their supplies of food. 4th.
By careful and judicious modes of pruning. 5th. By dwarf-
ing or engrafting on stocks of a very slow growth. Ox lastly,
‘by a combination of each and every mode as in the case of Chi-
nese dwarf trees and the Quenouilles of the French.

Cc

XXV1 INTRODUCTION.

Subsection 1st. — Girdling or Decortication.

Its effect in causing productiveness, increasing the size of the
fruit, and hastening its maturity.

According to the theory and experiments of Mr Knight, which
{ extract from his writings in the London Horticultural Transac-
tions, ‘ The true sap of trees is wholly generated in their leaves,
from which it descends through their bark to the extremities of
their roots, depositing in its course the matter which is successively
added to the tree, whilst whatever portion of such sap is not thus
expended sinks into the alburnum, and joins the ascending cur-
rent, to which it communicates powers, not possessed by the re-
cently absorbed fluid. When the course of the descending cur-
rent is intercepted, that necessarily stagnates, and accumulates
above the decorticated place ; whence it is repulsed, and carried
upwards, to be expended in an increased production of blossoms,
and of fruit: and consistently with these conclusions I have
found that part of the alburnum, which is situated above
the decorticated space, to exceed in specific gravity, very
considerably that which lies below it. The repulsion of the
descending fluid therefore accounts, I conceive satisfactorily, for
the increased production of blossoms and more rapid growth of
the fruit upon the decorticated branch: but there are other causes
which operate in promoting its more early maturity. The part
of the branch which is below the decorticated space is ill supplied
with nutriment, and ceases almost to grow; it in consequence
operates less actively in impelling the ascending current of sap,
which must also be impeded in its progress through the decorti-
cated-space. The parts which are above it must therefore be less
abundantly supplied with moisture ; and drought in such cases
always operates very powerfully in accelerating maturity. When
the branch is small, or the space from which the bark is taken
off is considerable, it almost always operates in excess; a morbid
state of early maturity is induced and the fruit is worthless.’

‘If this view of the effects of partial decortication or ringing,
be a just one, it follows that much ofthe success of the operation
must be dependent upon the selection of proper seasons, and upon
the mode of performing it being well adapted to the object of the
operator.

‘If the design of partial decorticaiion be the production of blos-
soms, or the means of making the blossoms set more freely, the
ring of bark should be taken off early in the summer preceding the
period at which blossoms are required ; but ifthe enlargement and
more early maturity of the fruit be the object, the operation should
be delayed till the bark will readily part from the alburnum in
the spring. The breadth of the decorticated space must be adapt-
ed to the size of the branch: but I have never witnessed any

INTRODUCTION. XXVll

except injurious effects, whenever the experiment has been made
upon very small or very young branches, for such become de-
bilitated and sickly, long before the fruit can acquire a proper
state of maturity. I have found a tight ligature, applied in the pre-
ceding summer, in such cases to answer in a great measure all
the purposes of ringing, with far less injurious consequences to
the tree.’

"* * «Tam not friendly to the process of ringing in whatever
manner it may be performed; and I think it should never be
adopted, unless in cases where blossoms cannot be otherwise ob-
tained, or where, in very early forcing, the value of a single crop
of fruit exceeds the value of the tree.’

I have quoted more at large from Mr Knight because this arti-
cle was written by him from long experience. And at the dis-
tance of fifty years from the time when, at ten years of age, he
made his first experiment.

Ringing or decortication is equally applicable to the vine as
well as all other fruits, and operates in increasing its size and
early maturity. It may be practised alternately on portions of
the same tree in alternate years.

It thus appears from what is here stated that the most suitable
time for girdling the tree to increase the size of the fruit and to
hasten its maturity, is at the time the tree is coming into leaf.
But when the design is the production and increase of blossom
buds, for the production of fruit in the following year, the
= may be deferred till the last of June or beginning of
July.

The operation consists in making two annular incisions quite
round the limb through the bark, at the distance of about three
eighths of an inch asunder, more or less, according to the size and
thriftiness of the tree; making a perpendicular slit and remove
the ring of bark to the wood.

Subsection 2d.—- Barking the stems of fruit trees and
vines.

Mr Loudon has recorded (Mag. vol. vir. p. 662) a mode which
has been declared by one of the best practical men in the Nether-
lands, a never failing method of greatly improving the quality
and size of the fruit on apple and pear trees, and vines. At the
winter pruning, which is given there in February, he cuts off
with his common hooked pruning knife all the outer bark down
to the liber, of every tree above eight or ten years old; not so
deeply however with the young as with the old trees. It is as-
serted by those who have witnessed, that this man’s practice has
never failed of being successful. And another who has tried it
in that country asserts, that since he had his trees nettoyés, he

XXVIll INTRODUCTION.

has always had large and better flavored fruit. This practice,
says, Mr Loudon, ‘was brought into notice in Britain by Mr
- Lyon of Edinburgh about 15 years ago, and is not uncomn:on in
England with apple and pear trees, and very general with regard
to vines under glass.’

Subsection 3d. -— Of Bending the Limbs.

This appears to be the most simple, easy, and effectual mode of
rendering trees productive. When judiciously performed, its
effects are very extraordinary.

The effects appear to be perfectly understood by the Chinese in
training their dwarfs. Its effects are also exemplified in the
mode of training trees en quenouille, which I shall presently ex-
plain. Also on the vine, by which means prodigious crops are
produced. [See the article onthe cultivation of the vine at
page 326.] Also in the fig, for by this mode Mr Knight has
obtained eight crops in a year. (See thisarticle at p.334.) The
system is equally applicable to every species of fruit tree. It
consists in bending every limb, or twig, to a position below the
horizontal, while it is yet in a vigorously growing state, generally
the last of June ; with some kinds which have a prolonged vege-
tation, it may perhaps with more advantage be deferred till July,
as in the case of the peach. The effect produced in the first
instance is a momentary stoppage in the growth; the juices are
concentrated and form fruit buds for the production of fruit in
the following year. But the growth of all parts of the tree must
at the same time be restrained, and if shoots burst forth in other
parts of the tree they must be nipped in to a few eyes as soon
as they have advanced a few inches.

Subsection 4th.—- Of particular Modes of Pruning.

Mr Dalbret, Superintendent of the compartments in the Royal
Gardens, devoted to the culture of fruit trees and economical
plants, (near Paris,) has delivered a course of lectures on Pruning
in the school of Practical Horticulture. He has practised on his
theory for a number of years, and is therefore enabled to appreciate
its value. ‘ Among the operations which are very rarely prac-
tised, and which are scarcely known at a distance from the capi-
tal, he has insisted, with propriety, upon the eradication of al]
useless buds, which occasion more vigor in the branches destined
to produce good wood and fruit; and upon the necessity of not
leaving too many lateral shoots or twigs which exhaust the tree ;
but few should be preserved for yielding fruit each year, and the
others should be cut off within a halfan inch of the branch, which
will cause fruit spurs to appear. He has also demonstrated the
utility of pinching or cutting off the ends of the shoots, particu-

INTRODUCTION. XX1X

larly of stone-frait trees, to check the excessive vigor of the main
branches, and to cause the branches which uselessly consume
the sap, to yield fruit ; this operation consists in cutting off these
yet herbaceous, or young and tender shoots, when they have
attained the length of six or eight inches, at a half an inch, or at
most an inch above the old wood ; if it is done later, the opera-
tion will be injurious, instead of insuring fruit for the third year.’
{New England Farmer, Vol. 8. This is from an article im-
serted by the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn from the Annales d@ Hor
ticulture.]| For some further particulars, see Currant, p. 293.
Also see Peach at p. 240.

Subsection 5th. — Dwarf Trees.

Grafting and its effects. — The effect of grafting in rendering
trees suddenly productive is well known. This effect is pro-
duced on the principles before explained.

Dwarfs are extensively used in France for almost every
variety of fruit tree, particularly those called Quenowilles.
And they are asserted by them and the English writers to be not
only admirably adapted to large fruits, as they are not so much
exposed to high winds, but for pears more especially; they are
declared to produce better fruit, to come into bearing earlier, and
to bear more abundantly.

Dwarfing is effected by inoculating fruit trees on stocks of
comparatively slow growth; the circulation is in consequence
retarded, and the effect thus produced is somewhat like that pro-
duced by girdling. The apple is dwarfed by being inoculated
on the Paradise or Doucin stock ; —the peach ona slow growing
plum stock; and the pear by being inoculated on the quince
stock. I have elsewhere described a new mode of dwarfing the
pear, and enumerated its manifest advantages over the usual
mode. (See page 202.) Jtis asserted that the pear should be
dwarfed only for the production of summer fruit. (See page 203.)
As an argument to prove that the fruit of the pear thus produced,
cannot partake of the austere quality of the quince, it is asserted
that both the quince and pear are alike nourished from earth by
the same food, in quality and substance — the leaves being exclu-
sively the laboratory in which the juices are prepared which form
the fruit. Even the difference inthe varieties of fruit of the same
species in taste and flavor,is supposed to be owing to no other cause
than some different and peculiar formation or property of the leaf.
The Chinese form their dwarfs on the most fruitful limbs of bear-
ing trees: these when rooted are separated, and when the fruit
is at maturity, being much in demand in China, they bring a price
in proportion to the crop they bear; especially oranges, peach-
es, plums, grapes, &c. They even extend their practice to
flowering and other ornamental trees.

c*

XXX INTRODUCTION.

The following is extracted from the account of John Living-
stone, Esq. of Macoa. See vol. iv. of the Lond. Hort. Trans.

In spring, at the time when the trees of fruit or of ornament
are in blossom, they commence their operation by selecting only
those branches which are most loaded with blossoms. They re-
move the bark quite round the branch, to the breadth of about
half its diameter. This part is covered with a large ball of a
composition similar to grafting clay. For large branckes of elm,
&c, a covering of straw or coarse cloth is used; but for the
orange, peach, &c, the composition is of itself sufficient. No
contrivance for the application of water is ever seen in this part
of China. On this point I have made diligent inquiry among the
best informed, and have always been assured, that the sap of the
boughs is alone sufficient to keep up a proper supply of mois-
ture.

When it has been ascertained that the roots formed are suffi-
cient to preserve the living system, and this time varies from six
weeks to three months according to circumstances, from the
commencement of the operation, the branch is separated ; the
exuberance of growth is repressed by clipping the branches and
leaves ; and after being removed to pots, their branches are bent
and contorted by wires and other mechanical means. * * * * *
Their fruitfulness is preserved by cramping their growth ;
by confining their roots in very contracted earthen vessels; in
carefully regulating and stinting their supplies of nourishment ;
in bending and contorting their limbs into many fanciful shapes ;
and confining them thus by wires. In the province of Fo-kien
where the best dwarfs are said to be formed, to entice ants to
destroy the heart wood, sugar is introduced into small openings
made for this purpose.

The account of the mode of dwarfing trees in China, given
us by Staunton in his account of the embassy of Lord Macart-
ney to that country, differs little from that of Mr Livingstone.* He
states however, that straw is used with the clay, and a vessel of
water is placed above, with an aperture sufficient to allow the

water to fall slowly in single drops. This was the mode in some
of the provinces.

Subsection 6th. — Quenouille.

This term is applied by the French to trees trained in a regular
pyramidal form ; from their resemblance to the ancient distaff;
they term it en quenouille.

In the Department of Maine and Loire, as we are informed in
the Annals of the Horticultural Society of Paris, they train their
trees en quenouille, not only of the pear and apple, but of the
peach, the apricot, the plum and the cherry, the vine, and

INTRODUCTION. XXxXl

other fruits. The pears for this purpose are inoculated on the
quince, and the apple on the Paradise stocks. :

The trees they use are principally raised at Angers, where
the soil is of such extraordinary fertility, that it is possible to raise
a tree or quenouille, with all its lateral branches, in a single
year from the bud.

There are some kinds of pears which do not incline to throw
out lateral shoots. When therefore the tree has grown to a
sufficient height for the first tier of branches, they pinch off the
top for their production. When the vertical shoot has risen to a
sufficient height for another set of branches, it is pinched off
again, and another tier is produced. And thus the process is
continued, till the requisite height is attained, and the tree is com-
pletely furnished with its branches, from the bottom to the top.
When the lateral shoots incline to grow too fast, these must also
be nipped in, that the equilibrium and perfect proportion of the
tree may be preserved.

This is an operation which requires much judgment and ex-
perience in its application. It is observed that it always causes
a momentary suspension of the growth. If the pinching or clip-
ping off be toonear the top, but one single and vertical shoot will
be produced ; if the top be shortened a little lower, two branches
only will put forth; but if it be shortened a little lower still,
three or four lateral shoots will put out just below, and a top or
vertical one.

Mr Loudon in his Magazine has described, ‘A long row of
pear trees in the garden of Chiswick trained en quenouille, or
more correctly as regards those of Chiswick, en pyramide, which
with the additional feature of the points of the shoots tied down,
has a very fine appearance.’ * * * ‘In short this single row of
pear trees is the most interesting feature of the garden. The
shoots of the current year are bent down when fully grown, and
fixed in a pendant position by shreds of bass; in the course of the
winter these shreds are removed, to admit of pruning, when the
shoots are found to have taken a set. In the course of the sum-
mer such as grow too vigorously are again tied, the object being
to check the vigor of the young shoots, and by impeding the re-
turn of the sap, to cause it to expend itself in those young shoots
in the formation of blossom buds.’

These pear trees at Chiswick, as Mr Lindley informs us, are
all inoculated onthe quince ; they are trained perpendicularly
with a single stem, to the height of about seven feet ; with tiers
of branches at regular distances, each being generally about
eighteen inches long, and the tiers from nine to twelve inches
apart. * * * If the plant be strong and vigorous, it will throw
out many more branches than are necessary; these must be
thinned out, the best only being preserved; these are to be tied
down, and their luxuriance being thus materially checked, they

XXX1 INTRODUCTION.

are in consequence always well furnished with fruit bearing
spurs; they are productive, and the fruit they produce is far
superior to that which is produced on the common standard.

Representation of Quenouille training.

We are further informed that under such management Que-
nouilles require but little room, a square of four feet each way
being deemed sufficient ; their fruit being within reach may be
easily thinned to enlarge its size ; it is more secure against high
winds ; and being near the ground, the additional warmth it re-
ceives, materially insures its ripening in perfection.

SECTION IX.—PRUNING.

If the branches of a young tree issuing at and above the re-
quisite height, be made by pruning to diverge from the trunk in
every direction above the horizontal, and the interior of these be
carefully kept from any interference with each other for a few
years, little pruning will ever afterwards be necessary.

The complicated systems of the English for pruning the apple,
pear, peach and plum are not in all respects so necessary for us:
they are in part adapted exclusively to a cold climate. It is not
necessary with us, to lay open and expose every part of the tree
to the direct rays of the sun: the atmosphere being in our cli-

INTRODUCTION. XXXHl

mate, generally, of itself sufficient to ripen the fruit. For partic-
ular modes, see each particular article.

SECTION X.— NOXIOUS INSECTS, &c.

Subsection 1st. — Aphis, Puceron, Vine Fretter.

Of this genus of insects there are many varieties ; they prey
on the leaves of different plants. — Various modes for their ex-
termination have been successfully tried. Infusions of tobacco-
water, or of aloes, or elder leaves, or of cayenne peper, thrown
on the leaves with a syringe is said to be effectual. Willis’s
syringe is the best known for this purpose. Sulphur dusted on
them with a swandown puff has been highly recommended.
Limewater answers in many cases and even soap suds. — Lastly,
vinegar is a powerful application.

Subsection 2d.— Borer.

The borer is a destructive worm which perforates the wood ot
the apple and quince at the surface of the earth or a little
below, where the bark is tender. If the insects have once en-
tered the tree, they must be dug out, or destroyed by introduc-
ing into the aperture a sharp flexible wire, and the aperture
must afterwards be filled with clay or mortar. The eggs which
produce this insect are deposited from the last of April to the
beginning of June. To prevent their attacks and secure the
trees effectually, nothing more is necessary than to surround it,
a little before the season when the eggs are deposited, either with
a sinall conical mound of unleached ashes, or clay, or mortar, or
with a wrapper of brown paper, as recommended for the peach.
(See page 239.) For small trees, a solution of two pounds of good
potash in seven quarts of water, applied with a brush, from the
height of a foot quite down to the surface, is a very cheap, easy,

‘and effectual mode of preserving trees from their attacks; pro-
vided the application is made at the suitable season.

Subsection 3d. — Curculio.

The curculio, in those parts of the country where it has gain-
ed a habitancy, is the most destructive of all enemies to fruit.
The curculio is a winged insect or beetle which rises from its
earthy bed, and chrysalis state, about the time the young fruit is
forming in spring. They crawl up the trees, and when sufficient-
ly numerous, they puncture, and depositan egg in every fruit,
particularly those possessed of smocth skins, as the apricot,
nectarine and plum. They are stated to continue their work
of destruction till autumn; the egg thus deposited soon hatches,
and produces a worm, which preys on the fruit, causing it in most

XXXIV INTRODUCTION.

cases to fali prematurely. With those fruits which I have just
named the destruction is usually almost total, in those parts of the
country where this insect abounds. Yet it is stated as a fact by
Dr Tilton, that two trees frequently standing so near to each
other as to touch, the fruit of one has been destroyed and the
other has escaped ; so little and so reluctantly do these insects
incline to use their wings. After the fruit thus injured has pre-
maturely fallen and gone to decay, the worms descend into the
earth, there they remain during winter in their chrysalis state,
till the warmth of spring again calls them forth to renew their
depredations.. The cherry, though equally liable to their attacks,
yet from the multitude of fruits which they produce and their
early maturity, usually escape with but a partial destruction ; and
the peach escapes in a great measure, from the rough and woolly
nature of its skin. — The apple, although equally obnoxious to
its attacks, frequently survives, although disfigured in its form
and lessened in its size. The pear, although sometimes attacked,
yet seems to escape the best of all.

Various modes have been recommended and practised to de-
stroy this insect or avert its attacks. Some have recommended
kindling small and numerous'fires in the orchard by night, on the
supposition that like the miller, they would be attracted by the
light, and precipitate themselves into the flames. Aud some
have asserted that the odor of tar annoys and disconcerts them ;
and have therefore recommended to suspend slips of shingles to
various parts of the tree, which are to be frequently dipped in
tar.—If the odor of common tar has indeed been found so
efficacious as is asserted, I would recommend that the coal tar,
which may be purchased at the gas works in all our principal
cities, be tried with the same intent. This last substance has, itis
asserted, an odor so lasting, and so powerful and annoying, that
experiments are making by gentlemen in Nantucket, by cover-
ing with this substance the exposed plank of their ships which
sail to the Pacific, to preserve them from the destruction caused
by the sea worm.

It has been noticed, that trees situated in lanes and extensive
yards, where numerous cattle are confined, generally escape the
attacks of the curculio. This is supposei to be in part owing to
the ground being trodden so hard as to render it difficult for the
worm to enter the earth, and to the annoyance and fright to
which this timid insect is subjected, by the cattle rubbing
against the trees. The insects, according to Dr Tilton, in such
cases of fright, roll themselves into a little ball, and fall to the
ground, where they become liable either to be trodden to death,
or devoured by the farm yard poultry asa delicious morsel.
Poultry of allspecies have been recommendedas very useful. from
the multitudes of insects they devour, they being particularly
fond of the beetle tribe.

INTRODUCTION. XXXV

A case is mentioned by Dr Tilton [see Dorn. Ency.] of Col.
T. Forest of Germantown, who ‘having a fine plum tree near
his pump, tied a rope from the tree to his pump handle, so that
the tree was gently agitated every time there was, occasion to
pump water. The consequence was that the fruit on this tree
was preserved in the greatest perfection.

Hogs are stated to be extremely useful in orchards, by devour-
ing at once the fallen fruit and the insect which it contains. And
provided the hogs are sufficiently numerous to devour every
fallen fruit, they will shortly exterminate the insects from the
orchard in which they are permitted to roam.

Paving the ground. This is said to be a most effectual mode
of preserving fruit from the attacks of the curculio ; — by pre-
venting its descent into the earth it finds no winter habitation.
The ground should first be well manured, and the whole surface
well paved with the common stones which so often encumber
the fields. The trees in this case may be set very close. The
excess of rain being carried off by the pavement, and their lux-
uriance being thus restrained, such trees must not only produce
great crops, but from the effect of the sun on the naked pave-
ment, the fruit must be of the finest quality. [See whatis fur-
ther said at page 326.]

Subsection 4th. — Slug Worm.

These insects sometimes appear on the upper surface of the
leaves of fruit trees, especially those of the pear, in the month of
July; and sometimes they appear again early in Autumn. They
are covered with a glutinous substance, and their destruction is
easily effected, by simply sifting air slacked lime over them, dry
ashes however answers equally as well. For large trees, an ob-
long tin vessel, perforated at the bottom with numerous small
holes, and partly filled with lime or ashes, may be suspend-
ed by a string from a long, slender, and elastic pole. This be-
ing shaken over a tree, distributes the lime amongst the leaves,
and the slugs are speedily destroyed. A man may go over a
large tree in a few minutes. (Fes. Amer. Gardener.)

Subsection Sth. — Wasps.

Mr Bartram has recommended, for the destruction of Wasps
which devour and puncture the grapes in vineyards, that shallow
vessels, containing sugar and water, or molasses and water, should
be placed on the windward side of the vineyard. The sweet per-
fume attracts them from a great distance from the leeward ; they
are thus destroyed, by partaking inordinately of the liquid.

Mr Knight has informed us, that the wasps disappeared from
his vine house after he had surrounded it in part with a hedge
of the yew tree.

XXXVI INTRODUCTION.

For the destruction of some other varieties of insects, see Ap-
ple at page 108 and 109. Also Pearatp. 203 and 204; — Peach
at page 238; and plum at Page 271.

Subsection 6th. — The White Mealy Insect.

This insect is described by English writers as an insect of a
most pernicious character, covering the trees and branches. It
is little known. I must refer to them for the remedies.

‘Take half a peck of quick lime, half a pound of flour of
sulphur, and a quarter of a pound of lamp black. Mix the
whole together with as much boiling water as will form the in-
gredients into a thick paint. This composition is recommended
to be applied to the stems and limbs of Apple trees which are
infested with the White Mealy Insect, having previously removed
the moss and loose bark by scraping them eff with a strong knife,
or some other instrument adapted to the purpose.

In using the composition, it will be most efficacious if applied
in a warm state, or something more than blood heat.’ — Lindley.

On young trees, Mr Lindley further informs us, “ vinegar will
effectually destroy this insect ; but would be too expensive to be
applied when the trees are large.”

SECTION XI. — HAIL STORMS AND RAIN.

In France, where the vine is so extensively cultivated, they
are subject to be annoyed by hail storms, which at once destroy
the fruit, and the prospects of the husbandman. Hail storms
have been successfully prevented by paragreles, or electrical
conductors, consisting of pointed wires, elevated on tall poles,
and communicating with the earth. ‘ihese are erected at suita-
ble distances or stations of about 40 toises asunder, over some
extensive tracts of vineyards in that country. And the clouds,
which but for this expedient, would descend in electrified mes-
sengers of hail, now descend only in showers of rain. Those
surcharged electric bodies, denominated thunder clouds, never
being resolved into drops, or descending in rain, till an electrical
communication is effected; either with the neighboring clouds or
with the earth; either in the vivid and visible flashes of light,
or in the invisible and secret though certain agency of the con-
ductor.

Rain has also in that country been prevented, according to
the records of undoubted authenticity, which I have lately seen.
This has been effected by kindling numerous fires over extensive
tracts of country. And rain has been averted during their con-
tinuance.

A

SELECT DESCRIPTIVE LIST

OF THE

APPLES) iN:- CULTIVATION

IN THE UNITED STATES.

ALLA SS Jy ae) LONG li

SUMMER FRUIT.

AMERICAN SUMMER PEARMAIN. R.M., Esq.

Earty SUMMER PEARMAIN. Coxe.

This apple is of medium size; its color bright red, on
the sunny side alittle streaked or blotched with deeper
red; a fine yellow ground is occasionally visible ; on the
opposite side a paler red; its form is oblong; the eye and
stalk are both deeply sunken ; the flesh very tender, very
juicy, fine flavored and excellent. It ripens the middle of
August. An excellent apple either for the dessert or for
cooking ;an abundant bearer and highly deserving of cul-
tivation.

BENONI.

An apple of medium size; its color fine red; flavor
good; it ripens the last of July and is one of the best
apples in its season. This fruit originated in Dedham,
Mass. and was lately introduced to notice by Mr F. M. Rich-
ards of that place: it is considered a valuable summer
fruit.

3

26 NEW AMERICAN OKCHARDIST.

CORSE’S FAVORITE. Corse.

This fruit originated in a pasture near Montreal and was
named from Henry Corse, Esq. the gentleman who first
introduced it to notice. He has described it as an apple of
extraordinary flavor: ‘it commences ripening in Au-
gust, and has this singular peculiarity in maturing: it is
six weeks from the time the first are fit for the table be-
fore the last are so; it should be perfectly matured on the
tree and eaten immediately.’

EARLY BOUGH. R. M., Esq.
Boueu, of Coxe. Swerrt Bouven, of some collections.

The size of this fruit varies from the medium to large ;
its color pale yellow; its form oblong; its skin smooth
the eye and the stalk which is short are each sunken; the
flesh is white, tender, juicy, sweet and excellent. An ex-
cellent dessert apple and one of the best of its season ; it
ripens the beginning of August. ;

EARLY HARVEST.

PrRINCE’s EARLY HARVEsT. Pr. Cat.
PRINCE’s HARVEST,

2 of Coxe.
Earuy FRENCH REINNETTE § Cc

An apple above the medium size; its color at maturity
pale yellow; its form globular, somewhat compressed at
its summit and base; its stalk long, the eye and stalk are
each sunken; its flesh white, juicy, tender, rather acid, but
pleasant. It ripens the last of July: good for cooking.~
It has been noticed at Salem, as Mr Manning informs me,
that this variety begins to show evident symptoms of de-
cay. Not very productive.

EARLY RED JUNEATING. Py. Mal. Brent. R. M.

MARGARET APPLE Magazine, and Lindley’s

Earty Rep MarcGaret ¢ According to the Pomological
Rep JUNEATING Guide.

APPLES. — CLASS I. SECT. I. Q7

Earty Srripep JuNEATiInG 2 According to the Pom.
Eve Appue; of the Irish. Mag. and Lind. Guide.

An apple below medium size; its color deep red, with
streaks on the sunny side ; on the opposite side a green-
ish yellow; its form rather oblong; its eye and its stalk
which is short are each slightly sunken ; its flesh is white,
juicy, pleasantly acid. It ripens the last of July. . This is
not the American sort of the same name.

MAIDEN’S BLUSH. Coxe.

This fruit is large and very beautiful; its form flattened ;
skin smooth, of a yellow color in the shade, finely contrast-
ed with the bright red next the sun; stalk short, this and
the eye are deeply sunk; flesh white, tender and sprightly ;
remarkably light, which eminently qualifies it for drying.
An apple for the table or cooking. Itripens in August and
continues to the end of September. The tree is of a vig-
orous growth and uncommonly handsome; it bears con-
stantly and abundantly. A very popular apple in the Phil-
adelphia markets.

PORTER. S. ‘D., Esq.

The tree grows upright ; it is of medium vigor ; a good
bearer. Fruit above the medium size ; its color light yel-
low, with an occasional blush on the sunny side ; 1ts form
oblong, and very regular ; its flavor sprightly and pleasant
It commences ripening the middle of August, and lasts a
month. This native apple is a popular fruit in the Boston
market. It originated at Sherburne, Mass. on the grounds
of the Rev. Samuel Porter.

RED QUARRENDON. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. 1.
DEVONSHIRE QUARRENDON.

‘ A much esteemed Devonshire apple of the middle size
spherical form, [over three inches in breadth] but a good

28 NEW AMERICAN ORCHA DIST.

deal flattened and hollowed at the eye, of a deep red col-
or approaching to purple; of a brisk, pleasant and
peculiar flavor, and is a very desirable dessert apple.’

‘Season from Aug.to November. Tree grows large,
spreads much and seldom cankers.” This variety is found
very productive at Gov. Gore’s.

SAINT LAWRENCE. Corse.

This apple it is presumed is an extraordinary fruit. Ac-
cording to the account of Henry Corse, Esq. who forward-
ed scions to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in
April, 1831, it originated in the vicinity of Montreal, and
is of accidental origin ; the tree bore fruit for the first time
about a dozen years before. ‘ A large, beautiful and excel-
lent fruit, ripens in September, and sells at Montreal read-
ily for from fifty to sixty cents a dozen.’

SAPSON. S. H. 8., Esq
SAPSONVINE.

The fruit is of medium size ; color bright red, deeply
stained inits flesh, which is veryjuicy and pleasant. This
is avery beautiful fruit, an abundant bearer and much es-
teemed. Ripe from August to October.

SOPSAVINE.

A very early summer fruit of medium size ; covered
with stripes of red on a greenish yellow ground. It rip-
ens the last of July and is a pleasant fruit. We have not
found this apple a productive variety.

SUMMER QUEEN. Coxe.

Sweet Harvest. Coxe.
QueEN, of Thacher’s Orchardist.

According to Mr Coxe the Summer Queen is an apple
of the finest quality and most beautiful appearance. The

APPLES. — CLASS I. SECT. I. 29

fruit is large, contracted at the crown ; the eye surrounded
by protuberances; the stalk long, deeply inserted in the
midst of projections. The color in the shade is fine yel-
low, striped with red, but next the sun a fine red striped
with deeper red. The flesh is yellow, rich, sweet, per-
fumed. This beautiful fruit ripens in August and is alike
suitable for the dessert or for cooking. The tree isa
great and constant bearer; the tree grows vigorous, its
branches incline downward ; the leaves large.

SUMMER ROSE. Coxe. R. M., Esq.
Harvest Appue. Ib.

This fruit is of medium size ; its color a bright shin-
ing yellow, streaked or marbled with red; its form rather
flattened ; its stalk and eye each a little sunken; its flesh
juicy, sweet and of excellent flavor. It ripens early in
August. A beautiful apple, and valuable either as a des-
sert fruit, or for cooking, for which last purpose it may be
gathered late in July.

WILLIAMS APPLE. A. D. W., Esq.

The tree grows vigorous and upright, and is productive.
The fruit is of medium size; its color an uniform and
beautiful red, on the sunny side a deeper red ; its form is
oblong and very regular; its flavor sprightly and very
pleasant. It ripens the first of August and continues
ripening till Sept. at Boston: where it is coming into
much favor as a summer fruit. A native fruit found on
the farm of Capt. Benjamin Williams of Roxbury.

_

30 NEW. AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

CLASS I.—SECTION II.
AUTUMN FRUIT.

AMERICAN NONPAREIL. Coxe. R. M., Esq.

A beautiful apple of medium size; its color yellow,
streaked and stained on the sunny side with bright red ;
its form oblong, a good deal contracted at its summit; its
stalk deeply sunken ; the flesh white, firm, juicy, and good.
This apple ripens in October and November. A very
fine fruit and externally resembles the Hubbardston Non-
such. Mr Coxe has asserted that it is a fine market apple.

AUNT’S APPLE. Coxe. No. 59.

‘This is a beautiful and large apple, of an oblong make,
resembling the Priestley in shape ; the skin smooth streaked
with a lively red, ona yellow ground: the flesh is yellow,
melting, and juicy; of an agreeable flavor but not rich»
It ripens in November, and from its handsome appearance,
is avaluable market fruit; the tree is small, its growth
delicate, its fruitfulness great. It is extensively cultivat-.
edinseveral of the eastern counties of Pennsylvania.’

CATLINE. Coxe.
Grecson. Ib.

The tree is small, of a regular form, a spherical head,
the young wood slender and upright. The tree is a great
bearer, and bears young. In full bearing the fruit is rather
small. The fruit is flat; of a bright yellow color inthe
shade, a beautiful red next the sun, streaked with deeper
red, with numerous dark spots scattered over its surface ;.
the flesh is pale yellow, tender, juicy, sweet.and rich. A
dessert fruit from October to winter ; a fine fruit. Mr
Coxe states that it makes good early cider hut is not suffi-

ently strong for bottling.

APPLES. — CLASS I. SECT. II. 3

CORSE’S INDIAN PRINCE. Corse.

A seedling originated by Henry Corse, Esq. of Montreal.
He states that it matured fruit for the first time in 1829 ;
it is large and very handsome, and of very peculiar and
good flavor.’

DARTMOUTH SWEETING. S. H. S., Esq.

This fruit is as large as the R. I. ‘Greening, its skin is
partially covered with thin russet with a faint blush next
the sun; its flesh is sweet, with a slight and very agreea-
ble acid. It ripens in October and November.

(R) DOWNTON GOLDEN PIPPIN. P. M. 113. Lind:

Exton Pippin, KnrGut’s Goupen Pippin According to
Kyieut’s Pippin, Evron Gonpen Aang: Pom. Mag.

A tree of this variety was sent in 1823 by Mr Knight to
the Hon. John Lowell,and buds or scions have been by
him distributed to all who have applied. The fruit is rath-
er larger than a Golden Pippin, cylindrical, flat at the ends.
The eye is large, open and level with the top ; stalk short,
not deeply inserted; skin nearly smooth, yellow, sprinkled
with numerous indistinct specks ; flesh yellowish, crisp,
with a brisk, rich, subacid juice. Ripe in October and
November and will keep till Christmas. Raised by Mr
Knight from the seed of the Orange Pippin, and the pollen
of the Golden Pippin.

The Downton Pippin is a most abundant bearer, ex-
tremely well adapted for the market, and an excellent
apple for cider. The trees come very soon into bearing.
The specific gravity of its juice is 1.080.

DRAP D’OR OF FRANCE, of Coxe, and Ronald, but
notof Duh. R. M., Esq.
CiLotTu or Gotp.
This apple is very large and handsome ; its color a fine

32 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

yellow ; with occasional dark specks and faint blotches ;
its form globular, a little compressed at the summit and
base ; its stalk short and slightly sunken; its flesh white,
firm and good flavored. It ripens in September and lasts
till November;a fine fruit and a most productive variety and
highly deserving of cultivation.

ENGLISH CODLIN. R. M., Esq.
CopLIN, of Coxe.

Fruit very large, and handsome; its color a fine yellow,
a faint or deep red blush usually appearing on the sunny
side ; its form is oblong, a little contracted towards its
summit; the stalk is short, it is sunken, as is the eye; its
flesh is white, tender and of an agreeable acidity. A
good apple for the table and excellent forcooking. The
fruit is fit for use from September till November. A -hand-
some tree and a profitable sor for the market.

FALL PIPPIN. Coxe. Pom. Mag. Lindley.

American Faux. Py. Mal. Pl. xxxrx.

REINNETE BLANCHE D’EspaGNe. Pom. Mag.

D’Espacne, De Rateav, Copsett’s FALL, Concom-
BRE AncIEN. According to Pom. Mag.

This extremely valuable variety, is said to be the nation-
al apple of Spain, there called Camuesar. In quality it
stands in the first. class ; its firm, rich, high flavored flesh, its
beauty, and capability of keeping, being hardly exceeded.
Fruit very large, roundish oblong, ribbed on its sides, un-
even and broad in its crown. Skin smooth, yellowish on
the shaded side, becoming pale yellow ; brownish red next
the sun, sprinkled with blackish spots; flesh yellowish,
crisp, tender, with a very rich sugary juice ; stalk very
short. A free and abundant bearer. Ripe in November,
and retains its good qualities till February. So the above
authorities describe it. Mr Coxe agrees in substance with
the above; calls it one of the finest and most beautiful

APPLES. — CLASS I. SECT. II, 33

apples of its season. It ripens in October and keeps well
as a fall apple.

FAMEUSE.

PomMME bE NEIGE.

This apple is of middle size, rather globular, somewhat
flattened ; the eye is smallina shallow depression ; the
stalk is short and sunk ina cavity — and scarcely projecting
above the base. Skin light green, stained with bright red,
with small streaks of darker red; ofa deep red on the
sunny side. Flesh white as snow, very tender, juice sac-
charine with a musky perfume. Ripe in October. A dessert
apple of a most beautiful appearance, and highly prized by
those who have cultivatedit. This apple undoubtedly orig-
inated in Canada. :

FRENCH NONPAREIL. S. H. S., Esq.

This fruit resembles the American N onpareil, but is
earlier than that variety, and a more superior fruit. This
is a very productive variety, and a very saleable fruit.

GLOUCESTER WHITE. Coxe, No. 23.

The fruit is of medium size ; its form inconstant, and va-
rying from flat to oblong, a cavity at its summit and base ;
the color at maturity is a fine yellow, clouded with spots of
black ; the flesh is yellow, breaking, juicy, rich, and deli-
cious. Itripens early inOctober. This apple according to
Mr Coxe is not only a most excellent dessert fruit, but makes
exquisite cider. The tree is of vigorous growth, of a
beautiful form and very productive. My authority further
states that this tree is much cultivated in the lower coun-
ties of Virginia where it has a high reputation.

GOLDEN RUSSET.

An apple of medium size and globular form ; its flesh

34 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

rich, juicy, high flavored and excellent. A superior fruit, ~
ripening in November. This varietyI received of Mr
David Towne of Topsfield in Massachusetts. There are
several inferior varieties of this name.

GRAND SACHEM.

A very large and beautiful fruit ; its color a deepred on
the sunny side; on the opposite side paler red ; its form
globular, flattened at its base and summit; the stalk and
eye are deeply sunken; the flesh at maturity pleasant. It
ripens in October and keeps till November. A new
variety from Vermont, introduced by the Messrs Winship
of Brighton.

GRAVENSTEIN. Willich. Hort. Trans. vol. 1v. p.
216. Pom. Mag. 't. 98.

The fruit is large, of a globular form, commonly a little
flattened, but varying to a little oblong and angular at the
crown. The eye is in a broad deep cavity, surrounded by
projecting knobs. The stalk is very short and deeply
sunk; the skin is smooth, of a yellowish green or clear
straw color, with broken or irregular red stripes on the
side next the sun. The flesh is crisp, of a pale yellow,
with a vinous and highly flavored juice. It ripens in Au-
tumn and will keep till April. A dessert apple supposed to
have originated at Gravenstein in Holstein, and is esteem-
ed the best apple in Germany and the Low Countries.

T will now give Dr Willich’s account of this superior fruit
which he obtained from Germany, as he did most of his
other descriptions; it is better adapted to us. ‘The
Gravenstein apple, a species of Calville, (obtained from
Italy) is an uncommonly fragrant, large, delicious fruit, and
though its pulp be somewhat coarse, the sap is copious and

APPLES. — CLASS I. SECT II. 35

pleasing to the palate ; its color isa deep yellow, frequently
marked with red on the south side. This apple is equally
useful for the table and other purposes of economy ; as it
not only affords excellent cider, but also when dry a very
palatable dish; it may be kept fresh during the greater part
of the winter. The tree is of vigorous growth, and bears
abundant fruit.’ Gorham Parsons, Esq. has produced speci-
mens ofthis capital variety. There are said to be two kinds
of the same name. Gen. Dearborn, through Capt. D’Wolf
of R. I., has introduced trees here from Copenhagen. The
growth of this last indicates that it is identical with those
received here from the Netherlands. The trees are vigor-
ous and upright in their growth, the young wood dark shin-
ing red, the leaves dark shining green.

KENRICK’S RED AUTUMN.

The tree is of medium vigor, of -compact form and very
productive. The fruitis rather large, of a spherical and re-
gular form ; the eye and the stalk are sunken; the color
pale green in the shade, but bright red next the sun, and
streaked with deeper red ; the flesh white, stained more or
less with red, is tender, juicy, rich, with an agreeable suba-
cidflavor. It ripensin October. This variety is a native ;
it originated on the farm of my father, John Kenrick, Esq.
in Newton, Mass.

KILLAM HILL. uj

This apple has been highly spoken of by the iate Hon.
Timothy Pickering.

It is a large apple, its color of an almost uniform bright
red interspersed with deeper and fainter stripes of the
same color; its form globular; its stalk and eye sunken in
deep cavities; its flesh rich, juicy, a pleasant subacid and
excellent. I received this fruit from Mr David Towne of

36 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

Topsfield, near Salem. It is one of the most popular and
saleable apples in that market. It ripens in Oct. and Nov.

LADY HALEY’S NONSUCH.

A fruit of medium size ; its color pale red, interspersed
with small broken stripes of pale yellow and deeper red ; its
form globular ; its flesh tender, juicy, agreeably acid, and
good. It ripens in September.

LYSCOM. R. M., Esq. . L. Peters, Esq.

A large striped apple, of excellent quality, but little known
considering its merit. It ripens in October and originated
on a farm in Southborough formerly owned by Mr Lyscom.
Specimens of this fruit were exhibited at the Hall of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. -

MONSTROUS BELLFLOWER. Coxe.

The tree is very strong, vigorous and upright in its
growth; the leaves remarkably large, of a deep green
above, downy beneath. The fruit is very large and beauti-
ful, of a pale yellow color; its form very regular, oblong,
contracted towards its summit. The fiesh is tender, rich,
juicy, a pleasant fruit ripening in October. Mr Coxe has
however stated that its quality is exceeded by many excel-
Jent apples of its season ; an American fruit.

NEWARK KING. Coxe.
HincHMAN. Coxe.

Fruit large, oblong, contracted towards the crown; a
beautiful fruit with a smooth skin of aredcolor dotted with
yellow ; ofa pleasant flavor. The tree is of vigorous growth
and an abundant bearer, its branches very spreading. It
ripens in autumn and keeps till into winter.

APPLES. — CLASS I. SECT. II. 37

ORANGE SWEETING. S. H. S., Esq.

The fruit is rather large, flattened at its base and summit ;
the color yellow or orange ; flesh very sweet and excellent.
It ripens in September and keeps till December. This
fruit is in high estimation at Providence where it is brought
in sloops from Hartford, Conn.

Dr Mease in the Domestic Encyclopedia has givena
similar description ofa fruit called at Philadelphia Yellow
Sweeting, brought there from the vicinity of Hartford.

PUMPKIN SWEETING, of New England.

A very large apple ; its colora yellow russet ; its form
globular; the eye and the stalk are sunken: its flesh very
sweet and good ; a highly esteemed baking fruit, ripening
in October and November. The trees of this variety grow
very vigorous and upright, and the leaves are very large.

RAMBO or ROMANITE. Coxe, No. 26.

This apple is much cultivated in Delaware, Pennsylvania
and New Jersey ; taking its name from'the families by whom
it was introduced into notice. Its form is flat, the size
middling, resembling the Vandevere in appearance, but is a
more juicy fruit; the skina pale yellow, with faint red
streaks towards the sun; the flesh tender and sprightly ;
it is much admired as a cooking apple — makes tolerably
good cider, but not of the first quality; and is a fine table
apple. The tree grows large, it ripensin the fall andkeeps
for several months. — It is known by the name of Seek-no-
further, in the Philadelphia market, where it is a highly
popular fruit in the fall months.’

RAMBOUR FRANC. Cours Com. d’Agr. v. xm. p. 212.

Ramegour D’ETE, RAMBouR Raye, PomME vE Norre
Dame. Ib.
Ramesour Gros, of the English.

Fruit very large, flattened at its summit and base ; color
4

38 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

whitish yellow, striped with red; irregularly formed; flesh
acid, not very agreeable, but good cooked ; when too ripe
it is insipid. Ripe the beginning of September to the end
of October. The tree is vigorous and productive. Mr
Coxe describes this as a large good cooking fruit.

RED AUTUMN CALVILLE. Bon. Jard. For.

The fruit is of medium size, of a conical form; its color
a deep red; its flesh is stained with red,ofa vinous and
sweet taste and the perfume of violets. This variety loses
its excellence if kept till February, becoming woolly or
measly. Jt is more beautiful on the doucin stock.

RED AND GREEN SWEETING. Coxe. Richards.
Prince’s LARGE RED AND GREEN SWEETING. Coxe.

This fruit is very large, some of the largest have weighed
a pound ; its color yellow, striped with red, and partially
covered with deeper red on the sunny side ; its form oblong,
somewhat contracted towards the summit; the eyesunken,
the stalk short and deeply sunken; the flesh tender and
sweet ; a very fine fruit, ripening in September.

SAWYER SWEETING. S. H.S., Esq.

This fruitis as large asthe R. I. Greening ; its color
green in the shade, with a blush next the sun; itis melt-
ing, and of a delicious flavor. The tree grows strong and
healthy, and the fruit ripens in October and November.

SEEK-NO-FURTHER, of the Bostonians.

This fruit is large ; its form globular, inclining to oblong ;
and contracted towards the summit; its color at maturity,
a pale greenish yellow, covered more or less throughout,
with pale red stripes of a deeper red on the sunny side ;

APPLES. — CLASS I. SECT. II. 39

the eye and stalk sunken; the flesh yellow, tender, rich,

juicy and excellent. It ripens in October and is in use till

November. The tree is a moderate bearer, its form rather
low, its branches inclining to shoot horizontally.

SPICE. Coxe.
CUMBERLAND Spice. Ib.

The trees of this variety are vigorous and productive.
The fruit is large, rather oblong, contracted towards the
summit; the stalk thick and short; color pale yellow,
clouded with black near the base; the flesh is white, ten- |
der, and fine. Itshrivels in the last stages of its maturity.
A fine dessert apple, ripening in autumnand keeping till
into winter. My authority states that this variety came
from Cumberland county, New Jersey.

STRAAT, Buel.

Is an autumn fruit, it is stated to be tender, juicy, well
flavored, and according to Mr Buel, in excellence it is not
surpassed by any fruit in its season; a native.

TRIANGLE. Little.

This apple was here received of Henry Little, Esq. late of
Bucksport, Maine, but now of Ellsworth in the same State:
so named from its form, which approaches to triangular.
He states it to be a good bearer and a dessert apple of
great excellence. It originated on the grounds of Judge
— near Bucksport. |

VAN DYNE. Floy, in Hort. Trans. vol. vr. p. 417.

A.very large fruit, much in its appearance like the Fall
_ Pippin and often weighing from twenty to twentyfour
ounces ; in shape it is not so flat as the Fall Pippin and its
flavor not so fine. It is however a beautiful fruit, and sells

40 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

wellin the market on account of its size. It originated in
New Jersey, opposite the city of New York, in the orchard
of Mr Van Dyne, hence its name.

YORK RUSSETTING.

A very large apple ; its color a yellow russet; its form
rather oblong, swollen at the base,and contracted towards its
summit; its flesh pleasant, and agreeably acid. An ex-
cellent cooking apple and pleasant fruit. It ripens in Oc-
tober. and keeps till December. ‘The trees of this variety -
grow very vigorous and upright, and the leaves are very
large. Well known about Boston.

CLASS I.—SECTION III.

WINTER FRUIT.

fESOPUS SPITZENBERG.

This fruit is large and oblong, of a bright deep scarlet
or acrimson on the sunny side; of a paler red on the op-
posite side, covered with numerous white specks ; the flesh
is juicy, of arich pleasant acid and high flavor. Season
from Dec. to Feb. or March. This is one of the most
beautiful and excellent varieties. Originated it is said at
fEsopus in New York. Itisa great bearer. Its young
shoots are rather slender, of a dark color. It is distinguish-
ed not only by this, but by the form of its fruit, and its su-
perior productiveness from the Flushing Spitzenberg,

APPLES. — CLASS I. SECT. Ill. Al

= ‘

BALDWIN.

This capital variety isa native of Massachusetts ; alarge,
beautiful and famous fruit ; its color on the shaded side is
yellow; but on the sunny side a bright deep red, which some-
times extends almost over its whole surface, and is occa-
sionally interspersed with stripes of a deeper ora lighter
shade ; its stalk and eye are sunken ; its flesh is yellow,
juicy, rich, saccharine, with a most agreeable acid, and
excellent flavor. The tree bears enormously every other
year and in the interval, occasionally a moderate crop.

No apple in the vicinity of Boston is so popular as this,
at the present day. Itis raised in large quantities for the
market. It ripens in November and may be preserved till
February and March, and is recommended for extensive
Cultivation.

BALTIMORE. Hort. Trans. vol. m1. p. 120.

A remarkably large apple raised by Mr Smith near the
city of Baltimore. An apple sent to London as recorded
in the Lond. Hort. Trans. vol. iii. p. 120. Its circumference
was fourteen inches and three quarters, and height four
inches. Its weight twentythree ounces anda half. Its
form was flat; skin a pale citron, with a faint blush on the
sunny side. Flesh well flavored and closeat thecore. If
this variety should prove a good bearer it will prove a
valuable acquisition to our listof fruits. I have heard
nothing said of its productiveness.

BEAUTY OF THE WEST. Buel.

This is said to be a large and beautiful fruit, of good fla-
vor, ripening in winter.

4*

42 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

BELLFLOWER, of Coxe.
YeLLow BELLFLOWER.

A very large and beautiful apple, its color bright yellow,
with an occasional blush on the sunny side ; its form oblong,
contracted towards its summit; the stalk rather short, and
both this and the eye deeply sunken; the flesh tender,
juicy, rich and finely flavored, and is alike excellent for the
dessert or for cooking. It ripens early in November and will
keep all winter. The pericarpium containing the seeds is
very large and at maturity the seeds are heard distinctly
to rattle when the fruit is shaken.

Mr Coxe has stated that this fruit from its beauty and
excellence is the most popular apple in the Philadelphia
market.

BLUE PEARMAIN. S.H.S., Esq.

This fruit [not uncommon near Boston] has much to re-
commend it. It is alarge fruit, of ared color next the
sun, and covered with a dense blue bloom ; it is good for
the table, excellent for cooking, and ripens from October to
January. The tree grows strong and healthy and is very
productive.

CARTHOUSE or GILPIN. Coxe. R..M., Esq.

This fruit is small; the skin very smooth ; its colora
deep crimson, a few stripes of yeilow are occasionally vis-
ible ; its form rather oblong ; the eye and the stalk, which
is short are each deeply sunken; the flesh at maturity is
yellow, tender, and of good flavor. It is in eating from Jan-
uary till May. Anexcellent fruit and a great bearer.

Mr Coxe supposes this apple was brought from Virginia
and observes that it is not only highly esteemed for its ex-
cellence as a table fruit in spring, but that it has the prop-
erty of hanging ong on the tree in autumn, and isa good
cider fruit.

APPLES. — CLASS I. SECT’, III. 43

CORNISH GILLIFLOWER. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xix,

Juty Furower. CornisH Juty Frower. Hort. Trans.
vol. 111. p. 323.
CALVILLE D’ANGLETERRE. Baumann Cat.

* A very old variety, being included in Evelyn’s list. It is
a little above the middle size, of oval shape, with irregular
ribs; the eye small, the stalk short and prominent, color
olive green streaked with dull red. The flesh light yel-
low, of a rich aromatic flavor and fragrant perfume. It.
bears at the extremity of the branches, but isnot very
prolific; it keeps through the winter.’ A tree of this vari-
ety was sent by Mr Knight in 1823 tothe Hon. John Low-
ell and has been by him distributed to all who have applied.

- COS APPLE. Buel.

This is of a large size; the surface smooth as if oiled,
and striped with dull red and green; its flavor juicy,
mildly acid and well flavored. A good keeping winter
‘fruit ; a native.

CROW’S EGG.

A fruit of medium size, of an oval form, in the shape of
anegg: its skin is smooth, covered with irregular and bro-
ken stripes of pale red ona yellow ground; the flesh firm,
juicy, of a rich and excellent flavor. This is a remarkably
dense apple. I received this fruit of Mr O. Fisher of Ded-
ham.

DANVERS WINTER SWEET. R. M., Esq.

Eppes’ Sweet. Ib.

This apple is large ; its color yellow with a faint blush
on the sunny side ; fine for the table and baking; its flesh
very sweet and excellent. It ripens in winter and keeps

44 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

till April. A native handsome apple, very productive; a
profitable apple to raise for the market ; and recommended
for extensive cultivation. The original tree is now stand-
ing on the farm of W. P. Endicot, Esq., Danvers, near
Salem.

DUTCH CODLIN. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xxxvi. Lind...

FrencH Copuin. Forsyth.
GLORY OF THE WEsT, of some collections.

' 6 Fruit very large, of an oblong figure, with five ribs ex-
tending from the base to the crown; the three upper ones
being the broadest, and the two lower ones the shortest
and most acute, inthe manner of the Catshead. Eye
small and deep; stalk short and thick; skin yellow, but
when fully ripe, of an orange color on the sunny side.
Flesh white, rather. dry, juice a little sugary or subacid.
A culinary apple from Michaelmas to Christmas.’

FLUSHING SPITZENBERG.

This fruit is large and rather flat: color a deep scarlet
or crimson on the sunny side ; on the opposite a paler
red covered with numerous stripes and small white specks.
Its flesh white, saccharine, subacid and of peculiar flavor.
Season from December to May. The young wood of
this variety is distinguished from the Asopus by its strong-
er growth and reddish color. It is an ordinary bearer.

GARDNER SWEETING.

An apple above the medium size ; its color pale, cov-
ered with small specks, with a bright blushon the sunny
side; its form globular; its eye and stalk sunken; its
flesh firm, very sweet and fine. An excellent fruit, ripen-
ing in December and keeping till March. This tree is of
slow growth. An apple was sent from Philadelphia to the

APPLES. — CLASS I. SECT. III. 45

Massachusetts Horticultural Society in November, 183],
under the name of Paradise Winter Sweet, which was to
all appearance no other than this identical fruit.

GOLDEN HARVEY. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xxi.
BrAanpy APPLE.

*A dessert apple not larger thanthe Golden Pippin;
the eye broad; thestalk long and slender; color light yel-
low, with a flush of red and embroidered with a roughish
russet. It is called Brandy Apple from the superior spe-
cific strength of its juice: is of remarkably close texture,
very rich in flavor, and will keep till April or May. The
tree is of slender growth, and does not bear well for the
first two or three years, but after that, it seldom fails. |
Blossoms small: color lilac and white.’ Specific gravity
of its juice 1.085. A tree of this variety was sent by Mr
Knight to the Hon. John Lowell in 1823, and has been by
him distributed to all who have applied.

GOLDEN PEARMAIN. Coxe. Py. Malus.
RucKMAN’s GOLDEN PEARMAIN. Rep Russet. Jb.

The tree is of vigorous growth and compact in its form.
The fruit is of medium size, flattened ; its skin is russetted,
and of a dull red color next the sun; the flesh is tender,
rich, but not abounding in juice. A great and constant
bearer. This variety is according to Mr Coxe valuable
for cider as well as for other uses.

GREEN NEWTOWN PIPPIN. | Coxe and others.

This variety is said to have originated in Newtown,
Queen’s County, Long Island. It is of middle size, its
form is rather flat, its greatest diameter being about two
inches and three quarters. Its color is green, but towards
spring it changes toa yellow. Its flesh is whitish and

46 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. ,

firm; juice saccharine, witha brisk lively acid, and a
flavor somewhat aromatic.

This apple is stated by Mr Coxe to be a great bearer;
and to produce a large quantity of cider, not however of
the richest quality. Itis further stated to be regarded as
one of the best winter apples by inhabitants of the middle
states, retaining all its flavor and juices till June. Many
fine varieties are said tohave been raised from this. In
the Northern States and especially Massachusetts this
apple is not so extensively cultivated, there are seve-
ral sorts much morepopular than this, and much more pro-
fitable for extensive cultivation; with us it is beginning to
decay, as I have understood from very good authority.

GREEN SWEETING. Thacher’s American Orchar-
dist, p. 143.

The account of this apple is partly from Thacher’s
American Orchardist and partly from a communication of
Dr Thacher in the New England Farmer, vol. vin. p. 121.

‘A large handsome apple, resembling in size and form the
Tolman Sweeting, though it far surpasses that variety in
good qualities, abounding more in richsyrupy juice. It
possesses the valuable property of retaining its soundness
and flavor till the middle of June or July. It-is an excel-
lent apple for baking, a good bearer, more uniform and
abundant in its bearing than trees in general, and deserves
to be more extensively cultivated. It is supposed to have
originated in the old Plymouth colony.

HEREFORDSHIRE PEARMAIN. Coxe. Py. Mal.
Pl hex,

WINTER PEARMAIN. Syn. Coxe.

Fruit above the medium size, slightly ribbed at its sides:
its color yellow, covered with bright stripes of red

APPLES. —— CLASS I. SECT. III. 47

throughout, but a deeper red next the sun; the flesh very
juicy and high flavored. A beautiful and excellent apple
either for the dessert or for cooking. October to April.
Mr Coxe has added that this variety is supposed to be the
most hardy and uniformly productive apple of the middle
states. The tree grows handsome.

G

HUBBARDSTON NONSUCH.

A large apple, a capital fruit; its color in the shade
is yellow ; but on the side next the sun and indeed over
most of its surface it is bright red, interspersed with numer-
ous small irregular stripes of a deeper red ; its form globu-
lar, a little depressed at its base and summit; its stalk and
eye are each sunken ; its flesh yellow, juicy, rich, sprightly
saccharine and very superior. It is a great bearer, and by
many esteemed even superior to the Baldwin, and very su-
perior to any other fruit known here bearing the name of
Nonsuch. A very superior and celebrated native fruit, and
recommended for general cultivation. It ripens in Februa-
ry and lasts till April. Originated in Hubbardston, Mass.

JONATHAN. Buel.

This fruit is of medium size, resembling the A’sopus
Spitzenberg: but rather preferable for the table, the flesh
being more tender, {less acid, and equally high flavored.
A winter fruit.

LADY APPLE.
PoMME D’API,

Fruit very small; its skin smooth and at maturity of a
beautiful yellow, with a deep red cheek on the sunny side ;
its form rather flat; the eye and stalksunken; the flesh
white, firm, and of a pleasant taste: its fruit grows in clus-
ters, it is a great bearer and in eating from November till

48 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

Tarch. A beautiful and admired dessert fruit but not highly —
flavored. The tree does not come suddenly into bearing.
It is a very saleable fruit on account of its great beauty.

MAMMOTH. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. vu.

A remarkably large variety of the Newtown Pippin, ofan
oblong but irregular shape ; [the figure measures four inches
anda halfin breadth] ribbed at the eye, which as well as
the stalk is deeply seated ; straw color flushed with light red:
the flesh breaks easy and bakes well: it keeps till Februa-
ry or March. The tree grows upright, with broad leaves.
Blossoms rose color and white. Nothing is said of the
productiveness of this variety. This is believed to be an
American variety.

MARQUISE. Dr Fiske.

The fruit is of handsome size, ofa red color; the flesh
melting, juicy, and of very fine flavor. The tree is of up-
right growth, a good bearer, and the fruit keeps till April.
This variety and the account of the fruit was communica-
ted by the Hon. O. Fiske of Worcester, Mass., where
this fruit lately originated. Hestates that in the opinion
of good judges, this variety is one of the finest of apples.

MARIGOLD. S. H. S., Esq.

A very handsome fruit, striped ona yellow ground ; its
flavor good. This fruit keeps till June. The trees of this
variety being young, their productiveness is not yet satis-
factorily ascertained. This may possibly be the synonym
of a variety elsewhere described.

MICHAEL HENRY PIPPIN. Coxe.

The fruit is large and handsome, oblong, flattened at the
base, contracted towards the summit; its color bright

APPLES. — CLASS I. SECT. III. 49

yellow at maturity; the flesh is tender, juicy, rich and high
flavored. It ripens in November and keeps well all winter.
The tree is upright and handsome, of vigorous growth.
Mr Coxe has stated that it derives its name from that of a
resident of New Jersey who brought it first into notice.

MONSTROUS PIPPIN. Coxe.
New Yorre Guoria Munpt.

An apple of extraordinary size ; an apple of this variety is
understood to have weighed two pounds ; its skin is smooth,
ofa yellow color, interspersed with numerous spots of white ;
its eye and stalk are each deeply sunk: its flesh white,
tender, juicy, and good, but not high flavored; an excellent
cooking apple. Its great weight and size render it liable
tobe blown down by high winds. On this account Mr
Coxe has recommended that only a few trees of this kind
should enter into a good’collection: he also has stated that
this variety originated on Long Island.

MURPHY. R. M.,, Esq,

Its wood is of a remarkably dark color. Its fruit is of
very handsome size, or the size of the Baldwin; but of a
darker red, covered with dark red stripes, numerous blotches
of a darker red on the sunny side ; its flavor is very good.
- Raised from seed by Mr David Murphy of Salem, Mass.
It ripens in November and keeps till January.

ORTLEY. Hort. Trans. vol. vi. p. 414. Floy. in Ib.

Fruit and scions of this variety were sent to the London
Hort. Society by Mr Floy who has given the following ac-
count of the fruit. Received of Mr Ortley from New
Jersey, an excellent keeping apple, distinct from the New
town Pippin, and of finer flavor; the tree grows more
thrifty and is a free bearer. The following is the descrip-

5

50 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.
;

tion given of the specimens sent by Mr Floy at the meeting
of that Society 15th March, 1825. The apple closely re-
sembles the Newtown Pippin, but isa little more oval. The
eye is large and deeply sunk; the stalk slender ina deep
even formed basin; skin bright clear yellow in the shade -
but bright scarlet with a few spots of russet next the sun ;
flesh yellowish, crisp, and breaking, very juicy, with the
same pine-apple flavor which distinguishes the Newtown
Pippin.

PECK’S PLEASANT. 8. H..S., Esq.

This fruit is one of the most saleable apples in the mar-
ket of Providence ; its skin is smooth, ofa yellow color in
the shade, with a blush next the sun; its flavoris pleasant
and good; an excellent dessert fruit. It ripens from No-
vember to February. ‘

PENNOCK’S RED WINTER. R. M., Esq.
Pennock, of Coxe.

This apple is very large and handsome; its color deep
crimson, interspersed with small spots or blotches of a dark
color on the side next the sun, with streaks of yellow indis-
tinctly visible ; its form generally flattened at its base and
summit, which are botha little inclined; its flesh is yellow,
tender, juicy, sweet, and excellent. It ripens in Novem-
ber and will keeptill March. An excellent fruit, highly -
deserving of cultivation. The fruit has not been seen here
so large as at Philadelphia. Mr Coxe has stated that this
tree is a great ana constant bearer, keeps well, and is a pop-
ular apple in the Philadelphia market, and that itis an
American variety.

PICKMAN. R. M., Esq.

A fruit ofa globular form, and of a straw color; its

_ APPLES. —- CLASS “I. SECT. III. 51

flavor combined with a good portion of acidity, is very rich
and good. A winter fruit, fine for the table or for cooking.
A good fruit and very productive and deserving of cultiva-
tion. This is much cultivated by Mr Ware at ornear Sa-
‘lem, who thinks it a native. |

POWNAL SPITZENBERG. Buel.

So named from its native place, and its resemblance to -
the Alsopus Spitzenberg. Itis avery superior winter fruit,
and a native. -

PRIESTLEY. Coxe.

This fruit is large ; the skin smooth, of a dull red color,
striped and spotted with pale green ; its form oblong; the
flesh is white, of a pleasant aromatic flavor; an excellent
fruit for the dessert or cooking: the tree is a great bearer
and the fruit ripens in December and keeps all winter.
This variety originated according to Mr Coxe in Pennsy]l-
vania, and was first cultivated by a Mr Priestley.

RED CALVILLE. Bon. Jard. Lindley.

CALVILLE RovuGe, CALVILLE RovuGceE p’HiIver. Bon
Jard.

The fruit is large, its length is equal to its breadth, which
is greatest near its base. The eye is deeply sunk and the
stalk is inserted in a sunken cavity; the skin is a bright
red; and on the side next the sun a deep crimson: flavor
good. A beautiful apple, ripe in October and may be kept
till winter. Tree grows remarkably upright.

(P) REINETTE FRANCHE. Cours C. d@’Agr. v. xu. p. 215.

Fruit large, round, irregularly formed and very much
pointed with brown; sometimes slightly red next the sun;
the flesh is firm, yellowish white, sugary,agreeable. This

52 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

‘apple will keep a year ; and is, notwithstanding the excel-
lence of the Reinette Grise and the Reinette du Canada,
the best of all; but it varies much in goodness, in size,
and duration, according to the soils, expositions, seasons,
&c. Mr Coxe speaks well of this fruit.

(P) REINETTE GRISE. Cours Com. d’Agr. v. x11. p. 214.

The fruit is of medium size, flattened at its summit and
base; the skin thick, rough, greenish yellow in the shade,
reddish yellow next the sun; the flesh is firm, yellowish
white, sugary, high flavored, with a very fine and very
agreeable acid. This is regarded as one of the best of
apples; but notwithstanding this, the Reinnette Franche
disputes the claim. It keeps long after winter. Mr Coxe
speaks well of this a

RHODE ISLAND GREENING.

JERSEY OR BURLINGTON GREENING, of Coxe.

A very large apple; its color a yellowish green, cover-
ed with dark spots or blotches ; its form is rather globular,
flattened at the base and summit; its stalk and eye deeply
sunken; its flesh is yellow, tender, rich, juicy, of an agree-
able flavor in which acid predominates. The fruit is at
maturity from November to March. This tree isa most
abundant bearer every other year, and has been on this
account most extensively cultivated in Rhode Island and
Massachusetts, and is here preferred for its productiveness
to the Green Newtown Pippin.

(R) RIBSTON PIPPIN.

Formosa Pipprn. Hort. Trans. vol. 111. p. 322.

Tavers ApPuLe. Hort. Trans. vol. 111. p. 322.

Guory oF York. Hort. Soc. Cat., aecording to Lind.
This apple is esteemed by the English as with us a very

first rate fruit. This fruit is of middle sizé, form globular,

APPLES. — CLASS I. SECT. III. 53

but somewhat flattened. Skin pale yellow, mottled thinly
‘ with red on the sunny side, a thin russet around the crown
and stalk; the flesh is pale yellow and firm. The juice
is saccharine, with a most agreeable acid, rich, aromatic
and-of delicous flavor. It ripens from December to Feb-
ruary, and is rather an ordinary bearer.

ROXBURY RUSSETTING.

This capital old variety is a native of Massachusetts. It
is a large fruit; its color a uniform brownish yellow rus-
set, sometimes intermixed with green; on the sunny side
an occasional blush ; its form globular, flattened a little at
its base and summit; its stalk and eye are sunken; its
flesh white, juicy, rich, sub-acid and excellent; an old
and famous variety in Massachusetts, a great and constant
bearer; it seldom fails. Great quantities of this fruit are
raised in the neighborhood of Boston for the market and
for exportation, and although the Baldwin, the Hubbardston
Nonsuch, and perhaps some other winter fruits, far exceed
this variety in beauty and excellence of flavor, and at
least equal it in productiveness, the Roxbury Russet sur-
passes them all in its property of long keeping. They are
fit for use in winter and keep till June or July.

‘WINTER SEEK-NO-FURTHER, of Coxe, No. 50.

‘ This apple is a native of one of the Eastern States; it
is a large fruit, of a round but oblong form ; the skin smooth,
ofa yellowish green color; the flesh yellow, juicy, rich
and tender; an agreeable early winter apple: the tree
bears well, the trunk straight and tall, shooting its bran-

ches upwards in a regular form.

SWAAR. Coxe, No. 101.

‘In the Low Dutch this name is said to signify a heavy
5x

54 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

apple. It is a highly celebrated winter table fruit in some
parts of New York, and New Jersey; it is alarge green
apple, of great and uncommon flavor and richness ; highly
deserving of cultivation in every collection of fine fruits.’

-(R) SWEENEY NONPAREIL. Hort. Trans. vol. rv.
p. 926. Lindley.

Raised by J. N. Parker, Esq. at Sweeney in Shropshire in
1807. This variety was sent by Mr Knight in 1822 to
Hon. John Lowell and has been by him distributed to all
who have applied. The tree is stated to be an abundant
bearer and sometimes the fruit grows large; the largest
ever produced was eleven inches in circumference and
weighed 94 ounces ; fruit rather large, in form of a
Nonpareil; three inches in diameter but less in height;
eye small, not deep; stalk in a cavity, wide but shallow ;
color green with white spots and patches of russet all
over; sometimes a brilliant color next the sun. Flesh firm,
crisp, with abundance of juice, in which a powerful acidis
combined with much sugar. A dessert apple from No-
vember to March.

WINE APPLE. Coxe. R. M., Esq. S. H.S., Esq.
Hays Appue. Coxe syn.

A very large and beautiful apple ; its color bright red;
a few small stripes and blotches of yellow occasionally
appear onthe shaded side; the form is globular, a little
flattened at the ends ; its stalk short, and deeply sunken ;
its eye inadeep cavity; its flesh rich and excellent. It
ripens the last of October and may be kept till February
or March. A very fine and productive apple and highly de-
serving of cultivation. An excellent judge of fruit in
Rhode Island pronounces this variety one among the best
of apples ; Mr Coxe has stated that in New Jersey it is
variously called Large Winter Red and The Fine Winter; -

APPLES. — CLASS I. SECT. III. - oe

that it is not only an admired table fruit, but excellent
for cooking as well as for cider ; that it bears abundantly,
and is one of the most saleable apples sold inthe Philadel-
phia market. The tree grows large and handsome.

WINTER SWEETING.

GRAFTON SWEETING, SEAVER SwWEETING.

This. apple is large; its skin smooth, of a bright yel-
low color, but onthe sunny side a fine blush ; its form
oblong, a little contracted towards its summit, its stalk and
eye sunken ; its flesh yellow, juicy, sweet and fine flavor-
ed. A profuse bearer and very valuable either for baking
or asa dessert fruit. It is at maturity from November till
March. The trees are of vigorous and upright growth,
leaves large.

WINTER WHITE CALVILLE. R. M., Esq.

CALVILLE BLANCHE D’Hiver. Duh.
Bonnet Carre. Ib.

~ This fruit is large ; its color at maturity ofa bright yellow,
with a brightred blush on the sunny side; its form rather
flat, and ribbed ; its eye and stalk deeply sunken; its flesh
white, tender and pleasant, but not high flavored. It ig
worth cultivation however. It ripens in November, and
keeps till March.

YELLOW NEWTOWN PIPPIN.
Larce YeLttow Newrown Pippin. Coxe.

Mr Coxe esteems this fruit in all its varieties the finest
apple in our country, and probably in the world. He in-
forms us, ‘ that it varies much in quality with soil, aspect,
cultivation, climate, and age : although peculiarly adapted to
strong high ground, it may be raised in great perféction
in all good wheat and clover land; the better the soil, the
better will be the fruit; for the eM is not vigorous,

56 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

and in every soil the bark has a rough appearance; it ri-
pens in November and is often kept till May and June:
it is a superior table fruit and an excellent kitchen and
cider apple. The tree does not arrive at maturity till
twenty or twentyfive years of age.’

CLASSI.—SECTION IV.

CELEBRATED CIDER APPLES CULTIVATED IN THE
UNITED STATES.

HARRISON. Coxe.

The most celebrated cider apple of Newark, New Jersey,
where they make so much cider and some of the finest
in the world: cider made from this fruit, according to my
authority, when fined and fit for bottling frequently com-
mands ten dollars per barrel at New York. It is cultivated
more extensively there and particularly on the Orange
mountain than any other apple. The tree is of strong, and
vigorous growth, the wood hard, a certain bearer, and won-
derfully productive. One tree in Essex county, New Jer-
sey, produced one hundred bushels ina year. It requires
ten bushels for a barrel of cider, which is so strong that it
will produce fourteen quarts of distilled spirits. The fruit
is below medium size, rather long, and contracted towards
the crown; stalk very long, (hence often called Long Stem,)
deeply indented at the summit and base; color yellow,
covered with many black spots; flesh yellow, firm, tough ;
flavor pleasant, and sprightly, but rather dry ; cider rich,
sweet, of great strength. The fruit falls about the first of
November, is remarkably sound, and will keep well. It
originated in Essex county, New Jersey.

APPLES. — CLASS I. SECT. V. 5G

TALIAFERO. Hon. J. C. Gray.

For this fruit and the information concerning it I am in-
debted to the Hon. John C. Gray, of Boston. The fruit
is the size of a grape shot, or from one to two inches in
diameter; of a white color in the shade, but for the most
streaked with red; with asprightly acid; not good for
the table, but apparently a very valuable cider fruit. This
is understood tobe a Virginia fruit, and the apple from
which Mr Jefferson’s favorite cider was made.

VIRGINIA CRAB.
Hewes’ Virerinita Cras. Coxe, No. 86.

A very small globular shaped cider apple; its color a
dull red, intermixed with streaks of pale yellow; the
juice acidandaustere. An old and celebrated cider apple.
Mr Coxe states that the origin of this apple is satisfac-
torily traced to Virginia, where trees of nearly a hundred
years of age were standing in an orchard, at the time he
wrote. |

CLASS I.—SECTION V.

VARIETIES FOR PRESERVING OR FOR ORNAMENT.

SIBERIAN CRAB.

~ A very small and beautiful apple, growing in clusters ;
its color at maturity bright scarlet ; its form globular ; its
stalk long. Its principal use is for preserving, for which
purpose it is muchadmired. The trees though of delicate
growth are upright and handsome; the leaves shining »

58 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

and beautiful ; they produce abundantly, and when at ma-
turity rather resemble plums or large cherries at a distance,
and have a beautiful aspect.

YELLOW SIBERIAN CRAB.

The appearance of this tree and its leaf are similar to
the above; its fruit is globular, and beautiful, the size of
a middling plum; its stalk is long, and the fruit grows in
large clusters; its color a fine clear yellow, or of a rich
golden hue. This variety is yet rare with us; it is a vari-
ety even more productive than the red; and a tree loaded
with its golden fruit, presents in autumn a beautiful sight
to behold.

CHINESE DOUBLE FLOWERING. Cours Comp.
d’Agr. vol. xir. p. 221.

PoMMIER DE LA CuHuIna., Ib.

The tree is handsome and upright, does not grow large ;
the flowers are large, very double, and in clusters, and are
beautiful, resembling small roses of, a delicate rose color.
It is not uncommon with us; when in blossom its appear-
ance is superb. According to my authority it originated
in China; the fruit is small, but tolerable for eating.

SOUTHERN APPLES.

Tue following are stated to be some of the most esteem-
ed varieties of native apples of Virginia. Part are de-
scribed from the authority of Mr Coxe, and part on the au-
thority of a Virginian, which I extract from that highly
valuable Journal, the New England Farmer, vol. vim, Ne.
1. The account of these was thus communicated to the
public by Wm. Prince, Esq. proprietor of the Linnean Bo-
tanic Garden, Flushing.

SOUTHERN APPLES. 59

BEVERLEY’S RED, A Virginian.

The fruit is very large, the skin smooth, of a crimson
color; flesh very white ofa pleasant flavor. A winter fruit.

CARHOUSE on GILPIN. Coxe.

Described in a former page.

CURTIS. A Virginian. ?

The skin is smooth, of a red color; flesh juicy and
pleasant. Ripe middle to end of August.

GLOUCESTER WHITE. Coxe.

Described ina former page as an apple of high reputa-
tion.

LIMBER TWIG. A fa
Branches drooping or pendant; the fruit is a greenish
color, with a blush next the sun ; the flesh very juicy, and

very pleasant at maturity, which is not till into winter. It
keeps along time.

PRYOR’S RED. A Virginian.

The fruit is very large; color brownish red ; its flesh at
maturity juicy, and very fine. A winter fruit.

RAWLE’S JANETT. A Virginian. 3
The form is globular, flattened at the summit and base ;
the color red and green; fleshvery fragrant, more juicy,

and of superior flavor to the Newtown Pappin, a and keeps
equally as well.

ROYAL PEARMAIN. Coxe.

Fruit fine, of a large size, flattened; skin rough, of a
fine russet color, but red next the sun and faintly streak-
ed with russet: flesh a rich yellow, firm, but at maturity
tender, sweet, and of very sprightly flavor. A good table
apple; excellent for cider; and highly esteemed by the
planters of Virginia near Richmond, from whence Mr
Coxe states he procured it. Tree tall, and upright, of

60 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

reoular form; foliage luxuriant. It bears uniformly and
abundantly. It ripens in October and will keep till Febru-
ary or March.

STRIPED JUNE APPLE. A Virginian.

The fruit is as fragrant as a pine-apple melon. It ripens
the last of June and beginning of July.

—

SUMMER CHEESE. A Virginian.
Brought from Old Jamestown seventyfive years ago ;
a delicious fruit.

VIRGINIA GREENING. A Virginian.

The fruit is of medium size ; color green, striped with
red; flavor very superior. A winter fruit.

WAXEN APPLE. Coxe.

The fruit is large, its form flattened and inclined; the
color yellow; stalk short; eye deeply sunk; flesh firm,
breaking, juicy, rich, sprightly. It ripens in December
and is much esteemed in Virginia. )

a

CLASS “TT.

SELECT FOREIGN VARIETIES OF APPLES DESERV-
ING TRIAL IN THE CLIMATE OF THE
UNITED STATES.

SUCH AS MAY PROBABLY SUCCEED WITH US.

The following list consists of celebrated French, Ger-
man, anda few Italian apples. Also the principal part of
those sorts which Mr Ronald states are rendered exquisite

APPLES. — CLASS II. ; 61

on their walls: Such, evidently need our climate to bring
them to their full maturity and excellence. 1 have great
confidence in the judgment and experience of Mr Ronald.
Mr Loudon I think has stated, that he had eight hundred
varieties of apples in bearing. Except these, I believe J
have brought down to our latitudes but eight other varie-
ties of English apples; all celebrated for their excellence,
either for the dessert, or forcider; and four of these were
originated, if not sent us, by Mr Knight. Also two highly
celebrated Russian apples. I have, however, [ must con-
fess, the greatest hopes in those very sorts, which, like
some of our best American varieties of fruit, prove good
for nothing in England, except on their walls, and per-
haps not even there —I mean the celebrated Italian apples,
for reasons I have stated under the head of climate. Also
for other reasons stated at the head of Class III.

As to those recommended by Poiteau as the best known
in cultivation forthem; I have only to hope that he does
not refer in particular to the latitude of the North of
France ; (I have under ¢ cnimaTr’ attempted by evidence
to show, that the climate of Paris is nota parallel in many
respects even to that of Boston.) Gentlemen of intelli-
gence and judgment who have resided both at Paris and
in England, have assured me that the apples of those
places are not comparable to ours. The late Governor
Eustis, I have good authority for stating, expressed the
Same opinion. A gentleman of the greatest intelligence
near Boston who has made trial of a great many celebrated
varieties of English apples, has lately stated to me, that
he has been disappointed in them.

R. Sorts particularly recommended by Mr Ronald as
being rendered exquisite on walls and highly deserving
such a situation.

P. Sorts designated by Poiteau as the best in ceneral
cultivation in France, and by him particularly recommended.

W. Sorts described by Dr Willich from the selections (as
_ Tam informed) of the celebrated German writer M. Christ.
6

62 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

CLASS II1.—SECTION 1.

SUMMER FRUIT.

CALVILLE ROUGE DE MICOUD. Hort. Trans.

From the 5th vol. London Hort. Trans. p. 242, I extract
the following account of this very extraordinary fruit. It
is froma communication of M. Thouin. This tree pro-
duces three crops of fruit annually: the first flowering
is in April, and abundant; the second is in June and less
abundant ; the third takes place in August, September,
October and November. The tree originated on the farm
of the Baroness de Micoud, near La Charité sur Loire, in
the department of the Nievre, and bears three thousand
apples annually. The tree is striking in its appearance ;
‘the dense, dark green, shining foliage during three fourths
of the year, enamelled with numerous branches of delicate
rose colored blossoms, and scattered over with fruit of
a diversity of color, renders it a most interesting object of
cultivation, especially as an ornament to our lawns and
shrubberies, producing an effect not less novel than agree-
able.’ The fruit of the first crop is globular, depressed at
its summit and base; its height two inches, its diameter
nearly three; it is divided from its base to its summit by
three or four ridges, which give itan angular appearance,
the eye and the stalk are each sunk in a cavity; the color
isa deep dull red next the sun, but lessened in the shade,
interspersed with stripes and spots of palered. The flesh
is yellowish white, fine, breaking, juicy, a sweetish acid,
and agreeably perfumed, witha crystalline appearance.
It commences ripening the middle of July and the fruit is
mostly ripe in August and continues ripening till Novem-

APPLES. — CLASS II. SECT II. 63

ber. The cropof the second flowering is fit for the table
in the end of October; they are the size of hens’ egos
and are of equally good quality with the first. The crop
of the last flowering are small, no larger than the Pomme
d@Api; they are checked in their growth by frost ; but will
ripen in doors, and may be eaten raw, but if roasted or
stewed they acquire a sweet and delicate flavor.

(W.) STREAKED ROSE APPLE. Dr Willich.
PomME Roser Panacue’. Ib.

‘ A very early, and beautiful summer fruit, of a delicious
flavor and taste; it is ofa middling size, rather oblong
than round; of a fine red color, mixed with yellow on the
shaded side, streaked with a deeper red on the southern
aspect, but everywhere marked with deep yellow dots.
Its pulp is of a glossy white, tinted with rose colored streaks
about the core and beneath the skin; mellow and uncom-
monly mild; the fruit ripens in August ; and the tree does
not attain a large size.’

CLASS II.—SECTION Ivf.

AUTUM NOF RU TT

—_—_—_

(R.) BRADDICK’S NONPAREIL. Hort. Trans. vol.
mm. p. 268. Lindley. Py. Mal. Pl. xxxuv.

Fruit globular, flattened, three inches broad, not quite so
deep; not much diminished towards the eye, which is ina
deep basin, and russetted around ; skin smooth, yellowish
brown in the shade, but brownish red next the sun. Flesh

64 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

yellowish ; sweeter and more melting than the old Nonpa-
reil; juice sugary, rich, aromatic: a valuable dessert ap-
ple, ripe October till Christmas, raised by John Braddick,
Kisq. |

(R.) BRINGEWOOD PIPPIN. Lindley. Py. Malus.

Fruit small, globular, flattened at the crown; eye small,
open; stalk halfan inch long but protruding beyond the ~
base ; color bright golden, full of pearly specks, a few
russety stripes next the sun; flesh very firm, breaking,
somewhat dry ; juice saccharine, highly perfumed, aroma-
tic. A most excellent dessert apple from October till
March. Raised by Mr Knight from a seed of the Golden
Harvey and pollen of the old Golden Pippin.

(R.) DELAWARE. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. XXXVIII.
TRUMFINGTON.

‘It is of medium size and flat form, has five prominences
round the eye, which is seated ina broad cavity. Itis ofa
rich golden color, blotched with deep red, and has a very
unique and striking appearance on the tree when ripe;
the flesh is firm, rich and highly flavored: this is a very
desirable article for the dessert from October till Christ-
mas; the tree grows diffusely and bears well; the
blossoms are white with lilac. This sort is believed to be
from America.’

DUCHESS OF OLDENBURGH. Py. Mal. Brent.
Pl. vi.

A Russian apple of middle size; shape globular, about
three inches and a quarter in breadth ; color golden, richly
streaked with bright red. This is a very beautiful sort, of
pleasant flavor, with enough of acid; it is valuable either
for the table or for sauce: ripens in September and Octo-

APPLES. —- CLASS II. SECT. II. 65

ber; grows freely and bears well. The flowers lilac with
white.

EMPEROR ALEXANDER. Hort. Trans. vol. nu. p-
407. t. 28. Lindley.

ALEXANDER, APGRTA.

The trees of this Russian variety while young, grow
strong and upright, afterwards more irregular. It is an
abundant bearer, the fruit hangs on till a late period. A
specimen was sent from Riga in 1817 measuring 54 inches
in diameter, 4 inches deep, and 16 inches in circumference,
and weighing 19 ounces. Fruit very lar ge, cordate, nar-
rowed at the crown; eye deeply sunk in a broad cavity ;
stalk short, sunk tothe level of the base; greenish yel-
low, slightly streaked with red in the shade, but beautiful-
ly marbled and streaked with bright red and orange next
the sun; flesh yellowish white, crisp and very tender, juicy,
rich, sugary, of an aromatic flavor. Ripe in October and
will keep till Christmas. A valuable and excellent dessert
fruit. This fruit will probably ripen here in September.

(R.) FRANKLIN GOLDEN PIPPIN. Py. Mal.

Brent. Pl. xvii.

‘Itis of American origin ; considerably larger than the old
sort, of an oblong shape, diminishing towards the eye, which
is a little flattened, of an agreeable yellow color mixed
with a greenish hue, and freckled with dark points; the
flesh has a brisk flavor with more acid than any other of
the golden pippins; the tree is'also more robust, bears
well and is but little subject to canker. The diameter of
this apple according to the figure is two inches and a half.

P.) GALO BAYEUX. N. Duh. Pl. ccerv.

A beautiful apple, cultivated at Vire, in the department of
6*

66 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

Calvados, not known in the environs of Paris. They
hesitate not to declare itis well worthy to occupy a dis-
tinguished place. ‘The tree is of medium vigor, upright, of
a handsome aspect, and very productive; the fruit is
large, very regular, and constant in its form; the large
fruit is flattened: when overloaded the fruit is small and
lengthened; its medium size is 3 inches in diameter and
2: in depth. The eye is small, the stalk short and
fleshy, and each in a regular cavity. The skin is rough,
washed almost throughout with red on a yellow ground, in-
terspersed sometimes with dark spots: the flesh slightly yel-
low, savory, agreeably perfumed; the juice pleasant and
sweet: pleasant as the Fehnouillets, but with a peculiar and
indescribable flavor. One of the most beautiful and best of
dessert apples; it ripens 15th September. Mixed with a |
certain proportion of acid apples, it makes superior bottling
cider.

GRANGE. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xxxu.

‘For this excellent variety, as well as many others, we
are indebted to Mr Knight, president of the Hort. Society.
It is of medium size, a rich golden color, embroidered with
some russet, and light and dark specks; of a elobular
shape, rather flattened, and without any inequalities of
surface ; the eye is large and prominent: the flesh is yel-
lowish, close in texture, of a pleasant flavor. It is excel-
lent either for the dessert or for cider, and is in use from
October to Christmas. The tree grows well and is little
subject to canker.’ Specific gravity ofits juice 1.079.

GROSSE PIGEONETY. N. Duh. Pl. cxcis.

~ his fruit is the largest and most beautiful of all the
Pigeonets; its form regular, oblong, contracted towards

5?

its summit; its height three inches, its breadth two; its

APPLES. — CLASS ll. SECT. II. 67

‘eye and stalk sunken ; its skin fine with gray specks; its

color in the shade yellow; but of a beautiful red on;the
side next the sun, the whole covered with a blue bloom;
its flesh white, breaking and very fine ; its juice abundant
of a very agreeable acid. This fruit ripens in October
and keeps to the last of November.

_ (R.) KING OF PIPPINS. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xxxvunt.

‘Is of middle size, and oblong shape, the eye a good
deal depressed; of aclear golden yellow color, with a
flush of fine red, a little striped on the exposed side. The
fruit is rich and juicy, equally adapted to the table or kitch-
en use ; this is a first rate sort which no garden should be
without. It i8 of upright growth and bears well, but like
other superior kinds is rather apt to blight in unfavorable
seasons.’ Late autumn.

(R.) KIRKE’S GOLDEN REINNETTE. Py. Mal.
Brent. Pl. x11.

‘Is an improved variety of the old Golden Reinette.
The fruit is in general more clear and beautiful, the flavor
equal. The tree bears as well, and is more healthy in its
growth.”

NOBLE PIPPIN. Dr Willich.
Prerin Nosue, ,of the catalogues.

‘An exquisite fruit for the table: of an oblong shape,
tapering towards :the eye, smooth, bright yellow, with a
few red streaks on the southern side. This apple ripens
early and remains sound till the end of April. The tree
though not growing tall, bears ample fruit, even in those
seasons which are unfavorable to the blossoms; it thrives
in situations where other trees will not prosper.’

68 NEW AMERICAN OKCHARDIST:

(R.) PADLEY’S PIPPIN, Pom. Mag. t. 151, Lind.
PADLEyY’s Royau GrorGeE, of Ronald?

The fruit is rather small, and flattened; eye very small
in ashallow depression; stalk slender, projecting beyond
the base, and in a slight cavity: skin pale dull yellow, but
tinged with orange next the sun and mostly covered with
rough russet. Flesh greenish yellow, breaking, saccharine,
with a very pleasant aromatic flavor. A very excellent
apple in November and December, raised about 1810.

(P.) PIGEONNET. Bon. Jard.

Ca@uR-DE-PIGEoN. Ib.
MasraAv DE Lirvre. Ib.

The fruit is of medium size, its form oblong ; its color is
red, striped with deep red next the sun; its flesh is fine,
pleasant, and agreeable: it ripens in autumn and keeps
till December.

PINE APPLE RUSSET. Lindley.

HARDINGHAM RusseEtT. Ib.

Fruit about the medium size, roundish ovate, angular at
its sides; its height nearly equal to its breadth ; eye small
slightly depressed; stalk in a cavity; color greenish yel-
low, on the opposite side yellow russet; flesh very pale
yellow, crisp, short and tender ; juice more abundant than
in any other apple I have ever met with ; saccharine, with
that just proportion of acid which characterizes our most
valuable fruits, and of a spicy aromatic flavor, with a high
perfume. A dessert apple from the end of September to
the middle of October. Lindley further adds that this
most valuable apple has taken its name from the abundance
of its juice which somewhat resembles that of a pine-apple,
and that it is undoubtedly one of the best 7s of the
season, and highly deserving of cultivation.

APPLES. — CLASS II. SECT. II. 69

POMME ALEOSE. N. Duh. Pl. cccx.

The fruit is very large, contracted towards the crown;
its diameter 34 inches, its height 24. The stalk short, and
thick, in a wide cavity; the eye slightly depressed in a
narrow cavity ; its color yellow in the shade, dull red next
the sun, and striped with deeper red, sometimes dark
stripes almost approaching to black. Flesh greenish white,
very tender and fine, of a peculiar flavor; juice slightly
acid, not abundant. August till January.

(P.) POMME PRINCESSE. N. Duh. PI. vii.

The tree is of medium size ; irregular in its growth, its
young wood is strong; its leaves are oval, serrated, deep
green above, pale and downy below; the fruit is of me-
dium size, 3 inches in diameter, 23 in height; its stalk
short, in aslight cavity; the skin is fine, of a beautiful
yellow in the shade, striped with red next the sun; and
covered with brown irregular points ; its flesh is yellowish
white, fine, and excellent; its juice not abundant, but
agreeable and sweet. This excellent apple ripens in
October and keeps till January. It is one of the best
species of Reinettes; it was not known to Duhamel
and is even rare at this day.

(W.) PRINCE’S TABLE APPLE. Dr Willich.
LosKRIEG.

A delicious autumnal fruit vieing with the pear rennet:
it is of the Calville family ; moderately large ; somewhat
oblong; whitish and covered on the south side with red
streaks. The tree does not rise to a considerable height.’

(R.) RED INGESTRIE. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. 1.

‘A first rate dessert apple of medium size, color a bright

70. NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

golden yellow, tinged on the sunny sidé with bright scarlet ;
form somewhat globular, about two inches deep and two
inches and a half in diameter; eye and stalk sunken;
flesh very juicy, crisp and high flavored. In perfection
through Septemberand October.’ ‘Tree of wide spreading
growth. Raised by Mr Knight from the Orange and
Golden Pippin united.

(P.) REINETTE DE BRETAGNE. Bon. Jard. p. 245.

The fruit is beautiful, its color a deep lively red, dotted
with yellow; its flesh is firm, sweet, slightly acid, and ex-
cellent. This is a late autumn or November fruit.

(P.) REINNETTE GRISE DE GRANVILLE. Cours
Complet d’Agriculture, vol. xm. p. 215.

Differs little from some of the other Reinnettes, but ap-
pears to be more hardy. It has resisted the severity of those
seasons which destroyed the fruit of the other Reinnettes.
Calvel.

(R.) SCARLET PERFUME. Py. Mal. Pl. xxxvi.
Cote Aprue. {[b. and Pom. Mag. .

‘It is a new sort, moderately large, flattened at the eye
and stalk, nearly globular, with slightly projecting ribs; if
divided transversely one line across is longer than the
other, giving the fruit the appearance of being flat sided ;
the color of three fourths of the apple is a rich deep red,
very little striped; the flesh is juicy and rich, with a little
spicy flavor ; very desirable for the table; but from its size
is fitter for culinary purposes. It isripe in September and
October.

(R.) WYKEN PIPPIN. Lindley. Loudon.

Fruit below medium size, flattened at its base and sum-

APPLES. — CLASS I. SECT. III. V1

mit ; eye small in a shallow basin; stalk short, not deep
sunk ; color yellowish green with specks of gray, but pale
dull brown next the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, firm,
breaking, sugary, with a little musky perfume. A dessert
apple from October to December. Raised from a seed
brought by Lord Craven from his travels in Holland or
France. A great favorite throughout the whole country of
Warwick. All the cottages around Wyken have from two
to twelve trees each of this apple in their gardens.’

CLASS IL—SECTION III.

WINTER FRUIT.

ooo

BARCELONA PEARMAIN. Pom. Mag. t. 85. Lind.

SPECKLED GoLDEN REINETTE, GLACE RovuGe, KLEI-
NER CASSELER REINETTE. According to Pom. Mag.
and others.

REINETTE RovuGeE, REINETTE Rousse, REINETTE DES
CarmeEs, of various collections according to Lindley.

I will not vouch for the correctness of the last syno-_
nymes. But this is not the Reinette Rousse or Reinette des
Carmes of the Cours Complet d’Agriculture, which is very
different from the fruit [ am about describing.

Fruit of medium size, oval, not angular, rather long; eye
small, not deep sunk; stalk short, rather thick; covered
with numerous irregular russet spots ; a brownish yellow in
the shade, but deep red next the sun; flesa firm, yellow-
ish, with a rich aromatic but slightly agreeable acid. A
dessert apple from November till February. A good
bearer and.deserves to be more extensively cultivated.

vp NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

(R.) BEACHEMWELL SEEDLING. Pom. Mag. t.
82. Lindley.
Morrevx’s SEEDLING.

Fruit below the mediumsize, roundish, depressed; the
eye. small, slightly sunk ; stalk short, rather thick ; color
pale yellow, but slightly tinged with red next the sun.
sprinkled with brown spots. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy,
and pleasant. An excellent dessert apple from November
till April. Raised by John Motteux, Esq. of Beachemwell.
The tree is hardy and a very good bearer

BLENHEIM ORANGE. Py. Mal. Pl. xxxr. Lindley.

BLENHEIM Pippin, WoopstocK Pippin. According to
Lindley.

The fruit is large, of a globular form, broadest at the
base; its diameter 3to 4 inches, its depth 24 to 3;. the
eye hollow and open, of a yellow color in the shade, but
dull red next the sun, with streaks of deeper red; flesh
yellow, breaking, sweet, juicy, extremely pleasant and high ~
flavored. This is one of the largest varieties of dessert
apples and lately originated near Blenheim. Its season
from November to March.

(W.) (P.) BORSDORFER. Dr Willich. Bon. Jard.
Lindley.
_Rep Borsporrer, of Dr Willich.
BorsporrF, of Lindley.
PosToPHE D’Hiver. Bon Jard.
BorstorFr. Ib.

The two first authorities I name, describe this fruit as a
delicious German apple, of alarge size, beautiful as the
Canadian and in size and form like the Victorious Reinnette,
and almost excelling the latter variety ; its form globular,
slightly narrowed at its crown, and indented at its summit
and base; yellow in the shade, but for the most part a fine -
glossy red; dots of yellow and sometimes warts dispersed
over the whole. Its flesh uncommonly white, tender, juicy

APPLES. — CLASS II. SECT. III. 73

sweet, partaking of the odour of roses. The core is encom-
passed with a bright red vein. It ripens about Christmas,
when the Borsdorfor begins to decay. The tree comes early
into bearing and bears abundantly every year; and the
vernal blossoms resist the severity of night frosts. The
leaves are more level, more round and shining than other
, species. The Bon Jardinier has designated this as one of
their best varieties. This variety is here, but I doubt wheth-
erit has yet produced fruit.

BRABANT BELLE FLEUR. Py. Mal. Brent. PI.

Seat.
Tron Appue. Ib.

‘Received by the Horticultural Society of London under
the name of Iron Apple of Mr Booth of Hamburgh, — pro-
bably so called from the weight and solidity of its fruit.
It is very large and handsome, rather conical in shape,
slightly ribbed, yellow colored, with red stripes. It isa
capital sauce apple, juicy, and of very pleasant flavor; in
use from December till April.’ This may improve its char-
acter in our climate, and be what. it probably was in Brabant.

(P.) CANADIAN REINETTE. Pom. Mag. Bon Jard.

REINETTE DE CANnADAOf the Bon Jard. p. 343.
Grosse REINETTE D’ANGLETERRE of Duh. According
to Lindley.
REINETTE DE CAnaDA BLANCHE. Hort. Soc. Cat.
REINETTE GROssE DE CANADA. Hort. Soc. Cat.
REINETTE DE CANADA A Cores. Hort. Soc. Cat.
REINETTE DE CAEN ‘
PorTUGAL APPLE meine to Pom.
Meta JANUERA ae.

The tree is large and very productive ; the fruit is very
large and beautiful ; its form is globular, flatted at its sum-
mit and base ; its eye is in a middling cavity, with project-
ing ribs extending thence half way down its sides; its
stalk is short, inserted in a wide cavity: its skin is yellow

7

74 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

in the shade, slightly red next the sun ; its flesh is yellow-
ish white, firm, juicy, with but little acidity, and very good.
It has cavities at its centre and it keeps till February and
March.

(R.) CHRISTIE'S PIPPIN. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. x1.

Raised by a Mr Christie at Kingston. It is about the size
and shape of a Nonpareil, the eye very neatly placed in an
open cavity: lemon colored, with a very little faint red
striping. This is a very nice dessert apple: the pulp is
soft, with an agreeable sweetness and enough of acid; in
eating trom November till January. The tree bears abun-
dantly, but is of delicate growth.’

COURT PENDU PLAT’ ROUGEATRE. Py. Mal.
Brent. Pl. x1.

An estimable dessert apple of Nonpareil size [small] ;
very flat in shape, andthe eye much sunk in a wide cavity ;
the color yellow, a good deal covered with full red; it is of
high saccharine flavor and of close consistence; the fruit
keeps till February or March. The tree grows upright and |
bears well ; the flowers are pink and white.’

(R.) COURT OF WICK or RIVAL GOLDEN
PIPPIN. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xu.

‘A dessert apple from Somersetshire, which vies with
the Golden Pippin in richness of flavor, and much excels it
in other respects; it is rather larger [about two inches
and a half in diameter according to the figure] of a
golden hue withred stripes, very handsome. This is es-
teemed the finest Christmas apple we have; keeps well till
February or March. The tree is of wide spreading growth,
seldom cankers, and never fails bearing. Blossoms white
with a little light pink.’

~

APPLES. — CLASS II. SECT. III. 75

IYASTEMS. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xxxr.
SrrirLinG pD’Hiver.

‘A noble kitchen fruit, large, and of a globular shape; a
little flattened at the eye, which is large, and deeply sunk ;
green, with some dull red streaks chiefly on the top of the
fruit. Itis a first rate sort, firm, with rich flavor, and
dresses well; will keep till March or April.” Evidently a
southern fruit, may recover even a better character with us.

DUTCH MIGNONNE. Pom. Mag. Py. Mal.

Durcu Minion. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xxvz.

Rernerre Dore’s, of Mayer

CopMANTHORPE CRAB

Cunist’s GoLpen Retnertre of the Taschenbach.
According to the Pom. Mag.

The fruit is over medium size, a little flattened and di-
minished at its crown; the eye small, the stalk rather short
and slender; they are both deeply inserted; the skin is
greenish yellow in the shade, but on the side next the sun
light red, striped and marbled with deeper red. The flesh
is firm, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic. Anexcellent sauce
apple and dessert fruit. Season November to April. Tree
strong and healthy, an abundant bearer.

(W.) EASTER or PASQUE APPLE. Dr Willich.

‘The Easter, or Pasque Apple, is one of the principal
and ‘finest of the Calvilles: it is large, with high projecting
ribs, and of a bees-wax color; has a white, tender, juicy
pulp; and emits a very grateful odor, similar to that of
roses. The tree bears abundance of fruit, but does not at-
tain a large size.’

(R.) FEARN’S PIPPIN. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. x1.

‘A middle sized table apple, globular, a little flattened,
yellow colored, about. three quarters covered with de ep

70 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

red; the eye rather prominent. This is generally ranked
among the first rate dessert apples at Christmas: itis of
close texture and rich flavor ; ripening December, January
and February. The tree grows and bears well. Blossoms
white, with a little pink. .

(W.) (P.) FENNOUILLET GRIS. Bon Jard. Lind-
ley. Dr Willich.

FENNOUILLET Gris of Duh.
Ants. Ib.

CarAWway Russet. Hort. Soc. Cat.
Brown Aprpue, oF Burnt Isuanp. Ib.
WiInTER AntsE Renwet. Dr Willich.
Spice App.te. Hort. Soc. Cat.

Roox’s Nest Appue. Ib.

according to Lind.

The tree is of medium vigor and very productive ; the
young wood and the leaves are whitish. The fruit is un-
der medium size ; of a globular form, depressed and coni-
cally indented at its summit and base ; its stalk short; the
skin is yellowish gray, or of a gray fawn shade, covered with
thin russet and sometimes warts, and a slight brown next
the sun; the flesh at maturity is tender, and has the pecu-
liar aromatic flavor of anise. December till February.

(P.) FENNOUILLET JAUNE. Bon Jard. Lindley.

EMBROIDERED Pippin. Lindley.

Drap vd’Or. Bon Jard.

CLOTH OF GoLD.

Pomn:4 DECARACTERE. Bon Jard. and Duh.

The tree is of alarge size and very productive. The
fruit is of medium size, globular, inclining to ob-
long, a little contracted towards the summit, and very
regular in its form; its eye is slightly depressed and its
short stalk is deeply sunk; its skin is a beautiful yellow,
marked with fine russet lines resembling letters; hence
its name Pomme Caractére. Its flesh is firm, delicate, sac-
charine, and excellent, with the flavor of the Fennou-
illetor Annise. It is in eating from December to February.

APPLES. — CLASS II. SECT. Ill. fi
\

FENNOUILLET ROUGE. Cours Complet d’Agri-
culture. Lindley.

Barpin, CourRtT-PENDUE DE LA QuINTINE.

Fruit of medium size, globular, flattened; of a deep
gray color in the shade, streaked with brown, red next the
sun; the flesh very firm, sugary, high flavored, musky.
This very excellent apple keeps till March : it requires a
light warm soil, and cannot be too much multiplied. So
states my first authority, Lindley adds, that it isa very
handsome apple.

(M.) GREEN NONPAREIL. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xxxuv.
PreTwortH NonPARIEL.

‘Raised at the Earl of Egremont’s; larger than, the
old Nonpareil, but of nearly the same shape ; its color
green. This is a valuable apple for the table ; crisp, juicy,
and high flavored ; it will keep till February or March. It
is a good bearer, and of stronger growth than the original.’
The figure of this fruit is of middle size measuring three
inches in width. 7

HUBBARD’S PEARMAIN. Lindley. Pom. Mag.
GoLpEN ViINING, of Pom. Mag.

Fruit small, ovate, or globular, regular in form; eye
small, slightly depressed ; stalk short; yellowish green in
the shade, but orange or pale red next thesun. Flesh
yellow, firm, rather dry, juice sweet, rich, of a most high-
ly perfumed aromatic flavor. A dessert apple from Novem-
ber till March or April. A real Norfolk apple, well known
in the Norwich market. The merits of the Hubbard’s
Pearmain asa table apple, Lindley adds, are unrivalled, and
its superior from the commencement of its season to the
end, does not, in his opinion, exist in that country. Tree
small, hardy, an abundant bearer.’

ha

78 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

(P.) JERUSALEM. Bon. Jard. p. 344.

Pomme Piceon. Ib.

The tree is of medium vigor and very productive. The
fruit is small, its form conical ; its color that of the change-
able rose ; its flesh is fine, delicate, granulous, and very
good. It ripens in February.

(W.) LARGE BEEN APPLE. Dr Willich.

GroprEerR BoHN@PEL.
Been AppuE. Dr Willich.

‘ A very valuable fruit foreconomical uses, and likewise
for the table. Itis of the larger kind; bulky towards the
stalk and tapering towards the head, of a yellowish white
cast, with red flame colored streaks on the south side.
Its pulp is white, tender though firm, and of an agreeable
taste; the apple being edible in December, is easily pre-
served till the next crop. When dried in slices, it affords
delicious food; and also afine dish when preserved in a
fresh state. The tree is of pyramidal form, rises to a con-
siderable height ; has a durable wood, does not shed its
blossoms ; and is_very productive, so that it seldom fails
of being fertile for a single season.

(W.) LONG CARTHUSIAN APPLE. Dr Willich.

‘Is a capital domestic fruit, frequently of alarge size, |
with irregular angles, and acquires a fine yellow shade on
the floor. It may be preserved till the succeeding summer ;
and maintains the first rank for boiling or baking, in the
-yarious dishes of pastry, where it becomes sweetly mellow,
and hasa delicate taste. When other apples, (that of
Borsdorf excepted) lose their flavor by culinary prepara-
tions, the Long Carthusian is greatly improved by the
action of heat. The tree is of an ordinary size.’

APPLES. — CLASS II. SECT. III. - 79

(R.) MARGIL. Lindley. Hooker’s Pom. Lond.

Fruit small, ovate, its length exceeding its diameter}; eye
small, angular ; angular at its sides ; stalk short ; color bright
orange, streaked and* mottled with rich red and brown,
occasionally slightly russetted ; flesh yellow, firm, break-
ing, juicy, sweet, of a highly aromatic flavor. November
till March. A very excellent dessert fruit, a hardy tree
and very excellent bearer.

R.) MARTIN NONPAREIL. Hooker. Lindley.

This fruit is thus in substance described by Mr Hooker
and Mr Lindley, and is figured in Py. Mal. Brent. |

‘This fruit is small, rather cordate, tapering very little
towards the eye, flattened at both extremities; the eye
small, and sunken; the skin light dullish green, a tawny
yellow on the sunny. side, the whole surface covered with
a portion of russet brown; sometimes itis tinged with
red ; the stalk short, not deeply inserted; the flesh yellow-
ish, compact, of excellent flavor, sweet, with a fine acid ;
the core is very small. A newsort, remarkable for long
keeping ; they have been kept a year. This is not a
handsome fruit. A dessert apple from December till May.
Mr Lindley calls this ‘a great bearer, and highly valuable
to those who cultivate fruit for the market, as it isin per-
fection till a very late period.’

(R.) MELA CARLA. Hort. Trans. vol. vir p. 259.
Lindley.
Maucarue. Hort. Trans. and Lindley.

CuHArues Appue. Hort. Trans.
PomME FINALE. Ib.

The fruit is rather large, its form inclining to globular, but
slightly ovate ; its eye, and its stalk, which is about an inch
in length, andslender, are each inserted in small deep cav-

80 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST-.

ities. Its beautiful waxen skin is without a spot, except
being a little marbled with a very faint green near the eye;
its color in the shade is a pale yellow which unites rather
abruptly with the flaming crimson with which it is covered
next the sun. The flesh is white, tender, delicate, sweet,
with the fragrant perfume of roses. It ripens in Septem-
ber and will keep till spring. This apple is a native of
Finale in Liguria; it is cultivated extensively in the ter-
ritories of Genoa as an article of export and commerce to
Nice, Barcelona, Marseilles and Cadiz. A far famed fruit.
In the climate of Italy this,is supposed to be the best
apple in the world. Butin England their writers state it
is a very ordinary fruit; they indulge the expectation how-
ever that it may prove good on their walls. It is highly
deserving trial with us, in our climate.

(W.) MELA DE ROSMARINO. Dr Willich.
Wuite Irauranw RoseMARY APPLE. Ib.

‘Avery beautiful species of Calville, having no
ribs, but a most glossy skin which resembles the finest
virgin wax ; is on all sides marked with clear white dots,
and onthe south somewhat red; of an oblong figure and
the size of a goose egg. Its flesh is white as snow, un-
commonly tender and yielding a saccharine juice of a
slightly aromatic flavor. Its large pericarpium contains
twenty kernels in five cells; the fruit becomes eatable
about the middle of November, and remains sound until
February. The tree is of low growth.

NOBLESSE DE GAND. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xxv.

‘A large sauce apple, straw colored, without stripes,
nearly globular, but contracted towards the eye. Itisa
firm weighty fruit, rich in flavor, with a due proportion of
acid.’ A very excellent new sort, in use January and Feb-

APPLES — CLASS. II. SECT. III. 81

ruary ; evidently a southern fruit, may recover even a bet-
ter character with us.

NORFOLK BEAUFIN. Py. Malus. Pl. xxxurt. Lind.
\NorrouK Brerin.
[For drying and preserving. This species or description
of fruit may improve with us.] ‘Fruit rather large, flatten-
ed, rather irregular, obtuse angles extending from the base
to the crown ; eye large and deep ; stalk short, fleshy, deep-
ly sunken; deep green in the shade, but nearly the whole
surface covered with livid red, but deepest next the sun;
flesh very firm, subacid, not very juicy. A cooking apple
from November till May or June. A fruit of great merit,
independent of what has been stated, furnishing a luxury
at table during winter. These apples are dried by the
bakers of Norwich, annually; and sent in boxes to all
parts of the kingdom, where they are universally admired.’

(R.) ORANGE PIPPIN. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xvz.

MariGoup. Hort. Soc. Cat: According to Lind-

Isue or Wicur Orange. Ib. ley’s Guide.

IsLE oF WiGuHT Pippin. Ib.

‘In shape, size, and color much like a middle sized
orange ; avery pretty apple, of pleasant flavor and juicy,
equally desirable for the dessert or for sauce ; in use in
December and January; a good grower and bears well.’
Specific gravity of the juice.1.074. Mr Lindley calls it a
very beautiful apple, and according to Mr Knight, it is an
excellent cider apple. ‘Supposed to have been brought
from Normandy to the Isle of Wight.’

(W.) PEAR RENNET. Dr Willich.
ReINETTE Porre, of the catalogues.

‘Both an autumnal and winter fruit, presents a capital
yellow apple, of atender yellowish pulp, the juice of

82 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

which has the acidulous flavor of Rhenish wine ; it is suffi-
ciently mellow in the beginning of November, and may
be preserved through the greater part of winter. The
tree is of slender growth.

POMME D’API GROS. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xx.

A globular apple of middle size, flattened at the eye
which is moderately sunk in a broad cavity; the stalk
deeply inserted: it has a grass green color till'about Christ-
mas, when it changes to apale yellow. This isa valuable
sort, either for the table or for the kitchen; is of an agree-
able flavor and will keep till March. The tree grows in an
unusually compact form, and is an exuberant bearer. Blos-
soms pink and white.

(R.) POMME GRISE. Py. Mal. Brent.

Fine — Description not at hand. Believed to be of Ca-
nadian origin.

POMME DE LESTRE. Bon. Jard. p. 344.

This apple was found in the department of Vienne in :
1813, and has been preserved during three years. It is
p highly esteemed.

(W.) PUNCTURED RENNET. Dr Willich.
REINETTE PIQuE’E.

‘A smooth reddish apple, approaching to a chesnut
color ;in shape and size resembling the largest Borsdorfer,
covered with white punctures, each of which is surround-
ed with a greenedge: itspulpis firm, mellow, and of an
excellent vinous flavor; being eatable in February and
March. The tree becomes of a tolerably large size.’

APPLES. — CLASS II. SECT. III, 83

(W) (P.) REINETTE DORE'E. Dr Willich. Cours
_ Complet d’Agr. vol. xn. p. 213.

Rernerre Jaunre Tarpive. Cours Complet d’Agr.
~ Dr. Willich.
Lare Yetutow Reinetre. Dr Willich.

Fruit middle sized, a little flattened, of a deep yellow
color inthe shade, with specks of gray; but reddish
next the sun ; the flesh is white, firm, saccharine, high fla-
vored, a little acid. This apple is equal in goodness to the
Reinnette Franche, and is nearly gone when this last begins
to be fit for use. Thus"far has the second authority de-
scribed it. Dr Willich differs little from this, except he
describes itas ‘mellow, juicy, and of a very agreeable,
saccharine and vinous taste ; at maturity at Christmas and
lasts till March,’

REINETTE GRISE DE CHAMPAGNE. Cours
Complet d’Agriculture, vol. x11, p. 215.

Fruit of medium size, flattened ; of a gray fawn color,
blotched with red next the sun; flesh breaking, little per-
fumed, mild, sugary, very agreeable. This apple is excel-
lent, and may be preserved a long time. It is preferred to the
other Reinettes by those who dislike their odor and their
acidity. Calvel.

LA REINETTE PRINCESSE NOBLE. Cours Com-
plet d’Agriculture, vol. x1r. p. 215.

Fruit of medium size, oblong, of a yellowish green col-
or, pointed with brown; the flesh isa little acid and very
agreeable. It keeps through part of the winter. The tree
is very vigorous.

(R.) SCARLET NONPAREIL. Pom. Mag. t. 87.
Lindley. Pyrus Malus, Pl. xxxrv. |

Fruit middle sized, three inches broad, not quite so deep ;

84 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

roundish, not angular ; eye depressed; yellowish green
in the shade, deep red next the sun, streaked, sprinkled
with pale brown dots. Flesh firm, yellowish white, juicy,
rich, and excellent. A dessert apple, ripe from November
till March. Raised in 1773 and extensively cultivated
and admired in England for its beauty and excellence.

(R.) SYKEHOUSE APPLE. Hooker’s Pom. Lond.
Pl.j xu.
SyxenHouse Russet. Hooker.

The trees grow freely, are of erect habit, and when
well established bear fruit abundantly. The shoots are
slender and very downy at their summits.

‘The fruit is small, roundish, depressed at its summit and
base ; the eye is open, irregular and sunk deep in the fruit.
Stalk short, deeply inserted. Color green with a good
deal of Russet, but ina good season it becomes a handsome
apple, with some red next thesun. The flesh is greenish
yellow at maturity, rather firm, but of pleasant flavor
and extraordinary richness. It ripens in January and is
justly regarded as one of the best dessert apples at pre-
sent known.’

(W.) VICTORIOUS REINETTE. Dr Willich.
REINETTE TRIOMPHANTE,

‘ An uncommonly fine, large, and well formed apple,
which on being deposited on the floor, acquires a deep
yellow tint, marked with starry points, and frequently
brown rough spots, or large warts; its eye represents a
regular star ; its flesh beneath the tender skin, is yellow,
firm, though delicate: yielding abundance of juice, that
possesses a pleasant aromatic flavor; it ripens about
Christmas and may be kept till March. The tree grows
luxuriantly, and becomes of considerable size.’

' APPLES. — CLASS II. SECT. IV. 85

LA VIOLETTE. Cours Complet d’Agriculture, vol.
XII. p. 220. —

PoMME DE QUATRE Govuts. Ib.

Fruit of medium size, oblong ; color deep red next the
sun, yellow striped with red in the shade ; the flesh is fine,
delicate, saccharine, having alittle of the perfume of the vi- .
olet ; reddish beneath the skin, greenish towards the centre.
This variety is one of the best of apples and keeps till May.
The tree is vigorous and bears much resemblance to the
Calville d’Eteé.

(R.) Also to the above list all Nonpareixs and all Gotp-
EN Pippins not described, are to be added onthe authority of
Roland.

CLASS ITI.—SECTION IV.

FOREIGN CIDER APPLES DESERVING TRIAL IN
THE UNITED STATES.

THESE WOULD BE LIKELY TO ANSWER WELI. IN CANADA.

FOXLEY. Lindley.

This apple was raised by Mr Knight from the Siberian
-Crab and Golden Pippin. It is described as avery small
apple, growing in clusters, of a bright gold color.

Specific gravity of its juice 1.080. According to Mr
Knight this is a very hardy variety.

SIBERIAN BITTER SWEET. Lindley.
This fruit was raised by Mr Knight from the Siberian
8

»

86 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

Crab and Golden Harvey ; and was sent by Mr Knight to
the Hon. John Lowell and distributed by him to all who
have applied. Its size is small, not much larger than the _
Siberian Crab, of a yellow color with a blush on the sunny
side. It is supposed to contain a larger proportion of sac-
charine matter than any other apple known. It does not
abound in juice and it is supposed would be a most valua-
ble variety to mix withthe more austere sorts. The trees
are most abundant bearers.

SIBERIAN HARVEY. Lindley.

This fruit, which was raised by Mr Knight from the
Siberian Crab and Golden Harvey, is stated to be a small
globular fruit, of a bright gold color, stained with deep red
on the side next the sun: the fruit growing in clusters
on slender branches : the juice exceeding sweet, ripe the
middle of October. Specific gravity of its juice 1.091.

CiASs 117.

SELECT FOREIGN VARIETIES OF APPLES DESERV-
ING TRIAL IN NOVA SCOTIA AND CANADA.

Besipes these, all the apples described from the Eng-
lish authors in the second class ; also all of Russian, and
all of Canadian origin, and those which succeed best in
New England of the first class.

Ihave assigned this list to high Northern Latitudes, for

APPLES. — CLASS III. SECT. {. 87

the reasons which are contained in the first article in this
class. [Asrracan.] Also for other reasons which are con-
tained at the head of Class Il. and for those reasons
which [have stated under the head of Cuimate, in the
former part of this work. Under the serene skies, and
aided by the powerful sun of a Canadian summer, it isto
be hoped they may prove an acquisition, and fully equal
to what they are described.

CLASS III.—SECTION I.

SUMMER FRUIT.

eee

ASTRACAN. Pom. Mag. Dr Willich.

Wuire AsTRACAN, Pom. Mag. Lindley.
GLACE DE Zr’ LANDE,
TRANSPARENT DE MoscoviE,
Pyrus ASTRACANICA,
Russian Ice Appuxues, of Dr Willich.
AsTRAKHAN APPLE,

PoMME p’AsTRACHAN, > According to Dr Willich.
TRANSPARENT,

According to Pom.
Mag.

The fruit is of medium size ; with red streaks next the
sun; of a globular form,with angular sides; plaited at the
eye, which is slightly depressed ; the stalk is short, the
skin smooth, and covered with pale bloom; the flesh is
white as snow, semi-transparent. * * * * * * * * This
fruit is said to grow wild about Astracan. I subjoin Dr
Willich’s account ; the observations therein contained may
be novel to some and are deemed worthy recording. ‘This
is unquestionably one of the most eligible summer fruits;
provided the situation and climate be proper for its growth,

88 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

that is not under 49° of polar elevation. In such a region
it acquires a saccharine juice, whichis so copious, that in
an apple weighing 43 ounces, there will on expression be
found 34 ounces of liquor, and but one ounce of pulpy fibre.
It is one of the most smiling fruits, yellowish white with
fine red flaming streaks on the side exposed to the sun;
and may be eaten at table or converted into cider. There
are two varieties of this apple, a larger and a smaller, but
neither of the trees grow very tall.’— Domestic Encyclo-
peda, vol. 1v. p. 179.

In the latitude of Paris, M. Poiteau informs us that this
fruit is but at mediocrity as to quality. Anda gentleman
here who well knows, has informed me that in our latitude
it is several degrees below mediocrity. Dr Willich informs
us his descriptions were taken froma ‘ German Orchard-
ist ;’? and a gentleman here on whom I can rely has just in-’
formed me it was from the writingsof the celebrated M.
Christ. It was probably from the Taschenbach. The au-
thority is good.

BOROVITSKY. Pom. Mag. t.10. Lindley.

Fruit of medium size, roundish, angular; the eye and
stalk are sunk in deep wide cavities; color pale greenin
the shade, but pale red next the sun, striped with deeper
crimson red; semi-transparent ; flesh white, firm, juicy,
with a sweet, brisk, sub-acid, very pleasant flavor. Ripe
mid-August. An early beautiful dessert apple sent from
the Taurida Gardens near St Petersburg to the London
Horticultural Society.

BROWN’S SUMMER BEAUTY. Py. Mal. Brent.
PL: a0.

‘Is a seedling raised by Mr Brown at Slough, of me-
dium size, oval shape, straw color, with a flush of unmixed
red, both eye and stalk prominent: the flesh delicate and

APPLES —-CLASS III. SECT. I. 89

full of richly flavored juice. Thisis a first rate table
apple, ripening in September, a great bearer, and being
recently raised from seed grows freely without canker?

CARLISLE CODLIN. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. u1.

‘This apple is much esteemed in the North as a kitchen
fruit ; it is also acceptable in the dessert: it is of moder-
ate size, oval shape, and a straw color: makes excellent
sauce, and of fine flavor. In use from August till Christ-
mas, and is a profuse bearer. The tree grows freely in an
upright form.’

EARLY CROFTON. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. vir.
Peacu APPLE.

‘An Irish apple of the middle size and flattish shape of
an olive green color much variegated with red, has a rich
saccharine flavor, ripens in August ; it ismost esteemed for
_ the dessert, but excellent also as a sauce apple. The tree
' grows well, and like most Irish sorts, keeps free from can-
ker. The flowers are large, pink and white.’

EARLY JULIEN. Lond. Hort. Trans. vol. v. p- 267.
Lindley.

A very superior variety of Scotch origin, exhibited by
Mr Ronald, 17th August. Fruit larger than the Golden
Pippin, irregular in its form, angular on its sides, promin-
ently ribbed round the eye; skin glossy, pale yellow or
cream color; flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, with a fine brisk
juice. The tree grows freely, is productive, the fruit grows
in clusters.

KESWICK CODLIN. Lindley. Py. Mal. Pl. 11.

Fruit rather large, obtusely ribbed from snmmit to base -
) ge

90 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

obliquely formed ; the eye large and deep ; the stalk short
‘and sunk to a level with the base; the skin pale yellow ;
juice plentiful and sub-acid. Originated at Keswick; the
young fruit answers for tarts evenin June. The young
trees are vigorous, and these as well as the older are ex-
cessively productive. Lindley states that this and the
Hawthornden are the most useful of all apples for the poor
cottager’s garden.

RED ASTRACHAN. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. v.

‘Is of medium size, nearly globular, of a rich crimson
color, with a fine bloom covering nearly the whole of the
fruit. This isa new and very early apple, ripening fre-
quently in July, when it has few competitors. The flesh
is white, crisp, juicy,and of agreeable flavor ; the leaves
are singularly long and partake, with the branches, of a
purple color.’ The figure of this eminently beautiful
fruit was taken from an imported specimen, and measures
three inches anda half in breadth and is stated to be too
large.

RIVELSTONE PIPPIN. Lond. Hort. Trans. vol. rv.
p. 522. Lindley.

‘Received from Scotland; itis an abundant bearer as a
standard. The fruit is of middle size, somewhat angular at
the sides; the angular projections uniting round the eye in
large knobs; the stalk is short and thick, inserted ina very
regular cavity ; skin greenish yellow, thickly sprinkled with
yellowish russet spots, and neatly covered with bright red ;
flesh yellow, firm, rather dry, but sweet and of very good
flavor. Ripe in August.’

SACK AND SUGAR. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. 1.

‘A dessert apple, below the middle size, a whitish apple.

APPLES. —.CLASS III. SECT. I. 91

Form alittle conical, an inch and three quarters in depth
and two inches and a quarter in diameter ; eye sunken; very
juicy and of an agreeable flavor. Ripens from the
middle to end of July.” Tree free and of spreading
growth; a profuse bearer.

SUGAR LOAF PIPPIN. Pom. Mag. t. 3. Lindley.
DorGot Squoznor. According to Pom. Mag.

Fruit ovate or oblong, generally contracted towards the
eye, which is much hollowed: stalk medium length, in a
regular deep cavity: color a clear light yellow with
green dots; yellow next the sun, nearly white at maturity ;
flesh whitish, firm, crisp, very juicy, with a most agree-
able, lively, sweetish, sub-acid flavor. An excellent sum-
mer apple, ripe early in August, but if kept ten days it
becomes mealy. A Russian apple sent fromthe Taurida
Gardens near St Petersburg to the London Horticultural
Society under the name of Dolgoi Squoznoi, the first sig-
nifying long, the second transparent.

WORMSLEY PIPPIN. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. rv.
Knicut’s CopLin.

‘A large globular apple; the eye much sunk ; [about
three inches in depth and three inches and an half in di-
ameter ;| the color straw, thick set with dark specks: the
flesh is juicy and perhaps unrivalled inthe richness and
excellence of the sauce it produces ; but there is a tender-
ness in the fruit which causes it sometimes to blight.
Ripe beginning of September. The tree is of robust growth
and naturally bears well.’

92 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

CLASS III.—SECTION II.

AUTUMN FRUIT.

ALFRISTON. Hort. Trans. vol. rv. p. 218. Lindley.

Fruit very large, some have weighed 23 ounces. Rais-
ed by Mr Shepherd, is thence sometimes called Shepherd's
Apple: closely resembles the Reinette Blanche d’ Espagne.
Valuable for its beauty, size, and long keeping. Fruit
large, narrowed towards the crown, broadly ribbed at its —
, sides; eye in a cavity, stalk sunk deep; yellow at matu-
rity in the shade, but orange next the sun, and slightly
russeted. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, tender, very
juicy, saccharine, combined with asmart acid. A wre
cooking apple from October to Christmas.

BEAUTY OF KENT. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xv.

‘A large apple of a pyramidal shape, with ribs enlarging
towards the eye; its color yellow, enriched with bright red
stripes, and irregular discolorations on the sunside. This
is a beautiful and much esteemed sauce apple, in use
through November, December, and January. A strong
spreading grower, but apt to pan iet if not in congenial
soil.”

DEVONSHIRE QUEEN. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xxv.

‘A beautiful apple ; rather large, straw colored, enriched
over three fourths of its surface with bright red stripes. It is
an excellent apple, juicy and high flavored, fit either for the

APPLES. —- CLASS III. SECT. It. 93

-

table or for sauce, but particularly the latter. Ripe in Oc-
tober. Itis a general favorite in the West of England.

DOWELL’S PIPPIN. Hort. Trans. vol. v. p. 268.

‘In size and form this apple resembles the Ribston Pip-
pin, but is more pointed at the head, and the eye is sunk
in a more confined and deeper cavity; the skin is green,
nearly covered with a clear thin russet, and a slight tinge
of brownish red onthe sunny side; the flesh is rather of
a finer texture than that of the Ribston Pippin, but in color
and flavor closely resembles it.? An excellent dessert
apple from October to Christmas. Raised in the garden of
Stephen Dowell, Esq. at Braygrove, in Berkshire.’

EDGAR. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. 1v.

‘This apple is of medium size, globular shape, yellow,
laced with some bright red striping. Itis a beautiful fruit,
and excellent either for the dessert or for kitchen use:
in perfection throughout November and December. It
grows well and is a good bearer.’

FLOWER OF KENT. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xv.

‘A large and elegant fruit; [the figure measures four
inches and a half in width] globular, but rather broadest
at the base ; the eye is largeand open; color yellow, flush-
ed with bright red; the flesh is well flavored with plenty
of acid and juice; bakes well, and is in use through No-
vember and December. The tree grows welland is hard-
ier than the Beauty of Kent.’ Blossoms white with blush.’

FRENCH PIPPIN. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xxrx.
FrencuH Russet. Ib.

‘ A sauce apple above the middle size, of globular shape ;

94 - NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

the eye small and prominent : its color is a yellowish green,
the sun side faint red; about half the apple is generally
russetty. It has a pleasant flavor, but is rather light in
substance, for which defect it makes ample amends by a
vigorous growth, ample produce, and seldom suffering by
canker or blight. Its seasonis from November till Janu-
ary.’

GOLDEN BURR. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xxxrx.
Burr Kwnor.

‘So named from knots or joints on the shoots, which
renders iteasyto be grown by cuttings. It is a large
apple, of globular form, smooth glossy surface, yellow, with
a flush of red; this is a very useful fruit in November and
December, and a profuse bearer. The tree grows in a
close compact form, and seldom cankers.’

HOLLANDBURY. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xn.
KirKE ScaRLET ADMIRABLE.

‘A very large and beautiful sauce apple; tankard
shaped ; with four or five slightly projecting ribs ; both eye
and stalk deeply seated in a narrow cavity: itisof a straw
color, three fourths. covered with unmixed crimson. The
fruit has a very elegant appearance on the tree for some
time before gathering, but liable from its weight to be blown
down in tempestuous weather. The treeis diffuse in its
growth, and the leaves unusually small for so large a sort;
it is a good bearer, and in use from October till Christmas.’

[The figure of this beautiful fruit measures over four
inches and a quarter in its breadth. ]

KENTISH BROADING. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xxiv.

‘Is very large, [the figure measures four inches in

APPLES. — CLASS III. SECT. I. 95

breadth, broadest at the base, and rather flattened in form;
the eye a little depressed and angulated ; the stalk small
and deeply inserted ; rather russetty and slightly striped.
This is a noble apple for kitchen use, very rich and juicy
and bakes well. In perfection in November and Decem-
ber. Itis a tree of free growth, and is a good bearer.’

KENTISH FILL BASKET. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. rx.

‘ A very large noble apple of a globular shape, [the fig-
ure measures four inches and a quarter in diameter] color
pea-green with some red blotching ; the eye rather deeply
sunk; it is a very excellent apple and useful from its size
and abundance in bearing. The tree grows large and
free.’

KERRY PIPPIN. Pom. Mag. t. 107. Hooker’s Pom.
Lond. t. 20. Hort. Trans. vol. in. p. 454. Py. Mal.
Brent. Pl. 1v.

‘Is of Irish origin, and perhaps altogether the best of
our summer dessert apples ; a little larger than the Golden
Pippin, of an oblong form; a rich golden color, faced with
bright red ; the stalk is small and prominent, and generally
attended by a small protuberance ; the flesh is firm, of a
rich saccharine, yet poignant flavor : in perfection through
September, October and November. The tree grows
freely, seldom cankers or blights, and bears plentifully,
chiefly in clusters at the extremity of the branches.’

LEWIS’S INCOMPARABLE. Py. Mal. Brent. P]. xxx.

‘A fine large kitchen apple, nearly globular, but termin-
ating ina small contracted eye ; straw color, variegated
with scarlet streaks ; the flesh is white, juicy, and agree-

ably flavored. The tree grows large, and bears plenti-
fully.’

96 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

LONDON PIPPIN. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xv.
Five Crownep Pippin. Ib.

‘So called from the five protuberances round the eye,
which is prominent. It is of the medium size, straw color,
with crimson covering the greatest part of the fruit. This
is avery useful sauce apple from December till March.
The tree grows large, is very durable, and bears plenti-
fully.’

[The figure of this fruit measures near four inches
across. |

LUCCOMBE’S SEEDLING. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. x1v.

‘A fine large globular apple, with slightly projecting
ribs ; pea green color, lightly streaked and dotted with red.
It is a noble sauce apple, ripe in November, December and
January, very juicy, witha rather spicy flavor, and bakes
well. The tree grows spreading and healthy.’

[The figure measures four inches in diameter.]

POTTER’S LARGE SEEDLING. Py. Mal. chee
Pt.

‘A very large sauce apple, being frequently fourteen
and fifteen inches in circumference ; rather oblong, with
some irregular projections ; of a lemoncolor, with a little
red on the exposed side; it is well tasted, and dissolves to
a fine pulp in dressing: mature in November, December
and January. The tree grows luxuriantly, and bears well.’

RAWLINS’ FINE REDSTREAK. Py. Mal. Brent.
Pl...x.

‘In form nearly globular, of middle size, has some slight
irregularity of surface ; lemon colored, streaked nearly all
over with brilliant red ; the flesh is sugared and juicy: it is

APPLES. — CLASS HI. SECT. II. 97

an excellent sauce apple and bears well. Ripens in No-
vember and December.’

RYMER. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xz.

‘ This fruit is large, of a globular shape, a rich crimson
color on a yellow ground: it ranks very highas a sauce
apple, is juicy, and high flavored; a great bearer, and ap-
pears very rich and beautiful on the tree, which grows
strong and healthy : it isin use from October till Christ-
mast. Blossoms pink and white.’

[The figure of this fruit measures nearly four inches in
breadth.]

SALOPIAN PIPPIN. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. v.

‘ A shropshire apple, middle size, lately introduced to
the neighborhood of London by Mr Williams, its shape
globular, a little compressed [three inches and a quarter
in its breadth,] a pea green color; witha slight flush of
pale red, and sprinkled over with brown spots: it has great
merit as a sauce apple, as it dresses well, is juicy, and well
flavored: in use from October till Christmas. "The tree
grows in a compact form, andis a constant bearer.’

SCARLET CROFTON. Hort. Trans. vol. i, p. 453.
Lindley.

The fruit is of medium size, flattened; its diameter 22
inches, its height being less, angular on its sides; the eye
wide and but slightly depressed; stalk short; yellowish in
the shade, but bright red next the sun, and slightly russet-
ed allover. Flesh firm, crisp but never meally, juicy,
and of a rich saccharine flavor. An Irish dessert apple
from October till Christmas.

9

98 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

SOPS OF WINE. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. 11.

‘An apple of moderate size, nearly globular, [three
inches in breadth] of a crimson or purplish color, deepest
on the exposed side, richly striped, dotted with yellow,
and covered with bloom like a plum: the flesh is of a
pinkish hue, suffused with a rich vinous juice. It is a val-
uable dessert apple. Ripe in October, and keeps till
December.’ The tree is of wide and open growth.

Nothing is said of the productiveness of this variety.

STRIPED MONSTROUS REINNETTE. Py. Mal.
Brent. Pl. xxxvi. :

‘A large globular apple, [the figure measures over four
inches indiameter] having irregular ribs, terminating in
strong wrinkles round the eye. It is finely variegated with
red stripes, or blotches on a greenish yellow ground; the
stalk small and rather long. The flesh is tender, juicy, and
of anagreeable flavor. A very useful kitchen fruit in Octo-
ber and November.’

YELLOW INGESTRIE. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. 1.

‘ Fruit small, shaped much like the old Golden Pippin.
Eye very small, flat. Stalk halfan inch, rather deeply in-
serted just protruding beyond the base. Skin bright
gold, with a few pearly specks imbedded. Flesh yellow-
ish white, very tender and delicate. Juice plentiful, rich,
and high flavored. A beautiful little dessert apple in Oc-
tober and November. Raised by Mr Knight of Downton
Castle.—Lind. Guide.

APPLES. —— CLASS III. SECT. III. 99

CLASS III.—SECTION ITIl.

WINTER FRUIT.

AROMATIC RUSSET. Py. Mal. Brent, Pl. vitr. Lind.

‘ Fruit middle sized, a little conical, but flattened at both
the base and crown; eye small, a little depressed; stalk
very short, deeply inserted; skin green, covered with
thin grey russet, and a little tinged with dull red on the
sunny side; flesh greenish white, firm, crisp, but tender.
Juice saccharine and perfumed. A dessert apple from
November to February. ‘The wood of this tree is straight
and rather slender ; an excellent bearer.’

BEDFORDSHIRE FOUNDLING. Py. Mal. Brent.

Pl. xxviit.

‘A fine, large oblong kitchen apple, pea green with a -
slight tinge of red: the flesh is firm, sweet and juicy ; it
bakes excellently, and is a very valuable sort: for use in
December and January.’ :

BURRELL’S RED. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xurr.

‘It is above the middle size, of a conical shape, wrinkles
encompassing a small, shallow eye ; the stalk is deeply in-
serted ; it is of an entire beautiful red color approaching to
scarlet. The flesh is juicy, rich, with an agreeable acid.
This is a’very desirable apple through November, De-
cember and January. It isa robust grower and bears
well.’

100 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

CLAYGATE PEARMAIN. Hort. Trans. vol. v. p.
269 and 402. .

Discovered ina hedge by Mr Bruddick at Claygate, a
hamlet inthe Parish of Thames Ditton ; a fruit of excellent
quality ; the tree grows spreading and drooping, is nota
strong grower, but bears freely. A large and very hand-
some pearmain; of a dull yellow color, nearly covered
with broad stripes of deep red; flesh yellow, rather dry
like all apples of this class, but sweet and rich. Keeps
till Marchand April. .A valuable addition to our stock of
table apples.

COCKLE PIPPIN. Py. Mal. Brent. xxit.

‘ Anexcellent apple, of middle size, much cultivated in
Sussex. It is of an oval form, rather tapering to the eye,
pea green color,a good deal embroidered with russet: a
compact, long-keeping sort, juicy and high flavored ; es-
timable either for the table or kitchen use. Grows ina
spreading form, is in general healthy, and bears well.’
November till May.

CORNISH AROMATIC. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xrx.

‘A kitchen apple, said to have been cultivated for some
centuries in Cornwall. Itisa large apple, of a light yel-
low color, three fourths covered with red stripes, contract-
ed at the eye which is prominent, and encircled by project-
ing plaits. In use from November till January; an ex-
cellent sauce apple but with very little of the spicy flavor
which its name imparts. The tree grows well andisa
good bearer.’

COWARNBP’S QUEENING. Py. Mal. Brent. xxv.

NorTHERN GREENING.

‘A large, oval shaped apple, of a golden color, with some

APPLES. — CLASS IJI. SECT. III. 101

unmixed red on the outward side. It isanexcellent sauce
apple, in use from November till January. The tree grows
in an upright compact form, and is a free bearer.’

!

- DEVONSHIRE GOLDEN BALL. Py. Mal. Brent.

PE xu.

‘It is large and of globular shape, straw colored witha
flush of unstriped carmine. A very beautiful sauce apple,
juicy, with an agreeable acid; it is a very useful apple in
January and February. The tree grows well and bears
freely” —

DUKE OF WELLINGTON. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xrx.
DuMELow’s SEEDLING. Ib.

‘A capital kitchen apple, above the middle size, of a
globular shape ; clear yellow color, witha bright cherry
cheek, without streaks or any unevenness of surface. It is
a weighty apple, of crisp consistence, and sweet, with
a due proportion of acid. In use from November till
March. The tree grows large and spreading.’

HAMBLEDON DEUX. ANS. Py. Mal. Brent. PI. xu.

‘A large noble apple, globular, straw colored, with a little
russet near the stalk, and bright red stripes over the great-
est part; the eye and stalk very little depressed. It is
richly flavored, but rather deficient in juice ; keeps well
through the winter, and ison the whole a useful sort.’ It
would probably be still more deficientin juice in the cli-
mate of the United States.

HAWTHORNDEN. Py. Mal. Brent. PJ. m1.

‘It is a little above the middle size, ofglobular shape,
light straw color, with frequently a flush of scarlet on the
sunny side : the fruit is brisk and juicy. This is perhaps

g*

102 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

the most useful kitchen apple we have, and which Scotland
has the merit of producing. The tree alah: a bushy
form, and never fails bearing a good crop.’

KIRKE’S LORD NELSON. Py. Mal. Pl. xiv. Lind.

Fruit above medium size; 3 inches in diameter but less
in height, of a very regular form ;~ much like the Emperor
Alexander, and like that narrowed at the crown. The eye
is open in a moderate deep: basin ; clear pale yellow in
the shade, but red towards the base ; and a vivid red streak
with deeper red next the sun; flesh yellowish white, firm,
very juicy, of a pleasant aromatic flavor. A beautiful des-
sert cooking apple from November to January.

LEMON PIPPIN, Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. 1x.

‘An old and much esteemed kitchen apple, of middle
size and oval shape, much like a lemon both in form and
color, having generally a small protuberance at the stalk:
it is of a firm texture, brisk flavor, juicy and with plenty
of acid; will keep excellent till March, is a good bearer;
and the tree generally thrives well. Blossoms pink and
white.’

MARMALADE PIPPIN. Py. Mal. Brent. R. xxvut.

WetsH Pippin. Ib.

‘An oblong apple of middle size, flattened at the eye ;
of a lemon color, singularly mottled with whitish spots.
It is a good sweet juicy apple, a great favorite in Wales ;
of hardy growth and a profuse bearer, and will keep till
February. Blossoms white with a little pink.’

NORFOLK STORING. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xxxm1.

‘A little larger than the Norfolk Beuffin, and of a lighter
red color; the flesh is tenderer, more juicy, and of richer
flavor. It ripensin Decemberand January. Grows vigor-
ously and bears well.’

APPLES. — CLASS III. SECT. III. 103

STRIPED HOLLAND PIPPIN. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl.

XIV.

‘A Fine, large, firm apple, of an oblong shape, yellow
color, richly striped with bright red; the flesh highly
flavored, and dissolves readily in baking: this sort keeps
well through the winter. The tree spreads much, grows
freely, and bears plentifully: This is a very desirable
kind. Blossoms early, deep red.

WALTHAM ABBEY SEEDLING. Hort. Trans. vol.
v. p. 268.

Raised by Mr John Barnard of Waltham Abbey from a
seed of the Golden Noble, [which is a large fruit] it
resembles it, butis much larger.

Form globular, sometimes contracted at the crown; eye
in a shallow basin; stalk short, deeply sunk ; color yellow
at maturity, but dull scarlet next the sun; flesh yellowish,
soft, juicy, and verysweet. Most excellent cooked, retain-
ing fa high flavor. Keeps well till January. The tree
bore its first fruit in 1819— and the specimens were ex-
hibited in 1821. The tree is a free grower and bears
abundantly

YORKSHIRE GREENING. Py. Mal. Brent. Pl. xr.

‘A very valuable large kitchen apple, flattened in shape,
and ribbed irregularly: [the figure measures four inches
in diameter] of a green color with dark red stripes: it has
a pleasant flavor, is juicy and bakes excellently. The tree
is of robust, hardy, bushy growth, seldom cankering or
failing to bear. This is reckoned a first rate sort in the
North.’ November to April.

104 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

CLASS IIL—SECTION IV.
CIDER FRUIT.

eee

HAGLOE CRAB. Lindley.

This old cider apple, is described as a small ill-shaped
fruit ; yellow on one side, and red, mingled with russet on
the other. Specific gravity of its juice 1081.

-'The most famous cider in the world was formerly made
of this fruit.

This apple has been many years in the United States ;
but we hear nothing of the superiority of any liquor made
from it in our latitude, it may deserve trial] in Canada.

All the English cider apples described in the Ist and 2d
class will probably succeed in Canada.

CULTIVATION.

The seeds or Pomace of the apple should be sown in
autumn in arich soil. — When the young plants appear
in spring they should be carefully thinned to the distance of
two inches asunder, and kept free from weeds by carefully
hoeing during the remainder of the season, or till of suf-
ficient size to be removed.

At one or two years of age they are taken up, their tap
roots shortened that they may throw out lateral roots, they
are transferred to the nursery, set in rows about four feet
asunder — and at one foot distance from each other in the
row. In the summer following they are inoculated, or
they are grafted or inoculated the year following.

CULTIVATION. 105

SIZE AND AGE FOR TRANSPLANTING TO THE ORCHARD.

An apple tree, when finally transplanted to the orchard,
ought to be at least 6 or 7 feet in height, with branches in
proportion, and full two years from the bud or graft, and
thrifty ; apple trees under this size belong properly only to
the nursery.

DISTANCE.

The distance asunder to which apple trees should be
finally set when transplanted to the orchard, depends upon
the nature of the soil, and the cultivation to be subsequent-
ly given. If the soil is by nature extremely fertile, 40 feet
distance may be allowed, and even 45 and 50 feet in some
very extraordinary situations : for before the trees become
old, they will completely shade the ground. If however
the soil is not very extraordinary by nature or so rendered
by art, this distance would be too great; for the trees
would become old and their growth would be finished, be-
fore the ground could be covered by their shadow ;— 30 feet
only may therefore be allowed in land usually denomi-
nated of good quality, and but 20 to 25 feet in land of ordi-
nary quality.

' The quincunx mode is recommended for close’arrange-
ment.

The size to which an apple tree may attain, and the
ground which should be alloted to it, depend also, in some
measure, on the particular variety of apple; some sorts
being well known to attain to a much greater size than
that of others.

‘The period of growth or the duration of the apple tree is
comparatively limited; this is sufficienly evident from the
perishable nature of its timber. Those species of trees
only, will continue living and growing for numerous cen-
turies, whose timber may be preserved incorruptible during

he lapse of a long succession of ages.

106_—y NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

SOIL AND SITUATION.

A rich soil, rather moist than dry, is that adapted to the
apple tree, but what is usually termed a deep pan soil is
to be preferred. |

On such asoil, whether on the plains, or in the valley, or
on the sides and summits of our great hills, which almost
always consist of good land, and even in situations the most
exposed, the apple tree will flourish.

One of the most productive apple orchards in this imme-
diate vicinity, is situated on the North and Northwest sides
of a hill, the most exposed to cold winds. The soil of great
hills is generally of far superior quality to that of the
plains, and it is a very mistaken opinion which seems adopt- -
ed by some, that the soil of all hills must of necessity be
dry and deficient in moisture. Itis the plains and the
knolls that are but too generally thus deficient, not the
great hills, which almost always abound in springs.

Land half covered with rocks and incapable of being
cultivated with the plough, is in some respects admirably
suited to the apple tree. For in such situations they are
not liable to suffer from drought: they receive nearly a
double portion of moisture from the rains that fall, anda
greater degree of heat by the reflected rays of the sun.

They may even flourish on sandy plains ; if, where the
tree is to be placed, an excavation is formed 6 or 8 feet in
diameter, and 3 or 4 feet in depth: and if half filled either
with useless small stones intermixed with rich loam, mud
from the low grounds, clay, or gravelly clay, or mixtures of
any of these substances, with a portion of manure, and
the remainder of the excavation filled to the surface with
rich loam.

CULTIVATION. 107

MANAGEMENT OF THE LAND.

If the ground intended for the orchard cannot conveni-
ently be kept wholly in a state of cultivation during the
first years, a portion at least ought to be.

A strip of land to each row of 8 or 10 feet in width, well
manured, may be kept cultivated, and the vegetables,
which may here be raised will {amply repay the expense
and labor bestowed during the 4 or 5 first years. After
this if the trees have grown well, as they probably must
have done, cultivation at a distance in the intervals be-
comes even more important than within the limited distance
of a very few feet from the trunk of the tree.

For on examination it will be found that the small fibres
or sponglets, by which alone the tree derives all the nour-
ishment it receives from the earth, are now remote from the
trunk of the tree ; they are now to be found seeking pas-
ture beyond the limits of its shade, and it becomes neces-
sary that the whole ground should be kept in a high state
of cultivation for the 4 or 5 following years; after this
period it may be occasionally laid to grass, which however
should be broken up at frequent intervals, the land being
always kept in good heart.

PRUNING.

The most suitable season for pruning is that interval be-
tween the time the frost is out of the ground in spring and
the opening of the leaf.

Trees ought not to be pruned in February and March at
the time the frost is coming out of the ground. This is the
season when most trees and particularly the vine and sugar
maple bleed most copionsly and injuriously. It causes
inveterate canker, the wounds turn black, and the bark for
perhaps several feet below, becomes equally black, and per-
fectly dead in consequence of the bleeding.

108 - NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

I have given directions for pruning the trees while young
under the general directions in the former part of this
work, and will add, that when those directions have been
followed, when large and profitable crops are desired,
our cultivators; generally avoid robbing their trees unne-
cessarily, of a particle of bearing wood.

Those limbs which interfere with other limbs by gall-
ing, the suckers and dead wood are alone removed:
for they consider that the warmth of the atmosphere is of
itself sufficient in our climate to ripen the fruit, without
attempting to admit the sun to every part of the tree.

These directions are to be more especially observed in
regard to old trees in their declining years — their trunks
being too old for the reproduction and sustenance of a crop
of new and fruitful wood, — nothing should be taken away
but the dead ~branches and suckers. We have seen old
trees whose branches were annually loaded with fruit, de-
spoiled at once by the hand of man of half their bearing
wood, under the mistaken idea that the destruction of the
one half of the tree would confer a benefit on the remainder,
and render them still more productive. We noticed how-
ever that the effect thus produced was directly the reverse,
as their total destruction usually followed as a consequence,
not long after.

INSECTS.

The apple tree has four destructive enemies. The cat-
erpillar, the borer, the canker worm and the curculio.

The caterpillar usually makes its first appearance with
the opening of the leaf of the apple tree: they are readily
and easily destroyed if taken in season. They are brought
down either by the hand or by the excellent brush invent-
edby the late Hon. Timothy Pickering which must be
attached toa pole. They should be taken early in the ,
morning before they leave their nests. When brought

CULTIVATION. 109

down they must be destroyed. The trees should be exam-
ined a second time not long after.

The borer. The modes of preserving apple trees from
the depredations of the borer may be found in the former
part of this work.

Of the canker worm. In the immediate neighbor-
hood where I reside the canker worm is unknown— I
raust therefore avail of the experience of others.

The canker worm, after it has finished its work of de-
struction in spring, descends to the earth, which it enters
to the depth of from one to five inches. After the first
frosts of October, or from the 15th or 20th, those nearest
the surface usually begin to rise from their earthy bed,
transformed to grubs or millers. They usually rise in the
night and invariably direct their course to the tree, which
they ascend and deposit their eggs on the branches, which
are hatched in April or May. They frequently rise during
moderate weather in winter, when the ground is not frozen,
and in March, and till towards the end of May. When the
ground in spring has been bound by a long continuance
of frost, and a thaw suddenly takes place, they are said
sometimes to ascend in incredible numbers.

Here, then, at the bottom or trunk of the tree, it is neces-
sary to arrest their progress and prevent the ascent of the
grub or miller.

The usual mode, or the mode generally adopted in prac-
tice, is tarring. With this design the bark around the cir-
cumference of the trunk is scraped smooth, and the crevices
where the application is to be made, are filled with clay
or mortar: over this a strip of canvas 3 or 4 inches in
width is to be bound around the tree, the lower band to
consist of a large tow cord to prevent the running down of
the tar, and its consequent pernicious effect on the tree.
On this strip the tar is laid witha brush. The operation
must be performed every afternoon a little before sunset,

10

110 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.
when the weather is moderate, and the surface of the
earth not frozen, from the first hard frosts which commence
in October and during winter till about the last of May.
For the tar, by the heat of the sun, or by dry winds or
other causes, sometimes becomes dry on its surface ina
very short time, and in such cases it offers no obstruction
to the passage of the insect. Dr Thacher in his Ameri-
can Orchardist, has recommended that a small portion of
soft grease or train oil should be mixed with the tar to pre-
serve it from drying. It should be observed that the in-
sect on finding its passage obstructed, frequently deposits
its eggs in great numbers near the base of the tree in the
cracks and fissures of the bark. These may be destroyed
by the solution of potash. But the tar does not at all
times afford a perfect security, for when vast numbers
arise at once from the earth, a bridge over the tar is speed-
ily formed of the carcasses of those which first attempt the
ascent, and over these an innumerable host may safely pass,
and the labor of tarring, previously bestowed, is lost for
that season.

The tarring process is a tedious one, requiring constant
attention during a long period ; the omission of a single
night favorable to the ascent of the grubs, may prove fatal to
the trees for that season, and the labor previously bestowed
is lost.

Various other modes have therefore been proposed with
the design of preventing their ascent: but however in-
genious or effectual they may have proved, they have not
to my knowledge yet been introduced to general practice.

Dr Spofford of Bradford, Mass., has recommended as a
simple and effectual remedy, that after scraping smooth the
bark around the tree, a strip of list, an inch or two in width,
should be closely secured around its circumference, and
over this a small quantity of the mercurial ointment or
unguentum, isto be applied. This appears to be extremely

CULTIVATION. 111

simple, cheap, and easy ; as itis saidto require but a single
application during the season, and to become, by the oxygen
it imbibes from the atmosphere, more poisonous — some
time after it has been applied. The Hon. H. A. S. Dear-
born in the course of his experiments on the canker worm,
which are recorded in vol. viii. of the New England
Farmer, Nos. 23 and 48 — has informed us that the applica-
tion above described, totally failed with him — it offered no
obstruction whatever.

What the particular causes of the failure in this instance
were, provided it has in other instances proved effectual,
we cannot conjecture ; unless we suppose that the insects
passed over while the mercurial preparation was yet ina
new and fresh state ; and before it had time to imbibe that
portion of oxygen from the atmosphere, which Dr Spofford
has asserted, renders its poison more active and effectual.

The Hon. John Lowell has stated in vol. iii. No. 4, of
the “Mass. Agr. Repository, that he caused the ground
around 60 apple trees to be dug to the depth of four inches,
and to the distance of two or three feet from the roots sit
having been ascertained by Professor Peck that the insect
seldom descended into the ground at a greater distance
than three or four feet from the trunk. The ground being
laid smooth, three casks of effete or air-slacked lime were
spread over the surface thus prepared, to the depth
of about an inch. These trees were tarred as well as
the others, and although grubs or worms appeared on
most that were not limed, not a single grub was to be per-
ceived on the trees limed.

Mr Lowell has spoken of the result of the experiment
as of a single trial, and the first of the kind to his know-
ledge on record, and expresses his hopes that it may in-
duce others to pursue still further the experiment; for
while tarring is injurious to the tree, and expensive in its
application, the lime, which may consist of sweeping
of the lime-store, is comparatively cheap :— it requires

LI2 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

but a single application in a season, it is not only destruc-
tive to animal substances but is useful as a manure.

Professor Peck has recommended that the ground should
in October be carefully inverted with a spade to the depth
of five inches, and as far as the branches extend; the clods
broken, the surface raked smooth, and rolled with a heavy
roller ; the rolling to be repeated in March. Lime reduced to
an impalpable powder, he thinks, might be with advantage
applied to the surface thus smoothed, not only as being
adapted to close the openings which may appear, but use-
ful also from its caustic qualities.

On the lands of my father, John Kenrick, Esq. in Newton,
a single canker worm has never been seen; yet in view
of the magnitude of the evil he has in some of the publi-
cations recommended that, instead of the mode of invert-
ing the soil, as recommended by Professor Peck, the whole
infested soil beneath the tree be removed to the neces-
sary depth with all the grubs which it contains, and carted
to the barn-yard in October, and replaced either with com-
post, or rich soil intermixed with manure.

Other modes of tarring have been suggested; two
boards have been recommended to be nicely adjusted to the
tree by cutting a semicircular portion from each ; and tar is
recommended to be applied to their under surfaces, where
it is supposed it may retain its fluidity much longer by
not being so much exposed to rain and the influence of the
sun.

P. J. Robbins of Roxbury, has recommended as an effect-
ual remedy ; that a strip of sheet-lead of 43 inches in width,
be formed into a tube or gutter by bending over a wooden
cylinder; this is again bent round the tree by passing a
rope through it. After being adjusted to a level it is se-
cured by nailing its inner edge tothe tree. This being
soldered at the ends, is filled in autumn with winter strained
oil, spirits turpentine, or other liquids, and above this is

CULTIVATION. ; 1¥s

placed a strip of oiled sheathing paper, cut in proper form
as a screen from the falling rain.

The plan invented by Mr Abel Houghton of Lynn, and
said to have proved effectual, differs from the above, as
the circular gutter is formed of thick pasteboard painted
it is filled with oil, and a pastepoard screen projects from
above covered with painted canvas, to shield it from the rain.

On similar principles Mr Briggs of Bristol, R. I. has suc-
cessfully stopped the ascent of the grub by gutters formed
of tin. Four straight gutters are connected by soldering
at their corners ; these being adjusted to a level are sup-
ported on strips of boards nailed to the tree; the inner
edge of the gutter is so bent as to project over the outer
edge toshield it from rain. The space between the cutter
and tree being filled with swingling tow properly secured,
‘and the gutter being filled half full of water, a quantity of
thin whale oil is added, and the security is supposed to be
complete.

The Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn has further suggested that
gutters formed of earthen Danvers ware, laid on the earth
around the tree, might perhaps prove cheaper; and these
being filled with a fluid might be equally as effectual.

Lastly, we would recommend for experiment, on the sup-
position that some one of them may prove effectual, the ap-
plication of the following substances. For more particular
account of them all, see the article Insects in the former part
of this work,

1. Chloride of lime, to be placed around the roots of the
tree in a circular gutter formed of any material and screen-
ed from rain.

2. Cinders from the blacksmith’s forge applied in a simi-
lar manner, which have been found by Professor Thouin
so effectual in obstructing the march of the wire-worm.

3. The application of coal tar, instead of common tar, to ©
prevent the ascent of the grub. This substance as has al-

10*

114 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

ready been stated, possesses either qualities so poisonous or
an odor so powerful, that its application is now said to be
effectual in preventing the ravages of the worm which is
so destructive to the plank of the ships which navigate the
ocean in warm latitudes.

4, The garden compound, sold at the bookstore of Mr
Ives in Salem, and at the seed-store of Mr Russell in
Boston, is understood to possess powerful qualities.

When the canker worms have once gained possession of
the tree, itis by no means deemed an easy task to dislodge
them. Dr Richardson of South Reading, however, informs
me, that he is confident from his experiments, that. they
may be dislodged and destroyed with but little trouble or
expense, by a showering of a strong decoction of tobacco
water with Willis’s syringe. Attempts have been made to
destroy or dislodge them by fumigations of oil, sulphur, &c,
but the accounts of the inefficacy of such attempts are
contradictory.

Curculio. For an account of the various modes adopted
to avert the ravages of this destructive insect, see the arti-
cle Insects in the former part of this work.

THE APPLE, [Pyrus Malus,]

Is a spreading tree with a spherical head. In its wild
state itis denominated a crab-apple, and is a thorny tree,
with small leaves, and a small, unpleasant acid fruit; and
from the crab-apple it is supposed all our finest varie-
ties have been produced by cultivation. The apple is sup-
posed to have been introduced into Britain by the Romans ;
and although Mr Bartram has described a crab-apple, a na-
tive of our country, the pyrus coronaria, a globular formed,
beautiful yellow fruit, an inch in diameter, excellent for
preserving, with blossoms of a gay and beautiful appear-
ance in spring, yetit is supposed that our stock of apples
originated not from this, but from Europe.

CULTIVATION. 115

USES.

Apples when well ripened, form an extremely whole-
some food in their raw state ; and from the qualities which
they possess, their habitual use according to Mr Knight,
destroys the artificial appetite for strong fermented liquors
and the preparations of alcohol. They abate thirst, and
boiled or roasted, says Loudon, ‘they fortify a weak stom-
ach and are excellent in dysentery, and equally efficacious
in putrid and malignant fevers, with the juice of lemons
and currants. Scopoli recovered from a weakness of the
stomach and indigestion by using them.’ Dr Willich has
also informed us (Dom. Ency.) that, ‘In diseases of the
breast, such as catarrhs, coughs, consumptions, &c, in their
roasted, boiled, or stewed state, they are of considerable
service. They may also be usefully employed in decoc-
tions, which, if drank plentifully, tend_to abate febrile
heat, as well as to relieve strictures in pectoral complaints.’
The usual modes of cooking or preparation for common use
are too well known to need describing.

‘ Deduit of Mazeres [Philips] has found that one third of
apple pulp, baked with two thirds of flour, having been
properly fermented with yest for twelve hours, makes every
excellent bread, full of eyes, and extremely palatable. In
perfumery the pulp beat up with lard forms pomatum,’
‘and Bose observes, that the prolonged stratification of
apples with elder flowers in a close vessel, gives the for-
mer an odor of musk extremely agreeable.’ (Loudon).
An excellent jelly, says Mr Fessenden, (New Amer. Gard.)
is thus prepared from them. They are pared, quartered,
and the core removed, and put in aclosely covered pot
without water, in an oven or over a fire. When well
stewed, the juice is to be squeezed through a cloth, a little
white of an egg is added, and then sugar; and lastly, it is
skimmed, and by boiling reduced to a proper consistence.

116 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

Apples are preserved by drying; for this purpose they are
pared by machinery constructed for this purpose, quartered,
deprived of their core and either strung on twine or laid in
shallow boxes with bottoms formed of laths at suitable dis-
tances, and the drying is effected in the sun or in ovens}
in this state they may be long preserved: they answer
equally well for cooking, and form a profitable article for
stores, and for sea exportation.

Mr Knight in his treatise on the apple and the pear has
informed us, that the juice of both these fruits may be used
advantageously on long voyages. He has often reduced it
by boiling to the consistence of weak jelly ; and in this way,
although intentionally exposed to the atmosphere at differ-
ent temperatures, he has preserved it for several years
without the slightest change. In this concentrated state it
has been supposed that a few pounds added to a hogshead
of water might form a good liquor, similar to perry or cider.
It might also, as he supposes, answer as a substitute for the
rob of lemons and oranges, and at much less expense.

The late Hon. Timothy Pickering has related the ac-
count of the efficacy of sweet apples in the cure of a sick
horse: it is also stated that horses, cattle, and swine fatten
in a remarkably short space of time when fed on sweet ap-
ples. It is true, cattle may have been injured by breaking
into orchards anddevouring at once an inordinate quantity of
the forbidden fruit : but this is equally true, when they have ~
broken into cornfields; yet neither are injurious when used
as regular food. And it is thought by many that the ear-
liest fruit, the windfalls, may be more profitably consumed
by permitting cattle and swine regularly to range the or-
chards, than by being gathered for the purposes of distilla-
tion.

The unfermented juice of sweet apples is sometimes by
boiling converted into molasses in those places where this
article is not easily obtained. But for the manufacture of

CULTIVATION. 117

molasses it is not altogether improbable that the potato,
from some late experiments, may offer in future a much
more profitable resource.

GATHERING AND PRESERVING THE FRUIT.

Various theories have been offered for preserving apples
ina sound state for winteruse or for distant voyages.
Some have proposed gathering the fruit before it is ripe
and drying it on floors before it is put up; this has been
tried ; the apples lose their sprightly flavor, and keep no
better than by some less troublesome modes. Dr Noah
Webster has recommended that they should be put down
between layers of sand which has been dried by the heat of
summer. This is without doubt an excellent mode, as it
excludes the air, and absorbs the moisture, and must be
useful when apples are to be shipped to a warm climate.
But apples thus preserved are liable to imbibe an earthy
taste.

Chopped straw has also been highly recommended to be
placed between the layers of fruit: but I have noticed that
the straw, from the perspiration it imbibes, becomes musty,
and may probably do more hurt than good. When apples
are to be exported it has been recommended that each
be separately wrapped in coarse paper, in the manner oran-
ges and lemons are usually put up. This is without doubt
an excellent mode. And Mr Loudon has recommended
that apples destined for ares should be packed between
layers of grain.

Great quantities of fine winter fruit are raised in the
vicinity of Boston and put up for winter use, for the mar-
kets, and for exportation. The following is the mode al-
most universally adopted by the most experienced. And
by this mode apples under very favorable circumstances,
are frequently preserved ina sound state, or not one -in
fifty defective, for a period of seven or eight months. The
fruit is suffered to hang on the tree to as late a period as

118 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

possible in October, or till hard frosts have loosened the
stalk, and they are in imminent danger of being blown down
by high winds; such as have already fallen are carefully
gathered and inspected, and the best are put up for early
winter use. They are carefully gathered from the tree by
hand and as carefully laid in baskets. New, tight, well sea-
soned flour barrels from the bakers, are usually preferred ; the
baskets being filled are cautiously lowered into the barrels
and reversed. The barrels being quite filled are gently sha-
ken, and the head is gently pressed down to its place and se-
cured. It is observed that this pressure never causes them to
rot next the head, and is necessary, as they are never allowed
to rattle inremoving. No soft straw or shavings are admitted
at the ends ; it causes mustiness and decay. ‘They are next
carefully placed in wagons and removed on the bulge, and
laid in courses in a cool airy situation onthe north side of
buildings near the cellar, protected by a covering on the
top of boards, so placed as to defend them from the sun and
rain, while the air is not excluded atthe sides. A chill
does not injure them, it is no disservice ; but when extreme
cold weather comes on, and they are in imminent danger of
being frozen, whether by night or day, they are carefully
rolled into a cool, airy, dry cellar, with openings on the
north side, that the cold air may have free access: they
are laid in tiers, and the cellar is in due time closed and
rendered secure from frost. The barrels are never tum.
bled or placed on the head. Apples keep best when
grown in dry seasons and on dry soils. If fruit is gathered
late, and according to the above directions, repacking is un-
necessary, it is even ruinous, and should on noaccount be prac-
tised till the barrel is opened for use. It has been fully tried.

When apples are to be exported Mr Cobbett has recom-
mended that ‘ they should if possible be carried on deck :
otherwise between decks.’ — Between decks is the place,
and in the most dry, cool and airy part.

CULTIVATION. 119

CIDER.

Cider, or the fermented juice of the apple, constitutes the
principal vinous beverage of the citizens of New England,
of the middle states, and of the older states of the west.
Good cider is deemed a pleasant, wholesome liquor during
the heat of summer; and Mr Knight has asserted, and
also eminent medical men, that strong astringent ciders
have been found to produce nearly the same effect in
cases of putrid fever as port wine.

The unfermented juice of the apple consists of water
and a peculiar acid, combined with the saccharine principle.
Where a just proportion of the latter is wanting, good cider
cannot be formed; in the process of fermentation the
saccharine principle is in part converted to alcohol.
Where the proportion of the saccharine principle is want-
ing, the deficiency must be supplied either by the addition
of a saccharine substance before fermentation, or by the
addition of alcohol either before or after fermentation. For
it cannot be disguised, that all good wine or cider contains
it, elaborated by fermentation, either in the cask, or in the
reservoirs at the distillery. ‘

The strength of the cider depends on the specific gravity
of the juice on expression; this may be readily ascertained
by weighing or by the hydrometer.

I have described some of the most approved varieties of
apples known. The density of their juices is designated
by their weight, which I have stated; which is always in
the proportion to the same measure and quantity of water,
weighing 1000. According tothe experiments of Major
Adlum of Georgetown, District of Columbia, it appeared
that when two pounds of sugar were dissolved in a gallon
of rain water, the bulk occupied by 1000 grains of rain
water weighed 1087 grains. From this it would appear
that the juice produced by the best known apple, contains
about two pounds of sugar in a gallon. Mr Marshal has

120 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

asserted that a gentleman, Mr Bellamy of Herefordshire,
(Eng.) has by skill ‘produced cider from an apple called
Hagloe crab, which for, richness, flavor, and price on the
spot, exceeds perhaps every other liquor which nature or
art has produced. He has been offered sixty guineas for a
hogshead of 110 gallons of this liquor.’ Newark in New
Jersey, is reputed one of the most famous places in Ameri-
cafor its cider. The cider apple most celebrated there is
the Harrison apple, a native fruit: and cider made from this
fruit, when fined and fit for bottling, frequently brings $10
per barrel, according to Mr Coxe. This and the Hughs’
Virginia crab are the two most celebrated cider apples of
America. Old trees growing in dry soils produce, it is said,
the best cider. A good cider apple is saccharine and
astringent.

To make good cider the first requisite is suitable fruit ;
it is equally necessary that the fruit should be not merely
mellow but thoroughly mature, and ripe if possible at the
suitable period, or about the first of November, or from the
first to the middle, after the excessive heat of the season
is past, and while sufficient warmth yet remains to enable
the fermentation to progress slowly as it ought.

The fruit should be gathered by hand or shaken from the
» tree in dry weather, when it is at perfect maturity; and
the ground should be covered with coarse cloths or Russia
mats beneath, to prevent bruising, and consequent rotten-
ness, before the grinding commences. Unripe fruit should
be laid in large masses, protected from dews and rain, to
sweat and hurry on its maturity, when the suitable time
for making approaches. The earlier fruits should be laid
in thin layers on stagings to preserve them to the suitable
period for making, protected alike from rain and dews
and where they may be benefited by currents of cool, dry
air.

Each variety should be kept separate that those ripening
at the same period may be ground together.

CULTIVATION. 121

In grinding, the most perfect machinery should be used
toreduce the whole fruit, skin and seeds to a fine pulp.
This should if possible be performed in cool weather.
The late Joseph Cooper of New Jersey has observed em-
phatically, that ‘the longer a cheese lies after being ground,
before pressing’, the better for the cider, provided it escapes
Sermentation until the pressing is completed, and he further
observes, ‘that a sour apple after being bruised on one side,
becomes rich and sweet after it has changed toa brown
color; while it yetretains its acid taste on the opposite
side.’ When the pomace united to the juice is thus suffer-

_edfor atime to remain, it undergoes a chemical change ;

the saccharine principle is developed, it will be found rich
and sweet ; sugar is in this case produced by the prolong-
ed union of the bruised pulp and juice, which could never
have been formed in that quantity had they been sooner sep-
arated.

Mr Jona. Rice, of Marlborough, who is understood to be
noted for his success in the manufacture of good cider, ap-
pears so sensible of the important effect of mature or fully
ripe fruit, that provided this is the case, he-is willing to
forego the disadvantage of having a proportion of them quite
rotten. Let me observe that this rottenness must be the
effect in part, of bruises by improper modes of gathering
—or by improper mixtures of ripe with unripe fruit. He
always chooses cool weather for the operation of grinding:
and instead of suffering the pomace to remain but 24 or
48 hours at most before pressing, as others have directed,
he suffers it to remain from a week to ten.days, provided the
weather will admit, stirring the mass daily till it is put to
the press. [See his communication in vol. vii. p. 123, of N.
E. Farmer. ]

The best cider is made, according to Dr Mease, by the
following process. The liquor on coming from the press
is strained through hair cloths, or sieves, and put into clean,

11

122 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

tight, strong hogsheads ; these are filled and the bung left
out and placed in cool airy cellars or on the north sides of
buildings where the air circulates. Ina day, or sometimes
less, according to the state of the weather and maturity of
the fruit, the pulp begins to rise and flows from the bung
for a few hours or a day or two at farthest; at the inter-
vals of 2 or 8 hours the hogshead is replenished, and kept
full from a portion of the same liquor kept in reserve for
this purpose, as it is deemed necessary that the whole
pulp should overflow, that none may return again into the
liquor. The moment the pulp has ceased rising, white
bubbles are perceived — the liquor is in this critical mo-
ment fine or clear, and must be instantly drawn off by a
cock or faucet within three inches of the bottom.

On drawing off the cider it must be put into a clean
cask and closely watched, the fermentation restrained or pre-
vented: when therefore white bubbles as mentioned above,
are again perceived at the bung hole, rack it again imme-
diately, after which it will probably not ferment till March,
when it must be racked off as before and if possible in
clear weather. As soon as safety will admit after the first
racking, a small hole must be bored near the bung and the
bung driven tight, this must be finally sealed and a spile
inserted, giving it vent occasionally, as circumstances re-
quire. In March if not perfectly fine, it is drawn from the
lees inaclear day and fined: this is usually effected by
dissolving in a few quarts of cider three staples of isinglass,
| stirring it often ; this is poured into the hogshead. It must
be drawn off again in ten or twelve days after, lest the sedi-
ment should rise ; if not fine now, repeat the fining again.

In Herefordshire, according to Dr Mease, (Dom. Ené¢y.)
the sediment of the first racking is filtered through coarse
linen bags; this yields a bright, strong, but extremely flat
liquid; if this be added to the former portion, it will
greatly contribute to prevent fermentation, an excess of
which will make the cider thin and acid.

CULTIVATION. 123

The first fermentation in cider is termed the vinous; in
this the sugar is decomposed and loses its sweetness, and
is converted into alcohol ; if the fermentation goes on too
rapidly the cider is injured; a portion of alcohol passes
off with the carbonic acid.

The design of the frequent rackings, as above mentioned |
is principally to restrain the fermentation ; but it seems to
be generally acknowledged that it weakens the liquor. It
is not generally practised, although the finest cider is often
produced by this mode.

Various other modes are adopted with the view of re-
straining fermentation. Stumming by brimstone is thus
performed. After a few gallons of cider are poured into
the hogshead, into which the cider is to be placed when
racked off, a rag six inches long, previously dipped in melt-
ed brimstone, is attached by a wire to a very long tapering
bung; on the match being lighted, the bung is loosely in-
serted: after this is consumed, the cask is rolled or tumbled
till the liquor has imbibed the gas, and then filled with the |
liquid. This checks the fermentation. Mr Knight, from
his long experience and observation in a country, (Here-
fordshire, Eng.) famous for its cider, has lately in a letter to
the Hon. John Lowell stated, that the acetous fermentation
generally takes place during the progress of the vinous,
and the liquor from the commencement is imbibing oxygen
at its surface. He highly recommends that new charcoal
ina finely pulverized state be added to the liquor as it
comes from the press in the proportion of eight pounds to
the hogshead, to be intimately incorporated ; ‘this makes
the liquor at first as black as ink, but it finally becomes
remarkably fine.’

Dr Darwin has recommended that the liquor, as soon as
the pulp has risen, should be placed in a cool situation in
easks of remarkable strength, and the liquor closely con-

124 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

fined from the beginning. This experiment has been tried
with good success ; the fermentation goes on slowly, and
an excellent cider is generally the result.

A handful of well powdered clay to a barrel is said to
check the fermentation. This is stated by Dr Mease. And
with the view of preventing the escape of the carbonic
acid, and to prevent the liquor from imbibing oxygen from
the atmosphere, a pint of olive oil has been recommended
to each hogshead. The excellent cider exhibited by Mr
Rice was prepared by adding two gallons of New England
rum to each barrel when first made.—In February or
March it was racked off in clear weather, and two quarts’
more of New England rum added to each barrel. Cider
well fermented may be frozen down to any requisite degree
of strengh. In freezing, the watery parts are separated
and freeze first, and the strongest parts are drawn off from
the centre. I finish by adding the following general rules,
they will answer for all general purposes, they are the con-
clusions from whatis previously stated. 1. Gather the
fruit according to the foregoing rules ; let it be thoroughly
ripe when ground, which should be about the middle of
November. 2. Let the pomace remain from two to four
days, according tothe state of the weather, stirring it
every day till itis put to the press. 3. If the liquor is de-
ficient in the saccharine principle, the defect must be reme-
died in the beginning, either by the addition of saccharine
substances or alcohol. The cheapest ifnot the best for this
purpose is the neutral spirit, which is a highly rectified spirit
obtained from New England rum, and is devoid of the haut
gout or any offensive flavor. 4. Let the liquor be immediate-
ly placed ina cool cellar in remarkably strong, tight, sweet
casks ; after the pulp has all overflown, confine the liquor
down by driving the bung hard and by sealing ; a vent must
be left, and the spile carefully drawn at times, but only
when absolutely necessary, to prevent the cask from burst-

CULTIVATION. Ee -

ing. . The charcoal recommended by Mr Knight deserves
trial.
VINEGAR
Is made of the best quality from hard old cider ; it must
be placed under sheds in casks but two thirds full, with the
bung out, and exposed to a current of air.

Sour casks are purified by pouring in a small quantity of
hot water, and adding unslaked lime: bung up the cask and
continue shaking it till the lime is slaked. Soda and chloride
‘of lime are good for purifying. When casks are emptied to
be laid by, let them be thoroughly rinsed with water, and
drained, then pour into each a quart of cheap alcohol, shake
the cask and bung it tight, and it will remain sweet for
years. Musty casks should be condemned to other uses.
Cider should not be bottled till perfectly fine, otherwise it
may burst the bottles. The bottles should be strong and
filled to the bottom of the neck. After standing an hour,
they should be corked with velvet corks. The lower end’
of the cork is held for an instant in hot water, and itis then
instantly after driven down witha mallet. The bottles
must be either sealed or laid on their sides, in boxes, or in
the bottom of a cellar and covered with layers of sand.

Dr Mease (Dom. Ency.) has stated ‘ that the apple flour-
ishes in every part of the United States except the low
lands of the maritime parts of Carolina and Georgia.” And
good judges assert that the apples of England and of the
North of France are not to be compared for excellence of
flavor to those produced in our climate.

The process formerly adopted for obtaining new and
excellent varieties of apples was, to plant only the seeds of
the very best fruit, and to select from these only those indi-
viduals with large leaves and strong wood. Reasonseemed
to dictate this mode ; but reason united to experience has.
taught a different. See the first section in the former
part of this work.

11*

126 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

PEARS. ~ (Pyrus.)

ee

OLD PEARS.—SECTION I.

SUMMER FRUIT.

AMBROSIA. Lindley.
Earuy Brevurrvr’.
Fruit of medium size, roundish, flattened, the eye sunk-
en; skin smooth, greenish yellow, with small gray specks:
tender, rich, sugary, juice perfumed. Last of August.

AUGUST MUSCAT. Various Authors.
AURATE, Muscat pD’AovrT.
Small, turbinate, flattened; yellow, but light red next
the sun; flesh breaking, saccharine, perfumed. Season last
of July ; it succeeds tolerably on the quince.

BEAUTY OF SUMMER. R.M., Esq.

SuPREME, of the French.
BELLIssIME D’E’tw’, Ibid.
SumMMER Bravry.

Fruit of medium size ; color of a deep beautiful red next
the sun, bright lemon color in the shade ; form globular, in-
clining to pyriform: half melting, agreeable, but not of ex-
traordinary flavor. Ripethe lastof July. A fruit of mid-
dling quality, but beautiful.

BERGAMOTTE ROUGE. Different authorities.

' Fruit rather small, short, turbinate, pale yellow, but red
next the sun; tender, melting, juicy, sugary, high flavor-
ed. August. Succeeds on the quince.

OLD PEARS. 127

CASSOLETTE. R. M., Esq.

Petire CAssouetTre. N. Duh.

SOLETTE F
Ta Coa ? €of Quin. and
; the French.
Muscat VERD,

LECHEFRIAND,
-Greren Muscar, Of different Authors.
SmALu CAssoueTreE,

A small pyriform fruit, of a bright green color, slightly
red next the sun; flesh breaking, of a sweet and musky fla-
vor; ripens at the endof Augustand isa tolerable fruit.

EARLY ROUSSELET. Numerous authors.

RovussELET HaTir, PERDREAU, PorrEe DE Cuypre, of
the French. ; :

The fruit is small, turbinate ; the skin smooth, yellow,
but red next the sun ; it is tender, juicy, sugary, perfumed.
Last of July. It succeeds on the quince.

EPINE D’E’TE’. Lindley. Bon. Jard.
FonpAntE Musequr’, SATIN Vert, Satin GREEN.
Medium size ; greenish yellow at maturity; pyramidal ;

flesh melting, juicy, rich, musky. Ripe the middle of Au-
gust. It succeeds on the quince.

FONDANTE DE BREST. Numerous authors.
INCoNNUE CHENEAU.

Fruit of medium size ; turbinate, but tapering towards
the crown: skin shining, bright green, spotted, but red
next the sun. Flesh white, breaking, sweet and agreeable.
Beginning of August. It does not succeed on the quince.

GREEN CHISSEL.

Fruit small, nearly globular ; skin green, but slightly
brown next the sun ; flesh gritty, saccharine, a little per-
fumed. Ripens the last of July. The tree is of feeble
growth ; the fruit grows in clusters, and it is productive.

128 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

GROSSE BLANQUETTE. Bon. Jard. Quint. Lind.
Ror Lours, BLANQUET.
Below medium size, turbinate or pyramidal; pale yellow,
but red next the sun; half melting, saccharine and good
flavored; middle of July. It succeeds on the quince.

GROS ROUSSELET. Quint. Lindley. Bon. Jard.
Rot v’E’rr’. ¢
Tree well formed and pyramidal : fruit medium sized, py-
ramidal, turbinate, deep green in the shade, brown red next
the sun andrusseted all over: flesh half breaking, sweet,
juicy, perfumed. Middle of August — it succeeds on the
quince.

JARGONELLE.

GrossE QuissE MapAmr, EparGne, St SAMson,
St LaMBERT.

Fruit rather large, very oblong; color green, a little
marbled with red next the sun; flesh melting, juicy, with
a slightly acid, rich and agreeable flayor. It ripens early
in August ; is one of the most productive of all pears and
the very best in its season. In the vicinity of Boston this
excellent fruit is raised in large quantities for the market.
It is for this purpose but too generally gathered when but
half or two thirds grown and mellowed by being closely
confined in large masses. Iam sorry to add that the wood
of this capital old variety begins to show symptoms of
eanker and decay at Salem.

LITTLE BLANQUET. R. M., Esq.

PreriTeE BLANQUETTE,
Porrr A LA PERLE, of the French.

St ea bor Miller and others.
3

Fruit pyriform, very small; skin very smooth, yellowish
white ; flesh white, breaking and of a musky flavor ; ripe

OLD PEARS. 129

by the middle of August. A beautiful little pear, but a poor
fruit. |

LITTLE MUSK. R. M., Esq.

Petit Muscat, of the French syn.
PRIMITIVE, | Pr. syn.

SePT EN GuEvILE, syn. of the French.
SupPREME, of some Amer. and foreign coll.

Fruit very small, yellow, but brownish red next the sun ;
roundish turbinate; half breaking,of a musky flavor. It
produces its fruit in clusters; middle of July. This fruit is
not recommended. It began to blast at Salem in 1830 and
1831. Quintinie called this a bad pear 140 years ago.

LONG STALKED BLANQUET. Bon. Jard. Quin-
tinie.
BLanQueT A LONGQUEUE.
Fruit small, pyramidal, in clusters; pale green, flesh
half breaking, sweet and perfumed. July. It succeeds
on the quince and bears well.

- MADELEINE. R. M.,, Esq.

MAGDELEINE,
Crrron pes CArmrs, § 5Y™ of the French.

Earty CHAUMONTELLE,
GREEN CHISSELL.

This pear is of medium size, pale yellow, with an occa-
sional blush next the sun: form turbinate; flesh white,
melting, perfumed. End of July. A fine old fruit, This
variety exhibits strong symptoms of decay.

MANSUETTE. Bon. Jard. Lindley.
MANSUETTE SOLITAIRE.

Fruit large ; its form varies from pyramidal to turbinate ;
yellow in the shade, faint red next the sun; flesh half melt-
ing, juicy, and of middling quality. August,

130 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

MUSCAT ROBERT. Var. authorities.

Musx Rosine, PoirE A LA REINE, PoIRE D’AMBRE,
PucEeLLeE DE SAINTONGE, La PRINCESSE, QUEEN’S
PEAR.

Small, turbinate ; the skin is smooth, yellowish green;
flesh tender, half breaking, juicy, musky. It ripens early
in July and succeeds tolerably on the quince.

ORANGE MUSQUE’E. Var. authorities.

Medium size, round, slightly flattened; color yellow,
blotched with bright red; rich, juicy, musky, pleasant. Last —
of July. It succeeds on the quince.

ORANGE TULIPEE. Bon. Jard. p. 304. Lindley.
PorreE Aux MovucHEs.

Fruit medium sized, oval, turbinate, green in the shade,
clear red, marbled with gray next the sun; flesh half
breaking, juicy, agreeable. Last of August. It succeeds
on the quince.

PRINCE’S PEAR. Ed. Enc. vol. x. p. 565. Lindley.
PorrE DE Prince, CHairn A DAME, CHER A DAME.

A small roundish fruit, ofa yellow color, but red next the
sun; turbinate; flesh half breaking, juicy, high flavored.
A good bearer and succeeds on the quince ; ripening the
last of July.

QUISSE MADAME.

Oblong, pyramidal, compressed above the middle, yellow-
ish green in the shade, dark dull red next the sun: flesh
half beurré, very juicy, saccharine, a slight musky perfume.
Last of July.

OLD PEARS. | 131

ROBINE. Quintinie.
AvERAT, RoyAaue D’Etr, MuscAtr PEAR or AvucusT,
PEAR RoyAt. ps
’ Pruit small, roundish, turbinate ; its color yellow, a little
spotted ; the flesh white, half breaking, sweet, musky. It
ripens the last of July, bears best on the quince.

ROUSSELET DE RHEIMS. Quint. Lind. Bon. Jard.
Petit RovussELet.

Fruit small, pyramidal, greenish yellow at maturity, but
brown red next the sun, with russetty spots; flesh half
beurre, fine, very perfumed. Good to put in brandy and to
dry. Ripens in August and succeeds on the quince.

ST. JOHN’S PEAR. R. M., Esq.

AMIRE JOANNET, O. Duh.
JoanneET, N. Duh.
oe = ee Of various authors.

Fruit small, yellow, pyriform; flesh tender, sweet, not
high flavored, juicy, but soon turning mealy, one of the
very earliest of all pears and the bestof its season. In
France it ripens at the period of St John’s day: hence its

name.

SALVIATI. Quintinie.

A medium sized nearly globular fruit, yellow, but red
marbled next the sun; the flesh tender, juicy, rich, sweet.
It will ripen early in August and does not succeed on the
quince. |

SKINLESS.

Porre Sans PEAv.
FLEeuR DE GuiGNnes, of the French.

A small oblong pear; a smooth thin skin; pale green,
tinged withred next the sun. Flesh half melting, of a
sweet and pleasant flavor. A good fruit, ripe in August.

132 _ NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

SUMMER ARCHDUKE. Var. authorities.

Arcuipuc v’E’rr!, OgNionETTE, AMIRE Roux, Brown
ADMIRAL, GREAT ONION.

Fruit medium sized; yellow, but reddish brown next the
sun; form roundish turbinate ; melting, juicy and good fla-
vored. Early in July; it does not succeed on the quince.

SUMMER BERGAMOT. Lindley and others.

BERGAMOTTE D’E’TE’, BEUVRIERE, MiLaNn BEUVIERE, —
Miian Buanc.

Below the medium size, globular, depressed; color
greenish yellow, russetted and speckled next the sun;
melting, juicy, saccharine and high flavored, August—it
succeeds on the quince. Quintinie calls this a bad pear.

SUMMER BON CHRETIEN.
Bon CuretiEn v’E’trr’, Graciout, of the French.

Fruit very large, irregular, knobby ; often four and a half
inches long and three in diameter ; skin smooth, pale yel-
low, but slightly red next the sun ; flesh whitish yellow,
firm and breaking ; juice sweet and very agreeable. It
ripenstin August and soon rots at the core. Celebrated
more for its great age and beauty than anything else. A |
poor bearer, and neither highly esteemed or recom-
taended. Quintinie, 140 years ago, called it a bad pear.

SUMMER ROSE. Pom. Mag.

THorNyY Rose, EpInE Rosse, PotRE DE Ross, RosEn-
BIRNE.

Below medium size, globular, depressed; skin yellow-
ish, but next the sun bright red; flesh white, juicy, rich and
sugary. A beautiful, excellent productive variety; its
form that of an apple; it succeeds on the quince. Will
probably ripen here the last of July.

OLD PEARS. : 133

WINDSOR. R. M., Esq.

Cuisse MApameg, of the French. ;

A middle sized oblong pear ; color green, but brownish
red next the sun; half melting, Sweet, a little musky,
rather coarse ; an indifferent fruit. Ripe early in August.
Quintinie designates this as a bad pear.

OLD PEARS.—SECTION TI.

AUTUMN FRUIT. °

—_—-——__

AUTUMN BERGAMOT. Pom. Mag. Quint. Lind.

- Common BrerGAmot, Yore BERGAmor,

Fruit small, globular, depressed ; the skin rough, yellow-
ish green, but dull brown next the sun ; flesh pale, melting,
gritty at the core, juicy, Sugary, perfumed. ‘This is stated
to be one of the best pears of the season in September.
It succeeds on the quince,

AUTUMN BOUNTY. R. M., Esq.

A large pear of a yellow color; flesh coarse grained,
but sweet; middling for table use, good for baking, bears
well and comes early into bearing. This fruit ripens in
September, and is of middling quality.

BERGAMOTTE DE CADETTE. Lindley.

‘Potre pre CADETTE.

Fruit middle sized, a little turbinate: stalk thick, alittle
sunk ; yellowish, but slightly red next the sun; excellent,
12

134 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

and little inferior to any of the other bergamots. It suc-
ceeds on the quince. September. ‘

BEURRE’ D’ANGLETERRE. Lind. B. Jard. . 327.
ANGLETERRE.

The tree bears largely. Fruit middle sized, ee)
skin smooth, gray, tinged with red next the sun; flesh half
beurre ; but melting and juicy in dry soils, sweet and agree-
able. September ; it does not succeed on the quince.

BEZI DHE/RY. Quintinie. Lindley.
Brstpery, Brez1 p’Arry? of M. Masson.

An old medium sized pear, of an obovate form; skin
smooth, yellow, stained with red next the sun; breaking,
sweet, musky, rather,dry ; an excellent baking pear in Oc-
tober and November. I suspect this pear is done, The
Bezi d’Airy of M. Masson, which is without doubt
the same, is no longer cultivated for the markets of Paris.
Quintinie 140 years ago called this an indifferent pear.

BEZY DE MONTIGNY. Bon. Jard. Lindley.

Medium sized, pyramidal, compressed towards the sum-
mit; color yellow ; flesh white, a little gritty ; very melting ;
‘sweet, musky. It succeeds on the quince; middle of Sep-
tember.

BEZI DE LA MOTTE. Quintinie. Pom. Mag.

Bien Armupvi, Brurre BLANC DE Jersey, according
to the Pom. Mag.

Fruit rather large and roundish turbinate ; yellow at ma-
turity, covered with russetty specks: flesh melting, juicy,
rich, sweet and high flavored. Ripe the middle of October
and keeps through November. An old variety ; no longer
or rarely seen in the Paris market, and evidently no longer
worthy of cultivation there.

OLD PEARS. . 135

-BROCA’S BERGAMOT. P. Mag. Ed. Ene. Hooker.
GANSEL’s BercAmor, Ivrs’ BERGAMOT.

Fruit varying from medium to large; ovate, flattened ;

. color dull brown, slightly red next the sun ; flesh white,

melting, sweet, rich, high flavored. It ripens in October.

A delicious pear, but near Boston it proves a very bad
bearer ; seldom cultivated.

BROWN BEURRE’..

La BEvuRRE,

BEuRRE Gris, ae the
Bevurre Dore, French
BEevurre Roves,
Beurre VERT,
Beurre, of Duh.
AMBOISE OR AMBROISE
IsAMBERT,

Gray Breurre,of Fessen. New Amer. Gard.
GoLDEN BreuRrrgs, of For. and others.

bot Quint. syn.

Fruit rather large, obovate, tapering to the stalk ; green-
ish yellow, covered with thin russet, but occasionally dusky
red next the sun; melting, buttery, rich, and excellent.
October. One of the most ancient and once the best of
all pears; in the gardens of the opulent in the city it is still
‘productive and fair; but itis rarely if ever seen in the
markets : with cultivators who furnish its supplies it has
become an outcast, blasted, worn-out variety.

CRASSANNE. Quintinie. Ed. Enc. vol. x. p. 566.
Beurre PLAT.

This pear, according to Quintinie, derives its name from
ecrase (to crush,) others say from crassus (thick); fruit
above medium size, roundish turbinate, greenish yellow,
coated with russet ; flesh tender and melting, with arich
sugary juice. Ripe last of September; succeeds on the
quince ; not tobe trusted here; itis subject to crack and
blast.

136 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

DOYENNE’ GRIS. Hort. Trans. Pom. Mag. t. 74.

R. M., E sq.
Gray Dovrenne, Rep DoyEnnzE, According . te
Dovenne Roux, DoyENNE D’AUTOMNE, § the Pom. Mag.

Fruit medium sized, turbinate ; stalk very short, in a cay-
ity ; color bright cinnamon russet, but red next the sun;
flesh yellowish white, melting, saccharine, rich, and of ex-
cellent flavor. Season, October. It succeeds on the quince.
This once excellent variety is now as liable to blast. at
Salem as the St Michael.

ELTON. Hort. Trans. vol..1. Pl. 1. Lindley.

A pear of medium size, oval form, broadest towards the
crown: color greenish russetiy gray, but russetty orange
next the sun ; its stalk is stout, deep ; flesh breaking, of an
excellent flavor, but grows meally if kept too long. An
old variety, introduced to notice by Mr Knight. It ripens
the middle of September and will remain in eating five
weeks.

FRANCHIPANNE. Bon. Jard. Lindley.
FRANGIPANNE.

Fruit medium sized, pyramidal, turbinate, swollen in the
middle, compressed between this and the stalk; yellow,
but red next the sun; half melting, saccharine, with a pe-
culiar perfume ; it succeeds on the quince. September.

GREEN PEAR OF YAIR. Hort. Trans.

Fruit middle sized, regularly formed and tapering to-
wards the stalk; skin green, slightly russeted ; flesh yellow,
melting, sweet, with avery small core, almost free from
grit. A Scotch variety of great excellence and extensively
cultivated ; a great bearer. Ripens in September.

OLD PEARS. 137

GREEN SUGAR. R. M., Esq.

Sucre’ Vert.

Fruit middle sized ; skin smooth, and even at maturity
of a uniform green color; pyramidal, inclining to globu-
lar, and very regular; flesh melting, very sweet and juicy.
It ripens the last of October. The French assure us that this
pear has of late disappeared from the markets of Paris;
and it proves with us, at this period, anindifferent fruit.

GRISE BONNE, of Coxe.

Spice CATHARINE, GREEN CATHARINE.

Fruit rather small; regular, tapering towards the stalk,
which is long; swelled towards the crown; the eye ©
even with the surface; skin green, covered with
dark blotches ; flesh rather breaking, of a very musky,
spicy flavor. Itripens the middle of August. The tree
is a very great bearer.

HOLLAND GREEN. Coxe. R. M., Esq.
HoL_uanp TaBLe Prar, syn. of Coxe.

This fruit is rather large, of an irregular or turbinate
form; color green, sprinkled with russet; flesh greenish
white, melting, juicy. It ripens in September and October,
and isa pear of middling quality.

JALOUSIE. Bon. Jard. Lindley.

Fruit rather large, roundish, turbinate, swollen, com-
pressed towards the stalk ; chesnut color, but dull red next
the sun, thinly russeted, beurre, saccharine, high flavored.
October; it does not succeed on the quince.

LANSAC. Bon. Jard. Lindley. -Quintinie.
DavupnHine, SATIN, DoLPHIN.

Under medium size, nearly globular ; color yellowish :

12*

138 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

flesh melting, saccharine, high flavored. It succeeds on
the quince. October.

MARQUISE. Quintinie. Bon. Jard. Lindley.

MARCHIONESSE.

Fruit large, pyramidal, swollen at itscrown; yellow, but
faint red next the sun; flesh white, melting, buttery, pleas-
ant, sweet. October. It succeeds on the quince.

MONSIEUR JOHN.

MesstreE JEAN, Pr. Mil. Coxe. Quin.
WuitEe MowsiEvuR Jonn,
Gray MonsiEuR JoHN,

MeEssrtrE JEAN DORE, of Duh.

Brown ORANGE,
CHAULIs, : of old authors.

of various authors.

Fruit short, turbinate ; of medium size; of a yellow or
sometimes gray russet color; flesh breaking, juicy, of a
rich flavor, but subject to grittiness. It ripens late in Octo-
ber, is a good bearer, and by some much esteemed; by
others it is thought a fruit of but middling quality.

MOORFOWL EGG. Ed. Enc. Lindley.

Fruit small, globular, ovate, swollen in the middle, orange
brown next the sun, with spots of russet ; flesh yellowish
white, a little gritty, tender, mellow, saccharine, a little
perfumed. ‘This is a hardy Scotch fruit. September.

MOUTHWATER. R. M., Esq.

VeERTE LoncuE,

f the French.
Moviu.e BoucuHe, a. h
Green MovutH WATER,
Gros Mov1iL.e BoucHE,

of For. and Mil.
Lone GREEN.

This fruit is rather large, varying from pyramidal to tur-
binate ; color dark green, skin smooth. Its flesh is melt-
ing, flavor rather sweet, rich and pleasant. Ripe the
beginning of October; an old but esteemed variety.

OLD PEARS. 4 139

MUSK SUMMER BON CHRETIEN. R. M., Esq.

- Bon CuHRETIEN MusaQuer’, Bon CRETIEN D’E’TE’
MusqueE’, but not of Coxe.

Fruit rather large, pyramidal, with occasional ridges or
prominences ; skin smooth, yellow, tinged with red next
the sun; flesh white, breaking, sweet, and musky. Ripe
early in September and liable to crack. An old variety,
but little esteemed or cultivated.

ORANGE BERGAMOT. Coxe. R. M., Esq.

A large pear, of a yellow russet color ; its form inclining
to turbinate ; flesh breaking and rather acid. It ripens in
September and is not recommended for cultivation. Good
only in some particular seasons. Leaves without serratures.

POIRE DU VITRIER. Lindley.

Fruit of medium size, swollen in the middle, tapering to-
wards the ends: nearly as broadas long. Skin smooth,
green, but red next the sun; flesh white, juice agreeable.
Season, November and December. It succeeds on the
quince.

PRINCE’S SUGAR. R. M., Esq.
- Lowre’s Bercamor, of different catalogues.

A fruit of middle size, not very rich, but good. It ripens
in September.

RED BERGAMOT. R. M., Esq. Coxe.
BERGAMOTTE RouGE.

Around or turbinate, middle sized fruit ; color yellow,
but on the side next the sun dull red ; flesh breaking, of a
perfumed and good flavor. This fruit ripens early in No-
vember, and is a fruit of middling quality.

140 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

RED CHEEK.

EnGuiIsH Rep CHEEK, ENGLISH CATHARINE.

Fruit middle sized; bright yellow with a deep dull red
next the sun; bell shaped, sweet and pleasant, but soon
turning mealy ; not esteemed a first rate fruit, nor worthy
of extensive cultivation. It ripens the beginning of Sep-
tember.

ROUSSELINE. Quintinie. Bon. Jard.

Muscat A LONGUE QUEUE DE LA FIN D’AUTOMNE,
RussELIN, LONG TAILED MUSCAT. ,

Small, pyramidal, turbinate ; yellow, but bright red next
the sun; half beurre, saccharine, musky, agreeable. Oc-
tober. It succeeds not on the quince.

SEPTEMBER ORANGE. R. M., Esq.

A fruit of aclear yellow color; pear shaped, with a long
stem; quality indifferent, and may be a misnomer. It
ripens in September.

SPANISH BON CHRETEN. N. Duh. R. M., Esq.
Bon CHRETIEN D’EsPaGne, of the French.

A large pear, yellow at maturity, but bright red next the
sun; the skin smooth; form pyramidal; flesh breaking,
juicy and sweet. This pear ripens in November and De-
cember, and is esteemed an ordinary fruit for the table, but
good for baking.

STRIPED LONG GREEN. R. M., Esq.

CuLOTTE DE Suisse, VERTE LoncurE PANacHE, SUISSE,
of the French.
Stripep Dean, VERTE LONGUE STRIPED.
A medium sized pyramidal fruit ; skin smooth, green, but
slightly red next the sun, variegated with yellow stripes on
allsides ; melting, juicy, musky and indifferent. Septem-

OLD PEARS. 141

ber. The young wood, like the fruit, is striped ; it has dis-
tinct dark veins. The trees seem declining with us. It
was never deemed a profitable variety ; itis almost gone
from the markets of Paris; and is not recommended, ex-
cept as a curiosity.

SWAN’S EGG. Lindley.

MoorFow. Eaa, of some American collections.

Fruit small, oval, turbinate ; yellowish green, but a dull
russetty brown next the sun; flesh tender and melting,
with a rich, saccharine, musky flavor ; an excellent fruit.
This is stated to be a great bearer, anda great favorite in
Scotland. The tree is very remarkable for its tall, upright,
and vigorous growth.

VERMILION. Bon. Jard. N. Duh. Lindley.
Beauty or AutruMN, BELLISSIME D’AUTOMNE, PETIT
CERTEAU.

Fruit medium sized, very long, pyramidal; the skin
smooth, yellow in the shade, bright deep red next the
sun; flesh white, breaking, half melting on some ‘soils,
sweet, high flavored. Ripens early in October and succeeds
onthe quince.

OLD PEARS.—SECTION III.

WINTER FRUIT.

AMBRETTE. Bon. Jard. Quintinie, (not of Coxe.)

_Ampre Gris, BELLE GABRIELLE, TROMPE VALET, of
Knoop, according to Lindley.

Tree thorny ; a medium sized, round pear, fine, melting,
saccharine; musky in warm soils and dry seasons. It

—

142 NEW AMERIUAN ORCHARDIST.

ripens from November to February. It succeeds on the
"quince.

ANGELIQUE DE BORDEAUX. Bon. Jard. Lindley.

Porre ANGE’/LIQUE, St Maria, St, MARCEL, Gros
FRANCRE’AL.

Fruit large, pyramidal, turbinate ; skin smooth, yellow-
ish, flesha little melting, pleasant, sweet. January and
February. It succeeds on the quince.

ANGE/LIQUE DE ROME. Bon. Jard.

Fruit of medium size; skin rough, pale yellow, but
slightly red next the sun ; melting, sweet, very good. It
ripens late in autumn or winter, requires a good soil and
succeeds on the quince.

BELLISSIME JYHIVER. Bon. Jard. Lindley.
TETON pe VENUS.
Fruit large, turbinate’; skin smooth, yellowish Sere
speckled, but fine red next the sun ; flesh tender ; good to
cook. Its season, November to April.

BERGAMOTTE DE PAQUES. Bon.Jard. Quintinie.
Lindley.

Easter BrerGaAmot, BERGAMOTTE D’Hiver, Buer,
La GRILLIERE, PappInaGtTon, TARLING, TERLING,
WINTER BERGAMor.

Fruit rather large, short, roundish turbinate; swollen at
the crown ; at maturity yellow; half beurre, sweet, good.
December to May. It succeeds on the quince.

BERGAMOTTE DE SOLIERS. Lindley.
BonNE DE SOLIERs.
Fruit rather large, roundish turbinate, swollen in the
middle ; skin smooth, greenish white, full of specks, brown-
ish red next the sun ; flesh buttery, melting, juicy, sweet,

OLD PEARS. 143

agreeable ; it ripens in January and keeps till March. It
succeeds on the quince.

BEZY DE CAISSOY. Quintinie. Lindley. Forsyth.

Wiupine or CAssory, Smaurt Winter BoTrer PEAR,
RoussELET, D’ANsov, and according to Lindley,
TERRENEUVAISE Of Jersey.

Fruit small, round, flattened; yellow, faint red next the
sun; flesh tender, buttery, rich, good. An extraordinary
bearer, growing in clusters; ripe November till January
or March. So much says Lindley and Forsyth, but Quin-

tinie, 140 years ago, called this an indifferent pear.

BON CHRETIEN D’AUCH. N. Duh. R.M., Esq.
D’AvcH, but not of Forsyth.

Very large and beautiful; its color green, changing to yel-
low at maturity ; its form an irregular pyramidal or cala-
bash; and the whole fruit is covered with slight projec-
tions ; flesh breaking, juicy. It ripens in November and
December. Not recommended for general cultivation.

BON CHRETIEN DE VERNOIS. Bon. Jard. p. 326.

Size and form of the Winter Bon Chretien. The skin
is thin, of a yellow color; it is more melting and superior to
that variety and without grittiness. A gentleman here is
persuaded it is the same asthe Winter Bon Chretien.

CHAUMONTELLE. R. M., Esq.

Bez1 DE CHAUMONTEL, O. Duh.
Poire DE CHAUMONTELLE, N. Duh.
BEvuRRE D’HiveEr, of some authors.
This noble old variety is a fruit varying in size from
large to very large; its color at maturity yellow, tinged

144 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

with red next the sun; its form variable ; flesh melting,
juicy, sweet, musky, excellent. It ripens from December
to January.

This fruit is still fine and fair in the city and some few
sheltered situations ; but has long since disappeared from
its markets, and is rarely at this day tobe seen in the
markets of Paris. In this neighborhood itis so liable to
blight and so unprofitable, that its cultivation is generally
abandoned. It still answers, however, in Salem and its
suburbs.

COLMAR.

PorrEe DE CotmMaAR,N. Duh.

Porrer Mawne, Duh. syn.

BERGAMOTTE TARDIVE, bei Knoop according to

INCOMPARABLE, Lindley’s Guide. ;

This fruit is rather large ; skin smooth, of a green color,

changing to yellow at maturity, and occasionally a faint
blush next the sun; form pyramidal, inclining to turbinate ;
flesh melting, juicy, saccharine and of excellent flavor.
This fruit ripens in December and may be kept all winter.
Itsucceeds well in the city andsome very few sheltered sit-
uations near it: but owing to its decay, it has long since
disappeared from the Boston market; and the French
writers regret that this variety is no longer seen in the
markets of Paris.

E’CHASSERY. Mr Lowell. R. M., Esq.

L’E/cHAsSsERIE,
an gta of Coxe, of Fes. New American Gardener.”
EZY DE CHASSERY,
Brstpery Sawpry, §°7™ of the French.
WINTER LONG GREEN
: :
Piscieat Liner ; syn. of Mil. and others.

TiutTon, of New Jersey.

The leaves of the Echassery have serratures — the
Ambrette none. A pear below the medium size, varying

OLD PEARS. 145

from nearly globular to oblong ; its skin thick, rough, russet
green, becoming a little yellow at maturity ; the eye ona
level with its regular and rounded crown; its flesh melting,
juicy, and of a sweet, rich, musky flavor. It ripens
in December, and will keep till March. The gentleman
who wrote the article on Fruits, in Fessenden’s New Amer-
ican Gardener, thus speaks of this fruit. ‘It is an ordinary
pear in its appearance; a strong, vigorous, great-bearing
tree. Not knowing its character, it was first eaten as soon
as it was soft; but accident obliging us to keep it longer,
it proved to be one of the best winter pears grown in our
climate. It has high praisein France. Its merit with us,
however, is, that it bears our climate perfectly. One
small tree imported in 1812, bore five bushels of fruit in
1826. It keeps well, owing to the defence of its coarse,
thick, incorruptible skin.’ The tree requires a dry, warm soil.

EPINE D’HIVER. Quintinie. Lindley.
WINTER THORN.

Fruit rather large and long, turbinate; skin smooth,
yellow at maturity ; melting, buttery, juicy, saccharine. It
succeeds on the quince; it ripensin November, and keeps
till January.

FRANCRE’AL. Bon Jard. Quintinie. r
Fin or D’HIver.

The tree is productive ; it succeeds on the quince ; leaves
downy; fruit globular, swollen in the middle; yellowish
green, but brownish red next the sun, and a little russetty ;

good to cook from October to mid-winter.

GERMAN MUSCAT.

Muscat ALLEMAND, Coxe.

Muscat L’ALLEMAN, Different authorities.

This pear is rather large, of a greenish yellow color, at
13 .

146 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

maturity, but of a russetty red next the sun: form some-
what turbinate, swollen near the base, whichis flat; flesh
melting and musky. This is a winter variety, and does
not appear to be in much repute.

HOLLAND BERGAMOTTE. Bon Jard. Ed. Enc.

BerGamoTre D’HoLtuanp, D’ALENCON.

Fruit very large, globular, but broadest at the crown,
flattened; greenish yellow; half breaking, high flavored.
It keeps till May, and succeeds on the quince.

IMPERIAL OAK LEAVED. Bon Jard. Lindley.
IMPERIAL A FEUILLES DE CHENE.

The tree grows large; its leaves resemble those of the
oak ; middle sized, oblong, turbinate; yellow; flesh half
buttery, with a sugary, well flavoredjuice. It succeeds on
the quince. January to May. [Lindley.] The Bon Jar-
dinier calls it a fruit of inferior quality.

L’ORANGE D’HIVER. Coxe. R. M., Esq.
WINTER ORANGE.

The leaves are without serratures. Fruit the size of a
small orange, globular, flattened; skin thick, of a dull
russetty yellowish green; flesh melting, juicy and fine
flavored. It ripens in November, and keeps till January ;
and is good only in particular seasons.

LOUISE BONNE. N. Duh. R. M., Esq.
Goop LovuisE, AVANCHIE.

A large pear, of a pale green color at maturity, which
sometimes approaches to white; its form long, and a little
resembling the St Germain ; flesh melting, juicy, and sweet
on dry soils. This isa good fruit, ripening in November
and December.

OLD PEARS. . Te

MARTIN SEC. R. M., Esq.
Dry MaArTIN.

Fruit middle sized, pyriform, tapering to the stalk, which
is situated on its summit; of a russet color, changing to
bright red next the sun; flesh breaking and sweet, but
deficient in juice. An indifferent fruit, ripening in Decem-
ber and January.

MARTIN SIRE. Bon Jard. Forsyth.

RonvVILLE.
Fruit large, pyramidal, irregular; color fine green or
yellow, but red next the sun; breaking, pleasant, sweet.
Season, January; it succeeds on the quince.

MERVEILLE D’HIVER. Quintinie.

Petit Oin, Bouvar, RoussELLET ANJou, WONDER oF
WINTER.

Fruit small, round, in shape of the Echassery ; skin
yellow, spotted, rough; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sweet,
perfumed ; in moist seasons and soils it is insipid. It
ripens in November and December.

NAPLES. Lindley. Bon Jard. Forsyth. Quintinie,
Easter St GerMAIN, Lent Sr Germain, of Lind-
ley.

Fruit medium sized, formed like the calebasse ; color
yellow, but brown red next the sun; half breaking, pleas-
ant. February and March. Quintinie puts this down as
an indifferent fruit, 140 years ago.

NEWTOWN VIRGALIBU. R. M., Esq.

A large pear, of a yellow color, with a very short stalk ;
the tree grows very crooked, and of an irregular form,
bending by the weight of its load of fruit ; a middling fruit
only for the table, but an excellent baking pear; a most

148 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

extraordinary bearer, and recommended for extensive cul-
tivation.

PASTORALE. Bon Jard. Quintinie.
MusettrEe D’AutTomwne, PetTir RaLEAv.

Fruit large, very long, and in shape like the Saint Le-
zain; yellow, but red next the sun; half melting, a little
musky, good; sweet on dry soils, in dry yeass, austere
otherwise ; Quintinie describes it, 140 years ago, as an
indifferent pear. November to January.

ROYAL WINTER.

Royaue D’Hiver, of the French.

This fruit is above medium size ; skin smooth, yellow at
maturity, but bright red or marbled next the sun; form
pyramidally turbinate ; flesh yellowish, nearly melting,
juicy, rich, sweet, and well flavored. It ripens in Decem-
ber and keeps till March. An ancient and once celebrated
variety ; but now gone from both the markets of Paris and
Boston. It is yet fair in our city, but is generally blasted
and good for nothing in its vicinity.

SAINT AUGUSTINE. Quintinie. Lindley.

Fruit oblong, pyramidal, swollen, and rounded at the
base ; bright lemon color, but a blush of red next the sun ;
flesh tender, not buttery, saccharine, agreeably acid.
December. It succeeds on the quince.

SAINT GERMAIN.

INCONNUE LA FARE.

This celebrated ancient fruit is large, of a green color,
covered with russet spots ; at maturity a yellowish cast;
form pyramidal, tapering regularly from the crown to the
stalk; its flesh very melting, very juicy, saccharine, slight-_
ly acid, and delicious. It ripens in November, and may be

OLD PEARS. 149

kept till March. Such was the Saint Germain once with
us. In the city it is even now uniformly fair, and perhaps,
in some very few sheltered situations in its vicinity. This
pear is no longer cultivated for the Boston markets ; it is
considered a worn out, and abandoned variety.

SAINTE PERE. Bon Jard. Lindley.
PorrE DE SarnT PERE.

Fruit large as the Passe Colmar. [But Lindley says,
below medium size.] Turbinate ; skin rough, yellow ; flesh
white, tender, astringent ; better cooked than raw. Feb-
ruary, March.

_TRE’/SOR D’AMOUR,. Bon Jard. Lindley.
TrReE/sor, AMOUR.

Fruit very large, shaped like the Gros Rateau Gris, but
more compressed towards the crown and stalk. Skin rough,
yellowish, but brown next the sun; tender, juicy, very
good to cook. Duhamel has stated that this is far prefera-
ble to either the Catillac or Gros Rateau. December till
March.

VIRGOULEUSE.

CHAMBRETTE, BUJALEUF, PorRE pE GLACE, of vari-
ous authors.

This fruit is rather large, skin smooth, of a deep green
color; at maturity pale yellow ; form obovate, inclining to
pyramidal; flesh melting, juicy, rich, high flavored, and
excellent. It ripens in November, and may be kept till
February. This ancient and famous fruit is still good in
the city, but is no longer cultivated for the markets of
Boston or Paris. They brought in the markets of Boston,
$1 per dozen in the winter of 1831. But the cultivators
will no longer suffer their ground to be encumbered with
this decayed, and now worthless variety.

13*

150 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

WINTER BON CHRETIEN.

Pore D’ANGOISE,

Bon CHRETIEN D’Hiver, of the French.

Very large, color at maturity yellow, with a slight'stain
of red next the sun; form truncated, or pyramidal, tapering
towards the summit which is narrow; its crown large,
sides angular, stalk very long, surrounded by protuberances ;
flesh breaking, rather sweet and juicy. This variety often
grows enormously large, a winter fruit, and may be pre-
served till May. This pear is very liable to crack, is not
greatly esteemed either for its bearing or other qualities ;
the pound pear is thought very superior to it in all respects.

SEC. TIONALLY.

OLD BAKING PEARS.

CATILLAC. R.M., Esq.

Fruit very large, rather turbinate; pale yellow, but
deeply stained with red next the sun; flesh firm and break-
ing, its flavor astringent. A good bearer; an excellent
baking pear, in use all winter.

DOUBLE FLEUR. Quintinie. Bon Jard. Lindley.

ARME’NIA.

Fruit rather large, round ; at maturity yellow, but purple
red next the sun; breaking, juicy, good only for cooking.
February till April. Itsucceeds on the quince. An orna-
mental tree for its double flowers; but Quintinie calls it an
indifferent fruit. There is another variety, the Panuché,

OLD BAKING PEARS. 151

with striped young wood, variegated leaves; the fruit
striped with green, yellow and red.

GROS RATEAU GRIS. Bon Jard. Quint. Lind.

Buacx Pear or WorcrsTER, Lindley.

Love PEAR, PaRKINSON’s WARDEN,

Pounp Pear, but not of Langley,

Porre D’une Livre,

GRANDE MonaraQuE,

GroorE Mocut. The two last of Knoop.

Fruit very large, roundish turbinate ; skin rough, yellow-

ish green, but obscure red or brown next the sun; flesh
very hard, coarse, austere ; but good baked or stewed. It

does not succeed on the quince. November to February.

TRON PEAR.

Rather large ; its color a yellowish or iron russet ; form
rather oblong, regular, narrowing a little towards the sum-
mit ; flesh breaking, juicy and astringent. This pear keeps
till May, is a good bearer, and an excellent baking sort.

POIRE DE TONNEAU. Bon Jard. Lindley.

BEeLuLe pe Jersry, UvepAur’s Sr GERMAIN,

- Picxerine, Union, UpaAue’s Warpen.

Fruit very large, oblong, tapering to the crown, but
compressed between the middle and the stalk; in form of
acask ; skin smooth, dark green, but brown next the sun ; at
maturity yellow and red; flesh white, hard, austere ; juice
astringent: an excellent pear to cook.

WARDEN.

Medium size, turbinate form, of a dark russetty yellow
color; an autumn fruit and excellent for cooking. Thisis
a very productive variety.

POUND. Coxe. Fes. New Amer. Gard.

One of the most valuable of our winter baking pears. It

152 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

is highly esteemed and is raised in considerable quantities
and barrelled for the markets or for exportation. The trees
are extraordinary for their vigorous growth and productive-
ness; the fruit is very large, oblong, pyramidal, rounded
at the crown, diminishing towards the stalk, which is very
strong; of arusty green, but brownish red next the sun;
firm, breaking, juicy, and astringent: most excellent for
baking or preserving. It will keep till April or May.

It may not perhaps be improper here to subjoin a list of
such still existing varieties, as M. Quintinie has in his day,
in a more extensive and partly obsolete list, denounced and
designated as pears of indifferent quality, and bad pears. I
refer to the edition of Mr Evelyn, printed in 1693. I do
not, however, assert that this list is to be considered an
infallible guide, but I believe it to be generally so: and
if true at that distant day, how much more reason have we
for believing itis at least equally true now.

INDIFFERENT PEARS. Quintinie.
. Besidery, [Bezi d’Hery.]
. Bezi de Cassoy,
Brutte Bonne,
. Caillot Rosat,
. Chat Brisle, or Cat Burnt,
. Double Fleur,
Doyenné, [St Michael.]
. Finor of Orleans,
. Frangipane or Jasmin,
. Musk Summer Bon Chrétien,
. Naples, [Lent St Germain or aster St G.]
. Pastourelle,
. Queen of Winter,
. Spanish Bon Chretien,
. Tuliped,

SCeEMN HOOD =

ee el oll aoe cel ed
om CW wo

NEW PEARS. 153

16. Winter Orange,
17. Winter Russett,

BAD PEARS.
. Armenian,
. Bellissime,
. Bequéne, [Good for Baking.]
Cadet,
. Catillac, [Good for Baking.]
. Double Headed, [Deux Teétes.]
. Gilogile,
. Grise Bonne or Crapudine, .
. Jargonelle, [not our Jargonelle, but of the French.
It is our Quisse Madame.]}
10. Love Pear, [Good for Baking.]
11. My God Pear, [Ah, Mon Dieu.]
12. Milan de Beuvriere, [Summer Bergamot.]
13. Red Orange, [Orange Rouge.]
14. St Francis, [Good for Baking.]
15. Sanguinole,
16. Supreme. July.
17. Swisse.

WOONAANP WDE

NEW PEARS.—SECTION I.

SUMMER FRUIT.

’ BELLE DE BRUXELLES. N. Duh. Pl. ccuxxxtv.

This new variety originated in Brabant, was introduced
to Paris by M. Noisette.
The young wood is large, short, gray in the shia red

154 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

next the sun; leaves small, oblong ; fruit large, pyramidal,
its stalk on its summit; skin beautiful, clear, yellow, but
bright red next the sun. * * * The fruit is the largest and
the most beautiful of the season, which is early in August.

CALEBASSE MUSQUE/E. Knoop, according to
Lindley.

This fruit is four inches long, irregular, broadly angular,
and knobby ; its diameter three eighths of its length, com-
pressed below the middle ; the color deep yellow next the
sun, and partially covered with thin orange gray russet;
flesh breaking, a little gritty, juicy, very saccharine.
This pear will probably ripen the last of August with us.

COLMAR D’E’TE’. | Annales d’Horticulture.

The tree resembles the Colmar, but its bark is always
creased ; it is a great bearer. A very good species, origi-
nated by M. Noisette and but little disseminated. August
and September.

DEARBORN’S SEEDLING.

This pear lately originated at Brinley Place, the mansion
of the Hon. H. A.S. Dearborn, in Roxbury. The tree is
about thirteen years old, and of vigorous growth; fruit
of medium size; it is rounded at the crown, and regularly
diminishes“in a parabolic manner to the stalk, which is
inserted in a small cavity ; the skin is smooth, thin, green,
sprinkled with russet points, and a fawn colored blotch
around the stalk, which is short, and curved ; at maturity
the skin is a delicate yellow. This pear was examined by
the committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
in August, 1831. It was very melting and of the finest fla-
vor, fully equalling in this respect the very ancient and once
famous and delicious St Michael ; and was named by them
Dearborn’s Seedling. ‘The tree produced fruit for the first

NEW PEARS. 155

time in that year, and promises to form a valuable addition
to our stock of summer fruit.

EARLY BERGAMOT. Pom. Mag. t. 101. Lindley.

A medium sized pear, of a green color,tinged at maturity
with yellow; streaked with brownish red next the sun ;
form roundish, flattened at its base ; flesh yellowish white,
very juicy, a little breaking and gritty, but very rich and
sugary. Ripe in August.

A new fruit sent by M. Thouin to the Londun Hortti-
cultural Society in 1820. A most excellent early variety ;
an abundant bearer, and deserving of cultivation.

GREEN SUMMER SUGAR. Willich’s Dom. Ency.

Sucar Prar or HoverswerpDa,
Sucre D’HoverswerpDa,

“ An excellent new fruit, of moderate size, raised from
the seed of the Green Sugar, (Sucre Vert) cultivated in
Lower Lusatia ; it is oblong, but arched towards the crown ‘
of a grass green shade, spotted in every direction with
green and gray dots; the pulp is mellow, without eritti-
ness, and surpasses in taste all other summer pears. Its
juice is of a vinous subacid taste, decidedly superior, at
least in taste, to the Green Sugar. If it be suffered to
ripen on the tree, it acquires a greenish yellow shade.
Ripe from the middle to the end of August, and it can be ~
preserved only a few weeks. The tree bears fruit every
year; the blossoms resist the most unfavorable weather ;
and the wood remains sound in the severest winters.

INNOMINEE. Dr Van Mons.

The fruit is very large [the engraving sent by Dr Van
Mons, measures over 4 inches in leneth, and nearly 34 in
breadth ;] and from the contraction of the short neck, it
resembles the Frederic de Wirtemberg. The stalk is long,

*

156 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

large and straight ; skin clear green, but yellowish at ma-
turity, marbled with pale brown; flesh delicate, melting,
saccharine, with an agreeable perfume. Although between
‘asummer and autumn fruit, it does not become mealy.
Scions of this new variety were received of Dr Van Mons,
by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, the last of -
August, 1831, but they had perished. — Vew England Far-
mer, vol. x. No. 7, being an extract from the translation of
the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, from an article written by
‘Dr Van Mons, in the Revue des Revues.

JULIENNE, of Coxe.
L’Arcuivuc D’ E/re!, SuMMER BeEuRRWP’, Syn. of Coxe.
Summer Dovenne, SUMMER St MicHAkEu, 0 called
near Boston.
BioopGoop PEAR, of New York.

Medium sized, smooth, bright yellow at maturity, with a
faint blush next the sun: form rather obovate, tapering
towards the stalk, which is short; flesh perfectly melting,
rich and juicy. . The tree bears young, and most profusely,
and ripens the last of August. This is one of the most
beautiful and valuable’ fruits of its season, and deserving
of extensive cultivation.

LAMMAS. Lindley.

Fruit rather small, pyramidal ; ; color pale yellow, but
slightly streaked with red next the sun; flesh melting,
juicy, and of very good flavor. A very cmaaiae sort for
the market, being one’ of the very earliest; a very good
bearer, a profitable fruit, and a handsome upright tree. It
will probably ripen with us in July.

LONDON SUGAR. Lindley.
This fruit is below medium size ;-color greenish or pale
lemon color, tinged with brown next the sun ; form tur-

NEW PEARS. 157

binate, narrowed at the crown ; flesh tender, melting, sac-
‘charine, of a rich musky flavor. RipeinJuly. The bran-
ches are slender and drooping. It is an excellent early
fruit, and a great bearer. It is very plenty in Norwich
market. | b

PREMATURE. Loudon’s Mag. vol. 111. p. 224.

A new pear, which very lately appeared at Edinburgh.
A good bearer, about the size of the Crawford, but more
juicy and delicious, and remarkably early ; it commands 6
good price in the market. Ripe early in August in that
country ; reputed a most superior early fruit. .

SABINE D’E’TE’. Lond. Hort. Trans. Lindley.

Raised in 1819, by Mr Sloffels, of Mechlin; named for
Mr Sabine. The form is pyramidal, terminating inaround
blunt point at the stalk ; color yellow, but fine scarlet next
the sun; the whole surface smooth, regular, and polished ;
flesh white, melting, juicy, and highly perfumed. It ripens
- early in August. The young wood is slender, it bears
abundantly.

SEIGNEUR D’E’TE’. Lon. Hort. Trans. Lindley.

This pear has been known many years in Flanders. It
is above the middle size, a blunt oval; color fine orange,
but bright scarlet next the sun, and marbled; fiesh melt-
ing, free from grit; a rich and beautiful pear. It ripens
the beginning of September, and will probably ripen here
in August. The tree is handsome, and bears well.

/

14

158 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

ery eee Nes

AUTUMN FRUIT.

In this section are included all those new varieties whose
period of maturity has not been ascertained.

ALEXANDRE DE RUSSIE. Lindley.

Fruit above the medium size, obliquely pyramidal, with an
uneven knobby surface ; stalk short, thick, sunken ; skin
greenish yellow, almost covered with cinnamon russet; flesh
almost white, gritty, but tender and mellow ; juicy, saccha-
rine, with a slight musky perfume. It ripensin October,
will probably ripen here in September. This new variety
originated in Flanders. .It is of the Bon Chretien shape,
and uncommonly fine.

ALTHORPE CRASSANNE. Mr Knight.

‘Very excellent, and rose flavored.’ ‘This variety,’ Mr
Knight has further stated, ‘and the Monarch will not be
excelled by any other variety in your climate, both grow
rapidly and bear abundantly. November.’ Scions of this
pear were sent by Mr Knight in February, 1832, to Mr
Sowell, and the Massachusetts Agricultural Society. It
is new and was originated by him.

~

ANDREWS.

Amory, GIBSON.

This pear derives its several tities from the circum-
stance, that the garden in Boston where the tree now
stands, has been possessed by three different owners by
the above names. A large fruit ; form inclining to oblong,
melting, and of most excellent flavor. It ripens in Sep-
tember. We believe the tree to be an ordinary bearer.

NEW PEARS. 159

ARCHIDUC JEAN D’AUTRICHE. Van Mons.

A new pear, lately originated in Flanders, which Dr
Van Mons has characterised as ‘ admirable.’

AUTUMN COLMAR. Lindley.

Fruit middle sized, oblong, shaped like a Colmar; but
irregular in its outline; stalk sunken; of a pale yellow
color, with much thin russet next the sun; flesh rather
gritty but mellow, with a sugary and slightly perfumed
juice. A new, hardy, Flemish variety, ripening the begin-
ning of October. It will probably ripen here in Septem-
ber.

-

ASTON TOWN... Hooker’s Pom. Lond. Pl. xvurr.

The fruit is small, and somewhat resembles the Swan’s
Egg; itis of a greenish color, spotted with russet; the
flesh is melting, highly flavored, richly sugared and per-
fumed ; sometimes a little stony. It is in perfection early
in November, but will not continue long; not a handsome
pear.

BARTLETT.

Wirzrams’ Bon Curerien according te some.

The Bartlett Pear is undoubtedly an imported fruit,
and so named for the gentleman in whose garden it was
found, and who has so liberally extended the variety :
Enoch Bartlett, Esq. of Dorchester, one of the Vice Pres-
idents of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. It is
avery great favorite wherever known, and it seems capa-
ble of sustaining its character in a diversity of soil and
climate. It flourishes at Malta. I must confess that the
description of the Williams’ Bon Chretien is so perfectly
similar, and the tree and its leaf agree so exactly with this,
that I am induced to believe them one and the same, and
- my description will answer alike for both. This last is

160 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

stated to have sprung from seed, about 1796, in the garden
of a Mr Wheeler of Berkshire, England. It was subse-
quently extensively propagated by Mr Williams near
London —hence its name. The Bartlett pear is large,
oblong, irregular, turbinated, or somewhat truncated. The
stalk thick, fleshy, an inch long; the eye not sunken; the
color at maturity yellow, tinged with red next the sun;
flesh whitish, very melting, delicate; juice perfumed,
sweet and abundant. Ripe in September. A most pro-
ductive and excellent variety, and recommended for gene-
ral cultivation.

BELLE ET BONNE. Pom. Mag.

ScHéNE AnD Gore, of the Taschenbuch, according te
the Pom. Mag.

This very valuable variety was sent to the London Hor-
ticultural Society in 1826, by Messrs Baumann of Bollwil-
ler — and much as our autumn pears have been improved,
this ranks among the very best of them, being a delicious
bergamot of the best kind. This fine, new pear has
been erroneously cultivated in Europe, under the names
of Charles D’Autriche, Belle de Bruxelles, and Bergamotte
Crassanne, which are distinct fruits. ‘ A harvest pear,
magnificent, very large, globular, depressed, the stalk long ;
skin greenish yellow, but next the sun yellow, with spots
of russet ; flesh white, sweet, exceeding rich and agreeable,
perfumed. ‘The tree is very productive. It ripensin Sep~
tember.’

BELLE LUCRATIVE. Lindley. Braddick.

A beautiful and hardy new Flemish variety, which Mr
Braddick pronounces a first rate fruit. Fruit middle sized,
roundish, tapering to the stalk ; its surface a little uneven ;
of a pale yellow color, mixed with green and slightly rus-
seted ; flesh a little gritty, but very soft and mellow; very

NEW PEARS. 161

juicy, sugary, with a slight musky perfume. Ripe the be-
sinning and middle of October, but will probably ripen
here in September.

BELMONT. Mr Knight.

‘Very excellent here in November.’ Scions of this new
variety, which was originated by Mr Knight, were forward-
ed by him in February, 1832, to Mr Lowell, and the Mas-
sachusetts Agricultural Society. —

BERGAMOTTE DES PAYSANS. Chev. Parmentier.

A middle sized pear ; flesh melting, and excellent flavor-
ed. Ripein September.

BEURRE’ DE BEAUCHAMP, Van Mons. Nouveau
Cours Complet d’Agriculture, vol. x11. p. 127.

Fruit nearly round; color yellowish green, speckled;
flesh almost white, half melting, having a peculiar flavor
which is very agreeable. It ripens in November. The
tree is very productive, says Van Mons, who sent us the
specimen. — Bose.

BEURRE’ BOSC. Van Mons. Nouveau Cours Com-
plet d’Agriculture, vol. xit. p. 125.

Fruit very long, terminated by a crown three inches in
diameter ; skin gray fawn color, but yellowish at maturity ;
flesh white, melting, half buttery, excellent; ripe at the
end of November. Jn its form and flavor, it much resem-
bles the Calebasse Marianne. Figured P)]. 18, of the
Annales générales des Sciences. — Bosc.

BEURRE’ COLOMA. Chev. Parmentier.

This new Flemish pear is of large size; flesh melting ;
juice sugared, and of good flavor. It is ripe in autumn.

14"

162 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

BEURRE’ CURTET. Van Mons. Annales d’Horti-
culture.

Fruit oval, rounded ; its length three inches, breadth the
same ; skin green, thin, striped, and stained with red next
the sun; flesh white, melting, full of sweet juice, quicken-
ed by an aromatic tartness, peculiar to the Bergamots.
Last of September to middle of October. — New England
Farmer, vol. x. No. 22, inserted by Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn.
Obtained in 1828, by M. Simeon Bouvier, an apothecary of
Jodoine, who has dedicated it to M. Curtet, a physician of
Brussels.

BEURRE’ DELBECQ. Loudon, from Bull. Univer.,
for Mar. 1826. ;

This is a new autumn pear, and is said to be a very su-
perior fruit. The tree is more lofty and of handsomer
form than any other variety. It was raised by Van Mons
from seed sown in 1813.

BEURRE’ DORE’. Willich’s Dom. Ency.
GrLupEp ButTrTreER PEAR.

This is a luscious fruit nearly related to the White Doy-
enné, having a similar taste, and ripening about the same
time, of a larger size, and possessing a finer coat than the
latter ; its peel being glossy and smooth, resembles unpol-
ished gold; is occasionally streaked and marked with bright
yellow spots. There is no red color on this pear, but its
south side displays greater brightness than the opposite
part which has been shaded.

BEURRE’ DUQUESNE. Chev. Parmentier.

A large new Flemish pear, originated it is said, by Van
Mons. Flesh melting, and of good flavor. It ripens in
autumn.

NEW PEARS. 163

\

BEURRE’ DUVAL. Chev. Parmentier.

A pear of large size, the flesh melting, and flavor good.
It ripens in November. This new variety was raised in
Flanders by M. Duval.

BEURRE’ KNOX. Mr Knight. Lindley.

This new variety was raised by Dr Van Mons. It was
forwarded by Mr Knight in 1823, to the Hon. John Lowell,
and has been by him distributed to all who have applied.
Mr Knight describes it thus. ‘ Large, pear shaped, yel-
low ; season November and December; an excellent pear.’
Oblong, formed like the Brown Beurre. Of a pale, green
color, thinly russetted next the sun. Flesh. a little gritty,
but mellow; jnice saccharine, but without any peculiar
flavor. Middle of October to last of November.

BEURRE’ DU ROI.

This fine variety was imported in 1822, from France, by
John Prince, Esq. of Jamaica Plain,in Roxbury. The tree
was on a quince stock, and has proved a most extraordi-
nary bearer, which may possibly be owing in part to this
cause: [ would hope otherwise. Mr Prince, however, is
persuaded, it will produce larger fruit on a pear stock. A
most capital variety from the middle of September to the
first of December. A pear of very handsome size, form,
appearance, and of excellent quality, and as such recom-
mended for general cultivation. The name of this fruit
and its sudden appearance seems involved in mystery. Its
description and history cannot I believe be traced to any
author. It is evidently no old French pear, but new: and
some apprehend that it is no other than, identically, the
Urbaniste, with a new title, usurped in honor of Charles X.

BEURRE’ ROMAIN. N. Duh.

A middle sized pear as a large as St Germain or rather
larger; oval, obtuse, angular, swollen in the middle of its

164 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST,

height ; green, changing to yellow at maturity; flesh fine,
white, melting, perfumed. Anexcellent fruit. September.

BEURRE’ DE SAINT QUENTIN. Annales d’Horti-
culture. *

Fruit in form of the common Doyenné, not quite so long,
and larger in circumference ; demi Beurre ; well calculat-
ed for large orchards, being a great bearer. Produced by
M. Noisette. .

BEURRE’ SPENCE. M. Van Mons. Bradd ck.

According to the account published by Dr Van Mons in
the Revue des Revues for March, 1830, this pear possesses
a melting and delicious flesh, and merits a distinguished
place in our gardens. Jt ripens in Belgium the last of
September. This pear Dr Van Mons formerly pronounced
the best of all he had ever produced; a fruit to his taste
inestimable and having no competitor. We have this on
the authority of Mr Braddick, who coincided with him in
this opinion ; and Mr Turner pronounced it the very best
of all the new Flemish pears. This was the opinion Dr
Van Mons had formed some years before he had made trial
of a very considerable proportion of all his new sorts.

BEZI DE LOUVAINE. Van Mons. Nouveau Cours
Complet d’Agriculture, vo]. x1. p. 126.

Fruit long, its transverse diameter two and a half inches ;
skin a delicate green, but brown red next the sun ; its
stalk short; flesh buttery, very agreeably perfumed. It
-ripens in October. Figured P1.101, of the Annales géné-
rales des Sciences. — Bosc.

BISHOP’S T UM’. Lindley’s Guide.

Fruit over medium size, very oblong ; it istwice as long
as broad, and tapers to its summit. The stalk is long,

NEW PEARS. 165

crooked ; color dark green, covered almost throughout with
iron colored russet, but brownish red next the sun: flesh
yellowish. green, melting, juicy, rich, saccharine and high
flavored. An excellent, but ordinary looking fruit, ripen-
ing in October.

BON CHRETIEN FONDANTE. Lindley.

A most excellent new Flemish pear. It is above the
middle size, oblong, regular in its outline; stalk short,
stout ; skin pale green, mostly covered with deep cinnamon
russet ; flesh yellowish white, a little gritty, but rich and
buttery, and full of a highly saccharine, rich flavored juice.
End of October to end of November; with us it may be
a month earlier,

BOURGMESTRE.

A very large pear; some have weighed a pound: form
oblong, irregular, pyramidal or truncated ; color a russetty
yellow, with a blush next the sun. John Heard, Jr. Esq. of
Boston, has sent specimens of this fruit to the Horticul-
tural Society of ‘itassachusetts, weighing 13 ounces ; but
the opinions respecting its quality seem at variance. The
Chevalier Parmentier, however, describes it as a melting
and excellent fruit. A new Flemish variety ; season No-
vember to December. A beautiful fruit, and the tree is

evidently a good bearer.

BROOME PARK. Mr Knight.

‘A rather small, but excellent variety.’ This new pear
was originated by Mr Knight, and scions were sent by him
in February, 1832, to Mr Lowell, and the Massachusetts
Agricultural Society.

BROUGHAM HALL. Mr Knight.

‘ An excellent variety here.’ This new pear was origin-
ated by Mr Knight, and scions were sent by him in Febru-

166 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

ary, 1832, to Mr Lowell, and the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural Society.

BUFFUM.

A variety lately received from Warren, Rhode Island,
where it is understood to be a native and in high estima-
tion. The tree is vigorous, upright, very handsome ; it
does not suddenly come into bearing. Fruit medium sized,
oblong or obovate, greenish russetty yellow, but slightly
red next the sun; melting, juicy, and agreeable. It ripens
in September.

CALEBASSE FONDANTE. Nouveau Cours Com-
plet d’Agriculture, vol. x1. p. 124.

The fruit is very much lengthened, knobby ; of a uni-
form red color ; its flesh is melting, sugary, agreeable, so
far as I could judge from the fruits sent me by Van Mons.
It ripens the beginning of October, and grows soft soon
after. — Bosc.

CALEBASSE MARIANNE. Nouveau Cours Com-
plet d’Agriculture, vol. x11. p. 128.

Fruit very long, of an orange color, about three inches
in its transverse diameter, rather narrowed in its length;
stalk short ; flesh white, melting, very sugary, and very
perfumed. This is one of the best of all pears. It very
much resembles in its forma calabash. The tree is thorny.
This pear is figured P]. 40, of the Annales générales des
Sciences. — Bosc.

CAPIAUMONT.
BeuRRE DE CapriauMont, CassIomMonrt, erroneously.

This new variety was raised by M. Capiaumont of Mons.
It was sent in 1823, by Mr Knight, to the Hon. John Low-
ell, and has been by him liberally distributed to all who

NEW PEARS, 167

have applied. The tree is of vigorous and upright growth,
it comes early into bearing and is very productive; the
young wood is stout, and of a yellowish color; fruit large,
oblong, pyramidal, tapering to the stalk, which is situated
on its summit ; its diameter is three quarters of its length,
and is greatest at one fourth of its height. The eye is
level with the surface ; color yellow, tinged with fine red,
or cinnamon next the sun ; flesh yellowish, melting, but-
tery, very rich and high flavored. A most delicious and
beautiful fruit. This excellent variety is said to be a great
favorite in England, and deservedly so in the vicinity of
Boston. It ripens in September.

CAPSHEAF. S. H.S., Esq.
Hapuey PEAR? supposed.

A large pear of a globular form, inclining to turbinate ;
amelting, buttery, sweet, and rich flavored fruit, of an
orange russet color. September and October. Highly
esteemed where cultivated. A valuable pear, introduced
here by S. H. Smith, Esq. of Rhode Island.

CHARLES D’AUTRICHE. Lindley. Hort. Trans.

and other sources.

CHARLES OF AUSTRIA.

A fine and beautiful fruit, raised by Dr Van Mons. Mr
Knight is confident it will be productive. We have seen
the fruit; a genuine specimen, as here described, was ex-
hibited in 1830, by S. G. Perkins, Esq. to the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society. Fruit large, three and a half
inches long, and three inches broad; oblong, contracted
towards the stalk ; greenish yellow, with brown spots, and
partially russetted; flesh melting, white, very juicy, with
arich high flavor, but with little if any perfume: it will
ripen here in October.

168 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

COLMAR SOUVERAIN.

A new pear, stated to have been raised by Van Mons.
Specimens of this fruit were sent in 1830, by Mr Prince
of the Linnzan Botanic Garden, to the Massachusetts Hor-
ticultural Society. A large oblong pear, color greenish
russet, melting, , and of excellent flavor. It ripens
in autumn and its productiveness is not ascertained.

CUMBERLAND. S. H.S., Esq.

This native pear is stated by Mr Smith, to be extraor-
dinary for its size and beauty; some specimens have
weighed near a pound. The color is yellow or orange,
with a bright blush of crimson next the sun ; the flesh is
rich, juicy and melting; little inferior to the old St Mi-
chael.. The original tree was first shown to him in 1830,.
growing in Cumberland, Rhode Island. Itis about 30
years old, apparently hardy, and free from blight. It ripens
in autumn, and may be kept till into winter.

CUSHING. S. Downer, Esq.

This superior wilding was so named by the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society. It originated about 40 years
ago on the grounds of Col. Washington Cushing of Hing-
ham, Massachusetts. The fruitis of medium size, oblong,
contracted towards the stalk which is short; the skin
smooth, light green, but brownish red next the sun; flesh
whitish, melting and full of delicious juice, sprightly, and
of first rate excellence. The tree is a great and constant
bearer ; and although growing in an uncultivated pasture,
it has produced annually 14 bushels of fruit, and may be
recommended with confidence, as one of our finest native
varieties. Season middle of September.

DARIMONT. Lindley.
A new, hardy Flemish variety. The fruit is of medium
size, oblong ; in some specimens slightly pyramidal, taper-

NEW PEARS. 169

ing a little towards the stalk, which is short and slightly
sunken; color a yellowish gray russet; flesh white,
gritty, but melting, with a saccharine, slightly musky, and
somewhat astringent juice. It ripens in September and
October.

DEARBORN. Dr Van Mons. Bi

It is described by Van Mons as a new pear, which ama-

teurs have pronounced exquisite, and which he has lately

/sonamed in honor of the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, Presi-
dent of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

DELICES DPHARDENPONT. Van Mons’ Cat.
Detices D’Arpenpont. Lindley. N. Duh.

This last name J have put down as a synonyme, beliey-
ing it a corruption. Dr Van Mons represents the Delices
d’Hardenpont as very large. I extract from the New
Duhamel the following description of the fruit, which was
sent to them from Brussels. —‘ Delices D’Ardenpont.
Raised by M. D’Ardenpont, amateur and proprietor near
Brussels. Its height is three inches, diameter nearly
the same; stalk fifteen lines. Skin a little thick, smooth
green, but yellow at maturity ; flesh white, nearly melting ;
juice pleasant, sweet, and abundant. It ripens at Brus-
sels fourth of November.’

DIX. S. Downer, Esq.

This very fine native pear originated in the garden of
Madam Dix in Boston. It sprung from the seed about
eighteen years since. The tree is of medium vigor, the
young wood is thorny. Itis very productive. Fruit large,
oblong: skin rough, thick, green, but yellow at maturity,
with a fine blush on the side exposed to the sun; the stalk
short and situated on its summit. Flesh melting, juicy,
rich, and of fine flavor, and thought to be even superior to

15

}

170 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

the St Germain. It ripens from the middle to the last of
October, and bids fair to be one of our very best autumn
pears, and may with safety be recommended for general
cultivation, for its beauty, fine flavor, and bearing.

DR HUNT’S NECTICUT. J. Prince, Esq.
a

The scions of this pear were received about a dozen
years ago, of Dr Hunt of Northampton, who received it
from a friend in Connecticut, without a name. ‘ The tree
is of uncommonly vigorous growth, and a great bearer.
A beautiful pear, of a good size, oblong form, yellow color,
with a remarkably short stalk ; it is tolerable for the table,
and excellent for cooking in October.’ This sort must be
deemed a valuable and profitable variety for extensive cul-
tivation.

DOYENNE’ PANACHE’. Hort. Trans. vol. 1v. p.177.

Formed like the Doyenne Gris; bright clear yellow,
faintly striped with green and red; with smal] russet brown
dots. The flesh is white, melting, sweet, and very agree-
able.

DOYENNE’ SANTELETTE. Lindley.

A new, fine, handsome Flemish pear, raised by Van
Mons; a hardy tree. Fruit above the middle size, pyra-
midally oblong, narrow at the crown, and compressed to-
wards the stalk; skin pale green, thinly covered with
specks of gray russet; flesh white, a little gritty, but
tender; juice saccharine, with a slight musky perfume.
Ripe the beginning of October, and will keep to the end.
This may probably prove with us a September fruit.

DE RACHINGUIN. “Annalée d’Horbeultuce.

I extract from the translation of the Hon. H. A. 8.
Dearborn, inserted in vol. 1x. No. 22, of the N. E. Farmer,

NEW PEARS. 171

‘ The fruit is round, compressed ; skin rough and brown,
like that of the Mons. Jean; flesh very melting, buttery
and sugary, and high flavored. November and December.
This variety merits dissemination for the beauty of the
tree, and the quality of its fruit. It grows in clusters
and was produced by M. Noisette.’ »

DOUBLE D’AUTOMNE. Lindley.

Fruit middle sized, round, in form of a Bergamot; skin
a cinnamon russet: flesh white, breaking, a little gritty,
but mellow, saccharine, very excellent, with a little per-
fume. A very handsome, new and excellent pear. It
ripens in October.

DUCHESSE D’ANGOULEME. Pom. Mag. Hort.
Trans. and various authorities.

ANGOULEME, DucHEss or ANGOULEME.

I have before mentioned, on the authority of M. Poiteau,
the abortive attempts of the most distinguished cultivators
in France, during the last ages, in raising new and valua-
ble varieties of fruit from the seed. Such attempts seem
to have failed, because conducted on principles adverse to
success. Nature, however, has sometimes, unaided by art,
_accomplished in that country, more than man by false
science and misguided effort was enabled to do. Such
appears to have been the case in the Duchesse d’ Angouléme,
said to have been discovered growing wild in a hedge of
the Forest of Armaillé near Angers, in the department of
Maine and Loire. It was there found in July, 1815, on
the return of the Bourbons for the second time to France.
Hence its name. ‘A pear of first rate excellence, the
finest of the late autumn pears, it is not less remarkable
and distinct from others in its appearance, in its irregular,
knobby surface, covered with broad patches of brown. It

172 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

arrives at a weight very unusual in dessert pears. Speci-
mens from the island of Jersey. have been seen weighing
twentytwo ounces. Form roundish, oblong, tapering to-
wards the stalk, with an extremely uneven surface ; stalk
and eye deeply sunk; skin dull yellow, covered with broad
russet patches; flesh rich, melting, very juicy, and high
flavored, with a most agreeable perfume. The trees are
stated to bear very early and with certainty ; it succeeds
equally well on the quince stock or pear.’ It will ripen
here about the last of October. Specimens of this fruit
have been produced by Hon. John Lowell, and 8. G. Perkins,
Esq. which have been pronounced of very first rate qual-
ity. Mr Loudon, another good authority, informs us, it is
now well ascertained to be a great bearer.

LA BELLE DE FLANDERS. Pom. Mag.

FonpANTE DEs Bots, of Van Mons,and Lond Hort. Cat-
IMPERATRICE DE LA pletion RK ae to Lindley
BRILLIANT. and Pom. Mag.
BoucHE NMG ortsg iin a to Lindley and Pom.
FiemMisu Beauty. § Mag.

This new Flemish pear is of the first rank in quality ;
it is large, very beautiful, and bears abundantly as a stand-
ard ; and will without doubt, one day become a most im-
portant variety in the list of cultivators. Fruit large, [the
engraving sent by Dr Van Mons is near four inches long
and over three inches broad ;] obovate, obtuse at the stalk ;
greenish yellow russet, but tinged with crimson red next
the sun; flesh rather firm; yellowish white, sweet, rich,
melting and excellent. It must be gathered while it adhereg
yet firmly to the tree. This is the only way to have it in
the utmost perfection. It ripens in October, and will keep
a month or two.’ It will probably ripen with us a month
earlier.

NEW PEARS. 173

FORELLE. Mr Knight. Dr Diel. Pom. Mag. Dr
Willich.

ForRELLENBIRNE, Dr Diel.
Porre Truite, or Trout PEAR, of the French.

A beautiful and excellent pear of medium size; form
obovate ; of a clear lemon color in the shade, a deep, rich,
sanguine hue, and spotted next the sun; of a delicious
aromatic flavor, and unusual fertility. Thus have the above
first rate authorities described it. Its season is from October
to December. Mr Knight, in 1823, sent this variety to the
Hon. John Lowell ; but it has not yet in our climate fulfil-
led expectation, and cannot be recommended till further
trial. It is anative of Northern Saxony.

FORME DE MARIE LOUISE. Mr Braddick.

This fruit was raised by Dr Van Mons, and Mr Braddick,
who received the variety from him, thus describes it. The
tree is hardy ; it is mvre vigorous, the wood is. stronger
than the Marie Louise. The fruit is melting, it is of a
larger size, and of a flavor even superior to that excellent
variety. It falls early into fruit, and is an exceeding great.
bearer. It ripens in October, and continues in eating for
six weeks. [See Marie Louise.] — Loudon’s Magazine.

FREDERIC DE WURTEMBERG. Van. Mons.
Rot pE WuRTEMBERG.

A very large pear of great excellence, raised by Van
Mons, and was so named by him, in honor of, and at the
particular request of Frederic, King of Wurtemberg. It
is five inches long, and four in diameter; of a globular
form towards the base, very contracted towards the sum-
mit, which is very narrow and pointed.

FULTON.
The tree is stated to be a full and constant bearer. A
le”

174 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

native pear, of a round or turbinate form, of medium size ;
skin dark yellow russet; melting, juicy, sugary, and of de-
licious flavor. It ripens the middle of September, and lasts
amonth. To have this fruit in perfection, it should be
gathered a little before its maturity, and ripened in the
shade. This fine native fruit was raised from seed, by Mrs
Fulton of Topsham, Me. It is highly deserving the
attention of cultivators.

GENDESEIM. Lindley.

Fruit middle sized, pyramidal, little uneven in its outline ;
skin yellowish green, covered with specks and thin patches
of gray russet; flesh a little gritty, but mellow, and full of a
saccharine, rich, and slightly musky juice. A new Flem-
ish pear, and a hardy and productive tree. Ripe the end of
September and beginning of October. With us it may
probably ripen a month earlier.

GORE’S HEATHCOT.

A native pear, a capital variety, which deserves to be rank-
ed with the Seckel and Bartlett ; raised by Mr Heathcot
at the farm of the late Gov. Gore, from the seed planted
in 1812. The tree is remarkably upright and handsome
in its growth ; the young wood is red and thorny. The
fruit is rather large; its diameter is three fourths of its
length ; contracted towards the stalk ; the color fine yellow
or straw, tinged with red next the sun; the flesh is rich,
melting, and of most excellent flavor. Competent judges
have decided upon this. It is a constant bearer, and the
young tree produced in 1831, five bushels of pears accord-
ing to Mr Toohey, who has introduced this pear to notice.
It ripens in September, and is highly deserving of cultiva-

tion.
’

NEW PEARS. 175

GROSSE ANGLETERRE DE NOISETTE. Bon
Jard.

This new variety was obtained from seed by M. Noisette.
It is larger and later than the Beurre d’Angleterre.

GROS DILLEN. Hort. Trans. Lindley.
Dituen. Lindley.

One of the new Flemish pears, so highly recommended by
John Braddick, Esq. ‘Fruit large, ovate, irregularly tur-
binate ; about three and a half inches long, and three inches
in diameter ; eye flat; stalk short and thick ; skin yellow-
. ish green, slightly sHetdded with brown ; flesh white, with
a slight musky flavor, and very little core. Ripe early in
October, and will keep a few weeks. A fine buttery pear
of the first order, and very handsome. Received from
Dr Van Mons of Brussels, in 1817.’

GRUMKOWER WINTERBIRNE. Lindley.

Fruit of medium size, smooth ; pale green, with russetty
specks. Bon Chretien formed ; oftttively ribbed towards the
crown, and narrowed bowers the stalk ; ‘melting, very
juicy, saccharine, and very musky. ‘This fruit will probably
ripen with us in October.

HACON’S INCOMPARABLE. Lindley.

Fruit middle sized, turbinate, irregular ; slightly angular
near the crown; stalk stout; skin rugose; pale yellow,
mixed with green, partially covered with orange russet ;
flesh yellowish white, slightly gritty, but very buttery and
melting ; juice abundant, very saccharine, extremely rich,
and possessing a high musky and perfumed flavor. A very
valuable and excellent pear, raised by Mr James Gent
Hacon, of Downham market, in Norfolk. The tree sprung
from seed sown in 1814, is sixteen feet high, with pendu-
lous branches. It bears abundantly, and may justly be

176 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

considered one of the best pears ever raised in England.
It obtained the silver medal as a prize in 1880, and is in
perfection in November and December. .

HARVARD.

L’ErrerGne, former name.

This fine native pear originated in Cambridge, Mass.
The tree is of vigorous, upright and handsome growth; the
young wood yellowish red, and thorny; fruit, above me-
dium size, form very oblong, swollen at the crown; con-
tracted towards the stalk, which is inserted in acavity; the
color a russetty yellow, tinged next the sun with russetty ~
red; flesh white, juicy, melting; flavor like the combined
flavors of the Seckle and Jargonelle. The tree does not
readily come into bearing, but afterwards bears abundantly.
It is ripe by the middle of September. This excellent
pear is highly prized inthe Boston markets, and is deserv-
ing of general cultivation.

HAZEL. Hort. Trans. vol. vir. p. 310. Lindley.

A small frult, of a yellowish color and freckled ; of an
oval, turbinate form; flesh white, juicy and pleasant.
Season, end of October to end of November. A Scotch
fruit, and said to be extensively cultivated in Scotland for
its good quality and abundant produce.

HENRI QUATRE. Lindley.
Henry Fovrru. Ibid.

Fruit below the middle size, pyramidal, oblique at the
crown; skin pale yellow, mixed with green, but orange
brown next the sun, with russetty specks ; flesh pale yel-
low, a little gritty, but very tender and melting; juice
abundant, highly saccharine, with a slight musky perfume.
A very excellent pear, a hardy tree; the fruit ripens the
end of September, and will keep a few weeks. It was
raised by M. Witzhumb, and may ripen here in August.

NEW PEARS. vies

HENRI VAN MONS. Dr Van Mons.

The following is an extract of an article in the New
England Farmer, vol. x. No. 7, translated by Hon. H. A.
S. Dearborn, from the Revue des Revues : written for that
periodical, by Dr Van Mons.

‘The fruit is very large ; contracted in proportion to its
length, and swollen about one third of its height; but the
largest fruit often assumes a cylindrical form. The skin
is smooth, and at maturity a greenish yellow, but of more
or less brilliant red next the sun. The flesh is tender,
buttery, sweet, slightly mingled with acid, which renders
it very agreeable. It is an excellent autumn fruit, and its
true pear flavor should make it in great demand. Named
in honor of M. Henri Van Mons of Brussels.’ Scions of
this fruit were forwarded by Dr Van Mons, to the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society, but not arriving till August,
1831, they had perished.

GOLDEN BEURRE’ OF BILBOA.

I have adopted this name for a fruit which was exhibited
at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in October,
1831, by Mr Hooper of Marblehead, the produce of a tree
imported from Bilboa in Spain. It is evidently a new fruit
with us, being unlike any other we have ever before seen.
It is of medium size, oblong, contracted above the middle
of its height, and tapering towards the stalk; color a bright
golden yellow, interspersed with patches of golden russet;
perfectly melting, and of fine flavor. A beautiful fruit, a
great bearer, and highly deserving extensive cultivation.

JOHONNOT.

A native pear, originated by George S. Johonnot, Esq.
of Salem. It first bore fruit in 1823; a medium sized
fruit, of irregular form; stalk very short and thick; skin
very thin, of a dull yellowish brown hue; of good flavor,
and ripe in September.

178 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

KEISER. Lindley.

A. medium sized pear; at maturity of a yellowish green,
with spots of russet; stalk short and thick ; form turbinate ;
flesh greenish white, alittle gritty, but melting, saccharine;
flavor not peculiar ; a hardy tree, an abundant bearer. It
will probably ripen with us the middle of September.

LA COLOMA. Van Mons. Nouveau Cours Complet
d’Agriculture, vol. x11. p. 127.

Fruit medium sized, oval, but swelled in the middle;
color yellowish green, but yellow at maturity, which is in
November; flesh melting, perfumed, and very agreeable,
judging from the specimens of fruit sent us by Van Mons
from Brussels. — Bosc.

L7INCOMMUNICABLE. Lindley.
INCOMMUNICABLE. Ibid.

Fruit above the middle size, oblong, pyramidal, compress-
ed towards the stalk, which is stout and short; skin pale
grass-green ; flesh yellowish white, a little gritty but melt-
ing ; juice saccharine, with a slight musky perfume. A
new Flemish variety ; it bears well and regularly, as a
standard at Chiswick. Ripe middle to end of Octcber.
This fruit will probably ripen with us a month earlier.

LA VANSTALLE. Van Mons. Nouveau Cours Com-
plet d’Agriculture, vol. x11. p. 127.

Fruit perfectly pyramidal; high colored with red; of
medium size; flesh granulous, becoming insipid, and finally
soft; it keeps till the middle of October. I did not find
this fruit excellent; itis however, better than the Doy-
enne, [St Michael.] — Bosc.

LODGE. Col. Carr.

A new seedling raised in the neighborhood of Philadel-
phia. A tolerably large pear, of a brown color; melting,

NEW PEARS. 179

juicy, and of delicious flavor; thought by some to be supe-
rior tothe Seckel. It ripens early, but keeps well; and is
thought to be highly deserving of general cultivation.

MARIE LOUISE. Pom. Mag.

A new and superior variety raised from seed by the Abbe
Duquesne. Scions of this fruit were sent by Mr Knight,
in 1823, to the Hon. John Lowell: and specimens of this
fruit have been produced agreeing perfectly with the de-
scription. Fruit oblong, tapering towards both ends ; size
varying from medium to large; stalk an inch long; skin
nearly smooth, yellowish green, interspersed with patches
of cinnamon colored russet; flesh white, exceedingly juicy,
melting, buttery, and rich. It ripens in October, and keeps
till November, and is described as a pear of extraordinary
excellence. The Forme de Maria Louise, although it has
been confounded with this, is evidently distinct. It was so
called after this, from its resemblance of form. In Dr
Van Mons’ catalogue for 1823, there are more than one un-
named sorts called Forme de Marie Louise — more than
one, Forme de Napoleon — at least twenty unnamed varie-
ties called Forme de Doyenné.

NAPOLEON. Pom. Mag.

Me’parLuue. Hort. Soe. Cat.,
/SauvaGceon Lrart, of some, according to Van Mons.
This new and excellent variety was raised by M. Liart,
and not as is stated in the Pom. Mag. by Dr Van Mons.
Mr Braddick has stated that he found the Napoleon in every
good collection on the continent; also the Maria Louise.
This variety was sent in 1823, by Mr Knight, to the Hon.
John Lowell, and has been by him distributed liberally to
all applicants. And the fruit conforming to the descriptions
has been produced among us. Fruit large, form of the
Colmar, contracted in the middle; stalk half an inch long,

180 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

slightly depressed ; skin smooth, bright green, but at ma-
turity pale green ; flesh very melting, with a most unusual
abundance of rich agreeable juice. It ripens with us in
September. Wood strong, dark yellowish green, with
whitish spots; leaves tapering to a point, widely serrated.
This variety is stated to be a great bearer, and to succeed
equally upon the pear or quince stock.

NAUMKEAG. R.M.,, Esq.

This pear lately originated in Salem, and derives its title
from the ancient Indian name of that town. Fruit nearly
round, or roundish oblong, stalk long ; color a yellowish rus-
set ; a valuable pear, and a great bearer. Ripe in autumn.

NEW BRIDGE. Lindley.

Below the medium size, thinly russeted; of a lively
shining brown next the sun; turbinate; flesh melting, a
little gritty ; the juice suzary, but without any peculiar
flavor. ‘his pear will probably ripen with us early in
September.

NOIR GRAIN. Bon Jard.

Bevurre Noir GRAIN.
This pear is of medium size, extremely productive, and
highly esteemed in Flanders. Ripe in September.

PITFORD PEAR. Mr Knight.

‘A rich melting pear, season November.’ This new
pear was originated by Mr Knight, and scions were sent by
him in February, 1832, to Mr Lowell, and the Massachu-
setts Agricultural Society.

PREBLE’S BEURRE’.

This name I have at present adopted for a pear, name
lost, received some years since from the late Eben. Preble, ©
Esq. It was selected from his extensive importations

NEW PEARS. 181

from France, as a kind evidently unknown with us, here-
tofore. The tree is of medium vigor, compact in its form ;
_ the leaves are dark green above, very downy or woolly be-
neath ; fruit medium size, turbinate; skin smooth, pale
green at maturity; flesh white, melting, juicy, rich and
excellent. Ripe in September. The tree is a very great
and constant bearer; and is recommended as well desery-
ing cultivation. It is evidently new, and Mr Manninghas
suggested that it agrees well with the description of the

Francreal d’Eté.

PRINCESSE D’ORANGE. Pom. Mag.
Princess or ORANGE.

The fruit is roundish turbinate, the size of the White
Doyenné, [St Michael ;] skin bright reddish orange russet;
flesh yellowish white, sugary and rich, in some seasons
perfectly melting, but occasionally a little gritty. From
its great beauty, as well as the good quality of the fruit,
this variety is highly reeommendedto notice, as a valuable
autumn pear, ripening in October. Raised by the Comte
de Coloma in 1802. -

PRINCE’S SAINT GERMAIN.

The imperfect description of this fruit is from a speci-
men, sent by Messrs Prince, of the Linnean Botanic Gar-
don, Flushing, to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
in 1830. It is understood to have been raised by him, from
the St Michael and St Germain. The fruit was of a size

rather large, form regular, inclining to oblong; of a yellow
color, melting, and of excellent flavor. It ripens in au-
tumn, and will keep till winter.

POIRE D’ANANAS. Braddick. Loudon.
This new Flemish variety, which Mr Loudon character-
izes as ‘excellent’ Mr Braddick has recémmended as of

16

182 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

first rate excellence, and nearly allied in appearance and
flavor, to the Passe Colmar and Present de Malines. A
winter fruit. Another account describes the Poire d’Ana-
nas as of medium size, very handsome, melting, with a fine
pine-apple flavor, [hence its name d’Ananas;] ripening in
November, and considered in Belgium as one of their very
best sorts; the tree of dwarfish habits, and flowering freely
and at the extremity of the branches.

POIRE DE LOUVAINE. Lindley.

Fruit middle sized, pyramidal, uneven on its surface.
Of.a dull green color, mixed with yellow and spots of rus-
set; flesh very tender, slightly gritty, and full of a rich,
very saccharine, musky juice. A very excellent pear, and
hardy tree; it highly deserves cultivation. Ripe the be-
ginning of October, and fine tothe end. In our climate
this fruit will probably ripen a month earlier.

POIRE NEILL. Lindley.

This fruit is sometimes nearly four inches long, and three
and a half inches in diameter; pyramidally turbinate, ta-
pering to the stalk ; sometimes obliquely formed; the stalk
is short and obliquely inserted; skin pale yellow, inter-
mixed with green, and mottled with thin gray russet ; flesh
white, a little gritty, but very soft and mellow, abounding
with a saccharine and slightly musky juice. A very fine
and handsome new pear from Flanders, a hardy tree. Ripe
the beginning of October, and good to the end. It will
probably prove with us a September fruit.

POIRE SANS PEPINS. N. Duh.
SEEDLEss PEAR.

Size and form of the Colmar ; skin yellow, touched with
green; melting, a little coarse grained, abounding in sweet
musky juice. It ripens in Normandy the beginning of Oc-
tober.

NEW PEARS. 183

RAYMOND. _§R.S., Esq.

A middle sized pear, a little oblong, contracting towards
the stalk ; of a greenish yellow color, and good flavor. It
is expected this may prove a valuable fruit. Raised by
Dr Joseph Wight of Raymond, Me.

RICHE DE'POUILLE. Lindley. Lond. Hort. Trans.
Ricuze D’Appoir. —

This pear resembles the St Germain in size and shape.
It is large, oblong, the eye prominent; it tapers to the
stalk, which is rather thick and long; skin clear citron
yellow, covered with numerous asperities, and rough like
an orange or lemon, and tinged with scarlet next the sun ;
flesh white, melting, not perfumed, but sweet and very
pleasant. A new variety ripening late in autumn or win-
ter; it succeeds on the quince or pear.

SAINT GHISLAIN. Van Mons. Mr Downer.
Saint GALeEn, of the Bostonians.

This variety of pear was raised in Belgium by M. Dor-
lain. ‘St Galen,’ one of the new varieties sent from the
Horticultural Society of London, to 8S. G. Perkins, Esq.,
size middling, color yellowish green, flavor sprightly, rich,
sugary. It comes in eating from the middle of September
to the first of October.

SECKEL.

A most delicious pear, size varying from small to medi-
um; form obovate; color varying from yellowish to brown-
ish russet, but generally red next the sun; of a melting,
spicy, and of a most extraordinary rich and delicious flavor.
In this respect it is supposed to exceed any other native
fruit. It ripens the middle of September, and lasts till the
middle of October. The tree is of moderate growth; up-
right, compact, and beautiful in its form. It is extraordi-

184 - NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

nary productive, and produces its fruit in clusters: it is
recommended as indispensable in-every good collection.
The time when, or the place where this pear originated, is
involved in obscurity. Dr Hosack has stated in his letter,
recorded in the London Horticultural Transactions, that it
was first introduced to notice near Philadelphia about 70
years ago. It was found either on the grounds of Mr
Seckel or Mr Weiss.

SERRURIER D’AUTOMME. Annales d’Horticulture.

I adopt in this place the version as it appeared in vol. ix.
No. 22, of the New England Farmer, of the Hon. H. A.
S. Dearborn. ‘M. Van Mons says the tree is tall and
majestic ; the leaves small, elongated, and apositely fold-
ed.” The fruit is very large, oblong, obtuse at both ends ;
skin of a delicate green, it becomes yellow at maturity.
The flesh is white, tender, melting, full of very abundant,
sugary juice. The epoch of its maturity is towards the
end of Octover, and it may be preserved three weeks.
Produced by M. Van Mons.

SIEULLE. Bon Jard. 1828.

Raised by M. Sieulle, at the seat of the Duc de Choiseul
at Praslin. It first bore fruitin 1815. The fruit is of me-
dium size, globular form, flattened at the ends, but swollen
towards the base. A long stalk; skin fine, of a yellow
lemon color, and slightly red next the sun; flesh half
melting ; juice sweet, rich, abundant and agreeable. It
ripens October and November. The tree is vigorous and
productive.

STRIPED BON CHRETIEN. N. Duh.
Bon CHRETIEN Panacue’. Ib. Pl. 115.

Introduced by M. Vanieville, from Metz, in 1810. The
tree comes early into bearing, the young wood is striped ;

NEW PEARS. 185

the fruit is very large, and formed like the winter Bon
Chrétien, irregularly striped with yellow on a green foun-
dation ; flesh almost melting, sweet, and very agreeable in
its raw state. This interesting species merits to be exten-
sively multiplied.

SUMMER FRANKREAL. Pom. Mag. p. 106.

FRANKREAL D’E’Te’, Diel’s Pom.
FonDANTE, Knoop Pom.

FRANCE CANNEL, Knoop.

Gros Micer D’E’rr’, Pom. Mag.

The fruit is rather large; color pale yellowish green ;
form turbinate ; stalk short and thick; flesh white, firm,
juicy, buttery, melting, rich and excellent. It will ripen
with us probably, the last of August. This is said to bea
great bearer.

SYLVANGE VERTE. M. Pierard. Hon. J. Lowell.

A most superior pear. It originated at the village of Syl-
vange, near Verdun in France ; at what period is uncertain.
Scions of this variety were sent by Mr Knight in 1823, to
the Hon. J. Lowell, and the fruit has been produced by him
and Mr Parsons of Brighton, corresponding in excellence,
to the description of M. Pierard—this variety has been
by them disseminated widely with their wonted liberality.
It is rather a large pear, varying in its form, irregular in
its outline, swollen towards the middle, flattened at its
head, rounded towards the stalk, or terminated by avery
blunt point; bright green on the shaded side, dark green
next the sun; the whole skin is rough, with spots or specks
of a gray or black color. The stalk is short, slender, ob-
liquely inserted ; the eye small and but slightly depressed
in a knobby cavity. The flesh is greenish near the skin,
white in the centre, soft, saccharine, and of a peculiarly
agreeable flavor. It ripens in October and will keep till
December. Mr Lowell states that it proves an exuberant

16*

186 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

bearer, even to a fault. Specimens were produced by him
and Mr Parsons, weighing eleven and thirteen ounces ; he
further agrees with M. Pierard, that it is one of the very
best of pears. M. Pierard adds that it requires asheltered
situation, and not a strong soil.

TILLINGTON. Lond. Hort. Trans.

This new variety was raised by Mr Knight at Tillington,
a village near Hereford, fromthe Bergamot and Jargonelle ;
and scions were sent by him in 1823, to Hon. John Lowell.
Size and shape of the Doyenne Gris, but more perfectly
rounded at the head ; stalk short and fleshy at its insertion ;
skin dull green in the shade, but dull brick dust red next
the sun, the whole a good deal russetted. Flesh white,
nearly Beurré, with a little grit at the core; particularly
sweet and rich, though not very juicy. It ripens the mid-
dle of November.

URBANISTE. Hort. Trans. vol. v. p. 411.

A new and superior variety raised by the Comte de
Coloma of Malines. It was sent by Mr Knight in 1823,
to the Hon. John Lowell, and has been by him distributed
to all who have applied. The fruit is pyramidally ovate,
very even in form, about three and a half inches long, and
two and three fourths in diameter; the eye slightly depress-
ed; the stalk aninch long, obliquely and moderately sunk ;
skin pale green, inclining to yellow; greenish specks, and
small gray russet patches dispersed over its surface. Flesh
white, but reddish yellow next the core, which is large and
a little gritty; it is quite melting, juicy and very sweet,
with alittle perfume. This pear is on good authority pro-
nounced one of the most valuable of our autumn fruits,
and it is suspected that the Beurre du Roi, is no other than
the Urbaniste. It ripens from the middle of September to
first of December.

NEW PEARS. 187

WASHINGTON.

A medium sized native pear, of an oblong form, much
compressed towards the stalk; very melting, and of deli-
cious flavor. Thus it is described by Mrs Griffith of
Charlieshope, N. J. who has sent this variety to Mr Par-
sons. An autumn fruit. ff

WILKINSON. S.H.S., Esq. Mr Downer.

This new and fine native pear, originated in Cumberland,
R. L, on the farm of Jeremiah Wilkinson, brother to the
celebrated Jemima Wilkinson, and was introduced here by
Stephen H. Smith, Esq. of Providence, in 1829, and was
so named-by the committee of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society. The tree is healthy and a good and
constant bearer; the size and formare those of the St Mi-
chael ; the skin is dark yellow, with a brownish blush at
maturity next the sun; the flesh is whitish, melting, flavor
very peculiar, possessing the fine flavors of the old St
Michael and St Germain combined, with a delicious suga-
ry juice, sprightly and pleasant; having distinctly the fla-
vor of the rose and aroma. This superior seedling will
be a very handsome and great acquisition to our gardens.
Season October and November.

WILLIAMS.

This new native variety originated onthe farm of Aaron
Davis Williams, Esq. in Roxbury, Mass., and is stated by
him to be a good bearer. It is rather below the medium
size ; in form turbinate ; the color is yellow with a deep
blush next the sun; it is melting, juicy, and exceeding fine
flavored. September.

WORMSLY GRANGE. Mr Knight.

A new pear sent by Mr Knight tg the Hon. John Lowell.
‘This pear requires to be gathered before it is quite ripe.

188 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

It is in Herefordshire a variety of first rate excellence,
rivalling the Brown Beurre in its most perfect state.’ This
pear has not yet beensufficiently proved in our climate.

eo t i om Pts.

WINTER FRUIT.

rer

BEURRE’ D’AREMBERG. Pom. Mag. Bon Jard.
Loudon. Knight. Annales D’Horticulture.

Potre D’AREMBERG,

Duc D’AREMBERG, Pom. Mag.
CotmAR DescHAMPs.

Breurre’ D’AREMBERT, Bon Jard.
Beurre! DescHamps, Van Mons.
Beurre’ Des OrPHELINS, of Deschamps.
Beurrr’ D’HAarDeENponrtT, erroneously.

The English and French writers speak of this pear, as
one of the very best of all in cultivation. And Mr Loudon
has stated that it is one of the greatest bearers — comes
early into bearing, and keeps well. It was raised by the
Abbe Deschamps, in the garden of the Hospice des Or-
phelins at Enghein. Deschamps at first called it Beurré
des Orphelins, and M. Van Mons soon after named it Beurré
Deschamps. Others are stated to have called it Beurré
D Hardenpont, and finally Beurré D’Aremberg. M. Noisette
is stated to have sent to England the Gloux morceau, anoth-
er fine pear but larger, for this variety, which has led to
mistakes there, if not in ourowncountry. Mr Knight who
commends this as a very first rate fruit, forwarded scions
of the variety in 1823, to the Hon. John Lowell, by whom

NEW PEARS. — 189

it has been liberally disseminated. The Pomological Mag-
azine thus describes the tree and its fruit. Wood deep
yellowish brown, sprinkled with gray spots; leaves middle
sized, ovate oblong, of a rich dark green color; fruit
large, turbinate ; skin of adelicate pale green, dotted with
russet, which becomes a deeper yellow at maturity ; flesh
whitish, fine, very juicy, perfectly melting, without any grit-
tiness, and of a very extraordinary rich, sweet, high flavor-
ed quality. It will keep till March, and is truly character-
ized in the Horticultural Transactions, as deserving to
be placed at the head of all pears in cultivation. Itisa
great bearer either on a quince as a dwarf, or as a
standard.

BEURRE’ DIEL. Pom. Mag.

DororHer’ RoyAte, of Van. Mons. according to ante
Beurr® D’YEvue.

PorrRE pE MELON.

Beurre! Roya.e, of various collections according to
DiEL’s Mores (edema To Pom. Mag.

This noble pear was raised by Van Mons and so named
in honor of Dr Augustus Frederic Adrian Diel. Its great
merit, independent of its excellence, is its fertility. It is
of the first rank among dessert pears. The tree is of
vigorous growth; the young wood is long, strong, flexuose,
olive green, downy at the ends; the leaves large, roundish
or broadly cordate, smooth. Fruit when in perfection four
inches long, and three inches broad; it is much swollen a
little above the middle, going off to the eye either abruptly
or gradually, and tapering straight to the stalk, without any
contraction of the figure, which is much like the Bon Chre-
tien, but without the protuberances. The skin at maturity
is bright orange with little trace of russet; its dots sur-
* rounded with red; the eye in a deep cavity surrounded by
knobs ; the stalk strong, one and a half inches long, in a
deep narrow cavity ; flesh clear white, alittle gritty towards
the core, but perfectly tender, melting, juicy, with a deli-

190 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

cious, rich, saccharine, aromatic flavor, without any percep-
tible acid, core small, seeds usually abortive.

BEURRE’ RANCE. of Van Mons, of the French,
Lond. Hort. Trans. Pom. Mag.

HarpENPonT DU Printemps, of Mr Knight, and some
others.
BeurrE’ Epine, of some collections.

This new variety was raised at Mons, by the late Coun-
sellor Hardenpont. It is described by Dr Van Mons, as
being the best of the late pears, keeping till May. Mr
Knight in 1822, sent this variety to the Hon. John Lowell ;
and it has been by him extended to all who have applied.
The Pomological Magazine describes it thus: — The tree is
vigorous and a good bearer after a few years, its mode of
growth is straggling, the shoots sometimes growing pendu-
lous ; wood brownish yellow. Fruit middle sized, oblong,
tapering to the stalk, which is long and slender ; skin deep
green, flesh green, melting, having a delicious, rich flavor,
with very little acid ; it shrivelsin ripening.

BEURRE’ WITZHUMB. Van Mons. Nouveau
Cours Complet d’Agriculture, vol. x1. p. 126.

Fruit oval, knobby, three and a half inches in diameter ,
skin rough, green, brownish red or dark brown next the
sun; flesh greenish white, semi-transparent, melting, per-
fumed. It ripensin December. This beautiful and excel-
lent pear is figured Pl. 105 of the Annales generales des
Sciences. — Bosc.

BEZY-VAET. Dr Van Mons.
Bezy pe Saint VAAsT, according to Dr Van Mons.
The following from the New England Farmer, vol. x.
No 7, is an extract from an article, written by Dr Van
Mons in the Revue des Revues ; inserted by the Hon. H.

NEW PEARS. 191

A. 8. Dearborn. * The Bezy-Vaet, according to tradition
and from the name which it bears, was probably obtained
by the late Abbe Saint Vaast, or had been disseminated
by him. The fruit belongs to the sub-species of Rousselets ;
its size and form are those of the Colmar; ground deep
green, blotched with purple, and stained in spots of rusty .
red; flesh both melting and buttery, slightly yellow,
it abounds in sugar, and exhales a perfume which cannot
be compared to the aroma of any other fruit. The period
of its maturity is December and January, but it can be
prolonged by gathering the fruit fifteen days earlier than
usual. It is superfluous to add, that it is worthy of being
received by amateurs.

CARDINALE. N. Duh. Pl. 62.

Porre D’AmirRAL, of M. Hervy. Ibid.
ADMIRAL.

We are astonished that a pear so beautiful, and of merit
far before many other sorts, should as yet be so little ex-
tended in the environs of Paris. .The tree is of medium
vigor ; its young wood of medium size, and of a red color.
A superb, oblong pear, of a pyramidal form, with a well
— rounded base ; yellow in the shade, but beautiful red next

the sun; flesh white, half melting, coarse grained, very
juicy, sweet and agreeable. It keeps till March, and mer-
its to be better known.

CHAPTAL. N. Duh. Pl. 388.

This new pear, dedicated to Comte Chaptal, minister of
the interior, was obtained by M. Hervy in 1800. The tree
is of middling growth, and resembles a wild pear; fruit
very large, turbinate, swollen ; skin smooth, green, but at
maturity yellow, with a slight blush next the sun. The
flesh is breaking, but Calvel has described it as half melt-
ing; the juice abundant, sweet, slightly acid, and per-

192 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

fumed. This handsome pear keeps till April and May ; it
is excellent cooked, but may be eaten raw.

COLMAR DEWEZ. Loudon, from Bull. Univ. Sept.
1825.

This pear lately originated in the vicinity of Brussels,
is said to contain a rare assemblage of extraordinary qual-
ities; flesh white, tender, and exquisitely melting; juice
abundant, mild, and of an clevated, agreeable perfume,
equal to the Hardenpont d’Hiver, improperly called Beurre
d’Hiver.

COLMAR SABINE. Van Mons. Nouveau Cours
Complet d’Agriculture, vol. xu. p. 133.

The fruit is formed like the Beurré [oval, oblong, taper-
ing to the stalk.] Its diameter two and a half inches; of
medium size ; the color beautiful green, dotted with brown;
stalk long; its eye rather deep; the flesh white, buttery,
very sugary, not at all musky. It does not ripen till spring.
Figured vol. 3d, Pl. 30, of the Annales generales des Sci-
ences Physiques. — Bosc.

COLMAR VAN MONS. Nouveau Cours Complet

d’Agriculture, vol, x1. p. 13°.

Fruit pyramidal, yellow, with fawn colored points; of
medium size ; flesh half breaking, sugary, very agreeable ;
it ripens in January, and will keep two years, according to
Van Mons. I have eaten of this fruit. The tree is ex-
tremely productive. — Bosc.

DUCHESSE DE MARS. Chev. Parmentier.
DucueEss or MARCH.

This pear is of large size; flesh melting, and of good
flavor. It ripens in March.

NEW PEARS. 193

EASTER BEURRE’. Pom. Mag.

BERGAMOTTE DE LA PENTECOTE, but not of Parmentier
or Dr Van Mons.

Brezt CHAUMONTELLE TRES GROs, of M. Stoffels of
Mecklin.

Beurre! D’Hiver vE BRUXELLES, of the Taschenbuch.

DovenneE D’Hiver, of some collections, according to the
Pom Mag. ;

This fine new fruit probably originated in Flanders. It
is not to be confounded with the Easter Bergamotte, a good
but inferior fruit. ‘Of all the very late keeping pears,
this is decidedly the best [for Engiand.] Fruit large,
roundish oblong, broadest towards the eye; stalk short,
thick, deeply inserted; green, but yellow at maturity, with
specks of russet brown ; flesh yellowish white, perfectly
buttery and melting, and extremely high flavored ; wood
reddish yellow, sprinkled with distinct whitish spots ; leaves
oblong, folded together. It is a most profuse bearer on a
quince stock. It ripens from November to May.

FLEMISH BON CHRETIEN. Lindley.
Bon Curetien Novuvew.e Espece. Ib.

Fruit large, oblong, turbinate, tapering and slightly com-
pressed towards the stalk. Large specimens measure four
and a half inches long, and three and a half broad. Skin
at maturity yellow, mottled with russet next the sun; flesh
yellowish white, breaking, a little gritty, but mellow at
maturity ; juice saccharine, with a slight musky perfume.
Season the beginning of November till the end of January.
A very fine new Flemish pear; it succeeds well on the
quince, and as an open standard.

GLORIA. Mr Knight.
Cotmar D’Hiver, former name.

A name implying everything that is excellent. It has

17

194 NEW AMERICAN OKCHARDIST.

not yet been sufficiently proved in our climate to recom-
mend it ; although Mr Parsons had atree in bearing in 183],
he was yet unable to ascertain the quality. ‘ Shape vary-
ing from nearly globular to pear shaped, color yellowish
green. A melting pear of first rate excellence, and very
productive. Season, January.’ This variety was sent by
Mr Knight to Hon. John Lowell, in 1823.

GLOUX MORCEAU. Hort. Trans. Lindley. Knight.
Guiour Morcerau, Lindley and some others. .

‘A very large Belgic variety of great excellence.’ — [Mr
Knight.| Large specimens measure four inches long, and
three anda half indiameter. Much like the D’Aremberg
in form, but larger, more oval, not so turbinate ; the stalk
an inch long and rather deeply inserted; the eye deep in
an uneven hollow; the skin is pale, dull olive green, in-
clining to yellow ; covered with russetty specks, and round
the stalk russetty blotches. Flesh whitish, firm, very juicy,
but a little gritty atthe core. A beautiful and fine variety.
Ripe in November, and will keep till March.

GRANDE BRETAGNE DOREE’. Braddick. Loudon.

A new variety procured by Mr Braddick of M. Stoffels,
of Malines, in 1819. This pear Mr Braddick pronounces
a first rate fruit ; it has been preserved by him till April. Its
size is medium; its form a regular obovate ; color at matu-
rity yellow. Mr Loudon pronounces it an excellent fruit
with a peculiar terbinthinate flavor.

ICKWORTH. Mr Knight.

‘Melting, rich, rose-flavored.’ Marchand April. This
new pear was originated by Mr Knight, and scions were
sent by him in February 1832, to Mr Lowell and the Mas-
sachusetts Agricultural Society.

NEW PEARS. 195

JOSEPHINE. Chev. Parmentier.
JAMINETTE, of some, according to Van Mons.

This new Flemish pear is of large size, flesh melting,
juice sugared, and flavor excellent. It ripens in winter.

LA FOURCROY. Van Mons. Nouveau Cours Com-
plet d’Agriculture, vol. x11. p. 132.

MERVEILE DE LA NATURE.

Fruit oval, two and a half inches in its transverse diam-
eter; skin yellow, spotted; stalk strong; eye little sunk;
fiesh yellowish white at maturity, melting, slightly acid,
excellent. Itripens in January. Figured Pl. 86, of the

Annales generales des Sciences.

LEWIS. Mr Downer.

A valuable native pear ; it originated on the farm of Mr
John Lewis in Roxbury, Mass.. The size is medium, form
somewhat globular; the stalk is long; the skin is dark
green and coarse ; the flesh is whitish, very melting, juicy,
and excellent. It ripens by the middle of November, and
may be kept till February and March. The tree when
loaded droops like the willow; this new and excellent pear
is a very great and constant bearer; it is productive toa
fault, and possesses the valuable property of hanging on
the tree to a very late period; and is highly deserving of
cultivation. This fruit sells very high in winter in the

- market.

KOKEN DHIVER:.) Van ‘Mous.< Nouvedu, . Cours
Complet d’Agriculture, vol. x11. p. 132.

Fruit oval, a little lengthened; its transverse diameter
five inches; stalk short; eye sunk in a cavity; skin of a
clear yellow, washed with fawn color; flesh white, melting,
pleasant, perfumed, excellent. It ripens in March. Fi-
gured Pl. 74, of the Annales generales des Sciences.

196 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

MONARCH. Mr Knight.

‘This pear,’ says Mr Knight, ‘in my estimation, and that
of a great many others, is without a rival, though its high
musky flavor offends some persons.’ Again he says, ‘The
Monarch and Althorpe Crassanne, will not be excelled by |
any other varieties in your climate ; both grow rapidly and
bear abundantly.’ Again he adds, ‘the Monarch grows so
fast and bears so well, that I am planting it for perry, con-
vinced it will make a very fine liquor.’ Season in Eng-
land, December and January. Scions of this pear were
sent by Mr Knight, in February, 1832, to Mr Lowell, and
the Massachusetts Agricultural Society ; it was originated
very lately by him.

LOWELL. Mr Knight.

A new pear produced by Mr Knight. Scions of this
sort were forwarded by him in 1828, to the Hon. John
Lowell. Mr Knight describes it as follows—‘I senda
plant and cuttings of a pear, which f have named for you,
the Lowell Pear. Our climate is hardly warm enough for
it, but in yours I think it will prove excellent, and a very
productive variety.

PASSE COLMAR.

FonpANTE DE PAMSEL, of Van Mons, according to

Passe CoLMAR EPINEUSE, the Pom. Mag.

PotrRE PRECEL.

Anni CoLMaR, mee eat Pom. Mag.
EURRE D’ARGENSON,

PassE CoLMAR DIT PRECEL,

CotMaAR EPINEUSE,

Beurre’ Coupmar Dit PRECEL,

CHAPMAN’S,

Hort. Soc. Cat.

A most valuable new pear, raised by Counsellor Harden-
pont of Mons. Scions of this excellent variety were sent
in 1823, by Mr Knight, to the Hon. John Lowell, and it
has been by him liberally disseminated. The Pomological

NEW PEARS. + aaa

Magazine thus in substance describes it. Fruit middle
sized, obconical, flattened next the eye; stalk moderately
thick, an inch long, slightly sunk ; skin at maturity yellow-
ish, sprinkled with russet, a tinge of red next the sun;
flesh yellowish, melting, buttery, juicy, very rich, and most
excellent. With us this variety ripens in November, and
with care may without doubt be preserved till February.
It proves with us a most delicious variety, and a very ex-
traordinary productive sort, and is recommended for exten-
sive Cultivation. Its excellent qualities and great produc-
tiveness have been satisfactorily ascertained by Hon. J.
Lowell, and John Prince, Esq. of Roxbury, and others.
The last gentleman exhibited in 1830, a small branch two
feet in length, containing thirtyone pears, and weighing
nine and a half pounds.

PENGETHLY.. Mr Knight.

‘A large dark brown pear quite new and now ripe.’
This pear was originated by Mr Knight, and scions were
sent by him in February, 1832, to Mr Lowell and the Mas-
sachusetts Agricultural Society.

PETRE’. Philadelphia Horticultural Transactions.
Col. Carr.

This native fruit is described as ‘ large, fair, melting, and
of delicious flavor ; it ripens in September, and keeps till
late in winter.’ Col. Carr has added the following. ‘The
tree was planted by the elder John Bartram, in 1735, and
has been in full bearing 70 years, and has probably yielded
400 bushels of fruit, which has frequently sold for $5 a
bushel.’

PRESENT DE MALINES. Braddick. Loudon.

This pear is rather large ; somewhat Bon Chretien shap-
ed, smooth, and of a beautiful yellow throughont; a melt-
ype

198 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

ing pear of arich and musky flavor, and excellent quality.
Thus has Mr Loudon described it. Mr Braddick has stated
that the tree is healthy, of vigorous growth, falls early
into fruit, and promises to bear abundantly, and is a good
fruit for keeping. Raised by the Count de Coloma, of
Malines.

PRINCE DE PRINTEMPS. Braddick. Loudon.

A new Flemish variety, pronounced by Mr Braddick a
first rate fruit. It was procured by him from M. Stoffels,
at Malines, in 1819. Mr Loudon to whom a specimen was
sent in April, 1826, pronounces it melting, sugary: but
eaten too soon to judge of its merits. It is under medium
size, turbinate in form, and of a green color.

ROI DE ROME. Chev. Parmentier.

A pear of middle size, melting, and of good flavor. It
ripens in December and January. Originated in Flanders
by the Abbe Duquesne.

SURPASSE ST GERMAIN. Braddick.

This new pear, which was raised by Dr Van Mons, is
pronounced by Mr Braddick a pear of first rate excellence.
It is rather large and oblong, rounded at the crown, and
tapering towards the stalk ; irregular. The color green
and brown; a winter fruit. This variety was procured by
Mr Braddick of M. Stoffels, of Malines, in 1819.

THOMPSON.

A native pear originated on the farm of the late Judge
Thompson, near Portsmouth, N. Ii. It is a middle sized
fruit, of a turbinate form, a good deal russetted ; highly
esteemed in that vicinity, for its good qualities as a dessert
fruit, its extraordinary productiveness and long keeping.
It is frequently preserved till June.

NEW PEARS. 199

VICOMTE DE SPOELBERCH. Van Mons.

The following is an extract from the New England Far-
mer, vol. x, No. 7, as translated by the Hon. H. A.S.
Dearborn, from the Revue des Revues. The size varies
according to the quantity produced. Its form nearly
spherical, swollen and flattened near the eye, contracted
towards the stalk. The skin is thick and rough, of a
brownish red next the sun, with purple spots ; on the op-
posite side deep green. The flesh is buttery, saccharine,
full of agreeable and sprightly juice, and very high flavor-
ed. This excellent pear is decidedly a winter fruit, and
sometimes keeps till spring. It was raised by Dr Van

Mons.
WINTER CRASSANNE. Mr Knight.

‘A very large and excellent pear; season January.’
This new pear was originated by Mr Knight, and scions
were sent by him in February, 1832, to Mr Lowell and the.
Massachusetts Agricultural Society.

WINTER NELIS. Pom. Mag.

La Bonne Maurnorse. Mr Knight. Pom. Mag. Lond.
Hort. Trans.

Nexuis D’Hiver. Bonne pe MAaAutneEs, of the Hort.
Trans. vol. 111. p. 353.

A new variety raised by Mr Nelis of Mechlin. Scions
were sent by Mr Knight in 1823, to Hon. John Lowell, and
the variety has by him been distributed to all applicants.
All accounts agree that this is a most excellent winter
pear, ripening in December and January ; and by many
deemed even superior to the Chaumontelle. A pretty
good bearer — another account represents it a tolerable
bearer. Fruit middle sized, or rather large, obovate, some-
what obtuse at the stalk, which is over an inch long and
thick ; skin yellowish, sometimes nearly covered with rus-

set brown; flesh yellowish, melting, buttery, juicy, very
rich and high flavored.

200 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST:

PEAR, (Pyrus).

The pear is a tree of a pyramidal and elegant form. Its
branches in a wild state are covered withthorns. It grows
spontaneously as we are informed, in every part of Europe,
as far north as the latitude of 519. It will also succeed
in all those parts of the United States where the apple tree
will flourish, provided the soil is suitable. In New Eng-
land it flourishes as in its native soil. It is distinguished
from the apple tree not less by its form, than by its dispo-
sition to emit suckers from its roots, whenever these be-
come obstructed by stones or other substances, or become
- bruised or broken. The pear tree is a tree of lounger dura-
tion than the apple. It is stated ‘they will continue in
health, vigor, and productiveness, for centuries in dry
soils.’ — Loudon.

The timber is of a yellowish color, very firm, compact,
and fine grained, and according to Mr Phillips and others,
‘it is used for joiners’ tools, measuring rules, picture frames,
é&c ; these last are stained black, in imitation of ebony ;
and the Persians make their beautiful Kashiks or spoon¢
from this wood. The Mohammedan religion forbid the
use at their meals, of those made of gold or silver.’ ‘The
leaves will produce yellow dye.’ In those parts of Europe
possessing a climate similar to our own, in Italy and
France, the pear is said to be in higher estimation as a
dessert fruit than the apple. -

Uses. — Good dessert pears are generally preferred to
apples; ‘they are characterized by a sugary, aromatic
juice, with the pulp soft and subliquid, or melting, as in
the Beurré or Butter pears; or of a firm and crisp con-
sistence or breaking. Kitchen or cooking pears should be
of large size, with the flesh firm, neither breaking, nor
melting, and rather austere than sweet.’ — Loudon. |

CULTIVATION. | 201

Perry, poire of the French, is the fermented juice made
in the same manner as cider, from fruit of any size ;
and the best liquor is stated to be little inferior to wine,
and according to Loudon, ‘the more austere the fruit, the
better will be the liquor. The pear is also good for baking,
compotes, marmalade, &c. Pared, and dried in the oven,
the fruit will keep for several years, either with or without
sugar. This mode of preparing the fruit is about as com-
mon in France, as the making of apple pies is in this coun-
try ; and what is favorable to the practice is, that bad eating
sorts answer best for drying. Bosc has described two
methods of drying pears for preservation ; and adds, that
he has tried them after three years keeping, and found
them still very good.” The pear is also preserved in sugar
or molasses. Thirty years ago, the number of varieties of
pears obtained by. cultivation, as stated by Dr Willich,
was 1500. But the number of good sorts is stated by Lou-
don, ‘to be fewer in proportion than that of apples. Dr
Van Mons, andthe Abbe Duquesne since that period, have
obtained from seed during sixteen years, upwards of 800
new and approved sorts, from probably 8000 new seedlings.’
From no less than 80,000, is my impression, but I state from
memory only. I have detailed their modes of procedure,
as stated by Dr Van Mons, in the former part of this work.
Their practice was the reverse of all the popular theories
of the day. The results, unlike anything of the kind be-
fore known.

Propagation. — The pear tree is raised from seed or from
suckers. ~The seeds should be sown in the same man-
ner as directed for apples; and as they incline to grow
with a single tap root, some recommend that they should
be transplanted into beds when but two inches in height,
to force them to throw out lateral roots: others defer this
operation till they are a year old, when they are taken up,
deprived of their tap roots, and transplanted into beds,

202 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

where they are suffered to remain a year or two ; after which
they are again transplanted to the nursery rows, and their
management afterwards is not unlike that of apples.

The pear tree in the climate of New England is not so
easily nurtured from the seed as the apple; their long tap
roots expose them to be thrown out of the earth by the
frosts of winter. _ But afterwards they resist the most se-
vere frosts. |

Grafting and Inoculating.—The most durable stocks
for grafting and inoculating are those of the pear. ‘ Du-
breuil,” says Loudon, ‘recommends the quince stock for
clayey and light soils, and the free stock (pear) for chalky
and silecious soils.’ He further informs us that ‘ grafted
onthe white thorn, [which like the quince renders them
dwarfish,] pears come very early into bearing, continue
prolific, and in respect to soil, will thrive well on a strong ~
clay ; which is unsuitable to those on quinces and wildings.
But they are supposed to have an unfavorable influence on
the fruit, in rendering it small and hard.’ I am alsoinformed
that the pear will grow on the common American thorn.
By grafting’ or inoculating on the quince, pear trees
come much sooner into bearing, their productiveness is
increased, the good quality of the fruit is not changed, but
the size and longevity of the tree is diminished. Such
pear trees are termed dwarfs. This mode is said to be ex-
tensively adopted in France; but all kinds of pears will
not grow on the quince stock. Those dwarfs trained in
the form of a distaff, are called in that country Quenouwilles ;
for the mode of training which, see the former part of this
work.

A new mode of dwarfing pears, has lately been introduc-
ed into practice in that country. The quince is inoculated
on the pear stock, and after this has growna year, the pear
is inoculated into the quince, an inch above the insertion
of the preceding year. By this process, the section thus

3 CULTIVATION. ? 203

formed of the quince, being of slower growth than that of
the pear, both above and below, the circulation becomes
obstructed, the tree soon becomes productive, and the sec-
tion of the quince being thus elevated, is not so liable to
the attacks of the borer as at the surface of the earth.

Soil. — The pear is said to delight in rich soils and gen-
tle declivities ; they will succeed in the most common,
deep, dry soil, and throw out numerous lateral shoots.
But they do not flourish in moist situations ; in a cold,
strong, moist soil, they throw out very few lateral roots,
the fruit is not so fair, nor of so good quality, and the trees

are not so Jong lived.

With respect to distance, the same observations to be
found under the head of Apple, may apply here. But
the pear from its pyramidal form, requires much less space.
Twenty feet in suitable soils is a good distance ; but less
answers in poorer soils. But Quenowilles, are said to an-
swer even at four feet distance, producing large crops ; and
as they occupy but little space, and come suddenly into
bearing, they are for profit, said to be extensively cultiva-
ted in France. Pears produced on quince stocks are said
to be much improved in flavor; all but winter fruit, which
is said to become worse.

As to pruning, Mr Knight has directed that for stand-
ards (pyramids) very little pruning is necessary, except
taking out those few limbs that interfere, keeping the head
open, and the tree well balanced.

The diseases and enemies of the pear tree are few. —
They are as follows:

Ist. The Slug-worm. Ihave given directions for the
destruction of this insect under the general head of Insects.

2d. The worm which in summer envelopes the leaves
and branches with its silken covering, devouring the leaf
to its skeleton. These are to be removed, together with
the leaves on which they are found feeding, and destroyed,

904 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

3d. Curculio. An account of this insect is to be found
under the general head of Insects. .

4th. The insect called the American blight. See also
insects under the general head.

Sth. Blight, or as it is sometimes called fire-blight, is a
malady not very uncommon, which sometimes affects the
pear tree during the months of June and July, causing the
tree or a portion of its branches suddenly to turn black,
with a mortal affection ; its leaves wither at once, as by a
stroke of the sun, and in a few hours become of a brown
or black color. Mr Lowell is persuaded that this disease is
caused by an insect, called the Scolytus pyri. He observes,
‘on the first appearance of this disease, I instantly sawed
off all the limbs affected, and proceeded to examine them.
I found at last the enemy, not at the point where death en-
sued, but some inches below it. The insect was very small,
and apparently incapable of such extensive mischief, but —
the effect was certain, and the manner of producing that
effect was obvious. It had eaten a complete circle of the
alburnum, or sap-wood, not exceeding the size of a knit-
ting needle, so as completely to intercept the passage of
the sap.’ This insect was shown by Mr Lowell to the late
Professor Peck, and in the account of the insect which was
soon after published in the Massachusetts Agricultural Re-
pository,the Professor observed, that the mischievous effects
of this insect may be observed in June and July, and that
the dead part of the branches should be cut off, and with-
out delay burnt. Mr Lowell has. stated, [New England
Farmer, vol. v. p. 2,] that by steadily pursuing the system
of cutting off the limbs many inches below the apparent
injury, and burning them, the insects have been extirpated
from his estate. 2

The account of Professor Peck was republished in the
New England Farmer, vol. ii. p. 42. Some writers have attri-

QUINCES. 205

buted this disease to a stroke of the sun. Others attribute
it to manuring too high, some to excessive moisture at the
roots, and too much pruning, which is supposed to cause a
surfeit and produce stagnation. But all agree that the only
remedy is to saw off the limb.

QUINCE. (Cydonia.)

———E

Tue Quince tree is a spreading tree of low growth, its
limbs generally distorted. It is said to be a native of
Austria, of Candia, and other partsof Europe. According
to Goropinus, ‘quinces were the golden apples of the Hes-
perides, and not oranges, as some commentators pretend.’
— Phillips. te

USES.

The quince is not eaten in a raw state, but is highly es-
teemed in cookery ; preserved in sugar they are delicious ;
mixed with apples in pies, they communicate a fine flavor.
They are also made into marmalade by the confectioners.

‘One quart of the juice of quinces, mixed with one
pound of sugar and fermented, affords a delicious wine;
on adding to the same quantity, one pint of the best French
brandy, and four ounces of sugar, a celebrated liqueur is
prepared on the continent, which is greatly prized as a
cordial and stomachic, when taken in the small quantity of
two or three spoonfuls before breakfast’.— Dom. Ency.

Phillips relates the case of a gentleman completely cur-
ed of an asthmatic complaint of long standing, by the use
of Quince Wine, made after the following receipt. ‘The
quinces are cut open and deprived of their seeds, for these

18

206 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

communicate an unpleasant flavor. After being ground
fine, a gallon of water is to be added to every gallon of
pomace ; after standing a day or two itis pressed; and to
every gallon of liquor thus produced, three and a quarter
pounds of good moist sugar is added. The liquor is placed
in casks which are to be stopped quite close till March,
when it is racked off, and bottled in the second year.’

VARIETIES.

Orange Quince, Maliforma, or Apple Quince, is a
large, roundish, beautiful fruit, ripening in November.
The leaves are oval and woolly the lower side.

Oxsione orn Pear Quince. Oblonga. This fruit is pear
shaped, lengthened at the base. The leaves are oblong
ovate.

Portueat Quince. Lusitanica. This fruit is of an
inconstant form, sometimes pear shaped ; very juicy and
astringent ; itis highly esteemed. Loudon states that it
is rather ashy beager. Leaves obovate, woolly above.

To this list may be added the Winter Quince, and the
French Musk Quince or Coignassier Musque, and the fol-
lowing.

Japan Quince. Cydona Japonica, or Japan Pear. Py-
rus Japonica. A shrub growing six or eight feet in height ;
branches contorted and thorny ; leaves small, oval oblong,
of a dark shining green. Its flowers splendid, of a fine
scarlet, an inch and a half in diameter, and produced in
clusters early in April. A native of Northern Asia, and
one of the most ornamental plants of the season, and very
hardy. The fruit is of good size, but is not thought equal
to the other varieties. There is a variety with white dou-
ble flowers —and another with double red flowers.

CurnEse Quince. Cognassier de la China. N. Duh.
Pi. 155. A new ornamental variety — unlike all others.
The fruit is as singular as superb; blossoms fifteen to
eighteen lines in diameter; of a fine rose color; their odor

QUINCES. 207

that of violets. Leaves obovate, stiff, pointed, finely serra-
ted, shining green above, becoming reddish in autumn,
downy beneath. The fruit is oblong, truncated, regular;
the skin smooth, yellowish green ; the flesh is yellowish,
dry, coarse grained, harsh, austere ; its juice acid and not
abundant. This fruit seldom arrives at maturity in the
climate of Paris. But hopes are entertained that by plant-
ing the seeds, new and fine varieties will be produced,
ripening in due season.

CULTIVATION.

_ Tse quince is raised from the seeds, from layers and

from cuttings, planted in a moist soil. The valuable vari-
eties are propagated by grafting or inoculation. Quinces
are extensively used in France as stocks on which are
inoculated pears. This is said to improve the quality and
productiveness of the Beurré or Butter Pears, especially
the summer and autumn kinds. But breaking or winter
pears are seldom or but rarely inoculated on the quince
stock, as they are not improved.

Sort, Srruation, Prunine. Quinces require a rich,
moist soil, anda sheltered situation. They flourish near
brooks and rivulets. They require little pruning, except
taking out old useless wood and useless suckers, and eight
or ten feet asunder isa good distance. Like the apple tree
they are liable to the attacks of the borer. The same
remedies are equally effectual.

208 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

PEACHES. (Amygdalus Persica.)

Tue systematic classification of Peaches, first begun by
Miller and Duhamel and afterwards greatly improved by
Mr Robertson [See Lond. Hort. Trans. vol. 1. p. 384,]
was brought still nearer to perfection by the Count Lelieur,
by the Editors of the Bon Jardinier, and by Mr Lindley.
The systems of these last named differ not, however, from
each other, very essentially.

The-Peach and the Nectarine, both considered by the
French writers as one and the same fruit, yet form separate
classes. — These are again divided into Ist, Clingstones,
Pavies, or those whose flesh adheres to the stone ; — 2d,
Freestones, or those whose flesh separated from the stone.
The flowers form three divisions, accordingly as they vary
in size ; and lastly the leaves, from the difference in their
formation, are divided into three classes. Thus by these
various distinctions, together with the varying qualities of
the fruit itself, the accurate observer will be enabled with
facility, if not with certainty, to identify and to describe
with accuracy any particular variety.

Mr Lindley has divided Peaches into three classes as fol-
lows. [See Lond. Hort. Trans. and Lindley’s Guide.]

Class I. Those whose leaves are deeply and doubly
serrated, having no glands. y

Class II. Those whose leaves are crenate or serrulate,
having globose glands.

Class [1I. Those whose leaves are crenate or serrulate,
having reniform glands.

Each of these classes are formed into three divisions.

Div. 1st. Those trees producing large flowers.

Div. 2d. Those trees which produce flowers of medium

s1ze.

PEACHES. 209

Div. 3d. Those which produce small flowers.

The subdivisions are as follows:

Subdiv. 1st. Peaches, or those possessing downy skins.

Subdiv. 2d. Nectarines, or those which have smooth
skins.

Each of these subdivisions are again formed into two
sections.

Sect. lst. Pavies, or clingstones. —

Sect. 2d. Freestones.

- Thus the whole are classified in the thirtysix sections.

The form of the glands, as well as their position is, ac-
cording to Mr Lindley, perfectly distinct. ‘They are fully
developed with the complete formation of the leaf, contin-
uing: to the last, permanent in their character, and not
affected by cultivation.

‘The globose glands are situated, one, two, or more, on
the footstalks, and one, two, or more, on the tips or points
of the serratures of the leaves. The reniform glands grow
also on the footstalks of thé leaves; but those on the leaves
are placed within the serratures, connecting, as it were,
the upper and lower teeth of the serratures together;
their leaves, when taken from a branch of a vigorous
growth, have more glands than the leaves of the globose
varieties. It will however, sometimes happen, that glands
are not discernible on some of the leaves, especially on
those produced from weak branches; in this case, other
branches must be sought for which do produce them.’

In the following list I have divided the Peaches into but
two classes.

Class I. Includes Freestones, or Peaches which part
freely from the stone. This class is divided into two sec-
tions, and three subsections.

Class I. Includes the Pavies or Clingstones, 5 eg te
in the order of their maturity.

18*

210 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

CLASS I.—SECTION I.

Freestone Peaches, chiefly of French origin, arranged
in the order of their maturity or time of ripening, as ascer-
tained by M. Poiteau. As to the remaining freestones
which are not described in this section ; finding it difficult
if not impossible to ascertain the true comparative times
of their maturity, I have placed them in a separate section..

RED NUTMEG.

Brown Nutmec, AvAnT Precue Rover, of the French.

The growth of this tree is exceeding slow, its habits
dwarfish. Fruit globular and very small; color yellowish
white, but next the sun bright scarlet; it is sweet, juicy
and good. It generally ripens the middle of July ; and is.
chiefly valuable for its early maturity.

WHITE NUTMEG.
Avant PecuHe BLANcHE, Bon Jard.

The leaves have large serratures, are without glands ;
flowers large and pale. The tree is feeble and of delicate
growth ;, fruit small, round, always white, juicy and sweet.
It ripens in July, and is only cultivated for its precocity.

EARLY ANNE.

Avant Buancue, of the French. ANNE.

The trees of this variety are of feeble growth, their
flowers large, their young wood is subject to mildew.
Fruit small, white, globular ; flesh white, melting, saccha-
rine, and good. The chief merit of this variety is its ri-
pening early, which is generally the last of July.

PEACHES. Q1f

PETITE MIGNONNE. N. Duh. PI. cr.

The Petite Mignonne is in the third rank in the order of
maturity ; the tree is of feeble growth, and productive.
The leaves have reniform glands; flowers of medium size ;
the fruit is very small, round, its suture pretty deep, a
small point at its summit; skin downy, fine, pale yellow,
but red next the sun ; flesh melting and white, but red next
the stone ; its juice abundant, a little sweet, vineuse, and
of the best quality. It ripens the last of July.

EARLY MIGNONNE. Bon Jard.

MieGnonneE Harive, Bon Jard. 1828, p. 293.

The leaves have globose glands ; the flowers are large.
A variety of the Grosse Mignonne, but much smaller ; it
is sometimes pointed at its summit.

EARLY PURPLE. N. Duh. Bon Jard.

PourPrRE Pative. LA VINEUSE. PEcHE Du VIN. Ibid.

One of the most beautiful of peaches ; encompassed by
a middling suture; its form globular, flattened at the
base; its height twentysix lines. Flowers large, and
brighter than those of the Grosse Mignonne ; fruit large,
and of a deeper red; flesh equally melting, and fine, vin-
ous and high flavored.

GROSSE MIGNONNE. Pom. Mag. t. 23.

MiGnonne, GrossE MIononnE, VELOUTE’E DE MER-
LET, of the French.

Grimwoop’s New Royan Georct, EARLY VINEYARD.

Royau Kewnsineton, of Lindley, according to the Pom.
Mag.

Morris’ Rep RARERIPE.

This last synonyme I have added on the authority of a
gentleman near Boston, of great intelligence and experi-

212 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

ence. This peach, exhibited by Mr Vose, has been ad-
judged as deserving the premium of the Massachusetts
Horticultura! Society, for one or two successive years, and
is probably one of the most beautiful and delicious varieties
in cultivation. ‘Leaves serrated, with globose glands.
Flowers large, dark purplish red. Fruit large, depressed,
hollowed at the summit, with a moderately deep suture:
skin thinly clad with down; color rich deep red next the
sun, thickly mottled on a yellow ground towards the shade.
Flesh pale yellow, rayed with red next the stone, from
which it parts freely, melting, juicy, with a rich vinous fla-
vor; stone small for the size of the fruit, ovate, very rug-
ged.’ Last of August.

VINEUSE DE FROMENTIN. N. Duh.

Leaves large and finely serrated; tree vigorous and
“hardy. Fruit large, very downy, rather long ; somewhat
unequally divided by a deep suture, terminating in a point;
of a beautiful deep red next the sun ; flesh white, marbled
next the stone with red; juice sweet, high flavored, with
a vinous acid, and very good. The stone is large, oblong,
accuminate. It ripens at the end of September, a free-
stone, and one of the best of peaches. This is not the
Vineuse de Fromentin of Noisette, which ripens the 15th of
August.

BELLE BEAUCE. N. Duh. Pl. ccexiv.

So named for M. J. Beauce of Montreuil. A variety of
the Grosse Mignonne. The fruit is very large and beauti-
ful, round, divided by a deep suture, flattened at the sum-
mit; color fine yellow in the shade, laved with a beautiful
bright red next the sun, and downy ; flesh white, very fine,
melting, with alittle yellow streaked with red near the
stone; juice abundant, sweet, excellent. The stone is
large and red; the fruit ripens the last of August.

PEACHES. 213

MIGNONNE FRISHE, of Poiteau, according to the
Bon Jard.
PecHER A FLEUR Frisk’/E. N. Duh.

The tree is vigorous; the fruit has all the beauty and
excellent qualities of the Grosse Mignonne, and is evidently
a variety of that kind. The stone is rough, of a deep red,
and retains shreds of the flesh when separated. This sin-
gular new variety ripens the last of August.

BELLEGARDE. Bon Jard. p.295, 296.
Noire DE MontTREUIL, GALANDE, Ibid.
VioLter Harttive, of some English Authors.

The tree is vigorous and productive; the leaves have
globose glands, flowers pale; fruit medium size, much
colored, and almost black ; the flesh resembles very nearly
the Belle de Vitry ; it is firm, saccharine, vineuse, and one
of the best of peaches. It ripens in August. Mr Hooker
has described this fruit as one of the very best of peaches
for their climate.

WHITE MAGDALEN. R. M., Esq. Bon Jard.
MAGDELEINE BLANCHE, Bon Jard.

The tree is vigorous; the leaves without glands, and
have deep serratures ; flowers large andpale. Fruit large,
white, a little red next the sun; flesh white, fine, melting,
and agreeably musky. It ripens in August. A fruit of
middling quality.

MALTA. R.M., Esq.

Pecue Mature, Duh.

-Bex.xeE DE Parts. Bon Jard. for 1828.

Mare pvE NormManotr, Hort. Soc. Cat.

IrauiAn Peacu, of Mil. according to the Pom. Mag.

Fruit above the medium size; pale yellowish green ;

214 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

but next the sun somewhat marbled with purplish red ;
globular, a little flattened, encircled with a slightly de-
pressed suture ; its flesh yellowish, juicy, rich, vinous and
of superior flavor. An excellent and most productive vari-
ety, ripening in September.

YELLOW ALBERGE. R. M.,, Esq.

ALBERGE Jaunr, PEcHE JAUNE, RoUSANNE.
Sainr Laurenr Jaune. Bon. Jard.

Petite RovussAnn&, Bon Jard.

Rosanna, Lindley.

ALBERGE, Coxe.

A middle sized globular fruit, of a yellow color, but next
the sun deep red at maturity. A deep suture extends from
summit to base. Flesh deep yellow, but red next the
stone, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, vinous and Oncaea
A superior fruit, ripening in hieshictad

BELLE CHEVREUSE. Duh. R. M., Esq.
Cuevrevuse Harive, Bon Jard. p. 296.
Ear.ty CHEVREUSE.

The leaves have reniform glands; the flowers are of
medium size. Fruit large, inclining to oblong, sometimes
a little pointed; yellowish in the shade, marbled with
bright red next the sun; flesh white, but red at the stone ;
melting, juicy, very sweet, vinousand excellent. August.

RED MAGDALEN COURSON. Bon Jard.

MaGpELEINE DE CovurRson, MAGDELEINE RovGe,
PaysAnne, Bon Jard. p. 295.

The tree is vigorous. The leaves have deep serratures
and are without glands; flowers large and pale. The
fruit is rather large, round, of a beautiful red next the sun ;
flesh firm and vinous, It ripens the beginning of Septem-
ber.

PEACHES. 215

BOURDINE. Bon Jard. 1828, p. 296.
Bourpin, NARBONNE.

Flowers small and imperfect, the leaves have globose
glands. The fruit is large, round, sometimes a point at
its summit; deep red next the sun; flesh melting, sweet
and vinous; its stone is small. It is productive in unshel-
tered situations, ripening its fruit the middle of September.

BELLE DE VITRY. BonJard. 1828, p. 295.
ApmrIrABLE, Duh. Coxe. R. M., Esq.

A large fruit of a fine red color next the sun; on the
opposite side a yellowish white ; form globular, divided by
a suture, a broad deep cavity at its base; flesh white,
stained with red at the stone ; melting, juicy, sweet, vinous
and excellent. A superior fruit, ripening in September.

ISPAHAN. N. Duh. Pl. xxiv.
Pecuer D’Ispanan. Ibid.

This singular tree was discovered in 1799, by Brugniere
and Olivier, at Ispahan, the capital of Persia, in the vast
Royal Gardens, where were concentrated most of the fruits
of Asia. The branches are very slender and numerous,
the leaves very narrow, finely serrated, of a delicate green
color, and unlike that of any other variety we have ever
known. The fruit is nearly spherical; its skin is a whitish
green ; slightly downy ; flesh greenish white, melting, and
separates from the stone ; juice is abundant and delicious.

LATE CHEVEREUSE. N. Duh.
CHEVEREUSE TARDIVE, N. Duh. Pl. 238.

The vigor of this peach is remarkable, its fertility ex-
traordinary. The fruit should be skinned to render the
remainder more beautiful. Leaves large, plain, rumpled or
plaited ; glands at their base, large and reniform; flowers
small and little colored ; its unripe fruit flattened, downy,
with protuberances, and very homely ; at maturity however,
its form is more regular, globular, a little oblong, one side

216 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIS»'.

swollen, the other flattened; a point at its summit, of a
fine form and good size. Skin downy, of a lively red, but
next the sun a purple red ; yellowish green in the shade;
flesh white, streaked with red next the stone; melting,
very good; juice sweet, sprightly and vinous. Sept. 15.

DOUBLE FLOWERING. Bon Jard.

PecHe A Fureurs Dovustes, Bon Jard.

The leaves have reniform glands. The tree is cultivated
for the beauty of its flowers, which are often semidouble
and very large. Fruit good, and pretty numerous. Sept.

LATE PURPLE. N. Duh.
PourRPREE TARDIvVE, N. Duh.

The tree is hardy and vigorous, but does not grow very
large. The leaves are strikingly crisped or frizzled in au-
tumn, and by this distinguished. ‘The fruit is of medium
size, round, and one of the most downy of all peaches ;
often more swelled on one side, than the other ; its diame-
er twentyeight lines; skin thick, a little yellow in the
shade, and laved generally with a fine deep red next the
sun; juice high flavored and sweet; the stone is oval,
small, with large protuberances, and separates from the
flesh ; an excellent peach, the best of the season ; it ripens
the beginning of October.

YELLOW. ADMIRABLE, OR APRICOT PEACH.
Bon Jard.
ABRICOTE’E, ADMIRABLE JAUNE, PECHE D’ORANGE,
Bon Jard, 1828, p. 294.
GrossE JAUNE, PECHE DE BuRAI, SANDALIE HERMA-
PHRODITE, Ibid.

The leaves have reniform glands. Flowerslarge. Fruit
very large, yellow on every side while immature, but at
maturity a little laved with red next the sun; flesh firm,
yellow, with a little of the flavor of the apricot. The
climate of Paris is a little too cold to ripen this fruit to its
full perfection. It would be better suited here, and will
without doubt prove excellent.

PEACHES. 2 17

CARDINALE. N. Duh. Pl. coxxxvii.

The leaves have large serratures; flowers large and
pale ; fruit medium sized, flattened at its summit; swollen
on one side of the suture; skin dull gray violet, very
downy and hoary ; its flesh marbled with violet red, but
slightly tinged with yellow next the stone; not very juicy,
and deficient in flavor; good for preserving. It ripens at
Paris from the 10thto 20th October. In warmer climates
they have been assured it is good, and in Italy excellent.

DWARF ORLEANS.
PecuerR Nain. N. Duh Pl. cccct.
A singular and most diminutive tree. The young wood
is stout; its eyes very numerous, and close; its leaves
numerous, large, of a deep green, pendant, deeply serrated,
without glands. Flowers pale, large, and from twelve to
fifteen lines in diameter. Fruit round and pale ; some have
measured two inches in diameter: flesh juicy and generally
bitter. This very ordinary fruit does not ripen till late,
the middle of October; it is only cultivated for curi-
osity ; it is often cultivated in a pot and brought with its
fruit to the table.

NIVETTE. Bon Jard, p. 296.
VeLoure’& TarDIvE, Jard. Fruit. according to Bon Jard
The leaves have globose glands, the flowers are small.
Fruit large, a little oblong, downy, green in the shade, and
deep red next the sun; flesh firm, saccharine, and high
flavored ; it requires a warm exposure. This fruit will
ripen with us in September.

ROYALE. Bon Jard. Forsyth. Pom. Mag.
RoyaLeE, Pom. Mag. t. 73.
The leaves have globose glands, the flowers are small.
The fruit much resembles the Admirable, it is very large,
19

218 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

globular, alittle oblong ; pale yellowish green, but pale red,
marbled with deeper red next the sun, and downy ; a small
point atits summit; flesh white, melting, juicy, saccharine,
and high flavored. Itis red at the stone, from which it sep-
arates. September.

RED MAGDALEN.

MAGDELEINE A MoyvENNE FLEURS,

MaGpeceEinE RovuGe TARDIVE ov A ? Bon Jard.
PETITE FLEURS.

Roya GeorGE, of the English, according to the Pom. Mag.

Rep MacpaxLen, Miuvers MicgNonneE, LocKyYEr’s
Mianonne. Ibid.

That the Red Magdalen and Royal George are identical,
has been renewedly asserted by a gentleman here of great
observation and experience ; J have ventured therefore to
restore the original, and suppress the English name of
Royal George, except as a synonyme. The leaves are
serrated, without glands, flowers small. The young wood
is liable to mildew. The fruit is large, globular, with a
suture moderately deep on one side; dark purplish red
next the sun, yellowish white in the shade, mottled with
red at the junction of the colors; flesh white, rayed with
red next the stone, from which it separates ; melting, juicy,
and high flavored. September.

TETON DE VENUS.

The tree is one of the most vigorous in its growth
known, and very productive. The fruit is large, of a pale
yellowish green, but bright red darkly marbled next the
sun; form globular, a little lengthened ; it is encircled by
a broad deep suture, terminating in a large obtuse point at
its summit: flesh melting, of a greenish yellow, but at the
stone it is red; and of a sweet and excellent flavor. It
ripens in September. There are two or three varieties
bearing this name. This is the variety described in the
New Duhamel, and is a most superior fruit.

PEACHES. 219

CLASS [.—S ECTION Il.

*

Iv was found difficult if not impossible to arrange the
remainder of this class in the perfect order of their matu-
rity, as many of them are new, and the relative periods of
their maturity have never yet been satisfactorily ascertained.
They are therefore divided into three subsections, arranged
for the latitude of Boston.

Subs. I. Includes Early Peaches, or those which com-
mence ripening during August.

Subs. I. Includes the Early Autumn, or those which
commence ripening early in September.

Subs. III. Includes Late Autumn, and Autumn Peaches,
and all whose periods of maturity are unknown.

SUBSECTION I.

Early Peaches, or those which commence ripening during
August.

ACTON SCOTT. Hort. Trans. vol. 11. p. 140.

Raised by Mr Knight from the Noblesse and Nutmeg.
Fruit below the medium size, it is small, and flattened ;
color pale yellow, but bright red and marbled next the sun,
and downy ; flesh yellowish white to the stone, melting,
juicy, sweet, slightly bitter, and pretty good. It ripens
early, or about two weeks after the Early Anne.

COOLEDGE’S FAVORITE.

CooLEDGE’s EARLY RED RARERIPE.

.

The tree is very vigorous and productive. A large, very
handsome globular fruit ; pale in the shade, but of a fine red
or crimson next the sun; very melting, juicy, sweet, and

-

220 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

of a vinous flavor. This fruit ripens very early, soon after’
the Early Ann; and is esteemed a first rate fruit by the
cultivators for the markets of Boston. It was originated
by Mr Joshua Cooledge of Watertown, Mass.

EARLY ROYAL GEORGE. R. M., Esq.

A very large, handsome, and superior fruit, of a globu-
lar form ; color yellow, but of a fine deep red next the sun ;
its flesh melting, juicy, saccharine, vinous, and most excel-
lent. It ripens in August; and is one of the very best
of all peaches, and is undoubtedly of American origin.

EARLY YELLOW MALACATUNE. Floy in Hort.
Trans.

A medium sized peach, of a bright orange color; flesh
yellow and of fine flavor. An American fruit, ripening at
New York the middle of August.

nee RED RARERIPE OF RHOADES. R.M.,
sq.

Large, its color when fully exposed, of a deep red, which
covers most of its surface ; form’globular; its flesh stained
to the stone with red; melting, juicy, rich, slightly acid,
vinous, and excellent. An excellent fruit, and deserves
to be recommended.

EARLY YORK. S.H.S., Esq.

A large fruit of an excellent quality. It ripens in Au-
gust.

EMPEROR OF RUSSIA. | Floy in Hort. Trans.
SERRATED LEAF, oR UNIQUE.

The tree is of medium vigor ; the young wood is subject
tomildew. The leaves are deeply serrated or jagged like
asaw. ‘The fruit ripens early, soon after the Sweet Wa-
ter Peach; the fruit is deeply cleft, one half of it projecting

PEACHES. 221

considerably beyond the other; the stone is free and large ;
the flavor of the flesh is very good. This sort originated
inthe woods of New Jersey, twenty years ago. All the
stones of this fruit produce plants with jagged leaves.’

FAVORITE. R. M., Esq. Coxe.

This fruit is of large size; its color pale, but of a
very beautiful deep red next the sun; its form oblong;
its flesh juicy and excellent. It ripens about the middle
of August. An excellent peach, but a poor bearer.

NEW ROYAL CHARLOTTE. Lindley.
QUEEN Cuaruorre, New Earry Purpue. Ibid.

Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers mid-
dle sized, dark; fruit rather above the middle size, swol-
len on one side; skin pale greenish white; but of a full
deep red, and marbled next the sun; flesh greenish white
but pale red next the stone, from which it separates ; juice
_ plentiful, rich, and extremely well flavored. Very early.

OLDMIXON FREESTONE. R. M., Esq.

A large peach, of a yellowish white color, with a fine
red blush next the sun; its form a little oblong ; flesh
sweet, rich, juicy and excellent. It ripens the last of
August. A beautiful and superior variety.

RED RARERIPE, var. 8S. H.S., Esq.

The leaf of this tree is smooth and without serratures ;
. the fruit is large, its suture deep; covered with minute
specks or dots of red in the shade, but of a red color next
the sun. This peach is decidedly one of the very best of all
peaches. It ripens soon after the Nutmeg Peach; and
the tree is not liable to overbear. It ripens early in Au-

gust.
19*

=

22° NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

SPRING GROVE. Hort Trans. vol. m. p. 214. Pom. |
Mag. t. 97.

The leaves are crenate with globose glands; the flowers
large and pale; a medium sized fruit, of a globular form;
greenish yellow, but bright crimson next the sun; flesh
greenish yellow to the stone, from which it separates ;
juicy, rich and high flavored. Very early. This fruit was
raised by Mr Knight from a stone of the Early Purple and
Red Nutmeg.

SWEET WATER. Floy in Hort. Trans. vol. vr. p. 410.

A medium sized peach ; very juicy, sweet, and fine fla-
vored. It ripens the beginning of August, about one
week later then the Early Anne; and is much larger than
that variety and finer flavored. This is stated to be an
American variety.

SUBSECTION II.

Early Autumn Peaches, or those which commence ripening
early in September.

DOUBLE MONTAGNE. Lindley’s Guide.

Srton, of Forsyth.
Earuty Dousite Mountain? of American collections.
Leaves doubly serrated, glandless. Flowers large. A

middle sized, roundish fruit. Skin greenish white, but
soft red, marbled with a deeper red next the sun; flesh
white, very delicate, melting; juice plentiful, and highly
flavored ; stone ovate, rugged; it separates from the flesh.
A beautiful and excellent peach ; it ripens a week or ten
days sooner than the Noblesse.

PEACHES. 223

DOUBLE SWALSH. Lindley’s Guide.
Swauze or Swouze, of Lang. according to Lindley.

Leaves crenate, with reniform glands; flowers small,
dark red; fruit middle sized, ovate. Its suture deep, it is
swollen on one side. Skin pale yellow, but bright deep
red next the sun; flesh soft, melting, and white, but pale
red at the stone, from which it separates; juicy and well
flavored. It ripens at the time of the Grosse Mignonne.

FORD’S SEEDLING. Lindley.

Leaves doubly serrated, without glands; flowers large,
of a beautiful pale rose color; fruit middle sized, yellowish
green, marbled with bright red next the sun; flesh yellow-
ish green to the stone, from which it separates; juice plen-
tiful, of a rich poignant flavor. This fruit will probably
ripen with us the last of August.

GEORGE FOURTH. Pom. Mag. t. 105. Lindley.
Floy in Hort. Trans. vol. vi. p. 213.

The leaves are large, crenate; glands globose ; flowers
small, red; fruit globular of medium size and downy ; pale
yellow in the shade, dark red next the sun, one side project-
ing from its suture beyond the other ; flesh pale yellow, but
red at the stone from which it separates. A fine peach of
a rich and excellent flavor. It originated in the garden of
Mr Gill, in Broad-street, New York.

JACQUES’ YELLOW RARERIPE.

A large yellow peach; a little oblong; flesh yellow,
melting, juicy, sweet and good. It ripens early in Sep-
tember. ‘The tree is extremely vigorous.

SARGENT.
PEARL STREET.

So called fromthe name of the gentleman, residing in
Pearl-street, Boston, with whom this sort originated. The

224 . NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

tree is of moderate growth, very productive, but the young
wood is extremely liable to mildew. A medium sized
globular fruit ; color pale yellow, tinged with red next the
sun ; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet and excellent. A handsome
fruit and a fine variety. It ripens about the first of Sep-
tember.

SMOOTH LEAVED ROYAL GEORGE. Lindley.

Leaves crenate, with globose glands ; flowers large, pale
rose; fruit above the middle size, globular, depressed ;
skin yellowish white, but of a beautiful red or carmine
color next the sun. Flesh melting, yellowish white, but
deep red near the stone ; juice plentiful, sugary and of a
high vinous flavor; stone small, deeply rugged. ‘ This is
not only one of the handsomest, but one of the best peaches
in our Collections, not even excepting the Bellegarde, and
cannot be too extensively known.’ It will probably ripen
with us the last of August.

SNOW PEACH.
WuiteE Buiossom.

A fruit of globular form, below the medium size; very
white ; skin thin and delicate ; very melting, sweet, rich,
juicy and excellent. It ripens in September. The
blossoms of this tree are white ; and it is readily distin-
guished from other varieties by its yellow wood and leaves,
and its indistinct resemblance to a Willow. This sort
deserves to be recommended, for although the fruit is small,
it compensates for this by its beauty, flavor, and abundant
bearing. This sort is sometimes incorrectly called White
Magdalen.

WASHINGTON. Floy in Hort. Trans. vol. vi. p. 412.

A very first rate fruit. Color a pale yellow in the shade
but dark red next the sun; flesh very juicy and delicious ;
the stone small. Ripe the beginning of September.

PEACHES. 225

- WHITE MALACATUNE. Coxe.
Wuitr RARERIPE, Coxe.

A large fruit of extraordinary excellence ; the color pale
yellowish white ; flesh yellowish white, firm, melting, rich,
and of excellent flavor; the stone is not unfrequently
cracked. Mr Coxe states that it is the most admired fruit
of the season, which is August, and that if not too ripe, it
makes a most delicate preserve.

YELLOW OR RED CHEEK MALACATUNE.

A large fruit, a little oblong; color in the shade is deep
yellow, but dark red next the sun; its flesh is melting,
juicy, rich and excellent. Early in September.

SUBSECTION ITI.

Late Autumn, and Autumn Peaches, including all those
new varieties whose periods of maturity are neither named
or known.

ENGLISH CHANCELLOR. Pom. Mag. t. 61. Lind-
ley. Bon Jard.
CHANCELLIERE, of Duh. according to Pom. Mag,
Leaves crenate, with reniform glands; flowers small,
reddish; fruit large, a little oblong, a little downy ; its
suture well defined ; pale yellow, but deep crimson next
the sun; marbled at the junction of the colors; flesh yel-
lowish white, but red at the stone, from which it separates; :
juicy, rich, and of a vinous ‘flavor.

CHINA FLAT PEACH. Hort. Trans. vol. rv, p. 512.
JavA PEACH.

A most singular peach. This description is from a
fruit raised by John Braddick, Esq. This peach is

226 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

said to be much cultivated and esteemed in China, and
will probably succeed well with us. The diameter
from the eye to the stalk is less than three quarters of
an inch, and consists wholly of the stone and a skin
which covers it. The thickness of its sides is one inch
and an eighth, while its transverse diameter is two inches
and a half. The skin is pale yellow, mottled with red
next the sun and covered with fine down. Flesh pale
yellow, a beautiful radiated circle of fine red surrounding
the stone, which is flatly compressed, small, rough and
irregular. The fruit is melting and good, being sweet and
juicy, with a little Noyeau flavor and bitter aroma.

COLUMBIA. Coxe. R. M., Esq.

A large and very singular peach, with an extremely
rough and thick skin of a dull red color, marbled with
blotches. of a dark dusky red; its form rather flattened
with a suture well defined; flesh yellow, melting, juicy,
rich, fibrous and well flavored. It ripens in September.
This peach is a curiosity. Mr Coxe who named, and pro-
bably originated this variety, calls it a fruit of uncommon
excellence.

BUCKINGHAM MIGNONNE. Pom. Mag. Lond.
Hort. Cat.

Barrineron, Pom. Mag.

‘Leaves crenated, with globose glands ; flowers larg’e ;
fruit large, roundish, somewhat elongated ; pale yellowish
green, but deep red and marbled next the sun ; flesh yel-
lowish white, rayed with crimson next the stone, from
which it parts freely ; melting, juicy and very rich; a pro-
ductive and handsome variety.’

HEATH.
Kewnrick’s Heat, of Pr. Cat.

This noble variety was received of the late Gen, Heath

PEACHES. 227

of Roxbury, of revolutionary memory, hence its name.
The tree is very vigorous and productive, and is probably
a native. The fruit is very large, oblong and beautiful;
specimens have frequently been seen weighing half a
pound; color pale yellowish green, but beautiful deep
crimson or violet next the sun; encompassed by a slight
suture, which terminates in a point at its summit, dividing
it into two unequal parts; its flesh is melting, juicy, rich,
vinous, agreeably acid and good. It ripens the middle of
September.

HILL’S MADEIRA. Coxe. R. M., Esq.

' Fruit very large, globular, white, with a blush next the
sun; melting, juicy, and fine flavored. It ripens in Septem-
ber. This fine fruit, according to Mr Coxe, has weighed
twelve ounces, and was raised by Mr Hill, of Philadelphia,
from a stone brought from Madeira. It proves however,
with us a poor bearer, and as such is not recommended.
Tree very vigorous.

MIFFLIN’S PENNSYLVANIA. Col. Carr.

In the absence of the true title, I have for the present
adopted the above for a new native variety, received of
Col. Carr, of Bartram’s Botanic Garden. It is described
as a fruit possessing remarkably fine qualities, and highly
spoken of by the Philadelphia Horticultural Society.

NOBLESSE. Hooker’s Pom. Lond. p. 2.
MELLIsH’s Favorite, Pom. Mag.

The tree is of vigorous growth and very productive ;
blossoms very large, of a bright rose or pink color; the
leaves are deeply serrated. [Without glands, says Lindley.]
The fruit is generally large and round, but sometimes ob-
long, with a very small nipple ; marbled with red and dull
purple next the sun; flesh white, tinged with yellow ;

228 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

white at the stone ; very sweet and melting, but perhaps
less vinous than some others; it ripens well and early.
The stone is short in proportion to the fruit, round and
very prominent, rough, and separates very readily from the
flesh.

ORANGE PEACH. R. M., Esq.

This fruit is large ; its color yellow; its form globular ;
its flesh very sweet, juicy, rich and excellent. It ripens
about the middle of September.

PRESIDENT. R.M., Esq. Pom. Mag.

‘Leaves crenate, with globose glands.’ A large downy
fruit, roundish, approaching to oblong; ashallow suture ;
pale yellowish green, but red next the sun ; flesh whitish,
juicy, melting, rich and high flavored. It parts from the
stone, which is large, pointed, rugged. September. Spe-
cimens of this superior fruit were exhibited at the Hall of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, by Mr Manning.

ROBINSON CRUSOE. Col. Carr.

Described as a very fine large red peach, of excellent
quality ; lately originated near Philadelphia, from stones
brought by Lieut. Morris of the Navy, from the Island of
Juan Fernandez, in the Pacific Ocean. There are four
varieties bearing the above title, and numbered from one
to four inclusive; all fine.

VAN ZANDT’S SUPERB.

This native fruit is said to surpass all other peaches in
beauty. Its skin 1s smooth, somewhat mottled, and of a
beautiful waxen appearance. The flesh, which is melting,
juicy, and of excellent flavor, parts from the stone. This
variety originated with Mr Van Zandt, of the State of New
York, and from him indirectly, and from the Messrs Prince,
of the Linnean Botanic Garden, I received the above

PEACHES. 229

account. The trees are here from both sources, but have
not yet borne fruit. Its growth is very vigorous and up-
right.

WEEPING PEACH.

The branches of this variety droop, and its appearance
resembles that of the Weeping Willow. For this pecu-
liarity it is chiefly remarkable. The fruit has been de-
scribed as of good size, of an oblong form, of a yellow
color and good quality.

YELLOW RARERIPE. ~“

Large, globular; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet and excellent.
This fine variety ripens early in September.

YELLOW RED RARERIPE.

A native fruit of a large size, and globular form; color
a deep yellow in the shade, but a dark purplish red next
the sun; flesh deep yellow, rich, sweet, juicy and of a
most delicious flavor. The tree is of very rapid growth.
A first rate fruit. Ripe middle of September.

MORRISANIA POUND. Floy in Hort. Trans. vol.
vi. p. 410.

The fruit is very large, weighing from twelve to fourteen
ounces ; very juicy and delicious, parting from the stone.
This excellent fruit is farther stated tobe one of the finest
of fall peaches and in great repute, ripening late, about the
middle of October. Mr Floy first received this variety of
Gouverneur Morris, of Morrisania near New York, but it
was originated by Martin Hoffman, Esq.

20

930 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST..

CLASS iti.

Clingstones or Pavies, or Peaches whose flesh adheres to the
stone, arranged in the order of their maturity.

This class of peaches, it is said, are preferred to all

others by the inhabitants of warm climates.

EARLY NEWINGTON. Coxe.

NEw Yorx Eariy NerwineGTon, Coxe.

A beautiful clingstone ; its color in the shade ts white,
but next the sun it is red; its form is globular; its flesh is
juicy, rich and high flavored; the stone is small, and the
fruit ripens late in July, or early in August.

CONGRESS. R. M., Esq.

Large yellowish white; but bright red next the sun;
melting, juicy, and of fine flavor. This variety may not
prove a good bearer. Jt ripens in August and September.

LA-FAYETTE. R.M., Esq.

A very beautiful fruit; color yellow, but bright red next
the sun; its bearing is not ascertained. It ripens in Au- —
gust, and is a clingstone.

DIANA. Coxe.

A large oblong peach; color white in the shade, but red
next the sun ; flesh very juicy and delicious. This beautiful ©
fruit is a clingstone, ripening in August and September.

PAVIE JAUNE. N. Duh. Pl. coccxxxtx.

Prersica Newronir, Ibid. |
PaviE ALBERGE, PERSEQUE JAUNE, Bon Jard.
YELLOW PERSEQUE.

The petioles have reniform glands ; the fruit is very beau-
tiful, very large, round, alittle flattened at its summit, and

PEACHES. 231
marbled with a groove; its diameter thirtythree lines ; its
skin is downy, yellow in the shade, and of a very deep red
next the sun ; flesh yellow, firm, not fibrous, and red or
of a blood color next the stone, to which it adheres ; its
juice is abundant,sweet and vinous. The stone is oval, ob-
tuse, and of middling size. Ripe 12th September, at Paris ;
excellent in warm summers.

OLDMIXON CLINGSTONE. R. M., Esq.

This fruit is large, globular; pale yellow, but a beauti-
ful red next the sun; flesh yellowish white, very juicy,
sweet, rich and fine flavored. An excellent and most pro-
ductive variety, ripening in September.

OLD NEWINGTON. R. M., Esq. —

This fruit is large and globular; pale yellow, but of a
fine bright red next the sun, sometimes marbled with deep-
erred; flesh yellowish white, very juicy, rich, sweet and
well flavored. An excellent fruit, a clingstone, ripening
in September, and very productive.

CATHARINE. R. M.,, Esq. i

This fruit is thus very correctly described in the Pomo-
logical Magazine. ‘ Leaves crenate with reniform glands ;
flowers small, reddish ; fruit large, round, variable ; color
a beautiful red next the sun, marbled and dashed with
darker shades ; pale yellow in the shade ; flesh very white
tinged with yellow, but firm, of a deep crimson next the
stone, to which it firmly adheres; juice abundant, and of a
very rich and sweet flavor; stone middle sized, roundish
oval, very slightly pointed.’ It ripens with us in Septem-
ber. Mr Manning has stated that neither this, the Old
Newington, nor the Oldmixon Clingstone, can be distin-
guished from each other by their external appearance, and 7
are all first rate fruits.

-

232 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

PAVIE ADMIRABLE. Lindiey.
INcCOMPARABLE, of the English.

Leaves crenate with reniform glands; flowers small,
pale ; fruit large, roundish, swollen on one side; skin pale
yellow, but pale red shaded with light scarlet or deep crin-
son next the sun; flesh pale yellow, but red at the stone
to which it closely adheres ; juice sugary, and well flavor-
ed; stone roundish, and almost smooth.’ Ripens at the
time of the Catherine.

GROSSE PERSEQUE. Bon Jard. p. 298.
PERsSEQUE ALLONGE’. Ibid.
The tree is productive in unsheltered situations. The
jeaves have reniform glands; the flowers are small; the
fruit is large and oblong, with swellings on its surface, of a
red color next the sun. It requires a warm exposition, and
will probably ripen late in September.

PAVIE MAGDELEINE. Bon Jard. p. 294, 296.

PaviE BLANe.

The tree is vigorous, the leaves are without glands, and
deeply serrated ; flowers large and very pale ; the fruit is
large and downy ; white in the shade, and a beautiful red
next the sun; flesh white, fine, melting, and of an agreea-
ble musky flavor. This fruit will ripen with us about the
middle of September.

WASHINGTON CLINGSTONE. R. M, Esq.’

A large fruit; its color inclining to white, but next the
sun a fine blush ; of a globular form; flesh melting, juicy,
sweet and excellent. A superior fruit ripening in September.

LEMON CLINGSTONE.
Pine APPLE, OR KENNEDY’s LEMon.

This fruit is rather large, oblong and pointed; color in
the shade deep yellow, butof a dark fine red next the sun ;

PEACHES. 233

the flesh is yellow, rich, vinous, a little acid; it is stained
with red next the stone. September.

HOYTE’S LEMON CLINGSTONE. Floy in Hort.
Trans.

This fruit is of the largest size; of a clear golden yel-
low in the shade, but bright red next the sun; its form
resembles a lemon, and some have weighed twelve ounces.
Its flesh is fine, and it ripens in New York late in Sep-
tember.

MONSTROUS POMPONNE. Bon Jard. p. 297.

PAVIE DE PomponneE, Gros ME’LECOTON,
Gros PéErseQuE RovuGE, of the French.
Pavis Monstrevx, Pavie Cornu, .

The leaves have reniform glands; flowers large; the
fruit is the largest of all peaches, and often terminates in
a point at its summit; it is downy ; color waxen white in
the shade, of a very lively and deep red next the sun ; flesh
firm, and excellent cooked. It requires a warm exposition
and ripens in favorable seasons the end of October at Paris.
This fruit will ripen earlier with us.

PAVIE TARDIF. N. Duh. Pl. cec.

LATE Pavig.

The tree is very vigorous in its growth; the petioles
have large brown reniform glands ; the fruit is large, com-
pressed at its sides; contracted towards its base ; it is
divided by asuture on one side, which terminates in a
point at its summit ; its height and breadth are three inches ;
the skin is thick, more yellow in the shade than the Pavie
de Pomponne, and laved with a fine red next the sun ; its
flesh is more yellow and less firm than the Pavie de New-
ton, [Pavie Jaune] less red towards the stone, to which it
adheres ; its juice is more abundant, and as we think more
excellent. It ripens at the end of October, and may be

20*

234 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

preserved a long time. This fine new fruit will probably
ripen earlier with us.

HYSLOP’S CLINGSTONE.

The irees of this variety are vigorous and productive.
The fruit is large, rather oblong ; color on the shaded side
white, changing to a fine deep red next the sun; flesh
melting, very juicy, sweet, vinous, and excellent. This
excellent variety ripens in October, and may be preserved
till late in November, and is the latest variety which will
generally answer in Massachusetts. |

HEATH CLINGSTONE. Coxe.

The fruit is very large, rather oblong, terminated by a
point at its summit; of a cream color, with an occasional
blush next the sun ; its flesh is tender, melting, extremely
juicy and rich. It ripens late, too late for the climate of
New England, except in very favorable seasons. MrCoxe
informs us that this fruit was raised from a stone brought
from the Mediterranean, by Mr Daniel Heath; and in
his estimation is superior to all other peaches known ; the
stone generally opens, and the fruit if not too ripe, is one
of the most admired preserved in sugar; that it ripens
in October, and keeps till December.

PEACH. (Amygdalus Persica.)

THE peach tree is a tree below the middle size, with
spreading branches, of rapid growth, and not of long dura-
tion. Persia is considered the original country of the
peach, although it is said to have been cultivated from time

CULTIVATION. 235

immemorial in most partsof Asia. Sickler asserts, accord-
ing to Loudon, that ‘in Media, it is deemed unwholesome ;
but when planted in Egypt, it becomes pulpy, delicious and
salubrious.’ ‘The peach according to Columella, when
first brought from Persia into the Roman Empire, possess-
ed deleterious qualities; which Mr Knight concluded to
have arisen from those peaches being only swollen al-
monds, (tuberes) or imperfect peaches; and which are
known to abound in the prussic acid. The best peaches
in Europe are at present grown in Italy, on standards.’
— Loudon.

The best peaches of France, according to Phillips, are
those produced at Montreuil, a village near Paris, where
the whole population are exclusively employed in their
cultivation, and by this have been maintained for several
ages. They are cultivated here on lime-whited walls of
great extent. Their climate requires it.

In the United States they flourish as in their native land,
producing fruit of excellent quality, wherever the maize
or Indian corn will ripen to maturity. In New Jersey there
are those who cultivate this fruit exclusively ; and at
_ Shrewsbury on asingle plantation, as I am informed, 10,000
bushels are annually produced for the New York market.
It is also extensively cultivated in the middle, southern
and western states, for the purposes of distillation ; on the
refuse of the orchard or distillery, numerous swine are
fattened.

Uses. The peachis not only afiret rate dessert fruit, but
it makes a delicious preserve. In cooking the most deli-
cious pies are made of them. For this purpose they re-
quire no preparation ; they are used whole, simply placed
in deep layers, sprinkled with sugar, and enveloped in the
pastry ; no further additions are necessary ; the stone or
kernel communicates its flavor, whichis superior, to that of
the costly spices. Peaches are preserved by drying, and

236 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

in this state they may be preserved along time; they are
either eaten like raisins, or used in cooking ; and might
form a profitable article for sea stores or for exportation.
The following is the mode of drying practised by Mr
Thomas Bellangee, of Egg Harbor, New Jersey. He has
a small house provided with a stove, and drawers in the
sides of the house lathed at their bottoms with void inter-
vals. The peaches should be ripe and cut in two, not
peeled, and laid ina single layer on the laths, with their
skins downward, to save the juice. On shoving in the
drawer they are soon dried by the hot air produced by the
stove. In this way great quantities may, successively, in
a single season be prepared, with a very little expense in
the preparation of the building and in fuel. From the
kernels, according to Bosc, an oil is drawn possessing all
the qualities of the oil of almonds.

The young leaves according to Phillips are used by
cooks to flavor blancmange, custards, puddings, &c ; and a
liquor, resembling the delicious Noyeau, is prepared by
steeping peach leaves in white brandy ; this liquor 1s sweet-
ened with sugar candy and fined with milk, and is difficult
to be distinguished from the genuine Noyeau of Martin-
ico. The leaves, if I am not mistaken, contain prussic
acid; but so does the bitter almond; and this last article
forms the basis of the Noyeau, which is prepared in Bos-
ton, as the manufacturers themselves inform me. Olivier
asserts, [according to Bosc in Nouveau Cours Complet
d’Agriculture,] that the inhabitants of Scio, employ the
leaves in dying silk of a deep green. They are also
employed in medicine as a vermifuge, febrifuge, &c. Col-
lected in autumn, they are used in the preparation of
leather ; and from the wood of the peach tree, says Phillips,
the color called rose pink is produced.

A good peach, according to Miller, possesses a firm flesh ;
a thin skin, of a bright or deep red color next the sun, and

CULTIVATION. pi 7 |

of a yellowish green in the shade ; the pulp of a yellowish
color, full of high flavored juice ; the fleshy part thick, and
the stone small. Good peaches however, vary much in
color.

The French consider the Peachand the Nectarine as
the same fruit. . They divide them into four classes — Ist,
the Péches, or Freestone Peaches; — 2d, Pavies, or Cling-
stone Peaches ;— 3d, the Péches lisse, or smooth Peaches,
Freestone Nectarines ; — 4th, the Brugnons, or Clingstone
Nectarines. These again are distinguished by glandular
or glandless leaves, and by the blossom.

CULTIVATION.

The peach tree is usually raised by planting the stones
in autumn. Some, however, preserve them in soil exposed
to the frosts of winter; in spring they are cracked, and
either sown in beds or planted in the nursery in rows four
feet asunder, and about a foot distant in the row. In the
same year or the year following, they are inoculated. The
peach tree is usually inoculated on the peach stock. They
are however, sometimes propagated on the almond ; some-
times on the plum stock. Mozard, according to Loudon,
‘prefers plum stocks where the soil is strong and black ;?
‘and Dubreuil recommends a plum stock for a clayey soil ;
and the almond stock, for such as are light and sandy.
The same opinion is held by the Montreuil cultivators.’
At Montreuil we understand the plum stock is not used
because the soil is dry.

Sort, Distance. — The most suitable soil for the peach
tree is a rich; sandy loam: alight soilanswers well. The
soil of Montreuil as above statedis dry. The peach tree will
not flourish on a cold, stiff, wet soil. On such a soil they
may grow vigorously, but they produce but little fruit, and
that of ordinary quality, Some assert that they are more

238 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

uniformly productive on the north side of hills, as it pre-
vents their too early advancement before the vernal frosts
are past. Ten or twelve feet asunder is deemed a good
distance for the peach tree.

Matapies.— The maladies to which the peach tree is
subject are, .

Ist. The Curculio. For the remedies for this, see insects,
in the former part of this work.

2d. The worm which feeds on the sap-wood beneath the
bark, principally near the surface of the earth.

The worm is produced by a fly which, from the middle
of June, to the first of August, deposits its eggs on the
bark of the tree, generally at its root, where the bark is
tender. These are soon hatched, and the worm shortly
penetrates beneath the bark, where it commences its work
of destruction, devouring the sap-wood often around the
whole circumference of the tree, causing the gum to ex-
ude and often death.

Much has been written and said of this insect; yet the
prevention is very easy, provided there is a necessity for
it, which is not the case in all soils and situations. It
seems with us only an occasional evil, and. the remedies
are seldom required. Whenever serious suspicions arise,
let every tree be carefully searched at the surface of
the earth, and the worm destroyed by probing with a pen-
knife or pointed wire. About the beginning of June, form
around the trunk of the tree a small conical mound, to the
height of eight inches or a foot above the natural surface
of the earth. Unleached ashes which might be preserved
for this purpose, are without doubt the best and most useful
substance, and each tree will require about a peck. But
anything else, even soil is found to answer. The desizn
of this is, to protect that portion of the tree where the bark
is most tender; let this mound be levelled in October,

CULTIVATION. _ 239

and the bark will harden again beneath where it was laced.
I am inclined to believe the potash wash before described,
would answer every purpose, as it does with the apple
tree if applied at the suitable time ; also the wash recom-
mended by Mr Lindley. The Garden Compound, sold hy
Messrs Russell of Boston, and Ives of Salem, I am per-
suaded would be effectual. Also coal tar. A gentleman
of Nantucket is trying the coal tar with his peach trees.
He is also trying it on the plank of his ships which sail
to the Pacific, to preserve them from the attacks of the sea
worm; the odor it exhales is powerful and lasting.
Another cheap, easy and effectual mode is practised by
Mr Vose of Dorchester. About the last of May, the soil
is removed to the depth of two inches round the trunk; a
composition of clay, ashes, &c, is applied witha brush, and
over this stiff brown paper is wrapped around the tree to
the height of a foot, and the earth replaced. Mr Ellis of
New Jersey, has found that rye straw bound round the
trunk from the surface upwards is effectual ; and Mr Wil-
son of New York, in his Economy of the Kitchen Garden,
has recommended grafting clay to be applied round the
trunk. Lime mortar mixed with sulphur is found good.
3d. But there is another malady which I believe is un-
known in New England, at least I have never seen or
heard of such a disease with us. It is by some called the
yellows ; and according to Mr Coxe, ‘ the malady which de-
stroys much the largest portion of the trees, has hitherto
baffled every effort to subdue it; neither the source nor
the precise character of the disease, appear to be perfectly
understood.’ The trees are further stated to languish, the
leaves turn yellow, and they perish shortly. The disease
is contagious, soon spreading through the whole orchard ;
and if trees are brought from a sound nursery, and planted
on the same land, they usually perish during the first sea-

940 NEW AMERICAN ORCIARDIST.

son. And the infected soil cannot be again occupied as a
peach orchard, untilsome years of intermediate cultivation.
The only remedy I have heard of for the destruction of
this disease, is to destroy at once the infectious trees, be-
fore the disease is communicated to the whole orchard;
which according to Mr Prince of the Linnean Botanic
Garden, as stated in Thacher’s Orchardist, is at the time
the trees blossom in spring.

Prunine, &c. — In our climate the peach is almost uni-
versally cultivated as a standard. They are rarely pruned
at all; they are sometimes however, renovated by heading
down; this operation should be performed just before the
sap rises in spring. Trees are very rarely seen trained to
walls, except occasionally, in the gardens of the opulent.

To render peach trees very productive, it has been re-
commended to shorten the new young wood in June, by
cutting in a few inches; and the shoots proceeding
from these are to be shortened again during the course of
the summer. This mode is favorable to the production of
fruit buds, and the trees will produce more abundant crops
the following year. This pruning or shortening may be
most profitably performed with very large shears, with long
handles, such as are used for clipping hedges ; and | am
persuaded that with such an instrument, a man might prune
a great many trees in a day.

With respect to trees trained to walls, Jean Pierre Sa-
vard at Montreuil, according to Loudon, varies the_ position
of the branches every year, by elevating to a greater angle
the weak, depressing the strong, cutting out the old, naked,
or twigless shoots ; thus presenting at all times a well bal-
anced tree.

The inference is, that these weakly shoots by being thus
elevated, grow stronger; and the branches by being annu-
ally bent, become more fruitful on the principles before
explained. Girdling increases the size and hastens the

- NECTARINES. 241

maturity of the fruit; it should be performed as soon as
the tree comes into leaf. If fruit is desired of large size,
the trees must be thinned when the fruit is of the size
of small gooseberries. The size may be thus increased
without diminishing the quantity.

NECTARINES. (Amygdalus Nectarina. )

ees

CLASSI.

FREESTONE NECTARINES.

AROMATIC. Lindley.

Leaves crenate with reniform glands; flowers small. A
middle sized, rather globular fruit; deep red or blackish
brown next the sun ; flesh pale straw, but red at the stone ;
juice of.a rich vinous flavor.

EARLY VIOLET. Pom. Mag. Bon Jard. 1828.

VioLeTre HarTive, Petit VioLEeETTE HatTiveE, of the Fr.
VioutetT, Lorp Seusy’s ELRvuGE, of the English.

Leaves crenate with reniform glands ; flowers small; the
tree is productive. The Bon Jardinier classes this with
Pavies. Fruit varying in size, generally medium; pale
yellowish green, but dark purplish red next the sun; flesh
whitish yellow, but red next the stone, melting, juicy, rich,
sweet, vinous, and excellent. August.

ELRUGE. Pom. Mag.

Leaves crenate with reniform glands. One of the very
best and most high flavored Nectarines ; large, roundish
21

242 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

oval, deep violet or blood color next the sun; flesh whitish,
m¢ lting, very juicy, rich, and high flavored. August.

FAIRCHILD’S EARLY. Lindley. Forsyth.

Leaves crenate, with reniform glands; flowers large ;
fruit very early, and very small; globular; yellow in the
shade, deep scarlet next the sun; flesh yellow, not juicy,
but well flavored.

JAUNE LISSE’. OR ROUSSANNE. Bon Jard. 1828.
Lissr’E JAunrE, Ib. Smooru YELLow.

The leaves have reniform glands: flowers large.— A
small fruit; skin smooth, yellow, alittle washed with red
next the sun. Its flavor that of the apricot. It ripens
very late at Paris, where it requires a warm exposition.

LEWIS’S NECTARINE. Lond. Hort. Trans. vol. v1.
p. 394.

A fine new variety raised from the stone of a peach by
Mr Lewis of Boston. Sent to Mr Knight and the Lond.
Hort. Soc. by Samuel G. Perkins, Esq. of Boston, a corres-
ponding member. A beautiful fruit of middle size, heart-
shaped ; bright yellow, but intense red mottled next the
sun; flesha rich orange color, firm, not remarkable for
sweetness; flavor very pleasant and peculiar.

PERKINS’S SEEDLING.

A seedling raised by S. G. Perkins, Esq. from the Lew-
is’s Nectarine. A very beautiful fruit, globular, bright yel-
low, but of a dark purple crimson next the sun. A fine
fruit of handsome size.

PITMASTON’S ORANGE NECTARINE. Lond.
Hort. Trans.

A new and beautiful variety raised by John Williams,
Esq. of Pitmaston. <A good sized globular or heart-shaped

NECTARINES. 243

fruit, a point at its summit, of a rich yellow color, but dark
crimson or purple next the sun. Flesh golden yellow but
red next the stone from which it separates ; it is melting,
juicy, saccharine and high flavored.

SCARLET. For. Lindley.

Leaves crenate withreniform glands; flowers small. A
middle sized fruit, rather ovate, of a fine deep.searlet next
the sun; flesh greenish white, but red at the stone ; sac-
charine and well flavored.

TEMPLE’S. For. Lindley.

Leaves crenate with reniform glands; flowers small. A
fruit below medium size, rather oblong ; pale red next the
sun; flesh white ; it shrivels at maturity ; very juicy, rich,
and of fine flavor.

WHITE OR FLANDERS NECTARINE. Pom.
Mag. Hooker. © Lindley.

New Waitt, EmmMerson’s New Wuire. Lind. P. Mag.

Leaves crenate, with reniform glands, flowers large. A
middle sized roundish very pale fruit, slightly tinged with
rednext the sun. Flesh tender and juicy with a fine vin-
ous flavor. T’ne Pomological Magazine describes this as
a clingstone ; Lindley as a freestone.

CLASS II.

CLINGSTONES OR PAVIES.
VIOLETTE CERISE. N. Duh. Bon Jard.

Cerise. Bon Jard. CuHrErry.

The flowers are small; leaves narrow. with reniform
glands. Tree small and delicate.. A very. small fruit, the

244 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

size of a Green Gage plum; very beautiful, of a fine
cherry red next the sun — good, but not high flavored. _

GOLDEN For. Lindley.

Leaves crenate with reniform glands; flowers small. A
fruit of a size rather large, globular, ovate, orange in the
shade, bright scarlet marbled with deep red next the sun.
Flesh firm, yellow, pale red at the stone, and of good fla-
vor.

GROSSE VIOLETTE. Bon Jard. p. 298:

VIOLETTE DE CouRSON.
BruGnon GrRossE VIoLETTE. Ib.

Flowers small; the leaves with reniform glands; fruit
rather larger and its flavor less vinous than the Violette
Hative, (Early Violet.) Its skin is more marbled and wash-
ed with violet red. Its maturity is also later; it is the
15th Sept. at Paris. Probably the last of August here.

ITALIAN. Lindley. Forsyth.
Brucnon. For.

_ Leaves crenate, glands reniform, the flowers small. A
large, globular, pale yellow fruit, marbled with dark red
next the sun ; of a firm yellow flesh, red at the stone, juicy,
rich, and good. This variety must ripen here in August.

RED ROMAN. Lindley. For.

Leaves crenate with reniform glands; flowers large.
(Lindley.) A very large globular fruit, dark red or purple
next the sun, yellowish in the shade; flesh yellowish, but
red next the stone ; juicy, saccharine and vinous. Early
in September.

SCARLET NEWINGTON. Lind. For.
Newineton, Late NewincGron.

The leaves are doubly serrated without glands; the

NECTARINES. 245

flowers large. Rather large, globular, fine yellow, but
bright red marbled next the sun; of a firm pale yellow
flesh, but red at the stone ; juicy, rich, sweet, vinous, and
excellent. Early in September.

TAWNY NEWINGTON. | Lindley.
TAWNY.

Leaves doubly serrated without glands; flowers large.
Pretty large, somewhat ovate ; tawny colored, marbled
with dull red or orange next the sun; flesh pale yellow,
but red at the stone; very juicy, sugary, and of the most
delicious flavor. This may ripen here early in August.

VERMASH. Hooker. Pom. Lond. Pl. xxx.

Not the Vermash or Peterborough of Mr Forsyth. The
tree is‘of moderate vigor and very fertile; flowers large,
pink; “a small roundish fruit; skin very smooth, intense
red next the sun; flesh white, but red at the stone, of a
high delicate flavor, melting, juicy, sweet, relieved by an
agreeable acid. This nectarine is esteemed by Mr Pad-
ley, one of the best at present known, it succeeds the
Early Violet.

VIOLET MUSK. | Bon Jard.

Bruecnon Vioter Musque’s, Brucnon Musque, Bon
Jard.
Rev Roman, of For.

The flowers are large, leaves with reniform glands ;
fruit as large as the Grosse Violette, but brighter and of a
more lively red next the sun; skin very smooth, amber
color in the shade; flesh yellow, but red at the stone; sac-
charine, vinous, musky. September. .

4

\

246. NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

CULTURE, &c.

The Nectarine is said to be a native of Persia; it only
differs from the peach in possessing a very smooth and
glossy skin, and a pulp of a firmer consistence. The
French consider the nectarine, one and the same fruit as
the peach. It is esteemed, however, by some, more whole-
some and delicious. According to some authorities, its
name is derived from nectar, the liquor with which as was
supposed, the heathen gods were wont to be regaled.
Owing to the smoothness of its skin, it is, like the plum,
extremely liable to the destructive attacks of the curculio.
For the preventives, see Curculio, in the former part of
this work. Its use and cultivation are the same as the
peach. They are usually inoculated on the nectarine, plum,
or peach stock.

ALMOND. (Amygdalus.)

Te “almond according to the best authorities, is a na-
tive of Asia. It is extensively cultivated in the south
of Europe and Barbary, as a fruit tree, for domestic use,
and for exportation. The tree bears a striking resemblance
to the peach, but the leaves are more smooth. The sweet
almonds are used for the dessert, for confectionary, and
for perfumery. The bitter almonds are used in medicine.
They abound in the prussic acid, and form the basis of the
delicious cordial called Créme de Noyeau. The common
almond andthe hard shelled sweet almond, are planted
principally as stocks for the inoculation of the better vari-

ALMOND. BF

eties of almonds and the peach. The almond is enveloped
in a pulp of ordinary flavor. The principal sorts recom-
mended by the best authorities are the following:

SWEET SOFT SHELLED. ALMOND.
AMANDE SULTAN A CoquE TENDRE.

The shell is large, about an inch and a half in length,
it is flattened on one side, and rounded on the other; it
is smooth and tender ; the kernel is sweet and good. This
sort is said to be much cultivated in France for food.

AMANDE PRINCESSE, OU DES DAMES. Bon
Jard.

AMANDE ves Dames, N. Duh. Pl. txxv.

The fruit is two inches in length; the shell is oval, and
over an inch in length ; it is soft and porous, the kernel is
large, sweet and excellent. This is said to be much cul-
tivated in the south of France for exportation. This fruit
is recommended in the above work as one of the best for
cultivation.

AMANDE SULTAN.
This variety much resembles the Amande Princesse, but

is not so large.

AMANDE PISTACHE.

This resembles the Amande Princesse, but is of small
size.

BITTER ALMOND.

AMANDE AMERE.

Of this variety there are several; the two principal
which are enumerated, are these.

BITTER SOFT SHELLED ALMOND.

AMANDE AMERE A CoquE TENDRE.

248 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

BITTER HARD SHELLED ALMOND.

AMANDE AMERE A Coqut DuRE.

PEACH ALMOND.
AMANDE PECHER.
These are hybrids, produced between the almond and
peach ; some are large, juicy, but of bitter flavor; some
are tolerable for eating with sweet kernels.

GREAT FLOWERING ALMOND.
AMANDIERAGRAND FiEvR. N. Duh. Pl. cocuxxxrt.
‘ This new variety originated at the Luxembourg; the tree
is of fine form; its bark is shining, its leaves large; the
flowers are superb, of a beautiful white, and two inches in
diameter. The fruit is small, oval, obtuse, downy, its
length fifteen lines ; its shell is very hard, the kernel plump,
sweet, and very good. Nothing is more beautiful than
this almond in spring; it merits a distinguished place
among the trees of ornament.’

DWARF DOUBLE FLOWERING ALMOND.
AMANDIER DE Ge/oraige, N. Duh. Pl. xcur1.

This is one of the most ornamental of all shrubs; it
blossoms very early in spring, and the whole young wood
is covered with the red blossoms which are extremely
double and resemble small roses; their diameter is about
an inch. This variety has some single blossoms which
produce a fruit which is oblong, pointed, and about an
inch and a quarter in length; itsskin green, and downy ;
it contains an almond which is bitter.

CULTURE.

The varieties of almond are propagated by inoculation,
either on the native stocks of the common almond, or on

APRICOT. - ; 249

stocks of the peachor plum. Their cultivation is the same
as that prescribed forthe peach ; they are equally as hardy.

APRICOTS. (Armeniaca.)

ALBERGE APRICOT. Bon Jard.
Apricor ALBERGE, Bon Jard. ~
A large tree and very productive, but. best in the open
eround ; the flesh is melting and vinous, and excellent for
preserving. The kernelis large and bitter. Early in Au-
gust. There are two varieties, superior in size and flavor ;
that of Montgamet, and that of Tours.

ALGIERS. For.

An oval fruit, flattened or compressed, of a straw color ;
juicy, and high flavored.

ANGOUMOIS. Lindley. Bon Jard. p. 305.

Purrxie Apricot, of Lindley.

ALEXxANDRIAN APRicoT, according to Lindley.
ABRICcoT VIOLETTE, Luxem. Cat.

Buiack Apricot, of Forsyth, according to Lindley.

A small, globular, downy fruit, a little oblong ; of a pale
red color, becoming deep red or purple next the sun; flesh
pale red, but orange next the stone, a little acid, but good,
with a strong odor; the kernel is sweet, and the fruit looks
at a little distance like an Orleans plum. Early in July.

BRUSSELS. For.

Highly esteemed for its productiveness. A middle sized
fruit of a red color next the sun, covered with numerous

250 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

.
dark spots; flesh yellow, and ofa brisk flavor. Itseparate:
from the stone; the kernel is bitter.

BLACK APRICOT. Bon Jard. N. Duh.

Vioter Apricot, Prunus Dasicarpus, of Wild
according to the Bon Jard.
Apricot Norr, ABRicoT pu Paps, (Pope) Bon Jard.
The tree is very vigorous; it inclines to grow crooked;
its appearance more resembles that of a plum than an
apricot. T cannot recommend it; I suspect it is a poor
bearer. Fruit small, the color of the lye [lees] of deep
colored wine; flesh obscure fiery red; quality below me- ©
diocrity. August. Said to be from Siberia.

EARLY MASCULINE. Bon Jard.

ABRICOTIN, ABRIcoT PrecocE, Apricot Hatir Mus-
Ques, of the French.

Rep MAscuutne, of the English and Lindley.

A small nearly globular fruit, vermilion color next the
sun, yellowish in the shade; flesh yellowish, of medium
quality ; flavor musky, kernel bitter ; its chief merit is its
early maturity. Beginning of July.

GROS MUSCH. Bon Jard. p. 306.

The tree is vigorous ; the fruit is perfumed; the suture
is very deep on one side, it is contracted on the other ;
a freestone ; the kernel is sweet. July.

HEMSKIRKE. Pom. Mag.

Origin unknown; it bears freely, ripening early, acquir-
ing a high luscious flavor, superior even to that of the
Moorpark. Middle sized, roundish, slightly compressed ;
its color and form that of the Moorpark ; flesh bright deep
clear orange ; tender, juicy, with a particularly rich, delicate
flavor, resembling that of the Green Gage plum; kernel
sweet. July.

APRICOT. 251

MOORPARK. Hooker’s Pom. Lond.

Awson’s, TEMPLE’s, DuNMoRE’s BREDA, according to
Hooker.

The tree is of vigorous growth and extraordinarily pro-
ductive ; the fruit is very large, of a bright gold color, or
orange, with dark spots next the sun; flesh orange color,
melting and excellent; the stone is large; there is a per-
vious passage through it, through which a needle may be
passed. It is in the edge of the stone, a little aside from
the centre, in a longitudinal direction.

MUSCH. Bon Jard. p. 306.

Brought a few years since from the city of Musch, on
the frontiers of Turkey, on the side of Persia. It is round,
deep yellow, remarkable for the transparency of its pulp,
through which the stone is visible ; the flesh is very fine -
and agreeable. Early in July.

ORANGE. Lindley.

Earty OranGe, Royat ORANGE, RoyaL GEORGE.
Hort. Soc. Cat.

Fruit larger than the Masculine, roundish ; color orange,
spotted with red or dark purple next the sun; flesh deep
orange, succulent and well flavored ; not perfectly a free-
stone ; kernel sweet.

PEACH APRICOT. N. Duh. Pl. civ. Bon Jard.

Agricor Precue. N. Duh. Bon Jard.
De Nancy, of some.

The best and the largest of all apricots ; form variable,
generally flattened ; from eighteen lines to two inches in
diameter ; skin slightly downy ; fawn color next the sun,
touched with reddish spots or points; flesh fawn colored
yellow, melting, excellent; neither dry nor clammy like
most apricots; juice abundant, high flavored, peculiar.
Excellent in the open ground. Early in August. Mr

O52 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

Loudon and Mr Coxe fully concur that this is the best and.
largest of all apricots known.

PORTUGAL. Bon Jard.
Apricot DE PorTUGAL, oR MALE, Bon Jard.

A small globular fruit; flesh melting and very good.
August.

PROVENCE. Bon Jard.

A small fruit with yellow flesh, sometimes a little dry,
but of a sweet vinous flavor; stone rugged; kernel sweet.
July.

ROMAN. Pom. Mag. Lindley. Bon Jard.

Apricot Commun, Bon Jard.
BuorcHep Leavep TurKEy, Lindley and Pom. Mag.
The English describe this as the most common and pro-
ductive variety. The Bon Jard. however, describes it as a
vigorous tree, a large fruit in well cultivated ground, supe-
rior to the Angoumois, but insipid when too ripe; kernel
bitter. Ripe in July.

ROYAL. Bon. Jard. Pom. Mag.

A new variety, obtained at the Luxembourg ; better
than the peach apricot. Wood strong, longer jointed than
the Moorpark ; leaves large, roundish cordate, or ovate ;
fruit nextin size to the Moorpark, rather oval, compressed ;
dull yellow, slightly red; flesh pale orange, firm, juicy,
sweet, and high flavored with a slight acid; kernel slightly
bitter.

ROYAL PERSIAN. Hort. Soc. Cat. Bon Jard.

Brepa, Hort. Soc. Cat.
HoLuanpE, AMANDE AVELINE, Bon Jard., and the
French.
This fruit is small ; flesh yellow, melting, vinous, having
the taste of the Aveline or Filbert; kernel sweet. July.

APRICOT. 253

TURKEY. Pom. Mag.
LARGE TurKeEy. Hooker’s Pom. Lond.

‘An excellent apricot scarcely known, little inferior to
the Moorpark. No gardens in which good apricots are
valued should be without this. Fruit middle sized, very
handsome, deep yellow, with rich orange red blotches next

g as
the sun; form globular; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sweet,
with alittle acid, very rich and excellent; a freestone ;
kernel sweet as an almond.

WHITE APRICOT. Bon Jard.
Apricot Buanc, Bon Jard.

The flesh is whiter than the Angoumois, and better, hav-
ing a little of the flavor of the Peach. It ripens a little
after the Early Masculine.

APRICOT. (Armeniaca.)

Tue Apricot is a low tree of very irregular growth ; the
fruit in its exterior resembles that of a smooth round yel-
low peach; its flesh however is more firm ; but its smooth
compressed stone resembles that of a plum. According to
Phillips, it may derive its name from Pr coxeor early fruit;
or by corruption a precor hence Apricock or Apricot. Its
native place has been assigned to Armenia ; M. L. Legnier
however asserts, says Phillips, that it is not known to grow
in the natural state in any part of Armenia. The inhabi-
tants of the deserts called Oasis, gather and dry large
quantities of Apricots which they bring down to Egypt for
sale ; it there grows spontaneously ; hence Legnier assigns
it to Arabia. Pallas states it to be a native of Caucasus,
the mountains there being covered with it to their tops.

22

954 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

Grosier says it covers the barren mountains west of Pekin.
(Phillips ;)and Regnier and Sickler, says Loudon, assign it a
parallel between the Niger and Atlas.

Uses. As a dessert fruit the Apricot is esteemed next
to the Peach; it is also esteemed a most superior fruit
when used in pastry, for marmalade, jellies and preserves ;
it is also stated to make a delicious liqueur. In France and
Germany, according to Dr Willich, the Orange Apricot is
usually preserved ina dried state for winter, when they
form a delicious ingredient in pies, tarts, &c. The Chi-
nese, we are told, form lozenges from the clarified juice,
which dissolved in water yield a cool refreshing beverage.
Oil is also extracted from the kernel; and Loudon informs
us that the young shoots yield a fine golden-cinnamon
color to wool.

Cuxrtivation, &c. The Apricot is generally inoculated
either on the apricot, plum or peach stock; the soil, and
the maladies to which they are sometimes subject are simi-
lar to the peach, but from the smooth skin which they pos-
sess they are more liable to the attacks of the Curculio.
For the preventives see Curculio, in the former part of this
work.

Sort, &c. The apricot is inoculated either on the apri-
cot, plum or peach stock. It requires a rich black mould.
They will not flourish in a sandy, gravelly, or cold damp
soil. The distances asunder to which they ought to be set
and their cultivation is similar to that of the peach.

PLUMS. 255

PLUMS. (Prunus.)

a

APRICOT PLUM.

Prune ApricoTe’, PRuNE ABRICOTE’/E DE Tours, of
the French.

The branches are downy, the fruit is large; its form
globular, depressed, divided by a deep suture ; whitish yel-
low, but faint red next the sun, and covered with bloom;
its flesh is firm, juicy, sweet, musky and excellent. It
ripens in August.

BELLE OF RIOM. N. Duh. Pl. cccxcr.

Roundish oval, flattened at its base; its height sixteen
or seventeen lines ; skin bright red, marbled with yellow
and covered with violet bloom; flesh yellow, firm, but melt-
ing and very good; juice very sweet. A new and excel-
lent fruit, will probably ripen here the middle of August.

BINGHAM.

This plum is said to be large; its color yellow ; its form
oblong ; its quality very rich and excellent.

BLEECKER’S GAGE. N.E. Farmer.
BLEECKER’s GERMAN GAGE.

This plum is stated to have been raised by the Rev. Mr
Bleecker of Albany, from the stone of a German prune ;
it is described as a large globular fruit, of excellent quality
and a great bearer.

BLUE HOLLAND. R. M., Esq.

A round plumof a.blue color, juicy and high flavored ;
it readily parts from the stone ; it ripens in September and

256 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

hangs Jong on the tree after arriving at maturity. A fine
fruit, a great bearer.

BLUE NOVEMBER GAGE. Corse in N. E. Farmer.

‘The Blue November Gage is extraordinary for its late
ripening and the length of time it will remain upon the
tree ; I have picked them in December; it is of good fla-
vor, and of medium size, they are all [the JVota Bena, the
Admiral, the \Field Marshal, and the Rising Sun] very
productive, some of them bear too much.’

CANADA PLUM.

GALIsSsONNIERE. N. Duh. Pl. Uxxx1m.

The tree is of medium vigor, diffuse in its growth ; fruit
small, oval, firey red ; flesh coarse-grained and sour ; juice
abundant and aromatic. It is supposed to possess medicinal
qualities.

CHERRY PLUM.
Mrrasoian, of the French.

A native fruit, small, heart-shaped; skin smooth, of a
bright red color; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant, not
very highly esteemed except for its beauty ; good for cook-
ing; it ripens early in August.

COE’S GOLDEN DROP. Hooker’s Pom. Lond. No.
XIV.

. Cor’s SEEDLING, BuRY Srrpuinc. Ib. ~

Raised by Mr Coe of Bury, Norfolk. The tree is vig-
orous, its leaves uncommonly large, of a dark shining
green above ; fruit oblong, rather bell-shaped; from two
to two and a half inches long, one fifth less in breadth.
Skin greenish yellow, spotted next the sun with violet and
crimson; flesh gold color. ‘This may confidently be re-
commended as superior to any late plum at present culti-

PLUMS. 257

vated in Britain.” Mr Knight esteems this variety not at
all inferior in richness of flavor to the Green Gage and
Drap d@’Or. He states that it bears well as a standard. A
tree of this variety was sent by him in 1823. to the Hon.
John Lowell, and it has been widely disseminated in this
country.

COOPER’S PLUM. Coxe. Pom. Mag.

CooPErR’s LARGE RED.
La Deuicrevuse, of the French, according to the Pom.
Mag.

Raised by Mr Joseph Cooper of New Jersey, from a
stone of the Orleans; very large, rather oblong, two
inches in length ; dark purple next the sun; flesh yellow-
ish green, very rich, juicy and delicious. Mr Coxe informs
us ‘that it makes an exquisite preserve if deprived of its
skin before too ripe. The tree grows vigorously and toa
great size. This Mr Coxe assigns as the cause of the de-
fect of this plum, which is liable to rot.

CORSE’S ADMIRAL. Corse in N. E. Farmer.

Was raised by Henry Corse, Esq. of Montreal. ‘The
color of this fruit is dark purple, about the size of the.
Magnum Bonum or Yellow Egg, but of good flavor’ — ‘ very
productive and excellent.’ .

CORSE’S FIELD MARSHAL. Corse in N. E.
Farmer.

Was raised by Henry Corse, Esq. of Montreal. ‘ This
plum is about the size of the Admiral and bright red; the
most showy plum that I have ever seen, and of good fla-
vor’ — ‘very productive and excellent.’

CORSE’S NOTA BENA. Corse. in N. E. Farmer.

This plum was raised from the stone by Henry Corse,
Esq. of Montreal, who has made annual experiments since

22*

258 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

1812, and has succeeded in rearing several varieties of
undoubted excellence; this variety he considers the most
superior of all, and very productive.

CORSE’S RISING SUN. Corse in N. E. Farmer. “

This plum was raised by Henry Corse, Esq. of Montreal.
‘This fruit is about the size of the Bingham; bright yel-
low, with a tinge of red on the sunny side ;’ ‘ very produc-
tive and excellent.

DAMAS DE MAUGERON. N. Duh. Pl. xxix.

The tree is of regular form and medium height; the
fruit is large, nearly round, depressed ; its breadth eighteen
lines ; skin brownish red, covered thick with azure bloom ;
flesh firm, yellowish ; juice agreeable and sweet; an ex-
cellent plum. August.

DAMAS DE PROVENCE. N. Duh. Pl. xv.’
DAMASK OF PROVENCE.

Fruit roundish, a little oblong; its height eighteen to
twentytwo lines; skin reddish violet, covered with thick
bloom; flesh yellowish, tolerably high flavored, but does
not fully correspond with the beauty of its skin; juice
sweet. This plum is one of the earliest ; it ripens a month
earlier than the Royale de Tours. Its early maturity and
beauty renders it worthy a distinguished place ; but its qual-
ity is but third rate.

DAME AUBERT. N. Duh. Pl. uxx1.

WentTWorTH, of the English.
Gros Lu1isAnTE, of some French lists.

A tree exceeding all others in the vigor of its growth, and
the size of its leaves, which are deep shining green above,
downy below ; fruit very large, elliptical, two and a halt
inches long; skin thick, yellow, covered with bloom; fiesh

PLUMS. 259

yellow, coarse grained, adhering to the stone ; juice sweet,
but vapid if too mature; a plum admired for its size and
beauty, but only fit for cooking. September.

DAMSON.

A very small, oval, dark blue fruit, covered with light
blue bloom ; flesh very acid ; and fit only for cooking and
preserves; tree of feeble growth. Very late.

DIAMOND PLUM. Loudon’s Mag. vol. m1. p. 215.

The Diamond Plum is perhaps the largest plum known.
In form and flavor it resembles the Magnum Bonum, but
its flavor is perhaps rather superior ; its coloris a dark pur-
ple. The tree grows vigorously, and in orchards would
form a fine contrast to the White Magnum Bonums. Pur-
ple Magnum Bonum would we think have been a more
suitable name for it, as conveying a good idea of the fruit
andthe tree. The tree sprung from the seed inthe nursery
of Mr Hooker, in Kent.

DIAPRE’E ROUGE. N. Duh. Pl. ty.

Rep DIAPRE.

The tree is of vigorous growth, tall and handsome; the
fruit the most beautiful known. We have seen larger,
but never such beautiful colors. Form oval, two inches
and one third in length, a little pear shaped; color
dull red, covered with azure bloom; flesh yellow, coarse
grained. August. Always esteemed for its size and beau-
ty; it makesexcellent prunes. To be perfect it only needs
a finer flesh and a little less marc.

DOWNTON IMPERATIVE. Hort. Trans. vol. v. p.
383.

Raised by Mr Knight, from the seed of the White Mag-
num Bonum and pollen of the Blue Imperative. In shape

260 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

like the Blue Imperative, but larger. Skin dark yellow,
and very thin; the flesh yellow, soft, juicy, with a high
' flavored acidity. All these are characteristics indicating
much excellence.

DUANE’S PURPLE FRENCH.

The tree is extremely vigorous in its growth: said to
be a remarkably large fruit, of most superior quality ; and
to have been imported by Mr Duane, of New York. Its
eriginal name lost.

EARLY MONSIEUR. R. M., Esq,
Monsieur Harir, Duh.

A globular fruit of medium size, of a violet or deep pur-
ple color next the sun; and covered with a dense bloom;
flesh yellowish, melting, juicy and good. This fruit ripens
in July. 4

EARLY YELLOW. R. M., Esq.

Wuire PrimorpiAn, of the English.
Jaune HatTivr, Prune DE CATALOGNE, Duh.
Small, oblong, whitish yellow; flesh rather dry, sweet,
and musky. One of the very earliest plums, ripening in
July. It is chiefly valued on this account.

GOLIAH. Hort. Trans.
Sr Cxioup, of some collections.

This fruit is very large, compressed ; the skin is a deep
reddish purple; the flesh pale, firm, and well flavored, but
not rich. It is very useful for culinary purposes, and is
remarkable for its great size, some of them weighing four
ounces, and measuring seven inches and a quarter in cir-
cumference. Branchesdowny. Ripe early in September.
Lindley says this is a great bearer, and a very fine hand-
some plum.

“PLUMS. 261

HULING’S SUPERB.

From information from a variety of sources, I shall at-
tempt the description of this plum which is said to be iden-
tical with a new plum known at Philadelphia, as the Keiser.
‘The fruit is extraordinary large, of a globular form, resem-
bling in this last respect and its color, the Green Gage,
but far exceeding it in size; a first rate fruit, sweet, and
very fine flavored.

GREEN GAGE.

GREAT QuEeEN CLAupDE, of the English.
GrossE RernE CLaupE, DaupHine, ABRICOTE VERT,
of the French.

A middle sized round fruit, of a yellowish green color,
a purplish russetty red next the sun; melting, juicy, and
of delicious flavor. Last of August. Lindley informs us
that this name of Gage was derived from the circumstance
of the Reine Claude being sent from France to the Gage
family, with the name obliterated; and through ignorance
of the real name, it was called Green Gage.

GROS DAMAS ROUGE TARDIF. N. Duh. Pl. 394.
LarGe Late Rep DAMASK.

The fruit is very handsome, oval ; its height twenty lines ;
skin thick, hard, bright red covered with azure bloom; its
flesh yellow and melting ; its juice sweet and good. This
fine fruit will probably ripen here the last of August.

_ GROSSE MIRABELLE. Bon Jard.

The tree is of irregular and confused growth ; the fruit
is nearly globular in form, yellow, with points of red;
melting, sweet, very good. Early in August.

IMPERATRICE. MHooker’s Pom. Lond. Pl. rv.

A medium sized and rather long fruit, pointed at the
base, rounded or broad oval at the other extremity; skin

262 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

fine violet, covered with bloom; flesh yellowish next the
sun, alittle firm, at maturity very rich and sweet. One
of the best of late plums.

IMPERIAL DIADEM. Hort. Trans.

‘This new plum is a large regular oval, of the character
of the Red Magnum Bonum, deeply cleft, of a pale red
color ; becoming much darker if suffered to hang on the
tree till perfectly ripe ; it is of good flavor and highly per-
fumed ; its size and beauty will recommend it to notice.
It is also admirably adapted for culinary purposes.’

ITALIAN DAMASK. R. M., Esq.
Damas D’IraurEe, Duhamel.

This fruit is rather large ; its form globular, a little flat-
ted at the base ; blue or violet next the sun, and covered
with pale blue bloom; its flesh is yellow, and tolerably
high flavored, and separates from the stone. It ripens in
August. This variety is beautiful, and extremely produc-
tive.

ITALIAN PRUNE.

QUETSCHE D’ITALIE.

This variety, according to Messrs Parmentier and Chew,
is not only a most valuable plum for drying, but in Italy is
esteemed a most superior fruit, when gathered at maturity
from the tree.

JERUSALEM. N. Duh. Pl. cece.

The tree is vigorous, and diffuse in its growth, extraor-
dinarily productive; the leaves large, dark green above,
downy below. The fruit one of the most beautiful known;
it is oval, roundish, depressed; its diameter twenty lines ;
skin thick, blue next the sun, and covered with deep blue
bloom ; flesh yellowish, coarse grained, but melting ; juice
abundant, high flavored and sweet. August.

PLUMS. 263

KTRK’S PLUM. Lindley.

Branches smooth; fruit rather large, roundish oval,
broadest at the base; skin dark purple, covered with a
copious azure bloom, which is difficult to remove ; flesh
greenish yellow, firm, juicy, rich, and separates from the
stone. A very handsome variety, and most excellent
bearer ; supposed to be of foreign origin. August.

LARGE SWEET DAMSON.
Horse Puum.

A large round fruit, dark blue color covered with a fine
blue bloom; the flesh firm, yellowish green, juicy, sweet
and good ; the flesh adheres to the stone; the tree is pro-
ductive.

LEX PLUM. ‘R.M., Esq.

A large blue plum; its flesh is yellow, rich and sweet.
An excellent fruit and very productive,

LUCOMBE’S NONSUCH. Pom. Mag. t. 99. Lindley.

This plum is large, compressed at the summit and base,
its breadth two inches; its color at maturity as well as its
form resembles the Queen Gage, but more streaked with
yellow or orange ; its flesh and quality inferior to the last
named variety, but superior to the Orleans. A remarkably
handsome, productive and valuable new variety, ripening
in August.

MIMMS. Pom. Mom. t. 6. Hort. Trans. vol. rv. p. 208.

The fruit is very large, a little oblong, its diameter two
inches and a half ; Color bright purple next the sun, and
covered with thick bloom; its flesh is yellowish green;
tender, juicy, and very agreeably flavored ; resembling in
this respect the Orleans. It separates from the stone,
which is ragged witha thin, uneven edge. A late plum, of
the largest size.

264 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

MONSIEUR. N. Duh. Pl. cexui.
PruNeE DE Monsieur. Ibid.

Branches pubescent, downy ; leaves the least serrated
of all plums. A handsome fruit, depressed; its diameter
from fifteen totwenty lines ; violet red, covered with azure
bloom; flesh green or yellowish, melting; juice sweet,
sometimes very agreeable. It parts from the stone, and
ripens twelve or fifteen days after the Monsieur Hatn/.
July.

MOROCCO. Pom. Mag.t. 103. Lindley.
Buackx Damascus, Earty Buack DAmasK, BLACK
Morocco, Earty Morocco, according to the Pom. Mag.
Branches downy; a blackish purple fruit of medium
size, covered with pale blue bloom; globular, a little de-
pressed ; flesh greenish yellow, juicy, rich and high flavor-
ed; a productive fruit. July.

NECTARINE PLUM. N. Duh.
PruneE Pc ue, N. Duh. PI. cvin.
CALEDONIAN, Howe ’s, of the English.

The tree is very vigorous, not lofty; the young wood
is short, gross, and varnished thick with numerous eyes;
leaves large; one of the most beautiful plums known ;
round, a little lengthened ; its height two inches. The skin
at maturity varies from red to deep red; it is covered with
azure bloom; flesh yellowish, coarse grained, astringent;
juice abundant, mild; a superb fruit, it only needs a finer
flesh. It will probably ripen here early in July.

ORLEANS. R. M., Esq.

Rep DAMASK.
Damas Rovees, of the French.

A middle sized fruit, of aform nearly globular, of a red
eolor in the shade, but blue or purple color next the sun,

PLUMS. 265

and covered with bloom; its flesh is pale yellow, juicy,
rich and astringent, and readily parts from the stone. A
fine fruit and a good bearer; it ripens-in August.

PETER’S LARGE YELLOW GAGE.

Said to be a variety of the gage, approaching in its size
to the Washington, and much resembling it in point of
quality.

PRECOCE DE TOURS. Hooker’s Pom. Lond. Pl.

XXXIV.
EARLY DE Tours. Ib.

The tree is vigorous and fertile, and according to Mr
Hooker the best early variety in that country. Poiteau
calls it ordinary. Fruit small, ‘oval, dark purple, covered
with fine bloom; flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy, of
very agreeable flavor. July. (Hooker.) ‘ Fruit the form of
an egg, very productive.’ (JV. Duh.)

PRUNE DE BRIANCON. N. Duh. Pl. ecextr.

The fruit is always extraordinarily numerous and com-
pactly clustered on the branches like grapes. They are
of medium size, yellow, oval; insupportably acid before
maturity; when too mature, insupportably insipid. Sep-
tember. This plum is cultivated only for the oil which is
drawn from its kernels, known in commerce as the Oil of
Marmotte.

RED MAGNUM BONUM.
IMPERIAL VIOLETTE, of the French.

A large, oval plum; two inches to two and a half in
length; deep red next the sun and covered with blue
bloom; flesh yellowish, harsh, acid. It parts from the
stone, which is sharp pointed. Good for cooking and fit
for little else. August. .

23

266 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

RED PEDRIGON. Lindley. Dr Willich.

Branches downy ; an excellent plum of the first class ;
middle sized, roundish oval, of a fine red color with gold
colored dots and a fine bloom; flesh bright yellow, trans-
parent; juice sweet and delicious. Peeled and dried it
makes excellent prunes; not inferior to the white Per-
drigon. August. |

RED QUEEN MOTHER. R. M., Esq.

This plum is large; its color bright red, covered with
pale bloom; its flesh is yellow, sweet and excellent; it
ripens in September. This is a very handsome and pro-
ductive variety and highly deserving of cultivation. The
origin of this sort is unknown.

REINE CLAUDE VIOLETTE. Loudon’s Mag. vol.
mt. p. 106.
PURPLE GAGE.

A new seedling variety of the Green gage, of a pur-
ple color, equally good, and a better bearer. It hangs
longer on the tree and is the best red plum we have.
The Pomological Magazine confirms this account and
adds, that it is not like the Green Gage disposed to crack.

ROYALE. N. Duh. Pl. ccxtuit.

La Royaxe, of Hooker’s Pom. Lond.

A large, yery handsome fruit, its diameter eight lines ;
skin thick, a homely dull brown red, concealed however
by a thick violet or azure bloom; flesh fine, yellowish
ereen, firm and crackling; juice abundant, high flavored
and delicious. Anexcellent plum. September.

ROYALE DE TOURS. N. Duh. Pl. xm.

The tree is of extraordinary vigorous growth, its princi-
pal stem rises vertically ; the fruit is globular, flattened ; its
length eighteen lines ; a red violet next the sun and cover-

PLUMS. 267

ed with azure bloom; flesh yellow, fine, good; juice
abundant and sweet; higher flavored and of superior qual-
ity to the Monsieur Plum; and it ripens eight or ten days
earlier. July and August.

ST CATHARINE. MHooker’s Pom. Lond. Pl. xxiv.

A medium sized, oblong fruit; narrowest towards the
stalk, broad and flattened at the opposite end; skin bright
gold color next the sun, spotted with red at maturity and
covered with bloom; flesh yellow, tender, sweet and of
fine flavor; stone oval, flat, it separates from the flesh. It
ripens.a little before the Imperative, and is not uncommon
around Boston.

SEMIANA. N. Duh. Pl. ccxvr. Lindley.

PruwNeE SuisseE, N. Duh.
Prune D’ALTEssE, MONSIEUR TARDIF.

Fruit very handsome, round, flattened ; its diameter
eighteen to twenty lines ; color varying from bright violet
red, to deep blackish blue, and covered with azure bloom ,
flesh greenish yellow, crackling and melting, juice very
abun lant and delicious. Not uncommon near Boston. An
excellent fruit ripening in September.

SMITH’S ORLEANS.

The tree is very vigorous and productive ; the fruit is
large, of an oval form and purple color; its flavor excel
lent; this is a highly esteemed variety.

SURPASSE MONSIEUR. Bon. Jard. p. 308.

‘This superb fruit was raised by M. Noisette. It is
more beautiful and more perfumed than the Monsieur, and
the tree has the precious advantage of producing on its
suckers plums in all their beauty and excellence.’

268 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST..

VARIEGATED PLUM. N. E. Farmer.
LomBARD PuiuUM.

Samples of this fine variety were sent from Springfield,
Mass. by Charles Stearns, Esq. August 18, 1880, to Mr
J. B. Russell, publisher of the New England Farmer,
Boston. The fruit grew in the garden of Maj. E..
Edwards. Remarkably large, beautiful, and very produc-
tive. This variety was imported from Holland, its name
lost. A very showy saleable fruit but not high flavored.

VIRGINALE. N.Duh. Pl. xxxv.

The tree is strong, vigorous and productive ; the fruit is
round, slightly depressed; its color yellowish, touched
with violet or rose next the sun, and covered with dense
bloom; flesh melting, juice abundant and very agreeable.
It adheres to the stone. This fruit ranks: among the best
of plums.

WASHINGTON. Pom. Mag. R. M. Esq.

BotMER’s WAsHINGTON. FRANKLIN.

A very large globular plum inclining to oval; greenish
yellow next the sun, approaching a pale orange; and
covered with a bloom and occasionally crimson specks ;
this plum has sometimes weighed over four ounces; itS
flesh is yellow, and firm, sweet and delicious ; it parts
readily from the stone and ripens in September. This plum
although not quite equal in flavor to the Green Gage, is a
very valuable variety and of American origin. ©

PRINCE’S IMPERIAL GAGE.

This plum is a first rate fruit; the tree is very vigor-
ous and upright in its growth, and extraordinarily produc-
tive. The fruit is larger than the Green Gage and of
excellent quality. A single tree of this variety at Charlea-
town, owned by Mr Samuel R. Johnson, has for several

PLUMS. 269

stiecessive years yielded crops which were sold at from
$40 to $50 per annum. ‘This valuable variety was raised
by Wm. Prince, Esq. of the Linnean Botanic Garden,
Flushing from a seed of the Green Gage.

WHITE MAGNUM BONUM.

IMPERIALE BLANCHE, Duh. Eee Puiu, of the Eng-
Wire Mogui, Wuirr Hoxiuann, of the English ac-
cording to Lindley.

This fruit is of extraordinary size, oval, yellow covered
with pale bloom ; the flesh yellow, firm, acid and austere ;
it adheres to the stone which is oval and very pointed.
This plum is excellent for cooking or preserves and suita-
ble for nothing else. It ripens early in September.

WHITE PERDRIGON.

Branches downy ; a middle sized oblong fruit; taper-
ing from the stalk; of a pale yellow, with red spots next
the sun; and covered with white bloom; flesh yellow, rich,
saccharine, separating from the stone. Last of August.

WILMOT’S NEW EARLY ORLEANS. Mr Hooker,
in Hort. Trans. vol. m1. p. 392.

Raised by Mr John Wilmot. Earlier than the New
Orleans, as early as the Morocco, and Precoce de Tours,
as large as the Old Orleans, and more juicy; a certain
bearer; a fruit above the middle size, round, its suture
deep; dark purple next the sun and covered with bloom;
flesh greenish yellow, of excellent flavor, sweet combined
with a pleasant acid; it separates from the stone. Mr
Hooker considers this plum as decidedly superior to any
of its season at present cultivated. Its beautiful appear-
ance will obtain it a preference in the market.

23*

270 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST..

CULTIVATION, &c.

Tue plum tree rises to a height of from fifteen to eight~
een feet, with moderately spreading branches. It is sup-
posed to be originally from Asia, but is also found growing
in a wild state in North America. It is more hardy than
the peach, as it flourishes in Canada; from the confines of
the tropics, to high northern latitudes.

Uses. — The finest varieties are esteemed delicious des-
sert fruit; the more ordinary varieties are used for pies,
tarts, preserves, &c. The Perdrigons, the Quetsches or
prunes are dried, and in this state may be long preserved ;
they are imported, principally from Spain, Portugal, and
Marseilles. Prunes are deemed extremely wholesome
food, and possessed of considerable medicinal efficacy.
Ripe plums are deemed wholesome, if eaten in moderate
quantities ; but unripe plums are extremely unwholesome,
more so it is said than any other kind of unripe fruit, pro-
ducing dysentery, &c. The plum is said also to be capable
of producing a good wine; good brandy is also procured
from it by distillation. ‘The wood of this tree is beauti-
fully veined ; it is therefore stated on good authority, to be
highly prized by turners, cabinet makers, and for making
musical instruments.

Soit anp Cuntivation. — The plum tree fiourishes best
in arich, sandy loam, neither too dry nor too moist. A
cold, wet, clayer soil, or a dry, sandy situation, is not
deemed so favorable.

The varieties of plum are inoculated on the plum stock.
Those raised from the seed are preferred, and some varie-
ties will flourish on the peach stock; but this is not deem-
ed so suitable fora high northern latitude.

The mode of pruning, and the distances to which the
tree should be set asunder, varies but little from that of

€HERRIES. Q271

the peach. The plum from its possessing a very smooth
skin, is extremely liable to the attacks of the Curculio;
for the modes of prevention, see Curculio in the former
part of this work. Particular varieties of the plum tree,
are also liable to be attacked by a worm, which causes
large black bunches to be found on the limbs. Some vari-
eties, however, are exempted from this disease. The rem-
edy is easy, and consists in separating every bunch, every
badly affected branch, or even tree, and committing them
to the fire. No affected tree should be suffered to exist
near the orchard. In this way, and in this alone, the worm
and the disease may be exterminated with a little trouble.

\

CHERRIES. (Prunus Cerasus.)

Tue French have divided their cherries into at least four
classes. The following list however, I have divided into
but twoclasses. The distinction thus formed will be appa
rent, by a slight inspection of the tree, to the most super-
ficial observer.

Class I. Includes the Bigarreaus and Heart Cherries,
and similar kinds. The trees of this class generally grow
tall and handsome, in a pyramidal form; the leaves are
large, of a light green color; the young wood is large, and

the fruit generally sweet.

Class I]. Includes the Dukes, the Morillos, and similar
kinds. The trees of this class are generally of low growth, .
and very compact form; the leaves are stiff, of a dark ~
green ; the young wood is slender, the fruit is generally

272 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

sab-acid or sour. In addition to these, a few ornamental
yocio%es of four distinct species will be described.

Cbs ey ee.

BIGARREAUS, HEART CHERRIES, &c.
KNIGHT’S EARLY BLACK. Hort. Trans.

Raised by Mr Knight, from the Bigarreau and May
Duke combined. The blossoms of this new variety it is
stated are produced in abundance, before those of any
other sort; and while the May Duke in the same aspect is
yet a very inferior fruit, the Karly Black Cherry has assum-
ed its rich dark hue, and its flesh is then firm and juicy.
It resembles in its external appearance the Waterloo, but
the stalk is shorter. It is abundantly sweet, and though
not very rich, of a pleasant flavor; remarkably early.

AMBER CHERRY. S&S. H.S., Esq.

Below medium size, perfectly round; color of amber,
but red towards the sun; of a very delicate appearance.
The flesh is melting, the taste lively and very sweet. It
- ripens with the May Duke. This variety was found in an
old garden in Providence ; its origin unknown.

AMBRE’E. For. Lindley.
Cerise AMBREI/E.

A large cherry, with a round head, flattened at the op-
posite end; marbled with red and yellow in the shade, .
bright red next the sun; flesh white, somewhat transparent,
very juicy, sweet, and excellent.

AMERICAN AMBER.

Heart shaped, bright amber color; of a very sweet,
excellent flavor. The growth of this tree is extraordinarily

CHERRIES. 273

vigorous and upright, and is not exceeded in this respect
by the Napoleon Bigarreau and the Black Tartarean.

BIGARREAU DE ROCMONT. N. Duh. Pl. cccixx.
BELLE DE Rocmont, Ca@urR pE Pigeon, Bon Jard.
The tree is vigorous and- productive; the fruit. large,
heart shaped, red, marbled and shining ; a beautiful fruit,
an inch in height ; flesh white, very little breaking, juice not
abundant, rather sprightly. Middle of June. We do not
find this fruit so extraordinary as Duhamel has described it.

BLACK BIGARREAU. N. Duh.
BiGARREAU Noir, N. Duh. Pl. cxxxviil.

A new fruit, so named by M. Chatenay, of Vitry; it is
but little extended. Fruit six lines in length, a little heart
shaped; at maturity black and shining; flesh black violet
and marbled, firm and breaking. This Bigarreau is one of
the besi species. Last of June and beginning of July.

LARGE BLACK BIGARREAU.
BiGARREAU Gros Norr.
Described to me by the late André Parmentier, Esq. as
one of the largest and the very best of all cherries.

RGE LATE RED BIGARREAU. Nouv Cours
Comp. d’Agriculture, vol. m1. p. 571.
~La BIGAREAUTIER A Gros Fruir Rovegr. Ibid.
A large fruit, of a deep red next the sun, a lively red in
the shade; juice reddish and somewhat perfumed. An
“excellent variety ripening late in July.

NAPOLEON BIGARREAU. Dr Willich.

BriGARREAU Napo.eon, LourMAN, Hort. Soc. Cat.
LavERMANN, Dr Willich.
Gros BIGARREAU DE LAUERMANN.

The tree is extraordinary for the vigor and beauty of its

2974 NEW AMERICAN “ORCHARDIST.

growth ; the leaves are very large, and plain or smooth on
their upper surface. This is one of the three new varieties
recommended to me by the late André Parmentier, Esq. as
the best of all cherries. We have never yet seen the fruit,
but find it is thus described. The largest and most beau-
tiful of the heart shaped cherries; it has an excellent taste.
In shape it resembles the variegated half ounce cherry, and
frequently surpasses it. The flesh is remarkably white,
solid, and of a sweet, agreeable flavor. It ripens in June
or July, when the skin on both sides acquires very bright
red spots, that are imperceptibly lost in the whitish and
yellow part of the centre and the shaded quarter.

LATE BIGARREAU OIF HILDSEHEIM.

BiGARREAU TarRvDiF D’HILDsEHEIM.
BigarreAv Marzere’ pE HintprsHEimM, Cours Com-
plet d’Agriculture, vol. 111. p. 680.

This is one of the three new sorts so highly recommend-
ed to me by the late André Parmentier, Esq. as a most su-
perior fruit. The Napoleon Bigarreau, and the Large
Black Bigarreau were the other two. It is-very late.

‘GRAFFION. Hooker’s Pom. Lond. Lindley.

BiGARREAU, Hooker’s Pom. Lond.

TuRKEY BIGARREAU. _

YELLOW SpAnIsH, as supposed, of some Americar collec-

tions.
Very large, obtuse, heart shaped, yellowish amber color,

but fine red nextthe sun; flesh firm, white, sweet and well
flavored. A beautiful and excellent fruit, not very pro-
ductive. The tree, says Mr Hooker, ‘ evidently exhibits:
the characteristics of age and debility ? although of luxu-
riant growth. Lindley states that it exceeds in growth all
cherries grown in Britain.

BLACK EAGLE.

A cherry of a globular form, and middle size; dark pur-

CHERRIES. 275

ple or nearly black ; flesh very tender, rich, and of excel-
lent flavor, and ripens early. This tree grows strongand
very upright. This new variety was sent by Mr Knight,
in 1823, to the Hon. John Lowell ; and was raised according
to Mr Lindley, by Miss Elizabeth Knight, of Dounton
Castle, about the year 1806, from a seed of the Bigarreau,
which had been fertilized by the May Duke.

BLACK. HEART.
GurenieR A Fruit Noir, Duh.
Rather large, heart-shaped ; dark purple, approaching
to black at maturity; flesh dark red, tender, of excellent
flavor. Ripe early in July — and is a good bearer.

BLACK SPANISH.

Spanisu, Dr Willich, Dom. Ency.

A noble fruit for drying, preserving, &c; of a large
size; dark red approaching to black; flatly compressed
below; and having a short stalk. Its juice is of a deep
red dye; of a mild, subacid and pleasant taste.

BLACK TARTAREAN.

Bracx Russtan, Buack Circassian, SuPERB, Crr-

CAsstAn. Pom. Mag.
Frazer’s Brack TarraArecaAn, Ronatp’s Buack

HEART.

A very large heart-shaped fruit, of most superior qual-
ity; color dark shining purple or black; flesh firm, dark
red or purple, sweet and of most excellent flavor. The
very best cherry yet known with us. The tree and fruit
combine an assemblage of good qualities which never
meet but ina very extraordinary fruit; an elegant, very
rapid growing tree, of great productiveness, very large and
beautiful fruit, and excellent quality. Supposed to have
originated in Spain ; thence carried to Circassia, or Russia ;

276 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

from Russia it was brought to England in 1796, by Mr
John Frazer. (Pom. Mag.) Butaccording to Mr Hooker
it was brought from Circassia in 1794, by Mr Ronalds.

DOWNER’S RED HEART.

A new and valuable variety reared from the stone, by
Samuel Downer, Esq., of Dorchester. The tree is very
handsome, vigorous and upright in its growth; a constant
and great bearer. A large, light red cherry inclining to
heart-shape ; flesh firm, flavor good and sprightly. Very
late; it ripens after most other superior varieties are gone,
and is on this account the more valuable, and highly prized
in the markets. ;

DOWNTON CHERRY. Hort. Trans. vol. v. p. 262.

A new variety, raised by Mr Knight, from the Elton or
Waterloo. Itis nearly round, inclining to heart-shape ; of
a pale yellow color sprinkled with minute red spots and
larger patches of dull red or maroon; flesh pale amber
color, tender and juicy, very sweet and high flavored.

ELKHORN. Downer.
Buiacx Ox Heart.

A large cherry ripening between the Black Heart and
the latest varieties ; its flesh remarkably hard and very
peculiar; and though not high flavored, it is supposed by
some, that from its solid consistence, it may be profitably
cultivated, to be transported from a distance, to market. 7
Mr Prince has stated that he brought this fruit to New
York from Maryland, and considers it on many accounts a
valuable fruit.

ELTON. Mr Knight. Hooker’s Pom. Lond. Pl. vm.

- Raised by Mr Knight from the seed of the Bigarreau
and pollen of the White Heart. The tree is very vigor-

CHERRIES. Q77

ous, and very productive. The fruit is pretty large, heart-
shaped ; pale glossy yellow in the shade, but marbled with
bright red next the sun; stalk slender, two inches long;
flesh firm, sweet and rich. Veryearly. Sent in 1823, by
Mr Knight to the Hon. John Lowell.

FLORENCE. Hort. Trans. vol. 1. p. 229.

Large, heart shaped, depressed ; of a yellow amber color,
marbled with bright red in the shade; bright red next the
sun; tolerably firm, juicy, rich and sweet. A beautiful
cherry introduced by Mr Houblon, from Florence.

GASCOIGN’S BLEEDING HEART, Forsyth. Lind-
ley.
Large, oblong, or heart-shaped, of a dark red color; its
flesh pretty firm, of a pleasant and fine flavor. July.

GRIDLEY.
APPLE CHERRY.

This native fruit originated on the farm of Deacon Sam-
uel Gridley, of Roxbury, near Boston. The tree grows
upright, is vigorous and productive. The fruit is of the
size of a Black Heart, and of a black color; the flesh is
firm, like the Bigarreau class, and of a fine flavor. It
comes to maturity soon after the early cherries are gone,
and is much esteemed by those who cultivate it for the
market, for its good qualities and abundant produce; but
from its solid consistence it is liable when at maturity, to
crack in rainy weather,

HARRISON HEART. For. Lindley.

_ A large heart-shaped cherry, yellowish or amber color ;
but light red next the sun; flesh tender and high flavor-
ed. This variety is ripe early inJuly. Said to have been
introduced into England by Gov. Harrison, from the East
Indies.

24

278 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

HEREFORDSHIRE BLACK. R. M., Esq.
Late Buackx Heart.

Large, black, and heart-shaped ; a most excellent cherry,
and a great bearer, and more valuable for ripening late,
when most varieties are gone.

MAZZARD CHERRY.

The trees vary in their forms; they are generally tall
and very upright and productive — calculated for shades.
The fruit varies in color from white to black; equally so
in size and form; its fleshis generally soft, juicy, pleas-
ant and often excellent.

REMINGTON WHITE HEART.

A moderate sized cherry, of moderate flavor. Chiefiy
valuable for'its very late maturity. Said to have originated
in Rhode Island.

WATERLOO. Hort. Trans.

A large, round, dark red fruit, inclining to black at ma-
turity. The flesh is firm and of an excellent flavor.
Raised by a daughter of Mr Knight, and so named from
its perfecting its first fruit soon after the battle of Water-
loo. The tree is of strong but irregular growth. This
fruit was sent by Mr Knight, in 1823, to Hon. John Lowell.

WHITE OXHEART. R. M., Esq.
TrADEscanT, of Coxe.

A large heart-shaped cherry, but bright red or amber
color next the sun; flesh remarkably firm, the flavor ex-
cellent ; it ripens early in July and the tree is an indiffer-
ent bearer.

WHITE TARTAREAN.

TRANSPARENT, WHITE TRANSPARENT CRIMEA.

A beautiful cherry, pale yellow, approaching to an am-

CHERRIES. | 279

~ ber next the sun; a much admired fruit of excellent fla-
vor; a good bearer, ripening early in July. This tree
grows vigorous and upright ; it is thus readily distinguish-
ed from a former and abandoned variety of the same name.

CLAS sit.
DUKE CHERRIES, MORILLOS, &c.
ARCHDUKE. R. M., Esq.

GrioTrE DE PorTUGAL, Duh.
PortuGaL Duke, of the Pom. Franc. according to
Lindley. j
A large globular red cherry; like the May Duke it
grows in clusters ; but the tree grows more vigorous than
that variety. An excellent cherry and a great bearer
ripening in July.

BELLE DE CHOISY. Pom. Mag.
Deucetre, CERISE DE PALEMBRE.

A middle sized roundish fruit; growing in pairs on a
forked stalk. Skin transparent, red, mottled with amber ;
flesh amber colored, tender and sweet; ripe rather before
the May Duke ; it bears well asa standard and is very de-
serving of cultivation. (Pom. Mag.) The Bon Jardinier
describes it as very large; of a beautiful red color and ex-
cellent flavor; not very productive.’

BELLE ET MAGNIFIQUE.

Specimens of this fine cherry were exhibited by Hon.
H. A. S. Dearborn, President of the Mass. Hort. Soc., July
24, 1830. The tree is very vigorous and productive.
The fruit was judged ‘truly magnificent’ in its appear-

280 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

ance ; its color red mottled with white spots; a valuable
fruit from its late maturity.

CERISIER DU NORD. Bon Jard. p. 315.

Very late ; good for ratafia and for preserves. A varie-
ty of the Duke.

CERISE DE VILLENNES. D.
Grorrier DE ViLLENNES, Nouv. Cours Comp. d’Agr.
A very large fruit, of a beautiful color, and very agreea-
ble flavor. It ripens late and the tree is not very produc-
tive. |

DEARBORN’S RED FRENCH.

The adopted name for a cherry imported from France
by the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, name lost. A large red
cherry highly spoken of by the Mass. Hort. Soc. The
tree is of the Duke species.

GERMAN DUKE.

Griotre D’ALEMAGNE, Nouv. Cours Complet d’Agr.
De CuHavux, Du ComTE DE SAiIntT Maur. Ib.

"Equally as large as the Archduke; almost as black;
flesh deep red, and very acid. Jt ripens the middle of July.
The tree is of middle size and not very productive.

GRIOTTIER A FEUILLES DE PECHER. Nouv.
Cours Complet d’Agr. vol. x11. p. 579.

Peacu Lravep, BALsAMINE LEAVED or WILLOW
LEAVED.

Fruit large or small. It is only remarkable for the sin-
gularity of its leaf.

GRIOTTIER D’HOLLANDE. Cours Complet d’Agr.
~ vol. 11. p. 575.
The largest of all the Griottiers; nearly globular, of a

CHERRIES. 281

very beautiful red color; flesh fine, reddish white, very
agreeable. It ripens the middle of June. The flowers
are large but liable to prove abortive.

LATE DUKE. R.M., Esq.
JunE DuxeE, of Coxe.

A cherry of large size; flesh very rich; it ripens the
first of July and lasts long on the tree, improving in its
flavor. The tree is of vigorous growth and an abundant
bearer.

- MAY DUKE.

A large globular red cherry, usually growing in clusters
At maturity the flesh is tender, juicy, of an agreeable but
acid flavor. This sortis usually gathered in June and
while it is yet sour, and immature, for the markets, being
one of the earliest varieties. The tree is of very moder-
ate vigor, and compact in its form.

MONTMORENCY. Bon Jard.

CERESIER DE MonTMoRENCcY AGROS FruirT. Bon Jard.
Lone stem MonrmorENcY.

Fruit large, flattened at its extremities, of a lively red
color; flesh of a yellowish white, slightly acid and excel-
lent. The tree is not very productive, it ripens in July.
The Short. Stem Montmorency, or Gros Gobet, is a fruit of
less size, and the tree less vigorous.

MORELLO.

Mian, Lang. Crrtse pu Norp or NoIsETTs, accord-

ing to Lindley’s Guide.
Middle sized, round; nearly black when at maturity ;
tender, juicy, of an agreeable flavor, in which much acid

24*

282 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

predominates. July. This fruit is used for preserving
and a single tree is enough for a family.

PLUMSTONE MORILLO.

A tree of moderate size of the Duke or Kentish species.
A very large, dark, round cherry, nearly black, of a rich
acid flavor; and deemed superior to all European Morillos.
The stone is very large and resembles that of a plum. A
native fruit from Virginia, introduced by Wm. Prince, Esq.
of the Linnean Botanic Garden, Flushing, N. Y.

ORNAMENTAL VARIETIES.
LARGE DOUBLE FLOWERING.

The tree is of vigorous and upright growth ; its flowers
are very large and beautiful ; resembling clusters of sma!l
roses. The appearance of the tree when in full blossom
is striking, and highly ornamental. The tree belongs to
the first class.

~SMALL DOUBLE FLOWERING.

The tree is of slow dwarfish growth; its leaves are
small dark green; a variety of the Kentish; its blossoms
however are not less beautiful than the preceding. The
tree is of the second class.

TOBACCO LEAF.

BIGARREAUTIER A FrUILLES DE TaBac. Bon Jard.
1828.

CERISIER DE 4 A LA LIVERE, Four TO THE Pounp.
Small, pale red fruit of indifferent flavor ; a poor bearer.
The growth of this tree is strong, but crooked, its leaves
of enormous size ; it is said to have received its name from
the supposition that its fruit would prove equally large in
proportion to its leaf; cultivated only as a curiosity. The
tree belongs to the first class.

CULTIVATION. 983

VIRGINIA BIRD CHERRY.

A native; it is found growing wild in the forests and
pastures, and is a distinct species from any others here
described. The trees grow large and the fruit is produced —
in clusters like currants; it is very small, of a pleasant
sweet, a little bitter, and very astringent taste. This
variety is one of the most esteemed of all for brandy.

WEEPING CHERRY.
CERISIER DE SIBERIE. N. Duh. Pl. xxxv.

This beautiful tree is of low growth, its branches slen-
der and drooping; its leaves are very small, oblong and
acutely pointed ; they are of a deep shining green above,
and of apale shining green below. Its fruit-is small and
numerous, of a bright red color and extremely acid. This
highly ornamental tree is generally inoculated at an
elevated height on the Mazzard cherry.

CHERRY. (Cerasus).

‘The native country of the cherry has been assigned to
Asia. It was brought to Rome before the Christian era,
by Lucullus, from a town in Pontus called Cerasus, hence
its name.

Users, — The cherry is a highly esteemed summer des-
sert fruit. It is also extensively used in cookery, in pies,
tarts, &c. From the juice a fine wine may be prepared,
and from the fermented pulp, a spirit is distilled. The
Mazzard cherries, the Morillos, and the fruit of the Virginia
cherry are steeped in brandy or rum, to improve its quality
and flavor. The gum which exudes from the cherry tree,
is stated to be in every respect equal to gum arabic, and is
so extraordinarily nutritive, that according to Hasselquist,
more than a hundred men were kept alive during a siege

284 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

of nearly two months, with no other sustenance than a little
of this gum gradually dissolved in the mouth. The wood
of the cherry tree is hard and tough, and is much used by
the turner and cabinet maker; especially the Virginia
cherry, which is capable of receiving a fine polish, and has
reddish streaks resembling mahogany. The bark of this
last species, according to Dr Mease (Dom. Ency.) is pow-
erfully tonic and has frequently been substituted with suc-
cess for the Peruvian Bark. The bark of the roots is more
powerful.

Soi, anp Cuxirivation. — The stones of the cherry are
sown in autumn, in a rich, well prepared soil. The second
year they are transplanted to nursery rows four feet asunder,
and at a foot distance from each otherinthe row. They are
inoculated the third year. The best soil, is a rich, dry,
sandy loam, and an elevated situation. A cold, clayey,
moist soil, does not suitthem. If the tree grows in suitabie
form, pruning is neither much practised or recommended.

MULBERRY. (Morus.)

BLACK MULBERRY.
Morus NiGRA.

This tree is a native of Asia Minor. It rises from,
twentyfive to thirty feet. The leaves are large and rug-
ged. Its fruit is aromatic, juicy, subacid and good. An
agreeable wine is made from its juice.

RED MULBERRY.
Morvs RusBRa.

A native of America. The tree rises to the height of

MULBERRY: . 285

from thirty to forty feet; the leaves are large, dark green,
rugged. The fruit is of a very deep red color and excel-
lent. This variety is esteemed superior to the Black Mul-
berry as a fruit, and the tree is more hardy.

WHITE ITALIAN MULBERRY.
Morus ALBA.

A native of China. It is a tree of rapid growth, and
extensively known for the uses of its leaf for the food of
silk-worms. Its fruit is white, very insipid and worth-
less,

JAPAN PAPER MULBERRY.
BrRoussONETIA PAPYRIFERA.

~The tree rises to a large size, with a round head ; the
leaves are rough, either cordate, entire, or divided into two
or three lobes. It is a native of China or Japan, and from
its inner bark, paper is made in those countries. The fruit
is round and curious, The trees are male and female ;
they are of rapid growth, and ornamental.

Som, Cuvtivation, &c. — These varieties of mulberry
wil] flourish in almost any soil, but grow most luxuriantly
in a deep sandy loam, rather in a humid than dry soil.
They are propagated by seeds or by layers, and sometimes
byecuttings: The seeds are obtained by washing the
bruised pulp of thoroughly ripe fruit; they are carefully
dried, and sown early in April like carrots, in a rich soil, and
covered to the depth of half an inch with loam, and press-
ed down compactly. The second year they are transplant-
ed to nursery rows.

*

286 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

DANDOLO OR MORETTI MULBERRY. Dr Fon-
taneilles. :

A new and most valuable species of mulberry for the |
nourishment of the silk worm. It was first discovered
about 1815, by M. Moretti, Professor in the University
of Pavia, and from a single young tree he had in 1826,
multiplied them to 120,000. The tree is presumed to be
hardy ; the fruit which is at first violet, becomes at matu-
rity perfectly black. The leaf is ovate, sharp pointed,
entire, cordate at the base. It is thin, smooth on the under
and especially on the upper surface, which is of a beautiful
and rather deep shining green; it is not near so thick as
that of the large white mulberry, called in France, the
-Admirable, and is thinner than those of the Spanish mul-
berry, (Morus Nigra.) It is neither wrinkled or plaited,
it is in general nearly eight inches wide, and ten inches
Jong. ‘This mulberry will be most profitably cultivated in
the form of a hedge, and from the superior size of the
leaf, they are gathered with the greatest facility. Its
superior quality has been proved by the experiments of M.
Gera and the Count Dandolo, who assert, that they produce
silk of a more beautiful gloss and of finer quality than
common silk. (See the whole article inserted by the Hon. H.
A. S. Dearborn, in the New England Farmer, vol. 8, No. 29.
It is from the Annales d’ Horticulture, and is extracted from
the Report of Dr Fontaneilles, on a letter published by M.
Gera, in 1826, in the Journal of Physics and of Chemistry
of Pavia.)

MORUS MULTICAULIS, or Many Stalked Mulberry.

True CHINESE MULBERRY, Worus Alba Sinensis.
PERROTTET MULBERRY.

[For no inconsiderable portion of the following interest-
ing particulars, I am indebted to the researches of the
Hon. H. A. 8. Dearborn, President of the Massachusetts

MULBERRY. 287

Horticultural Society. From the various accounts and
extracts inserted by him in the New England Farmer, for
1830 and 1831, I have chiefly compiled this account.]

MORUS MULTICAULIS.

A tree of ornament from China — A fruit tree —a new and
most valuable species of Mulberry, for the nourishment of the
silk worm, which is represented, as possessing such decided su-
periority over all others, as to be speedily substituted for them in
every region of the globe.

This tree has not yet tomy knowledge borne fruit in America.
It was even unknown in Europe as a fruit tree, till in 1830,
for the first time, it produced its fruit in France. The fruit, ac-
cording to M. Audibert, was produced in great abundance ; it
was long, black, and of sufficiently beautiful appearance ; its
taste very good, having a taste intermediate between the red and
black mulberry. The tree is very vigorous.and upright in its
growth. The leaves, in a light, friable, rich, and humid soil,
are large and cordiform, but ina dry and arid soil, they are. of
less size, eliptical, and without the heart-shaped indentation ; -
their breadth is stated to be six inches, and their length eight ; but
in rich soils they are sometimes eight inches in breadth, and ten
in length, or even more. They are curled or convex on their
surface, of a deep shining green, and eminently beautiful.

Some account of this plant so lately introduced to France and
to Europe, is contained in the Silk Culturist, No. 2, a valuable
work, published by Dr Felix Pascalis, of New York. It is con-
tained in a letter to the author from Havre, and is as follows.

‘ Samuel Perrottet, a member of the Linnean Society of Paris,
employed by Government asa travelling Botanist, returned to
this port after a voyage of thirtyfour months. He brought with
him, eightyfour boxes of various dimensions, containing one
hundred and fiftyeight species of living plants, to the number of
five hundred and thirtyfour individuals. All these productions
had been precured in the seas of Asia, or gathered on the coast
orin the lands of Cayenne. From the commencement of the
present century, there had never before been so vast an impor-
tation; one so extensive in number, for rare genera, species,
and families, and vegetable productions, or their seeds. All of
them passed under my examination, and they rather appeared to
have come out of a green house than from a ship.

‘In this immense collection was the Morus Multicaulis, thus
called by Perrottet; for the first time ascertained to be the real
Chinese Mulberry, Morus Alba Sinensis, of which every silk
grower and culturist should endeavor to multiply the species. It
has been deposited in the Royal Garden. Monsieur Perrottet
says thatit grows with many shoots from the roots, with tender

288 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

stems, and large foliage, of a much more nourishing nature than
the European mulberry.

‘ Chinese inhabitants assured him, that to this tree, the disci-
ples of Confucius are indebted for the prosperity and solidity of
their empire.

‘The Morus Multicaulis is already propagating in France
and probably will be substituted and preferred to all the other
varieties. Among the other qualities of the plant, it is affirmed
in China, that a less quantity of this foliage is required for the
precious insects, than of that which we are obliged to provide:
for them. Monsieur P. has left the tree in Cayenne, where it is
now flourishing in dry and barren soils.’

Remarks on the culture and uses of the Morus Multicaulis by
M. Perrottet, Agricultural Botanist, and Traveller of the
Marine and Colonies — From the ‘ Annales of Fromont.’

‘The Morus Multicaulis, which we noticed for the first time
in the Annales de la Societie Linnenne de Paris for 1824, ap-
pears to have originated in the elevated regions of China; from
whence it has been disseminated throughout the low plains near
the sea shore. Itis believed it is cultivated in all parts of that
vast empire, where the education of the silk worms is an object
of commercial importance. From Canton it was introduced into
Manilla and all the Islands inthe Asiatic Archipelago, where it
was only cultivated for ornamenting gardens. The Chinese are
entitled to the credit of this introduction, who in emigrating
from their country have from motives of industry, endeavored to
multiply, it, that they might render it useful to them, in the new
country of their adoption.

‘The fortunate discovery of this precious shrub occurred in
the garden of a Chinese cultivator at Manilla, who, after having
informed us of its properties, and the important purpose for
which it was used in his own country, yielded to our solicitations
and sold us two bushes for ten Spanish piastres, assuring us that
he had introduced it into Manilla, where it had been considera-
why extended.

‘In August we brought it from Manilla, the capital of the
Phillippine Islands, and first introduced it into the Isle of Bour-
bon, from thence into Cayenne and France. Ata later period it
was cab trait Cayenne to Martinique, and from France to Guada-
loupe, and also to Senegal, where it has been considerably mul-
tiplied. Tke numerous plants which are already disseminated
in the divers climates of Africa, America, and Europe have been
all produced from the two individuals, which we procured at
Manilla.

* * * «Among the number of mulberries, now cultivated by
the Chinese, for the education of silk worms, the Morus Multi-
caulis appears to be the most esteemed of all, not only for the
facility with which itis propagated and grows, but still more

MULBERRY. 289

for the essentially nutritive property which the leaves possess.
We have been enabled to verify this important fact during
the five years which we passed in’ Senegal. * * * The charac-
ters which essentially distinguish this mulberry from the other
varieties, are those which result, Ist, from the remarkable property
which the roots possess of throwing up numerous small flexible
stalks, without forming a principal trunk; 2d, from the great length
which these stalks assume in avery short time; 3d, from the
remarkable development which the thin, tender, and soft leaves
speedily acquire,and the promptitude with which they are renew-
ed. * * * and 4th and lastly, from the extraordinary facility
with which the stalks and branches strike root, as cuttings, with-
out particular care, even before they have acquired a Jigneous
consistence.

* * * ¢ Besides the advantages which we have already named,
we may still add, that they are admirably calculated for forming
regular plantations; it not being natural to grow tall or form any
trunk properly so called; they can be placed very near without
an injurious effect; and by heading down the stalks annually
near the ground, a rich vegetation is produced, with a complete
development of vigorous branches and leaves; and finally it is
easy to multiply them by thousands from the roots in the course
of a year, and to form vast and regular plantations of them the
second. But a few years then are sufficient to obtain considera-
ble fields of them in full vigor, sufficient to support an immense
quantity of silk worms, and that with the greatest facility, as
they are reproduced in a manner almost indefinite. * * * Reg-
ular plantations of it can be found without difficulty, by plant-
ing the shrubs at a distance of six or eight feet from each other,
a space sufficient for the extension of the branches, to facilitate
the culture and for collecting the leaves. ‘This last operation is
so much facilitated by the flexibility of the stalks, that a child is
sufficient for furnishing the food of a large establishment of silk
worms.

CuiMATE, Soi, &c.—* * * * This species will be readily
acclimated in Europe ; because it originated in an analogous re-
gion as to climate, to that which we inhabit. It appears not to
suffer from the excessive cold of the northern; or the intense
heat of the intertropical regions ; for the plants deposited in the
gardens of the government at Cayenne, acquired in the space of
eight months a truly remarkable development, and at the time
of our departure from that colony, in June, 1821, they were cloth-
ed with leaves of an extraordinary size.. Those also which we
cultivated at Senegal, although situated under a dry and scorch-
ing sky, and planted in an arid soil, offered an appearance suffi-
ciently satisfactory, but they had acquired less development in
all respects, than those which have vegetated under the humid
climate of Guiana. It appears expedient then, that plantations

290 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

of this mulberry should be made upon a humid rather than a
dry soil, to obtain in all respects a satisfactory result.

“ * * # ¢ Besides, this mulberry braves the most vigorous win-
ters. We saw on our arrival at Havre, in July last, in the field
of M. A. Eyries, plants, which had endured, in the open ground,
the winter of 1828, and which appeared vigorous and beautiful.’
—Thus far M. Perrottet.

On this last and other points, let us now hear the testimony of
M., Poiteau in the 4nnales d’ Horticulture, 1830.

‘ By the information which we receive from all quarters, it ap-
pears, that this mulberry is destined to replace the common white
mulberry, everywhere, for nourishing silk worms; its property
of continuing low and bushy, so that the leaves can always be
gathered without a ladder; and the large size, abundance, and
tenderness of the leaves, cannot fail to give it a decided prefer-
ence. It has been sufficiently ascertained, that they are eaten
with avidity by the silk worms, and that the silk which they
form is of the first quality. This mulberry has not suffered in
the least from the rigors of the last severe winter.

‘The zealous traveller, who has given to France, America,
and Africa, this precious plant, has acquired a just claim to
public gratitude, and it is not only easy, but proper, to give him

_at this time a proof of it, by affixing his name to the tree which
has given him celebrity, and which will contribute so much to
the prosperity of French industry. * * * ‘Vote to'the Per-
rottet Mulberry (Morus Multicaulis.)

M. Audibert is also decidedly of theopinion that the best mode
of cultivating the Morus Multicaulis, for the support of silk
worms, is in hedges with low stocks. M. Barthere of Toulouse
in the South of France, who has considerably extended their cul-
tivation, fully coincides in the same opinion; and is confident
that in grounds and vineyards which could hardly give two per
cent, this tree will now insure ten per cent.

This tree, according to M. Perrottet and Dr Deslongchamps, is
easily propagated either by layers, by cuttings, or even by cut-
tings ofa single eye, placed beneath the surface and shaded from
the noonday sun.

The experiments instituted at Paris by Dr Deslongchamps,
have confirmed all that had been previously asserted respecting
the quality of the silk produced by this plant; he has further
stated that the cocoons, made by the worms fed only on this
plant, are even rather heavier.

Dr Felix Pascalis in an article in Silliman’s Journal of Sci-
ence for July, 1830, after informing us that in the preceding
March he had received two plants of this mulberry from France,
has added —‘ After the discovery of this plant, a doubt no

longer exists, that two crops of silk may be raised in a single
season.’

CURRANT. 291

At Madam Parmeatier’s Horticultural establishment, two
crops of silk were produced in the summer of 1832. — The first
were fed promiscuously on the Morus Multicaulis, Morus .Al-
ba, and other mulberries. The cocoons thus produced were
about two thirds white and the remainder of an orange color. A
suitable portion of these cocoons were collected for seed, having
no regard to color:— These being subjected to the hatching
process, produced .a second crop the 30th July. These last
were fed exclusively on the Morus Multicaulis: they passed
through the different stages of their larva existence in the short
space of 26days. The cocoons which were obtained from this
second crop were of a much larger size than those of the first
crop, but whatis of still more consequencethey were of the
whiteness of snow, and have a most beautiful shining appear-
ance. (See New England Farmer, vol. xi. No. ii.) At Madam
Parmentier’sin 1831, 1 witnessed the silk worms feeding with avid-
ity on the leaves of the Morus Multicaulis, and was informed that
they had left eleven other species of mulberries to feed on this. At
that place we are also informed, the Morus Multicaulis has with-
stood the rigors of the last six winters uninjured and unprotected.
Although being possessed of an active and prolonged vegetation,
itis not to be expected that the unripened wood of the tender
tips, should always escape.

{ introduced this plant to Massachusetts in the spring of 1831,
from the Messrs Prince of the Linnean Botanic Garden, Flushing;
I also received plants of the same from Madame Parmentier’s of |
Brooklyn, L. I. andI have also received them from France from
M. Andre Michaux, author of the American Sylva.

CURRANT. (Ribes.)

TE currant is said to be a native of the north of Eu-
rope. The white currant is stated to be but a variety of the
red produced by cultivation. The black is a distinct spe-
cies ; of this we have an American variety. .

Uses. The red currant is used as a dessert fruit, as it
possesses a pleasant acid taste ; it is also used in pies, tarts,
preserves, jellies, &c. Currant wineis made by adding to

292 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

the expressed juice of fifty pounds of ripe currants, seven
gallons of water and thirtythree pounds of good dry Ha-
vanna sugar. This liquor is put into good casks which
must never be quite filled, as the pulp must never be suffer-
ed to work out, as its presence is essential to the goodness
of the liquor. The bung is left out fortyeight hours, then
laid on loosely a fortnight, then driven tight, and in five
months it will be fine and fit for use. The first young
leaves of the common currant. bush, gathered as soon as
they put out, and dried on tin, can hardly be distinguished
itis said, from greentea. From the black currant ajelly is
made, of considerable medicinal efficacy ; a wine is also made
from them, reputed to possess far superior medicinal virtues
to Port wine. This and the jelly have been highly recom-
mended for disorders of the throat ; and as necessary arti-
cles in the stores of ships sailing tothe East Indies. A
liquor is prepared from the black currant which Mr Forsyth |
states is possessed of great medicinal efficacy in obstinate
coughs, &c. The currants for this purpose are bruised,
and being placed in ajar, whiskey or ‘any other species of
alcohol is poured over them, the jar is then covered close
for a fortnight; after this the liquor is strained and bottled.
We are also informed that a small leaf of the black currant
gathered in spring and laid for afew minutes in an infusion
of Bohea tea, communicates its ‘flavor, which has been
compared to that of green tea.

VARIETIES.

Buack ENGLIsH.
The berries are of large size and the trees are-very pro-
ductive.
AMERICAN BuAck CURRANT.
This possesses similar qualities to the preceding, but it
is not so highly esteemed.

OURRANT. 293

Brack NAPLEs. j
This is a new variety, highly recommended.
~CHAMPAGNE.
The fruit of this variety is pale red.
LARGE RED, oR Rep DutTcu.
The growth is strong and upright, the berries large, it is
extraordinarily productive and good.

LarGe WHITE oR SPANISH IMPERIAL. LARGE DutcH
WHITE.

The young wood grows upright. The berries and clus-
ters are very large, of a yellowish white ,color, and ex-
cellent quality; itis extraordinarily productive. The
branches of the bearing wood trail. beneath the weight of
their fruit.

JEFFERSON OR Missourl FRAGRANT CURRANT.
» This variety is very distinct from the other kinds. Its
growth is tall ; its berries are very few, are black, and of
ordinary quality ; its flowers are in clusters of a yellow
color, and extraordinary fragrance.

~~ CULTIVATION, SOIL, &c.

The currant requires a rich soil, its cultiyation is similar to
that of the gooseberry which see.

Prunina. —‘ Mr Macdonald’ [Edin. Ency. vol. x. p. 576,]
‘raises currants both red and white of the finest quality. He
prunes the bushes.at the usual season in midwinter, shortening
the last year’s shoots to,an inch or an. inch and ahalf. Next
summer the plants show plenty of fruit and at the same time
throw out strong shoots. As soon as the berries begin to color,
he cuts off the summer shoots to within five or six inches above
the fruit. This is commonly done with garden shears, with
which a man may go over half an acre of bushes inaday. Sun
and air thus get free access, and more of the vigor of the plant
is directed to the fruit; the berries are found not only to be of
higher flavor, but larger than usual. Mr A. D. Williams of
Roxbury, practises winter {pruning on perfectly similar princi-
ples, and with the most decisive results.

25*

294 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

GOOSEBERRY. (Ribes Uva-crispa.)

A native of America and of Europe. <A low branching
prickly shrub; a fruit wonderfully improved by cultivation.
According to Loudon it is found wild in Piedmont where it
is eatable, but astringent and neglected. In Italy and
Spain scarcely known, and little esteemedin France. ‘A
moderate temperature and humid climate seems best to
suit the fruit.’ Cultivated in greater perfection in Lan-
cashire than any other part of the world. But Neill
observes, ‘It must be admitted that although the
largest gooseberries make a fine appearance on the table,
they are deficient in flavor, or-their skins are thick and
strong compared with some of smaller size.’ Some large
kinds, however, are of good quality.

Uses. The gooseberry is considered an excellent des-
sert fruit either raw or preserved in sugar; and very valua-
ble fruit for pies, tarts, sauces, &c. In cool cellars they
may be preserved for winter use, in bottles filled first with
gooseberries and then with water, and closely corked and
sealed. But by plunging the bottles in cold water which
is to be heated gradually to the boiling point, they are said
to keep better.

According to Phillips, wine made from green goose-
berries is but a shade inferior to champagne ; and the ripe
black gooseberry affords a luscious wine. Phillips asserts
that fields might be covered with this fruit for the making
of wine, as profitably, as the vineyards of the South.

VARIETIES, (chiefly from Landley.)
The following varieties from Lindley, the Pomological

GOOSEBERRIES. 295

Magazine and Mr Hooker, are recommended by them as
the best selection from many hundred varieties.

RED.

CAPPER’S Tor SAWYER. 24 dwts.
Branches somewhat drooping ; fruit late, very large, ob-
long, pale red, hairy near the base ; very excellent.
CHAMPAGNE.

Branches erect; fruit late, middle sized, com wnnt ob-
long, dark red, hairy ; most excellent.

Farmer’s Roarrine Lion. 31dwts. 16 grs.

Branches somewhat drooping; fruit late, very large,
oblong, dull red, smooth; the largest of all the gooseberries.

Kwnicur’s Marquis or STAFFORD.

Branches somewhat erect ; fruit late, large, roundish
oblong, bright red, hairy, excellent.

Metuina’s Crown Bos. 22 dwts.

Branches drooping; fruit rather late, large, oblong,
bright red, hairy ; very good.

Oxup RovaGcs Rep.

Branches somewhat drooping ; fruit small, round, dark
red, very hairy; most excellent for preserving as goose-
berry jam, and best for bottling when green.

Wixtmor’s Earty Rep. Hooker’s Pom. Lond.

_ One of the very best of all gooseberries and is cultivated
by Mr Wilmot to a great extent in his celebrated fruit gar-
den. He prefers it to all others he has seen. He states
that it is of large size, very early, of excellent flavor and
incredibly productive.

296 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

GREEN.

Earty Green HAIRY.
Branches erect ; fruit early, small, round, deep green,
hairy ; excellent.
Epwarp’s Jotyuy Tar. 19 dwts. 17 grs.
Branches somewhat- drooping ; fruit early, of a middle
size, roundish oblong, smooth, with yellowish veins.
Massey’s Heart or Oax. 16dwts.
Branches drooping, fruit rather early, large, oblong,
smooth, with pale yellow veins; excellent.
Nixon’s Grery Myrr te.
’ Branches somewhat drooping ; fruit late, large, oblong,
smooth, tapering to the base, pale green.
Parkinson’s Laureu. 17 dwts. 18 grs.
~ Branches erect; fruit rather late, large, roundish, oblong,
pale green, very downy.
WAINWRIGHT’s OCEAN. 20 dwts. 8 grs.
+ Branches drooping; fruit early, large,-obiong, or ovate,
smooth ; the largest of this color.
WHITE.
CiewortTuH’s WuHiTE Lion. 19 dwts. 9 grs.
Branches somewhat drooping; fruit late, roundish ob-
long, slightly hairy, sometimes nearly smooth.
CromprTon’s SHEBA QuEEN. 18 dwts.

Branches somewhat erect; fruit early, pretty large,
roundish-oblong, downy; excellent.

Moore's WuitTe BEAR.

Branches somewhat erect; fruit early, large, roundish,
oblong, hairy, or somewhat bristly.

GOOSEBERRIES. 297

SAUNDER’s CHEsHIRE Lass. 20dwts.

Branches erect ; fruit very early, large, oblong, downy ;
excellent for tarts early in the spring, when few are ready
for that purpose.

WExLINGTON’s GLory. 23 dwts.14 grs.

Branches erect ; fruit pretty early, large, somewhat ovate,
very downy; excellent.

Woopwarp’s WHITEsMITH. 16 dwis. 7 grs.

Branches erect; fruit pretty early, large, roundish ob-
long, brownish when exposed, very downy ; very excellent,
and more in esteem.than any other gooseberry of this
color.

YELLOW.
Dixon’s Gotpen YELLow.
Branches drooping; fruit early, pretty large, roundish
oblong, greenish yellow, smooth.
Gorpon’s VirER. 24 dwts. 17 grs.
Branches drooping ; fruit early, large, somewhat turbin-
ate, greenish yellow, smooth.
Hamuet’s Kiuton.
Branches somewhat drooping; fruit early, large, round-
ish oblong, bright greenish yellow, slightly hairy.
HarpcastTLe’s GuNNER. 27 dwts. 1 gr.
Branches somewhat erect; fruit rather late, large, obo-
vate, with large veins, hairy or bristly.
Hity’s GotpEn GourpD.
Branches somewhat drooping ; fruit very early, large,
oblong, greenish yellow, slightly hairy ; very excellent.
‘Propner’s Rockwoop. 23dwts. 4 grs.

Branches erect ; fruit very early, large, roundish oblong,
dark yellow, slightly hairy.

298 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

Other varieties recommended in the Pom. Mag.

Rep. —: Boardman’s British Crown, large.— Red War-
rington, large, late.— Red .Champagne, small.— Early
Black, small. ;
Wuire.— White Crystal, small.— White Champagne
small.

GREEN. — Pitmasten Green Gage, small.

YeLLow — Haywood’s Invincible, large. — Yellow Cham-
pagne, small. — Rumbullion, small.

CULTIVATION, SOIL, &c.

Gooseberries require a very rich soil; and in an airy situation or
shade they are but little liable to mildew. ‘They are raised
from cuttings planted very early in April, in a moist soil ; every
eye should be cut out except the two uppermost above the sur-
face. In autumn cut off the lower shoot very close ; and short-
en down the one left to six or nine inches. The bushes must
be so managed as to be furnished with limbs diverging in every
direction, continually increasing in number as they advance
from the centre. With this object in view, the young leading
shoots of the last year are annually cut back to six or nine in-
ches, and a proportion of the others are cut quite close. Thus
the bushes will continue extending, every part being duly filled
with bearing wood ; sufficient spaces being left to admit the sun
and a free circulation of air. The largest prize gooseberries are
said to be raised on vigorous young bushes, which have not
more than five or six branches, and but one, two, or at most three
berries on a branch.

GRAPE VINE. (Vitus vinifera.)

THE vine is a native of the temperate regions. It
is cultivated most extensively for wine, in every part
of Europe favorable to its growth, from the Mediter-

GRAPES. 299

ranean Sea and its Islands, to the latitude of 49°; and even
farther north, in the interior. Alsoin South Africa, and the
African Isles, and in Greece. It is also cultivated in Bar-
bary, Egypt, and every part of Asia where the climate is
suitable ; but not so much for wine, its use being forbidden
to the disciples of Mohammed. It does not flourish within
the tropics ; it may indeed grow there, but produces yery
little fruit, except in the mountainous elevations.

Uses. — The grape has been esteemed in all ages a de-
licious and wholesome dessert fruit. They are also used
for pies, tarts, preserves, &c. .

Raisins are the matured fruit of the grape, either dried

in an oven, or what is the more common, if not the prefer-

able mode, is the following. The clusters, without being
separated from the branches, are dipped in a ley of wood
ashes, containing a small portion of sweet oil, and then
dried by exposure tothe sun. The best kind are thus pre-
pared. Raisins are deemed a wholesome and nutricious
food when eaten in moderation. They are extensively
used, both for the dessert and in cookery. Raisins make
goodwine. Lastly, the grape is most extensively cultivat-
ed for the same purpose.

The vine is extremely long lived. It has been stated
that some have lived six hundred years — also that there
are vineyards in Italy, which have flourished three hundred
years; and Bosc states, that there are vinesin Burgundy,
four hundred years old. In America they ascend to the
tops of the highest trees of the forest. Vine timber is
further stated to be extremely valuable, and of great du-
rability, and is used for furniture, statues, &c. The great
doors of the cathedral] of Ravenna, according to Phillips,
are made of vine-tree planks, some of them twelve feet
long, and fifteen inches broad.

300 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

VARIETIES.

In the arrangement of Ae ss I have divided the whole
into four sections.

Section I. Those called Chasselas grapes; these are
early.

Section If. Those called Muscats, or Frontignacs. The
Muscats are more tardy in ripening than the Chasselas
grapes.

Section IT. Other highly approved foreign varieties.

Section IV. American grapes.

Be TLON T:
CHASSELAS GRAPES.

The Chasselas grapes arein high estimation at Paris, and
in the north of France, as well for their excellent quality, as
for their early maturity.

WHITE CHASSELAS. Neill.
Rovan MuscapineE, D’ArporieE, Ib. For. Lindley.
CHASSELAS DE FonTAINBLEAU, Bon Jard.
SWEET WATER, according to some good authority.

The wood crows pretty strong ; the bunches are large
and shouldered; the berries are large, round, greenish
yellow, golden or amber colored at maturity ; the flesh is
juicy, rich, vinous, and excellent ; a capital and very pro-
ductive variety. At Paris it is generally cultivated on
walls; near Boston it is considered one of the very best
for our climate; ripening well its fruit in open culture,
in favorable seasons and situations. A gentleman here of
great experience and observation, is confident, that the
Sweet Water, and the Chasselas de Fontainbleau, are
but one and the same ; and that the difference which they
sometimes assume, is owing to no other causes, than a
difference of exposition.

GRAPES. 301

GOLDEN CHASSELAS.

CuHAssELAS Dorr’, BansuR AuUBE, Duh. Bon Jard.
RAIsIN DE CHAMPAGNE, Bon Jard. p. 366.
YeLLow CHASSELAS OF THOMERY.

The wood of this fine variety is of medium vigor, the joints
short; by this it is distinguished from the White Chasselas.
It is also a fortnight earlier than that variety, but is not se
exuberantly productive. The bunchesare large ; the berries
large and round, of a yellow amber or gold color, melting,
pleasant, sweet and excellent. The bunches of this vari-
ety are somewhat peculiar, Raving mostly quite large ber-
ries, intermixed with some few of small size on the same

bunch. This fine variety has been introduced by S. G.

Perkins, Esq. and produces good crops.in open culture in
warmexpositions. The Chasselas doré, bar sur aube, of the
Qld Duhamel and the Bon Jardinier, must not be confound-
ed withthe White Chasselas, or Chasselas de Fontainbleau.

BLACK CHASSELAS.. Lindley. .

CuAssELAs Norr, of the French.
Brack Muscapine, of the English.

The bunches are the size of the White Muscadine; the
berries are of a globular form, of a black. color, and cover-
ed with blue bloom ; the flesh is rich and of very good flavor.

MUSK CHASSELAS. Duh. Bon Jard.
CuHAsseELAS Musgvuer, Bon Jard. Duh..

The bunches are of medium size’; the berries are round
and of moderate size, of a green or greenish yellow ; the
pulp is sweet, high flavored and musky ; this variety is
rather later than the Golden and White Chasgselas.

RED CHASSELAS. Bon Jard. For. Lindley.

CHAsSsSELAS RouGe, Bon Jard. of the French.
Rep MouscapiIne, of some English authors.

The bunches are of medium size, not very compact; the

26

302 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

berries smaller than the White Chasselas, of a dark red
color, sweet and of good flavor — not so early as the White
Muscadine.

VARIEGATED CHASSELAS. Neill. Lindley.

A new variety raised by Mr Knight, from the seed of
the Chasselas, fertilized by the pollen of the Aleppo. The
berries are striped, and very beautiful, with a thin skin, and
juicy. The leaves in autumn become variegated with red
and yellow; a very productive and hardy variety, ripening
well in the open air. Thus has Mr Neill described it; but
according to Mr Lindley, the bunches are long, the berries
rather small, globular, deep purple next the sun, tender,
very saccharine, and of pretty good flavor.

SECTION- IT.
MUSCATS, OR FRONTIGNACS.

The Muscats or Frontignacs, are highly esteemed for
their delicate and delicious musk flavor. They are not
quite so early in their season of maturity as the varieties of
Chasselas.

BLACK FRONTIGNAC. Forsyth. Lindley.

Buve Frontienac, VioteT Fronrienac, according to
Speechly.
Muscat Noir, of the French.

The bunches are rather short, and below medium size,
and loosely formed ; the berries are of medium size, round,
black, and covered with blue bloom; the flavor is vinous,
sweet and musky. This is not so highly esteemed at Paris
as the White Muscat. It rarely ripens in open culture,
either there or near Boston.

GRAPES. 303

RED FRONTIGNAC. Mr Neill.

GrizzLy FRoNnT1GNAC, Ib. =
MuscaT Rovee, Bon Jard.

The bunches are rather large, long, and moderately com-
pact; the berries are pretty large, round, of a red color,
and of a high vinous, and musky flavor. This variety
ripens earlier than the White Frontignac, and although
not so high flavored as that variety, it is more esteemed in
France than the Violet and Black Muscats.

RED MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA. For. Lindley,
Rep FrRontTiGnac or JERUSALEM, of. Miller.

It resembles the White except in regard to color; the
bunches are rather large, and shouldered; the berries
rather large, oval, of a red color; the skin is thick, the flesh
firm, juicy, saccharine, musky, and high flavored. Bradley
calls this one of the very best grapes. It is also said to be
more esteemed about Paris, than the White Muscat; and
there, against good walls, it ripens very well.

WHITE FRONTIGNAC. Mr Neill.
Muscat pre Fronrienan, Bon Jard.
Muscat Buawe, Ib.

Bunches very long, conical, compact; berries the ‘size
of the Chasselas, round, a little elongated, white, but
slightly yellow next the sun ; pulp white, crackling, of an
exquisite sweet and musky flavor. Very productive.
Highly esteemed near Boston, where its cultivation is
principally confined to vineries, as it seldom comes to ma-
turity in out of door cultivation.

WHITE MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA. Mr Neill.
Muscat D’ALEXANDRIA Buanc, Bon Jard.
Passe LonGuE Musaur, Ib.
Muscat or JERUSALEM, Miller.
Passe Musque’s, Hort. Soc. Cat.

Bunches very large, long, irregularly formed; berries

304 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

very scattering, large, oval, of an amber color at maturity.
The skin is thick; pulp hard, musky, juicy, racy, and high
flavored. The berries have one or two seeds or none.
Highly esteemed by the English ; it is also highly esteem-
ed at Paris; but they consider their climate too cold for
all the Muscats. The Muscats are there placed in the
angles formed by two walls, one facing east, the other
south. In the Catalogue of the London Horticultural So-
ciety, the Malaga is put down as a synonyme of this; but
I have doubts on the subject.

WHITE MUSCAT OF LUNEL. Speechly.

The bunches are rather large; the berries are large,
oval, of a fine amber color, sometimes clouded with russet
next the sun. The skin is thin, the flesh delicate, juicy,
and vinous. A productive variety.

SiC TION, Fit.

OTHER HIGHLY ESTEEMED FOREIGN VARIETIES.

SUBSEC. I. — BLACK, BLUE, AND PURPLE GRAPES.
EKARLY BLACK JULY. For. Bon Jard.

Morixtito0on Harir, Bon Jard.
PRECOCE DE LA MADELEINE, Ib.
MADELEINE Noire, Hort. Soc. Cat.

Bunches small; berries very small, round, blackish
violet and covered with bloom; sweet, but possessing little
flavor; one of the very earliest of all grapes, and only
valuable on this account. ‘There is a white variety, but
not of first rate quality.

BLACK CAPE.
Bunches very large and shouldered, sometimes weighing

GRAPES. 305

over two pounds; berries extraordinarily large, oval, and
black ; and equal in excellence of flavor and quality, to the
Black Hamburg in the opinion of good judges. In highly
favorable seasons and situations, it ripens its- fruit well in
he vicinity of Boston. . This variety was imported by S.
G. Perkins, Esq. from the Cape of Good Hope. This grape
is an acquisition to the country. It is a most productive
variety ; and three vines in open culture have ripened at
Mr Perkins’s, more than 500 pounds in a single season.

BLACK DAMASCUS. Lindley.

The bunches are middie sized, and -loosely formed; the
berries are globular and of different sizes; the large ber-
ries have two seeds, the small have none ; their color is
black; flesh delicate, juicy, and of most superior flavor.

BLACK HAMBURGH.
WarRNER’s BLAcK HamBurGH, according to Lindley.

The bunches are large, well. shouldered and compact ;
the breadth is nearly equal to the depth; berries large,
oval, of a deep purple color or nearly black, and covered
with a blue bloom ; flesh tender, saccharine, and of excel-
lent flavor; a very productive and excellent variety; a
great favorite at Boston, and much cultivated in their
grape houses. In favorable seasons and situations it ripens
at that place in open culture. The wood of this variety is
strong and luxuriant ; the clusters of fruit are beautiful,
and sometimes weigh two pounds.

BLACK LOMBARDY. Loudon’s Mag. Lindley. For.
West’s St Perer’s, Lindley.

The wood is short jointed; the leaves are rather small,
deeply serrated, shining beneath, and changing to purple
in autumn. The bunches are long and large shouldered ;

26*

306 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

the berries are large, round, blaek at maturity; the skin is
thin, the pulp juicy and high flavored.

BLACK PRINCE. Neill. Hort. Trans.

The leaves are broad, with deeply divided lobes, widely
serrated, their long footstalks tinged with red; they change
in autumn to pale red and dark purple. The bunches are
very long, sometimes, but rarely shouldered ; the berries
are oval, dark purple, and eovered thick with blue bloom ;
the flesh is pale, juicy, sweet and well flavored; each usn-
ally containing five seeds. This excellent grape, it is
stated, sometimes ripens even on the open walls in the
south of England ; the bunches have sometimes weighed
a pound and a half.

BLACK RAISIN GRAPE. Lindley. For.

The bunches are large, long; the largest are shoulder-
ed; the berries are large, black, of an oval form; the skin
is thick, the flesh is firm, juicy and very high flavored.
The wood is long jointed.

BLACK ST PETER’S. Neill.
Buacx Grape From PALEsTINE, Speechly.

The bunches are large, long, sometimes shouldered ;
it resembles the Black Hamburg, but is longer; the ber-
ries are large, roundish oval, of a black color, and thin skin ;
very juicy, delicate and fine flavored ; the wood is very
strong. Near Boston, this grape is seldom cultivated,
except under glass. It is not here so generally known as
the Black Hamburgh.

BLACK SWEET WATER. Specchly.

The bunches are small, short and compact; the berries
are small, round, black, with a thin skin; very sweet, with

/

GRAPES. 307

little perfume. This grape will ripen in open culture, near
Boston, in favorable seasons and situations.

BLUE CARTAGER.

A vine of most luxuriant growth; the bunches are of
good size ; the berries large, of a blue or black color, and
good flavor. This variety was imported from Vienna, by
Col. Gibbs, of Sunswick, New York, from the Imperial
Gardens at Shenbrun, near Vienna. It is supposed to
be one of the most hardy of foreign sorts, and suitable for
vineyards.

MILLER’S BURGUNDY.

Le Meunier, Morintion Jaconne’.

The bunches are short and compact; the berries small,
round, black, and covered with blue bloom; the flesh is
tender, juicy, very sweet, and high flavored; the leaves
are covered with hoary down like meal; hence the name
of Miiler’s Grape. One of the hardiest varieties, and ex-
tensively cultivated in Burgundy for wine ; more celebrated
for this use than for the dessert.

CONSTANTIA. Mr Perkins.

The wood of this variety is large ; the leaves rough and
downy ; the bunches are of good size ; the berries are
round, of a purple color, and of a most delicious sweet
flavor. It ripens well in the open air in our climate, but
only in highly sheltered situations. The berries contain
but two seeds, and sometimes but one. This grape was
imported by S. G. Perkins, Esq. from the Cape of Good
Hope, and is supposed to be one of the most valuable in
the country, and remarkably productive.

ESPERIONE. Hort. Trans. vol. m1. p. 98.
The bunches are large, the size of the Black Hamburgh;

308 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

shouldered, pretty compact. The berries are round, or
flattened at the head, sometimes witha suture on one side ;
color deep blue or black and covered with bloom. The
flesh adheres to the skin, and though neither melting nor
high flavored, is pleasant. The wood is strong and luxuri-
ant, high colored; the buds are large, round and woolly.
_ The Esperione is productive to an extraordinary degree,
very hardy, very early, equally so with the Sweetwater and
Muscadine ; and in unfavorable seasons, has a decisive ad--
vantage over these and indeed almost any other hardy

grape.
FRANKENTHAL. Lindley.

FRANKENDALE.

The bunches are large and well shouldered, they some
whatresemblethe Black Hamburgh. The berries are oval,
flattened at the head, indented at the side, of a purple or
black color, covered with blue bloom ; the flesh is tender,
juicy, rich, sweet, and of excellent flavor.

GROS GUILLAUME. N. Duh.

The wood is of medium strength, and of a red color.
The bunches very large and compact. The berries are
large, oval, black, and covered with azure bloom; the skin
is thick, the flesh gieen, melting, the juice- abundant, and
without color, pleasant and sweet. It has generally three
small seeds. It produces abundantly, ripening the mid-
dle of September ; in good yearsit ripens well on espaliers.
Its cultivation is not yet extended in the environs of Paris,
but it merits to be cultivated forthe table.

GROS MAROC.

The bunches are of good size, sometimes very large ;
the berries are large, oval, of a dark purple or violet color, —
and covered with bloom ; the skin is thick ; the flesh juicy

GRAPES... 309

and high flavored. It ripens in open culture near Boston,
but only in favorable seasons and situations.

LANGFORD’S INCOMPARABLE. Lindley.

The bunches are of good size, compactly formed and
shouldered; the berries are of moderate size ; the small-
est are round, the largest oval, of a dark purple color, cov-
ered with blue bloom. The flesh is tender, juicy, sacchar-
ine, and resembles the Miller’s Burgundy. Mr Lindley
states that a single vine growing at Mr Langfords, pro-
duced 225 pounds in a single year; he esteems it the best
and most hardy out of door grape known in that country.

REGNER DE NICE.

A large black grape of high reputation, very recently
imported by Mr Perkins.

TEINTURIER. N. Duh. p. 150.

AuicantT, Lindley.

Buiacx Spanisu, Speechly.
Buack PortuGA., [ort. Soc. Cat.
Gros Norr D’Espacne, Bradley.

The leaves are small, and deeply divided into five lobes ;
and in autumn variegated with red and yellow, and beau-
tiful; bunches generally small, oblong, compact; the
berries round, black, covered with blue bloom, their diame-
ter seven to eight lines; flavor tolerable; the flesh, juice
and seeds are red, and are used for coloring other wines.
Ripe at Paris 15th September.

SUBSEC. II. — RED OR REDDISH PURPLE GRAPES.

POONAH. Hort. Trans. vol. iv. p. 516. |

The bunches are large, well shouldered, tapering to a
point; the berries are nearly oval; pale red in-the shade,

310 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

but darker red next the sun; sweet but not very juicy;
they have generally but two seeds. This vine was intro-
duced from Bombay by Sir Joseph Banks in 1817. The
grape keeps a long time, and is extensively cultivated at
Poonah, and the ripe fruit sent thence annually to Bombay
and its dependencies. This grape deserves trial] in the
Southern States.

RAISIN DE CARMES. Hooker’s Pom. Lond. Pl. x.
Raisin DE Cazno. For. Ed. Ency.

The vine is vigorous and bears well; the fruit is in
long, loose bunches ; berries very large, interspersed with
a few of small size, of an irregular oval form ; skin rather
thick, of a dusky reddish purple, covered with bloom ; the
flesh is rather firm, extremely rich, though somewhat acid ;
the seeds are large, seldom more than one.

RED HAMBURGH. Mr Neill.

WARNER’S RED HamBureGuH. Ib.
Brown Hampureu. Hort. Soc. Cat.
GIBRALTER. Ib. 4

The bunches are large and similar in size and shape to
the Black Hamburgh ; berries rather large, oval, dark red
or purple; the skin is thin; flesh juicy, delicate and vinous.
This variety according to Mr Lindley, is the famous i
ton Court vine.

SUBSEC. III, — WHITE GRAPES.
EARLY WHITE MUSCADINE. Mr Neill. For.

Waite Muscavine, Pom. Mag.

Royat Muscapine. Ib.

Common Muscapine. Ib.

AmseR Muscapine, of For.

EarRLyY WHITE GRAPE oF TENERIFFE, Of Speechly.

The bunches are generally small, but very numerous,

GRAPES. 311

but they are sometimes considerably large, loosely formed
and shouldered; the berries are round, medium sized, of
an amber color; the flesh is firm, saccharine, rich, but not
high flavored; very productive —and for the certainty of
its ripening, it is considered one of the best European
varieties for a northern climate.

BORDELAIS. Bon Jard.
Versus, Bourprtatis, Bon Jard. p. 367.

The bunches are compact and very large, often of ex-
traordinary size ; the berries are very large, oblong, pale
yellow ; the flesh hard, juicy, and agreeable at maturity.
A very late variety ; its principal use is for its verjuice or
for cooking, for which purpose it is gathered in an immature
state. There is a red or black variety possessing the
same qualities.

WHITE CORINTH.
CoRINTHE Buanc. Duh. and the Bon Jard.

Bunches small, oblong, compact; berries very small,
round, yellow, juicy, sweet, and without seeds. The Vio-
let Corinthe only varies from this in color — and is proba-
bly identical with the Black Corinth, Zante, or Black Asca-
lon — known in commerce as the Zante currants, which
we receive from the Mediterranean in a dried state. It
has been estimated that 6000 tons are annually shipped
from the Tonian Islands.

CORNICHON BLANC. Bon Jard.

The bunches are small and long; the berries are very
long, swollen in the middle, and diminishing towards each
end, and very scattering ; the skin is white, thick, the flesh
sweet and very good. -This grape neither ripens well
either at Paris or at Boston in open culture ; an unproduc-
tive but curious variety.

>

312 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

MALMSEY MUSCADINE. For. , Lindley.
Matvorse’e Musaue, of Bradley.

It resembles the White Muscadine, but the bunches and
berries are smaller; it is very sweet and of high flavor;
bears well and is a valuable grape. It requires a vinery in
England —so say Forsyth and Lindley. Bradley says itis
one of the richest musked grapes —that it came from
Montserrat and grows plentifully about Turin. »

PITMASTON WHITE CLUSTER. Hort. Trans.
vol. 11. p. 249.

Raised by John Williams, Esq. of Pitmaston, from the
seed of the Auvernat or Miller’s Burgundy. The bunches
are rather larger than the Auvernat, compactly formed ; it
ripens earlier than this variety or the Sweet-water. The
berries are round, a little flattened at the apex, of an am-
ber color, but bronzed with russet next the sun; the flesh
is tender and pleasant.

QUEEN'S.

The bunches are large, berries round, white, of a good
size, and of a fine flavor; the vine is luxuriant; this isa
variety lately received here, and was sent to Col. Gibbs, of
Sunswick, New York, from Vienna. It ripened well in 1831.

SYRIAN. Mr Neill.

One of the coarsest of the grape kind; bunches large,
broad shouldered, of very regular form; the berries are
large, white, oval; the pulp firm and hard, of tolerable fla-
vor if weil ripened; an excellent bearer; and the bunches
when ripe will remain many weeks longer than any other
variety. This grape would not probably ripen in the open
air in the climate of New England. Mr Speechly has
stated that he raised at Welbeck a bunch of this variety
measuring nineteen and a half inches in breadth, twentyone

GRAPES. 313

three fourths inches in depth, in circumference four and a -
half feet, and weighing nineteen and a half pounds. This
is supposed to be the kind mentioned, Numbers xiii. 23.

TOKAY. Duh.

Wuitre Moriuton, Speechly’s syn.

Bunches of moderate size, compactly formed; the
berries inclining to oval, are rather small, faintly tinged
with gray or red; saccharine and pleasant. This grape
ripens in good seasons near Boston in open culture; and
is the variety of which the celebrated Tokay wine is
made. | |
VERDAL. Mr Niell.

VerpevHo. Ib. Bon Jard. p. 367.

The vine grows vigorously ; is remarkably productive ;
the bunches are variable in size, but beautiful ; the berries
are oval, of a fine amber color, of a very rich saccharine
taste and good flavor. Much cultivated in Languedoc and
there called Verdai.’ It was brought from thence to Paris,
where it is highly esteemed as the best and sweetest of all
dessert grapes; but it there requires a warm summer and
the best exposition to bring it to maturity, when the
bunches become beautiful, the berries large, each contain-
ing two seeds. This is the Verdellio Grape, of Madeira,
of which Madeira wine is principally made.

WHITE HAMBURGH. Speechly. Lindley.

Wuite Raisin, Ratstn Muscar.
Wuite Lisson, Hort. Soc. Cat.
Wuite PortruGAau. Ib,

The bunches are large and loosely formed; the berries
large, of an oval form and greenish white color ; the skin
is thick, the pulp hard, and the juice sweet, and slightly
mixed with acid. Mr Lindley informs us, that this grape
is by many much admired, that it keeps long: and is the

27

O14 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

same that is annually imported into that country from Por-
tugal, to the value of £10,000 in the winter season, and
sold in the shops for Portugal grapes. We may perhaps
ascribe its long keeping to its hard pulp and thick skin,
and would suggest that it might prove a profitable article
of cultivation and export from the Southern States.

WHITE ST PETER’S.

Saint Prerre. Bon Jard. 1828, p. 368.

The bunches are large, very beautiful and compactly
formed ; the berries are round, white and excellent. My
impression is that this grape must be a highly valuable new
variety and well deserving trial with us.

ALEPPO. Speechly.
Raisin SUISSE. oe

The bunches are formed of berries of different colors ;
the berries are round, of medium size, some are black,
some white, but mostly striped with black and white ; the
skin is thin, the flesh juicy, and of superior flavor; the
leaves are beautifully and variously striped in autumn with
red, green and yellow. This grape is rarely cultivated
near Boston except under glass.

SECTION IV.

AMERICAN GRAPES.
ALEXANDER’S.
ScHUYLKILL MusCADEL.
This grape is a great and sure bearer. I avail of
the description given by Mr Bartram, in a letter to Dr
Mease. ‘It is a large grape, black or blue, the size of tne

GRAPES. _ 315

Vitus vinifera, of the old continent; the grapes approach
to an eliptical figure ; they are, when perfectly ripe,
.48 sweet as any grape; many persons think them too
luscious. Before they are quite ripe, some think they
possess a little of the stingy taste of the fox-grape ; but
my taste could never discover it.’ Major Adlum states
that he has made a wine of this grape, which Mr Jefferson
has pronounced ‘ worthy the best vineyard in France.’ Not
so suitable for the climate of Boston as the Isabella and
Catawba.

BLAND.
Buanp’s Maperra, MaAzzet.

This fine native grape does not ripen in our climate ex-
cept in favorable seasons. It is thus described by Mr
Bartram in a letter to Doctor Mease, as inserted in Dr J.
Mease’s edition of Willich’s Domestic Encyclopedia.

‘The bunches are large, branched and well shaped, six
or eight inches in length; the berries large, and round or
oblate ; when Sore ripe, of a dark purple or red wine
color; the juice sweet and lively, having a little musky
flavor, with a small portion of an agreeable astringency
somewhat like our best bunch wild grapes, though much
sweeter.than any of them. If this grape is what | take it
to be, a genuine American, it is a hybrid, or variety.’

CATAWBA.

This superior variety was introduced to notice by Major
John Adlum, of Georgetown, D. C. and is esteemed by
him the very best grape for making wine, known; and the
wine made by him at his vineyard of this grape, is deemed
by good judges excellent. The bunches are of very hand-
some size and form, and shouldered; the berries are of a
deep purple next the sun; the skin is thin, juicy, sweet,
rich, and vinous, with a very little of the native, or musky
taste. This vine is very vigorous and hardy, requiring no

316 “NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

protection, and isa great and certain bearer. This and the
Isabella are decisively the very best native grapes hitherto
known with us. Mr Adlum has stated that he has no
doubt but by his discovering the Catawba grape to be an
excellent wine grape, that it will be worth to the United
States one hundred millions of dollars before the end of
this century. See his Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine
in America. ene

ELSINBORGH.

This grape is said to be very hardy, and very productive ;
the fruit of a blue color, very juicy and sweet, free from
pulp and musky taste.

ISABELLA.

This fine native grape was introduced into New York,
about sixteen years since, by Mrs Isabella Gibbs, the lady
of George Gibbs, Esq. of St Augustine, then a resident of
Brooklyn, L. I. It was received from Dorchester, South
Carolina, and was named Isabella,sin honor of that lady,
by William Prince, Esq. of the Linnzan Botanic Garden.
From him I first received this vine, about 1820. The vine
is extraordinary for the vigor of its growth, and wonderful
productiveness. It has been stated that a single vine in
the garden of Gen. Swift, of New York, produced above
eight bushels per annum, during each of the years 1820
and 1821; and the astonishing produce which we have
here witnessed, confirms our belief in all that has been
stated. The bunches are of large size; the berries are
large, of an oval form; the color is dark purple, approach-
ing to black, and they are covered with bloom; the skin
is thin, with but very little pulp; the flesh is juicy, rich,
sweet, and vinous. By hanging the bunches in a room, it
has been ascertained that they lose that very small portion
of muskiness which they possess. This grape makes ex-
cellent wine. and requires no protection in our climate.

GRAPES. 3lz

LUFFBOROUGH.

This grape, according to Professor Rafinesque, has ber-
ries very large, of a deep purple, pulp dissolving in a sweet
musky juice. Major Adlum says, the Luffborough makes
an excellent red wine

ORWISBURG.

This is understood to be a very fine, white grape, found
near Orwisburg, on the Schuylkill, in Pennsylvania. Pro-
fessor Rafinesque speaks of three varieties, purple, white,
and black ; ‘berries depressed, sweet and good.’

SCUPPERNONG.

Of this grape there are two varieties, the black and the
white; both possessing similar qualities. The young
wood is very slender, the leaves shining above and beneath.
The fruit very juicy and sweet. Wine is made of this
grape, of an excellent and very peculiar flavor. Much
‘wine is said to be made of this grape in North Carolina.
Many barrels are made in asingle season from a single
vine. They are trained on arbors over the large court,
which usually separates the main houses in that country
from the kitchen, which is in the rear ; and asingle vine wi!l
noon cover a space of a hundred feet by forty. The cli-
mate of New England is not so well suited to this vine.
Accounts have been stated [see New England Farmer]
of single vines which would produce forty bushels in Caro-
lina. They are said to flourish, and their roots will find
nourishment in sandy land, good for nothing else.

WORTHINGTON.

This grape, according to Professor Rafinesque, produces
smaller berries than the Frost grape ; ‘juice dark red, sweet
and rough.” Major Adlum calls it a very great bearer, and
states that the wine of this rape, mixed with the Schuyl-

27*

318 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

kill, gives it a degree of roughness, between Port and
Claret.

CULTIVATION, SOIL, &c.

The vine is propagated by layers ; also by cuttings which should
be cut with two or three eyes, and cut close below the lowest
eye, and set in a humid soil, with but a single eye above the
surface ; or it is raised even from the cuttings of a single eye.
They may also be grafted at the root by the common mode of
cleft grafting. ;

In treating of the culture and management of the vine, I
shall confine my remarks chiefly to its cultivation in the open
air; and principally to the modes of management practised in a
country possessing a climate not very unlike our own, where
the vine has been cultivated as an article of subsistence for two
thousand years, and where five millions of acres are cultivated
as vineyards.

The climate of Paris in the north of France, differs not very
materially, on the whole, from ‘that of New England in the lati-
. tude of Boston, from all the information I am able to obtain.
Their springs commencing in March, are intermixed with the
storms and frosts of winter. Our springs, not commencing till
a later period, are rather intermingled with the heat of sum-
mer. The vine with us, never or but rarely commences to ve-
getate till the vernal frosts are over. Their summers are indeed
of longer duration ; but to compensate for this, the heat of ours
is much more intense, and the progress of vegetation proportion-
ably more rapid. We havea finer sun and more unclouded skies.

In the middle and northern departments of France, we are
informed that in vineyard culture, the vines are generally kept
low, like plantations of raspberries. Atthe Clos de Vougeaud,
the cultivation isthe same. This is the best vineyardin France,
and was sole or sacrificed in 1794, for 1,100,000 frances. I sub-
join in this place the remarks of the Hon. John Lowell, extract-
ed from the volumes of the New England Farmer.

‘From a history of the culture of the vine in France, which
I have carefully gone over, I find that the plan of planting their
vines very near to each other, in all the middle, and especially
the northern Provinces, has been of high antiquity. In 1763,
an innovator appeared in France. M. Maupin in his treatise,
entitled, ‘‘ A new method of Cultivating the Vine,” contended
that the vines should be planted four feet from each other. All
France was alive to this question. The experiment was fairly
tried and failed, and the French returned to their old system of
close planting and short pruning.’

One account of the mode of cultivating the vine at Thomery,
has already been published by the Hon. John Lowell, from the
Bon Jardinier. Inthat work this mode of training and pruning,
and this mode alone, are described by M. Poiteau and Vilmorin,

CULTIVATION. 319

as they considered it the perfection of every mode that had ever
been devised. I have incorporated, verbatim, large portions ot
this account with some portions of Mr Robertson’s, which were
published in the volumes of the London Horticultural Society.
Mr Robertson’s account is from the Bon Jardinier and the
Pomone Francaise, of Comte Lelieur, and other sources. It is
as follows.

A light and deep soil, is that which is best adapted to produce
grapes of excellent quality. In poorer soils the vine languishes ;
in soils more consistent and strong, its productions will be too
gross, too watery ; and its fruit will have fewer good qualities.
In the climate of Paris, the vine requires a warm exposition, in
order to ripen perfectly its fruit, and it is seldom, except pro-
tected by a wall facing to the south, or east, that it finds the
heat necessary to its perfection.

Qf all the modes adopted, of training, or of pruning the vine,
we shall speak only of one; that practised at Thomery, a village
near Fontainbleau, because it appears to us preferable to all
others, both for its simplicity and its results.

As to its results all the world know them. The grapes of
Fontainbleau are proverbial. It is well known that the most
beautiful, and the best grapes in the markets of Paris, come
from Thomery, under the name of the Chasselas of Fontainbleau.

It has been supposed, that the excellence of these grapes is
owing tothe nature of the soil, and the favorable exposure of
Thomery. By no means. Thomery has not a happy exposi-
tion. The quality of the soil is inferior, in many parts sterile, it
is on the side of a hill facing north and east, and sloping to the
river Seine, which washes its base ; the soil is clayey, cold, and
almost incredibly hard to cultivate. We must admit then, that
it is to their treatment of their grapes alone, that their excel-
lence and superiority is owing.

Before we describe their method, we would remark, that they
are very cautious in selecting their varieties. They select their
cuttings from such branches only as bear fruit, distinguished by
some superior quality, as size, early maturity, setting sure, or
any other property they would wish to perpetuate; and they
maintain that they thus actually improve their quality. The
kind most in repute at Thomery, is the Chasselas de Fontainbleau.
When other varieties are planted, the latest kinds are always
trained to the lowest bar, as they are there found to ripen earlier.

The walls with which they form their inclosures, and against
which they train their grapes or trellises are about eight feet
high, built of clay, plaistered on the outside with a cement of
lime and sand, and covered with a chaperon or coping, projecting
nine or ten inches on each side. To this coping they attribute
the good effects of protecting the wood and blossoms of the vine
from the late spring frosts and heavy rains, sheltering the grapes
and protecting them in good condition on the wall, even till
after Christmas; and moderating the luxuriance of the vine.

320 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

= \=\S=)
| 42 HY
ae \ a ae i
Wel eH

The above plan of the method of training grapes at Tho-
mery, is from an engraving in Loudon’s Magazine; the wall

is represented as but partially covered.

CULTIVATION. 321

On the southern, eastern and western exposures of these, they
are furnished with trellises, the upsight standards of which, are
two feet apart, and the horizontal rails are nine inches apart;
the lower one six inches only from the ground.

The grape border along this wall, is dug or manured to the
width of five or six feet, and to the depth of fifteen or eighteen
inches. If the soil is moist or strong, they slope the boider so
as to throw off the rains from the walk; this prevents the accu-
mulation of water at the roots of the vines, and is essential to
success. When the border is prepared, they open a trench at
four feet distance from the wall, and parallel to it, two feet wide,
and nine inches deep. ‘They have ready prepared, a quantity of
cuttings sufficient for the wall; these are about two feet long, and
from being taken with a piece of old wood attached to the heel,
are called croissettes, [form of a cross,] butthis form is not con-
sidered indispensable. These they lay across the trench at the
bottom, with the top towards the wall, and at the distance of
twenty inches asunder, and cover them with four or five inches
of soil, and tread them down ; at the same time raising the upper
end which was towards the wall nearly to a pe:pendieular ; then
fill the trench two thirds full, and spread the residue over the
border. They then put into the trench, threc inches of manure,
which keeps the plants fresh and moist, and prevents the ground
from becoming dry and hard.

In March, [November with us] they cut in the plant
to two eyes above ground; they weed, dress and water
_the border during the first season, if needful, fer the young
planted yrape requires a gentle degree of moisture. They tie
the young shoots of the year to some supporters, and do every-
thing to favor its growth. The second year, if any of the plants
have more than one branch, they preserve only the strongest.
They bury the new wood as the first year, and soon till they 1each
the wall. At every time they lay the shoot they cut in, till
they reach strong, ripe wood, weil furnished with good eyes.
It will generally take three years before it reaches the wall, but
in the meantime, they gather some fine bunches.

We now come to the forination of the cordons or hor‘zontal
branches. If the wall is eight feet high, it will require five
cordons; [or five tiers of branches] the first six inches from the
ground, and the four others eighteen inches asunder, upon the
horizontal rails of the trellis, which had been previously so
arranged as to effect this object. The stalk destined to form the
lowest cordons, [or horizontal branches to right and left,] will
be cut just at the required height, if it has at that place a double
eye. If it has not, you must cut it above the eye whic’ is next
above the lowest rail of the trellis. These twoeyes are des-
tined to furnish the two lowest branches or horizontal arms, the
one to the right, the other to the left, on the lowest rail The
one that is too high must be bent down gently, and that which
is too low trained up, and then bent. The first year however,
these branches are trained obliquely, as they would not bear be.

dy 4 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

ing bent and confined to their destined horizontal position till the
next year, when both are finally secured to the trellis in the
same horizontal line.

_ The second cordon [or horizontal line of branches,] being at
two feet distance from the ground, cannot be formed as soon as the
first; the third will be still later, and soon. Whatever be the
height to which you design to advance your stalk or stem, you
ought not to advance it more than twelve or fifteen inches each
year, and preserve its lateral buds to increase its growth, and
furnish fruit. But as soon as the stem has reached the requisite
height, itis absolutely necessary to suppress and cut off all late-
ral buds on the main stem throughout.

Let us now suppose, that all the stems have arrived at their
required or destined height, and that the two last branches are
extended, the one to the right, and the other to the left, to form
the two arms of the cordon, [horizontal branches] we will now
show how these two arms are to be cut, till they have gained
the length of four feet each. The first year you will cut so as
to leave three good eyes or buds, from four to six inches apart.
Two of these eyes will form bearing wood, the third will be
employed to lengthen the branch. Care must be taken to train
vertically the shoots destined to bear the fruit; the other istrain- |
ed obliquely the first year, and bent down and secured in its hori-
zontal position afterwards. At the second pruning, the bearing
shoots thus trained vertica'ly must be cut, leaving only two eyes,
or buds; and the terminal branch must, in like manner be so
trimmed, as that there will be three eyes, two of which will be
reserved for bearers, and the third to prolong the shoot as in the
former year, and so proceed till each lateral branch shall have
reached the length of four feet. Each branch ought then to
have eight bearing eyes or shoots, all if possible, on the upper
side. When allthe five plants shall have reached their height
and length, you will have on a surface of eight feet square,
eighty coursons or bearing branches of two eyes each, each pro-
ducing two branches, which will each bear at least two bunches
of excellent grapes, or three hundred-and eighty bunches on
eight feet square of surface, [sixtyfour square feet.]

According to Mr Loudon, at Montreuil, they practise a more
expeditious, though perhaps less perfect mode ; and instead of
requiring three years for the vine to reach the wall, the vines
are laid in horizontally, a few inches beneath the surface, and
their tops brought to the wall at once. In this case the vines
are bent and surrounded by brick bats, and thus forced to throw
out innumerable roots.

The eyes at the bottom of the shoots of the grape are very
close together and extremely small. There are no less than six
in the space of two lines or the sixth of an inch. When you
cut the bearing branch long, say one or two inches, these little
eyes become extinct or lie dormant and do not push — but if

ou cut close to them, they develope, — they grow, and produce
beautiful clusters. Able gardeners are well aware of this, they

CULTIVATION. 323

always cut their coursons or bearing branches at the distance of
a line (or one twelfth of an inch) sometimes even less. It is for
this reason that these branches never become long under their
management. Those who are ignorant of the nature of the vine
cannot conceive how a bearing branch shall have given fruit for
twenty years, and not be at the end of the time an inch long.

As syon as the young shoots of the vine have grown to a suffi-
cient length, they are attached to the treillage, the stronger ones
first, but loosely, until they have acquired sufficient elasticity.
Great caution is here necessary ; you ought not to force them
into a vertical position till the berry is large, for they break off
easily when young.

The lateral shoots which break near the eyes or on the young
wood and the tendrils should be suppressed while young. And
if there be more than two buds which start from the sa» e cour-
son, [spur,] the supernumerary ones must be suppressed, even
though they exhibit fruit. Two bourgeons (branches,) each dec-
orated with two beautiful clusters are more valuable, than a
greater number of inferior size. But caution is here necessary ;
those supernumerary shoots which start from the base should not
be removed too soon, for if removed too suddenly it gives a shock
to vegetation, or occasions wasteful bursts of sap; you wait un-
til the wood has acquired some consistence and until new chan-
nels are provided for the expenditure of the sap by the expan-
sion of the leaves, and until after the grapes are set.

At Thomery, the young wood is pinched at its extremity after
the bloom is set, as soon as it reaches the cordon next above it.
This has the effect of momentarily suspending the flow of sap in
these shoots, and by that means it accelerates their maturity
and renders them more ligneous. It promotes the growth of the
eyes and is indispensable for filling the lower eyes of the spurs
on which cultivators rely for the next year’s crop; pinching or
stopping the wood either prematurely or tardily is alike produc-
tive of bad consequences. Weak shoots are pinched sooner in
proportion to their strength, but none are permitted on any ac-
count to push beyond the cordon. Should it appear that the
shoots of the extremities of the cordons [horizontal arms] im-
poverish those of the centre, the former. are pinched repeatedly
until the equilibrium is restored.

The season they generally prefer for the winter pruning, is
from the first of February to the first of March, before the first
movement of the sap takesplace. The earliest pruned vines are
found to break first. The vignerons avoid cutting close to the
eyes, lest they might be injured by the. wood dying down to
them ; the wood of the vine from its spongy nature not healing
readily and being liable to decay at a wound. To guard against
this they always cut midway between the eyes, sloping the cut
to the opposite side of the shoot, so that the eye may not be
damaged by its bleeding.

When vines are planted at once close to a wall, and in a level

324 . NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

deep border, and at an extended distance, they absorb an im-
moilerate degiee of nourishment, which gives rise to a rank and
late vegetation which retards the ripening of the fruit. At

Thomeiy the vines being planted so close, have a more limited
range fur food, and the numerous roots produced by the frequent
laying in of the stems occupy tue sloping borders so fully as to
prevent any redundancy of moisture, and excess of nourishment ;
all Juxuriance is restrained; by this means the branches com-
plete their growth within the bounds prescribed. they are fur-
nished with short well ripened shoots, closely set with bearing
eyes, which when the giound is well manured, seldom fail to
pioduce abundant crops.

We admire, say Messrs Poiteau and Vilmorin, as many others
do, those branches of the vine, which are carried to two hundred
feet in length,—and we admit that there are parts of a wall’
which can only be covered by branches, the roots of which are
very distant, but we recollect that when a branch has extended
beyond a certain distance, it no longer gives fine clusters but at
its extremities — the spurs of the centre no longer produce any-
thing but inferior bunches, [Grappillons] and giadually die of
inanition. This inconvenience doubtless occurred to the Thom-
ery gardeners ; and by an admirable calculation, they fixed
upon the length of eight feet for each vine; *** yet though
only eiyht feet in length, they do not throw out extraordinary
shoots, because the plants being set but twenty inches asunder,
their roots dispute or contend with each other for nourishment.
The cover of the wall also, extending over the vine nine or ten
inches by contributing to check its too luxuriant growth, its fruit
has all the qualities which it is susceptible of acquiring.

‘ According to this system, when once the cordons are com-
pleted, the pruning and training become so uniform and simple,
that it may be entrusted t» any intelligent workwan But what
may render the practice of still greater consequence in a north-
ern climate is, that the fruit of these small spurs always ripens
earlier than on the strong wood.’

- Trntace, Manurine, &c.—In tillage they use no other
instrument than the hoe, they stir the ground but lightly, lest
they should injure or disturb the roots; this isdone twice in the
year, first after the summer training, which generatly takes
place [there] in May; and again when the leaves fall; the
ground is besides always kept perfectly clean and loose on the
surface, to admit the air and dews. They manure their vines
every three years, always preferring old manure nearly con-
sumed, and of a light warm nature. They are justified in this
practice by the result, for their grapes are always superior in
size «nd delicacy of flavor, to any others to be met with, either
at Paris or elsewhere.

MANAGEMENT AND CARE OF THE FrRuIT, &c.— While
the fruit is yet very small, the bunches should be looked over
and the extremities of such as are very long cut off, for they

CULTIVATION. . 325

generally ripen late, and imperfectly. Such varieties as the
Frontignans which have very close bunches should have their
berries thinned out at the time when they are about the size of
peppercorns. When the grape has nearly attained its size, it is
beneficial to water the fruit from a water-pot in the form of rain.
This makes the skin tender, and increases the size of the berries.
You gradually uncover the berries and expose them to the sun
to heighten the color, and improve the flavor; if the leaves are
removed with this intent, they are separated at the extremity of
the footstalk, which is left behind to attract the sap and: nourish
the bud at its base.

If they wish to leave them out till after frosts, they are either
covered with paper bags, which are of use also in protecting
them from insects and birds, or they are often preserved till
Christmas by screening them from frost with cloth, matting, or
fern. The fruit is always gathered in a dry day, if stored moist
it would quickly spoil. Those intended for keeping are cut be-
fore they are quite ripe, some are hung up on hair lines, in re-
verse, with the shoulders down, as that position prevents the
berries lying so close as to rot— and some are spread on beds of
fern.

The village of Thomery is situated in the Forest of Fontain-
bleau, about a league from the palace (about 28 miles’ distant
from Paris.) It was formerly occupied by vineyards producing
a poor vin du pays, and has not been inclosed for the cultivation
of table fruit, until within the last forty years. At present
about six hundred acres are walled in for this purpose, in numer-

‘ous small properties and divisions.

It has been objected to a vertical wall, that by obstructing the
free circulation of the air it causes mildew; and the Hon. R.
Sullivan, of Brookline, whose successful cultivation of the vine
is well known, has suggested to me, that an inclined plane would
on many accounts be the most eligible. The experiment of
placing boards beneath the fruit in vineries, at just sufficient dis-
tance as to allow the grapes to hang freely, has been tried in
Denmark with great success. In France, in 1827, one portion of
a vine growing under a south window, having ascended over th
slated roof of the portico, it was found that the fruit on this par
of the vine had become black, while the fruit on the other parts
of the vine was still green.

I would suggest that walls of masonry or of rough boards,
covered with black paint, coai tar, &c, or rather with slates, should
be constructed facing the south, and elevated to an angle of
fortyfive degrees. Over this the trellis is to be elevated ata
suitable distance. Here they would sooner receive the benefit
of the morning sun, and a double benefit from the noon-day sun,
both by his direct rays and by reflection. The morning dews
would be dissipated by the direct influence of southerly winds,

28

O26 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

or by the indirect influences of northerly winds, in the eddies and
counter currents.

Water must not by this or any other mode be suffered to ac-
cumulate in unusual quantities at the roots of the vines ; it
must be carried off by sloping or paved borders, or other modes.
And let it be further observed, that from accounts we have re-
ceived, the proportion of rain which annually falls with us, is
to that which falls in Europe, as fortyeight inches to twentyfour,
or thereabouts.

Pavine THE GrouNn.—It has been remarked that vines
and fruit trees planted against buildings with a pavement which
prevents the ground from being either manured or cultivated,
produce not only more abundant and finer crops, but are longer
lived. (Robertson.)

‘At Thomery,’ says the Comte Lelieur, ‘the grapes on the
lower cordon of a vine planted to a wall of about fifteen feet
high, having been injured by the drip of its eaves dashing the
earth of the border against them, the owner paved it for a
breadth of about two feet from the wall. The good effects of
this remedy were soon apparent, not only in the preservation of
the fruit from injury, but in the improvement of its size and fla-
vor; the reflection of the sun’s heat from the pavement, aug-
menting both, and hastening its maturity.” The growth of the
vine also became more moderate and regular.

The long canes of the vine, the production of a single year, if
left to themselves will only break and produce fruit at their ex-
tremities. To enable them to produce fruit throughout their
whole length, art is necessary. This art is perfectly understood
by those who cultivate the grape in vineries near Boston, where
astonishing crops are produced. Before vegetation commences,
the vine or long cane of the former year’s growth is tied ina
coil; by this treatment the buds break and grow equally from
its extremity to its base.

When the buds have grown an inch or a little more, it is un-
coiled and secured to its destined position on the trellis.

The practice of training vines in a serpentine or spiral manner
to render them productive is not new ; but it is too little known
or too much neglected.

According to Chaptal ‘ there are but two ways of forming and
managing vines for vineyards — viz. by stakes, or espaliers. The
method of cultivating vines on poles or props ought to be com-
manded by climate. This method belongs to cold countries
where the vine has need of the whole heat of the sun. B
raising them therefore on poles, placed perpendicular to the
ground, the earth being uncovered, receives all the activity of
the rays, and the whole surface of the plant is exposed to their
action, and allows the vines to be placed nearer to one another,
and the produce to be thus multiplied on equal surfaces. But in
warmer Climates the earth requires to be sheltered from the

CULTIVATION. O27

excessive heat of the sun; the vines are therefore suffered to
creep on the ground.’ (Extract from Chaptal in Dom. Ency.)

The most favorable exposition for vineyards with us on the
shores of the Atlantic, is without doubt a southern or south-
westerly ; remote as far as practicable, from woods, swamps and
standing water. An easterly exposition does not suit them ; the
cold eastern sea breezes are unfavorable from thei: humidity.

The following mode may be recommended for open or vine-
yard culture.

The first year suffer but a single shoot and that the lowest to
grow, the supernumerary ones are to be checked and taken off
gradually, this shoot is to be trained fo a pole, the lateral shoots to
be taken off as they are produced at the distance of a single eye
from the main stem. When a few feet in height, the top is
to be occasionally nipped in. Late in October cut this down to
two good eyes; in November (if a European vine) bury with
leaves, litter or soil. The next year, three good eyes only are
suffered to grow, which are to be trained to a pole and pruned as
before. In autumn preserve the two uppermost, which if strong
must be cut to the length of five feet and trimmed throughout, and
secured to the surface by hooks and covered with soil. The re-
maining one is shortened to three good eyes and buried as in the
former year. In the following spring, two good stakes will be
required ; the vines left at full length are each to be twisted sev-
eral times around a pole and secured at top, and these will throw
out shoots from every eye, which will each probably produce two
bunches. These bearing shoots are to be nipped in, four or five
eyes beyond the fruit. The shoot cut down will this year fur-
nish three shoots, these are to be trained as at first directed to
another pole, for these three are to furnish fruit for the following
year, and are to be pruned and laid down at full length in autumn.
As to those which have once borne fruit, they are not permitted
to bear fruit a second time, but are each cut down to two eyes,
to furnish the reserve wood for the following year ; and so pro-
ceed till four bearing limbs are annually elevated and twisted
around two poles, and an equal number of supernumerary or
Yeserve branches are annually raised up and trained to two
other poles. Always observe to cut so as to have your wood
start from a low point, near the surface ; for this purpose it may
be sometimes necessary to cut back the old wood.

In vineyards, close planting is most expensive at first, but the
ground is more suddenly and profitably completely filled; and
small vines are more easily managed than large ones; 2700
vines may be a suitable number for an acre. The bearing wood
on trellises should in early spring be bent and confined in a ser-
pentine manner with short turnings; but the young reserve
branches which must never be allowed to produce fruit the first
year, should be trained straight, or with a little deviation.

Vines may in vineyard culture be in like manner trained to
stakes.

328 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

In the northern departments of France, vines are trained to low
stakes which are renewed every year. When the vine has risen
to the top, it is bent over and passed to the top of the next stake,
where itis secured ; this checks its luxuriance.

The numerous and flourishing vineyards of America, which
have been of late years established in the Middle, Southern, and
Western States, for the manufacture of wine, consist principally
of the native varieties which I have described. American
grapes are found to do best for America in vineyards. It was
deemed a capital error that European kinds were at first tried in
preference. Oursrequire no protection in winter. The average
value of vineyards in France per arpent (100 rods and 22 feet
of our measure) as stated by Mr Young, was $210 — but the very
best vineyards were worth from $2000 to $3000 per arpent.

Mauanpres. — The chief malady to which grapes are subject
in low confined situations is mildew. This is remedied by
dredging the fruit with flower of sulphur, on its first appearance.
But the most approved mode of applying sulphur is as follows:

On the bottom of a vessel place a pint and a half of sulphur,
on this lay a lump of good unslacked lime the size of a fist, and
on this pour two gallons of boiling water; after the lime is
slacked, stir it well, and when the liquor is cold, add more cold
water and stir it again, and as soon as the liquor has become
clear, pour it from the sediment into a barrel which must be
filled with cold water. When the grapes have attained the size
of peas throw the liquid on the fruit with a syringe angrepeat this
twice a week for three successive weeks. With Willis’s Sy-
ringe whole vineyards may be despatched in a very little time.

LIME PLANT. (Podophyllum peltatum.)

A hardy and singular production of nature. The stem,
foliage, flower and fruit are formed in the earth; and after
the plant has come up, there is nothing more than an ex-
tension of parts. ‘The stems, at the height of from eight
to twelve inches, branch out in two arms; at the extremity
of each is a large palmated leaf. In the fork proceeds the
fruit stem. The fruit is about the size of a large lime,
green while growing, and yellow whenripe; it has the flavor

FIG. 329

of a pine-apple, and as to eating, is little inferior to that
fruit. The plant requires a moist soil in a cool, shady,
situation. It may be propagated by seed, but best by di-
viding the roots, which are jointed and creeping. The
root is medicinal.’ A native of America. — New England
Farmer, vol. vit. No. 16.

FIG. (Ficus carica.)

Tue fig tree is a native of Asia. It forms an important
article of culture in Barbary, Greece, Italy, Spain, and the
South of France for drying, and on all the coasts of the
Mediterranean, and its Isles. In these countries itis a
deciduous tree, growing to a large size; but in tropical
countries it isan evergreen. Itis also cultivated pretty
extensively near Paris, for the supply of its markets.
Here they are kept low, that they may be with the greater
ease protected in winter. They are planted on the south
sides of walls, buildings, and the southern declivities of
hills. Phillips informs us, that there is an orchard of a
hundred standard fig trees near Worthing, in Sussex, Eng-
land ; its extent is three quarters of an acre. The trees
are of the size of large apple trees, and ripen their fruit
as well as in any part of Spain. They are annually pro-
ductive, and very profitable, ripening in August, Septem-
ber, and October.

Uses. — The fig is a wholesome and delicious article of
the dessert ; and in those countries where it is extensively
cultivated, according to Loudon, ‘it is eaten green or dried,
fried or stewed, and in various ways, with or without bread
or meat, as food. Figs are prepared by dipping them in

28*

330 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

scalding lye, made of the ashes of the fig tree, and then
dried in the sun. And according to Dambourney, [See
Dom. Enc.] ‘in dying, a decoction of the green branches
and leaves imparts a deep gold color, of a brownish red
shade ; but the leaves alone impart a very deep yellow col-
or. And the substances thus dyed, retain a very agreeable
fragrance for many months, even afier being washed. ‘The
wood of the fig tree is almost indestructible, and was for-
merly much employed in the East, for the preservation of
embalmed bodies.’ [Ib.]

VARIETIES.
ANGELIQUE. Lindley. Bon Jard.

MEtITE, CouRCcOURELLE BLANCHE. Hort. Soc. Cat.
YELLOW ANGELIQUE. Bon Jard.

The fruit is small, its color yellow ; form pyramidal ; its
pulp is white, but red at the centre, and of excellent fla-
vor. This sort is cultivated in the neighborhood of Paris.

COMMON BLUE. Mr Neill.
Sometimes called the Purple Fig, is of an oblong shape,
and the tree is a great bearer. August.

LARGE BLUE. Lindley.
LarGE PuRPLeE.
Fruit large, oblong ; skin purple, or dark brown, cov-
ered with a thick blue bloom; pulp deep red, of a very
good flavor ; a very hardy sort, and a most excellent bearer.

BORDEAUX. Lindley.
PorrE Fieve, VioLETTEDE Borpeavux, of the French.
The fruit is long and pyramidal, rounded at the crown,
en gth three inches ; its color at maturity a deep violet ;
ts pulp is deep red or purple, succulent and sweet. This

FIG. 331

fig is stated to be cultivated throughout France, and al-
though not of very high flavor, it is very productive, pro-
ducing annually two crops.

BRUNSWICK. Mr Neill.
MADONNA.

The form is long and pyramidal ; the color brown, with
but little flavor. The Pomological Magazine and Lindley
agree, that it is sweet, extremely rich, and high flavored ;
and that itis the largest and best purple fig they have,
adapted to their climate. It is early.

BLACK GENOA. Mr Neill.

An oblong fruit, of a dark purple color, almost black,
and covered with purple bloom; the pulp is bright red and
high flavored. Thetreeisa good bearer. End of August.

~

PURPLE GENOA.

The fruit is large and long; the skin dark purple at ma-
turity ; the flesh extremely sweet and delicious.

WHITE GENOA. Mr Neill.

A large and almost globular fruit, of a yellowish color
at maturity ; the pulp is of a light red color, and of good
flavor. The tree is considered rather a shy bearer.

BLACK ISCHIA. Mr Neill.

Sometimes called Blue Ischia, is a very good sort; the
fruit is short, of medium size, a little flattened at the
crown; at maturity the skin is dark purple or almost black,
and the inside of a deep red; the pulp very high flavored.
The tree is a good bearer. End of September.

BROWN ISCHTA. Mr Neill.

Sometimes called Chesnut colored Ischia. — A very large
globular fruit; its pulp is purple, sweet, and of very good

ane NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

flavor ; it ripens early, and seldom fails of producing a
good crop. Middle of August.

GREEN ISCHIA. For.

The fruit is oblong; its summit nearly globular; its
skin is green, thin, and brown at maturity ; its flesh is pur-
ple and high flavored.

YELLOW ISCHIA. For.

The fruit is large, the color yellow, the flesh purple and
well flavored.

BLACK ITALIAN. Mr Neill.

A small roundish fruit; its skin purple; its pulp of a
dark red color, and high flavored. The tree bears well.

BROWN ITALIAN. Mr Neill.

A small roundish fruit; the skin of a brown color ‘at
maturity ; the pulp is red and high flavored. The tree
bears abundantly.

MALTA. Mr Neill.

A small brown fruit ; the pulp is sweet, and well fiavor-
ed. When permitted to hang on the tree till it shrivels,
it forms a fine sweetmeat.

MARSEILLES. Lindley.

Figure, Buancue, of the French.
The fruit is small; its form turbinate ; its height two
inches, its diameter nearly the same; color at maturity
yellowish white ; its pulp is white, dry, sweet and rich.

MURREY. Mr Neil.

Brown Rep Napues.

A large globular shaped fruit, of pretty good flavor; it

is distinguished by the murrey colored skin. September.

FIG. 333

LONG BROWN NAPLES. For.

The fruit is long, compressed at its summit; the color
dark brown; the flesh is of a reddish color, and of good
flavor; the seeds are large.

NERII. Lindley.

Fruit rather less than the Marseilles, and more long in
shape ; skin pale greenish yellow ; pulp similar in color to
that of the pomegranate. This is much the richest of the
yellow, white, or green species, and there is in its juice a.
slight degree of very delicate, agreeable acid. The Nerii
Fig is cultivated by Mr Knight at Downton Castle.

FIGUE BLANCHE RONDE. N. Duh. Pl. 1v.
Rounp WHITE.

This fig is esteemed the most suitable for the climate of
Paris ; it is the most multiplied, and is there preferred to
-all others for its productiveness, and the superior quality
of its fruit. The fruit is turbinate, two inches in diame-
ter ; color at maturity yellowish green ; the flesh is white,
very sweet and delicious. The first crop begins to ripen

at the end of June. The second crop begins to ripen the
middle of Scptember, and lasts till hard frosts commence.

BROWN TURKEY. Lindley.
Brown I Taran, of Forsyth, according to Lindley’s Guide.

Fruit small, and round; of a red or purple color; pulp
ver delicious.

VIOLETTE. Lindley and Bon Jard.
Figure VIOLETTE.

Fruit small, of a deep violet color; form globular,
slightly turbinate, and about two inches in diameter ; flesh
white near the skin, the centre tinged with red, and excel-
lent. This sort is cultivated in the vicinity of Paris for
the market.

304 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

SMALL EARLY WHITE. Mr Neill.

Its form is globular ; its pulp sweet, but without much fla-
vor. It ripens early. Indeed, it seldom fails of producing
a crop.

CULTIVATION, SOIL, &c.

The fig tree is raised from seeds, from layers, and from cut-
tings. They require a strong, loamy, but not wet soil. They
differ from most other trees in producing several crops annually.
Even in the climate of Boston, I ain persuaded that figs of good
quality may be raised, if the trees are placed in warm situations,
south of wails, or buildings, on the declivities of hills, as at Ar-
geateuil, near Paris. Mr Knight has obtained, in’ his hot-
house, eight successive crops in a year, by bending the limbs in
a position below the horizontal. And Mr Lowell, in his experi-
ments, has succeeded in obtaining four crops. The trees will
produce tolerable crops in the second year if rung or decortica-
ted, and by this process the maturity of the fruit is accelerated
and its size increased. Its maturity is also hastened by a prac-
tice which prevails in France, which consists in pricking the
fruit with a straw cr quill dipped in olive oil. In Italy, accord-
ing to Loudon, a wound with a knife is sometimes made on the
broad end of the fig, or a very small part of the skin is removed
for the same purpose. Lastly, by the mode communicated by

the Hon. John Lowell, in the New England Farmer, vol. x. p.
62, for 1831, it 1s as follows:

‘The fig, like the fruit of the vine and peach, attains a
certain size, and then remains stationary for several weeks, until
it begins to color, when its volume, in three or four days, is
greatly increased, often doubled and even trebled. My figs [in
a hot house twentyeighth August,] were dark green, showing no
tendency toripen. I took about a third of a tea-spoonful of
sweet oil, and dipping my finger in it, I rubbed it very slightly
over every alternate fig, leaving the others untouched, as a test
of the effects. Atthe end of three days, the color of most
of those touched with oil began to change, and the size to in-
crease, and now on the fifth day, they have nearly the color of
mature figs, and are twice and three times as large as those not
touched with oil, which still remain of a dark green color.’

Mr Phillips recommends that for cold climates like England,
the {tree should be table-trained ; that is, to keep the branches
tied to stakes about two feet from the ground; thus forming a
regular star from the trunk. In the winter they are easily low-
ered to the earth, and secured by hooks and protected.

BERBERRY. 335

Mr Loudon seems persnaded that by combining the system
recommended by Mr Knight, with that recommended by the
Rev. G. Swayne, the most desirable results would be produced ;
they are both calcuated for cold climates.

Mr Knight highly disapproves of training the branches of fig
trees perpendicularly. If the stems are many, he reduces them.
tocne only. And from the tops and parts near it, lateral branches
are trained horizontally and pendantly, and secured close to the
wall. All troublesome luxuriance is thus restrained, and the
wood becomes extremely fruitful.

Mr Swayne trains his trees horizontally. His “ specific” is
designed to remedy the deficiency of bloom in the early spring
on the whole of the last year’s wood, excepting on a few joints
at its extremities. The remedy which he has for a long time
successfully practised, is, to simply rub off, as soon as they can
be discovered, all the figs which are produced after mid-summer
on the same year’s shoots. Those figs which thus exhaust the
tree, and will never ripen without artificial heat, are thus remov-
ed, and new figs are formed in embryo, for the crop of the fol-
lowing year, on one, if not on both sides of every fig thus dis-
placed. The tree should be examined once a week from the
eommencement of the operation, which should be begun early
in August or September, to the end of the season, according to
latitude and climate.

Protection. — Inthe north of France, fig trees are protect-
ed in winter by being secured to the earth by hooks, and cover-
ed with soil; sometimes straw is used. In England, Forsyth and
others recommend to protect with straw, meadow hay, moss, &c,
and over this branches of pine, or other evergreens are secured.
They flourish with little care and no protection in the Southern
States.

BERBERRY. (Berberis.)

Te berberry or barberry is a prickly shrub rising to the
height of ten feet with many branches. The bark is ash
colored outside and yellow within; its fruit is on clusters
of ared color and acid taste. It is said to be a native of
Asia, but abounds in the Northern and Middle States of
America. Some species of grain are liable to become af-
fected by rust, if raised in its vicinity, particularly rye.

Uses. — The fruit is used for pickling, and for preserving ;

336 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

a decoction of the berries sweetened, is deemed auseful as
well as pleasant drink in fevers. The inner bark is said to be
used in France for dying cotton and silk of a bright yellow;
also for staining wood by cabinet makers; and in Poland

it is used for coloring leather.

VARIETIES.
Rep BERBERRY.
Of this there are two varieties; one the common ber-
berry with stones ; the other without.

WHITE BERBERRY.
Fruit large, agreeable but not productive.
Buack Sweet. London.

Requires a warm situation.

CuHInEse BERBERRY.

This variety, in some respects resembles the red; but
differs some in appearance, and is deemed the most orna-
mental.

HoLtiy LEAVED BerBerRry, Berberis Aquafolium.

A new and curious variety from the Rocky Mountains ;
very different from all others. This appears to be a variety
with thornless wood; and with leaves larger than the other
species, with prickly points. The blossoms are produced
in numerous yellow clusters, and are handsome ; I have
never seen the fruit.

Som anp Cuttivation.— The berberry prefers a dry
soil, but will succeed in almost any soil or situation. It is
raised from seeds, from layers, and suckers.

——_—_—

BLACKBERRY. (Bramble.—- Rubus fruticosa. )

BusH BLAcKBERRY. Rubus Americanus.

A shrub rising to the height of ten feet, somewhat ribbed

CRANBERRIES. 337

or angled and armed with hooked spines. The fruit, which
grows in clusters, is oblong, an inch in length, of a shining
black, of an agreeable taste, sweet or subacid and astrin-
gent. This plant thrives ina rich moist sandy loam, and is
often cultivated in gardens, where its fruit is much improy-
ed in size and its crops very abundant.

TRAILING BLACKBERRY, Dewberry, Rubus procumbens.

This is a plant with low trailing branches, its stems are
weak and bend to the earth and there take root. The fruit
is large, nearly globular, of a black color and covered with
bloom, of a sweet subacid lively taste; this plant succeeds
in dry hilly land.

Uses. — The blackberry is considered a pleasant and
wholesome dessert fruit if used with moderation; it is
used in pies, tarts, &c. A jelly is made of the blackberry
of considerable medicinal efficacy in nephritic disorders.
It is singular that a fruit so productive as the tall black-
berry should be so little cultivated. Both species may be
propagated either from seed or from layers.

WHITE FRUITED BRAMBLE, alba.
A variety with white fruit.
DovusLe WHITE FLOWERING, Rubus albo-pleno.

A beautiful and very ornamental variety.

CRANBERRIES. (Oxycoccus macrocarpus. )

A low trailing vine, an indigenous fruit, growing wild in
bogs and meadows. The berry has a very acid taste, and
is much used in pies, puddings, tarts, preserves, &c. The
cranberry is a plant of easy culture; and with but little ex-
pense, not a doubt exists that meadows which are now
barren wastes, or yield nothing but coarse herbage, might

29

338 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

be converted into profitable cranberry fields. According

to Loudon, Sir Joseph Banks, who obtained this plant from

America, raised in 1813, on a square of eighteen feet each

way, three and a half Winchester bushels, which is at the

rate of four hundred and sixty bushels to the acre. A

man with a cranberry rake will in a good cranberry mea-_
dow, gather from twenty to fifty bushels ina day; any

meadow will answer; Capt. Henry Hall of Barnstable, has

cultivated the cranberry twenty years. They grow well

on sandy bogs after draining ; if the bogs are covered with

brush it is removed, but it is not necessary to remove the

rushes, as the strong roots of the cranberry soon over-

power them. It would be well if previous to planting the

land could be ploughed; but Capt. Hall usually spreads

on beach sand and digs holes four feet asunder each way,

the same distance as for corn; the holes are however

deeper. Into these holes, sods of cranberry roots are

planted, and in the space of three years the whole ground

is covered. The planting is usually performed in autumn.

Mr F. A. Hayden, of Lincoln, Mass., is stated to have

gathered from his farm in 1820, 400 bushels of cranberries _
which brought him in Boston market $600. [New Eng_
Farmer, vol. rx. No. 18.] Any dry soil with a mixture of
bog earth will, it is said produce, abundant crops.

ELDER. (Sambucus ngra. )

A low bushy tree, of an ornamental appearance ; its bark
is smooth and gray, becoming rough by age ; leaves pinnate ;
berries black and abundant, of a sweet but not agreeable
flavor; the tree and its leaves are narcotic. Noxious in-
sects avoid it.

Uses. — Although the berries are deemed poisonous to”
poultry in general, yet they are employed in the manufacture

CRANBERRY VIBURNUM. 339

of an excellent, powerful and enlivening wine, remarkably
wholesome. But the wine of white elder berries is said
to resemble grape wine. A syrup and cordial are also
prepared from the berries ; and in Germany a very pure
and strong spirit is said to be distilled from the fruit. The
inner green bark is said to be aningredient in black dye.
And Professor Martyn, according to Loudon, has stated that
the tree is a whole magazine of physic to rustic practitioners,
nor is it quite neglected by more regularones. Fruit trees,
plants, &c, whipped with the fresh branches, are effectually
secured from the depredations of noxious insects. The
wood of old trees is hard and fine grained, and takes a
fine polish, and is used by tuners as a substitute for box
wood.

MOUNTAIN ASH. (Sorbus aucuparia.)

The berries of this tree are eaten, according to Loudon,
in some parts of Scotland and Wales. They are also
used for preserving ; they are also stated to afford an agree-
able fermented liquor; and by distillation, a considerable
quantity of strong spirit. According to Mr Neill, in France
they are frequently grafted on the service tree, and the
fruit is thus rendered of larger size, and more abundant.
It is one of the most ornamental of all trees, when loaded
with its large clusters of red berries in autumn.

ee

CRANBERRY VIBURNUM. (Viburnum “
oxycoccum. )

The cranberry tree or shrub, rises to a very moderate
height, its fruit is a berry about the size of a cranberry, of
a bright red color, and very austere taste. They are val-
uable for pies, tarts, preserves, &c. The tree is propagat-
ed by layers, and suckers or seeds.

340 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

PERSIMON. (Doospyrus virginiana. )
AMERICAN DATE OR PRUNE.

The Persimon flourishes as far north as the river Con-
necticut, to the latitude of 42° but is dwarfish. In a
suitable soil and climate, it rises to the height of sixty
feet or forty diameters of its base. The leaves are oblong,
entire, of a fine dark green above, and glaucous below,
and from four to six inches long. The fertile and barren
blossoms are produced on different trees. The fruit, which
is abundant, is round, of the size of a small plum, of a
reddish color, and fleshy ; they contain six or eight small
stones ; their taste is very astringent, but when ameliorated
by frost, they are sweet and agreeable. The fruit when
bruised and fermented produces brandy, which becomes
good by age. This tree is raised from the seeds which
should be planted in autumn. And fine varieties may be
propagated by inoculating or grafting.

SILVER LEAVED SHEPARDIA.

BuFFabo Berry TREE.

A beautiful hardy tree, so called from its silvery leaf.
This tree was discovered by Professor Nuttall, in Missouri,
in 1810, and was introduced here by the Messrs Winship.
The tree is of upright growth and thorny ; the leaves are
small, of a delicate silvery appearance. The fertile and
barren flowers are produced on different trees; the fruit
is of the size and appearance of a large currant, of a
fine scarlet color; it grows in clusters, and at matu-
rity has a beautiful appearance. It is of a rich taste, and
valuable, either with or without preparation, for preserves,
tarts, &c.

RASPBERRIES. 341

RASPBERRY. (Rubus ideaus.)

The Raspberry is a shrub of low growth; its leaves
pinnate and composed of five leaflets. Its root is perenni-
al; its top generally biennial; it produces its fruit on the
wood of the former year. Its flowers are in panicles.

Uses. — The Raspberry is an admired dessert fruit, but
sugar improves its flavor. It is fragrant, subacid, cooling,
and grateful to the taste, and like the strawberry, it does
not produce acidity on the stomach. The juice fermented
with sugar, produces wine, very fragrant and of the most
delicious flavor. Itis also used for jams, pies, tarts, sauces,
preserves, &c. And according to Loudon, it is much used
for distilling, to make a cordial spirituous liquor, to which
it gives name; and raspberry syrup is next to the straw-
berry in dissolving the tartar of the teeth. The wine
mixed with water, according to Dr Short, ‘is a good reviv-
ing draught in ardent fevers.’ He further recommends it
in scorbutic disorders.’ — Phillips.

For a choice selection, the following are particularly
recommended by the different authors, whose names I have
annexed, as the very best.

1. Rep AnrwerpP, Neill. For. Loudon. Pom. Mag.

Lindley.
Burley Antwerp.

An excellent and productive fruit, large, and highly es-
teemed near Boston. The branches must be bent down
in autumn, and protected with soil during winter.

2, Wuite AntwWERP, Neill. For. Loudon. Pom. Mag.

Lindley.
Yeliow Antwerp.

The fruit is large and fine ; highly esteemed near Bos-
ton, and very productive ; like the red, it requires protection
in winter.

29*

342 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

8. Barner. For. Loudon. Pom. Mag. Lindley.
Cornwall’s Red Prolific Seedling, Large Red.
Produces large fruit and abundant crops, a profitable vari-
ety.
4. Rep Canes, For. Loudon.

A good sort for the main crop.
5. DovsLe BearinG, Neill. Loudon. Pom. Mag. Lind-
ley.
Perpetual Bearing, Red Double Bearing, Siberian.
Produces a crop in July, and another in September and
October.

6. CornisH, Lindley,
7. Bromuey Hrux, Pom. Mag.
8. WitxiiAMs’ DousLe BEARING.
Pitmaston’s Double Bearing, Loudon,
9. WiLLIAMs’ PRESERVING, Lindley.
10. Woopwarp’s Rep Guose, Lindley. Forsyth.
11. Rev Aupine Monruty.

Framboisier des Alps de Tous les mois a fruits Rouge, recom-
mended in the Bon Jard.

There are two American varieties, quite distinct from
the above, which may deserve to be enumerated ; these
are 12. Black American Raspberry; 13. White Ameri-
can Raspberry.

Other varieties are named by Lindley, but not particu-
larly recommended, as the Antwerp Double Bearing Yel-
low; Antwerp Late Bearing, or Knevet’s Antwerp ; Brent-
ford Cane ; Rough Cane; Lord Exmouth ; Oak Hill ; Old
White; Prolific Early: Red Malta; Spring Grove; Su-
perb; Taylor's Paragon, or Scarlet Paragon; Wilmot’s
Early Red.

CULTIVATION AND SOIL.

A moist, rich soil, is recommended for the raspberry ; and Mr
Neill asserts that they do well even when moderately shaded.

STRAWBERRIES. 343

In forming plantations, Lindley has directed, that the rows
should run from east to west, and the tallest sorts be planted in
the north rows, and in the rear, ata large distance asunder; and
those of small growth in the south rows, and at less distances
asunder in the row. Thus all the varieties receive the full ben-
efit of the sun. He directs as follows:

Ist or north row, Cornish, set 4 feet asunder in the row.

24 Row, Woodward’s Red Globe, do.

3d Row, Red Antwerp, set 34 feet asunder in the row.

4th Row, White Antwerp, do. do.

5th Row, Cane Raspberries, set 3 feet asunder.

6th Row, Double Bearing, or No. 8. do. do.

Large plantations of any kind, are to be set out on the same
principle.

He also recommends that three young plants should be placed
in eachhill, in a triangular form, six inches apart. These should
be cut at the time, within a few inches of the ground. In au-
tumn cut out all the wood that has borne fruit. Also, all weakly
shoots, and shorten the strong shoots to four fifths. Stakes or
- rails are not absolutely necessary. The tops of each stool may
be tied together in summer at their tips, or Neill recommends to
tie one half of two hills together at the tips, thus they form
arches or festoons. With regard to the double bearing varieties
it is recommended to cut down every alternate stool to within a
few inches of the ground, inthe annual pruning. Thusa succes-
sion of large late crops is always maintained.

Neill informs us that the Raspberry plantation is in its prime
the third year, but must be annihilated after it has stood six
years ; and new ones must in the meantime be formed.

STRAWBERRY. (Fragarim.)

Tue strawberry is a low creeping perennial plant; a
native of the old continent; also of America, where it is
found growing wild inthe woods. Botanists consider them
a genus, comprehending three species.

Usres.— The strawberry is a fragrant, delicious, and
esteemed dessert fruit, whether eaten alone, or with cream
and sugar. It is deemed very wholesome, as it never
causes acidity on the stomach. Boerhave, according to
Phillips, considered its use as one of the principal reme-

344 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST,

dies in putrid fever; and Hoffman asserts that he has
known consumptive people cured by the use of Strawber-
ries. It is also asserted that by eating plentifully of Straw-_
berries, rheumatic complaints are averted or cured. ‘They
also dissolve tartarous incrustations on the teeth. And
lastly Phillips asserts, that the pine strawberries make an
agreeable dessert wine, as rich as mountain ; but possess-
ing greater fragrance and acidity.

VARIETIES.

Mr Barnet [see vol. vi. of the Lond. Hort. Trans.] has
divided strawberries into seven classes. Mr Lindley has
adopted the same course. And in describing the size of
the fruit, I shall have reference to the general size of the
particular class. I have adopted the same system.

CLASS I.— ALPINE AND WOOD STRAWBERRIES.

The Alpine and Wood strawberries agree in their gene-
ral habits and character. The fruit however, differs. The
Alpines have conical fruit, and are fruitfulin autumn. The
Wood strawberries are more globose; they only produce
fruit in summer. — Barnet. see vol. v1. of Hort. Trans.

Rep AupinE, Frasier des Alps, with runners.

The fruit is small and conical, ripening in summer and
autumn.

Rep BusH ALPINE.

Possesses similar qualities to the White Bush Alpine,
but differs in color.

Waite ALPINE, Frasier des Alps a fruit Blanc, with
TUNNETS.
The fruit is small and conical, ripening successively in

summer and autumn.

Waite BusH ALPINE.

This has the same qualities, but is thought to be more
productive, as it does not exhaust itself by runners. ,

STRAWBERRIES. 345

Rep Woop, Frasier Commun.

An old variety extensively cultivated near Boston for the
markets. It ripensin summer. The fruit is scarlet and
round ; very productive and highly esteemed.

WuiTeE Woop, Frasier Commun a fruit Blane.

This variety ripens in summer, the fruit is white and
round; an old, good flavored variety, much cultivated and
esteemed near Boston.

CLASS II. — BLACK STRAWBERRIES.

The fruit of this class is middle sized, conical, witha
neck, of a very dark color at maturity, the seeds slightly
imbedded ; the flavor very rich, and highly perfumed ; the
leaves of this class are small, rugose, pale green. —- Bar-
net, see vol. vi. of Hort. Trans.

Downton, Knight’s Seedling. Pom. Mag. Lind. Barnet.

The fruit is large, ovate, with a neck ; the early fruit is
sometimes of acoxcomb shape ; of a dark purple scarlet ;
the flesh is scarlet, firm, of an aromatic flavor. Originated
by Mr Knight.

Sweet Cone, Pom. Mag. Lindley.

Small, conical, with a neck, hairy, bright shining scarlet ;
flesh pale scarlet, hollow, very high flavored. |

CLASS III.—CAROLINA OR PINE STRAWBERRIES.

The leaves of this class are nearly smooth, of firm tex-
ture, with obtuse serratures, of a dark green; the fruit
large, varying from nearly white to almost purple; the
seeds prominent ona smooth surface ; the flavor sweet
and often perfumed. — Barnet, see vol. v1. of Hort. Trans,

346 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

Buacx Prince, Wilmot’s Black Imperial. Lindley. Bar-
net.

Middle sized, spherical, depressed, hairy, of a very dark
violet color; with a highly polished surface; the flesh of
a rich dull scarlet, with a very small core, high flavored.

Exton Serepiine, Pom. Mag. Lindley. Barnet.

The fruit is large, ovate, often coxcomb shaped, of a
rich, shining dark red ; the seeds yellow, with ridged inter-
vals; the flesh is firm, with a small core, deep red, juicy,
with a sharp rich flavor.

KEEw’s SEEDLING, Pom. Mag. Lindley.

Keen’s Black Pine, Keen’s New Pine, Keen’s New Seedling.

The fruit is very large, globular or ovate, of a dark pur-
plish scarlet, hairy. It sometimes assumes the coxcomb
shape. The surface polished, seeds slightly imbedded ;
flesh firm, solid, scarlet, high flavored. Introduced to the
vicinity of Boston, by Mr Pratt. Also to this country and
to notice by Mr Haggerston, of the Charlestown vineyard.
In this strawberry are combined four eminent qualities,
which never meet but in a very extraordinary fruit ; great
beauty, extraordinary size, excellent flavor, and extraordi-
nary productiveness. The fruit grows high, which is much
in its favor. Raised by Mr Michael Keen, from the seed.
of Keen’s Imperial, which is a good fruit, but very inferior
to this.

Muuszerry, Cherokee, King, Mahone.

A strawberry much cultivated near Boston, and highly
recommended by Messrs Senior and Haggerston. From
them I understand this fruit was sent to the late Gov. Gore,
and to England, by the late Hon. Rufus King, from the
back parts of New York. The fruit is of medium size,
ovate, with a short neck, of a dark red ; flesh tender, of
a red color, and good flavor ; very productive.

STRAWBERRIES. 347

Oxup Prinz orn CArouina, Pom. Mag. Lindley. Barnet.
Old Pine, Barham Down, Black Carolina, Coxcomb Pine,
Devonshire Scarlet Pine, Kew Pine, Large Carolina, Large
Pine, Miss Gunning’s, North’s Seedling, Old Carolina, Old
Scarlet Pine, Pine, Regent’s favorite, Scarlet Pine, Varnish-
ed, Windsor Pine.
Fruit large, ovate, conical, with a neck, sometimes cox-
comb shaped in the early fruit, of a bright scarlet; the
flesh pale scarlet, rich, juicy, with a very grateful flavor ; a

good bearer and very highly esteemed.

CLASS IV.— CHILI STRAWBERRIES.

_ The leaves of this class are very villous, hoary, with

small leaflets of thick texture, with very obtuse serratures ;
the fruit is very large and pale, with prominent seeds ; the
flesh in the type, which is the true Chili, is insipid. — Bar-
net in vol. v1. of Lond. Hort. Trans.

Witmot’s Supers, Barnet. Lindley.

The early fruit is very large, irregular, sometimes cox-
comb shaped. Afterwards they are invariably round, very
hairy, pale scarlet, and polished. The seeds are brown and
projecting. Flesh very firm, pale scarlet near the outside,
but whitish within, with a small hollow in the centre, and
a core; flavor good, buttery, and rich, mixed with acid.

CLASS V.—GREEN STRAWBERRIES.

The French cultivate several varieties of this strawberry.
The Green Pine is much known in England, but it sel-
dom bears perfect fruit ; it bears well only in some parti-
cular situations. Their character is dwarfish, much resem-
ling the Wood Strawberry. The leaves are light green,
and strongly plaited. — Barnet, vol. v1. Lon. Hort. Trans.

348 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

Lindley has described the Green SrrawsBerry. (Fra-
sier Vert,) Caucasian, Green Alpine, Green Wood, Pine
Apple. But ascribes their defection to the multitude of
runners, and has no doubt but if these were restrained,
they would prove productive.

CLASS VI.— HAUTBOIS STRAWBERRIES.

The leaves of this class are highly elevated, rough, and
of thin texture ; the scapes or stems tall and strong; the
fruit middle sized, pale greenish white, tinged with dull
purple ; the seeds slightly imbedded ; the flavor musky. —
Barnet, in Hort. Trans. vol. v1. Supposed to be so named on
account of their bearing their fruit high ; Hautbois or High
Wood.

Larce Fuat Havrsors, Barnet. Pom. Mag. Lindley.
Bath Hautbois, Formosa Hautbois, Sowder’s Hautbois,
Salter’s Hautbois, Weymouth Hautbois, White Hautbois.

The fruit is large, round, depressed, light red ; the seeds

are imbedded; the flesh is greenish, juicy, delicate, with
out a core.

Protiric oR ContcAL Havursors, Barnet. Pom. Mag.
Lindley.
Double Bearing, Dwarf, Hermaphrodite, Hudson's Bay,
Regent’s, Sacombe, Sir Joseph Banks’s, Spring Grove.
The fruit is large, conical, of a dark purple color; flesh
solid, greenish and high flavored. An abundant bearer,
and by far the best of the Hautbois strawberries. The
flowers are the largest of the class; and it usually produ-

ces two crops.

STRAWBERRIES. 349

CLASS VII.—SCARLET STRAWBERRIES.

The Fragaria Virginiana of botanists, is the type of
this class. The leaves are nearly smooth, thin, dark green,
with sharp pointed serratures ; the fruit mostly small, of a
bright scarlet color; the seeds more or less deeply imbed-
ded, with ridged intervals; the flavor acid, with a slight
perfume. — Barnet, in Hort. Trans. vol. v1.

Buiacx Roseserry, Pom. Mag. Barnet. Lindley.

The fruit is of good size, obtusely conical, deep purplish
red and shining; the seeds are slightly imbedded; flesh
dark red near the outside, solid, buttery and juicy, and of
excellent flavor.

DuxeE or Kent’s ScarzetT, Barnet. Pom. Mag. Lindley.

Austrian Scarlet, of Lindley, Cluster Scarlet, Globe Scarlet,
Nova Scotia Scarlet, Duke of York’sScarlet, Early Pro-
lific Scarlet.

The fruit is nearly globular, of rather small size, of a
fine scarlet; seeds deeply imbedded, with sharply ridged
intervals; the flesh is solid, pale scarlet; flavor sharp,
pleasant, and peculiar.

Grove Enp Scar.et, Barnet. Pom. Mag. ~

- Atkinson’s Scarlet, Wilmot’s Early Scarlet.

A first rate strawberry and an abundant bearer. The
fruit is of considerable size, depressed, spherical, of a
bright vermilion color; seeds slightly imbedded with flat
intervals; flesh pale scarlet, firm, with a core; flavor
agreeable and slightly acid.

Oxp Scaruet, Pom. Mag. Lindley. Barnet.

Ecarlate de Virginie, of the French, Scarlet, Early
Scarlet, Original Scarlet, Virginia Scarlet.

A middle sized globular fruit, of a light scarlet color,
slightly hairy ; seeds deeply imbedded, with ridged inter-
30

350 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

vals ; flesh pale scarlet, firm and high flavored; a good
bearer, ripening early ; chiefly valuable for preserving.

RosrzEerRy, Barnet. Pom. Mag. Lindley.

Aberdeen Seedling, Prolific Pine, Rose Strawberry, Scotch
Scarlet.

An abundant bearer ; the fruit is large, conical, pointed,
dark red, hairy, with avery short neck. The early fruit is
sometimes coxcomb shaped; seeds yellow, deeply imbed-
ded with ridged intervals; flesh firm, pale scarlet, with a
core ; flavor not rich, but agreeable, and much admired by
many.

The whole list of Strawberries which I have just described,
(with the exception of the Black Prince, the Wilmot’s Superb,
the Mulberry, and the Wood, and the Bush Alpine,) are but the
select list which is particularly recommended inthe Pomological
Magazine, for a small garden.

Mr Lindley has since particularly recommended the same list
for a small garden, with the exception of the Bromley Hill, and
the addition of the Black Prince, and Wilmot’s Superb. 1 have
added the Mulberry on good authority here; also I have
added the two varieties of Wood Strawberries, and the two
varieties of Bush Alpine.

Mr Lindley has described sixtytwo varieties. Mr Barnet has
recommended for a select list, the same generally, as the Pomo-
logical Magazine, and Mr Lindley.

In 1822, the London Horticultural Society, by their circulars
congregated from all quarters, a vast collection of strawberries at
Chiswick. The whole were examined by Mr Barnet; there
were 200 distinct names or synonymes, and 54 varieties; his
account of them occupies 80 pages quarto. — See Hort. Trans.
vol, vi. p. 145.

Let us enumerate the names of the strawberries which Mr
Lindley has cescribed, and which are not recommended either
by him, or in the Pom. Mag. for a small garden. Some of them
may yet perhaps prove fine in our climate, as is the case with the
Mulberry Strawberry ; and all are evidently thought worthy in
a large collection.

In this list I omit the numerous synonymes generally.

1. American Scarlet. 2. Autumn Scarlet. 3. Bath Scarlet.
A. Bishop’s Seedling Scarlet. 5. Blood Pine. 6. Bostock or
Wellington. ‘7%. Bullock’s Blood. 8. Carmine Scarlet. 9.
Charlotte. 10. Chinese. 11. Clustered Scarlet. 12, Coxcomb

CULTIVATION. 351

Scarlet. 13. Common Hautbois. 14. Conical Hautbois. 15.
Dutch: 16. Dwarf White Carolina. 17. Garnestone Seedling.
18. Gibbs’s Seedling Black. 19. Glazed Pine. 20. Globe Haut-
bois. 21. Green. 22. Grimstone Scarlet. 23. Hudson’s Bay
Scarlet. 24. Keen’s Imperial. 25. Knight’s Large Scarlet. 26.
Lewisham Scarlet. 27. Methven Scarlet, or Methven Castle.
28. Morrissania Scarlet. 29. Mulberry. 30. Nairn’s Scarlet.
31. Narrow Leaved Scarlet. 32. Oblong Scarlet. 33. Pitinaston
Black. 34. Pitmaston Black Scarlet. 35. Red Wood. 36.
Round White Caroline. 37. Scone Scarlet. 38. Sir Joseph
Banks’s Scarlet. 39. Surinam. 40. True Chili. 41. Varicga-
ted Pine. 42. Vernon’s Scarlet. 43. White Wood. 44. Wil-
mot’s Late Scarlet. 45. Yellow Chili.

Other varieties which were unknown, or are not described by
those authors, and which may prove fine in our climate. _

1, New Black Musk Hautbois.

2, French Musk Hautbois.

3. Southborough Seedling.

4, Large Lima.

3. Melon, &c, &c.

CULTIVATION.

Lindley directs that as early in summer as the young runners
have taken root, they should be transplanted into nursery beds
five or six inches asunder. By this management they will by
Autumn have become fine strong plants capable of producing
fruit the following summer.

For the reception of these plants he directs the ground to be
trenched 20 inches deep : and a quantity of half rotted manure in-
corporated to half this depth. For economy he has also recom-
mended in the final transplanting toset the plants in beds of four
rows each; the rows running in a longitudinal direction. The
distance between the beds to vary from 2 feet to 2} feet accord-
ing to the sorts to be planted, as some varieties require much
more space than others. As to the distances of the rows asunder
and the distance of the plants in the rows, I will lay down on
Lindley’s authority the following rules.

3d Cuass. Inrows15 inches asunder ; — the plants 15 inches’
distance in the row. Wilmot’s Superb the same.

2d and 4th CuasseEs (except Wilmot’s as above.) In rows
15 inches’ asunder and 12 inches distance in the row.

6th and 7th CLasses. In rows 12 inches asunder; and 12
inches’ distance in the row.

Ist and 5th Cuasses. In rows 12 inches asunder; and
9 inches’ distance in the row.

352 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

During the first year the runners are to be carefully destroyed
before they have taken root. Around such as show fruit, grass
or straw is placed; (Keen recommends the same; for the plant
der:ves its name from this circumstance.) This protects alike
the soil from washing rains ; from a scorching sun, and the con-
sequent evaporation of its moisture; it protects the fruit from
becoming soiled. But as soon as the fruit is gathered this cover-
ing is to be removed; and the soil kept clear of weeds by the
hoe till autumn. °

In autumn he directs the leaves to be cut off (only a portion I
presume) and all the spaces including the alleys to be dug care-
fully over with a pronged fork, so as not to injure their roots.
Both Keen and Mr Knight however direct manure to be applied
before this last operation is commenced ; and Mr Knight has par-
ticularly cautioned against digging so deep as to disturb the roots,
as it weakens the force of the plants.

The second summer Lindley further states that the plants will
bear their best crop and finest fruit; the beds and outside of the
alleys should be covered with mown grass or with straw three
. or four inches thick; by this method he states he has found the
fruit not only more abundant but of finer quality.

It has been recommended to raise the 4lpines frem the seed.
But Mr Williams of Pitmaston (Hort. Trans.) condemns the
practice. — Lindley joins him in this: for having procured a good
sort it is recommended to increase and continue it: and have no
mixture of inferior sorts with the idea that such mixtures will im-
prove. Some have directed in regard to the Alpines and Haut-
bois that a certain proportion of male or sterile plants should be
preserved. Butthe experience of Lindley and some others seems
opposed to this practice. — These sterile plants, never producing
fruit, out-grow all the rest; they overrun those which produce
fruit and soon take possession of the whole soil; they are neither
useful or necessary, but on the contrary ruinous, as the whole bed
soon becomes barren. But by excluding the sterile plants in the
beginning — the whole will remain productive.

As to the Alpines, Lindley directs to set them out in August;
and by spring the beds will be covered with runners; these are
not to be disturbed or removed, as in the case of other sorts; for
they will produce fruit during autumn.

Management of Alpine and other sorts of Strawberries, when
large and late crops are desired. — The Alpine strawberries are
chiefly valuable on account of their continuing fruitful after all
other varieties are gone. In order to make the utmost of this
valuable property which they possess, Mr John Williams of Pit-
muston has directed (see Hort. Trans.) to form the beds in
August; by spring the beds will be well stocked with plants.
When they have come into full blossom in spring, cut off evtry
flower without injuring the leaves. This operation is to be

CULTIVATION. 353

again repeated as soon as asecond set of blossoms appear. The
third set of blossoms are suffered to remain: — and the plants
having by this system accumulated strength, heavy crops are pro-
duced after other strawberries are gone, and when alone the Al-
pine strawberries are highly valuable.

Another mode has been stated by which a large crop of the
common varieties of strawberries are produced inautumn. When
the first crop is gone, the plants are shorn of every leaf; and at
suitable intervals profusely watered : by this mode it is stated
they not only renew their leaves, but a crop of blossoms and fruit
is produced.

With regard to the produce of strawberries, all agree that the
crop of the second year is more valuable than any succeeding
crop. I will briefly detail three different modes in relation to
this subject.

Ist. The mode adopted by Mr Keen.

2d. That adopted by T. A. Knight, Esq.

3d. A mode not unfrequently adopted near Boston.

Mr Keen forms his beds in the spring. — The Hautbois and
Pines are placed in rows 3 feet asunder and 18 inches in a row,
[Other classes at a proportionate distance.] The object in placing
them at this great distance is that there may be room for the feet
of the gatherers: also room for the vines to spread to the end of
the third year; when the bed is taken up and the ground planted
anew. The first year little fruit is expected — the second year
a very great crop—the third year a very moderate crop. Mr
Knight condemns this system in part; his mode is as follows:
like Mr Keen he forms his beds in the spring: he places the Pine
and Hautbois in rows, 16 inches asunder and only 8 inches in the
row — [other classes at a proportionate distance.] This is from
three to four times the number of plants on the same ground as
Mr Keen. Mr Knight takes off no runners except for the pur-
pose of forming new beds: and he thinks he must obtain near
twice the produce in the second year, which all acknowledge to
be the fruitful year, from the same ground as Mr Keen. For
Mr Knight leaves no unoccupied ground for the feet of the gath-
erers: as he considers the amount thus destroyed very inconsid-
erable compared with the waste of land. Mr Knight destroys
his beds in the autumn of the second year after the first great or
main crop is taken off. He esteems this the most economical
mode.

In the vicinity of Boston the following mode is’often adopted.
The rows are formed from 18 inches to2 feet asunder. The run-
ners during the first year are destroyed. In the second year they
are suffered to grow and fill the interval, and in the autumn of
that year, the whole old rows are turned under with the spade
and the rows are thus shifted to the middle of the space. The
same process is repeated every second year,

30*

354 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

MEDLAR. (Mespilus Germanica.)

A low spreading tree; the branches are woolly ; the
leaves are oval, lanceolate, serrate and woolly towards their
points. The fruit is round or turbinate, the size that of a
plum. The pulp is thick and contains five wrinkled stones.
An ornamental shrub when in bloom, and a native of the
south of Europe.

Uses.—The fruit is much esteemed by some ; but it is
never eaten till ameliorated by frost and in astate of decay.

VARIETIES.

NorringHam Mepuar. Loudon.

A fruit of a quick and pungent taste.

GERMAN MEDLAR or Dutch medlar. Loudon.

A low, crooked, deformed tree, with very large leaves,
entire, and downy beneath; the flowers are very large;
the fruit very large, somewhat resembling an apple in
shape. This variety is the largest of the medlars and is
deemed the best.

Sort anp CuitivatTion.—Raised by seeds, planted while
fresh and in autumn; also by layers—or by grafting and
inoculating, either on the Medlar or on the Quince, the
Hawthorn or the Pear. They require a loamy, rich soil,
rather moist than dry, on a dry subsoil.

NUTS.
WALNUT. $ (Juglans regia.)

EnGuisH oR Maperra Nour.
This is stated to be a native of Persia and China. It is
a lofty spreading tree, with pinnated leaves, of a powerful

NUTS. 355

odor. The fruit is roundish oblong, smooth, green, inclos-
ing a nut of a yellow color and irregular form, which con-
tains a four lobed kernel of an agreeable taste.

Uses.—The walnut is an esteemed dessert fruit; it also
forms an excellent pickle when gathered, while it is yet so
tender as to be easily probed witha needle. In France,
according to Phillips, an oil equal to the oil of almonds is
drawn from them. This oil does not congeal by cold, is
highly prized by the painters for mixing delicate colors
and varnish; and is excellentin medicine. He further in-
forms us that the young preserved nuts are an excellent
sweetmeat; good to be eaten in the morning, in time of
pestilential distempers, to prevent infection.—A most su-
perior family medicine when eaten in the small quantity of
_asingle nut. They are prepared as follows; Green wal-
nuts in the state fit for pickling are boiled till tender;
then take them out, and to every pound of nuts add a pound
of moist sugar, a little water, lemon-peel, mace, cloves,
and simmer till the syrup is thick, and let them stand ten
days: then clarify half as much more sugar, and boil as
before; and when cold cover them close for use.

The decoction of the leaves annoys or destroys noxious
insects and worms.

The timber is very extensively used for gunstocks, being
deemed lighter in proportion to its strength and elasticity
than any other wood.

Cuntivation, Sort, &c.— The walnut is raised from
the seed planted in autumn; the second year they are
transplanted and deprived of a portion of their tap root.
They require a rich soil of loam and sand rather than clay.
Fine varieties may be inarched;—or budded from the
minute buds at the base of the young shoot, inserted in the
summit of the two years old wood. -

306) NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

BLACK WALNUT. (Juglans Nigra.)

A majestic tree with a round spreading head which
sometimes rises to the height of 70 feet, with a diameter of
from 4 to 7 feet. The leaves are pinnate and consist of
six or eight pair of leaflets.—They are acuminate, serrate
and downy. The fruit is large and surrounded with a thick,
globular, smooth, green husk; the shell is rough, uneven
in its surface, odoriferous, hard, thick, and black. It in-
closes a four lobed kernel which is large and sweet.

Uses.—-F rom the nuts an oil is expressed equal to olive
oil for food and useful for the painter. From the husk a
brown dye is procured of different shades. The sap wood
is white, but the heart is violet, becoming nearly black.
It is very strong, fine grained, compact and heavy, and ad-
mits a beautiful polish: and is employed for furniture, and
the stocks of muskets, and for the naves of wheels. It is
strong and durable; and it is said to be never attacked by
the sea worm.

CULTIVATION, Soit, &c.—The cultivation of this tree is
the same as the walnut. It flourishes in any good soil ;
but prefers the deep, fertile, and alluvial soils on the mar-
gins of creeks and rivers.

BUTTERNUT. (Juglans Cathartica. Oil Nut, White
Walnut. )

A large tree with a broad spreading head. In suitable
situations it rises 50 or 60 feet, with a diameter of from 3
to 4 feet at this distance above the ground.

When young, this tree and its leaf strikingly resemble
the Black Walnut ; but when older they are easily distin-
guished. The fruit is similar in most respects to that va-
riety, but is oval oblong; and the nut which is inclosed
is oblong, rounded at the base and pointed at its summit.
The kernel is sweet and abounds in oil.

NUTS. 357

Usres.—The fruit is eaten at the dessert: for pickling
it is superior, and is equally prized as the walnut. Its fruit
preserved in the same manner as directed for the walnut,
is equally excellent, and of equal medicinal efficacy. © Pills
formed by evaporating a decoction of the inner bark to a
viscid consistence, are said to form one of the very best
cathartics known. The timber is of a reddish hue, not
strong, but light and durable. It is never attacked by
worms. It is not liable to split, and its uses are the same
as the basswood.

Cuxtivarion. — The cultivation of the Butternut is the
same as the walnut; it flourishes in any good soil ; on cold,
unproductive, and rocky soils, on the steep banks of rivers.

CHESNUT. (Castanea.)

The European Chesnut was so named, according to Phil-
lips, from Castanea, a city of that name in Thessalia, from
whence the Romans first procured them. The chesnut is
a large tree of a fine form, rising sometimes to the height
of 80 feet. The leaves are of an elongated form, coarsely
serrated, of a fine shining green. A large globular prickly
burr inclosed two or three nuts of a dark brown color.

Uses. The fruit is used either boiled, roasted, or in a
raw state. Phillips informs us, that in the south of France,
in Italy, and Savoy, they are made into puddings, cakes and
bread. And‘ chesnuts stewed with cream make a much
admired dish: they make excellent soup; and stewed and
served up with salt fish they are much admired.” We are
also further informed that there is now at Fortworth, in
Gloucestershire, a great chesnut tree, fiftytwo feet round ;
which in 1150 was so remarkable that it was called The
great Chesnut of Fortworth. And Marsham states that this
tree is 1100 years old. Lastly, the timber of this tree is
almost incorruptible, and more durable than oak. Its dura-

358 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

bility is commensurate with the long life of the tree. The
American Chesnut differs very little from that of Europe—
The fruit is smaller, but equally good. Its growth is very
rapid. The bark for tanning is superior to oak.

Cuxutivation.—The Chesnut is raised from the seeds
planted in autumn — the second year they are transplanted.
A sandy or gravelly loam witha dry subsoil best suits them.

CHINQUAPIN. (Castanea pumila. )

The Dwarf Chesnut rises to the height of 10 or 12 feet,
but sometimes 30 or 40 feet. The tree and its fruit are
with but little variation, a miniature of the Chesnut just de -
scribed. But the timber is finer grained, more compact,
heavier, if not more durable. It flourishes in any dry soil.
Its cultivation is the same as the walnut and chesnut. It
is not found wild, north of Pennsylvania...

SHAGBARK HICKORY. (Juglans squamosa.)

The Shagbark or Shellbark is an elegant tree of a tall
and stately form, rising to the height of 80 and 90 feet. Its
height is very tall in proportion to its dimensions near the
base; often from 45 to 50 diameters. __

Its leaves are oval, acuminate, in five leaflets, of a beau-
tiful shining green above, glaucous beneath. When it has
arrived to middle size, the outer bark separates in long thin
plates or scales, warped out at the ends, giving the tree a
shaggy and bristling appearance. In this respect it differs
not only from other trees, but from other hickories: also in
the fruit which is round or oval, its hull very thick, coyer-
ing a nut whose shell is always thin, and four lobed kernel
sweet. The timber of the Shagbark always splits clear;
it works smooth ; it is very compact, strong, and elastic, and
is preferred to any other wood or hickory for axe handles,
ox bows, and various domestic utensils where all these
qualities are required.

NUTS. sali 359

CuxutivatTion, Som, &c. The cultivation of this tree is
the same as the walnut. It flourishes in any good soil, even
in low wet land. —

PACANE NUT. (Juglans oliveformis.):

A beautiful tree, rising with a straight, well proportioned
trunk to the height of 60 or 70 feet. Each leaf consists of
six or sevenleaflets. The nut, which is encompassed with
a thin hull, is an inch and ahalf long; cylindrical, pointed
at its extremities, and has four slightly projecting angular
ribs. The shell is smooth and thin, the kernel four lobed,
and sweet.

FILBERTS. (Corylus.)

A large shrub, with wood of an ash‘color; leaves alter-
nate roundish cordate. Its fruit is well known and highly
esteemed. The American Hazelnut is a small variety.
They are extensively cultivated in Europe. “Inthe neigh-
borhood of Avelino, in Italy,” says Swinburn, “the whole
face of the neighboring valley is covered with them, and
in good years they yield a profit of 60,000 ducats. — And
from a single wood near Recus, in Spain, sixty thousand
bushels have been gathered in a single year and shipped
from Barcelona, whence they are called Barcelona nuts.”—
Phillips.

Phillips further informs us, the produce of a single acre
planted with filberts, has sometimes been sold for fifty

pounds. And Loudon states that its returns are very pro-
fitable.

VARIETIES.

1. Frizzuep Fitgert. Pom. Mag. One of the very
best. The fruit is produced in threes or fives, sometimes
more ; rather small, oblong, flattened, the shell moderately

360 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

thick filled with the kernel, which is of good flavor. Very
productive.

Cosrorp Nut. Pom. Mag. A large oblong nut; shell
thin ; kernel white, sweet, and of excellent quality. Very
productive. é

Rep Fitzsert. Loudon. Pom. Mag. Very fine flavored,
but not productive.

Coznut. Loudon. A large nut, shell thick, kernel sweet.

Prarson’s Prouiric. Pom.Mag. A great bearer.

SpanisH or Barcetona. A large nut with a thin shell;
this is the sort we usually import.

Knieut’s Larce. Pom. Mag. Very fine.

Cuttivation. — By seeds is not the best mode of rais-
ing ; except to procure new varieties; by layers is best, as
this preserves the kinds. A deep, dry, sandy loam, on a
dry subsoil, is the best ; according to the English writers,
a well manured soil. Ina rich moist soil they grow too
luxuriantly to produce fruit. They require pruning and
trimming, to be kept low; the leading shoots are every
year to be shortened two thirds or more.

MELON.

MUSK MELON. (Cucumis melo.)

A delicious, large, oblong or globular fruit, too generally
known to need a particular description. It is a native of.
Asia, and besides its use at the dessert, it forms while young
an excellent pickle.

VARIETIES.

1. Buack Rocx. Lindley.
Very large, oblate, yellowish skin. Flesh thick, orange
colored, and of excellent flavor.

MELON. +Bbr

2. DArEE Meton. Hort. Trans.

Fruit large, ovate or oval, pale green. Flesh white, thick,
crisp, melting, very sweet.

3. Durcu Rocx. Lindley.

An oblate medium sized fruit, with a thick, yellow, rough
skin. Flesh orange colored, thick, melting sweet and high
flavored.

4. EArty Canrauovpe. Lindley.

Small, globular, ribbed; skin pale green, flesh orange
colored, juicy, of good flavor.

5. Earty Poxrrenac. Lindley.

A small, round fruit with a pale yellow, rough skin; flesh
yellow, thick, sweet, and highly flavored.

6. GeREE ME ton. Ostrich’s Egg. Hort. Trans.

- A green, oval, handsome fruit; flesh very thick, green,
melting, very sweet, and high flavored.

7. Green HoosArner. Hort. Trans.

A handsome egg-shaped fruit ; flesh greenish white ;
tender, delicate, juicy, highly perfumed. A very excellent
and productive variety.

8. IraLttan GREEN FuesHeEpD. Hort. Trans.

A small, round, pale green fruit; flesh pale green, soft,
juicy, very sweet, and high flavored.

9. LarGe Germex. Hort. Trans.

A large, excellent and productive round fruit, of a sea

green color. Flesh clear green, very thick, firm, juicy,
very rich, and high flavored.

10. Mexton ves Carmes. Lindley. .
A very large, oblong, bright orange colored fruit; flesh
very thick, salmon colored, tender, not juicy, sweet and

good flavored.
ol

362 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

11. Mexon or Keistna. Hort. Trans.

A beautiful egg shaped fruit, bright lemon color. Flesh
very thick, nearly white, very juicy, delicate, sweet and
high flavored like a Beurré Pear.

12, MonraGu CANTALOUPE. Hort. Trans.

Form round or oval, small, greenish white; flesh thick,
reddish, soft, sweet, juicy and delicate.

13. ORANGE CANTALOUPE. Lindley.

A small, round yellow fruit; flesh deep orange red,
juicy, sugary, and extremely highly flavored.

14. Romana. Neill.

A middle sized, oval, pale yellow fruit, ribbed; flesh
yellow, firm, and well flavored.

15. ScarueT Rock. Lindley.

An oblate, deeply ribbed, pale green fruit; flesh red-
dish ; tender, juicy, sweet, and highly flavored.

16. Sruver Rocx. Lindley.

Middled sized, oblate ; skin green and yellow, blotched;
flesh pale red, sweet and well flavored.

17. SmoorH SCARLET-FLESHED. Lindley. Hort. Trans.

Form round or oval ; skin greenish yellow ; flesh scarlet,
firm, and high flavored.

18, Sweet MeEton oF IspaHan. Hort. Trans.

Fruit large, ovate ; skin smooth, of a sulphur color ; flesh
white, very thick, crisp, sugary, and very rich.

19. DamrpsHA Merton. Zamsky. Hort. Trans.

Fruit oblong, yellowish green; flesh green, melting and
of excellent flavor.

90. GREEN VALENCIA. Hort. Trans.

Form oval, pointed, slightly ribbed, ofa dark green color ;

MELON. . 363

flesh pale straw color, firm, saccharine, juicy and pleasant.
The latter crops of the two last named varieties keep till
winter.

We may also enumerate the following fine varieties.

Green Citron (fine) green flesh ;

Murray’s Pine apple, do ;

Persian, do;
Nutmeg, do;
Minorca, do ;

Large Cantaloupe ;

Star ;. very late ;

Pomegranate, or musk (fine) adoratissimus ;

Palermo, very rich and fine; flesh green, and keeps late
in the season.

Cuutivation.— The musk melon is raised from seed
planted in April or May in a highly manured, warm, loamy
soil, in hills 6 or 8 feet asunder. Those kinds intended
_ for seed, should be raised remote from inferior sorts. The
vines should be pruned of superfluous branches, and all
superfluous fruits must be removed as soon as they appear

WATERMELON. (Cucurbitus citrullus.)

A native of Asia — and eultivated in all the warm and
temperate countries of Europe, Africa and America. A
very large, round, or oblong fruit, too well known in our
climate to need a particular description.

Uses. — The watermelon is a very refreshing and whole-
some dessert fruit in the warm season: it mitigates thirst.
From the watermelon an excellent sweetmeat called arti-
ficial citron may be prepared as follows. [See New Eng.
Farmer, Vol. xr. No. 8.]

AMERICAN CITRON.

Pare the dark green from the outside and scrape the
soft from the inside of the melon; cut itin different form

364 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

and boil it in alum water until clear; throw it into spring
water, where it may remain two or three hours, changing
the water frequently.

“To one pound of fruit, take two of sugar, make a sy-
rup of half the quantity and boil in it all the citron until
done, when it will be transparent. At the expiration of
two or three days, take the jelly from it, add the remain-
ing half of sugar; boil and pour it over the citron, which
will be ready for use. Season it with ginger, sliced lemon
is preferable.”

The inspissated juice of the watermelon of the sweetest
kinds, affords a bright, light colored syrup. A conserve
and marmalade is also prepared from the fruit. At Sarpa
on the River Volga, says Pallas, they brew beer from the
juice.

Varieties. — 1. Long Carolina; 2. Round Carolina.

Cuxttivation.— The cultivation of the watermelon is
in all respects the same as the musk melon. Innumerable
and nameless fine varieties continually appear. But the
same precautions are necessary to preserve the seed in its
purity as are recommended for the musk melon. They
require a highly manured rich warm soil.

APPENDIX.

FRUITS WHICH MAY BE CULTIVATED IN THE SoUTH
WESTERN AND SOUTHERN STATES TO THE LAT. of 25°.

Most of these however may flourish in the Middle States; and
a small portion may succeed in the North Western and Eastern
States to the Lat. of 43°.

OLIVE. Olea Europea. N. Duh. Pl. 25. Bon Jard.
Loudon. Phillips.

The Oliveisa low, ever green, branching tree, throwing out nu-
merous suckers from its roots; it rises to the height of from 25
to 30 feet ; its leaves are stiff, narrow, simple, very entire, and
more or less lanceolate in different varieties, dull green above and
whitish below. The flowers are in small axilliary bunches, of a
yellowish white. The berry is a drupe of a black, violet, or red,
sometimes white ; its form oval, oblong, but varying according to
the species: its hard, thick, fleshy pulp incloses a stone. i

The olive requires a greater degree of heat than the vine, but
not so great a$ the orange. It will not flourish within the tropics.
Porteau informs us that in Europe, 45° of Northern latitude is the
extreme boundary for the cultivation of the Olive. He also informs
us that during his abode in the equatorial regions of America in
the latitude of 17° North, he saw the Olive trees 30 feet in
height: they grew, but they never produced fruit. The Olive has
been cultivated from time immemorial in Egypt and Barbary, and
in every part of Europe and Asia where the soil is favorable to
its growth, it is naturalized to the South of France, Spain, and
Italy. The trees are said to live te an incredible age.

Usrs. — The Olive tree has long been celebrated as the most
useful of trees; inasmuch as its oil prepares vegetable food for
the sustenance of man. In the deserts of Northern Africa and Asia,
as we are informed, wherever the Olive groves are found, you
find inhabitants. ‘The same land in corn or any other production
could not support them; but take away the Olive trees and the
country returns again to the Desert. ;

The Black Sweet Olive and the White Sweet Olive are eaten
without any preparation ;

31*

366 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

The other varieties are used at the dessert as a pickle. For
pickling the unripe fruit is steeped in water some days, and then
in a ley of water and Barilla, or kali and lime; and afterwards
bottled or barrelled with salt and water. According to some they
are scalded. ;

But the principal use of the Olive is for the production of the
oil known in commerce as the Olive oil. For this purpose they
are gathered by hand when five sixths are ripe, in a fine dry day,
and laid on scaffolds three or four inches thick: here they are to
remain 5, 6, 7 or 8 days, till the moisture contained in their pulp
has evaporated, when they are ground and put into bags of hemp
or rushes, carried to the press, and the oil is extracted by its action,
without however crushing the stone. This oil is of the first qual-
ity, and is used as an article of food and medicine. That which
is afterwards obtained by crushing the stone, from the remaining
pulp, and from the kernel by the application of hot water, is of in-
ferior quality. This last is used by the apothecary for various
unguents; it is used in the preparation of wool in the manu-
factures; in the preparation of soap, &c.

VARIETIES.

-In the New Duhamel ard Bon Jardinier we have the follow-
ing account of some of the best varieties known in cultivation.

1. Ou1ve GALININGUE. OvLivieRE. LAurRtInE. O. An-
gulosa. Gouan.
A hardy variety; its fruit is reddish; it is used in many
places for preserving ; its oil is of medium quality, according to
Gouan, but very good according to others.

2. OLtivE AGLANDEAU. CAIANNE. Dec. O. Subrotunda.

Fruit small, round, very bitter; oil excellent.

3. OLtvE AMELLON. AMELLINGUE, PLANT pD’Arx. QO.
Amygdelina. Gouan.

This is a variety the most generally cultivated ; its fruit some-
what resembles an almond; it is sometimes used for preserving,
but its oil is very sweet.

4. OtIve CormeaAv. O. Cranimorpha. Gouan.

The branches incline towards the earth; it is very productive

the fruit is small, crooked, pointed, very black; stone sharp at
its two extremities.

5. Oxive AMPOULLEAU, BARRALINGUE. O, spherica.
Gouan.

The fruit is more round than any other variety ; the oil is deli-
cate.

OLIVES. 367

6. Ovive Picnoxine. Laurine. O. oblonga. Gouan.,

The fruit is reputed best for preserving. The oil is fine and
sweet. According to Rosier, some have given the same name to
another and different fruit.

7. OtIvE VERDOLE. VERDAU. O. Viridula. Gouan.

It preserves its green color a long time : it is subject to perish
at the period of its maturity ; itis highly esteemed at Pont-Saint-
Esprit; but neglected elsewhere. Is this owing to soil or culti-
vation.

8. Oxrrve MovureEAv, Movurettre, Movurescour, Ne-
GRETTE. O.precox. Gouan.
Fruit oval, very deep color; the stone is small; oil esteemed ;
there are several varieties of the Moureau.
9. OL1vE BovuTEILLeAv, BoutTinranE, Norpucerte. O,
racemosa. (xouan.
This is little sensible to cold ; it is variable in its produce; the
oil is good.
10. OLive SAYERNE, Sauierne. O. atrorubens. Gouan.
The tree is of small growth, and is sensible to cold. It grows
in flinty and calcareous rocky soils. The fruit is a black
violet ; the oil is of the finest quality.
11. Ortve Marsree. Picav. O. variegata. Gouan.
Fruit variable in size and in form; it changes from green to
red marbled with red, violet and white.
12. OLive Turquoise. O. odorata. Rosier.
Leaves large and numerous: fruitlong, of an agreeable odor
excellent to preserve.
13. Otrve D’Espacne, L’EsPANoLE, a variety of Aiguie-
res. O.hispanica. Rosier.
The largest olive of France ; esteemed for preserves; the oil
bitter.
14. Ourve Royaue, TRIPARDE, TRIPARELLE. O. Regia,
Rosier.
Fruit large, suitable to pickle. Oil of bad quality.
15. Ouive Pornrus. PuNCHUDE, RovGerteE. O. atrovirens.
Rosier.

Fruit long, pointed at its two extremities ; red at maturity, oil
esteemed.

16. 17. Amongst all the varieties in cultivation we must not
omit to mention the SwreT WHITE OLIVE and the SwreEr

368 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

BuacxK Ouive, which, when ripe, may, unlike the others, be
eaten without preparation.
By the aid of the researches of the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn
I am enabled to give an account of two other varieties. They
are two varieties of the most hardy description, and the most im-
portant of all for the United States. In the southern part of
the Crimea which lies between the latitude of 44° and 46° two
varieties of olives have been discovered which have existed
there for centuries. - They yield great crops and resist the frost.
The trees of one of these varieties is of a pyramidal fori and pro-
duces an oval fruit ; the other has pendant branches and a large
heart-shaped berry. These olives have been cultivated in the
Russian Im»erial Garden of Nikita, to preserve and multiply the
species, witb plants which had been received from Provence, and
have endured the rigorous winters of 1825 and 1826, while those
of Provence, in the same exposure, perished even to the root.
Measures have been recently taken in France for the introduc-
tion into that country of ‘‘ these two precious varieties, which are
capable of resisting ten or twelve degrees of cold below the zeru
of Reaumur’s Thermometer’? — equal of five degrees above the
zero ot Fahrenheit.—[See Vol. vit. page 285, N. E. Farmer.]

CULTIVATION, So0IL, &c. — The olive is raised from seeds:
For this purpose the fruit is stripped of its pulp and steeped in an
alkaline solution, and planted in autumn or March. Also by
cuttings, layers, suckers from the roots and by inoculation. But
it is propagated in Italy, from the wovoli, which are small knots,
swellings or tumours in the wood, occasioned by the sap not
flowing freely to the roots, but swelling through the bark of the
stock, thus forming excrescences containing embryo buds.
These are easily detached by introducing a sharp penknife close
to the trunk of the tree which sustains not the least injury by
this operation. — Remarks of Signor Manetti of Monza, near
Milan, Lombardy. Loudon’s Mag. Vol. vii. p. 663.

The olive flourishes best in a rich, moist, deep soil; but the
fruit is of much better quality in a dry flinty soil intermixed
with calcareous rocks: it also suffers less from the frost in such
situations.

The olive was extensively cultivated in France; but the
winters of 1709, 1766, and 1787 were dreadfully destructive ;
the dreadful winter of 1789 destroyed all the olives between
Arles and Aix where, in 1787, oil was produced to the amount of
300,000 francs. During the intensely cold winter of 1820 near-
ly every tree in Provence was killed. Under these discourage-
ments its cultivation is in that country principally confined to a
portion of the territories of Provence and of Languedoc ; — to the

FOREIGN FRUITS. 369

departments of the eastern Pyrennees and the Maritime Alps: not
one fourth part of the oil consumed in France is now produced in
the country, and it is stated that more that 50,000,000 francs are
annually paid for supplies imported from Spain, Italy and the
Levant.

M. Andre Michaux is persuaded the olive will one day be ex-
tensively cultivated in the Southern States of America. Mr
Jefferson is persuaded that there is no tree so useful for the sus-
tenance of man; and informs us that the supply of its oil would
of itself create its own demand.

CAROB. (Ceratonia caroubier.)

Atree cultivated extensively in the south of Europe. The
pods of this tree contain a sweet, eatable foecula. A medium
sized tree which flourishes in the central part of France. ‘The
flowers are in clusters, of a deep purple. Fruit a foot long, con-
taining a reddish puip of an agreeable taste when dry. Itis raised
from seeds and the wood is almost incorruptible.

CUSTARD APPLE. (Annona. — Corossal.)

Of this fruit there are several varieties. — Their fruit in con-
genial climates is said to be highly esteemed as an article of the
dessert; particularly the cherimoyer (4. cherimoyla) of Peru,
which produces its fruit in the south of Spain, is described as a
superior fruit. This variety is also cultivated in Brazil.

The Alligator Apple (A. palustris),— the Sweet sop (4.
squamosa), and Sour sop (4. muriata) are esteemed West In-
dia fruits. The fruit resembles a middle sized apple filled with
a soft sweet pulp. The tree is deciduous, it is propagated by
seeds, and by grafting either in the roots or above.

There is a variety a native of Kentucky, (4. Glabra.) [Bon
Jard. Loudon. Cat. Hort. Soc.]|

EUPHORIA. (Dimocarpus, Longan.) Loudon. Hort. Soc. Cat.
LonG-YEN. :

This tree has compound leaves like the ash. It grows in Chi-
na, the fruit is a berry ofa light brown color ; it is surrounded
with a thin leathery coat. The pulp isa thin, colorless substance,
and contains in its centre a brown seed. The flavor of the pulp
is slightly sweet, subacid, and particularly pleasant to the taste.
The fruit is sometimes imported in a dried state from China, and
has a rich, sweet taste.

It is raised from seeds and layers. The Li-tchi and Rambutan
both possess superior qualities to the Long-yen.

GRANADILLA. (Passiflora.) Loudon. Bon Jard,
Of this fruit there are a variety of species.

370 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

1. P. QUADRANGULARIS.

This plant flourishes near Paris, with a little protection in win-
ter. The leaves are oval, five or six inches long and entire: the
stem four cornered. The flowers are odoriferous, red within, and
white outside. The fruit is described by Mr Sabine as very
large, six inches long and fifteenin circumference. Greenish
yellow at maturity, soft and leathery, with a smooth skin. The
rind is very thick, the pulp soft and succulent, of a purple color,
mixed with seedsin asort of sack. Wine and sugar is common-
ly added. The flavor is sweet, and slightly acid, and it is very
grateful to the taste and cooling in a hot climate. A native of
Jamaica.

2. APPLE-FRUITED or SweEr CALABASH. P,. Malfor-
mis. |
Fruit round, smooth, two inches in diameter, of a dingy yellow
color. The skin is thick, the pulp pale yellow, and very agree-
able. A native of the West Indies.

3. PURPLE-FRUITED GRANADILLA. (P. Incarnata.)

The color of the fruit is livid purple, the shape elliptic. It is
two inches long and an inch and a half in diameter. The pulp
is orange color, the seeds numerous; the taste acid, with the
flavor somewhat like an orange. A native of Brazil.

4, FLESH-COLORED GRANADILLA. May Apple. (P. Incar-
nata.)
A native of Virginia ; the flowers are sweet scented, variegated
with purple. The fruit is about the size of an apple, orange
colored with a sweetish yellow pulp.
CuutTivaTion. — All the sorts may be propagated from seeds,
from layers and from cuttings.

GUAVA. (Psidium.) Loudon. Bon Jard.

1. WuitEe Guava. P. Pyriferum.

A West India tree, naturalized in the interior of France where
it produces perfect fruit. A tree 9 to 12 feet high, with nume-
rous branches. The fruit is the size of a hen’s egg, roundish or
oblong, smooth, yellow. The rindisthin: pulp fine, full of hard
seeds, flesh-colored, sweet, aromatic, and pleasant. It is eaten
with avidity, both by West Indians and Europeans, raw in the
dessert and preserved in sugar,

2. Rep Guava. P. Pomiferum.

A beautiful fruit, formed like a pomegranate; but is not so
agreeable as the white,

FOREIGN FRUITS. 371

8. Carruey’s Guava. P. Catileianum.

A new species from China. This fruit is larger than the others
I have described, nearly spherical, of a fine, deep claret color.
The skin has the consistence of a ripe fig but is thinner ; the inte-
rior is a soft, fleshy pulp, purplish red next the skin, and changing
to white at the centre. It is juicy, and much in consistence like
the strawberry, to which it bears some resemblance.

The Guava is raised from the seeds. This last and the cherry
fruited are stated to be the best. ‘The plants of the yellow and
red have produced abundant crops in England.

JUJUBE. Zizypus sativus. Loudon. Bon Jard.
Lore.

A branching, thorny shrub from Syria, of the easiest culture
in Italy, Barbary and China, and abundant bearers. It is much
cultivated in Provence, from whence they are sent to Paris.
They are served up as a sweetmeat in Italy. The leaves are
oblong, obtuse, shining; the flowers very small and yellow.
The fruit is yellow the size and shape of an olive. According
to Loudon the kaki are orange or apple shaped.

LIN-KIV, (Ed. Enc. Art. China.)

_A species of water chesnut, grows in China, of a cooling and
agreeable taste, sometimes sold like filberts, in a green state ;
sometimes dried, powdered, and made into soup, and sometimes
baked in the oven with sugar and honey. They sow the seeds at
the end of autumn in the shallowest places of ponds and rivers in
a south exposure.

LOQUAT. (Mespilus Japonica.) Loudon Hort. Soc. Cat.
ERIOBOTRIA.

A plant nearly hardy, from Japan, cultivated in the south of
France and at Malta. A lofty tree with thick knobby branches —
the leaves are narrow, a span long; the fruit has five cells and is
produced in clusters, and is about the size of a gooseberry, and in
taste resembling an apple. It is raised from seed, from cuttings,
and layers, but the best way is to graft it on the common Mes-
pilus. Sir Joseph Banks considers the fruit equally as good as
that of the mango.

LUCUMA.

A new genus of fruit, it grows in Chili, in taste and size, it is
somewhat similar toa peach. — Ed. Enc. Art. Chili.

MADI.

This plant grows in Chili; and is said to be a new genus, its
seeds afford an oil which has been preferred to any of the French
olive oils. — Ed. Enc. Art. Chili.

O72 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDI8T.

OLEASTER ELEAGNUS. -Angustifolius. Hort. Soc. Cat.
Bon Jard.

A tree of medium size, with leaves of a white color and lanceo-
late ; the flowers small, numerous, and of a yellowish color, and
an agreeable odor. The fruit is held in some estimation in Per-
sia, and the fruit or Persian date, when dried, resembles an oblong
plum, with a tough reddish skin, with a flavor not unlike that of
the date, but more grateful. Raised from layers.

PINUS PINEA, or Stone Pine,

Is a tall evergreen, growing spontaneously in Italy, Spain, and
Portugal. The kernels which are contained in the cones are
eaten in those countries at the dessert, being preferred to almonds,
They are esteemed useful in colds,coughs, &c. The trees flourish
in any soil, but prefer a sandy loam.

PISTACHIA. (Pistacia vera.) Bon Jard.

A native of Syria. A tree rising to the height of twenty feet.
The flowers are in clusters, and the barren and fertile blossoms
are produced on different trees, but the barren may be engrafted
into the same tree producing fertile flowers. The fruit is of a
crimson green color and contains a greenish kernel of an agree-
able flavor.

The Pistachia has been naturalized to the middle of France,and
it flourishes at the Luxemberg, producing guod fruit, but itis there
trained as an espalier.

PRICKLY PEAR. (Cactus. Cactier).

Of this singular fruit there are several varieties; we enume-
rate C. oppunta.— The upright prickly pear, a native of
Virginia. The stems are jointed and without leaves, they are
broad, flat, thick, with bristling spines, and trail on the ground.
The fruit isin form of a fig or pear, with clusters of spines on the
skin ; its pulp is of a reddish purple color, and of an agreeable sub-
acid flavor. Loudon enumerates several varieties, as the great
Indian fig or upright prickly pear (C. funa) ; oblong Indian fig
(C. ficus indica), &c.

The Virginia Prickly Pear (C. oppunta) has, as I am informed,
flourished unprotected, and with no attention. survived several
hard winters near Boston, Accident produced this discovery.
Mr Braddick, according to Loudon, has tried the plant in open
ground, unprotected, during several hard winters. He cultivates
them in a composition of half time rubbish or carbonate of lime,
and the other half equal parts of clay and bog earth. The plant
is raised on a small hillock: stones and pebbles are laid to pre-
vent the leaves or fruit touching the ground. Raised from seeds
or cuttings.

j
/

“*

FOREIGN TREES. 373

Tue POMEGRANATE, (Punica.) Loudon.

Ts a low, deciduous tree, rising from fifteen to twenty feet high,
armed with thorns; the leaves are long and narrow. A native
of the south parts of Europe and China. Itis used for hedges in
Languedoc and Italy. There are several varieties enumerated
by Loudon.

1. The Subacid fruited ; 2. Large flowered, single Red and
White; 3. The semidouble, and double Red and White; 4.
The Yellow flowered ; 5. The variegated flowered ; 6. Prolif-
erous.

POMEGRANATE. (Punica granatum.)

Sweet Pomegranate. N. Duh. PI. 22.
Grenadier a fruit Doux. Ibid.

The flowers are of the most brilliant red ; it blossoms succes-
sively from June to September, one of the greatest ornaments
of the gardens.

The fruit is large, compressed at its base and summit, its di-
ameter three or four inches; its skin is thick, of a leather like.
consistence, of adeep yellow color; spotted with red points,
and colored with red next the sun. Its interior is divided into va-
rious unequal compartments, in which are contained a great num-
ber of angular seeds of the size and color of red currants ; the
pulp contains a juice, sweet, abundant and agreeable.

Cuntivation. — The Pomegranate is raised from seed, from
layers, from cuttings and suckers. It may be inoculated or
erafted. It requires a strong rich soil.

TEA. (Thea.)

The tea tree is a native of China. It is chiefly cultivated be-
tween the 30th? and 40th° of latitude. Itis alow tree, resem-
bling in its appearance a myrtle ;— its roots that of a pear ;
the flowers those of the wild rose. The fruit is of the size ofa
small plum, two or three growing together. ;

The quantity of tea annually imported into Europe and Amer-
ica from China, probably exceeds 100,000,000 Ibs. Good tea is
deemed wholesome, if taken in moderation with a due proportion
of cream and sugar; but the fresh leaves of the shrub when
made into tea, are highly narcotic, producing giddiness and stu-
pefaction, before the noxious properties are dissipated by roast-
ing. And it is not recommended to drink of its infusion till it has
been gathered and prepared a year. There are, it is asserted,
but two kinds of tea, the green andthe black. The rest are
either combinations of these, or products of different soils, or
times of gathering and modes of management. The tea plant
might be easily cultivated in the Southern States, and grows well
in the Carolinas and Georgia. It is said to have been success-

32

O74 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

fully cultivated by asociety of nunsat Wurtzburg, in Franconia,
in the lat. of 49° or 50° north.

The tea tree, in China, grows equally in the level and moun-
tainous districts ; but flourishes best in a light rocky soil. The
seeds are sown in March, end transplanted into rows four feet
apart and three feet in the row; but it is not generally allowed
to grow more than six or seven feet high. The trees begin to
yield crops at the end of three years, but at the end of six years
the trees must be renewed, as the leaves begin to grow hard
and harsh. The leaves which are gathered early in the spring
are of a bright green color. Those of the second crop are of a
livid green —and those which are gathered last, or in the latter
endof spring, are of adark green, and of the third quality. The
leaves of the extremities of the branches are most tender. Those
of the lower parts are the mostcoarse. After the leaves are gath-
ered, they are exposed to the steam of boiling water. They are
then made to shrivel or roll together, by being placed on plates
of copper or iron, or of baked earth, over the fire, and next dried
by exposure to the sun. But the green teas and those of the first
quality are not dried by exposure to the sun, as this causes them
te turn black. And in the preparation of some of the fine sorts,
especially that called Tchu-tcha, every leaf is rolled singly in
the hand with great care; after drying, it is packed in boxes
lined with lead. — Dom. Ency. Ed. Ency. Art. China.

This last operation of rolling every leaf singly, by hand, of the
finest kinds of tea, would never answer in a country like ours
where labor is comparatively dear. If the operation is performed
at all, it must be by machinery invented and constructed for
the special purpose.

TCHEETSE,
A fruit of China, which resembles a fig, about the size of an

ordinary apple, and which when dried, and flattened, are called

Tchee-ping, and then equal to the best figs of Europe. — Ed,
Enc. Art. China.

TARPA NATANS.

This plant grows in ponds, and is eaten like the Chesnut, and
Mr Neill informs us that the canal of Versaillesis covered with
the plant, and that the root is sometimes served up at the table.

TUMA.

A species of Indian fig, grows in Chili, and is equal to any
European fig. — Ed. Enc. Art. Chili.

FRUITS WHICH FLOURISH ONLY IN CoUNTRIES SITUATED
NOT VERY REMOTE FROM THE TROPICS.

All the following fruits will probably succeed in the south of

Louisiana, and especially in Florida from the latitude of 25° to

30°, and many of them in the south of Alabama and Mississippi.

FOREIGN TREES. 375

ORANGE. (Citrus.) Loudon.

Scientific writers have divided the Orange tribe into five lead-
ing species, which are all natives of Asia, viz. The common Or-
ange, the Lemon, the Citron, the Lime and the Shaddock. The
common character belonging to them, is that of low evergreen
trees, with oval, lanceolate, or ovate, entire, or serrated leaves.
Those raised from seed, have often auxiliary spines ; the flowers
in peduncles. The fruits are round or oblong, and of a yellow
color. The petiole in the Orange and Shaddock is winged, but
naked in the lime, lemon, and citron. The orange and shad-
deck are oblate or spherical, and of ared or orange color ; the
lime is of a pale color and spherical; the lemon oblong with a
rough skin and a protuberance atthe end. The citron is very
rough, oblong, with a very thick skin.

All the species of citrus according to the authority of Lou-
don, endure the open air at Nice, Genoa and Naples; but at
Florence, at Milan, and often at Rome, they require protection.
The orange has been long cultivated in Florida, particularly at
St Augustine — the orange groves are said to be extremely pro-
ductive and profitable.

The orange has been much cultivated in Louisiana, and may
perhaps succeed well in the extreme south of Mississippi and
Alabama.

ss In the eauth of Deranshire,” according to Loudon and Phil-
ips, ‘and particularly at Salteombe, one of the warmest spots in
England, may be seen ina few gardens, orange trees that have
withstood the winterin the open air upwards of a. hundred
years. The fruit as large and as fine as any from Portugal.
Trees raised from the seed, and inoculated on the spot, are found
to bear the cold better than trees that are imported.”

.

VARIETIES.

1. Common ORANGE. Citrus aurantium. Loudon.

*«A middle sized evergreen tree, with prickly branches in its
wild state. The fruitis nearly round, and from two to three inches
in diameter, and of a golden color. A native of India and China,
but now cultivated in most countries of Europe ;—in Spain and
{taly in the open air.” The orange I have just described is
commonly called the sweet or China orange.

2. MANDARIN ORANGE. Citrus nobilis. Philips.

So called from its superiority to all other oranges. Introduced
to England in 1805, and not yet cultivated or generally known
in Europe ; it appears as hardy as other kinds. A most delicious
variety ;— the rind is of a deep saffron color, or between an
orange and scarlet. The large variety often measures five
inches in diameter: but the Chinese greatly prefer the smaller

376 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

variety of this orange, which the Botanical Register has stated
to be an entirely distinct species from the common China orange,
Citrus aurantium. A native of Cochin China—and culti-
vated at Canton. It would thus seem that there are two varie-
ties of the Mandarin. Loudon says it is distinguished from
other oranges by its curious form, and is the most delicate of
all the orange tribe. Whence its name of Mandarin or Noble
orange.

3S. SEVILLE OrnAnee, Bigarade of the Fr. Bitter Orange.

This orange, which is a common sort, has an agreeably bitter
taste.

4. Buoop orn MALTESE ORANGE. Rev. Mr Bigelow’s
Travels.

This, according to Mr Bigelow, is the boast of the Island of
Malta, and a most delicious fruit, “The pulp inclines to the
color of red, but not so much in mass, as intermixed in streaks.
It is not only more luscious, but less husky than the ordinary
varieties of orange, and in size is far surpassing.”

The above appear to be the most esteemed of all known.

Usrs.— The use of the orange as a dessert fruit is well
known. The juice of the orange, from its pleasant sub-acid fla-
vor, is serviceable in inflammatory or febrile diseases; by dimin-
ishing heat and allaying thirst. It is a powerful antiscorbutic.
Orange Wine (See Dom. Ency.) is thus made. A gallon of
water and three pounds of sugar are boiled and skimmed for
twenty minutes, and when nearly cool, the juice expressed from
eight Seville (sour) oranges is added, together with the sha-
vings of the outer rinds. The whole to be placed in a barrel and
after frequent stirrings for two days, to be bunged down for six
months or more till fit for bottling. The outer rind also forms
the basis of an excellent conserve, and [See Dom. Ency.] when
preserved in sugar, is deservedly prized at the dessert, being
one of the best stomachics, and a grateful aromatic bitter. The
flowers of the orange tree have a highly “ odoriferous perfume ;
they havea slightly pungent, bitter taste ; and communicate
their flavor by infusion to rectified spirits: or by distillation to
spirit and water. An essential oil is also prepared from the flow-
ers, of a perfume more delicate and agreeable in its fragrance
than even the Citar of Roses. It is prepared in Italy and Portu-
gal, and there called Lssentia Weroli.—[1b.]

CITRON. (C. Medica.) Loudon.

A beautiful, evergreen, prickly, and upright tree, rising to the
height of eight feet, with horizontal or reclining branches. The
leaves are smocth, oblong, ovate, alternate, serrate, pale green.
The fruit is six inches long, ovate, rough, with a protuberance at

FOREIGN TREES. 377

the summit. There are two rinds, the outer rind is thin, the inner
thick, white and pulpy. The outer rind has innumerable glands
filled with a fragrant oil.

This fruit ripens successively at all seasons. The citron and
lemon are not deemed so hardy as the orange, and will not en-
dure so great a degree of cold.

Usrs. — The Citron forms an excellent preserve or sweatmeat.
The juice with sugar and water, forms the refreshing beverage
called lemonade. It is used in cookery and in medicine, and is
powerfully antiscorbutic. There are many varieties.

LEMON. (C. Medica, var limon) Loudon.

The lemon and the citron differ but very little. The wood of
the Lemon tree is more knotty, the bark rougher. The fruit is
rather longer, more irregular, less knobby at the extremities and
the skin thinner than that of the Citron. The uses are the same.
Of the lemon, there are many varieties.

LIME. (Citrus acida.) Loudon.

A crooked tree, with many diffuse, prickly branches, which rises
to the height of eight feet. The leaves ovate, lanceolate, nearly
entire. The fruit nearly globular, an inch and a half in diameter,
with a protuberance atits summit; the skin shining, yellowish,

_ green and very odorous: the juice very acid. A native of Asia.

Uses. — The lime is said to be rather preferred to the lemon
in the West Indies, as the acid is by many thought more agreea-
ble than that of the lemon. Hedges are formed of the tree in
the West Indies.

The varieties of limes are very few.

SHADDOCK. (C. Decumana.)
ORANGE PamMPpLEMOUSE of the French. Loudon.

The tree rising above the medium size, the branches spreading
and prickly. Leaves ovate, neither acute nor obtuse ; the petioles
cordate, with very broad wings. Fruit spheroidal, its surface
regular, of a greenish yellow color: the rind is white, thick,
fungous, bitter; the pulp is red or white, with a subacid, sweet
juice. ’ This fruit is deemed the least useful class. Yet its ex-
traordinary size gives it a striking appearance. It is stated to
grow sometimes to the diameter of from seven to eight inches,
and to the weightof fourteen pounds. But it requires two years
to arrive at maturity in the climate of Europe. The leaf is the
most beautiful of all the orange tribe. The juice is excellent to
allay thirst, and from the thickness of the skin, it will keep longer
in sea voyages than any other species.

CuxLTivarion.— The trees are propagated either by seeds,

32*

378 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

cuttings or layers. If raised from seeds they must be inoculated
or grafted when of suitable size. For the seedlings are stated to
vary as much in quality, asthe seedlings of the apple and pear.
The cuttings are prepared by stripping the lower leaves, and
cutting at the bottom close to an eye; these are to be placed ina
pot touching the bottom, and putin a warm situation, carefully
shaded, and covered with a hand glass till rooted.

All the varieties require a strong soil, and a protected and fa-
vorable situation in unfavorable climates.

PINE-APPLE. (Bromelia ananas.) Hort. Trans. Loudon.

by Phillips, Lindley and other sources.

The Pine Apple is a native of Brazil and of Mexico, from
whence it has been introduced to Asia, Africa and Europe. Ac-
cording to Swinburn, it flourishes unprotected at Reggio near
Naples. In America, it grows as far north as the Bermudas.
According to Loudon “it is by no means so delicate as many iin-
agine; as it will bear a higher degree of heat, and a degree of
cold which would have destroyed the foliage of the vine and
peach in a state of vegetation. The most northerly points where
they are known to be cultivated in Europe unprotected in th
open ground, is at Reggio near Naples. Lat. 40° 50’. ;

In America, at the Bermudas; in the latitude of 32°. Nota
doubt can, I think exist, but this fruit may be cultivated in Florida,
between the latitudes of 25° and 30°.

‘“‘The leaves of the pine-plant are long, narrow, channeled,
and in general furnished with spines or prickles on their edges.
The flowers are on a loose spike, cn a scape, whichis leafy at top ;
as the spike ripens, it takes the form of a fleshy scaly strobile, or
fruit composed of many berries, which have scarcely any cells
or seeds.”’

The fruit,in form bears some resemblance to the cones of some
species of pine ; its flesh is pretty firm, of a delicious fragrance ;
and fer richness of flavor it is thought unrivalled. Some have
described its flavor like that of ‘‘ strawberries with wine and
sugar.”’ Extraordinary specimens have weighed from nine to ten
pounds.

Usns.— The pine-apple is considered the first of the dessert
fruits; it is also preserved in sugar, and is used in the prepara-
tion of marmalades and other confectionaries. And the juice of
the pine-apple fermented, affords a delicious and wholesome
vinous liquor.

VARIETIES.
1. ANTIGUA QUEEN. Lindley.

_ Fruit large, oval, pips large and prominent ; flesh deep yellow,
rich and highly flavored.

FOREIGN TREES. 379

2. Buackx Antigua. Brown Antigua. Neill, Lindley.

~ Leaves of a brownish tinge with strong prickles. Fruit shaped
like the frustrum of a pyramid, but somewhat oval, of large size ;
flesh pale yellow, and high flavored.

3. Brack Jamaica. Neill. Lindley.

The fruit is large, pyramidal brownish yellow. Flesh deep
yellow and high flavored.

4, EnwviLue. Coxcomb. Lindley.

The fruit is pyramidal or oval-oblong, of medium size, deep
orange ; flesh pale yellow, and well flavored.

5. Montserrat. IndianBlack Pine. Ripley. Neill. Lind.

The leaves are broad, long, recurved. Fruit roundish ovate,
color pale ; pips angular; flesh pale yellow, very sweet and high
flavored.

6. New Buacx Jamaica. Lindley.

The leaves are long, the fruit is large, pyramidal, dark brown ;
flesh pale yellow, rich, and very high flavored.

7. Waite Provipence. WNew Providence. Loudon. Lind.

The leaves are very large and long; the fruit is the largest
of all pines, oval—oblong. Flesh very pale, sweet, and juicy:
Weight from six to fourteen pounds.

QuEEN. Old Queen, Narrow leaved Queen. Lind. Neill.

Esteemed the hardiest kind. Fruit of medium size ; oval form,
of a gold color; flesh yellow, juicy and sweet, with a very pleas-
ant acid.

9. Russtanw Guose. Lindley.

Fruit large, oval, dark orange; the flesh yellow, rich, and high
flavored. A very excellent fruit.

CULTIVATION AND So1Lt.— The pine apple is propagated
by seeds, only for obtaining new varieties. But generally form
suckers, or else from the crowns or excrescences growing on the
fruit. The most suitable soil appears to be a mixture of good
loam or with a suitable proportion of sand and vegetable mold
or manure. The pine apple requires much heat and moisture.

PLANTAIN. (Musa paradisiaca.) Phillips. Loudon.

Some assign this plant to Guinea, some to the East Indies,
whence it was carried to the Canary Islands and the West Indies,
and to Egypt. It is an herbaceous perennial plant, as it dies, cris
cut down annually. It rises wiih a soft, herbaceous, conical
stalk, fifteen or twenty feet high, with leaves issuing from the
top, six feet long and two feet broad. The fruit is produced on
the summit in spikes, which sometimes weigh forty pounds. It is
nine or ten inches long, and formed like a cucumber, but pointed

380. NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

at the ends; of a pale yellow color, and soft, sweet, luscious fia-
vor. The fruit makes excellent tarts, and excellent sweetmeats,
and is the most wholesome of all confectionary. It forms a princi-
pal part of the food of the negroes, who either broil or roast it ;
they boil it with their salt beef, pork, and salt fish, and prefer it to
bread, as do the Europeans. Dr Wright says, the Island of Ja-
maica would scarcely be habitable without this fruit, as no spe-
cies of provision could supply its place. Dampier calls it the
king of fruits. A plantation affords a succession of fruit for a
whole year. It thrives only in rich, flat ground, and is propa-
gated by suckers from the roots.

BANANA TREE. (Musa sapientum.) Loudon. Phillips.

It differs little from the plaintain, having its stalks marked
with dark purple stripes and spots, and the fruit is shorter and
rounder. The fruit is more mellow, and is either eaten raw, or
roasted, in fritters, preserves, marmalade ; and the fermented juice
affords an excellent wine. This fruit, according to Swinburn,
grows in the open air at Reggio. From the fibres of the tree
of the Banana, cloth and cordage is made of uncommon strength.

AKEE TREE. (Blighia sapida.) Loudon.

The fruit is esteemed in the West Indies as very wholesome and
nourishing ; a native of Guinea, and grows from twenty to twenty-
five feet high, with numerous branches; leaves like the ash,
alternate and pinnate. The fruit is reddish or yellow, the size of
a goose egg, with a pulp of a grateful subacid flavor. It is propa-
gated in a rich soil, from seeds, cuttings and layers.

ALLIGATOR PEAR or Avocapo PEAR. (Laurus persea:)
Loudon.

It grows in the West Indies to the height of thirty feet with a
Jarge trunk. The leaves are like the laurel, of adeep green.
Fruit the size of a large pear, and heldin great esteem where
it grows. The pulp is pretty firm, and has a delicate, rich flavor
— so rich and mild, that most people make use of some spice or
pungent substance to give it poignancy — either wine, lime juice,
but mostly pepper and salt. It is raised from seeds.

THE ANCHOVY PEAR. (Grias cauliflora.) Loudon.

This is, in the West Indies an elegant tree, rising to the height
of fifty feet. The leaves are two or three feet long, and oblong.
The fruit is oval, the size and shape of an alligator’s egg. It is
pickled and ea‘en like the mango of the East Indies, which it
greatly resembles in taste. It is raised from the stones, and grows
in moist bottoms or shallow waters.

FOREIGN TREES. 381

AURUCANIAN PINE, or PEHEUN,

Is by some supposed a new genus, its branches form a quad-
rangular pyramid ; the leaves are three inches in length, heart
shaped, hard and shining ; its fruit attains the size of a man’s head,
and in taste resembles the chesnut. It grows in Chili. — Ed.
Enc. Art. Chili.

BREAD FRUIT. (4rtocarpus incisa.)

A native of the South Sea Islands, where it obtains the size of
the oak ; the leaves alternate, glaucous, and two feet long. The
whole tree and its fruit, while unripe, abounds in a tenacious
milky juice. The fruit is the size and shape of a child’s head,
with a rough surface and thin skin. It is eatable to the core,
which is the size of the handle of a small knife. The eatable
part is as white as snow, of the consistence of new bread. Itis
roasted before it iseaten. It is slightly sweet, and its taste some-
what insipid at first. . '

Raised from seeds, layers, or suckers.

DURION. (Durio zibethina.) Loudon.

A lofty East Indian tree, with leaves like a chery, the flowers
in clusters of a pale yellow. The fruit the size of a man’s head,
roundish or oblong, it resembles a rolled up hedgehog, with a
hard bark or rind. The pulp is of a creamy substance and of a
delicate taste. Rumphius says itis by much the most excellent
fruit of India. Its smell is at first, heavy and unpleasant, but
sagt accustomed to this fruit, consider it the most excellent
of all. ;

MANGO TREE. (Mangifera indica).

A large spreading East Indian tree, with lanceolate shining
green leaves, of aresinous smell. The fruit is a drupe kidney
shaped, some are as large as a man’s fist; it is covered with a
smooth, softish, pale green, yellow, or half red skin, and con-
taining an ovate, woody, fibrous, compressed nut or stone, with-
in whichis an ovate kernel, soft and pulpy like a damascene
plum. ‘ When ripe it is replete with a fine agreeable juice. It
eats like an apple, but is more juicy. It is esteemed very whole-
some, and except pine apples, it is preferred to any other fruit
in India.”

Raised from cuttings or from seeds.

MANGOSTAN. (Goreinia mangostana.) Loudon.

A native of the Molucca Islands, but cultivated in Java and
Malacca. An elegant trec, rising twenty feet, with a parabolic

~

en NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

head, a taper stem, branching like a fir tree, with oval leaves
seven or eight: inches long. The flower like a single rose.
The fruit round, the size of an orange, the shell like the pome-
granate. The seeds are disposed like those of the orange, and
surrounded by a soft juicy pulp of a rose color, of a delicious fla-
vor, partaking of the strawberry and the grape, and is esteemed
the richest fruit in the world. tis wholesome alike for those
in health or in sickness.
Raised from seeds or cuttings.

PEE-TSEE.

A species of water chesnut, which grows only in the southern
provinces of China, in shallow rivers and ponds, with leaves like
a bullrush, and hollow like the stalk of an on‘on. Its fruit ina
capsule of its root, like the husk of achesnut.-- Hd. Enc. Art.
China. |

ROSE-APPLE. (Eugenia.) Louddh. Bon Jard.
JAMROSADE. E. JAMBOS.

A tree from India, rising to the height of from ten to thirty feet ;
Jeaves long, lanceolate and shining. The flowers are in clus-
ters, of a yellowish white. The fruit the size of a hen’s egg,
with the taste of am apricot, and flavor of the rose. Some are
white, some are red, and some are yellow.

(E. Mallaccanesis.) Mauay Appue. Another species ; the tree
and the leaves are larger. The fruit is ovate, an inch and a half in
diameter, fleshy, with a sweet odor like the rose, agreeable to the
taste and sight, and deemed wholesome. Common in most of
the South Sea Islands. They are raised from seeds, and require
a warm, moist atmosphere.

TAMARIND. (Tamarindus.) Phillips.

So called from Tamar (Date in Arabic.) The tamarind is
cultivated in Arabia, Palestine, Egypt, and the East and West
Indies. The tree is very large, with spreading branches and
thick beautiful foliage. The leaves are pinnate, smooth, oblong,
entire, of a bright green ; they close atnight. The fruit is a pod
from two to five inches long, inclosing from two to five seeds.
The outer pod is thick, the inner as thin as parchment, incle-
sing the pulp, which isa soft pulpy substance. The fruit may be
preserved in jars, with alternate layers of sugar. But in the
West Indies the following mode is adopted. The ripe fruit is
taken out of the pod,and placed in layers in a cask ; and the
boiling syrup from the first copper in the boiling house, just be-
fore it begins to granulate, is poured in till the cask is filled ;
svhen cool the cask is headed for sale,

The tamarind is raised from cuttings or from seeds.

FOREIGN TREES. 383

TRYPHASIA. (4urantiola.) Hort. Soc. Cat.

Turee Leavep Trypuasia. Limonia trifoliata.

The fruit resembles a small orange, and is aromatic. It rises
to a compact shrub or tree.

VARRONIA PLUM. (Varronia alnifolia.) Hort. Soc. Cat.

This fruit resembles a small plum. It grows against a south
wall (in England.) It has borne fruit in the Botanie Garden of
Madrid, and is believed to be a native of Mexico.

ORNAMENTAL FOREST TREES AND SHRUBS, CLIMB-
ING PLANTS AND HONEYSUCKLES.

I will here briefly enumerate or describe a few of the most
ornamental hardy trees, shrubs, &c. Those sorts particularly,
which may be easily obtained, and at moderate prices. A just
proportion of which are at this day considered indispensable ap-
pendages in every handsome garden.

In the disposition of trees and shrubs for avenues and the bor-
ders of walks, it is recommended to set them on either, or on both
sides, in four ranks or ranges, according to their heights.

The first range, or that nearest to the avenue or walk, to con-
sist of roses and shrubs of the lowest growth.

The second range to consist of shrubs, &c, which never attain
to a greater height than from six to ten feet.

The third range, to consist of those trees which ‘never attain
to a very great height.

The fourth range, or outer rank. to consist of those trees only,
which attain to the greatest elevation.

Thus when the whole have attained to their full height, the
effect will be not less striking than beautiful.

A broad and extended avenue, thus lined on both sides,
with the ranks or ranges at proportionate distances asunder, and
rising in regular gradation from the centre, as they will when
fully grown, would present to the view of the beholder a spec- .
tacle rarely witnessed with us.

Those marked thus * are evergreens.
bi ae «< + will admit of frequent repetition.
bs st «© +t being very handsome, will admit of very
frequent repetition.
S. S. require protection in winter, in nor-
thern climates.

“4 ts 6s

384 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

CLASS I. — TREES OF THE TALLEST GROWTH, FOR THE
FOURTH OR OUTER RANGE.

ttABELE or S1tveR Lear. Populus alba.

A tree of rapid growth, rising toa great height; the leaves
are cordate, pointed, of a very dark green above, perfectly
white and woolly or downy beneath. The petieles are slender,
and like the aspen, are set in motion by every breath of wind;
and the lively contrast of the upper and under surface gives the
tree a striking appearance.

f{{ALIANTHUS oR TREE oF Heaven. Ailanthus glandulosa.

A tree from Japan or China, which there rises to an enormous
height ; with a small and very straight trunk; the leaves are
pinnate, and from three to four feet in length. An elegant tree
of extremely rapid growth. | It answers well in the latitude of
Boston. It issometimes called Tallow or Tillow.

Asu. Fraxinus excelsoir.

A fine stately tree, which rises to the height of sixty feet, with
pinnate leaves.

{Manna Asu. F. rotundifolia. This tree grows very tall
and stately, with pinnate leaves. Manna is procured from this
variety. That which naturally exudes is called tear manna ;
but that which is obtained by incision, is called canwlated or
flaky manna.

Breecu. Fagus.

The F. ferruginea or AMERICAN Burcu, is a tree of very
compact and handsome form, and is deemed a handsome tree.

tBurron Woop. Platanus occidentalis. .

A tree which sometimes attains an enormous size. Its growth
is very upright; its leaves very large and lobed —a noble tree
for lawns and avenues, although its appearance is rather stiff. .

ttCaraupas. Bignonia catalpa.

A native of America; a large tree with a round head; the
leaves are very large and cordate ; of a bright green. The flow-
ers are in very large clusters, of a white color touched with pur-
ple; they appear in July, and are very showy and beautiful.

VireiniA Cuerry. See page 283.

ttHorse Cuesnut. /sculus hyppocastanum.

A noble and extremely hardy tree, evidently fiom Northern
Asia. It rises from fifty to sixty feet in elegant and compact

ORNAMENTAL TREEs, &c. 385

proportion. The leaves are large, of a dark green, and the tree
forms an impervious shade; the blossoms appear in May or
June, they are in large clusters, of a white color mottled with
red, and of asuperb appearance. The fruit is large, inclosed in
a prickly hull.

tCyPREss.

We enumerate two varieties, lst, Deciduous Cypress ; (Cu-
pressus disticia,) a native of the southern states where it grows
to am enormous size, very erect and stately and bears the cli-
mate inthe latitude of Boston. 2d, *t White Cedar, (Cupres-
sus thyotdes,) atree which rises with a very straight trunk from
seventy to eighty feet, the leaves are flattened and branch-
ing ; a beautiful evergreen tree.

fEutm, Ulmus. Scotch Elm, Wych Elm, Ulmus montana.

This variety has large leaves. The tree grows erect, and
sometimes attains an enormous size. The bark assumes a black
cast. The timber is very valuable. American Elm. (U. amer-
icana.) The growth of this variety is somewhat irregular — it
attains a very large size and height, and the branches droop like
the willow. It rises sometimes toa hundred feet. Red Elm.
Slippery Elm, (Ulmus rubra.) Another handsome variety.
Cork bark Elm. (U. suberosa.) All these varieties are fine for
avenues and lawns.

tLime or Linpen. Tilia.

The European Linden rises in an elegant and pyramidal form ;
the American has a round head. The blossoms though not
showy, havea sweet odor. Both varieties are of rapid growth,
and form fine shades for streets and lawns.

f{*HemMuiocxk, Pinus canadensis. Weeping Spruce.

An elegant tree, and neglected for no other reason than because
itis so common. The foliage is very delicate. It differs from
most other evergreen trees, as the Weeping Willow from most
deciduous trees.

tLarcna, Pinus larix, Larix europea.

Sometimes called Scotch Larch. This is a noble tree ofa py-
ramidal form ; its branches are disposed in stages, and grow in a
horizontal direction ; itis of extremely rapid growth, will flour-
ish in almost any soil ; and resists the severest cold ; a beautiful
tree while in leaf; its timber is valuable and of great durability.

fAmerican LArcu,or Hacamatac, Pinus microcurpa.

This tree is ofa rapid growth, it attains to the height of forty
feet. The tree is beautiful while in blossom and in leaf, and has
a sweet odor.

33

386 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

Locust. Robina pseudo acacia,

A tall, beautiful tree, of very rapid growth, with pinnate
leaves; the flowers are produced in racemes ; they are white,
and have a fragrant sweet odor. This tree, so valuable for its

timber, is liable to the destructive attacks of a worm — and it has
the demerit of throwing up innumerable suckers from its roots.

tHonry Locust or THREE THORNED Acacia, Gle-

ditschia triacanthos.

A tree of rapid growth, which attains a stately size ; a
handsome tree with pinnate leaves; the seed pods are a foot
or more in length. The tree is armed with triple or
branching thorns, sometimes a foot long, of formidable appear-
ance. A hedge properly trained, would soon be impassable to
man or beast. The stems should be allowed to rise six feet in
height, when they must be checked in their advancement to
force cut lateral shoots.

ttMacwouia, BLure Ftowerine. M. acuminata.

This tree is very hardy. It rises erect and in beautiful form to
a great height inacongenial climate. The leaves are handsome,
the flowers are of a blue color.

tScarLer Map Le. Acer rubrum.

A large tree ofa very handsome form ; the leaves are cordate,
lobed, dentate, downy beneath. The blossoms appear early in
April; they are of a rich crimson hue. The leaves in autumn
change to beautiful deep crimson.

Sucar Marpue. Acer saccharinum.

A tree of medium height; the leaves are large, three or five
lobed ; from its sap sugar is produced; a tree of utility and orna-
ment.

*ttWuire Pine. Pinus strobus or Weymouth Pine.

This tree rises to an enormous height, with a straight trunk ;
the leaves are very long and have a very delicate appearance.
This tree so majestic in its appearance, so beautiful, and yet so
useful, contends with the oak as monarch of our forests.

“t{Sriver Fir. Fir Balsam, Balm of Gilead. Pinus bal-
samea.

A native of the Northern parts of America. An evergreen
tree of a tall and elegant appearance: the leaves are dark green
above and of a silvery hue beneath; a tree much admired for
the beauty of its form and foliage,

*tSpruce. Pinus.
The Black Spruce, P. nigra. and the Red Spruce, P. rubra,

ORNAMENTAL TREES, WC. 387

Norway Spruce, P. abies, are all ornamental varieties and de-
serving a place in every large garden. The branches of most of
these varieties incline to grow horizontally.

ttSycamore. Acer pseudo platanus.

The tree grows tall and of elegant form ; the leaves are very
large, broad, of adark green hue. A tree of ornament. 2d, Stri-
ped leaved Sycamore. A. fol. var. A variety with beautiful
striped leaves.

ttTunie Tree. Liriodendron tulipifera.

A very majestic tree which rises with a straight trunk to the
height of eighty or a hundred feet. The leaves are large, of a
singular form, of a bright green. The flowers appear in June
aahnek resemble the Tulip, of a greenish yellow, touched
with red.

{tWererinc Wiuiuow. Salix babylonica. PARASOL.

A well known tree, rising to the height of forty or fifty feet;
its branches drooping ; one of the most elegant of all shade
trees. Its outline when standing insulated is pleasing and very
striking. The MVapoleon Weeping Willow is the same, but
is raised from the branches brought by Capt. Jacob Smith of
Rhode Island from the tomb of Napoleon at St. Helena. 2d, Golden
Willow, S. vitellina, a variety with bark of a gold color which
attains a stately size.

CLASS II.— TREES OF SECONDARY HEIGHT FOR THE
THIRD RANGE.

tAcacra, PurpLe Fuiowerine. Robinia viscosa.

A tree which never grows tall, the young wood is glutinous
the flowers are of a purple color and in large racemes.

tLarcre DovuBLE FLOWERING ALMOND. See page 248.

APPLE.

tCuinrese DouBLE FLOWERING. See page 58.

{Rep Srpertanw Cras. See page 57.
tYeLiow Srper1an Cras. See page 58.

¢Curtep Leavep Asu. F. atrovirens.

A very curious and striking variety, a most singular tree. The
srowth is very upright ; the young wood very thick and blunt ;
the leaves curled; of the darkest green shade. 6. tGolden
Ash, (F. aurea.) The bark of this singular variety is of a
gold color.

e

388 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

CuIneEsE AsH. Fraxinus sinensis.
An ornamental and singular variety —the leaves are small
and very narrow, of a dark green shade.

tWeerrine Asu. F. pendula.
A variety with pendant branches; and very ornamental.

ttPurrLe Bercu. FF. purpurea.

A tree remarkable for its leaves, which are of a dark crimson
or purple hue, which appear to most advantage in June or July.
In autumn they fade to purplish green.

ttMounrain Asu, Sorbus aucuparia or Roan tree.

A tree rising in an elegant and pyramidal form to the height of
thirty feet. The tree itself is an ornament and its flowers which
are in large clusters. In autumn the tree is covered with large
clusters of red berries, and its appearance at this time is very
striking and beautiful.

*Rep Cepar. Juniperus virginica.

This tree when properly trained makes an eleganthedge. By
clipping it grows remarkably compact.

t{DovsLte FLowErRtInG CuHeERry. See page 282.

S.S.¢{FraAnKLInIA. Gordona pubescens.

A tree growing from six feet to thirty in a congenial climate.
Universally admired for its large and beautiful white flowers,
with a yellow centre and of extraordinary fragrance.

Hercutes’ Cuvus. Angelicatree. Aralia spinosa.

A tree of low growth, of a singular aspect, the limbs are cov-
ered with stiff thorns. The flowers are in large bunches and last
a long time.

Jupas Tree. Cercis siliquastrum.

A low tree, which produces its flowers very early, before the
appearance of the leaf; it is at that time an ornamental variety.

Kentucky Corrrer TREE or Bonpuc. Gymnocladus cana-
densis.

A: singular tree in its appearance; the young wood is re-
markably stout and thick; the berries are said to be used as
coffee.

tt{Lasuenum. Cytissus laburnum, or Golden Chain.

An elegant small tree, producing a profusion of long bunches
of yellow flowers. There are two varieties, the common and
the ALPINE or Scorcu ; the latter is the most beautiful and is
believed to be the hardiest.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, Wc. 389

t{MAGNOLIA,

Of this splendid tree there are many varieties.

Ist. Chinese Purple Flowering, (Magnolia obovata), with
flowers of a fine violet purple outside, and white within.

t{2d. The Chandelier Magnolia or Yulan. (Magnolia con-
spicua.) Another Chinese variety with large elegant white
flowers, shaped like a Chandelier.

{f3d. The Magnolia cordata or Yellow Twice flowering. The
flowers of this variety are yellow, it does not grow large.

ti4th. Magnolia glauca ; for description see third section.

tf5th. Splendid Magnolia macrophylla, large leaved. The
leaves of this variety are over two feet in length. The blossoms
very large, and of a yellowish white, very beautiful with a fine
odor.

ttMagnolia purpurea. Highly spoken of by Mr Loudon.

tt Vagnolia tripetala. (Umbrella Tree.) A tree which rises
toa very moderate height, with very large leaves, and very large
single flowers four inches in diameter, of a white color and fra-
grant odor.

S. S.*tt Great Flowering Magnolia. (M. grandiflora).— A
tall, superb evergreen tree, rising ina congenial climate to the
height of sixty or eighty feet; the leaves are oblong, of a shining
green. The flowers are very large, of a fine fragrant odor. It
does not bear a northern climate.

ttMounTatn Snow Drop. Chionanthus montana.

This tree rises from ten to twelve feet in height ; the leaves
are oblong, broad, laurel shaped, of a blackish green ; the flow-
ers are in clusters, very singular, and white, like flakes of snow,

Last of May and June.
t{Cu1nEsE PAPER MULBERRY. Brousonetia papyrifera.

A large tree with a round head ; the leaves are large, rough,
some are cordate, some entire, some five lobed. The fertile and
barren blossoms are produced on different trees. This tree is of

rapid growth and ornamental.

tt{Cu1nes—E MuuBerry. Morus multicaulis. See page 286.

A tree of rapidand-upright growth; the leaves are very large
and cordate ; their upper surface is curled or convex, of a deep
shining green, and very ornamental.

tfOsace OranGE. Maclura aurantiaca. Bow-wood.

A native of the Arkansas and Missouri, where it rises in beau-
tiful proportion to the height of sixty feet, and has been pronoun-
*

390 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

ced one of the most beautiful of all our native trees. The leaves
are oval and lanceolate, of a bright shining green; they resemble
those of the orange, and the branches like those of the orange,
are covered with long thorns. The fruit is large, the size of an
ostrich’s egg, and ofa curious and beautiful appearance, but not
eatable. The wood is very fine, remarkably strong and elastic,
and on this account is preferred by the Indians to all other wood
for their bows. The wood yields a fine yellow dye, and it is sup-
posed will be admirable for hedges. I know no material so beau-
tiful and yet so hardy for this purpose. It deserves trial.

Preacu. {Double Flowering Peach. See page 216.
tt Weeping Peach. See page 229.

ttS. S.Pripvreor Inpia. Melia azedarach.

A tree from India or China of very rapid growth, much used
in the southern cities for ornamenting streets. The leaves are
pinnate, of a deep shining green, and beautiful ; the flowers are

in large oblong clusters, of a bluish white or lilac, and of a fra-
grant odor.

{SuHeparpia or Buffalo Berry Tree, (silver leaved.) See
page 340.

t*Swepisu JuNIPER. Juniperus suecica.

A hardy tree, which does not rise to a very great height. Its

appearance is very singular when trained in a narrow pyrami-
dal form by tying inthe branches.

BiacKx WiuuLow. Salix nigra.

A low tree ; the young wood of this variety is of a shi-

ning deep violet or black, and covered with a pale blue glaucous
bloom.

tRine Witwtow. Salix annularis.

A very curious and singular tree, the leaves are curled in the
form of a ringor hoop. Also called Hoop willow.

{{VEwETIAN SumaAcH, Rhus cotinus. Smoke tree. Purple
Fringe Tree. Aaron’s Beard. Jupiter’s Beard.

An elegant shrub or tree, rising from six to twelve feet, with a
round head ; the leaves are round, and have the odor of citron. The
flowers are very striking, and have a beautiful appearance ; they
appear in June, are in large tufts of a purple color. In Septem-
ber and October they change and appear like masses of wool.

One of the most beautiful shrubs ; its appearance is very con-
spicuous and superb.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, &c. 391

CLASS IlI.—TREES OF LOW GROWTH OR SHRUBS,
VARIETIES WHICH SELDOM ATTAIN TO A GREATER

HEIGHT THAN FROM SIX TO TEN FEET, FOR THE
SECOND RANGE

{Rose Acacta. Robinia hispida.

A low growing shrub, which produces a succession of large
clusters of pale blue or purple flowers.

ttALTHEA. Hibiscus syriacus. fl. pleno. Althea frutex.

A native of Asia. But bears the winters at Boston perfectly
well. One of the most ornamental of all shrubs, rising to the
height of six or eight feet. The leaves are three lobed. The
chief varieties of the Double Athea are the Double Blue, Double
Purple, Double Red, Double White Striped or Pheasant’s Eyed,
and Double White, &c. &c. This last does not flower well in
the latitude of Boston. The Altheas commence flowering not
long after the hardy roses are gone and continue blooming till
late in Autumn. They are indispensable in every good garden.

tTtTAZALEA.

This variety of honeysuckle is much admired. The pink and
the white are the most common and are natives of our woods, they
are extremely beautiful when in bloom. The varieties known
in cultivation may exceed a hundred.

tCatycantuus. C. floridus.
shrub.

A hardy shrub, rising six or eight feet in height, the flowers

are of a brown purple, of an agreeableodor like spices. The
leaves are very fragrant.

Allspice, or sweet scented —

tCHINEsE CALYCANTHUS.

A variety with white flowers; there is another Chinese variety
with yellow flowers.

tWeepinG Cuerry. See page 283.
tCoLUTEA.

Of this shrub there are the Colutea arborescens, with clusters
of yellow flowers during summer — and seed in a thin inflated
membraneous case , also the C. Pococki, with dark yellow flow-

ers. Both are ornamental.
Missourt orn JEFFERSON CURRANT. Ribes Missouriensis.

A shrub rising to the height of six feet, with clusters of bright
yellow flowers, of a fragrant odor in spring.

392 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

[npIAN CuRRANT. Symphoria glomerata.

A low shrub, the leaves are very small, oval. The fruit, for
which alone it is most remarkable, is profusely clustered on the
branches, and of a red color, but not eatable.

Dirca PAuLustnris.

Leather wood, so called, from the uncommon flexibility of the
tree, and its branches. It rises from four to six fect, in form of
atree; the flowers are yellowish white, the Jeaves are oval.

Buoopy Doawoop. Cornus sanguinea. Red twigged Dog-
wood.
The flowers are produced in clusters, but neither these nor the

leaves are very striking. In winter the wood assumes a beau-
tiful crimson color, and is in that season much admired.

Wuite FLtowerinG DoGwoop. Cornus alba.

A shrub not very uncommon in our woods, producing a pro-
fusion of blossoms, of a dull white, resembling the single rose.

tEneuisH Fry HonrysucKkue. Lonicera xylosteum.

A small tree or shrub, rising to the height of seven or eight
feet ; the leaves are dark green above, downy beneath. Tbe
flowers small, of a straw color, but not very conspicuous. The
berries are bright red — and the shrub is considered ornamental.

The flowers appear in June and July.

{TARTAREAN Honerysuckuer. Lonicera tartarica.

A shrub rising from four to five feet in height. The flowers
are small, of a pale red color, and appear early in April. This
shrub is much esteemed.

t{ DWARF FLOWERING Horst CHEsNuUt?r. sculus macros-

tacia.
A native of America. It rises to the height of five or six feet,
producing large spikes of beautiful white flowers of a fine odor
and elegant appearance. 7

S.S.{Haxzesra. Snow Drop Tree or Silver bell.

There are two varieties of this tree, the H. diptera, and H. te-
traptera. The former the two winged, the latter the four winged
— the blossoms are pendant and ofa pure white.

t{HawrTnHorn. Crategus oxyacanthus.

A tree of medium size. There are several varieties which are
very ornamental when inbloom. These are the Double White
and the Scarlet. This plant is much used in Europe for hedges,
but is not so well calculated for our hot summers.

—

ORNAMENTAL TREES, &C. 393 |

tInp1co Surus. Amorpha fruticosa.

This produces spikes of blue flowers in great abundance, of
handsome appearance.

tt{Linac. Syringa vulgaris.

A beautiful shrub, rising from six to eight feet in height, it
flowers in large clusters in April and May, of a fragrant odor.
There are two varieties; one with flowers of a bluish violet ;
the other those of pure white.

t{Persi1anw Lruac. S. persica.

‘This shrub rises six or seven feet in height. The leaves are
pointed and oflesssize than the common Lilac. The flowers are
smaller and more delicate. There are several varieties. Ist,
Purple Persian L.; 2d, White Persian L. ; 3d, Cut-leaved or
Chinese L., with curious leaves.

tiMaeworra Guauca. Glaucous magnolia.

A low tree or shrub with oblong glaucous leaves, and beautiful
white flowers of a fragrant odor. This plant is a very hardy and
flourishes best in a mixture of bog earth and common soil.

*ttMountTain LAuret, Broad leaved Kalmia. Kalmia lat-

tfolia.

A superb evergreen shrub, very hardy ; a native of the North-
ern States of America. It rises five or six feet ; the leaves are
oblong and shining ; the flowers are in large convex clusters, of
a rose or carnation hue, and appear in June or July.

MounTAIN Rost or RAsPBERRY. Rubus odoratus.

A low shrub, remarkable for its very large green leaves, and a
succession of blue flowers like small single roses. There isa
variety with large white flowers.

S. S.tt{PomEGRANATE. See page 373.

{Prim or Priver. Ligustrum vulgare.

A sub-evergreen, rising eight or ten feet ; the leaves are lance-
olate of a very dark green like the myrtle; the flowers are white ;
the berries black, in large ciusters. This plant forms a beau-
tiful hedge. 12. Variegated Leaved Privet. (L. variegatum.) The
leaves of this variety late in autumn are blotched with a bright
gold color. 3. $Chinese Privet. (L. sinensis.) A variety with
leaves of the same dark green as the preceding, but of much lar-
ger size.

ttJapan Quince. Cydonia japonica, or Pyrus japonica,
Japan Pear. See page 206.

t{CuHinEsE Quince. See page 206,

394 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

*ttRHoDODENDRON MAxtmumM. RosE Bay. Great Rhodo-
dendron.

An evergreen shrub, a native of America. It rises from six
to sixteen feet in height, with numercus branches. The leaves
are large, oblong and thick ; of a dark shining green, and beauti-
ful. In July the flowers appear in large convex clusters, at the —
ends of the shoots, of a reddish hue ; they are extremely beauti-
ful, and Jastalong time. A moist soilis the most suitable. A
very hardy variety.

*{tRHODODENDRON PontTicum or Pontic Rose Bay.

A beautiful variety, of foreign origin. The leaves are large, shi-
ning and beautiful. The flowers appearin midsummer, on the
ends of the shoots, in large clusters, and are of a violet or pur-
ple color. A very beautiful shrub. A moist, sandy soil suits it
best. This variety is believed not so hardy as the former species.

ttSnow-Bauu or Guelder Rose. Viburnum opulus.

An elegant shrub, blooming very early and profusely in spring,
in large, round, white clusters like balls of snow.

JAPAN SopHora. Sophora japonica.

A tree rising with a straight trunk, to a great size in congenial
climates. The branches are pendant; the flowers in clusters of
a dull white. It was for a long time known that this tree produ-
ced the Japan Imperial yellow dye ; but the bark, leaves, and
wood failed of producing it. But it is lately discovered to be
produced from its fruit.

SPIRmA.
Of the Spirzas, there are several varieties; they are all orna-
mental. We enumerate

1. GUELDER RosE Sprrma. Spirea opulifolia or Nine
bark. A shrub rising six or eight feet, with large round clusters of
white flowers in spring.

#2. SrperrAnw Sprrma. S. levigata. A shrub rising five or
six feet high, producing beautiful spikes of white flowers in spring.

3. Rep FLtowerine. S. tomentosa. Produces handsome
red spikes of flowers, and is neglected only because it is so
common.

34. Nepar. S. Bella. Produces elegant red flowers.

{STRAWEERRY TREE. Euonymus.

Of this tree or shrub there are several varieties. In autumn
the trees are covered with a profusion of red berries, and are
then deemed very ornamental.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, S&C. 395

SyrinGa. Philadelphus coronaris.

A very ornamental shrub, producing a profusion of white
flowers very early in spring, of a sweet fragrance. The variega-
ted leaved is a curious species.

{CAROLINA LARGE FLowERING SyrinGA. Philadelphia
grandiflorus or Garland Syringa. Very hardy ; flowers in gar-
lands, and the flowers continue a long time.

CLASS IV.—SHRUBS OF LOW GROWTH. VARIETIES
WHICH SELDOM RISE BUT FROM TWO TO FIVE FEET,
FOR THE FIRST OR INNER RANGE.

fi{Dwarr Dovuste FLowrrine ALMond. Amygdalus
nana.
A superb shrub, flowering early in spring in’profuse clusters of
very double blossoms like small roses, of arose or pink color ;
one of the most ornamental shrubs ofits season. See page 248.

Yetuiow Diervitwa. Diervilla lutea or Arcadian Honey-
suckle.
A low growing, hardy, ornamental shrub. The wood is per-
fumed when broken ; the flowers are small, of a yellow color,
and slightly fragrant.

S.S. tiCamexizt1a JAponica or JAPAN Rose.

A beautiful evergreen tree, producing flowers like roses, of
various shades, extraordinary beauty and fragrance. It requires
effectual protection in the northern and middle states. It flow-
ers in winter.

ttCorcHorus Japonicus. Keria japonica, Japan globe

Slower.

An elegant shrub from Japan, rising with many flexible stalks,
to the height of five or six feet. The flowers which are produ-
ced in succession from spring to autumn, are very double and of
a globular form, and bright yellow color. This plant is strikingly
beautiful. It bears the winters well in the latitude of Boston,
with a very slight covering of straw or leaves, but generally
without any protection whatever.

t{DAPHNE MEZEREON.

A low shrub, rising from two to three feet in height, with
small lanceolate leaves. In March the whole plant is decorated
with flowers of a violet or white hue and beautiful appearance.
An elegant shrub.

396 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

ttWuite Frowerine Merzereon, is beautiful but taller
than the red.

tt{Pzazonra.

The Tree Peonies are asserted to be as hardy as oaks. The
flowers are of large size and splendid in appearance. They are
from China.

St Joun’s Wort. Hypericum.

Of this there are several varieties ; the H. frutescens is a low
shrub which produces in summer a profusion of flowers of a yel-
low color.

ttScorcu Broom. Spartium scoparium.

A singular shrub, rising with many flexible stalks like a broom;
the flowers are yellow and very showy, the appearance of this
shrub is striking. Siberian broom, a low trailing shrub
producing a succession of yellow flowers.

tiSnowBerry. Symphoria racemosa.

A very hardy shrub from the Rocky mountains. The berries,
which are the size of a cranberry, are in clusters, and are very
white and delicate like wax, and very ornamental.

ttRosr. Rosa,

The rose is justly called the queen of flowers, for its size, and
various beautiful shades and delightful fragrance. The colors
vary from a pure white to red, to deep violet, and nearly to black.
The yellow rose is not very uncommon. The rose is an indis-
pensable requisite in every good garden. The lists enumerate at
least one thousand names of hardy roses.

S.S.ttCuinwa Roses.

These require a little protection during winter, in the north-
ern states. They are mostly ever-blooining, and universally ad-
mired on this account. They should be planted in the open
ground in June, and may be again taken up in September ; or
protected with moss or evergreen, and suffered to remain out
during winter. The most common are the China Blush and
Sanguinea. The Champney’s Blush Cluster and WVoisette ; of
these last there are many varieties, all blossoming in superb clus-
ters. Others less common, are the Knight’s Resplendent ; the
Grandval or Hermite, more splendid still ; both these last are
ofa dark crimson hue. The Blush Tea Scented of exquisite fra- .
grance, andthe Undulata. The Multiflorus, Blush, and White
and the Lady Banks’ White and Yellow, and the Grevilli are
all running roses, and blossom in beautiful clusters ; but they do
not blossom well except ina warm exposition. The Belle de
Monza, the Yellow Tea Scented are not common, but celebrated

‘s

HONEYSUCKLES AND CLIMBING PLANTS. 397

«

new kinds. There are many
than these, but still less known.

{{Danuia, GEORGINA.

Although this plant belongs to the herbaceous class, I have
yet ventured to insert it here. A noble plant, a native of Mex-
ico. A plant but lately known amongst us, rising from three to
ten feet in height. It flowers profusely in autumn, after the
hardy roses are past, and continues in flower till hard frosts com-
mence. The flowers are magnificent ; they are of a great vari-
ety of shades, and surpass those of the rose and camelia in size
and splendor, although they fall short in fragrance. Its roots
are large, oblong tubers, and some have supposed, they might by
preparation answer as food for man or the domestic animals.

kinds not less beautiful perhaps

CLASS V. — HONEYSUCKLES AND CLIMBING PLANTS.

ARISTOLOCHIA SIPHo. euleaias e

A rapid growing vine, with very large leaves, which are
round, cordate, entire, of a bright green ; the flowers, which ap-
pear in June and July, are of an obscure purple, and of curious
form, resembling a pipe. Admirably calculated for arbors from
the large size of the leaf.

~ ¢{Brewonra Rapicans or Trumpet flower.

A rapid growing plant, a native of America, which extends its
branches toa great distance ; the foliage of a fine green and
numerous ; from every joint roots are emitted which attach
themselves to the earth and walls and structures of wood. The
flowers are in clusters, each flower about four inches in length,
in form of a trumpet, of a beautiful flame color.

‘There is a variety called the Minor.

t{t{BreNoNnrIA GRANDIFLORA. :

A variety from China, but not so rapid in its growth; a fine
climber. The flowers are large, and more in the form of a bell
than trumpet, and ofa fine flame color. Both are very showy
and beautiful. ;

{{CHINESE Guvcine. Glycine sinensis or Wistaria conse-
quana, 3
A beautiful vine of rapid and very extended growth ; the
flowers are very numerous, in long clusters or racemes of a pur-
ple color. This plant is from China, and is highly spoken of by
Mr Loudon. 7a
34

398 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

ttCLuster FLowEeRiInG GuycineE. Glycine frutescens.

This appears tobe of more vigorous growth than the Chinese,
in ovr climate. Avery rapid growing vine. The flowers of
a deep purple color, and in tong clusters, or racemes, of a beau-
tiful appearance. A native of the southern states, but hardy.

*ttlvy, EVERGREEN or IRISH BROAD LEAVED Giant Ivy.
Hedera helix.

This perhaps is one of the most beautiful of all plants for cov-
ering arbors and walls. I suspect, however, our summers are
too warm for it. On the north sides of buildings alone, I have
observed, it flourishes in all its unfading beauty.

t¢Vireainian Ivy, or American Ivy. Cissus hederacea.

A remarkably rapid growing vine, and eminently calculated
for covering walls, &c. The leaves are large and palmated,
changing in autumn to a fine crimson. This ivy is deciduous.

ttRosa Rusrirouia or Raspberry leaved Rose.

This is the handsomest and finest of all the hardy running
roses yet known. Its growth is very rapid and strong. When
well established, it will run near twenty feet in a season ; and
although the flowers are small and perfectly single, yet they are
in superb clusters like the Noisettes, and of different shades on
the same bunch. A native of the west. The Ayrshire -cannot
compare with it. This rose flowers in July, after most other
hardy roses are gone ; and may, perhaps, lice the Cherokee of
the south, make a fine hedge.

*§. S. GREVILLI, very rapid growing ; flowers in fine clus-
ters of different shades.

*§.S. BuusH MuutirLorA. Rapid growing ; flowers in su-
perb clusters.

*$.S. Wuire Muttiruora. M. alba. Superb white clus-
ters of roses ; beautiful.

*S. S. Lapy Banxs’s. Two varieties, the white and the yel-
low; both very beautiful, flowering in clusters.

*S. S. Coeroker. Not remarkable for the beauty of its flow-
ers, of very rapid growth ; used in Carolina for hedges.

Virein’s Bower. Clematis.

Of this plant there are several varieties, some are hardy and
some are tender. The Traveller’s Joy, (C. vitalba.) is one of
the most hardy and rapid growing varieties.

Honeysuckues. Lonicera. Twining Honeysuckles.

tEarzty Waite Irauian. Lonicera caprifolium.
The flowers of this variety are white, and of a very delicate

HONEYSUCKLES AND CLIMBING PLANTS. 399

_2ppearance ; they appear very early, but their duration is short ;
the vine isofvery rapid growth.

fEArnY VARIEGATED BELGIC.

A variety similar to the monthly, variegated in its blossoms,
but it differs from that in flowering but once, very early and
profusely. 3

ttCuHinesE VanieGatep Monruty, or Chinese twining .
Lonicera flexuosa sinensis.

This beautiful honeysuckle is from China, and like many oth-
er productions of that country, it appears to be perfectly hardy.
The vines are very flexible, and of rapid and very extended —
growth ; it rises to a very great height ; the flowers are in pairs,
or triple, covering the plant in profusion from spring to autumn ;
they are beautifully variegated with red, white and yellow.

++VARIEGATED Monruiy Honeysuck te or Belgic. Lo-
nicera Belgicum.

One of the most beautiful of all varieties; the flowers last
from spring till late in autumn, the colors are variegated with
white and yellow and red ; they are very fragrant.

ttScarietr Trumpet Montuuy or Coral. Lonicera sem-
pervirens.

Almost an evergreen ; one of the mest rapid growing of all.
The flowers are of afine scarlet, in form of a trumpet, and are pro-
duced in profusion from spring till winter ; the foliage is large and
beautiful, of a dark shining green. A native.

ttYeLLrow Montruiy Trumpet. Lonicera frazera.

The foliage of this is of a bright green. The flowers differ
from the Scarlet Trumpet only in being of a bright yellow color ;
like that it is a native of America.

fOrRANGE PuBEsceNT. Lonicera pubescens.

This is anative of the northwestern coast of America. The
leaves are downy ; the flowers are large, and of an orange color.

S. S.jJapan Honerysuck ie. Lonicera japonica.

The flowers of this variety are produced in profusion, of a
pale yellow color. Itis highly spoken of by Mr Loudon, but it
does not withstand our winters without protection.

There are many other varieties. The Douglas, a native of
America, has very large foliage.

Etruscan or Tuscany, OrAnce- Cotorep. L. etrusca.
A new and beautiful variety, with flowers of an orange color.

400 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

FLOWERS.

The lists of flowers recommended by most authors are much,too
extensive for general purposes. Ihave made choice of the list
recommended by Mr Niell, (Ed. Ency. vol. x. part 2, on Horti-
culture,) with some omissions and some additions. It includes
the most showy and conspicuous varieties, and however small the
list, | am perfectly aware it may be thought by some too extended.

1. Fuorists’ FLoweErks.

These flowers are in a peculiar manner distinguished by the
title of Flerists’ Flowers. They are cultivated in beds by them-
selves ; the principal are these, 1. the Tulip ; 2. the Ranuncu-
lus; 3. the Anemone ; 4. the Iris; 5. the Dahlia; 6. the Pink ;
7. the Carnation; 8. Polyanthus; 9. Auricula ; 10. Hyacinth ;
11. Polyanthus Narcissus, and 12. the Crocus.

2: PERENNIALS.

Tall growing showy flowers, to intermix in the shrubbery
border. ‘

For the shrubbery border, the following are recommended as
the most suitable tall growing herbaceous plants: 1. Hollyhock,
(Althea rosea,) of different colors, September till hard frosts ; 2.
Goat’s Beard Spirea, (S. aruncus) ; 3. Foxglove (Digitalis) Bi-
ennial; 4. Monkshood, with blue and yellow flowers (4conz-
tum) ; 5. Larkspur, (Delphinium grandiflorum, and exaliatumt,)
and (D. sinensis) ; 6. Columbine, (4quilegia vulgaris) ; 7. Iris
of the large species, Germanica, sambucina, and siberica ; 8.
Willow herb, (Epilobium angustifolium) ; 9. Double Fever-
few (Pyrethrum parthenium) are showy in flower ; 10. Tall
species of Asters; 11. Tall species of Solidago; 12. Perennial
Sunflowers, particularly Helianthus decapetelus and H. multi-
florus ; to these may be added, 13. Rudbeckia laciniata ; 14.
I add to this list the Tiger Lily, (Lilium tigridum). Besides
tall plants, some of humbler growth may be added, as patches of
15. Sweet Woodruff, (.2sperula odorata), and patches of 16.
Double Wood Anemone, (.4nemone nemorosa), and 17. the Lily
of the Valley, (Convallaria majalis) ; there is a double red
flowered variety of this. I add the VFucca alnifolnia and fila-
mentosa.

BorpDER FLOWERS.

The borders for perennial flowers are seldom less than four or
five feetin breadth. One of the most ornamental tall growing
. perennialsis 1. Double Scarlet Lychnis, (Lychnis chalcedonica

FLOWERS. 401

fi. pl.).; 2. Hyssop leaved Dragon’s head, (Dracocephalum ruy-
schiana), and the Great Flowered (D. grandiflorum), with ele-
gant blue flowers ; 3. Silver-rod or Branched Asphodel, (4spho-
delus ramosus), with fine white flowers; 4. (Verbascum Serru-
gineum), Rusty Flowered, and (V. pheniceum), or Purple
Flowered may be admitted ; together with 5. the Fine Branched
Lythrum, (L. virgatum), which is covered for three months
with purple flowers; 6. Two or three species of Centaurea,
Such as (C. orientalis), with yellow flowers, and (C. Cauca-
sica,) with white flowers, and (C. montana), with blue flowers ;
all hardy perennials ; 7. Double Siberian Larkspur (Delphinium
elatum), flowers, fine dark azure ; 8. Phlox pyramidalis and
P. paniculata, are handsome showy flowers; 9. Linear Leaved
Willow herb, (Epilobium angustissimum), foliage fine, and
flowers large, of a beautiful purplish red; 10. Coreopsis verti-
cellata, flowers fine deep yellow ; 11. Of the species of Speed-
well, these are elegant, Veronica virginiana, flowers blush col-
ored, and with white flowers; and V. longifolia, flowers. blue,
white, or flesh-colored ; 12. Variegated Wolfsbane, (Aconitum
variegatum) ; 13. Rudbeckia purpurea, with large flowers ; 13.
Liatris spicata, deserves a place in every collection ; 14. Acan-
thus mollis ; 15. Of the fine genus Spirea, the Queen of the
meadow, (S. ulmaria), and Dropwort or (S. filipendula ; 16.
Of Campanula or Bell Flower, a hundred species have been
named, there are several showy Perennials, as Peach leaved (C,
persicifolia, with single bfue, and single white, and : with
double flowers; Nettle feaved Bell Flower, (C. trachelium) ;
Pyramidal or (C. pyremidalis), highly prized. To this may be
added Splendid Sage; (Salvia splendens), a native of Brazil.

ORNAMENTAL PLANTS OF MIDDLING SIZE.

1. Of the species of Achillea; Sweet Maudlin, (4. ageratum),
Sneezewort, (4. ptarmica), with double flowers ; 2. Spring
Adoris, (A. vernalis), with large yellow flowers, in April;
3. An elegant double variety of Rose Campion, (4gros-
“emma coronaria); 4. Perennial flax, (Linum perenne) ; 5.
Round headed Rampion, (Phyteuma orbicularis); 6. Sweet
William, (Dianthus barbatus) ; 7. Of the species of Eryngium,
E. alpinum,and E. amethystinum, are very ornamental. Also,
the Statice or Thrift, in particular, S. latifolia, scoparia, tartar-
ica and speciosa ; 8. Fraxinella, or (Dictamnus albus), is both
beautiful and curious; by approaching a candle to the flower in |
a warm, dry and clear night in June, a slight explosion takes
place from the inflammable gas it exhales ; 9. Cardinal Flower,
(Lobelia cardinalis), a very elegant scarlet flowering plant, but
is in a great measure now supplanted by the (L. fulgens), of still
greater brilliancy ; 10. Catananche cerulea, flowers of a fine

34*

402 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

blue ; 11. Canadian Columbine, (Aquilegia canadensis), highly

ornamental; 12. Garden Wall Flower, (Cheiranthus cheirt),

when double and of a dark color is much prized ; 13. The Red

and Scarlet Chelone, (C. obligua and barbata), very late and
pretty ; C. major, fine peach colored flowers, the most showy
of the genus; 14. German Godilocks, (Chrysocoma linosyris),
with bright yellow flowers in the form of an umbel ; 15. Trito-
ma media, produces its beautiful spikes of orange flowers in
autumn; 16. Two species of Monarda; the Oswego Tea
or (M. didyma) with scarlet flowers, and M. _fistulosa,
with purple flowers; 17. The Perennial Lupin, (Lupin peren-
nis), but a more showy plant is the L. nootkatensis; 18. Of
the Perennial Poppies, the Oriental, (Papaver orientalis) with
large bright orange flowers, and the Welch (P. cambricum)
with flowers of a deep yellow ; 19. Red Valerian, (Valeriana
rubra), highly ornamental when ofa dark color ; there is a white
variety which formsa fine contrast ; 20. Several kinds of Peony
are magnific entborder plants, as the Double Dark Red, and Double
Blush, (varieties of P. officinalis), and the White Flowered, (P.
albiflora), and (P. whitleji), (P. fragrans and P hilmei) several
other new fine kinds might be here added; 21. Smvoth Leaved

Bellflower, (Campanula nitida), very ornamental and com-

pletely covered with blue flowers. There is a double variety of
this, but itis very rare; 22. Of the numerous genus of Asters with

fine blue flowers, the Italian Starwort (.4. amellus), the Alpine,
(A. alpinus), and the (A. spectabilis) ; Ragged Robin, (Lychnis
flos cuculi), beautitul when double ; 23. The varieties of L. dioi-

ca, with double red and double white flowers are very showy ;

sometimes called Bachelors’ Button ; 24. 'The Plantain Leaved

Crowfoot (Ranunculus amplexicaulis), pure white flowers in

April or May; 24. Garden Rocket, (Hesperis matronalis)

double white and double purple, these are excellent border flow-

ers, being at once both showy and fragrant ; 25. Virginian Spi-

derwort, ( Tradescantia virginica), with fine blue flowers. and

with red, and white flowers, blooming from spring to autemn ;

26. Asiatic Globe Flower, (Trollius asiaticus), its rich orange

colored flowers are very brilliant ; (7. europeus), flowers fine

yellow and handsome; 27. American Cowslip, (Dodecatheon
meadia), very. elegant flowers in May and June. ‘The varieties
of the Chinese Chrysanthemums of almost every color are par-.
ticularly elegant. I must not omit the Day Lily, Hemerocallis,
large shining leaves, of various beautiful colors.

Low GROWING FLOWERS, FOR THE FRONT OF THE
BorpveEr.

_ 1. Double Purple Jacobea, (Senecio elegans), strictly speak-
ing, this is only an annual, but double varieties may be continued
by cuttings ; 2, Several varieties of Phlox are very ornamen-

FLOWERS. 403

tal, particularly the common Lychnidea, (P. suaveolens) ; the
early flowering, (P. divaricata) ; awl leaved or (P. subulata) ;
and the fine leaved, or (P. setacea), with (P. ovata), and (P,
stolonifera), or creeping ; 3. The great flowered Siberian Fumi-
tory, (Fumaria nobilis), is very handsome and continues long in
flower; (/. formosa), with delicate blush colored blossoms ; and
the Yellow species, (/. lwtea,) is valuable ; 4. Common Bloody
Crane’s bill. (Geranium sanguineum) is not unworthy of a
place; and the striped variety (G. lancastriense), and the
streaked Cranes-bill, (G. striatum) ; 5. The Yellow Species of
Monkey flower from Chili, (Mimulus luteus) is an acquisition,
and very pretty ; and6. Different species of Ginothera, though
of humble growth, produce fine yellow flowers, particularly 2.
frazerianu, G2. fruticosa, and G2. pumila ; 7. Marsh Marigold
(Calthra palustris) is likewise very showy, and for several
weeks makes a brilliant appearance, but prefers a moist border.
Feather grass (Stipa pinnata) is justly admired for its light, airy
and delicate appearance ; 8. Violets of different kinds are well
known, the Canadian, (Vicla canadensis) is particularly elegant,
and the Sweet or March Violet, (V. odorata), so fragrant, but the
large flowered variety is beautiful ; 9. The Anemones with blue
flowers, as the splendid Pasque-flower, (4. pulsatilla), and dif-
ferent varieties of the Star Anemone (4. hortensis, and 4. apen-
nina and A. pratensis); 10. The Gentians are also fine border
plants, particularly the Gentiana asclepiadea and G. cruciata,
both with blue flowers,

2. BIENNIALS.

Some of the most common are, 1. Honesty or Satin Flower,
(Lunaria annua), both white and purple ; 2. French Honey-
suckle, (Hedysarum coronarium) red and white; 3. Yellow
Horned Poppy, (Glaucium luteum) ; 4. Tree Primrose of sey-
eral species (G2nothera biennis, &c,) and Moth-mullein, (Ver-
bascum blattaria,) yellow and white flowered.

Fiowers ror Rock work.

Masses covered with Lichens, especially 1. Lichen atro-fla-
vus, geographicus, ventosus, perellus, and stellaris, are very
desirable. The following are very proper and ornamental ; 2,
Cotyledon umbilicus, and all plants which grow naturally in dry
soil are fit for rock work; 3. Dianthus deltoides, D. armeria and
D. ceasius ; 4. The Red Valerian, Valeriana rubra, and the
white variety ; 5. Erinus alpinus ; 6. Madwort of different spe-
cies, particularly Alyssum saxatile and deltoideum ; 7. Cerasti-
um repens ; 8. Erigeron alpinum ; 9. Cyclamem . europeum
and herderefolium ; 10. Spring Gentian, (Gentiana verna) ;
11. Soldanella alpina ; 12. Sazxifraga oppositifolia and (S.
granulata, fl. pl.) ; 13. Verbascum myconi ; 14. Lychnis alpi-

404 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.

na; 15. Primula nivalis, P. integrifolia, P. helvetica, and
P. marginata ; 15. Basil leaved Soapwort, Saponaria ocy- —
moides) ; 16. Stone crop, in particular, Sedwm album, glau-
cum, rupestre, aizoon, and secangulaire ; 17. The Cob-web
species of House-leek, (Sempervivum arachnoideum.)

AQUARIUM,

In the pond may be placed various marsh plants,as 1. harsh
Calla, (Calla palustris); 2. Yellow and white fringed Bog Bean,
(Menyanthes nymphoides) ; 3. The Flowering Rush (Butomus
wumbellatus) ; 4. Water-Violet, (Hottonia palustris) ; 5. The
Cat’s Tail, (Typha latifolia and 7. angustifolia), has a singular
appearance. Lastly some of our own native aquatics, may be
recommended for their beauty and fragrance. The Nymphe,
and in particular, the White and Yellow water Lily, V. alba
and JV. lutea, and though rather tender for our climate, the Chi-
nese Wymphe meiumbium.

3. ANNUALS.

1. The Indian Pink, (Dianthus chinensis) ; 2. The Winged
Thunbergia, (7. alata); and 3. The Sensitive Plant, (Mimosa
sensitiva), though strictly speaking, biennials, are often cultiva-
ted as annuals. Many of the annuals are very beautiful ; those
of each species only which are the most showy, will be particu-
larized. 4. Elegant Coreopsis, (C. tinctoria), is very showy ;
5. Beautiful Clarkea, (C. pulchella) ; 6. White and Purple Candy
Tuft, (Iberis umbellata) ; 7. Daisy leaved Catch-fly, red and
white (Silene bellidafolia) ; 8. Venus’s Looking Glass, (Campa-
nula speculum); 9. Sweet Alyssum, (4. maritatum) are very
ornamental ; 10. Convolvulus, major and minor ; 11. African Ma-
rigold, (Tagetes erecta), and French do. (7. patula); 12. Love
ina Mist (Vigella damascena) ; 13. Variety of Scabious, (Scabi-
esa) ; 14. Ten weeks’ Stock Gilliflower, (Chetranthus annuus) ;
15. The rich and elegant Double Balsams, (Impatiens balsamina),
their capsules are curious; 16. (Hibiscus trionum), with yellow
flowers ; 17. Many varieties of Larkspur, (Delphinium ajacis),
single and double; 18. Varieties of Lupin, (Lupinus), and
of 19. Sweet Pea (Lathyrus odoratus) ; 20. Scarlet Malope, (M.
trifida) ; 21. Carnation Poppy, varieties, (Papaver somnife-
rum), are very showy ; 22. Purple Eyed Crepis, (C. barba-
ta) ; 23. Tangiers Scorzonera, (S. tingitanum) ; 24. The Eternal
flower, varieties, red, white, purple and blue, (Xeranthemum),
is excell-d by none, its splendid flowers retain their beauty
through the winter, and make a fine appearance in vases ; 25.
Mignonette, (Reseda odorata) is universally admired. The fol-
lowing are less hardy and should be sown in a warm situation
and transplanted, to bring them forward early. 26. Amaranth,

FLOWERS. 405

(Amaranthus caudatus), or Love lies bleeding, and 27. Prince’s
Feather (4. hypochondriacus) ; and 28. The Chrysanthemums,
particularly C. tricolor, and C. lutea. The following are tender
annuals, and may be planted early in a hot bed, and transplanted.
Crimson Cypress Vine, (vom@a quamoclit) ; 29. Many varie-
ties of Cock’s-Comb (Celosia cristata), with scarlet, purple,
and yellow heads, are extremely ornamental ; 30. Globe Ama-
ranthus, (Gomphrena globosa), of various sorts, with the Ama-
ranthus tricolor, with each leaf of three colors, bright red, yel-
low and green, are very showy ; 31. The Egg plant is showy on
account of its elegant berry, of the size and shape ofa large egg;
32. The Ice plant is curious, (Mesembryanthemum crystalli-
num),its leaves and stalks being covered with crystalline glob-
ules like icicles ; 33. And the well known Sensitive plant, (Mimo-
sa pudica).

The seeds of flowers are sown in the spring, in fine and new-
ly prepared fresh soil. Very fine seeds should be covered but
a quarter of an inch deep, larger seeds deeper in proportion to
their size ; and the ground is then to be immediately trodden
hard ; this enables it to retain its moisture at the surface, which
codperating with the warmth on the seeds, they vegetate at once.

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INDEX.

Page.

ALMOND.
Its History and Uses 246
Great Double Flowering 248
Dwarf Double Flowering _ ib.
Other Varieties | Ray

American Citron 363
APPLE.

Its Description and History 114
Its Uses 115 to 125
To Gather and Preserve 117
Cultivation, &c. 104
Of Pruning 107
Insects, &c. which annoy 108
Climate of the Apple _ 61, 86,

87, 88, 125

Varieties. American and of
Foreign Origin, adapted
to our Climate, of the 1st
and 2d Classes.

Esopus Spitzenberg

American Nonpareil

Amer. Summer Pearmain 25
Aunt’s Apple : Avi?
Baldwin : : : Al
Baltimore : yeas
Barcelona Pearmain : 71
Beachemwell Seedling 72
Beauty of the West san ae
Bellflower ‘ 42

Beverly’s Red

Blenheim Orange
Blue Pearmain
Borsdorfer .

Brabant Bellflower
Braddick’s Nonpareil
Bringewood Pippin

Calville Rouge de Micoud

Canadian Reinette
Carthouse or Gilpin
Catline

Chinese Double Flowering 58

Christie’s Pippin
Cornish Gilliflower
Corse’s Favorite

Corse’s Indian Prince .

Cos Apple .

Court Pendue Plat
Court of Wyck

Crow’s Egg

Curtis

Danvers Winter Sweet
Dartmouth aw ele
D’ Astems

Delaware,

Downton Golden Pippin

Drap D’Or, of France
Dutch Codlin
Dutch Mignonne

Dutchess of Oldenburg

Early Bough
Early Harvest

408

Early Red Juneating
Easter, or Pasque Apple,
Emperor Alexander,
English Codlin

Fall Pippin,
Fameuse :
Fearn’s Pippin
Fennouillet Grise

— Jaune
Rouge
Flushing Spitzenberg
Foxley

Franklin Golden Pippin ;

French Nonpareil
Galo Bayeux
Gardner Sweeting
Gloucester White
Golden Harvey
Pearmain,
Russet
Grand Sachem
Grange ;
Gravenstein

Green Newtown Pippin :

Nonpareil

- Sweeting

Gros Pigeonett

Harrison 3
Herefordshire Pramanik
Hubbard’s és
Hubbardston Nonsuch
Jerusalem

Jonathan

Kenrick’s Red Saat

Killam Hill

King of Pippins

Kirk’s Golden Reinette
Lady Apple ..

Lady Haley’s Nonsuch

Large Been Apple

La Violette

Limber Twig.
Long Carthusian Apple
Lyscom : ;
Maiden’s Blush
Mammoth

Margil

Marigold

INDEX

Page. Page.
26 | Marquese As
75 | Martin Nonpareil 79
65 | Mela Carla 79
32 | Mela de Rosmarino 80
32 | Michael Henry 48
33 | Monstrous Bellflower 36
75 - ob ae 49
76 | Murphy : ib.
ib. | Newark King 36
77 | Noble Pippin : 67
44 | Noblesse de Grand 80
85 | Norfolk Beaufin 81
65 | Orange Pippin ib.
33 Sweeting 37
65 | Ortley , ; 49
44 | Padley’s Pippin 68
33 | Pear Rennet 81
45 | Peck’s Pleasant : 50
ib. | Pennock’s Red Winter ib.
33 | Pickman : i ib.
34 | Pigeonett 68
66 | Pine Apple Russet ib.
34| Priestley. ‘ 51
45 | Prince’s Table Apple i) ae
77 Pomme Aleose, ; ib.
46 — d’Api Gros 82
66 de Lestre ib.
56 Princesse 69
46| Porter — 27
77 | Pownal Spitzenberg 51
47 | Pumpkin Sweeting 37
78 | Punctured Reinette 82
47 | Pryor’s Red : : 59
35 | Rambi, or Romanite 37
ib.| Rambour Franc 37
67 | Rawle’s Janett : 59
67| Red Autumn Calville 38
47 | —- Calville 51
36 | -— Ingestrie 69
78 | —- and Green Sweeting 38
85 | -—- Quarrendon ai peed
59| Reinette de Bretagne . 70
78 — de ob 83
36 | ———- Doree ib.
27 | ————._ Franche 51
48 | —_—_—_— Grise . y 52
79 | ———- de Granville 70
48 - Princesse Noble 83

INDEX.

Page.

Rhode Island Green 52

Ribston Pippin... ib.
Roxbury Russet . 53
Royal Pearmain 59

Saint Lawrence
Sapson

Sawyer Sweeting
Scarlet Nonpareil
- Perfume
Seek-no-further .

Siberian Bitter Sweet 85
— Crab, Red 57
—- —, Yellew 58
Sopsavine : 28
Spice 39
Straat ib.
Streaked Rose Apple 63
Striped June 60

Summer Cheese ib.
- — Queen 28.
Rose 29

Swaar 2 53
Sweeney Nonpareil 54
Sykehouse Apple 84
Taliafero ; 57
Triangle ; : 39
Van Dyne _.. é wb.
Victorious Reinette . 84
Virginia Crab 57
— Greening 60
Waxen Apple ib.
Williams’s Apple 29
Wine Apple 54
Winter Seek no further 53
Sweeting mo)

White Calville ib.

eeken Pippin : 70
Yellow Newtown Pippin 55
York Russetting 40

Varieties of the 3d Class, of
high reputation in Eng-
land. These deserve trial
in Canada and the north-
ernmost States.

Alfriston 92
Aromatic Russett 99
Astracan 87

Beauty of Kent d
Bedfordshire Foundling
Borovitsky

Brown’s Summer Beauty

Burrel’s Red
Carlisle Codlin
Claygate Pearmain
Cockle Pippin
Cornish Aromatic
Cowarne’s Queening

Bevonshite “Getden Balt

————— Queen
Dowell’s Pippin
Duke of Wellington
Early Crofton

— Julien

Edgar .

Flower of Kent
French Pippin
Golden Burr
Hagloe Crab

Hambledon Deux Ans,

Hawthornden
Hollandbury

Kentish Broading
Fillbasket
Kerry Pippin

Keswick Codlin .
Kirke’s Lord Nelson
Lemon Pippin

Lewis’s Incomparable
London Pippin
Luccombe’s Nonsuch
Marmalade Pippin
Norfolk Storing :
Potter’s Large Seedling
Rawlin’s fine Red Streak
Red Astracan
Rivelstone Pippin
Rymer : :

Sack and Sugar
Salopian Pippin

Scarlet Crofton

Sops of Wine : ‘
Striped Holland Pippin

98

- 103

Striped Monstrous Reinnette 98

Sugar Loaf Pippin
Wormsley Pippin .

91
ib.

INDEX.

410
Page. Page.
Waltham Abbey Seedling 103 Amber Cherry ; . 272
Yellow Ingestrie . 98 | Ambree E ib.
Yorkshire Greening . 103 | American Amber ib.
Arch Duke . 279
APRICOT. Belle de Choisy ib.
its History i . 253 | Belle et Magnifique ib.
Its Uses and Cultivation 254 | Bigarreau de Rocmont 273
Varieties. » Black . . ib.
Alberge 249 | ——-——,, Large Black, . ib.
Algiers ib. , Large Late Red _ ib.
Angoumois, ib. | ——-——-, Napoleon ib.
Brussels . ib. | ————-, Late, of Hildse-
Black Apricot — 250 heim . . 274
Early Masculine ib. , White, or Graffion ib.
Gros Musch ib. | Black Eagle hi ‘ ib.
Hemskirke ib. | Black Heart 975
Moorpark . “ 251 | Black Spanish ib.
Musch, ; i ib. | Black Tartarean ib.
Orange ib. | Cerisier du Nerd . 280
Peach Apricot ib. | Cerise de Villennes ib.
Portugal 252 | Dearborn’s Red French ib.
Provence ib. | Double Flowering, Large, 282
Roman ib. -—, Small, ib.
Royal . ib. | Downer’s Red Heart 276
Royal Persian ib. } Downton ib.
Turkey . 253 | Elkhorn . ib.
White Apricot ' ib. | Elton . ib.
Florence 277
BERBERRY. Gascoign’s Bleeding Heart ib.
Its history and uses 335 | German Duke 280
Chinese 336 | Gridley : 277
Holly leaved ib. | Griottier 4 Feuilles de Pe-
Other varieties ib. cher 5 280
Griottier D’ Hollande ib.
BLACKBERRY. Harrison Heart . 277
Its uses, &c, . 336 | Herefordshire Black 278
Varieties described 337 | Knight’s Early Black . 272
‘|Late Duke . 281
Benpinc Limpgs, its ef- May Duke . ib.
fects in causing product- Mazzard Cherry 278
iveness xxiii, 240, 326, 335 | Montmorency 281
Morello . ib.
CANKER WorRM 109 | Plumstone Morillo— 982
Remington White Heart 278
CHERRY. Tobacco Lea? . " 282
Its history and uses 283 | Virginia Cherry — . . 283
Its cultivation, &c, . 284 | Waterloo ! 278
Classification 271 | Weeping Cherry | . . 283

INDEX. 411
: Page. Page.
White Ox Heart . 278 | Black Ischia 331
White Tartarean ib. | Brown Ischia ib.
. Green Ischia . t 332
CIDER. 119| Yellow Ischia. é ib.
Black Italian « ‘ ee
Curmate. See Introduc- Brown Italian. : ib.
tion. Also pages Maita : é - “ib.
61, 87, 88 and 318 | Marseilles . : : ib.
Murrey . oO a.
CRANBERRY. Long Brown Naples 333
It uses and cultivation 337 Neri. ‘Ree.
Figue Blanche Ronde . ib.
CRANBERRY ViBURNUM 339| Brown Turkey . ._ ib.
Violette. : ib.
Cross FERTILIZATION xvii| Small Early White 334
Flowers 400
CurcvuLio. XXxxiii
Fruits, O.p, their decline xiii
CuRRANT. FRUITS, New, modes by
Its history and uses . 291 which they are produ-
Cultivation and pruning 293] ced . xiii, 125, 201
Black English 292
Black Naples. a GoosEBERRY.
Large Red. 2 . ib. | Its history and uses 294
Large White. . ib. | Varieties described . ib.

Other varieties described ib.
CuTTINGs xxii, 318

DregaRKING, its effects xxvii

DECORTICATION Xxvi
DwARFING . xxix, 202
ELDER 338
Bre.
Its history and uses . 329
Its cultivation 334
Angelique - . 330
CommonBlue . ‘ ib.

Large Blue . : = Md
Bordeaux ;

Brunswick ‘
Black Genoa s - ib.
Purple Genoa . : . es
White Genoa . . : ib.

Its cultivation, pruning, &c, 298
GRAFTING xxiii, 318

GRAPE VINE.

Its history and uses 298
Cultivation ; . 318
Thomery mode . : ib.
Maladies ; 328
Foreign Varieties.
Aleppo 314
Black Cape 304
Black Damascus . 305
Black Hamburg . : ib.
Black Lombardy gees
Black Prince 306

Plack Rated’ 8H Gp,
Black St Peters . 4 ib.

Black Sweet Water ib.
Blue Cartager 307
Bordelais . 311
Burgundy, Miller’ s, 307

412 INDEX.
Page Page.
Chasselas, White, 300 | Hain Storms xx
— , Golden, 301 - .F
gees... Biaaie, ib. | INocuLATING : ,
—————. Musk, ib. a saath
SEES 9 ; ib. | [NsEcTs, xxxiii, 108, 203, 238,
——, Variegated . 302 271
Constantia F 307 :
Corinth SF knee 311 or gina ne
Cornichon Biane ib.| Linz PLANT 328
Early Black July 304
Early White Muscadine . 310| MeEpLAR,var. . ; O54
Esperione . 307 .
Frankenthal 308 | MELON.
Frontignac, Black, 302 | Musk Melon, 20 varieties 360
, Red, 303 | Water Melon . in tintcenrpele
——, White ib. | Its uses : ib.
Gros Guillaume 308
Gros Maroc - ib.| Mounrain AsH . . 339
Langford’s Incomparable 309
Malmsey Muscadine 312 MULBERRY. .
Muscat, var. . 302 | Cultivation . ; 285
, Red,of Alexandria 303 | Black Mulberry . 284
? White, of do ib. | Red Mulberry ib.
Ww hite, of Lunel 304] White Italian 285
Pitmaston White Cluster 212 Japan Paper . ib.
Poonah . ; 309 | Dandolo, or Moretti 286
Queen’s 312 | Morus Multicaulis, its his-
Raisin de Carmes 310 tory, uses and cultivation
Red Hamburgh ib. 286—291
Regner de Nice 309
Syrian ; 312 NECTARINE.
Teinturier . 309 ( Its history and cultivation 246
Tokay 313
Verdal . ib. Freesione Nectarines.
White Hambur g ib. | Aromatic 241
White St Peter’s 314 | Early Violet ib.
American Varieiies. Elruge . ib.
Alexander 314| Fairchild’s Earl ty. 242
Bland . 315 | Jaune Lisse id.
Catawba ib. | Lewis ib.
Elsinburgh 316 | Perkins’s Seedling . ib.
Isabella . : » ib.| Pitmaston Orange- . ib.
Luffborough . Z 817 | Scarlet - : 5 . 240
Orwisburg ib. | Temple’s ib.
Scuppernong ib. | White, or Flanders : ib.
Worthington . ib.
_Clingstones or Pavies.
GrRowTH or TREES xx’ Violette Cerise : 243 .

INDEX. 413
; Page.

Golden : 244 Early Yellow Malacatune "380
Grosse Violette ib. | Early Red Rareripe ie
Italian ib. | Early York legend ib.
Red Roman 5 ib. | Emperor of Russia ib.
Scarlet Newington ib. | English aoe 225
Tawny apes 245 | Favorite 221
Vermash ib. | Ford’s Seedling — 223
Violet Musk ib. | George Fourth ib.
Grosse Mignonne 211

Nurs. Heath . 226
English, or Madeira ai a Hill’s Madeira 227
Black Walnut ; 356 | Ispahan ; 215
Butternut 356 | Jaques’s Rareripe ; 223
Chesnut . 357 | Late Chevreuse 215
Chinquapin 358 | Late Purple 216
Shagbark ib. | Malta 213
Pacane Nut 359 | Mifflin’s Pennsylvania. 227
Filberts, varieties, ib. | Mignonne Friseé 213
Morrisania Pound 229

PAvinG causes productive- New Royal Charlotte 221
ness : : 326 | Nivette : Cane
Noblesse. : é 227

PEACH. Oldmixon 221

Itshistory and uses 234, 235 | Orange Peach 228
Cultivation . 237) Petite Mignonne 211
Insects which annoy 238 | President . 228
Pruning 240|Red Cheek Malacatune 225
Classification 208 | Red Magdalen , 218
Freestone Peaches. —- —— of Courson 214
Acton Scott . ° 219 | Red Nutmeg 210
Belle Beauce 212 | Red Rareripe 221
Belle Chevereuse 214 | Robinson Crusoe 228
Bellegarde . 213 | Royale 217
Belle de Vitry 215|Sargent . 225
Bourdine 215 | Smooth Leavy. Royal George 224

Buckingham Mignonne . 226| Snow Peach ib.
Cardinale . .- 217) Spring Grove 222
China Flat Peach 225 | Sweet Water 222
Columbia : 226 | Teton de Venus 218
Cooledge’s Favorite 219 | Van Zandt’s Superb 228
Double Flowering 216 | Vineuse De Fromentin 212
Double Montagne 222| Washington 224
Double Swalsh 223 | Weeping Peach . 229
Dwarf Orleans 217 | White Magdalen 213
Early Anne 210 Malacatune 225
Early Mignonne 211 Nutmeg. 210
Early Purple. . ib.| Yellow Admirable . 216
Early Royal a as . 220|——— Alberge .- . 214

5*

414

INDEX.
ee te Page. ”
Yellow Rareripe 229| Bezide la Motte. ,

- Red Rareripe

Pavies or Clingstones.
Catharine
Congress
Diana
Early N ewington
Grosse Perseque
Heath Clingstone .
Hoyte’s Lemon ne cha
Hyslop’s Clingstone
Lafayette :
Lemon Clingstone
Monstrous Pomponne
Oldmixon Clingstone
Old Newington
Pavie Admirable
Jaune
— Magdelcine
Tardif
Washington Clingstone

PEAR.
Its description and uses
Cultivation, &c.
Insects, &e. which annoy
List of indifferent Pears
List of bad Pears

Class of Oid Varieties.

Ambrette

Ambrosia

Angelique de Bor deaux
Angelique de Rome
August Muscat .
Autumn Bounty

— Bergamotte
Beauty of Summer
Bellissime d’Hiver
Bergamotte de Cadette
— Pacques
Soliers
— ——— Rouge
Beurre d’Angleterre
Bezi de Caissoy

Bezi d’Hery :
Bezi de Montigny

229

Bon Chretien @’Auch

Broca’s Bergamot
231 | Brown Beurré
Cassolette
Catillac
Chaumontelle
Colmar
Crassanne
Double Fleur
Doyenne Gris_.
Early Rousselet
Echassery 4
Elton :
Epine d’Eté
d’Hiver
Fondante de Brest
Franchipanne
Francreal
German Muscat
Green Chissel
Green Pear of Yair
Green Sugar
Grise Bonne
Grosse Blanquet
Gros Rousselet
Rateau Gris :
Hollande Bergamotte
Holland Green . 5
Imperial Oak Leaved
Iron Pear
Jargonelle
J alousie
Lansac
Little Blanquet
Little Musk :
Long Stalked Blanquet
L’Orange d’Hiver
Louise Bonne
Magdeleine
Mansuette
Marquise : : L
Martin See ; :
Sire. ; 5
Merveille d’Hiver
134 | Monsieur Jean : :
ib. | MoorfowlEgg . .

——— de Vernois

INDEX.

Mouth Water
Musk Summer Bon Chretien 139
Muscat Robert . : 130
Naples . 147
Newtown Virgalieu ° ib.

Orange Musque . 130
Orange Tulipée . ib.
Pastorale : . 48
Poire de Tonneau 151

Poire du Vitrier 139
Pound : 15)
Prince’s Pear 130
Sugar . 139
Quisse Madame 130
Red Bergamot . 139
Cheek . - 140
Robine ‘ = 131
Rousseline 140
Rouselet de Reavy’ 131
Royal Winter -. 148
Saint Augustine : ib.
Germain : es
Pere . B 149
John’s Pear x Agee fe -
Salviati _ age Tae 5 i
September Orange 140
Skinless 3 131
Spanish Bon Chr etien 140
Striped Long Green . ib.
Summer Arch Duke 132

—Bergamot.. ib.

——-—— Bon Chretien ib |
——-Rose . F ib,
Swan’s Ege . . . 11
Tresor d’Amour 149
Vermilion 141
Virgouleuse 149
Warden 151
Windsor s x 133
Winter Bon Chretien 150

Movperwn PEARs.

A New Class.
Alexandre de Russie 158
Althorpe Crassanne 2 le
Andrews. ib.

Arehidue Jean D’Autriche 159
Autumn Colmar a ib.

Aston Town 5
Bartlett

Belle et Bonne

de Bruxelles
La Belle de Flanders
Belle Lucrative
Belmont
Bergamotte, Early |

des Paysans

Beurré D’Aremberg

Bose
Coloma
Curtet
Delbecq
Diel
Dore
Duquesne
Duval
Du Roi
Easter
Knox
Rance _
Romain

Spence
Witshumb
Bezide Louvaine .
Vaet :
Bishop’s Thumb

Bon Chretien Fondante
. | Bourgmestre

Broome Park
Brougham Hall
Buffum

Calebasse Fondante
Marianne
Musquée
Capiaumont .
Capsheaf ° :
Cardinale

Chaptal A
Charles PAnGiche,
Colmar D’Eté
Dewez
Sabine
Souverain
Van Mons

de Beauchamps

de Saint Quentin

416

Cumberland ‘ :
Cushing

Darimont . 4 "
Dearborn

Dearborn’s Seedling
Delices D’Hardenpont
De Rachinquin :
Dix

Dr Hunt’s Commebticut

Doyenne Panache
Santelette
Double D’Automne

Duchesse D’Angouleme

de Mars
Flemish Bon Chretien
Forelle

Forme de Marie I Ligases
Frederic de sean:

Fulton

Gendeseim

Gloria

Gloux Morceau
Grande Bretagne Dore
Green Summer Sugar

Golden Beurre of Bilboa

Gore’s Heathcot
Gros Dillen

Grosse Angleterre de Noi-

sette

Grumkower Wistechiene

Hacon’s Incomparable
Harvard ; :
Hazel

Henri Basie:

Van Mons.
Ickworth

Innominee

Johonnot

Josephine

Julienne

Keiser

La Coloma : b

La Fourcroy

La Vanstalle 4 : ; :

Lammas

Lewis
LIncoimmunicable
Lodge

INDEX.

68 | L’Oken D’Hiver .
London Sugar. ‘

Lowell

Monarch . : :

Marie Louise

Napoleon . : .

Naumkeag . .

Noir Grain page e 2

New Bridge ..
Passe Colmar
Pengethly

Petré

Pitford Pear.

Preble’s Beurré
Premature

Present de Malines |
Princesse D’Orange
Prince du Printemps
Prince’s St. Germain
Poire D’Ananas

de Louvaine
— Neill

Sans Pepins
Raymond :
Riche D’Epouille
Roi de Rome

Sabine D’Eté

Saint Ghislain
Seckel .
Seignieur D’Ete .
Serrurier D’Automne
Sieulle .
Striped Bon ‘Chretien
Summer Francreal
Surpasse St. Germain
Sylvange Verte .
Thomson

Tillington

Urbaniste

Vicomte de Spoelberch —

Washington
Wilkinson

Williams ‘
Winter Crassanne
Winter Nelis
Wormsley Grange

PERSIMON . :

INDEX. 417
; Page. Page.
PickiE of the Walnut . 355 Nectarine Plum . 264

Pickle of the Butternut 357
— of the Olive 366
PLuM.

Its history and uses 270
Its cultivation, &e, ib.
Apricot Plum . 255
Belle of Riom ib.
Bingham ib.
Bleecker’s Gage ib.
Blue Holland . ; ib.
Blue November eat 256
Canada Plu . ib.
Cherry Plum ib.
Coe’s Golden Drop . ib.
Cooper’s Plum 257
Corse’s Admiral egg.
Field Marshal . ib.

Nota Bena . © ib.

Rising Sun 258

Damas de Maugeron ib.
Damas de Provence ib.
Dame Aubert . ib.
Damson 259
Diamond Plum ib.
Diaprée Rouge ib.
Downton Imperatrice ib.
Duane’s Purple French 260
Early Monsieur ib.
Early Yellow ib.
Goliah . ; : o25' silt
Green Gage 261
Gros Damas Rouge Tardif ib.
Grosse Mir abelle . ib.
Huling’s Superb ib.

Imperatrice . : ib.

Imperial Diadem 262
italian Damask ib.
Italian Prune . ib.
Jerusalem ib.
Kirk’s Plum 263
Large Sweet Damson . ib.
Lex Plum ib.
Lucombe’s Nonsuch ib
Mimms . y ib
Monsieur 264
Morocco . ‘ib.

Orleans . ib,
Peter’s Large Yellow Gage 265

Precoce de Tours ib.
Prince’s Imperial Gage 268
Prune de Briancon 265
Red Magnum Bonum ib.
Red Perdrigon 266

Red Queen Mother oi bE
Reine Claude Violette ib.
Royale . i ’

Royale de Tours ib.
Saint Catharine 267
Semiana . . ib.
Smith’s Orleans ib.
Surpasse Monsieur ib.
Variegated Plum 268
Virginale ib.
Washington ; ib.
White Magnum Bonum 269

White Perdrigon . ib.
Wilmot’s New Early Orleans ib.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, &c, 384
Index, : 419
PRODUCTIVENESS OF TREES

caused by artificial means
XXV, 202,240, 293, 319, 326, 335

QUENOUILLES XxX
QUINCE.
Its history and uses 205 ©
Its cultivation 207
Chinese . ; . 206.
Japan : : ; ib.
Oblong ib.
Orange ib.
Portugal : . ee
Musk . : : ib.
Other varieties : . 5 Sra
RAIN : : xxxvi, 326
RASPBERRY.
Its descriptionanduses . 341
ib. | Its cultivation : 343
.|Red Antwerp : . 384i
White Antwerp . ib.

Other varicties described 342

418

INDEX.

Page.

Se.ecT List or Fruits 421

Southern Fruits
SHEPARDIA

STRAWBERRY.
Its uses
Its cultivation

Varieties.
Alpines nahin e
Black Prince . . :
Black Roseberry . .
Downton 3
Duke of Kent’s Scarlet
Elton Seedling
Green Strawberries
Grove end Scarlet . :
Keen’s Seedling .
Large Flat Hautbois
Mulberry .
‘Old Pine, or Carolina
Old Sennlet.
Prolific Hautbois “

365
340

343
351

344
346
349
345
349
346
347
349
346
348
346
347
349
348

Roseberry .

Sweet Cone °- oa ae ale
Wilmot’s Superb. |.
Wood Strawberries. a
List of other varieties .

TEA. See Index to ARDERES,
. 292

Its imitation

INDEX TO THE APPENDIX,

OR
LIST OF SOUTHERN FRUITS.

Page.
Akee Tree 380
Alligator Pear ib.
Anchovy Pear ib.
Aurucanian Pine 381
Banana F ly 380
Bread Fruit OL
Carob ; 369
Citron . 3876
Custard Apple, V Varieties 369
Durion : 381
Euphoria 369
Granadilla, Varieties ib.
Guava, Varieties 370
Jujube 371
Lemon 377
Lime ib.

TRANSPIRATION xx
TRANSPLANTING nx
VINEGAR 125
WineE of Quinces 205
- of Cherries < 283
—- of Mulberries |
- of Currants : 292
—of Elderberries . 339
of Gooseberries . 294
of Raspberries 341
——- of Strawberries . 344
See also Grape Vine 299, 328
Page.
Lin-kio . 371
Loquat ib.
Lucuma ib.
Madi . ib.
Mango Tree 381
Mangostan ib.
Oleaster é " 872
OLIVE.
Its history and uses 365
Cultivation 368.
Varieties described. 366
‘ORANGE.
Its history and uses 375
Cultivation : 377
Blood or Malta Orange 376

INDEX. A419

Page. Page.

China Orange 375 | Prickly Pear, Varieties 372

Mandarin Orange ib. | Pomegranate : 373

Seville Orange 376 | Rose Apple 382

Pee-Tsee 382 | Shaddock 377

Tamarind 382

Pine APPLE. Tchee-tse 374

Its history and uses . 378| Tea ‘ 373

Cultivation . 379 | Trapa N atans | 374

Varieties described 378 | Tryphasia 383

Pinus Pinea 372 | Tuna BYE

Pistachia ib. | Varonna Plum ; 383

Wine of the Orange 376

PLANTAIN. Pine Apple 378
Its description and uses 379

INDEX TO ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, &c.

Page.
Abele : 384.
Acacia, Purple Flowering 387
, Rose . 391
Ailanthus, or Tree of
Heaven : 384
Almond, Large Double
Flowering : 248
Almond, Dwarf Double
Flowering 395, ib.
Althea frutex, varieties 391
- Apple Chinese, Double
Flowering : 58
- Red Siberian Crab 57
Yellow 58
Aristolochia ig 397
Ash . 384
Chinese 5 388
Curled Leaved 387
— Manna 384

— Mountain 339, 388
— Weeping ib
Azalea . 391
Beech ; : : 384
Purple Leaved 388
Bignonia Radicans 397
Chipaes or Gran-

diflora ° : ib
Broom Scotch 5 396

Page.
|| Broom Siberian 396
Button Wood 384
Calycanthus . 391
— Chinese White
and Yellow ; aie, |
Camelia 395
Cedar Red 388
—— White 385
Cherry, Double Flowering 282
, Virginia 283
, Weeping ib.
Colutea, two Varieties 391
Corchorus 395
Currant, Indian 392
>» Missouri 391
Cypress, Deciduous 385
Daphne Mezereon, Red 395.
» White 396
Diervilla, Yellow 395
Direa Palustris 392
- | Dogwood, Bloody » Ib.
————, White Flowering ib.
Elm, American White 385
—, Red ib.
—,, Cork Bark ib.
» Scotch ib.
; Flowers 2 400
Franklinia 388

420

inae>
; Page. Page.
Glycine Frutescens 398 ete: Sugar ; . 886
, Chinese .? 397 | Mountain Laurel 393
Halesia HES 392 Rose, or Rasp-
Hawthorn. ; ey 8 berry . ib. -
Hercules’ Club 388 Snow Drop 389
Hemlock : 385 | Mulberry, Chinese 286, ib.
HoNEYSUCKLES. —— , Japan Paper 285, ib.
, EnglishF ly, upright 392 | Osage Or ange . ae
, Lartarean, ib. | Peonia, Tree * . 3896
’ Early Belgic 899 | Peach, ‘Double Flowering, 216
ee Italian +. ib. , Weeping 229
Pine? aeor! 386
, Chinese do. 'T'wi- Pomegranate 373
ning . ib. | Pride of India 390
, scarlet Monthly Prim, or Privet 373
Trumpet ib. | ——, Chinese : ib.
, Yellow do. ib. | ——, Variegated Leaved ib.
, Orange, or Pubes- Quince, Chinese 206
cents ; ib. , Japan, or Pyrus ib.
, Japan ib. Rhododendron Maximum 394
, Estruscan ‘ ib. Ponticum ib.
Horse Chesnut, White Rose s 396
Flowering ’ 38-4 China, or “Monthly
Horse Chesnut, Dwarf Varieties : 3 ib.
Flowering . 392 | Rosa Rubifolia 398
Indigo Shrub 393 | St. John’s Wort 394
ivy, “Evergreen, or Giant 398 | Silver Fir 386
—-, Virginian . ib. | Spruce, Varieties ib.
Judas Tree 388 | Shepardia 340
Juniper Swedish. 399 | Snowball, or Guelder Rose 394
Kentucky Coffee 388 Snowberry : ; . 896
Laburnum, two Varieties — ib. | Sophora, Japan : 594
Larch, Ameican 385 | Spirea Bella P 7a.
, Scotch . ib. Guelder Rose . ib. .
Lilac, White and Purple 393 Nepal 4.08 . Fiabe
——, Persian, two Var. _ ib. Red Flowering ib.
——, Chinese, cut Leaved ib. Siberian ib.

Lime, or Linden, two Var. 385

Locust . 886
Honey Locust, or Three

Thorned Acacia ib.

Magnolia, Blue Flowering _ ib.

, Chandelier 389

, Chinese Purple ib.

‘ Cordata ib.

———-—_—, Glauea . 393

, Great Flowering 389
, Splendid ib.
——-——-, Tripetala ib.
Maple, Scarlet . 386

Syringa European Fr agrant ib.

- Garland, or Large
Flowering 395
Sycamore, European 387
-, Striped Leaved ib.
Tulip Tree : : ib.
Venetian Sumach 390
Virgin’s Bower 398 —
Willow, Black - 390
, Golden oS een
; Ring 2 . 390
——, Weeping . 387
—, ——— Napoleon ib.

SELECT LIST OF FRUITS. 421

SELECT LIST OF FRUITS.

Tue following recommended list for a moderate collection of
fruits, has been formed with particular care. And except a
very few of the Nectarines and Apricots, and those very few
Cherries, &c, marked thus”, all of them have been proved in our
country and latitude, and are the selections from very extensive
lists of importations and of native fruit. But as a great number
of the new fruits of the highest character, have not yet borne fruit
in eur country, and are therefore excluded, this list will require
from time to time a revision.

The numerical figures refer to the page where each fruit is
described.

APPLES.

SummMerFrvuit. Benoni,25; American Summer Pearmain,
25; Early Bough, 26; Juneating, 27; Porter, 27; Sapsons, 28 ;
Summer Rose, 29; Williams, 29. .

AutuMN Fruit. American Nonpariel, 30; Drap D’Or of
France, 31; Fall Pippin, 32; Fameuse,33; Gravenstein, 34 ;
Kenrick’s Red Autumn, 35; Killam Hill, 35; Orange Sweeting,
37; Pumpkin Sweeting, 37; Red and Green Sweeting, 38 ; Saw-
yer Sweeting, 38 ; Straat, 39; York Russetting, 40; Red Sibe-
rian Crab, 57; Yellow Siberian Crab, 58.

Winter Fruir. sopus Spitzerberg, 40; Baldwin, 41;
Bellfiower, 42 ; Carthouse or Gilpin, 42; Danvers Winter Sweet,
43 ; Hubbardston Nonsuch, 47; Jorathan, 47; Lady Apple, 47 ;
*Mela Carla, 79; Ortley, 49; Pernock’s Red Winter, 50; Red
Calville, 51; Rhode Island Greeaing, 52; Ribston Pippin, 52;
Roxbury Russetting, 53; Wine Apple, 54; Winter Sweeting, 55 ;
Yellow Newtown Pippin, 55.

PEARs.

Summer Fruit. Green Chissel, 127; Early. Rousselet,
127; Jargonelle, 128; St. John’s, 181; Skinless, 131.

Autumn Fruit. Andrews, 158; Bartlett, 159; Beurre du
- Roi, 163, believed to be identical with Urbaniste, 186; Capiau-
mont, 166; Capsheaf, 167; Charles D’Autriche, 167; Colmar
Souverain, 168 ; Dix, 169; Duchesse D’Angouléme, 171 ; Fulton,
173; Gore’s Heathcot, 174; Harvard, 176; Golden Beurre of
Bilboa, 177; Julienne, 156; Marie Louise, 179; Napoleon,
179 ; Seckel, 183; Swan’s Egg, 141; Tillington, 186 ; Wilkinson,

36

422 SELECT LIST OF FRUITS.

187; Dr. Hunt’s Connecticut, fine for baking, 170; Newtown
Virgalieu Baking, 147; Prince’s St. Germain, 181. The two
last, and some few others may be preserved till Winter.

Winter Fruit. Diel, 189; Echassery, 144; Lewis, 195;
Passe Colmar, 196 ; and the Sylvanche Verte, 185, which may
be kept till long into winter.

WinTeR Baxine Pears. Catillac, 150; Pound, 151.

PEACHEs.

FREEsTONEs. Early Anne, 210; Early Sweet Water, 222;
Early Red Rareripe, 220 ; Cooledge’s Favorite, 219 ; Early Royal
George, 220; Red Rareripe, 221; Early Orange; Old Mix-
on, 221; Grosse Mignonne, 211; Orange Peach, 228; Malta, or
Belle de Paris, 218; President, 228; Yellow Alberge, 214;
George Fourth, 223 ; Jaques, 223; Belle Chevreuse, 214; Morris’
White Lucious, —; Snow Peach, 224; Yellow Rareripe, 229;
Belle de Vitry, 215; Red Cheek Malacatune, 225; Yellow Red
Rareripe, 229; White Malacatune, 225; Red Magdalen, 218 ;
Teton de Venus, 218; Heath, 226; *Yellow Admirable, 216.

PAviIEs, oR CuinGsTonEs. Oldmixon, C. 231; Old New-
ington, 231; Washington, 232; Lemon, 232; Hyslops, 284;
Sir C. 2384. The last is rather too late for the latitude of

oston. :

PLuMs.

Early Yellow, 260; Apricot Plum, 255; *Coe’s Golden Drop,
256 ; Duane’s Purple, 260; Green Gage, 261; Italian Damask,
262; Large Sweet Damson, 263; Lex Plum, 263; Orleans, 264 ;
Peter’s Large Yellow Gage, 265; Red Queen Mother, 266 ;
Huling’s Supetb, 261;\Royal de Tours, 266; Red Gage;
St Catharine, 267 ; Semiam, 267 ; Smith’s Orleans, 267 ; Prince’s
Imperial Gage, 268; Washiyeton or Bolmer, 268, and the White
and Red Magnum Bonums, hr preserving.

CHEDRIES.

* Knight’s Early Black, 272; Amber, 272; May Duke, 281 ;
American Amber, 272; *Large Black Bigarreau, 273 ; *Napoleon
Bigarreau, 273 ; Arch Duke, 279 ; Black Tartarean, 275 ; White
Tartarean, 278 ; Graffion, 274; Black Heart, 275; Gridley, 277;
Waterloo, 278; Belle et Magnifique, 279; Late Duke, 281;
Downer’s Red Heart, 276 : Herefordshire Black, 278 ; Plumstone
Morillo, 282; *Late Bigarreau of Hildesheim, 274.

APRICOTs.

BrussExs, 249; Moorpark, 251; Orange, 251; Peach Apri-
cot, 251; Royal Persian, 252; White Apricot, 253; Turkey,
253 ; Musch, 251.

SELECT LIST OF FRUITS. 423

NECTARINES.

Early Violet, 241 ; Elruge, 241 ; Lewis’s, 242 ; Perkins’s Seed-
ling, 242 ; Pitmaston Orange, 242; Golden, 244; Vermash, 245 ;
Red Roman, 244; Scarlet Newington, 244.

MULBERRIES.

The American Red Mulberry, 284, is preferred for its flavor,
and productiveness, and is hardy. The *Morus Multicaulis,
286, has not, it is believed, yet borne fruit in America, but is un-
derstood to be productive and good.

GRAPES.

European. White Chasselas, 300; Golden Chasselas, 301 ;
Early White Muscadine, 310; and in warm expositions, the
Black Hamburg, 305; Black Cape, 304 ; Constantia, 307; White
Frontignac, 303. ‘The Muscats of Alexandria, 303, require more
heat, and are fine. The Black Prince, 306, and Esperione, 307.
Other varieties, yet untried, are described; but may require
considerable heat.

AMERICAN GRAPES. The Isabella, 316; Catawba, 315, these
are fine hardy kinds; but the Bland, 315, though fine, seldom
succeeds north of the Middle States. ‘The Scuppernong, 317, suc-
ceeds well only in the Southern States.

CuRRANTS.

Black English, 292; Black Naples, 292; Large White Spanish
Imperial, 293; Large Red Dutch, 293.

7

RASPBERRIES.

White Antwerp, 341 ; Red Antwerp, 341; see other varieties,
p. 242.

For GoosEBERRIES, 294, and Frias, 330, I have described but
a moderate collection.

' STRAWBERRIES.

The Keen Seedling, 346, and the Mulberry, 346, and the Pine
Apple, or Pine, are in the most repute near Boston, as the Wood
- Strawberries were formerly. All described, however, from page
344 to 350, are but a moderate selection from the very numerous
varieties in cultivation.

FRUIT TREES.

TREES AND SHRUBS OF ORNAMENT, FLOWERING HERBACEOUS
PLANTS, &e.

For Sale, at the Nursery of William Kenrick, in Newton, a numer-
ous assortment of the finest kinds of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums,
Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines, Quinces, Figs, Raspberries, Goose-
berries, Currants, &c ; a fine assortment of Grape Vines — varieties
of Mulberries, including the White Italian, by the 100 or 1000, and the
Morus Multicaulis for the nourishment of Silk Worms. A choice
collection of Strawberries, selections from the very numerous varie-
ties in cultivation.

Also, a very extensive andchoice collection of ornamental Trees
and Shrubs, and Honeysuckles, and several hundred varieties of the
finest kinds of Roses, of a great variety of shades, from pure white, to
red, and from deep red to violet and nearly to black. Dahlias of many
varieties and splendid colors, and a fine variety of the most showy her-
baceous perennial flowering plants and Peonies.

The stock now ready for sale, although very extensive, will yet be
considerably augmented by the Autumn of 1833, including a portion of
the inoculations of 1832, which alone consisted of 40,00C fruit trees, to-
gether with those of the preceding years, — and comprising 150 varie-
ties of the finest new Pears — an equal number of Peaches — about
200 of the finest known kinds of Apples, and other varieties in pro-

ortion.
. The location of this Nursery, is five miles from Boston by the City
a Western Avenue ;—amile and a half from the Cattle Fair
Hotel.

Trees and Plants securely packed for any part of the country, or for
any foreign port, and delivered in Boston free of expense for transpor-
tation.

Orders may be addressed to William Kenrick, Newton, or left with
Geo. C. Barrett, who is agent, at the New England Farmer Office and
Seed Store, No 51, and 52, North Market Street, Boston, where cata-
logues may be obtained gratis, on application.

SEED ESTABLISHMENT.

GEORGE C. BARRETT,

(Successor To J. B. RussEu.,)

Respectfully informs the public that he has purchased the stock and
stand of Mr Russell, and will continue his Warehouse for every kind
of Seeds, suitable for cultivation in the United States, the British
Provinces, or the West India Islands; comprising an extensive variety
of Grass Seeds, the most common as well as the rarer sorts; seeds of
native American forest trees, shrubs, and flowers; kitchen garden veg-
etables ; medicinal, pot, and aromatic herbs ; fruits, esculent roots, or-
namental flowers, &c; all of which are disposed of, at wholesale and
retail, at fair prices. -

Connected with the Seed Trade, we have a large assortment of the
most approved Books on Agriculture, Horticulture, Gardening and
Botany ; andcan supply Agricultural Libraries and others with books,
not usually found elsewhere, on favorable terms. IM, 2

The smallest order from the country for seeds, plants, books, &c, will
meet prompt attention. Orders for seeds, &c, should be addressed to
“ GroRGE C. BARRETT, Proprietor of the New England Farmer Seed
Store, No. 51 & 52 North Market Street, Boston.’

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