1

LIBRARY

cfa.;\ Vt. A5__ -"^^^

m

Field Museum of Natural History

Publication 218

Zoological Series Vol. XII, No. 4

NEW BIRDS FROM CENTRAL PERU

BY

John T. Zimmer

Assistant Curator of Birds

REPORTS ON results OF
THE CAPTAIN MARSHALL FIELD EXPEDITIONS

Wilfred H. Osgood
Curator, Department of Zoology

^^ NATURAL ^^^
^ HISTORY ^

FOUNDED BY MAnSHALL TIELO ^

Chicago, U. S. A.

April 19, 1924

NEW BIRDS FROM CENTRAL PERU

BY JOHN T. ZIMMER

Recent studies of birds secured by the author, as ornithologist
of the Captain Marshall Field Peruvian Expedition of 1922, have
brought to light a number of apparently undescribed subspecies.
Since the full report on the collection may be delayed, it seems
desirable to publish, in advance, the descriptions of these new forms.
With a single exception, noted in its place, the type specimens are
in Field Museum. The names of colors when capitalized are
according to Ridgway's "Color Standards and Color Nomenclature."

Gymnopelia ceciliae obsoleta subsp. nov.

Type from CuUcui, Marafion River, Peru. Altitude 10,400 feet.
No. 54005 Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male. Collected
December 12, 1922 by J. T. Zimmer ; original number 3295.

Diagnosis. Similar to G. c. ceciliae from the western coast-range
of Peru, but larger and with the breast paler, more bluish (less vinous)
anteriorly, with a broader encroachment of the buflfy color of the
abdomen spreading over the lower breast. Above darker, more grayish
or blackish brown (less sandy).

Habitat. Upper Marafion valley of Peru, in the temperate zone.

Description of type. General color of upper parts Hair-Brown.
Forehead whitish, tinged with Cinnamon. Feathers of scapulars and
lower back tipped with buffy white, forming ill-defined spots. Rump
and upper tail-coverts slightly paler than the back, and tipped with
Cinnamon. Chin and throat dull white, passing into Pinkish Cinnamon
on the sides of the throat, and into light Vinaceous Gray on the fore-
neck, darker at the sides. The gray. on the foreneck is more or less
abruptly replaced on the breast by Light Buff, deepening into Warm
Buff on the rest of the under parts. Sides of face about eyes naked,
Deep Chrome in color. Surrounding the bare patch is a line of black
feathers, more pronounced above, becoming obsolete on the lower pos-
terior margin of the orbit. Primaries, primary-coverts, and secondaries
deep black; tertials Hair-Brown tipped with a large, buffy white spot.
Greater wing-coverts black; remainder of upper wing-coverts Olive
Brown or Hair-Brown with a large, terminal, white spot. Under side
of wing black. Upper tail-coverts and middle pair of rectrices Olive

51

$2 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Brown, tipped with buffy white. Remainder of rectrices black with a
little brown on outer web at base and a terminal white spot, the latter
increasing in size on the outermost feathers. Iris white; bill black;
feet pale pink; claws black. Tail very slightly double-rounded. Wing
io6 mm. ; tail 87 ; culmen 12 ; tarsus 18.

Female: Like the male but smaller, with the breast paler (Lilac
Gray) and the abdomen lighter (Pinkish Buff).

Specimens examined:

G. c. ceciliae — Peru: Hda. Llagueda (Otuzco) i 5 i 2 ; Macate

5^4$; Matucana 1 $ \ Santa Eulalia i $ .
G. c. gymnops — Bolivia : Puno i $ .
G. c. ohsoleta — Peru : Balsas i ? ; Cullcui, Marafion R. i 3 ; i 9 .

Chalcostig^a stanleyi versigfularis subsp. nov.

Type from mountains near Huanuco, Peru. Altitude 12,200 feet.
No. 54008 Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male. Collected
June 30, 1922 by J. T. Zimmer ; original number 2474.

Diagnosis. Intermediate between C. s. stanleyi of Ecuador and
C. s. vulcani of Bolivia and southeastern Peru. Compared with stanleyi
the present form averages slightly smaller in size but is readily sep-
arable by the color of the lower portion of the throat-pendant which is
glittering violet instead of amethyst red. The general color of the
body plumage is darker than in stanleyi, and the bluish wash on the
back is deeper and extends farther forward, while the ventral surface
is more sooty brown, with distinct bluish reflections in certain lights.
Compared with C. s. vulcani, the lower throat-pendant is brighter, dis-
tinctly amethystine or purplish on the upper margin, and violet rather
than plumbeous on the distal portion.

Habitat. High mountains of central Peru at the junction of the
temperate and puna zones.

Description of type. Forehead and forepart of crown bronzy green
or Oil Green. Hind part of crown and nape blue. Back rich Azurite
Blue. Upper tail-coverts and upper side of tail Dusky Green Blue.
Post-ocular spot white. Sides of face and margins of throat all around
sooty black. Chin and upper throat metallic green (Emerald Green to
Vivid Green) ; lower throat-pendant on upper portion Violet Purple,
changing to Blue Violet on the terminal portion. Breast, flanks and
abdomen Light Fuscous with reflections of a greenish hue, in certain

April, 1924. New Birds from Central Peru — Zimmer. 53

lights decidedly bluish. Breast feathers faintly tipped with whitish.
Crissum white. Under tail-coverts brown with more or less pronounced
bronzy green reflections, and broadly margined with white. Under
side of tail Dusky Greenish Blue. Under side of wing Dusky Dull
Violet. Iris brown; bill and feet black. Wing 67 mm.; tail 57;
culmen 11.

Female: Like the male above except for having less blue on the
hind part of crown and nape which are like the forehead. Under parts
like those of the male except for the throat and chin which are con-
color with the breast and abdomen. Several white feathers spotted
with black are possible indications of immaturity.

Specimens examined:

C. s. stanleyi — Ecuador : El Corazon i $ ; Mt. Pichincha i $ .
C. s. vulcani — Peru : Marcapata i $ .

C. s. versigularis — Peru : Mountains near Huanuco (12,200 ft.)
35 I?-

Siptornis urubambensis huallagae subsp. nov.

Type from mountains near Huanuco, Peru. Altitude 12,200 feet.
No. 54012 Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male. Collected
June 28, 1922 by J. T. Zimmer; original number 2466.

Diagnosis. Color of upper parts more intense, deeper and redder
than in the type of 5*. urubambensis urubambensis. Streaks on the top
of the head restricted to the forehead, not encroaching on the crown.
Nape practically unstreaked. No grayish edgings on the back. Post-
auriculars clearer white, edged with deeper blackish rufous. Throat
and under parts clearer white with margins to the feathers broader,
blacker brown. Flanks more rufous with shaft-stripes broader, more
conspicuous. A reddish band near the base of inner primaries not
very distinct, even less marked than in urubambensis. Bill and feet
(in dried skins) blacker (base of bill pale, but in female not so pale as in
urubambensis) .

Habitat. Mountains of central Peru, bordering the upper Huallaga
River at the upper edge of the temperate zone. ,

Description of type. General color of upper parts Auburn. Fore-
head streaked with Ochraceous Tawny. Crown and occiput not
streaked. Nape with very faint indications of pale hair-lines, con-
cealed in the normal position of the feathers. Tail Warm Sepia edged

I

54 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

with paler. Exposed outer surface of closed wing like the back. On
the inner primaries and outer secondaries, at their extreme bases, prac-
tically concealed, is a small spot on both webs. Hay's Brown. Lores
and superciliary line white. Sides of face and auriculars white edged
with Seal Brown or blackish. Sides of neck white edged with the
color of the back. Chin Bright Ochraceous Buff ; extreme point white.
Throat and foreneck white heavily margined or sub-margined with
Seal Brown, approaching Auburn on the sides of the breast. Center
of breast and abdomen unstreaked, soiled white. Flanks Dresden
Brown with white shaft-streaks. Under tail-coverts like flanks. Under
side of wing-quills Brownish Vinaceous. Under wing-coverts whitish,
tinged with vinaceous. Iris brown; bill and feet brownish black,
lower base of bill paler. Wing 65 mm. ; tail 86 ; culmen from base 19 ;
tarsus 2.^.

Female: Like the male but chin deeper, — Orange Buff. Wing
59 mm.; tail 76; culmen from base 18; tarsus 26.

Specimens examined:

S. u. urubambensis — Peru : Machu Picchu 2 $ 29 .
S. u. huallagae — Peru: Mountains near Huanuco (12^00 ft.)
1$ 1$.

Cranioleuca baroni capitalis subsp. nov.

Type from La Quinua, Peru. Altitude 12,000 feet. No. 54015
Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male. Collected May 14,
1922 by J. T. Zimmer; original number 2217.

Diagnosis. Most nearly allied to C. baroni baroni of northwestern
Peru (Marafion valley), but differs in several characters. The crown
is much paler (Dark Hazel in baroni), the wings and tail are slightly
paler, the former with a more rufescent tinge on the tertials and
the latter sometimes with well-marked dark patches on the middle
rectrices (absent in baroni). Distinct white centers to the feathers
on the sides of the neck and breast and on the lower breast which are,
in turn, darker than in baroni, form an unmistakable character, and
white tips to the under tail-coverts with occasional russet shaft-lines
are, apparently, not present in the typical race.

Habitat. Central Peru at high elevations.

Description of type. Whole top of head Tawny; the feathers of
the occiput long, forming a sort of crest. Back Dark Grayish Olive,

April, 1924. New Birds from Central Peru — Zimmer. 55

paler on the rump; feathers of hindneck like back, lightly edged with
blackish. Chin and throat pure white with a few faint blackish tips
to the feathers. Lores white at base, more or less tipped with black.
A distinct white superciliary stripe from the base of the nostril to
the posterior border of the auriculars. Upper portion of auriculars
Sooty Brown with paler shafts ; lower portion white with dusky edges.
Malar region white with some Grayish Olive edges and tips. Post-
auriculars and sides of neck Dark Grayish Olive with broad white
centers to the feathers, forming spots or streaks. Foreneck and chest
white with more or less distinct grayish tips and edges; lower breast
and abdomen darker, grayish, passing into Olive Gray on the lower
abdomen, the feathers with narrow but distinct white shaft-lines. Sides
Olive Gray with broad white shaft-streaks, passing into clear Olive
Gray on the flanks. Under side of tail bright Russet. Under tail-
coverts Deep Grayish Olive with white tips and the longer ones with
ruf escent shafts. Upper side of tail Hazel with more or less Olivaceous
Black on the inner webs of the middle pair, (sometimes reaching to
the base of the feathers). Remiges Fuscous with inner margins
Pale Ochraceous Buff; outer margins Hazel; outer margins of tertials
olivaceous with a more or less distinct linear patch of Hazel along the
outer edge of the shaft. Upper wing-coverts Hazel with concealed
portions black. Under wing-coverts Buffy White with Hazel toward
the bend of the wing. Iris brown; bill Blackish Brown; feet Dusky
Olive Green. Wing 80 mm. ; tail 92 ; culmen 18 ; tarsus 23.

Female: Similar to the male.

The original description of Cranioleuca haroni is very inadequate,
but Count Berlepsch, who sent the type to Salvin, has left in his manu-
script notes, a particularly complete diagnosis of the same specimen.
Through the kindness of Dr. Hellmayr, I have had access to this
description, which I have found to agree in all details with a specimen
from the upper Marafion valley.

The species is quite distinct from Cranioleuca albicapilla, although
its affinities are with that form.

Specimens examined:

C. b. baroni — Peru: Cullcui, Marafion R. (10,400 ft.) 1$ ,

C. b. capitalis — Peru: La Quinua (12,000 ft.) 1$ 39 ;
Mountains near Huanuco (10,500 ft.) i 5 ; Mountains near
Panao (10,300 ft.) 2$.

S6 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Cranioleuca albicapilla albigula subsp. nov.

Type from Machu Picchu, (Cedrobamba), Urubamba Valley, Peru.
Altitude 12,000 feet. No. 273175, U. S. National Museum. Adult
male. Collected June 14, 1915 by E. Heller; original number 175.

Diagnosis. Similar to C. a. albicapilla but darker and more oliva-
ceous brown above and below except for the throat which is snowy
white in a broad patch, conspicuous against the deep ochraceous sides
of neck and breast. The crown is deeper cinnamomeus without blackish
tips to the feathers.

, Habitat. Highlands of Urubamba valley, Peru.

Description of type. Forehead and crown Light Pinkish Cinnamon,
deepening on the distal portion of the elongated crest feathers to Pink-
ish Cinnamon or Cinnamon, without blackish tips as in C. a. albicapilla.
Semi-concealed occiput and the nape Brownish Olive, the former with
subterminal patches of Cinnamon. Back and scapulars Light Brownish
Olive, passing into Buckthorn Brown or Isabella color on the rump
and upper tail-coverts. Lores black at tips, white or whitish at bases.
An inconspicuous whitish superciliary line reaching to posterior border
of auriculars. Postocular region dull Buckthorn Brown at tips of
feathers, white or whitish anteriorly. Malar region white anteriorly,
faintly washed with Ochraceous, about the middle of the auriculars
becoming nearly pure Yellow Ochre which passes into Clay Color on
the sides of breast and extends, somewhat paler and duller, across the
middle of the breast. The whole chin and throat is snowy white (which
passes up to the anterior auriculars, broken only by the slight ochra-
ceous wash on the malar region). Middle of breast dull Cinnamon
Buff passing into Light Brownish Olive on the abdomen and Isabella
color on the flanks. Remiges Fuscous Black, the inner ones edged
externally with Olive Brown. Primary-coverts black. Upper wing-
coverts on exposed webs Bright Hazel; on concealed inner webs black-
ish. Axillaries Pale Ochraceous Buff. Under wing-coverts and bend
of wing Pinkish Cinnamon. Rectrices dark Cinnamon-Rufous; shafts
beneath the same, above black. Bill (in dried skins) Snuff Brown,
blacker at tip, paler at lower base ; feet Snuff Brown. Wing 72 mm. ;
tail 86; culmen 16; tarsus 22.

The single specimen of this form is very clearly distinguished from
typical albicapilla from Maraynioc. That its differences are not to be
attributed to individual variation I am reassured by a manuscript nota-
tion made by Count Berlepsch on five specimens of 6'. albicapilla from

April, 1924. New Birds from Central Peru — Zimmer. 57

the Urubamba valley, for which I am indebted to Dr. Hellmayr. Count
Berlepsch found the Urubamba birds to differ from Maraynioc speci-
mens by having a purer white throat, more fulvous under parts and
deeper buffy crown, the same characteristics which mark the type of
the present form.

I am indebted to Dr. Charles W. Richmond for permission to
describe the above proposed new form which was discovered among
specimens borrowed for comparative study from the U. S. National
Museum.

Specimens examined:

C. a. albicapilla — Peru: Maraynioc (10,850 ft.) i ^ 2 9 i ?.
P.a.albigula — Peru: Cedrobamba (12,000 ft.) 1$.

Xenops minutus obsoletus subsp. nov.

Type from Puerto Bermudez, Peru. No. 54022 Field Museum
of Natural History. Adult male. Collected March 15, 1923 by J.
T. Zimmer; original number 3494.

Diagnosis. Most nearly allied to X. m. ruficaudus, but differs in
being more olivaceous above; the head not distinctly darker than the
back, not edged or tipped with blackish, and with only faint pale hair-
lines in place of the broad median streaks of ruficaudus; the rump
scarcely brighter than the back; the middle tail feathers paler, more
orchraceous ; below somewhat duller with the chest less broadly marked
with whitish or buffy. From X. m. genibarbis it differs in very slightly
more streaked head, more olive back, duller rump, duller, less rufescent
wings, more heavily spotted throat, more olivaceous and less grayish
abdomen, paler upper surface of tail, and darker breast. From X. m.
littoralis it differs in being duller, more olive and less rufescent above,
especially on the rump, with the crown less streaked, the chin and throat
whiter, less yellowish, the breast feathers browner on the edges, and
the tertials, the wing-bar, and the rectrices less rufous.

Habitat. Peru and probably upper Amazonia. ,

Description of type. Top of head and back Brussels Brown, the
former with faint indications of pale shaft-lines; rump slightly paler
(approaching Sudan Brown) ; upper tail-coverts somewhat lighter
(between Sudan Brown and Mars Yellow). Chin and fore part
of throat Ivory White with slight, Blackish-Brown tips to the feathers
giving the throat a spotted appearance. On the lower throat and chest

S8 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

the discal portion of the feathers is deeper (nearer Clay Color) with
broad edges and tips Light Brownish Olive, the pale discs becoming
obsolete on the lower breast, abdomen, flanks and under tail-coverts,
which are plain, Light Brownish Olive. Lores whitish. SuperciUary
line Cinnamon Buff (sometimes whitish), broader posteriorly. Auricu-
lars Mummy Brown with pale shaft-lines. A broad subauricular patch
pure white. Primaries and secondaries blackish crossed by a broad
transverse spot. Light Buff on inner margin, Ochraceous Buff on outer,
forming a conspicuous wing-bar on either the closed or opened wing.
Outermost primary edged externally with Whitish Buff. Tertials
Brussels Brown, edged with paler. Primary-coverts black. Upper
wing-coverts blackish, edged with Dresden Brown. Alula blackish,
outer webs Drab. Bend of wing Ochraceous Tawny. Under wing-
coverts Deep Ochraceous Buff. Middle pair of rectrices Ochraceous
Tawny; second and third pairs black; fourth pair black with Ochra-
ceous Tawny tips, longer on outer webs; fifth pair like fourth but
black more restricted; sixth almost entirely Ochraceous Tawny with
black only on basal half of inner web and at extreme base of outer
one. Iris Deep Brown; bill Fuscous, white at lower base; feet pale
blue. Wing 64 mm.; tail 50; culmen 16; tarsus 16.

Female: Like male but apparently very slightly paler and duller.

The names minutus and ruficaudus which have been resurrected in
the study of this new form are treated below under their respective
heads.

Specimens examined:

X. m. minutus — Brazil : S. Paulo i ? .
X. m. genibarbis — Brazil : Para, Benevides 4$ i ? .
X. m. ruficaudus — Brazil : Conceicao i $ ; Manaos i $ . French
Guiana : Mana 1 $ ,; Pied Saut i $ ; Tamanoir 73 4 9 ;
I $ ?. Venezuela: Upper Caura R. 3 5 3 9; (loc. incert.) i.
X. m. littoralis — Ecuador : Chimbo i 9 ; Lita i $ .
X. m. obsoletus — Peru : Huachipa, Huallaga R. i 9 ; Puerto Ber-
, mudez i $ ; Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo i 9 .

Xenops minutus minutus (Sparrmann).

Turdus minutus Sparrmann, Mus. Carlsonianum, Fasc. 3, pi. 68,

1788 — loc. ign.
Xenops genibarbis Sundevall, Kon. Vetensk. Ak. Handl., 2, No.

3, p. II, 1857.

April, 1924. New Birds from Central Peru — Zimmer. 59

Xenops genibarhis pelselni Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., 14, p. 55,
March 1907. ,

The name minutus for the form of Xenops genibarhis inhabiting
extreme southeastern Brazil, appears to have been entirely overlooked
by recent authors. Sparrmann's plate is unrecognizable, but Sundevall,
who examined the type in the Stockholm Museum, recognized the
generic affinities of the specimen and recorded it as X. genibarhis. He
characterized the original drawing as "baud bene delineata" ! More
recently, Dr. Hellmayr, to whom I am indebted for the synonomy and
for permission to utilize a note from his correspondence, sent speci-
mens of various races of genibarhis to Dr. Einar Lonnberg of the
Museum of Stockholm, with a request for a comparison with the type
of Turdus minutus. Dr. Lonnberg's reply (dated April 5, 1922)
pronounced X. g. pelselni to be undoubtedly identical with minutus. As
the latter is the oldest name in the group, it must replace genibarhis
as the specific title, and the species must be known hereafter as Xenops
minutus. The typical race is easily recognizable by its small bill and
bright coloration, with nearly immaculate whitish chin and throat.

Xenops minutus ruficaudus Vieillot.

Xenops ruficaudus Vieillot, Analyse Ornith. elem., p. 68, 1816—

Guiana.
, Xenops approximans Pelzeln, Sitzb, Akad. Wien. mathem.,

Naturwiss, CI., 34, pp. 113, 133, 1859 — "Brasilia" (Rio

Negro, Rio Madeira, etc.).
Xenops genibarhis genibarhis Hellmayr, Novit, Zool., 14^ pp.

54-5 (part), 1907.

The present race of X. minutus, inhabiting the region from the
ruianas and southern Venezuela to the mouth of the Rio Negro and
possibly the lower Rio Madeira, apparently is quite distinct from X. m.
genibarhis from the Para district of Brazil. It differs in the strongly
streaked crown, more heavily spotted throat, and generally darker,
more olivaceous breast and abdomen. Birds from Manaos and Con-
ceicao are inseparable from typical Guiana specimens. As these locali-
ties are in the region where Natterer secured the type specimens of
approximans (at least three of his birds being from Manaos), and as
Pelzeln particularly noted the yellowish shaft stripes on the crown as
distinctive characters of approximans, in the original description of that
form, it seems unquestionable that approximans is a synonym of rufi-
caudus and not of genibarhis. Since no type locality has been selected

6o Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

heretofore, I hereby designate Manaos as type locality. Specimen No.
193 1 3 of the Vienna Museum, $ , taken at Manaos, on October 5,
1830, by Natterer is one of the original "co-types."

Euchlornis sclateri pallidigula subsp. nov.

Type from Huachipa, upper Huallaga River, Peru. Altitude 4,100
feet. No. 54025 Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male.
Collected October 3, 1922 by J. T. Zimmer; original number 2977.

Diagnosis. Similar to E. s. sclateri from Ecuador, but wing shorter
and tail longer, the back slightly paler, the belly less yellowish, the
throat and chest with more yellow at the sides and on the subterminal
portions of the feathers, modifying the carmine of the feather-tips to
a general effect of scarlet, the tail possibly a little more broadly tipped
with white.

Habitat. Tropical forest of central Peru, at moderate elevations.

Description of type. Entire upper surface of body bright green
(between Rinneman's Green and Scheele's Green), more yellowish in
certain lights, more bluish in others. Upper surface of tail the same
with a dusky wash, the rectrices narrowly tipped with yellowish white.
Wing-coverts like the back; the greater series and the primary-coverts
with faint, pale yellowish tips. Remiges dull black, exteriorly edged
with Scheele's Green, becoming whitish near the tips of outer primaries ;
subterminal portion of remiges blackish, tipped with white; on the
tertials the black is reduced to a narrow subterminal bar while the
white tip is more extended. Lores and sides of face like the back.
Chin and throat Pomegranate Purple with broad yellow (Lemon Yel-
low or Lemon Chrome) subterminal portions and white bases, the sub-
terminal yellow showing through the purple tips and giving the area a
general effect of Scarlet ; chin more yellow, with smaller purple tips
and with a number of long, curved, black bristles. Chest, like
throat but with the yellow concealed; sides of throat and chest
more or less pure Lemon Chrome, the tips of the feathers slightly
washed with purple. Lower breast, sides and flanks Rinneman's
Green with faint touches of Dull Greenish Yellow at tips. Center of
abdomen clear Dull Greenish- Yellow. Under tail-coverts bright Chal-
cedony Yellow. Under wing-coverts Rinneman's Green; axillaries
light Dull Greenish Yellow; bend of wing Citron Yellow. Iris Light
Viridine Green; bill Orange at base, black at tip; feet Deep Chrome,
claws black. Wing 71 mm.; tail 48; tarsus 18; culmen 14.

April, 1924. New Birds from Central Peru — Zimmer. 61

Euchlornis sclateri was described by Cornalia in 1852 from a speci-
men which was without data and which he first ascribed to Peru, and
the following year to Bolivia, both localities being pure surmises.
Sclater, who examined the type prior to its description and who pointed
out the distinctness of the form to Cornalia, in 1854 assumed the orig-
inal locality to be Ecuador and recorded other specimens from that
country. Since that time additional specimens have been taken in
Ecuador and that region has come to be regarded as the sole habitat of
the species. The discovery of a distinct race in the mountains of
central Peru necessitates either the renaming of the Ecuadorean form
or the fixation of eastern Ecuador as the type locality of sclateri. In
view of the more extended knowledge of the northern race, the latter
expedient appears to be the more desirable one, and accordingly I have
described the Peruvian race as new. The type locality of sclateri may
be taken as "Quixos, eastern Ecuador."

Specimens examined:

E. s. sclateri — Ecuador : Rio Suno (?) 2$ .
, E. s. pallidigula — Peru : Huachipa 2 $ .

Phrygilus alaudinus bipartitus subsp. nov.

Type from Cajamarca, Peru. No. 50024 Field Museum of Natural
History. Adult male in breeding plumage. Collected April 17, 1912
by W. H. Osgood and M. P. Anderson ; original number 2746.

Diagnosis. General form and color of P. a. alaudinus and P. a.
excelsus, but clearly separable by the deep gray of the throat and fore-
neck sharply defined against the clear white of the lower breast and
abdomen. In typical alaudinus the throat and chest are pale gray
(Deep Gull Gray to Dark Gull Gray) paling gradually into white on
the center of the abdomen, with more or less ochraceous on the flanks.
In excelsus the gray is deeper (Slate Gray to Slate Color) on the fore
parts beneath, graduating into grayish white on the abdomen. In
bipartitus the gray is still darker, sometimes blackish on the chin, and
is sharply contrasted with the white of the posterior regions.

Habitat. Central and western Andes of middle and northern Peru,

possibly to southwestern Ecuador.

Description of type. Top of head Blackish Slate, becoming paler
(Slate Gray) on the upper back. Interscapular region and lower back
with feathers Slate Gray at base, broadly centered with black toward
their tips and with Cinnamon Brown edges. Rump Slate Gray with a

62 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

faint brownish wash. Middle tail feathers Snuff Brown with the edges
white at base. Remainder of the tail Fuscous Black with a white spot
on the middle of each rectrix on the inner web only. Lores Sooty
Black. Chin Blackish Slate. The throat, sides of face, and the chest
Slate Color, terminating abruptly on the middle of the breast. Lower
breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts white. Flanks whitish, with a
faint buffy wash on outer edge. Wings Fuscous, the primaries edged
narrowly with white, the secondaries with Dull Gray and the tertials
with Cinnamon Brown, Upper wing-coverts blackish, margined with
grayish white. Scapulars like back. Under wing-coverts Slate Gray
with some faint white tips to the feathers. (Iris Dark Umber; bill
Mustard Yellow ; feet Naples Yellow*) . Wing 75 mm. ; tail 59 ; culmen
13; tarsus 23.

Female : Whole upper parts streaked, with blackish centers to
the feathers and Snuff Brown or Cinnamon Brown edges, the
interscapulars slightly grayish and the lower rump with less black
streaking. Lores and circumocular space buffy white. Auriculars
Tawny Olive, with faint indications of darker centers to the feathers.
Chin whitish. Throat and chest white, washed w^ith buff and
streaked with Blackish Brown, the streaked buffy area terminating
abruptly, being succeeded by the purer white of the lower breast
and abdomen. Flanks white, outwardly streaked like the breast.
Remiges and rectrices as in the male but browner. Upper wing-
coverts margined with whitish or pale gray. Under wing-coverts
Pale Gull Gray. Iris Raw Umber; bill Olive Brown; feet Naples
Yellow. Wing 70 mm.; tail 52; culmen 13; tarsus 20.

Juvenal male : Above like adult female but all the edges to the
feathers light Ochraceous Tawny, and their blackish centers
broader and more sooty. Auriculars with more or less distinct
shaft-stripes of dark brown. Chin Ivory Yellow. Throat and chest
Pale Cream Buff, the former with ill-concealed gray bases and light
shaft-streaks of dark brown. Chest heavily streaked with Chaetura
Black, the streaks and the buff of the breast abruptly terminated as
in the adult female. Tail tipped with Ochraceous Buff. Primary-
coverts tipped with buffy white. Upper wing-coverts with whitish
edgings and dark discs, the latter pointed distally; lesser series
margined with grayish white. Iris, bill, and feet as in adult female.

Adult male in non-breeding plumage: Similar to breeding
plumage but the dorsal feathers streaked with black and broadly

♦Colors of soft parts taken from a specimen in the flesh, not the type.

April, 1924. New Birds from Central Peru — Zimmer. 63

edged with Cinnamon or Sayal Brown; the tertials Deep Black
bordered with rich Auburn ; the breast washed with pale brown on
the tips; the bill decidedly tinged with brown.

Soon after the breeding period, apparently in late May, both
sexes undergo a complete molt. The female assumes a plumage
not very different from the breeding plumage, but deeper in tone of
coloration. Just before the breeding time, in January or February,
a partial molt occurs in which the sharp gray fore parts with a
minimum of brown on the back are obtained. The bill then changes,
in the male, to the characteristic bright yellow of the breeding bird.
This molt may be protracted, in part, almost until the complete
molt, and a s|>ecimen taken May i shows the remains of brown
streaked plumage on the occipital region while the remiges and
rectrices are very worn, and the bill is very bright. Some adult
males show traces of black streaks without brown edges on the
occiput and nape. One male from Cajamarca has a rich cinnamon
back streaked with black. These are, apparently, extremes of
individual variation. Most of the breeding birds show a slight
admixture of brown on the dorsal feathers. What appear to be
males in first annual plumage are like non-breeding adults but with
faint brownish stripes on the breast.

Specimens examined:

P. a. alaudinus — Chile : Domeyko 1 S i 9 ; Olmue, Valparaiso
, 1 $ ; Paiguano 2^1$; Romadillo i $ ; Romero i ? ; Tam-

billo I $ ; (loc. incert.) i $ .
P. a. excelsus — Bolivia : Cochabamba 3 ^ i $ , Peru : Puno 2 $ .
P. a. bipartitus — Peru : Cajamarca 35 i ? ; Huanuco 3 ^ i 9 ;

Macate 35 ; Matucana 35 (i juv.); Milluachaqui 2$ ;

Vitarte i S . ,

Phrygilus fruticeti peruvianus subsp. nov.

Type from Matucana, Peru. No. 54034 Field Museum of Natural
History. Adult male in breeding plumage. Collected April 28, 1922
by J. T. Zimmer; original number 2130.

Diagnosis,— Similar to P. f. fruticeti of Chile but somewhat smaller
and with the dorsal streaking much broader and heavier; females and
males in non-breeding plumage brighter rufescent above, as well as
more heavily streaked.

64 Field Museum of Natural History — ^Zoology, Vol. XII.

Habitat. Highlands of Peru.

description of type. Forehead and lores black, the former with
faint indications of grayish tips to the feathers. Crown, occiput and
nape Deep Gull Gray with black shaft-stripes, narrower on the hind-
neck. Back and scapulars Slate Gray with very broad black shaft-
stripes, the feathers of the lower back with faint indications of brown
tips. Rump clear Deep Gull Gray ; upper tail-coverts paler with whitish
tips, the longer ones with black shaft-stripes. Tail black with the re-
mains of whitish exterior edgings; inner margins of central feathers
Fuscous; tips of all the rectrices inconspicuously gray, those of outer
rectrices broad. Fore part of cheeks black. Auriculars and sides of
neck Deep Gull Gray. Chin, throat and middle of breast black, the
color extending downward over the upper margin of abdomen in the
middle. Sides of breast and flanks Deep Gull Gray concolor with
sides of neck, with a few flecks of black at tips of shafts. Center of
abdomen Buffy White. Under tail-coverts purer white. Wings black ;
primaries and secondaries finely edged exteriorly with white, brownish
toward tips; tertials with remains of fuscous edgings; middle and
greater wing-coverts black with a large white spot on the outer webs
at the tip, these spots forming two broad white wing-bars ; lesser series
black, edged with gray. Under wing-coverts and axillaries Deep Gull
Gray with blackish bases. Iris Raw Umber; bill Mustard Yellow;
feet pale Mustard Yellow. Wing 19 mm. ; tail 76; culmen 15 ; tarsus 25.

Male in non-breeding plumage, freshly molted: Similar to
breeding male but the head, back, sides and flanks with Ochraceous
Tawny tips and edges almost entirely concealing the gray middle
portion. Throat and breast with the black feathers broadly tipped
with pale gray. Abdomen suffused with Pale Pinkish Buff. Maxilla
Hazel; mandible Ochraceous Tawny; feet Russet.

Female : Upper surface streaked, the feathers centered with
Bister, edged on the crown and forehead with Smoke Gray or pale
Qay Color, — on the nape and hindneck broadly with Pale Neutral
Gray, — on the back and scapulars with Ochraceous Tawny.
Rump and upper tail-coverts Light Grayish Olive, the latter with
narrow brown shaft-streaks. Tail Olive Brown or Bister, with more
or less whitish external edgings and pale tips. Wings as in adult
male but browner. Lores and superciliary stripe dull white. Auric-
ulars Tawny Olive or Clay Color, with darker tips. A more or less
distinct whitish malar stripe surmounting a second stripe of Clove
Brown, the latter sometimes obscured by pale tips to the feathers.

April, 1924. New Birds from Central Peru — Zimmer. 65

Chin, throat and foreneck Buffy White, the first unspotted, the last
two with brown shaft-streaks and more or less distinct sub-basal
bars or spots of the same color. Breast duller or grayer, with shaft-
lines and spots broader, Clove Brown. Lower breast and flanks
whitish with the brown shaft-lines narrow and hair-like, and with-
out basal spots. Flanks more or less heavily washed with Clay
Color. Center of abdomen white. Under tail-coverts Pale Buff
with brown shaft-lines. Iris Raw Umber; bill Cinnamon Brown,
darker on the culmen ; feet Cinnamon.

Male in first annual plumage : General color above like adult
female, but with the edges to the feathers of head and neck slightly
more grayish. Ear-coverts with a more or less faint admixture of
gray basally. Throat and upper breast with the black at the bases
of the feathers more or less completely obscured by white tips.
Lower breast dull Grayish White with brown shaft streaks. Flanks
and sides with an ochraceous suffusion and with some shaft-streaks
of brown. Center of abdomen white, tinged with buff. Under tail-
coverts pale buff with the shaft lines obsolete. Iris, bill and feet as
in adult female. In worn plumage the black of the throat is less
obscured, the gray of the breast purer, and the back less tawny.

The sequence of plumages in this species is very interesting. A
complete molt occurs, apparently, from late June to August, in
which the males assume the obscured plumage and reddish brown
bill of the non-breeding birds. From this, by the abrasion of the
feathers only and without molt, the clear black, white and gray is
obtained by the arrival of the breeding period, while the bill grad-
ually turns to a bright yellow. Young males hatched in April or
May, or perhaps earlier, wear the juvenal plumage until the July
molt, assume the first annual plumage at that time and wear the
latter until the following annual molt, when they obtain the adult
dress. From this, it appears that the males are not fully adult before
they are two years old.

Two adult males of fruticeti measure: Wing 98-101 mm.; tail 75-
82; culmen 13; tarsus 25.

Fourteen adult males of peruvianus measure: Wing 91-98 mm.;
tail 71-80; culmen 15-16; tarsus 24-26.

Four adult females of fruticeti measure : Wing 89-94 mm. ; tail 74-
78; culmen 14J/2-1S; tarsus 25-27.

Ten adult females of peruvianus measure : Wing 84-90 mm. ; tail
69-76; culmen 14-16; tarsus 24-27.

66 FiELX) Museum of Natural History — ^Zoology, Vol. XII.

Specimens examined:

P. f. fruticeti — Chile : Province of Atacama i 5 i ? ; Coquimbo
, 1^2$; Santiago 2 $ ; Sewell i $ ; Valparaiso $$ i 9 .

P. f. peruvianus — Peru : Cajamarca $ S 3 $ ; Cullcui, Marafion
R. 3 5 ; Macate 11^ 5 $ ; Matucana 4^2$.

Cassicus leucoramphus peruvianus subsp. nov.

Type from mountains near Panao, Peru, Altitude 10,300 feet.
No. 54043 Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male. Collected
July 7, 1922 by J. T. Zimmer ; original number 2523.

Diagnosis. Similar to C. I. leucoramphus* from Colombia but with
the bill apparently heavier, the culmen more arched and with the blue
coloration of the basal portion more restricted, sometimes not reaching
the culmen and not so sharply defined anteriorly; the concealed collar
above and below is restricted to the neck while the bases of the feathers
of adjoining areas are dark gray, darker than in the northern race.

Habitat. Temperate forests of central Peru.

Description of type. General color glossy black. Lower back,
rump, and a large shoulder-patch bright yellow (near Light Cadmium),
A concealed collar around the neck, at the bases of the feathers white ;
bases of interscapulars and feathers of the breast, nape, throat and
back dark gray (Gull Gray). Crest long (27 mm.). Culmen more or
less convex. Bill Light Chalcedony Yellow on distal portion; base of
mandible and lower base of maxilla Indigo Blue, the yellow on the
culmen reaching practically to the base. Iris light blue (near Parula
Blue) ; feet black. Wing 156 mm.; tail 142; culmen 32; tarsus 32.

Female: Similar to the male but in the single specimen examined
the base of the culmen is more broadly blue than in any of the males,
although this color is more graduated anteriorly and less sharply de-
fined from the terminal yellow portion than in C. I. leucoramphus.

In a large series of specimens from Colombia, examined in this
connection, none show any close approach to the characters given
for the Peruvian form. The bills are less arched above, appearing
more slender, and the base of the culmen in all cases is blue well
beyond the nostrils. The concealed white collar is much broader
and usually involves the upper back, interscapulars, chest, throat and

* Usually misquoted as leucorhamphus. The correct citation is Xanthornus
leucoramphus Bonaparte, Atti della sesta Riunione degli Scienziati Italiani . . .
Milano, (Settembre del 1844), p.405, Milan, 1845 — Bogota.

April, 1924. New Birds from Central Peru — Zimmer. 67

sometimes the chin, while the bases of the feathers of adjoining areas
are paler gray (Pale Gull Gray). In the type specimen of the proposed
new form the shoulder-patch appears larger than in any other specimen
I have seen, but this seems to be due to a greater length of feather
rather than to a larger extent of plumage involved.

Dr. Hellmayr has shown me a manuscript note of the late Count
Berlepsch, in which Peruvian specimens of C. I. leucoramphus are de-
scribed as having the base of the lower mandible (italics mine), black-
ish. Taczanowski describes his Peruvian birds in the same manner.
It appears that the character has been noted but the difference from
Colombian examples was not suspected.

Specimens examined:

C. I. leucoramphus — Colombia : Almaguer, Cauca i $ i ? ;

Bogota I ?; Laguneta, Cauca (10,300 ft.) 2 5 2 ? ; Paramo

de Tama 35 i 9 .
C. I. peruvianus — Peru: Mountains near Panao (10,300 ft.) 1 $ ;

Rumicruz, Junin (9,700 ft.) i ^ i ? .