New Brachiopods from the Southern Hemisphere and Cryptopora from Oregon (Recent) G. ARTHUR COOPER SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY / .'■H •'... NUMBER 41 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. S. Dillon Ripley Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY • NUMBER 41 New Brachiopods from the Southern Hemisphere and Cryptopora from Oregon (Recent) G. Arthur Cooper SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1982 ABSTRACT Cooper, G. Arthur New Brachiopods from the Southern Hemisphere and Cryptopora from Oregon (Recent). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology , num¬ ber 41,43 pages, 4 figures, 7 plates, 1982.—The Recent brachiopods described herein were collected during dredging operations of several research vessels, the United States R/V Eltanin (alias Islas Orcadas while on loan to Argentina) in Antarctica, in the subantarctic waters of the Atlantic around South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and in the Scotia Sea; R/V Hero dredging in Antarctic waters; R/V Anton Bruun operating along the west coast of South America; the initial cruises of R/V Rafale and Thierry operating in the Gulf of Guinea off the coast of West Africa. Seventeen genera are described, including 19 species and 10 lots not identified as to species; Pelagodiscus atlanticus (King), Disamsca laevis (Sowerby), Discimsca species, Cryptopora hespens , new species, the first report of this genus in the northern Pacific, Terebratulina kuensis Dali and Pilsbry, Terebratulina species, Abyssothyns wyvillei (Davidson), A. cf. elongata Cooper, Abyssothyns? species, Liothyrella delsolan , new species, L. expansa , new species, L. fosten , new species, L. georgiana Foster, L. hendlen , new species, L. notorcadensis (Jackson), L.? vema Cooper, Platidia species, Argyrotheca species, Megathms species, Pantel- lana monstruosa (Scacchi), Macandrevia amencana Dali, Macandrevia species, Noto- rygmia species, Terebratella? species, Syntomana curiosa , new genus and species, Dyscntosia secreta , new genus and species, Neothyns parva, new species. The loop development of the new genera is described and illustrated in detail. Most of the localities from which the specimens were taken add geographic and bathymetric information new for these genera. Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. Series cover design: The trilobite Phacops rana Green. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cooper, G. Arthur (Gustav Arthur), 1902 New brachiopods from the southern hemisphere and Cryptopora from Oregon (recent). (Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology ; no. 41) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.30:41 1. Brachiopoda, Fossil. 2. Cryptoporidae. 3. Paleontology—Recent. 4. Paleontology— Southern Hemisphere. 5. Paleontology—Oregon. I. Title. II. Series. QE701.S56 no. 41 [QE796| 560s [564'.8] 82-60000 AACR2 Contents Page Introduction . 1 Acknowledgments . 2 Systematic Hierarchy . 2 Genus Pelagodiscus Dali, 1908 . 3 Pelagodiscus atlanticus (King) . 3 Genus Discinisca Dali, 1871 . 3 Discinisca laevis (Sowerby) . 3 Discinisca species . 3 Genus Discina Lamarck, 1819 . 3 Discina striata (Schumacher) . 3 Genus Cryptopora Jeffreys, 1869 . 4 Cryptopura hesperis , new species . 4 Genus Terebratulina d’Orbigny, 1847 6 Terebratulina kiiensis Dali and Pilsbry . 6 Terebratulina species . 8 Genus Abyssothyris Thomson, 1927 . 8 Abyssothyris wyvillei (Davidson) . 8 Abyssothyris cf. elongata Cooper . 8 Abyssothyris? species . 9 Genus Liothyrella Thomson, 1916 . 9 Liothyrella delsolari, new species . 10 Liothyrella expansa, new species . 10 Liothyrella fasten, new species . 11 Liothyrella georgiana Foster . 11 Liothyrella hendlen, new species . 12 Liothyrella notorcadensis (Jackson), new status . 12 Liothyrella uva (Broderip) . 13 Liothyrella? vema Cooper . 13 Genus Platidia Costa, 1852 . 14 Platidia species . 14 Genus A rgyro theca Dali, 1900 . 14 A rgyrotheca species . 14 Genus Megathiris d’Orbigny, 1847 . 14 Megathiris species . 14 Genus Pantellaria Dali, 1919 . 15 Pantellana monstruosa (Scacchi) . 15 Genus Macandrevia King, 1859 . 15 Macandrevia americana Dali . 16 Macandrevia americana diegensis Dali 18 Macandrevia species . 18 iii SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Genus Notarygmia Cooper, 1972 . 18 Notorygmia species . 18 Genus Terebratella d’Orbigny, 1847 . 19 Terebratella dorsata (Gmelin) . 19 Terebratella? species. 19 Syntomana, new genus . 20 Syntomana curios a, new species . 20 Dyscntosia , new genus . 22 Dyscntosia secreta , new species . 22 Genus Neothyns Douville, 1879 24 Neothyns parva , new species . 24 Genus Waltonia Davidson, 1850 . 25 Waltoma inconspicua (Sowerby) . 25 Literature Cited . 26 Plates . 29 New Brachiopods from the Southern Hemisphere and Cryptopora from Oregon (Recent) G. Arthur Cooper Introduction The study of modern brachiopods received great impetus from the extensive interest in the oceans generated by the International Geophysi¬ cal Year, 1957-1958. Just after this burst of in¬ terest in the oceans, an intensified campaign of ocean studies included biological sampling as well as study of the oceans’ physical and chemical properties. In the last decade, and up to the present time, descriptive and other studies have led to a considerable increase in our knowledge of living brachiopods. Although outnumbered by the mollusca, they are now a formidable group of extant animals. Not only have American scientists been active in these studies, but Russian workers and others have contributed. O.N. Zezina (1970a,b, 1975, 1976, 1981) accumulated information collected by Russian research vessels Vityaz , Lomosov , Ob , Akademik Kovelevskiy, and Akademik Kurchatov and other expeditions. Her writings have made known new species and genera that have added infor¬ mation on brachiopod distributions in the various oceans. American contributions to our knowledge of these animals have resulted from extensive work G. Arthur Cooper, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. in the Antarctic. Numerous cruises of the R/V Eltanin , especially cruises 27 and 32, through the efforts of Dr. M.W. Foster, yielded large quanti¬ ties of brachiopods. In his work describing these brachiopods, Foster (1974:1-3) records other Ant¬ arctic expeditions with lists of the species col¬ lected. The far-ranging R/V Verna of the Lamont- Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University sampled all the oceans and accumu¬ lated specimens exceeding in numbers of species those of the famous Challenger expedition of 1873- 1876 (Cooper, 1973a). The United States R/V Anton Bruun collected many interesting species while surveying in the northern Indian Ocean (Cooper, 1973b). Numer¬ ous brachiopods from the southern Indian Ocean from the waters around Kerguelen, Crozet, Mar¬ ion, and Prince Edward islands were collected by the French R/V Marion Dufresne to add to the list of brachiopods from this hitherto poorly known ocean (Cooper, 1981a). The explorations of R/V Gerda and R/V Pills- bury from Miami University of Florida collected many brachiopods from the Caribbean Sea, mak¬ ing the brachiopods from the West Indies rival, in numbers of kinds, the better known faunas of Japan and New Zealand (Cooper, 1977). Knowl¬ edge of the brachiopods of the Gulf of Mexico was notably increased by collections made by 1 2 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY R/V Oregon and R/V Silver Bay (Cooper, 1977). In the northern Pacific, Bernard (1972) re¬ corded the brachiopods of the west coast of Can¬ ada, and Zezina (1973) listed those from the Gulf of Alaska and the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench (Zezina, 1970b). Dr. J-L. d’Hondt (1976) described new species from the Bay of Gascogne, France, and from the west coast of Africa. Cooper (1975) described some species from West African waters, extending the ranges of Kraussina and Macandrevia. Since 1900 the number of Recent brachiopod genera has been doubled and is now 98, while the species number about 400. Recent brachiopods are an outnumbered race but not a dying one. The present paper describes specimens of new and old species collected by expeditions of R/V Eltamn and Is las Orcadas (the name given Eltamn while on loan to Argentina) while surveying subantarctic waters of the Atlantic around South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands, and in Scotia Sea; by R/V Hero operating in the Ant¬ arctic; by R/V Anton Bruun surveying along the west coast of South America; and by R/V Rafale and Thierry operating in the Gulf of Guinea off the coast of West Africa. (Some specimens re¬ ferred to in this paper were not collected by these expeditions, but are included for comparison.) In addition to these recently acquired collec¬ tions, some undescribed specimens in the collec¬ tions of the National Museum of Natural History are made known. All of these add information on geographic distribution and depth ranges and make new species known. The two new genera are of special interest because they are terebratel- lids, one, Dyscntosia, suggesting relationship to Waltoma of New Zealand; the other, Syntomana , having an abbreviated loop development similar to that of Pirothyns, an Australian genus. These new terebratellid genera lie geographically be¬ tween those of the Indian Ocean and those of southern South America. Specimens with USNM numbers (for the for¬ mer United States National Museum) are depos¬ ited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Acknowledgments.— I take pleasure in record¬ ing my obligation to Dr. Gordon L. Hendler, Supervisor of Marine Biologic and Benthic Inver¬ tebrates, Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center, for furnishing most of the specimens. I thank Drs. J. Thomas Dutro, Jr., and Harry B. Whittington, Cambridge University, England, for reading the manuscript and making sugges¬ tions for its improvement. I am indebted to Mr. Lawrence B. Isham, visual aid specialist of the Department of Paleobiology, who prepared the maps. Systematic Hierarchy (from class through species) Class Inarticulata Huxley, 1869 Order Acrotretida Kuhn, 1949 Suborder Acrotretidina Kuhn, 1949 Superfamily Discinacea Gray, 1840 Family Discinidae Gray, 1840 Subfamily Disciniscinae Schuchert, 1929 Genus Pelagodiscus Dali, 1908 Pelagodiscus atlanticus (King) Genus Discimsca Dali, 1871 Discimsca laevis (Sowerby) Discinisca species Subfamily Discininae Gray, 1840 Genus Discina Lamarck, 1819 Discina striata (Schumacher) Class Articulata Huxley, 1869 Order Rhynchonellida Kuhn, 1949 Superfamily Rhynchonellacea Gray, 1848 Family Cryptoporidae Muir-Wood, 1955 Genus Cryplopora Jeffries, 1869 Cryptopora hespens, new species Order Terebratulida Waagen, 1883 Suborder Terebratulidina Waagen, 1883 Superfamily Cancellothyridacea Thomson, 1926 Family Cancellothyrididae Thomson, 1926 Subfamily Cancellothyridinae Thomson, 1926 Genus Terebratulina d’Orbigny, 1847 Terebratulina kuensis Dali and Pilsbry Terebratulina species Superfamily Terebratulacea Gray, 1840 Family Terebratulidae Gray, 1840 Genus Abyssothyns Thomson, 1927 Abyssothyns wyvillei (Davidson) Abyssothyns cf. elongata Cooper Abyssothyns? species Genus Liothyrella Thomson, 1916 NUMBER 41 3 Liothyrella delsolari, new species Liolhyrella expansa, new species Liothyrella fasten , new species Liothyrella georgiana Foster Liothyrella hendleri , new species Liothyrella notorcadensis (Jackson), new status Liothyrella uva (Broderip) Liothyrella? vema Cooper Suborder Terebratellidina Muir-Wood, 1955 Superfamily Terebratellacea King, 1850 Family Platidiidae Thomson, 1927 Genus Platidia Costa, 1852 Platidia species F’amily Mecathirididae Dali, 1870 Genus Argyrotheca Dali, 1900 Argyrotheca species Genus Megathiris d’Orbigny, 1847 Megathins species Family Krausinidae Dali, 1870 Genus Panteliana Dali, 1919 Pantellaria monstruosa (Scacchi) Family Macandreviidae Cooper, 1973 Genus Macandrevia King, 1859 Macandrevia amencana Dali Macandrevia amencana diegensis Dali Macandrevia species Genus Notorygmia Cooper, 1972 Notorygmia species Family Terebratellidae King, 1850 Subfamily Terebratelunae King, 1850 Genus Terebratella d’Orbigny, 1847 Terebratella dorsata (Gmelin) Terebratella? species Syntomana , new genus Syntomana curiosa, new species Dyscntosia, new genus Dyscntosia secreta, new species Subfamily Neothyridinae Allan, 1940 Genus Neothyris Douville, 1879 Neothyns parva, new species Genus Waltoma Davidson, 1850 Waltoma inconspicua (Sowerby) Genus Pelagodiscus Dali, 1908 Pelagodiscus atlanticus (King) Discina atlantica King, 1868:170-173. Pelagodiscus atlanticus (King).—Dali, 1908:261.—Helmcke, 1940:230 [extensive synonymy].—Hertlein and Grant, 1944:21.—Zezina, 1965:345-358. A single dorsal valve of this abyssal brachiopod was dredged at 1437 m by Eltamn cruise 4, sta 138, 62°00'S-62°05'S, 61°09'W-61°08'W, off the South Shetland Islands. This species has the wid¬ est geographical distribution of any modern bra¬ chiopod, but it is limited to deep or abyssal waters. Its global distribution has been plotted by Zezina (1976:69). Type.— USNM 551178. Genus Discinisca Dali, 1871 Discinisca laevis (Sowerby) Plate 1: figure 2 Orbicula laevis Sowerby, 1822:468, pi. 26: fig. la-d.—Reeve, 1862:132.—Davidson, 1886-1888:195, pi. 26: figs. 1, 9, 10 . Discinisca laevis (Sowerby).—Dali, 1871a:42; 187 lb: 76; 1920:276.—Hertlein and Grant, 1944:30 [extensive syn¬ onymy]. Six specimens, one adult and five young, are referred to this species. The specimens were dredged by Anton Brunn cruise 188, sta 758, 06°44'S, 080°18'W, off northernmost Peru at 30 m. Type.— Hypotype: USNM 551179. Discinisca species Figures 1, 2 Three lots of small Discinisca were taken by Anton Bruun off the west coast of South America as follows: cruise 16, sta 654A, 09°29'S, 078°54 / W off Chimbote, southern Peru, at 140 m; cruise 16, sta 6670, 02°11'S, 080°56'31"W off Libertad, Ecuador, at 8-9 m; cruise 18A, sta 696, 35°43'S, 072°44'W off Constitucion, Chile, at 45 m. Genus Discina Lamarck, 1819 Discina striata (Schumacher) Figure 3; Plate 1: figure 1 Crania (B) striata Schumacher, 1817:102, pi. 20: fig. la-f; Discina striata (Schumacher).—Dali, 1920:274 [synonymy]. Five specimens, all immature, of this com¬ pletely costellate discinoid were taken by La Rafale 4 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY 90°00* SCfOO' Figure 1. — Map of part of the west coast of South America showing position of species (asterisk = (1) Discinisca laevis (Sowerby), (2) Discinisca species; star in circle = Liolhyrella delsolari, new species; six-rayed star = Terebratuhna knensis Dali and Pilsbry; solid circle = Argyrolheca species). cruise 1, sta 20/2. This occurrence is near Gape Palmas, listed by Dali (1920) as “type Locality” for this rare species, 04°3TN, 007°10 , W, off the Ivory Coast, West Africa. Type. —Hypotype; USNM 551188. Genus Cryptopora Jeffreys, 1869 Cryptopora hesperis, new species Plate 2: figures 25-35 Diagnosis. —Cryptopora with unmodified mar¬ ginal deltidial plates, gently sulcate anterior com¬ missure, and rounded outline. Description.— About medium size for this ge¬ nus of small shells, longer than wide, sides rounded, anterior margin broadly rounded; api¬ cal angle 90° Valves nearly equal in depth. Lateral commissure faintly sigmoidal; anterior commissure gently sulcate. Beak moderately long, about 1/6 valve length, suberect; foramen wide, deltoid; deltidial plates marginal, narrow, obliquely elevated. Shell translucent, surface marked by faint radial lines. Ventral valve gently convex, most convex in umbonal region; anterior profile moderately con¬ vex with median region swollen, sides flattened, sloping moderately. Median swollen region form¬ ing low fold. Teeth small; dental plates short, receding, not extending anterior to teeth. Muscle marks not discernible. Dorsal valve gently convex in lateral profile, flatly convex anteriorly in anterior profile. Pos¬ terior half moderately convex; anterior half gently depressed medially to form shallow sulcus. Cardinal process small, bilobed. Socket ridges short, anteriorly elevated to project beyond pos¬ terior margin. Maniculifer crura long, extending anteriorly for about 1/3 valve length, distal end moderately expanded. Median septum thin, reaching to midvalve where it is strongly elevated, narrowing ventrally with distal end narrowly rounded, its posterior slope steeply descending toward notothyrial cavity but not reaching it. Anterior slope concave. Muscle marks not seen. Measurements (mm).— USNM specimen no. Length Dor sat valve length Width Thick¬ ness Apical angle 331098a 3.1 2.7 2.5 1.0 90° 331098b 4.1 3.5 3.6 90° 331098c 3.6 3.3 3.2 ? 90° Locality.— U.S. Bureau of Fisheries sta 3080, 43°58 / N, 124°36 / W, off southern Oregon at 170 m. Types.— Holotype: USNM 331098a; para- types; USNM 331098b,c. Discussion.— The specimens on which this spe¬ cies is based had been identified as the young of Frieleia halli Dali. Cryptopora hesperis is unusual for inhabiting relatively shallow water. Of described species, it differs from C. rectimarginata Cooper from shallow water off eastern Florida and C. cunosa Cooper from the Indian Ocean in not having the elaborate winged deltidial plates char¬ acteristic of those species. Cryptopora hesperis differs from C. boettgen Helmcke from waters off South Africa, which is similar in size, in its more rounded outline, wider beak, and gently sulcate anterior commissure. From the Indian Ocean species C. maldwensis Muir-Wood, C. hesperis dif- NUMBER 41 5 Figure 2. —Map of the northwest quadrant of Antarctica showing position of species (solid circle = Terebratulina kiiensis Dali and Pilsbry; asterisk = (1) Liolhyrella expansa , new species, (2) L. fasten, new species, (3) L. georgiana Foster, (4) L. hendlen, new species, (5) L. nolorcadensis (Jackson), (6) L.? vema Cooper; dot in circle = Plahdia species; star in circle = one Discmisca species; six-rayed star = (1) Abyssothyris wyvillei (Davidson) and Notorygmia species, (2) A. cf. elongata Cooper, (3) A. species). fers in being smaller with less-tapered posterior margins, more incurved beak, and larger apical angle. Cryptopora hespens differs from C. brazien Crane in being larger with less-rounded margins, sulcate anterior commissure, and slightly bowed hinge. Cryptopora hespens is a smaller shell than the common Atlantic C. gnomon (Jeffreys), which at- 6 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Figure 3.—Map of Gulf of Guinea showing location of specimens (open triangle = Discina striata (Schumacher), taken by R/V Rafale, solid square = Panlellana monstruosa (Scacchi); solid triangle = Megathins species, dredged by R/V Thierry). tains a length of 5 mm or slightly more, is less strongly sulcate, and has a flatter dorsal valve and less expanded anterior. This is the first report of Cryptopora in northern Pacific waters. Genus Terebratulina d’Orbigny, 1847 Terebratulina kiiensis Dali and Pilsbry Figures 1, 2; Plate 1: figures 8-18 Terebratulina kiiensis Dali and Pilsbry, 1891:18, pi. 1: Figs. 4, 5.—Hatai, 1940:235, pi. 7: Figs. 18-21.—Hertlein and Grant [part], 1944:71, Fig. 18a-c, pi. 6: Figs. 10, 13.— Zezina, 1970b:443, pi. 1: Fig. 3. T. crossei Fischer and Oehlert, 1892:5, pi. 8: Figs. 1-8 [not Davidson, 1848]. T. magalhaemca Flelmcke, 1939:22, figs. 19-24. T. austroamencana Zezina, 1981:155, Fig. la,b, pis. 1-4. Description.— Large, maximum observed length 50.4 mm (USNM 342219), thin-shelled, nearly circular, biconvex, ventral valve deeper than dorsal one; lateral and anterior margins rounded; apical angle 108°-116°. Lateral com¬ missure straight; anterior commissure rectimar- ginate, occasionally wavy. Beak short, rounded; foramen large; deltidial plates rudimentary. In¬ terareas narrow. Pedicle usually short, distal end frayed. Surface multicostellate, costellae increas¬ ing by bifurcation in several generations and numerous intercalations of finer costellae. Ventral valve evenly and broadly convex in lateral view; anterior view moderately convex with slight median elevation. Umbonal and me¬ dian regions swollen, swelling continuing to an¬ terior to form poorly defined fold, which meets corresponding low fold of opposite valve. Dorsal valve gently convex in lateral profile, broadly convex in anterior view. Umbonal region slightly flattened; median region with maximum swelling anterior to midvalve forming poorly per¬ ceptible fold. Ventral valve interior with small hooklike teeth, short anteriorly excavate pedicle collar. Muscle marks lightly impressed because of thin shell. Dorsal valve with stout socket ridges extended posteriorly and terminating in a point. Crura long, thin, supporting a stout incomplete ring. Crural processes curved, projecting medially but not meeting, their distal ends narrow and pointed. Measurements (mm).— USNM Dorsal specimen valve Thick- Apical no. Length length Width ness angle 551236a 42.0 38.2 40.6 19.0 112° 551236b 39.0 36.5 35.5 18.0 108° 550849c 35.5 31.5 31.8 15.6 96° 128463 42.9 39.0 39.0 21.0 101° Localities.— Anton Brunn cruise 18A, sta 698, 34°54'S, 072°44'W, southwest of Valparaiso and northwest of Constitucion, Chile, at 780-925 m; Anton Bruun cruise 17, sta 660-G, 12°58'S, 077°16 / W, north-northwest off Punta Huacas, Pisco, Peru, at 1000 m. Types.— Holotype: USNM 128643; hypo- types: USNM 550849a-c, 550850, 551236a-c. Discussion.— The specimens from waters off Chile are attached to black volcanic pebbles and gastropod shells. Several localities along the coasts of North and South America have yielded specimens of a large Terebratulina. Fischer and Oehlert (1892:5) de¬ scribed a large Terebratulina as the Japanese spe¬ cies T. crossei Davidson from the Strait of Magel¬ lan. Helmcke (1939:22, 23) mentioned another NUMBER 41 7 occurrence of the same brachiopod at Chierchia in the same area. To the specimens described by Fischer and Oehlert and the one from Chierchia, Helmcke (1939:22) gave the name T. magalhaenica in accordance with the views of Blochmann (1908) and Eichler (1911:15) and his own analysis (1939:17-22), that the Magellanian specimens are not the same species as the Japanese T. crossei. According to Helmcke, the Magellanian speci¬ mens are smaller, shorter, wider, and less thick than the Japanese species. Dali (1920:303, 307) recognized two Japanese species of Terebratulina off the west coast of the United States: T. crossei Davidson from fairly shallow water and T. kiiensis Dali and Pilsbry from deeper water. Dali’s T. crossei (USNM 219900) from Redondo Beach, California, is a small, somewhat narrowly triangular specimen rather doubtfully conspecific with the Japanese species. Two other lots of large Terebratulina (USNM 208868 and 549889) are larger than the preceding ( T. crossei) but smaller and narrower than T. kiiensis from off Santa Barbara, California (Plate 1: figures 5-7). They are yellowish brown and come from deep water. They probably rep¬ resent another species, but the lots are insufficient in specimens for adequate description. Terebratulina kiiensis is identified from waters off Alaska, Washington, and California from deep water (439-1023 m). This is a species with large shells, mostly with a ventral valve deeper than the dorsal one and with length varying from slightly longer than to almost equal to the width. Comparison of American specimens with Japa¬ nese examples shows the latter to have a slightly deeper dorsal valve and somewhat finer costella- tion, although these features are variable. The type specimen of T. kiiensis (USNM 128643, Plate 1: figures 10-13) has nearly equally deep valves, whereas most American specimens (South and North American), as well as some Japanese specimens, have a flattish, shallow dor¬ sal valve. Conversely, some American forms are aberrant in having a swollen dorsal valve (see below). Recently, collections made by Anton Brum cruises 17 and 18A included specimens similar to those described by Fischer and Oehlert, Helmcke, and Zezina, especially that taken off Valparaiso, Chile, described above. This lot consists of about 40 specimens, which included also Macandrevia amencana Dali (described below). The specimens are variable in length/width relationship (ca. 1.0- 1.20); the thickness is fairly uniform, and the specimens are clearly referrable to T. kiiensis. Zezina (1981:155-157) relates her new species Terebratulina austroamencana , from waters off Val¬ paraiso, Chile, at 700 m, to the larger Terebratulina identified as T. crossei Davidson by Fischer and Oehlert (1892). Earlier (1970b:443-446), she had stated that “it is possible to accept the possibility of relationship of the South American specimens described in detail in Fischer and Oehlert’s work, to the species T. kiiensis . ” The specimen of T. austroamericana Zezina, from her description and figures, suggests a young individual of T. kiiensis. A large Terebratulina identified as T. crossei (USNM 551238) from waters off British Colum¬ bia (Bernard, 1972:77) is much more convex than T. crossei and more convex and narrower than T. kiiensis and has a wavy anterior commissure (probably abnormal). Bernard’s (1972:79, fig. 10) Terebratulina species suggests T. kiiensis of the Cal¬ ifornia and South American coasts. The strongly convex forms may be aberrant T. kiiensis or, possibly, a new species. Konjukova (1957:17, figs. 10, 11, pi. 1: figs. 6- 11) figured as T. crossei a nearly circular, large Terebratulina. The two figured specimens conform to the dimensions of T. kiiensis rather than to those of T. crossei. Zezina (1973) reports T. kiiensis from the Gulf of Alaska. I have placed T. magalhaenica Helmcke in the synonymy of T. kiiensis because Helmcke’s figures show specimens almost identical to T. kiiensis from waters off Chile and the California coast and the Chilean form placed by Zezina in T. austroamencana. One specimen figured by Fischer and Oehlert (1892, pi. 8: fig. 7) shows a dorsal valve with conjunct crural processes, a feature not seen in any other specimens assigned to T. kiiensis or 71 crossei. I have been unable to find any persistent char¬ acters that will separate both the North and 8 South American specimens from the Japanese specimens. The distribution of T. kriensis leads to specula¬ tion as to the migration of the species from Japan to the south tip of South America, or the reverse. Konjukova’s specimens show that migration could have taken place along the coasts of the three continents, the species occupying somewhat cold shallow water in the more northern and southern parts of its range, moving into deeper, cold water in the more temperate and tropical regions, to occupy water of a temperature con¬ genial to the species. Terebratulina species Plate 1: figures 5-7 This species, identified as T. kuensis Dali and Pilsbry, is intermediate between that species and T. crossei Davidson. It seems to be a new species. Genus Abyssothyris Thomson, 1927 Abyssothyris wyvillei (Davidson) Figure 2; Plate 2: figures 13-17 Terebralula wyvillei Davidson, 1878:436, 437. Liolhyns wyvillei (Davidson).—Davidson, 1886-1888:15, 16, pi. 2: figs. 10-14 [not 8, 9 = Neorhynchia ]. Abyssothyris wyvillei (Davidson).—Thomson, 1927:190, fig. 56b [not 56a = Neorhynchia ].—Hertlein and Grant, 1944:101, pi. 7: figs. 20, 22-29 [not 15-19, 21 = Neorhyn¬ chia ].—Zezina, 1975:251. Three small specimens extend the range of this interesting deep-sea genus. Two specimens are 11 mm long by 9 mm wide; the third has a length and width of 13 mm. The specimens are strongly and deeply sulcate with strong fold and long, narrowly rounded tongue on the dorsal valve. The loop of the dorsal valve is short, about 1/3 valve length. The crural processes are posterior to midloop, sharply pointed, and moderately ap¬ proximate. The transverse band is moderately broad laterally where it joins the short descending lamellae, thins medially where it is raised into a SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY narrow fold. The anterolateral extremities of the loop are subangular. The outer hinge plates are moderately broad. Locality. —Eltamn cruise 4, sta 135, 62°40'S- 62°37'S, 064°06'W-63°57'W, off the South Shet¬ land Islands, at 3715-3752 m. Types.— Hypotypes: USNM 551224a-c. Discussion. —Abyssothyris wyvillei is found in abyssal waters in a belt between the 30th and 60th parallels south and along the west coast of South America to the Galapagos Islands (doubt¬ ful). It is also reported south of New Guinea, north of the 30th parallel, and there are two occurrences in the northern Pacific (Zezina, 1976), one in mid-ocean and the other off Baja California. The latter refers to A. elongata Cooper, which Zezina (1976) does not recognize as a valid species. The occurrence reported herein adds a location in waters south of the 60th parallel. Found with this Abyssothyris was a fragment of the dorsal valve of a macandreviid (USNM 551234) having a dorsal sulcus and undoubtedly belong¬ ing to Notorygmia and another species of Abysso¬ thyris. These two genera often occur together (Cooper, 1972). Abyssothyris cf. elongata Cooper Figure 2; Plate 2: figures 4-7 See Cooper, 1972:9, figs. 3c-e, 4, pi. 2: fig. 39, pi. 3: figs. 20-41, pi. 4: figs. 1-52. A single elongate specimen differs markedly from Abyssothyris wyvillei , with which it occurs. The specimen measures in mm: length 14.7, length of dorsal valve 13.0, width 11.2, thickness 8.8; apical angle 79°. Besides its difference in dimensions, this specimen is broadly and gently sulcate, contrasting strongly with the deep and narrow sulcation of A. wyvillei. Inside the dorsal valve, the loop has rounded anterolateral extrem¬ ities like A. elongata from the Baja California Abyssal Plain off the west coast of Mexico and the United States. Locality. —Same as for Abyssothyris wyvillei. NUMBER 41 9 Type.— Hypotype: USNM 551225. Discussion.— This occurence greatly increases the range of this species from California to the Antarctic. Abyssothyris? species Figure 2; Plate 2: figures 8-12 A single specimen of very thin and transparent shell was attached to a small fragment of volcanic rock by a slender pedicle. The measurements in mm are: length 13.0, length of dorsal valve 11.8, width 12, thickness 6.5. The beak is short, and its apical angle is 105°. The foramen is small and permesothyridid. The lateral commissure is straight, and the anterior commissure is rectimar- ginate. The surface is smooth. When the specimen is moistened, the loop may be observed through the shell (Plate 2: figure 12). It is 3 mm long, about 1/4 the length of the dorsal valve. It has rounded anterolateral extremities. The lopho- phore was short. Locality.— Eltamn cruise 8, sta 616, 61°59'S- 62°00'S, 027°40'W-027°40 / W, south of the south end of the South Sandwich Islands, at 3349-3038 m. Type.— USNM 551242. Discussion.— This specimen, which has the ap¬ pearance of an adult, may represent a stock of uniplicate, abyssal forms related to Abyssothyris wyvillei, the strongly sulcate type of the genus. The loop of this specimen has rounded anterolat¬ eral angles like the loop of A. elongata Cooper from the eastern Pacific off Baja California. Cooper (1973a: 18) described a similar small, rectimargin- ate specimen from the abyss off Argentina. This specimen is rectimarginate and has a loop similar to that of the specimen described above; however, this Argentine specimen is only 5.5 mm long and thus is probably more youthful than that of the specimen from off the South Sandwich Islands, which might explain its rectimarginate anterior commissure. Three abyssal genera, Notorygmia , Abyssothyris , and Neorhynchia , often associated together (Muir- Wood, 1960; Cooper, 1972), are strongly sulcate. This suggests the possibility of a relationship between great depth and sulcation. Although the idea is attractive, doubt must be cast on it, be¬ cause a number of rectimarginate species of Ma- candrevia inhabit abyssal waters, and most of the genera occurring in shallow water in the southern hemisphere are sulcate: Waltoma, Terebratella , Ma- gasella , Magellama , and Aero thy ns, for example. It is thus possible for a rectimarginate terebratulid stock to occupy abyssal waters, and for sulcate stocks to inhabit shallow waters. Genus Liothyrella Thomson, 1916 Liolhyrella Thomson, 1916:44; 1927:197.—Jackson, 1918:73- 79.—Allan, 1932:1-10.—Foster, 1974:56. Liothyrella has numerous species and is abun¬ dant in the Southern Hemisphere, especially in the Antarctic, but is rather rare in the Pacific of the Northern Hemisphere. As now identified, Liothyrella may consist of more than one genus. The type-species is Terebratula uva Broderip, a long narrow brachiopod from the Gulf of Tehuante¬ pec, Mexico. With the type occurred smaller, more triangular forms. The loop of the type specimen was broken off, and its characteristics are thus unknown. Blochmann (1908:615) re¬ garded the type specimen as deformed and iden¬ tified small, triangular specimens from the Ant¬ arctic with the smaller forms that accompanied Broderip’s specimen, regarding them as more rep¬ resentative of the species. It is from these smaller Antarctic forms that the generic concept of Lio¬ thyrella has been derived. The loop of some Ant¬ arctic specimens is widely triangular and has a thin transverse band. The crural processes are located opposite the ends of the outer hinge plates. Thus, the present conception of Liothyrella is of subtriangular to oval forms, some very large. The loop, however, is variable. A group of Lioth- yrellas that has a loop with nearly parallel sides and a broad transverse band may ultimately be separable from Liothyrella when more is known about these shells. 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Liothyrella delsolari, new species Figure 1; Plate 2: figures 18-23 Diagnosis.— Nearly circular Liothyrella with fine, regular concentric lines of growth and wide loop. Description.— Exterior: About medium size, nearly circular, maximum width at midvalve, posterolateral extremities forming an angle of 90°. Lateral commissure slightly sinuous; anterior commissure slightly and broadly uniplicate. Beak short, suberect, labiate. Foramen large, permeso- thyridid. Symphytium short, visible. Surface marked by closely crowded lines of growth. Ventral valve moderately convex in lateral view, gently and broadly bowed in anterior pro¬ file. Umbonal and median regions swollen, ante¬ rior convex; lateral slopes steep. Dorsal valve flatly convex in lateral view, mod¬ erately domed but only less so than that of ventral valve. Lateral slopes moderately steep, short. Interior: Ventral valve interior with short, nar¬ row pedicle collar; teeth small, hook-like. Muscle scars lightly impressed. Dorsal valve with wide cardinal process. Loop short and wide, occupying 1/3 the length and 1/5 the width of the dorsal valve. Socket ridges narrow, erect. Sockets wide, floored by stout ful- cral plates. Outer hinge plates fairly long, deeply concave, tapering along ventral side of crural bases to end posterior of crural processes. Crus short. Crural processes located anterior of mid¬ loop, low and sharply pointed. Descending la¬ mellae short. Transverse band gently and evenly arched. Anterior margin of transverse band notched; posterolateral margins of transverse band with short angular projections. Measurements (mm). — USNM 551061, length 25.5, dorsal valve length 22.9, width 23.2, thickness 14.0, apical angle 90°. Locality.— 04°00 / S, 80°30'W, between Man- cora and Chicama, Peru, at 760-1000 m. Type.— Holotype: USNM 551061. Etymology.— Named for the discoverer of the species, Sr. E.M. del Solar, Lima, Peru. Discussion.— This species can be distinguished from other Liothyrellas by its nearly circular form. Liothyrella expansa, new species Figure 2; Plate 3: figures 1-4 Diagnosis.— Large, broadly oval Liothyrella , widest at midvalve, anteriorly subnasute with rectimarginate to gently uniplicate anterior com¬ missure. Description.— Exterior: Large, roundly oval, subequally convex, ventral valve slightly more convex; maximum width at midvalve. Anterior margin narrowly rounded. Posterolateral extrem¬ ities nearly straight, making an angle slightly more than 90° Lateral commissure straight, anterior commissure rectimarginate to gently uniplicate. Beak narrow, obliquely truncated, slightly labiate, suberect. Foramen large, meso- thyridid. Surface marked by concentric growth lines and fine short, interrupted striations. Ventral valve moderately and evenly convex in lateral profile, broadly and moderately domed in anterior view. Median region gently and narrowly swollen, swelling continued from beak to anterior margin. Sides sloping gently. Dorsal valve flatly convex in lateral profile, moderately domed in anterior view, more so than same view of ventral valve. Median region mod¬ erately and longitudinally swollen producing nar¬ rowed anterior. Interior: Ventral muscle scars lightly im¬ pressed. Pedicle collar short, excavated. Dorsal valve with moderately wide loop occupying 1/3 the length and less than 1/4 dorsal valve width. Transverse band narrow with wide anterior reen¬ trant and lateral anterior notches. Measurements (mm).— USNM specimen Dorsal valve Thick¬ Apical no. Length length Width ness angle 551153a 36.0 31.8 30.0 16.9 O CO CO 551153b 34.3 30.8 29.4 16.0 95° 551153c 35.5 31.8 30.8 17.9 O CO CO 551153d 26.4 23.6 24.4 12.0 92° 551153e 32.0 29.0 29.0 15.0 CO o Locality. — Is las Orcadas cruise 575, sta 89, 54°44.2'S, 037° 11.2'W, off the South Georgia, at 225-265 m. north coast of Types.— Holotype: USNM 551153b; para- NUMBER 41 11 types: USNM 551153a,c-e. Discussion.— This is a large species represented by five specimens that were taken near the local¬ ity and at about the same depth as Liothyrella uva georgiana Foster. The figure of the holotype of Foster’s species (1974, pi. 5: figs. 10-13) is en¬ larged X 1.5 and at this enlargement resembles L. expansa. Specimens accompanying the type of L. u. georgiana younger and older than the type specimen indicate that this species is smaller and narrower in the adult form than L. expansa. The latter differs from L. u. georgiana in size, about 1.5 times the holotype, and in having shells of lesser depth, somewhat rhombic outline, and narrowed anterior. Liothyrella expansa differs from L. notorcadensis (Jackson) in its wider, less-deep shell and lesser folding of the anterior commissure. Liothyrella ex¬ pansa differs from L.? vema Cooper in its flatter shell, greater width at midvalve, and lesser devel¬ opment of anterior folding. Liothyrella expansa dif¬ fers from L. fosteri in its larger size, wider shell, and more narrowly rounded anterior. The loop of L. expansa is wider than that of L. fosteri. Liothyrella fosteri, new species Figure 2; Plate 3: figures 5-9 Diagnosis.— Large, widely oval, subequally convex Liothyrella having broad, gently uniplicate anterior commissure. Description. — Exterior: Large, longer than wide, oval, valves subequally convex, ventral valve having greater convexity. Sides and anterior margin rounded; posterolateral extremities form¬ ing an angle of 77°. Lateral commissure nearly straight, anterior commissure gently uniplicate. Beak moderately long, suberect. Foramen large, submesothyridid. Smooth. White. Ventral valve evenly convex in lateral profile, maximum convexity in posterior half. Anterior profile moderately and broadly convex. Umbonal region narrowly swollen, swelling continuing to midvalve, lessening anteriorly to form gently con¬ vex anterior slope. Flanks rounded and steep. Dorsal valve evenly and gently convex in lat¬ eral profile, slightly keeled in anterior profile. Umbonal and median regions moderately swol¬ len. Anterior slope gently convex; lateral slopes flattened and fairly steep. Interior: Loop with angle of 35°, 1/4 valve length. Outer hinge plates narrow; crural pro¬ cesses short, anterior to midloop, approximate. Transverse band narrow, widely and gently arched; anterolateral extremities rounded. Measurements (mm). — USNM 551070, length 35.2, dorsal valve length 31.3, width 27.8, thickness 16.7; apical angle 77°. Locality. —Eltamn cruise 6, sta 410, 61°18'S, 056°09'W to 61°20'S, 056°10'W, off Elephant Island, Scotia Sea, Antarctica, at 220-240 m. Type.— Holotype: USNM 551070. Etymology.— Named for Merrill W. Foster in recognition of his excellent work on Antarctic brachiopods. Discussion. —Liothyrella fosteri is not so large as L. notorcadensis (Jackson) and is much less swollen. The loop of L. fosteri is narrower, the crural processes are more anterior, the hinge plates more tapering, and the transverse band more broadly arched than that of L. expansa. Liothyrella? vema Cooper has a deeper shell with more gently and broadly rounded anterior than those features of L. fosteri. Liothyrella georgiana Foster Figure 2; Plate 4: figures 7-13 Liothyrella uva georgiana Foster, 1974:73, Figs. 3(4), 18b, pi. 5: Figs. 10-13, pi. 9: Fig. 9, pi. 12. Four lots totaling nine specimens were taken by Is las Orcadas in the same general area on the north side of South Georgia as Foster’s type lot of 13 specimens (six live and seven empty shells) and from approximately the same depth. The four lots show considerable variation as do Fos¬ ter’s 13 specimens. Of the latter, the specimen selected as type deviates from the others in being rounder and wider (L/W = 1.16), whereas the others of Foster’s lot vary in L/W = 1.18-1.30. These ratios show L. georgiana as presently consti¬ tuted to be a more narrowly oval form rather than a rounded one as indicated by the type. 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY The new specimens are all narrowly oval, their L/W ratios ranging from 1.18 to 1.36. The larger specimens show a gentle uniplication not seen in Foster’s original lot. The foramen is variable as is the labiation of the beak, both becoming larger with increasing size. All of the elongate oval shells are narrowed anteriorly. The loop is narrow and short, with a broad transverse band like the loop of the type specimen figured by Foster (1974, pi. 5: fig. 13). Specimens taken by Islas Orcadas cruise 575: USNM 551204, sta 66, 56°42.8'S, 026°59.7'W, north off the north end of the South Sandwich Island group, at 121-228 m; USNM 551205, sta 93, 54°38.8'S, 038°51.3 / W, north off South Geor¬ gia, at 261-270 m, near type-locality of L. geor- giana. Types.— Holotype: USNM 550017A; para- type: USNM 550017B; hypotypes: USNM 551204,551205. Liothyrella hendleri, new species Figure 2; Plate 4: figures 1-6 Diagnosis.— Large Liothyrella with subequally convex valves, thin shell, faintly uniplicate ante¬ rior commissure in the adult and rather narrow loop. Description. — Exterior: Large, thin-shelled elongate oval, maximum width at about mid¬ valve. Valves subequal in depth, sides rounded, anterior margins somewhat narrowly rounded; posterolateral margins forming angle of 67°-90° Beak moderately long, suberect, narrowly labiate. Foramen small, permesothyridid. Lateral com¬ missure straight; anterior commissure rectimar- ginate to slightly uniplicate. Surface smooth. White to pale yellow. Ventral valve moderately convex in lateral view, fairly strongly domed with steep slopes in anterior profile. Anterior slope slightly flattened to form slight anterior tongue. Dorsal valve moderately convex in side view, fairly strongly and somewhat narrowly domed in anterior view. Umbonal and median regions swol¬ len, swelling continued to anterior margin as faint fold. Interior: Ventral valve interior with small teeth; pedicle collar short. Dorsal valve with short loop, 1/3 valve length, 1/5 valve width. Cardinal process small, some¬ what rectangular, narrow, with roughened my- ophore facing ventrally. Socket ridges high, slen¬ der, curved. Fulcral plates thick, laterally ex¬ tended. Outer hinge plates narrow, concave, ta¬ pering anteriorly to ventral side of crural bases. Crural processes anterior of midloop, bluntly an¬ gular with distal extremities approximate. Trans¬ verse band fairly strongly arched with flattened crest. Measurements (mm).— USNM specimen no. Length Dorsal valve length Width Thick¬ ness Apical angle 551141a 35.0 31.7 26.4 20.0 75° 551141 j 26.7 24.6 22.8 14.2 91° 551141k 29.0 25.5 24.4 16.0 91° 551141-1 36.8 33.3 27.5 210, 81° 551 141m 34.0 30.5 26.1 20.0 O O CO 551141n 17.0 15.1 13.8 9.5 81° Locality. ,—Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 52. 57°38.4'S, 026°26.7'W, east off South Sandwich Islands, Antarctica, at 416-612 m. Types.— Holotype: USNM 551141a; para- types: 551141b-n. Etymology.— Named for Dr. Gordon L. Hen- dler of the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center. Discussion.— The exterior of this species is most like that of Liothyrella notorcadensis (Jackson). It is, however, more delicate, with a smaller for¬ amen and narrower loop. It is about the same size as L. fasten , new species, but has more convex valves and is elliptical in outline rather than widely oval like L. fosten. Liothyrella notorcadensis (Jackson), new status Figure 2; Plate 3: figures 10-21 Liothyrella uva var. notorcadensis (Jackson).—Jackson, 1912:153-156, pi. 1: figs. 1-3.—Foster, 1974:73, 74, pi. 5: figs. 14-19. NUMBER 41 13 This is a large elongate, thick-shelled Liothyrella with wide but variable loop usually having a very narrow transverse band. It is abundant in Arthur Harbor in the Palmer Peninsula and ranges, ac¬ cording to Foster (1974:30), from about 90°W to about 45°W. Five lots of specimens from just north of the South Sandwich Islands extend the range of this species to the east. The depths at which they occur are 51-480 m. The specimens deviate some¬ what from the Arthur Harbor examples in being thinner shelled and slightly narrower in the dorsal umbonal region and in having a loop with a somewhat broader transverse band; however, the proportions of the shells are about the same as typical specimens. Measurements (mm).— USNM Dorsal specimen no. Length valve length Width Thick¬ ness Apical angle 551197a 36.4 31.7 24.4 22.0 0 CO kO 551197b 36.4 31.9 26.0 22.8 o CO kO 551197c 26.6 23.2 20.0 15.2 72° 551198a 24.2 21.4 20.5 11.7 79° 551198b 31.2 27.9 23.7 15.5 67° 551199a 36.0 32.0 25.0 20.0 73° 551199b 25.5 23.6 19.3 13.4 73° Localities.— USNM 551219, Hero cruise 731, sta 1871, 65° 14.7'S, 064°13.5'W to 65°14.3'S, 064°12'W, off Anvers Island, Antarctica, at 180— 240 m; USNM 551206, Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 53, 57°41'S, 026°22.3'W, off South Sandwich Islands, at 355-468 m; USNM 551200, sta 62, 54°40.6'S, 027°00.8'W, at 360-480 m; USNM 551243, sta 70, 56°23.8'S, 027°24.6'W, at 161- 210 m; USNM 551199, sta 73, 56° 16.0'S, 027°30.0'W, at 208-375 m; USNM 551197, sta 78, 56°20.2'S, 027°30.4'W, at 122-141 m; all off South Sandwich Islands, Antarctica; USNM 551198, Islas Orcadas cruise 876, sta 108, 60°25.9'S, 046°23.6'W, north off Coronation Is¬ land, at 152-159 m. A deformed specimen (USNM 551190) has an undamaged loop, which is wide and has a very narrow transverse band typical of the species. This specimen was taken by Hero cruise 721, sta 702, 62° 16.8'S, 058°32.8'W, north of the east end of the South Shetland Islands, at 51 m. Types. —Hypotypes: USNM 550917, 550918a, 551 190, 551 197a-c, 551 198a, b, 551 199a,b, 551219, 551243. Liothyrella uva (Broderip) Plate 2: figure 24 The interior of a dorsal valve of this species is introduced to show the present conception of the genus with its wide loop and thin transverse band. Locality. — Eltanin cruse 6, sta 370, 55°55'W, 064°52'W, off southeast end of South America, at 104- 115 m. Type. —Hypotype: USNM 551069. Liothyrella? vema Cooper Figure 2; Plate 3: figures 22-25 Three specimens, two of them unusually large, are referred here. The two adults have broadly uniplicate anterior commissures. Both have deep valves, the ventral one slightly deeper than the dorsal one. Both valves are fairly strongly convex in both profiles. The beaks are short and strongly truncated with a moderately large foramen, small for such large shells. The rims of the foramen show evidence of wear because of close attach¬ ment to the substrate. The beak is slightly labiate. The loop of the largest specimen (USNM 551191a) is narrow and has subparallel sides like the type of the species. The outer hinge plates are narrow, and the crural bases broad. There is a trace of inner hinge plates, which show as a marginal thickening on the inside of the crural bases opposite the outer hinge plates. The crural processes are obtusely angular, and the descend¬ ing lamellae are short. The transverse band is broad and has a median lobe on the posterior side, which is set off by lateral indentations near the descending lamellae. The lobe is medially indented by a narrow V-shaped incision. The band is moderately arched and has a small notch just inside the anterolateral angles of the loop. 14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY The youngest specimen is nearly circular and has subequally convex valves. Its anterior com¬ missure is rectimarginate. Measurements (mm).— USNM Dorsal specimen valve Thick- Apical no. Length length Width ness angle 551191a 41.4 35.8 35.0 26.0 75° 551191b 33.7 30.0 28.4 22.3 71° 551191c 23.7 20.6 22.0 13.0 77° 550480a 32.5 29.2 28.6 19.8 83° Types.— Holotype: USNM 550480a; hypo- types: USNM 551191a-c. Locality. —Eltamn cruise 9, sta 678, 54°49'S- 54°48'S, 38°01'W-37°53'W, north off South Georgia, at 814-732 m. Discussion. —This species approaches L. neoze- landica Thomson in size but differs in having a less-rounded anterior, narrower beak angle, more convex valves, and fairly strong uniplication. Genus Platidia Costa, 1852 Platidia species Figure 2: Plate 2: figure 1 A small Platidia was taken off the easternmost tip of South America. It measures 2 mm long by 1.5 mm wide. Both valves are convex, and the dorsal beak is well excavated. Locality.— Hero cruise 715, sta 875, 54°55'S, 64°00'W-063°53 , W, at 771-903 m. Type.— USNM 551195. Discussion.— Platidia has a wide distribution, being present in the North Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans and in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and the Mediterranean Sea. Foster (1974:85) found it in the Pacific far west of South America. This is the first report of the genus in the Atlantic at the south end of South America. Genus Argyrotheca Dali, 1900 Argyrotheca species Figure 1; Plate 1: figures 3, 4 A single, somewhat damaged specimen 1.5 mm long and 1.75 mm wide was taken by Anton Bruun cruise 16, sta 66139, 00°15'55"S, 091°26'41"W, at 3 m, south-southwest of the Galapagos Islands (Isabella Island). The ventral valve is marked by two costae on each side of a narrow sulcus. The dorsal valve is similarly marked. The costae and interspaces are opposite, a characteristic of Argy¬ rotheca. Type.— USNM 551196. Discussion.— This species is interesting because it is a new occurrence for the genus. Argyrotheca is rare in the Pacific, and all but one of its contem¬ porary species in the Pacific is small to minute. Argyrotheca lowei Hertlein and Grant, occurring off Baja California, is large for the genus, whereas specimens taken off Bikini Atoll (Cooper, 1954) and off Tasmania, A. mayi Blochmann, are tiny. Fossil Argyrotheca from Eniwetok Atoll (Cooper, 1964) is very small. Elsewhere, Argyrotheca is abun¬ dant in the Caribbean Sea, where it is represented by many species. It is a genus with a long geolog¬ ical history, because it is one of the few brachio- pod genera to cross the Cretaceous boundary into the Tertiary and Recent. Genus Megathiris d’Orbigny, 1847 Megathiris species Figure 3; Plate 2: figure 2 Small, width about 1.5 times the length, widest at the hinge; cardinal extremities acute on one side, about a right angle on opposite side. Sides rounded, sloping medially; anterior margin broadly rounded. Lateral commissure straight; anterior commissure rectimarginate. Interareas narrow, gently curved, apsacline. Pedicle opening wide; deltidial plates rudimentary. Surface cos¬ tate, costae opposite, narrowly elevated, sepa¬ rated by spaces equal in width to those of the costae. About 14 costae along the margin, includ¬ ing a short intercalated costa at middle of each valve. Pedicle plate in ventral valve apex long; dorsal valve with three septa. Measurements (mm). — USNM 551181: length 3.6, dorsal valve length 2.5, width 5.0, thickness 2.3. NUMBER 41 15 Locality.— R/V Thierry cruise 1, sta 31/5Ni, 05°09'N, 000° 19'W, off the coast of Ghana, at 85 m. Type.— USNM 551181. Discussion. —Although specimens of Megathins detruncata (Gmelin) are usually wider than long, they may be more rectangular, and the costation more subdued, than the Ghana specimen. The pattern of costae is essentially the same in the two, but the costae of M. species are more nar¬ rowly rounded and are separated by spaces of approximately the same width as those of the costae. The costae of M. detruncata from the Med¬ iterranean are generally broader and with inter¬ spaces narrower than the width of the costae. The ventral apical plate is somewhat longer in the Ghana specimen than that of specimens from the Mediterranean. The presence of Megathins off Ghana shows a tendency to southward migration of this Medi¬ terranean and eastern Atlantic genus. The pres¬ ence of Megathins and Pantellana (see below) in the northern Gulf of Guinea, along with Kraussina mercaton Helmcke from a more southerly location in the same body of water (Cooper, 1975), shows northern and southern types approaching one another. Genus Pantellana Dali, 1919 Pantellaria monstruosa (Scacchi) Figure 3; Plate 5: figures 1-6 Terebratula monstruosa Scacchi, 1836:8.—Costa, 1851-1852:43, pi. 9: figs. 4, 5. Megerlia truncata var. monstruosa (Scacchi).—Monterosato, 1875:4.—Davidson, 1878:108, pi. 9: figs. 21, 22a. Miihlfeldtia monstruosa (Scacchi).—Fischer and Oehlert, 1891:87, pi. 7: fig. 12a-c. Pantellaria monstruosa (Scacchi).—Dali, 1920:335.—Thomson, 1927:228, fig. 70. Nine specimens dredged by R/V Rafale from waters off the Ivory Coast indicate southward migration of this Mediterranean and eastern At¬ lantic species. The largest specimen is slightly less than 12 mm in width, and all are distorted from close appression to the substrate. The ventral valve is ornamented by distant costellae bearing stubby spines or nodes. The dorsal valve is marked by concentric growth lines only. Measurments (mm). — USNM 551 180a, length 7.6, dorsal valve length 7.0?, width 10.4, thickness 3.8. Locality.— La Rafale cruise 1, sta 26/6, 04°51'N, 003°23'W, Gulf of Guinea, off Ivory Coast, at 100 m. Types.— Hypotypes: USNM 551180a-c. Genus Macandrevia King, 1859 Macandrema occurs around the Antarctic Con¬ tinent and along the west coast of South America, as well as in the North Atlantic where it is fairly common. It has recently been reported from the west coast of Africa (d’Hondt, 1976; Cooper, 1975). Two species occur on the west coast of South America (M. diamantina Dali = Notorygmia not included): M. amencana Dali extending from waters off San Diego south to the Antarctic; the other M. cramella Dali, confined to the Gulf of Panama. Two species, M. vanhoeffeni Blochmann and M. lata Thomson, have been described from the east side of the Antarctic Continent. Foster (1974:88-97) studied material from waters off South America and from the west and south sides of Antarctica. These studies led him to recognize only two species in the Antarctic: M. amencana and M. vanhoeffeni. Foster distinguished the usu¬ ally deeper-water M. amencana from the usually shallow-water M. vanhoeffeni , on minor characters such as width of the foramen, usually variable, lower puncta density, also variable, and larger deltidial plates. This latter feature is difficult to discern because, throughout the genus, deltidial plates are rudimentary at best, or lacking. Foster regarded M. lata as a synonym of M. vanhoeffeni. Zezina (1975:255) hinted at the possible identity of M. amencana and M. vanhoeffeni. In checking all of Foster’s material at the Na¬ tional Museum of Natural History, and the ad¬ ditional specimens noted below, it was discovered that the proportions of M. amencana and M. van¬ hoeffeni are very close, except for one specimen (USNM 550116A), a very large, narrowly oval form. Thomson’s specimens of M. lata and M. 16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY vanhoeffem are very similar. Specimens labelled as M. vanhoeffem usually occur in waters less than 1000 meters, whereas specimens labelled as M. americana occur in waters ranging in depth from 112 meters to 2507 meters. I find it impossible to detect any significant or persistent differences between the two species and therefore suggest that M. vanhoeffem be regarded as a synonym of M. americana , a quite variable species. Occurrences are recorded below by research vessel and cruise number. Macandrevia americana Dali Figure 4; Plate 4: figures 14-32; Plate 6: figures 9-12 Macandrevia americana Dali, 1895:721, pi. 32: figs. 1, 4, 7; 1908:444.—Foster, 1974:93, fig. 3 (part 3), pi. 8: figs. 5- 11, pi. 10: fig. 8.—Hertlein and Grant, 1944:154, pi. 13: figs. 11, 13, 17.—Zezina, 1975:253, 255. M. vanhoeffem Blochmann, 1906:690.-—Eichler, 1911:391, pi. 42: figs. 8a,b, 9a-d, pi. 43: figs. 14, 15, 21.—Thomson, 1918:35, 36, pi. 15: fig. 10, pi. 16: fig. 43, pi. 17: figs. 57- 59. M. lata Thomson, 1918:33-35, fig. 3 (parts 14, 27), pi. 8: figs. 12-21, pi. 10: fig. 9. Magellama fragilis Joubin, 1914:40-42, figs. 4-7 [not Smith, 1907], Three specimens of medium size for the genus were taken by Islas Orcadas off the south end of the South Sandwich Islands. These vary in shape from somewhat narrowly oval in outline to sub- rhomboidal. The maximum width is at midvalve, the anterior margins narrowed and rounded, not truncated as in some specimens of Macandrevia regardless of species. The beaks are short and narrow and have a moderately large foramen. The deltidial plates are narrow, marginal, and do not restrict the pedicle opening. Punctae number 130/mm 2 at about 10 mm anterior to the beak. Inside the ventral valve the teeth are hooklike and fairly large. The pedicle collar is long and sessile. The dental plates are short and receding. The narrow loop takes up about 1/4 the valve length and a third of its width, the lateral branches strongly approximate. The anterior ends of the loop bear two fairly large spines and three smaller ones. Measurements (mm).— USNM specimen no. Length Dorsal valve length Width Thick¬ ness Apical angle 551182a 25.0 22.6 21.8 10.7 87° 551182b 23.7 21.6 19.3 12.2 88° 551182c 24.2 21.0 18.5 p 88° Locality. —Islas Orcadas cruise 876, sta 133 59°25.9'S, 026°55.8'W, off the south end of the South Sandwich Islands, at 1071-1052 m. Types. —Hypotypes; USNM 551182a-c. Discussion. —These specimens are very similar to the type specimen of M. americana (USNM 87547), as they have similar measurements. The anterior margin is rounded like that of the type- species. They differ from the type specimen in inhabiting much deeper water, over 1000 m, in contrast to the type, which was taken from waters of 122 fms (= 233 m). Additional Specimens Referred to M. ameri¬ cana.—Eltanin cruise 4, sta 138, 62°00 , S-62°05 , S, 61 o 09'W-61°09'W, north of the South Shetland Islands, at 1430 m. Measurements in mm: length 28.7, dorsal valve length 25.8, width 25.5, thick¬ ness 13.7; apical angle 90°. The loop occupies 70% of the dorsal valve length and 40% of its width. The loop ends are without spines. Types: Hypotypes, USNM 551183a,b. Anton Bruun cruise 18A, sta 699, 33°39'S, 072° 10'W off Valparaiso, Chile, at 1170-1480 m. The lot consists of three fairly large specimens, one attached to a volcanic rock pebble (Plate 4: figures 14, 15). They are rather flattish and sub¬ pentagonal in outline with a narrowly truncated anterior margin. The loop occupies about 2/3 the dorsal valve length and 35% of its width. There are two small spines at the anterior of the loop extremities. The largest of the three specimens measures in mm: length 21, width 20. Types: Hypotypes, USNM 551184a-c. Hero cruise 721, sta 1144, 64 0 51.9'S-64°52.4'S, 063 o 49.6 / W-063°50.7 / W, north off Anvers Is¬ land, at 440-480 m. Type: Hypotype, USNM 551185. USS Edisto AGB2, oceanographic sta ED 23, 77°40'S, 40°50'W at 440 fms (= 805 m), Weddell Sea. NUMBER 41 17 Figure 4. —Map of the northwest quadrant of Antarctica showing position of species (six-rayed star = (1) Macandrevia americana Dali, (2) Macandrevia species; asterisk = Synlomaria curiosa , new species; star in circle = Dyscrilosia secreta , new species). 18 Type: Hypotype, USNM 551186. Eltamn cruise 51, sta 5765, 76°07'S-76 o 07.4'S, 170°12.TW-170°11.7'W at 71-87 m, off Ross Ice Shelf. Types: USNM 51187, 551201. Anton Bruun cruise 18A, sta 698, 34°54'S, 072°44'W, southwest of Valparaiso and north¬ west of Constitucion, Chile, at 780-925 m. Found with Terebratulina kiiensis Dali and Pilsbry. This lot consists of nine specimens of large size, elon¬ gate oval in outline with the somewhat narrowed anterior margin truncated. Pale yellowish brown. The specimens conform to the general character¬ istics of this variable species, being somewhat larger than usual but resembling a number of the extremes of M. americana , especially M. a. diegensis Dali (Plate 4: figures 33-35). Measurements (mm): USNM specimen no. Length Dorsal valve length Width Thick¬ ness Apical angle 551237a 33.0 29.7 25.8 15.7 O CO 551237b 29.8 27.8 24.0 15.0 81° 551237c 33.3 30.7 25.9 16.5 83° Types: Hypotypes, USNM 551237a-d. Eltamn cruise 32 (Harvard University sta 28, M.W. Foster), 78°23.TS, 173°06.1'W to 78°23.3'S, 173°02'W, Antarctica, at 470-478 m. One large specimen, 35 mm long by 28.7 mm wide and with truncated anterior. Type: Hypotype, USNM 551202. Hero cruise 731, sta 1947, 65°00'26"S- 65°00'36"S, 063 o 28T2 /, W-063°28'00"W, off Antarctic Peninsula, at 204-250 m. A single spec¬ imen of medium size, truncated anteriorly and fairly convex, from relatively shallow water. Type: Hypotype, USNM 551222. Macandrevia americana diegensis Dali Plate 4: figures 33-35 Figures of this subspecies are introduced for comparison with M. americana from southwest of Valparaiso, Chile. This subspecies is usually strongly truncated anteriorly. Locality.— U.S. Bureau of Fisheries sta 5693, SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY 100 miles south-southwest of San Diego, Califor¬ nia, at 1994 m. Type. —Lectotype (Hertlein and Grant, 1944:212):USNM 265902a. Macandrevia species Figure 4; Plate 5: figures 28-31 One specimen of Macandrevia occurred with Liothyrella hendleri , new species, and is completely different from those referred to M. americana. It is narrowly oval, longer than wide with strongly convex valves. The sides and anterior are rounded, and the apical angle is 71°. The beak is moderately long and has a large, wide foramen unrestricted by deltidial plates. The commissures are rectimarginate. The surface is marked by numerous closely crowded growth lines. The color is pale brown. The anterior of the ventral valve has short dental plates. The septal plates are thick and form a shallow chamber. Measurements (mm).—Length 19.6, dorsal valve length 17.3, width 14.6, thickness 11.7; apical angle 71°; L/W = 1.34. Locality.— Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 52, 57°39.4'S, 026°26.7'W, off the South Sandwich Islands, Antarctica. Type.— USNM 551 172. Discussion.— Because of its narrowly oval form and strongly convex valves, this Macandrevia is unlike any of those taken off the southern tip of South America and around the Antarctic Conti¬ nent. It is unlike M. cranium Muller, from more northern seas, which is rounder, larger, and wider than M. species. Macandrevia cramella Dali from the Gulf of Panama is similar to M. species in size and elongate oval form but differs in being less thick and in having a smaller foramen. Genus Notorygmia Cooper, 1972 Notorygmia species Figure 2; Plate 2: figure 3 A fragment of the dorsal valve showing evi¬ dence of sulcation shows the characteristic cardi- NUMBER 41 19 nalia of the Macandreviidae with the septal plates meeting the valve floor. Notorygmia is often found in the abyss in company with Abyssothyris and Neorhynchia (Cooper, 1972). The fragment in ques¬ tion was taken with Abyssothyris wyvillei. Locality.— 62°40'S, 064°06'W, to 62°37'S, 063°57'W, at 3715-3752 m, off the South Shet¬ land Islands. Type.— USNM 551234. Genus Terebratella d’Orbigny, 1847 Terebratella dorsata (Gmelin) Plate 7: figure 25 A view of the interior of the dorsal valve of this common species is introduced for comparison with the loop of Terebratella? species from waters off southern Australia. Locality.— Eltanin cruise 11, sta 974, 53°32 / S, 064°55 / W, east of Rio Grande, Argentina, at 124— 119 m. Type.— Hypotype: USNM 551244. Terebratella? species Plate 5: figures 7-13 Description.— About medium size (22 mm long), somewhat pentagonal in outline with great¬ est width at midvalve, subequally biconvex, ven¬ tral valve somewhat less convex than dorsal one. Sides narrowly rounded, anterolateral margins sloping medially; posterolateral margins forming an angle of 86° Lateral commissure straight; anterior commissure narrowly sulcate. Beak mod¬ erately long, suberect; beak ridges angular; fora¬ men large, submesothyridid; deltidial plates con¬ junct. Surface marked by closely spaced incre¬ mental lines of growth and obscure costae on the anterolateral flanks. Faintly pink. Ventral valve moderately convex in lateral pro¬ file; most convex at umbo; anterior profile nar¬ rowly domed with sides forming an angle of 98° Umbonal region narrowly convex, convexity con¬ tinuing to anterior margin as prominent fold. Dorsal valve in lateral profile more convex than opposite valve, most convex at about mid¬ valve. Anterior profile broadly and fairly evenly domed with slopes forming angle of 115° Um¬ bonal and median regions swollen; sulcus origi¬ nating at midvalve, occupying about 60° of valve width. Sides bounding sulcus flatly convex. Ventral valve interior with stout teeth, narrow delthyrial cavity, short sessile pedicle collar. Mus¬ cle scars deeply impressed. Diductor scars long and narrow, pedicle muscle scars long and slen¬ der, accessory diductor scars small, rounded. Pal- lial trunks deeply impressed, vascula media di¬ rect; vascula genitalia short. Dorsal valve interior with narrow cardinalia, socket ridges stout, septal plates short, obscured by excess shell. Cardinal process narrow, semi¬ elliptical with raised lateral margins and short wide shaft. Median ridge thick where joining notothyrial callosity, tapering to midvalve, hav¬ ing narrow ridge on its ventral edge. Loop tere- bratelliform (trabecular of Richardson, 1975); crural processes long, needle sharp; descending lamellae narrow, ascending lamellae broadening into wide transverse band, deeply notched on dorsal edge; lateral connecting bands slender. Measurements (mm).— USNM specimen no. Length Dorsal valve length Width Thick¬ ness Apical angle 551194a 21.9 19.0 20.4 11.4 O kO CO 551194b 21.9 19.0 20.0 p CO kO 0 Locality.— Eltanin cruise 35, sta 2276, 33°14.5'S, 126°20.0'E, south off Eyre, West Aus¬ tralia, Australia, at 192-183 m. Types.— USNM 551194a,b. Discussion. —That these two specimens are adults is shown by the strong calcification of the interior of the shells, the thick cardinalia, and stout loop. This brachiopod, in its beak characters and incipient costae, has the aspect of Magellania, which occurs along the south coast of Australia from east to west. No Recent Magellania in the National Museum of Natural History collection has the shape of these specimens, and ones of the same size have a magellianiform loop. Except for 20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY the incipient nature of their costae, these speci¬ mens are very similar to Terebratella , which has a loop in the trabecular stage. This genus, however, has never been reported off the south coast of Australia. Syntomaria, new genus Type-Species.— Syntomaria cunosa, new species. Diagnosis.— Small, narrowly biconvex, recti- marginate, wide foramen, loop in haptoid or magelliform stage. Description.— Biconvex, elongate oval. Both commissures straight. Beak suberect, short, fora¬ men deltoid, deltidial plates rudimentary, mar¬ ginal. Surface marked by concentric lamellae. Ventral valve interior with large, elongate teeth; pedicle collar sessile. Muscle and pallial marks not discernible. Dorsal valve interior with small cardinal pro¬ cess; umbonal chamber formed by descending septal plates coalesced with a thin, strongly ele¬ vated medium septum. Septal plates excavate. Loop magelliform, delicate, with small ring and thin descending branches. Etymology. —From the Greek syntomos (shortened), alluding to the abbreviated loop de¬ velopment. Discussion.— In size and loop development, this little brachiopod resembles Pirothyris from South Australia. Pirothyris is also small with max¬ imum length of 7 or 8 mm, but its bright red color, long beak, and conjunct deltidial plates separate it externally from Syntomaria. The interior characters of the two genera are essentially the same except for the extravagant development of the cardinal process and hinge plates of Pirothyris. The loop development is similar, the final stage of both genera attaining only the magelliform stage. It may be suggested that Syntomaria represents the young of a larger form not yet discovered. This is unlikely, because these shells show adult characters, except for the loop, and more than 400 specimens from 1 mm to many above 5 mm occurred. Moreover, four other localities pro¬ duced specimens of the genus. Some of the spec¬ imens are attached to small bits of volcanic rock. Syntomaria curiosa, new species Figure 4 ; Plate 5 : figures 14 - 20 ; Plate 6 : ficures 13-36 Diagnosis. —Small, dark brown, biconvex, elongate oval shells with rudimentary deltidial plates and wide foramen. Description. —Small, maximum observed length 6.7 mm, narrowly oval, widest at midvalve, posterior narrow, tapering. Lateral margins rounded, anterior margin narrowly rounded. Valves subequal in depth and convexity. Lateral commissure straight; anterior commissure recti- marginate. Beak short, blunt, suberect, foramen wide; deltidial plates rudimentary, marginal, obliquely elevated not noticeably restricting ped¬ icle opening. Dark brown when fresh, grayish yellow to white in dead shells. Pedicle moderately long. Ventral valve moderately convex in lateral view, broadly domed in anterior profile, more so than dorsal valve. Umbonal and median regions swollen. Anterior slope somewhat Battened; lat¬ eral slopes steep. Dorsal valve moderately convex in lateral view, slightly more so than the ventral valve; anterior view broadly domed, less so than the ventral valve. Median region swollen, sides gently de¬ scending. Interior as for the genus. Loop Development of Specimens from Station 70: At 1.5 mm length (USNM 551174a), pillar well developed, posterior ridgelike extension of pillar just meeting thickening of Boor of delthyrial chamber; septal plates defined, anteriorly slightly excavate. Pillar triangular in side view with rounded narrow crest and perpendicular anterior edge. Ventral valve with linear teeth. Bat, plate¬ like. No deltidial plates. At 2.0 mm length (USNM 551174b), both valves identical to preceding. At 2.5 mm length (USNM 551174c), pillar as in preceding, septum posterior to pillar crest, NUMBER 41 21 moderately elevated changing from ridge to sep¬ tum. Ventral valve as in preceding. At 3.0 mm length (USNM 551 174d), cardinal process forming small, narrow rhomb; septal plates strongly developed; septum high; crus formed; pillar very high, ventral edge serrate toward ventral valve becoming concave poste¬ riorly, tip with short unsymmetrical ring or pos¬ teriorly open cone. Ventral valve with narrow pedicle collar. At 4 mm length (USNM 551174e), cardinal process more expanded, septum and pillar high. Septal plates attached to median septum; apex of pillar narrow, protruding antero-ventrally be¬ yond open cone or ring, ventral narrow portion flattened. Ventral valve with rudiments of delti- dial plates. At 4.5 mm length (USNM 551174f), cardinal process expanded; septal plates as above attached to more elevated median septum. Pillar nar¬ rowed, anterior end about flush with cone, serrate at dorsal tip. Crural processes developed. One descending branch united with septum, other branch incomplete showing ascending and de¬ scending rudiments. Cone enlarged, flattened ventrally with wide attachments to septum. Ven¬ tral valve with rudimentary dental plates. At 5.25 mm length (USNM 551 174g), cardinal process, septal plates, and crural processes as in preceding. Pillar elevated, part holding cone with serrate dorsal edge. Anterior and posterior de¬ scending rudiments not quite meeting about 2/3 from posterior. Deltidial plates in ventral valve rudimentary. Shell not quite adult. Loop Development of Specimens from Station 74: Twenty-six specimens ranging in size from 1.7 mm to 5 mm show the loop in various stages. Specimen USNM 551175a, 1.7 mm in length, shows the pillar not extended posteriorly and incipient septal plates; specimen USNM 551 175b, 2 mm long, with septal plates partly excavated, slight slit in pillar indicating origin of cone; specimen 551175c, same size as preceding with less development of septal plates and no evidence of cone; specimen 551 175d, 2.5 mm long, with well-marked septal plates and begin¬ ning of descending rudiments, pillar somewhat thickened anteriorly; specimen 551 175e, 3 mm long, with cone developing and descending rudi¬ ments advancing; specimen 551 175m, 4.2 mm long, with well-developed cone changing to ring, elongating posterior descending rudiments, car¬ dinal process well developed; specimen 551 175t, 5 mm long, posterior and anterior rudiments developed, cone now a ring, cardinal process prominent; specimen 551175n, 4.5 mm long, with essentially adult loop although a smaller speci¬ men than the preceding. Loop development re¬ tarded in some specimens, accelerated in others as shown by another series from the same station. Developmental Series of Additional Specimens from Station 74: Smallest specimen at about 1.5 mm length (USNM 551176a), with well-developed pillar not extended posteriorly to notothyrial chamber. First appearance of cone on pillar at about 3.0 mm (USNM 551176b). At 4.5 mm, distal end of pillar protrudes antero-dorsally of cone (USNM 551176g). Posterior descending ru¬ diments appearing at 2.5 mm (USNM 551 176b). Anterior end of pillar with one or more spines on its dorsal edge (USNM 551176e,i). Ascending anterior rudiments of descending branch of loop appear at 4.5 mm length (USNM 551176e). Car¬ dinal process first identified in specimen of 3.0 mm length (USNM 551176c). Measurements (mm).— USNM Dorsal specimen valve Thick- no. Length length Width ness 551173a 6.0 5.2 4.4 3.2 551173b 6.7 5.7 5.3 3.4 551173c 5.2 4.4 4.0 2.6 551173d 6.2 5.5 4.5 3.7 551173e 5.6 4.9 4.2 2.8 551173f 5.8 5.0 4.6 3.4 551173g 5.2 4.3 4.1 2.5 551173h 5.7 4.8 4.3 3.0 551173i 5.7 5.0 4.1 3.1 551173j 6.5 5.7 4.7 3.7 Localities.— -Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 62. •°40.6'S, 027' °00.8'W at 360- -486 m; sta 65, °44.3'S, 026 °58.6'W, at 302 -375 m; sta 70 °23.8'S, 027' °24.6'W at 161- -210 m; sta 74 22 56° 12.0'S, 027°23.9'W, at 179-238 m; all off the South Sandwich Islands. Types.— Holotype: USNM 551 173a; para- types: USNM 551173b—k, 551 174a-g, 551 175a- z, 551 176a—i. Dyscritosia, new genus Type-Species. —Dyscritosia secreta , new species. Diagnosis.— Shells just under medium size, roundly oval, biconvex, externally like Waltoma inconspicua (Sowerby) but unlike that species in having rectimarginate anterior commissure and only rudimentary deltidial plates. Description.— Roundly oval to almost circu¬ lar; ventral valve deeper than dorsal valve; an¬ terior commissure rectimarginate; beak wide; for¬ amen wide not constricted by deltidial plates; surface smooth; white to yellowish gray. Ventral valve interior with small, narrow teeth; pedicle collar short, sessile; muscle and pallial marks lightly impressed. Dorsal valve interior moderately calcified; car¬ dinal process small; umbonal chamber triangular, bounded by well-excavated septal plates; median septum strong; socket ridges thin; crural processes narrow, short, acutely pointed, supported by short crura. Loop terebratelliform in adult. Etymology.— From the Greek dyscntos (hard to determine), in allusion to aberrant exterior and loop characters. Discussion.— The size and general expression of this genus are those of Waltoma (type Terebratula inconspicua Sowerby) from both islands of New Zealand. The differences between the two genera are important. The foramen of Dyscritosia is large and open without constriction by deltidial plates, whereas Waltoma has a wide foramen partially covered by large deltidial plates, usually disjunct but becoming conjunct in old specimens. The anterior commissure of Waltoma is deeply and conspicuously sulcate while that of Dyscritosia is rectimarginate. No peripheral costae are devel¬ oped in Dyscritosia , although they occur in old shells of Waltoma. Of less importance is the yellow color of Dyscritosia compared to the bright red of Waltoma. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Waltoma generally inhabits rather shallow wa¬ ter, whereas the range of Dyscritosia is from 144- 612 m. Dyscritosia inhabits a realm far distant from that of Waltoma of New Zealand, which is about 115 degrees east of South Georgia. Dyscritosia secreta, new species Ficure 4; Plate 6: eigures 1-8; Plate 7: figures 1-22 Diagnosis.— As for the genus. Description.— Near medium size, maximum observed length 17.5 mm; sides rounded, anterior margin rounded to subnastute. Posterolateral margins forming an angle of 75°-104°. Lateral commissure straight; anterior commissure recti¬ marginate with faint sulcation occasionally de¬ veloped in subnasute specimens. Beak wide, short, suberect; foramen wide, unrestricted. Surface marked by concentric ridges; no radial marks seen. Yellowish gray; white when dead. Punctae count 109/mm 2 at 7 mm anterior to beak in a shell 14 mm long. Ventral valve moderately convex in lateral pro¬ file, roundly subcarinate in anterior view. Llm- bonal region swollen, swelling extending to ante¬ rior margin, forming poorly defined fold and slightly nasute anterior in some specimens. Lat¬ eral slopes steep. Pedicle short, stout, distally frayed, rarely long. Dorsal valve gently convex in lateral view, less so than ventral valve; anterior profile broadly domed, without subcarination. Lateral slopes moderately steep. Interior as for genus. Loop Development.— Specimens from sta¬ tions 22, 26, and 89 give a fairly complete picture of the development of the loop. Specimens from Station 26: Specimen (LISNM 551l68f) about 1.5 mm long, shows the median pillar somewhat thickened on its ventral edge extending posteriorly nearly to the notothyrial cavity. Floor of notothyrial cavity thickened, thickening extending to socket ridge, which is elevated beyond posterior margin. Specimen (USNM 551168g), 2 mm long, essen¬ tially same as preceding except septal plates clearly visible and septum extending to notothy- NUMBER 41 23 rial cavity. Distal end of pillar without trace of hood and no indication of descending branch rudiments. Specimen (USNM 551168h), 3 mm long, an¬ teriorly heightened pillar with abrupt anterior edge and minute cone on its distal tip. Ridge from pillar to septal plates now become a septum; septal plates well defined and anteriorly excavate. Thickened floor of notothyrial cavity continuous with low septum. Crura appearing as minute points from anterodorsal ends of socket ridges at contact with septal plates. No trace yet of anterior ascending rudiments of descending branches of loop. Specimen (USNM 551168i), a precocious youngster 4 mm long, exhibiting well-advanced hood, long descending and ascending rudiments almost meeting, posterior pair longer than ante¬ rior pair. Septal plates excavate, their tapered ends embracing high septum. Rudiments of crural processes present. Another specimen of 4 mm length (USNM 551168n), less advanced with smaller cone and only posterior rudiments of descending lamellae developed. Distal ends of septal plates embracing posterior of median septum. Specimen (USNM 551168j), about 4.5 mm long, less advanced than specimen 551168i in some of its parts. Cone larger and longer and open posteriorly forming broad ring. Septal plates excavate, their anterior ends embracing posterior end of septum now high. Descending rudiments unequal, one on right almost meeting its anterior counterpart. Left side descending rudiment short, and ascending rudiment just forming. Crural pro¬ cess on right descending rudiment. Anterior edge of pillar serrate, not protruding beyond anterior margin of ring. Specimen (USNM 551168k), 6 mm long, im¬ perfect. Descending rudiments broad; septal plates attached to septum with deep chambers beneath. Specimen (USNM 551168-1), 6.5 mm long, with large ring, narrow ventrally, wide where attached to pillar. Distal end of pillar slightly protuberant anterior to base of ring. Crural pro¬ cesses sharp points; lateral branches complete. Septal plates forming chamber attached to sep¬ tum. Cardinal process represented by two patches below apex. Descending branches wide at attach¬ ment to pillar. Specimen (USNM 551168p), 15 mm long, nearly adult with broad ribboned loop with broad connections to slender septum. Anterior ends of loop closely approximate. Specimen from Station 22: (USNM 551171a), 5 mm long, with completely joined lateral branches, high median septum with septal plates attached and broad ring or posteriorly truncated cone. Specimens from Station 89: None of small size. Specimen (USNM 551169b), 8 mm long, with receding pillar mounted by broad ring. Median septum high. Specimen (USNM 551169c), 11 mm long, with pillar much resorbed anteriorly making deep reentrant between anterior ends of loop. Ring and septum broad ribboned with lateral branches not yet formed. Specimen (USNM 551169d), 12 mm long, like preceding except that loop more mature in hav¬ ing narrow connecting bands freed from septum but still joined to septum at junction of bands having been resorbed. Suggests possibility of ma- gellaniform loop stage as culmination of devel¬ opment of loop. There is also the possibility that in removing the fleshy lophophore a thin portion of the septum was dissolved. Specimen (USNM 551169e), 16 mm long, less advanced than preceding one, although larger. All elements of loop broad ribboned, including connecting bands. Broad reentrant in transverse element on dorsal side. Measurements (mm).— USNM Dorsal specimen no. Length valve length Width Thick¬ ness Apical angle 551168a 17.5 15.7 14.6 9.8 0 kO CO 551168b 16.2 14.4 14.9 8.9 93° 551168c 15.8 14.0 13.2 10.5 o CO 551168d 15.2 13.5 13.8 7.6 92° 551168e 15.7 14.0 14.6 7.7 92° 551169a 16.4 14.2 15.2 10.1 99° 551170a 17.2 15.5 16.1 8.6 104° 551170b 14.2 12.6 13.0 6.8 104° 24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Localities.— Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 12, 53°38.2'S, 037°54.7'W, at 130-137 m; sta 13, 53°44'S, 037°59.5'W, at 128-137 m; sta 14, 53°41.8'S, 037°57.2'W, at 144-150 m; sta 16, 53°38.2'S, 038°01.l'W, at 130-133 m; sta 17, 53°36'S, 038°03.0'W, at 122-144 m; sta 22, 54°02.8'S, 037°23.7 / W, at 66-75 m; sta 24, 54°01.3'S, 036°50.7'W, at 108-119 m; sta 26, 53°43. l'S, 036°49.3'W at 188-192 m; sta 27, 53°34.9'S, 036°47.8'W, at 448-872 m; sta 31, 54°05.6'S, 036°30.8 , W, at 130-143 m; sta 32, 54°21.6'S, 035°58.7'W, at 144-164 m; sta 89, 54°44.2'S, 037° 11.2'W, at 225-265 m; sta 97, 54° 12.4'S, 037°40.1'W, at 69-90 m; sta 101, 54° 14. l'S, 037°54.2'W, at 164-183 m; all north off South Georgia. Types.— Holotype: USNM 551169a; para- types: 551168a-p, 551169b-g, 551170a, 551171a. Discussion.— This species is most like Waltoma inconspicua (Sowerby) from New Zealand, differ¬ ing radically as described above. No other con¬ generic species is known. Variation.— This is a variable species, young specimens being round (USNM 551170a), older ones becoming thick-shelled and narrower (USNM 551168a). Variation is also shown in the development of the anterior margin, the younger ones with thinner shells having a tendency to become subnasute and in some specimens pro¬ ducing a faint sulcation of the anterior commis¬ sure. Some specimens taken were attached to echi- noid spines and others were attached to individ¬ uals of their own species. Genus Neothyris Douville, 1879 Neothyris parva, new species Plate 5: figures 21-27 Diagnosis.— Small, rotund Neothyris. Description.— Small for the genus, maximum observed length 22 mm; roundly oval, biconvex, ventral valve slightly deeper than dorsal valve; sides broadly rounded; anterior margin narrowly rounded to truncate. Apical angle 89°-107°. Maximum width at midvalve. Lateral commis¬ sure straight; anterior commissure rectimargin- ate. Beak narrow, erect, moderately long; beak ridges narrowly rounded, prominent, defining concave interareas. Foramen small, round, me- sothyridid; deltidial plates conjunct. Surface marked by crowded concentric growth lines. Yel¬ lowish to dark brown. Ventral valve moderately convex in lateral view, most convex in umbonal region; anterior profile strongly domed, sides convex, moderately steep. Umbonal region narrowly swollen, swelling extending to anterior margin, not forming fold. Dorsal valve moderately convex in lateral view; broadly domed in anterior profile, not narrowly convex as ventral valve. Umbonal region nar¬ rowly swollen, swelling extending anteriorly to disappear in the generally tumid anterior. Lateral slopes gently convex, moderately steep. Ventral valve interior with moderately thick¬ ened floor; teeth ponderous, supported by thick callus. Umbonal chamber narrow; muscle area large, reaching midvalve; diductor scars long, narrow; adductor scars narrow, elongate. Pallial trunks not clearly impressed. Dorsal valve interior greatly thickened; cardi¬ nal process a deep pit bounded by upturned lateral margins on a bulbous shaft. Socket ridges elevated posterior to posterior margin, thick, overflowing onto and almost hiding septal plates. Median septum thick posteriorly, tapering to midvalve. Crura short. Loop magellaniform. Crural processes sharply pointed. Adductor scars well imprinted, anterior ones somewhat triangu¬ lar; posterior ones small and subtriangular. Measurements (mm).— USNM Dorsal specimen valve 'Duck- Apical no. Length length Width ness angle 549618a 22.4 19.6 18.8 13.7 O CO 549618b 21.0 18.0 18.0 ;> 95° 549618c 20.6 17.8 18.0 13.3 98° Locality. —Otago Heads, South Island, New Zealand. Types.— Holotype: USNM 549618a; para- types: USNM 549618b-d. Discussion.— Small size and deep-brown color distinguish this species from N. lenticularis (De- shayes). Small size and rotundity distinguish N. parva from N. dawsom Neall, which is a gray species much smaller than N. lenticularis but about 1.5 times the size of N. parva. NUMBER 41 25 Genus Waltonia Davidson, 1850 Waltonia inconspicua (Sowerby) Plate 7: figures 23, 24 Views of the loop of this common species are introduced for comparison with the loop of Dys- cntosia. Locality.— From Guano Rocks, north of Bream Head, North Island, New Zealand, in shallow water. Type.— Hypotype: USNM 551244a. Literature Cited Allan, R.S. 1932. The Genus Liothyrella (Brachiopoda) in New Zea¬ land. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 63(1): 10 pages, plates 1-3. 1940. Studies on the Recent and Tertiary Brachiopoda of Australia and New Zealand. Records of Ike Can¬ terbury Museum , 4(6):277-297, plates 35-37. Bernard, F.R. 1972. The Living Brachiopoda of British Columbia. Syesis, 5:73-82, 15 figures. Blochmann, F. 1906. Neue Brachiopoden der Valdiva—und Gaussex- pedition. Zoologischen Anzeiger, 30(21-22):690-702. 1908. Zur Systematik und geographischen Verbreitung der Brachiopoden. Zeitschnft Jur Wissenschaflhche Zoologie, Leipzig , 90:596-644, plates 36-40. Cooper, G.A. 1954. Recent Brachiopods. In Bikini and Nearby Atolls, Marshall Islands, Part 2: Oceanography (Bio¬ logic). United States Geological Survey Professional Pa¬ per , 260G:315-318, plates 80, 81. 1964. Brachiopods from Eniwetok and Bikini Drill Holes. United States Geological Survey Professional Pa¬ per , 260FF: 1117-1120, plate 301. 1972. Homeomorphy in Recent Deep Sea Brachiopods. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology , 1 1: 25 pages, 4 plates. 1973a. Verna's Brachiopoda (Recent). Smithsonian Contribu¬ tions to Paleobiology, 17: 51 pages, 9 plates. 1973b. New Brachiopoda from the Indian Ocean. Smith¬ sonian Contributions to Paleobiology , 16: 43 pages, 8 plates. 1975. Brachiopods from West African Waters with Ex¬ amples of Collateral Evolution. Journal of Paleontol¬ ogy, 49:(5):911-927, 7 figures, 4 plates. 1977. Brachiopods from the Caribbean Sea and Adja¬ cent Waters. Studies m Tropical Oceanography , 14: i- xii + 21 I pages, 1 table, 5 figures, 35 plates. Coral Cables, Florida: University of Miami Press [Ro- sentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sci¬ ence]. 1981a. Brachiopods from the Southern Indian Ocean. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 43: 93 pages, 30 figures, 14 plates. 1981b. Brachiopoda from the Gulf of Gascogne, France (Recent). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology , 44: 35 pages, 5 figures, 3 plates. Costa, O.G. 1881 1852. Brachiopods. In Fauna del Regno di Napoli ossia enurrierazione di lutti gli animale . . . conlenente la descri- zwne de nuovi o poco esatlamente conosciuh . . . di Costa (conlinuala da A. Costa), part 5: 60 pages, 9 plates. Naples. Dali, W.H. 1870. A Revision of the Terebratulidae and Lingulidae with Remarks on and Description of Some Recent Forms. American Journal of Conchology , 6(2): 88 168, plates 6-8. 1871a. Report on the Brachiopoda Obtained by the United States Coast Survey Expedition, in Charge of L.F. Pourtales, with a Revision of the Craniidae and Discinidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, 3(1): 45 pages, 2 plates. 1871b. Supplement to the “Revision of the Terebratuli¬ dae” with Additions, Corrections, and a Revision of the Craniidae and Discinidae. American Journal of Conchology, new series, 7(2):39-85, plates 10, 11. 1894 [1895]. Scientific Results of Explorations by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, 34: Re¬ port on Mollusca and Brachiopoda Dredged in Deep Water, Chiefly near the Hawaiian Islands, with Illustrations of Hitherto Unfigured Species from Northwest America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 1 7(Brachiopoda):713-733, plates 30-32. 1900. Some Names Which Must Be Discarded. Nautilus, 14(4):44, 45. 1908. Reports on the Mollusca and Brachiopods ( Alba¬ tross Dredging Operations in the Western Pacific). Bulletin oj the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har¬ vard University, 43:205-487, 22 plates. 1919. New Shells from the Northwest Coast. Proceedings oj the Biological Society of Washington, 32:249-252. 1920. Annotated List of the Recent Brachiopoda in the Collection of the United States National Museum, with Descriptions of Thirty-Three New Forms. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 57(2314): 261—377. Dali, W.H., and FI.A. Pilsbry 1891. Terebralulina (unguicula CPR. var.?) kuensis Dali and Pilsbry. Nautilus, 5(2): 18, plate 1. Davidson, T. 1878. Extract from a Report to Professor Sir Wyville Thomson, F.R.S., Director of the Civilian Staff, on the Brachiopoda Dredged by H.M.S. Chal¬ lenger. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 27(188): 428-439. 1886-1888. A Monograph of Recent Brachiopoda. 26 NUMBER 41 27 Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London , Series 2, Zoology, 4: 248 pages, 30 plates. d’Hondt, J.-L. 1976. Sur Quelque Brachiopodes actuels (Ocean Atlan- tique, Mediterranee, Kerguelen). Bulletin du Mu¬ seum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Pans), series 3, 350 (243, Zoologie): 350-363, 4 figures, 1 table. d’Orbigny, A. 1847. Considerations zoologiques et geologiques sur les Brachiopodes ou Palliobranches. Comples Rendu de 1'Academic de Science de Paris , 25(5): 193-195; (7): 226—269. Douville, H. 1879 [1880], Sur Quelques Genres de Brachiopodes Terebratulidae et Waldheimiidae. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, series 3, 7:251-277, 19 figures. Eichler, P. 1911. Die Brachiopoden. In E. von Drygalski, editor, Deutsche Siidpolar-Expedition 1901-1903, 12 (Zoolo¬ gie) (4): 383-401. [Separate pages 1-21, plates 42- 44.] Fischer, P., and D P. Oehlert 1891. Brachiopodes. In A. Milne-Edwards, editor, Ex¬ peditions scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les annees 1880-1883 , 139 pages, 8 plates. Paris. 1892. Brachiopodes. In Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn (1882-1883). Bulletin de la Societe d’Histoire Naturelle d’Aulun, 5: 83 pages, plates 8-12. Foster, M.W. 1974. Recent Antarctic and Subantarctic Brachiopods. Antarctic Research Series, 21: 189 pages, 39 figures, 25 plates, 21 tables. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. Gray, J.E. 1840. Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum. 42nd edition, 370 pages. London. 1848. On the Arrangement of the Brachiopoda. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 2, 2:435-440. Hatai, K. 1940. The Cenozoic Brachiopoda of Japan. Science Re¬ ports of the Tohoku Imperial University, second series (Geology), 20: 413 pages, 12 plates. Helmcke, J.-G. 1939. Die Verbreitung von Terebralulina crossei Davidson und das Problem der Discontinuierlichen Ver¬ breitung. Zeitschnft fur Wissenschaflliche Zoologie , 152(1): 12-26, 24 figures. 1940. Die Brachiopoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedi¬ tion. In Wissenschaflliche Ergebmsse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer “Valdivia” 1898- 1899 , 24(3):217-316, 43 figures. Hertlein, L.G., and U.S. Grant IV 1944. The Cenozioc Brachiopoda of Western North America. Publication of the University of California at Los Angeles in Mathematical and Physical Sciences , 3: 236 pages, 34 figures, 21 plates. Huxley, T.H. 1869. An Introduction to the Classification of Animals. 147 pages, 47 figures. London: Churchill and Sons. Jackson, J.W. 1912. The Brachiopoda of the Scottish National Antarc¬ tic Expedition. In Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of S.Y. “Scotia " during the Years 1902, 1903, and 1904. . ., 6(6): 145-168, 2 plates. Edin¬ burgh: Scottish Oceanological Laboratory. 1918. The New Brachiopod Genus, Liothyrella , of Thom¬ son. Geological Magazine, new series (Decade VI), 5:73-79. " Jeffreys, G. 1869. The Deep-Sea Dredgings. In Explorations on H.M.S. Porcupine, 1: Natural History. Nature (Lon¬ don), 1 (2): 136. Joubin, L. 1914. Brachiopodes. In Deuxieme Expedition Antarclique Franqaise, 1908-1910, pages 39-43, 9 figures. Paris. King W. 1850. A Monograph of the Permian Fossils of England. Palaeontographical Society Monograph, 3: xxxvii + 258 pages, 29 plates, London. 1859. On Gwyma, Dielasma, and Macandrevia, Three New Genera of Palliobranchiate Mollusca, One of Which Was Dredged in Strangford Lough. Pro¬ ceedings of the Dublin University Zoological and Botanical Association, 1(3): 256-262. 1868. On Some Palliobranchiate Shells from the Irish Atlantic. Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Dublin , 5:170-173. Konjukova, E.D. 1957. [Brachiopods of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR ] In P/echenogie ( Brachiopoda ) Dal'nevoslochnyk Morei USSR, 4:5-84, 7 plates. Moscow. [In Rus¬ sian.] Kuhn, O. 1949. Lehrbuch der Palaozoologie. 326 pages, 244 figures. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart. Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. de 1819. Histone naturelle des Animaux sans vertebres. Volume 6, part 1, 343 pages. Paris. Monteroserato, Marquess T.A. di 1875. Poche note sulla Conchiliogia Mediterranea. 77- pografia del Giornale de Sicilia, 3: 15 pages. Palermo. Muir-Wood, H.M. 1955. A H islory of the Classification of the Phylum Brachiopoda. Volume 7, 124 pages, 12 figures. British Museum (Natural History). 1960. Homoeomorphy in Recent Brachiopoda: Abysso- thyris and Neorhynchia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series, 13, 3:521-528, plate 7. [With an appendix by G.F. Elliott ] 28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Reeve, L.A. 1862. A Revision of the History, Synonymy, and Geo¬ graphical Distribution of the Recent Craniae and Orbiculae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 3, 7:126-133. Richardson, J R. 1975. Loop Development and the Classification of Ter- ebratellacean Brachiopods. Palaeontology, 18(2): 285-314, plate 44. Scacchi, A. 1836. Catalogus Conchyliorum Regni Neapolitani quae usque adhuc repent. 18 pages, 1 plate. Naples. Schuchert, C., and C.M. Le Vene 1929. Fossilium Catalogus, 1: Ammaha , Part 42, Brachiopoda. 140 pages. Berlin: W. Junk. Schumacher, C.F. 1817. Essai d'un nouveau systeme des habitudes des vers testaces. 287 pages, 22 plates. Copenhagen. Smith, E.A. 1907. Brachiopoda. In National Antarctic Expedition , 2(Zoology): 2 pages, unnumbered, illustrated. London: British Museum (Natural History). Sowerby, G.B. 1822. Remarks on the Genera Orbicula and Crania La¬ marck, with Descriptions of Two Species of Each Genus, and Some Observations Proving the Patella dislorla of Montagu to Be a Species of Crania. Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London, 13:465- 473, plate 26. Thomson, J.A. 1916. Additions to the Knowledge of the Recent and Tertiary Brachiopods of New Zealand and Aus¬ tralia. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 48:41-47, plate 1. 1918. Brachipoda. In Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-14 , Scientific Reports, series C, 4(3): 75 pages, 4 plates, map. Adelaide, South Australia. 1926. A Revision of the Subfamilies of the Terebratuli- dae (Brachiopoda). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 9, 18:523-530. 1927. Brachiopod Morphology and Genera (Recent and Tertiary). New Zealand Board of Science and Art, Manual, 7: i-vi + 338 pages, 103 figures, 2 plates. Waagen, W.H. 1883. Salt Range Fossils, part 4(2): Brachiopoda. Palaeontologia Indica Memoir, series 13, 1(2): 391-546. Zezina, O.N. 1965. Distribution of the Deep-Water Brachiopod Pela- godiscus allanticus (King). Okeanologiya, 5(2):354- 358. [ American edition, in English, published by American Geophysical Union. | [Oceanology, Academy of Science, USSR ] 1970a. [Brachiopod Distribution in the Recent Ocean with Reference to Problems of Zoogeographic Zoning.] Paleontological Zhurnal , 2:3-17, 6 figures. [In Russian.] 1970b. [Fauna of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench and the Conditions of its Habitat.] Trudy lnstitula Okeanol- ogu , Akademia Nauk SSSR, 86:432-455, plate 1. [In Russian.] 1973. [The Structure and Distribution of Brachiopods from the Gulf of Alaska.] Trudy lnstitula Okeanologu, Akademia Nauk SSSR, 91:192-202. [In Russian.] 1975. (Deep-Sea Brachiopods from the Southeast Pacific and Scotia Sea.] Trudy lnstitula Okeanologu, Akade¬ mia Nauk SSSR, 103:247-258. [In Russian.] 1976. Ekologiia i Raspreslrannie Sovremennykh Brakhiopod, 138 pages, 19 figures, 13 tables. Moscow: Akade¬ mia Nauk SSRR. 1981. [Deepwater Benthonic Fauna of the Pacific Ocean.] Trudy lnstitula Okeanologu im P.P. Shirshova , Akademia Nauk SSSR, 115:55-164, 5 figures, 1 plate. [In Russian.] PLATES 30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 1 Figure 1.— Discma striata (Schumacher): Dorsal view of a young specimen, hypotype, USNM 551188, showing completely costellate exterior, X 4 {La Rafale cruise 1, sta 20/2, 04°31 , N, 007°10'W, off Ivory Coast, Africa, at 30 m). Figure 2.-— Disamsca laevis (Sowerby): Dorsal view of a young adult, hypotype, USNM 551179 (Anton Bruun cruise 18B, sta 758, 06°44'S, 080°18'W, off northern Peru, at 30 m). Figures 3, 4.— Argyrotheca species: Dorsal and ventral views of a small, damaged specimen, USNM 551196, X 10 ( Anton Bruun cruise 16, sta 66139, 00°15'55"S, 91°26'41"W, off the Galapagos Islands, at 3 m). Figures 5-7.— Terebratulina species: Dorsal, anterior, and side views, X 1, of a Finely costellate, large specimen, USNM 208868a, intermediate in size between T. crossei Davidson and T. kuensis Dali and Pilsbry (off Santa Barbara, California, at 439 m). Figures 8-18.— Terebratulina kuensis Dali and Pilsbry: 8, dorsal view of a whole specimen, hypotype, USNM 550850, X 1; 9, interior of the dorsal valve of the same specimen, X 2, showing loop with disjunct crural processes, a characteristic of this species (Anton Bruun cruise 17, sta 660-G, 12°58'S, 077° 16'W, off Pisco, Punta Huacas, Peru, at 1000 m). 10-12, anterior, side, and dorsal views of the holotype, USNM 128463, X 1; 13, dorsal exterior of the holotype showing Fine, somewhat worn costellae, X 2 (Inland Sea, coast of Kii Province, Japan). 14-16, side, anterior, and dorsal views of another specimen, X 1, hypotype, USNM 551236a; 17, the preceding in dorsal view, X 2, showing details of the ornament; 18, posterior of a dorsal valve, hypotype, USNM 551236c, showing loop with disjunct crural processes, X 2 (Anton Bruun cruise 18A, sta 698, 34°54'S, 072°44'W, southwest of Valparaiso and northwest of Concepcion, Chile, at 780-925 m). NUMBER 41 31 32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 2 Figure 1.— Platidia species: Dorsal view of a small, immature specimen, USNM 551195, ca. X 12 ( Hero cruise 715, sta 875, 54°55'S, 064 o 00'W-54°54'S, 063°53'W, Atlantic Ocean, off southeasternmost tip of South America, at 771-903 m). Figure 2. — Megathins species: Dorsal view of a strongly costate specimen, USNM 551181, X 5 ( Thierry cruise 1, sta 31/5N, 05°09'N, 000°19 , W, off the coast of Ghana, West Africa, at 85 m). Figure 3.— Nolorygmia species: Fragment of a dorsal valve preserving characteristic macandre- viid cardinalia, USNM, 551234, X 3 (Eltamn cruise 4, sta 135, 62°40'S-62°37'S to 064°06'W- 063°57'W, northwest off the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, at 3715-3752 m). Figures 4-7.— Abyssothyns cf. elongala Cooper: Dorsal view, X 1, anterior, side, and dorsal views, X 2, hypotype, USNM 551225 (station and locality same as for Notorygmia species). Figures 8-12.— Abyssothyns? species: 8-11, dorsal views, X 1, anterior, dorsal, and side views, X 2, of a rectimarginate specimen, USNM 551242; 12, the preceding, X 3, with loop visible through the shell. (. Eltamn cruise 8, sta 616, 61 °59'S-62°00'S, 027°40'W-027°40 / W, west off the South Sandwich Islands, at 3349-3038 m.). Figures 13-17.— Abyssothyns wyvillei (Davidson): 13-16, dorsal view, X 1, anterior, side, and dorsal views, X 2, of a strongly sulcate individual, hypotype, USNM 551224a; 17, interior of the dorsal valve, X 3, showing loop, hypotype, USNM 551224b. (Locality same as for Notorygmia species.) Figures 18-23.— Liothyrella delsolan , new species: 18-20, dorsal, anterior, and side views, X 1, of the holotype, USNM 551061; 21-23, dorsal view of the interior showing loop, X 1, and side and dorsal views, X 2, of the dorsal valve of the holotype showng loop. (4°00'S, 80°30'W, between Mancora and Chicama, Peru, at 760-1000 m.) Figure 24.— Liothyrella twa (Broderip): Dorsal and partial side views, X 2, of the dorsal valve of a typical specimen (as now understood) showing wide loop with thin transverse band, hypotype, USNM 551069 (Eltamn cruise 6, sta 370, 53°54'S-55°55'S, 064°36'W-064°52'W, east-southeast of Rio Grande, Argentina, at 104-115 m). Figures 25-35. — Cryplopora hespens , new species: 25-28, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and side views, X 5, of the holotype, USNM 331098a; 31, the same at X 10; 29, exterior of another specimen in ventral view, X 4; 30, dorsal view and dorsal view tilted of the same specimen to show dellidial plates, teeth, pedicle collar, and short dental plates, X 10, paratype, LISNM 331098b; 32, 33, ventral view of the dorsal interior and the same, tilted to show cura and median septum, X 10, paratype, USNM 331098c; 34, 35, ventral and partial side views of another dorsal interior, X 10, showing median septum and maniculifer crura, paratype, USNM 331098b. (U.S. Bureau of Fisheries sta 3080, 43°58'N, 124°36'W, off southern Oregon, at 170 m.) NUMBER 41 33 34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 3 Figures 1-4.— Liolhyrella expansa , new species: 1-3, dorsal, anterior, and side views, X 1, of the holotype, USNM 551153b; 4, posterior of the dorsal valve interior of the holotype, X 2, showing wide loop ( Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 89, 54°44.2 / S, 037°11.2 , W, south of South Georgia, Antarctica, at 265 m). Figures 5-9.— Liolhyrella fasten , new species: 5-7, dorsal, anterior, and side views, X 1, of the holotype, USNM 551070; 8, 9, ventral and partial side views of the posterior of the dorsal valve of the holotype, X 2, showing loop. ( Ellanin cruise 6, sta 410, 61 ° 18'S-61°20 , S, 056°09'W-056° 10'W, northeast off Elephant Island, Antarctica, at 220-240 m.) Figures 10-21.— Liothyrella notorcadensis (Jackson): 10, 11, dorsal and side views of a typical specimen, X 1, hypotype, USNM 550917 (64°36'S, 064°03'29"W, Arthur Harbor, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica, at 30 m). 12-14, dorsal, anterior, and side views of another specimen, X 1, hypotype, USNM 551197a; 20, posterior of the dorsal valve of the preceding showing wide loop, X 2, hypotype, USNM 551243. ( Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 78, 56°20.2'S, 027°30.4'W, off South Sandwich Islands, at 122-141 m.) 15-17, side, anterior, and dorsal views of a young specimen, X 1, hypotype, USNM 551198a ( Islas Orcadas cruise 876, sta 108, 60°25.9'S, 046°23.6'W, north of Coronation Island, Antarctica, at 152-159 m). 18, 19, dorsal and partial side views, X 2, of the loop of a typical specimen, hypotype, USNM 550918a (near Palmer Research Station, Arthur Harbor, Antarctica, at 6-60 m). 21, deformed specimen with characteristic wide loop with thin transverse band, X 2, hypotype, USNM 551190 (Hero cruise 721, sta 702, 62°16.8'S, 058°32.8'W, north off east end of South Shetland Islands, at 51 m). Figures 22-25.— Liolhyrella? vema Cooper: 22-24, side, anterior, and dorsal views, X 1, of a large individual, hypotype, USNM 551191a; 25, dorsal valve of the preceding specimen. X 2, showing aberrant loop. ( Ellanin cruise 9, sta 678, 54°49 , S, 038°01 , W to 037°53 , W, southwest off South Georgia, at 814-732 m.) NUMBER 41 35 36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 4 Figures 1-6.— Liolhyrella hendlen, new species: 1-3, anterior, side, and dorsal views, X 1, of the holotype, USNM 551141a; 4, interior of the dorsal valve, X 1, paratype, USNM 551141 g; 5, 6 ventral and partial side views, X 2, of the dorsal valve posterior showing loop, paratype, USNM 551141 e. ( Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 52, 57°39.4'S, 026°26.7'W, off South Sandwich Islands, at 416-512 m.) Figures 7-13.— Liolhyrella georgiana Foster: 7, Dorsal view of the holotype, X 1, USNM 55001 7A; 8, interior of the dorsal valve of the holotype, X 1; 9, dorsal view of a larger specimen, X 1, paratype, USNM 550017B; 10, interior of the paratype showing the loop, X 2. (Eltanin cruise 9, sta 671, 54°41'S, 038°38'W to 54°38'S, 038°38'W, off South Georgia, at 220-320 m.) 11- 13, dorsal, side, and anterior views of a large specimen, X 1, hypotype, USNM 551204. ( Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 66, 56°42.8'S, 026°59.7'W, off northeast end of South Sandwich Islands, at 121-228 m.) Figures 14-32.— Macandrema amencana Dali: 14, 15, ventral and side views of a small specimen attached to a volcanic pebble, X 1, hypotype, USNM 551184a; 16, interior of the dorsal valve of another specimen showing long loop, X 2, hypotype, USNM 551184b. ( Anion Bruun cruise 18A, sta 699, 33°39'S, 072°10 , W, off Valparaiso, Chile, at 1170-1480 m.) 17-19, side, dorsal, and anterior views, X 1, of a large, somewhat elongated specimen, hypotype, USNM 551237c; 20-22, anterior, dorsal, and side views of an elongate specimen, X 1, hypotype, USNM 551237a; 23, 24, interior of the dorsal valve showing loop and ascending branches of the loop with deep reentrant in transverse band, X 1.5, hypotype, USNM 551237d. (Anton Bruun cruise 18A, sta 698, 34°54'S, 072°44'W, southwest of Valparaiso and northwest of Concepcion, Chile, at 780-925 m.) 25-27, dorsal, anterior, and side views, X 1, of a large specimen, hypotype, USNM 551183a; 28, interior of the dorsal valve showing loop, X 1.5, hypotype, USNM 551183b. (Eltanin Cruise 4, sta 138, 62°00'S-62 o 05'S, 061°09'W- 061°08'W, north of South Shetland Islands, at 1437 m.) 29-31, anterior, side, and dorsal views of an unusually large specimen, X 1, hypotype, USNM 551202 ( Eltanin cruise 32, Harvard University sta 32-28, 78°23. l'S-78°23.3'S, 173°06. l'W-173°02'W, Ross Sea, Ant¬ arctica, at 470-478 m). 32, dorsal view of a fairly round specimen, X 1, hypotype, USNM 551222 ( Hero cruise 731, sta 1947, 65°00'26"S-65°00'36"S, 063 o 28'12"W-063 o 28'00"W, off Palmer Peninsula, Antarctica, at 204-250 m). Figures 33-35.— Macandrevia amencana diegensis Dali: anterior, side, and dorsal views, X 1, lectolype, USNM 265902a (U.S. Bureau of Fisheries sta, 100 miles south-southwest of San Diego, California, at 1994 m). NUMBER 41 37 38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 5 Figures 1-6.— Panlellaria monslruosa (Scacchi): 1-4, dorsal view, X 1, ventral, dorsal, and side views, X 3, hypotype, USNM 551180a; 5, interior of a dorsal valve preserving the lophophore, X 3, hypotype, USNM 551180c; 6, another dorsal valve preserving the loop, X 3, hypotype, USNM 551180b. (La Rafale cruise 1, sta 26/6, 04°57'N, 003°23'W, Gulf of Guinea, off Ivory Coast, at 100 m.) Figures 7-13.— Terebratella? species: 7-9, side, dorsal, and anterior views, X 1, USNM 551194; 10, 11, interior of the ventral valve showing teeth and conjunct deltidial plates, and latex impression of the interior showing the muscle marks and pallial impressions, X 2, USNM 551194a; 12, 13, interior of the dorsal valve of the same specimen as preceding, X 2, tipped to show the lateral connecting bands and in normal view showing the broad transverse band and large cardinal process. ( Ellanin cruise 35, sta 2276, 33 0 14.5'S, 126°20'E, south of Eyre, South Australia, Australia, at 192-183 m.) Figures 14-20.— Synlomaria cunosa , new species: 14-16, dorsal, side, and anterior views, X 5, paratype, USNM 551173b; 17, interior of the dorsal valve showing a nearly complete loop, X 5, paratype, USNM 551173k; 18-20, anterior, side, and dorsal views of the holotype, X 5, USNM 551173a. (Is/as Orcadas cruise 575, 74, 56°12'S, 027°23.9'W, off the South Sandwich Islands, Antarctica, at 179-238 m.) Figures 21-27.— Neolhyns parva , new species: 21-24, anterior, dorsal, and side views, X 1, and dorsal view, X 2, of the holotype, USNM 549618a; 25, 26, interior of the ventral valve showing deltidial plates and teeth, and latex impression of the interior showing muscle scars, X 2, paratype, USNM 549618b; 27, interior of the dorsal valve, X 2, showing magellaniform loop and large cardinal process. (Off Otago Heads, Dunedin, New Zealand.) Figures 28-31.— Macandrema species: Dorsal view, X 1, and anterior, side, and dorsal views, X 2, USNM 551172. (Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 52, 57°38.4'S, 026°26.7'W, off the South Sandwich Islands, Antarctica, at 415-612 m.) NUMBER 41 39 40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 6 Figures 1-8.— Dyscntosia secreta , new species: 1-4, anterior, side, and dorsal views, X 1, and dorsal view, X 2, of a paratype, USNM 551168b ( Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 26, 53°43.1'S, 036°49.3'W, northeast of the South Sandwich Islands, Antarctica, at 188-192 m). 5-8, dorsal, anterior, and side views, X 1, and dorsal view X 2, of the holotype, USNM 551169a ( Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 89, 54°43.1'S, 036°48.3'W, off the South Sandwich Islands, at 225- 265 m). Figures 9-12.— Macandrema amencana Dali: 9-11, anterior, side, and dorsal views of a specimen similar to the type, X 1, hypotype 551182a; 12, interior of the dorsal valve, showing loop, X 2, hypotype, USNM 551182c. ( Islas Orcadas cruise 876, sta 133, 59°25.9'S, 026°55.8'W, off south end of South Sandwich Islands, Antarctica, at 1071-1052 m.) Figures 13-37.— Syntomana curiosa , new species: 13, early stage showing pillar, X 10, paratype, USNM 551176a; 14, 15, later stage than preceding showing 2 specimens, X 10, of nearly the same size with more advanced development of the cone in Figure 14, and the initial development of descending lamellae, paratypes, USNM 551176b, c; 16, 17, 2 specimens of nearly the same size, X 10, the first with open ring but incomplete development of descending lamellae, the other with less advanced ring but with completion of 1 descending lamella, the other probably broken, paratypes, USNM 551176f,h; 18, posterior of the ventral valve of paratype, USNM 551 176f, showing teeth and rudimentary deltidial plates, X 10; 19, dorsal valve slightly tilted to show ring, complete median septum, start of the descending lamellae and one of the rudiments of the ascending lamellae, X 10, paratype, USNM 551176g; 20, posterior of the ventral valve, X 10, showing rudimentary deltidial plates. ( Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 74, 56°12'S, 027°23.9'W, off the South Sandwich Islands, Antarctica, at 179-238 m.) 21, 22 specimens, X 10, of nearly the same size with pillar developed but not reaching notothyrial cavity, one, figure 22, slightly more advanced than the other in showing the initiation of a cone as a small slit in the pillar, X 10, paratypes, USNM 551175b,c; 24, a slightly larger individual than the preceding but not showing any sign of a cone, X 10, paratype, USNM 5511 75d; 25, a slightly larger specimen, X 10, with incipient cone and rudiments of the descending lamellae, paratype, USNM 551 175e; 26, a nearly full-grown specimen with well-developed cone and descending rudiments, X 10, paratype, USNM 551175m; 27, nearly full-grown specimen with well-developed ring, complete median septum with traces of ascending and descending rudiments, X 10, paratype, USNM 551175t; 28, a fully adult specimen with lateral lamellae complete and ring fully developed, X 10, paratype, USNM 551 175n. ( Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 74, 56°12'S, 027°23.9'W, off the South Sandwich Islands, Antarctica, at 179-238 m.) 29, young specimen with developed pillar, X 10, paratype, USNM 551174a; 30, a larger specimen with pillar extending posteriorly but not yet reaching the notothyrial platform, X 10, paratype, USNM 551 174b; 31, a larger specimen than (he preceding, X 10, with the developing septum but without appearance of cone or loop rudiments, paratype, USNM 551 174c; 32, specimen with cone and rudiments of the descending branches, X 10, paratype USNM 551 174d; 33 a larger specimen with cone altered to a ring, nearly complete median septum and descending rudiments, X 10, paratype, USNM 551174e; 34, nearly adult specimen, X 10, showing complete median septum, excavate septal plates and 1 lateral lamella complete, also a large ring and cardinal process, paratype, USNM 551174f; 36, a fully adult specimen, X 10, but with descending and ascending rudiments nol quite joined and well-formed descending septal plates united with the septum, paratype, USNM 551174g; 35, 37, views of the posterior of the ventral valve showing teeth and rudimentary deltidial plates, X 10, respectively USNM 5511 74f,g. (Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 70, 56°23.8'W, 027°24.6'W, off the South Sandwich Islands, Antarc¬ tica, at 161 -210 m.) NUMBER 41 41 42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY PLATE 7 Figures 1-22.— Dyscntosia secrela , new species: 1, young adult with loop almost in adult stage, X 3, paratype, USNM 551169c; 2, 3, ventral and side views of a young adult, X 2, USNM 551168p; 4, 5, adult individual in ventral and side views, X 2, showing broad ascending and transverse bands of the loop, paratype, USNM 551169d; 6, the same, X 3, with transverse band broken and showing lateral connecting bands freed from median septum; 7, 8, side and ventral views of another large adult, X 2, showing broad ascending and transverse bands, paratype, USNM 551169e; 9, young specimen with well-developed ring and descending and ascending branches joined, X 3, paratype, USNM 551169b; 10, ventral view of a young dorsal valve with well-developed ring, X 10, USNM 551171a. ( Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 22, 54°02.8'S, 037°23.7'W, at 66-75 m.) 11, posterior of the holotype, X 3, showing wide foramen, unmodified by deltidial plates, USNM 551169a; 12, 13, 2 specimens of nearly the same size, 1 at X 5, the other at X 10, showing large ring and the septum with deep depression dividing it into 2 ridges, paratypes, USNM 551169g, f. ( Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 89, 54°44.2'S, 037° 11.2'W, northeast side of South Georgia, at 225-265 m.) 14, 15, young specimens, X 10, with pillar developed, the larger showing a swelling on the crest of the pillar, the start of the cone, paratypes, USNM 551168f, g; 16, a larger specimen, X 10, showing initial cone, septum extending posteriorly and rudiments of the descending branches just appearing, paratype, USNM 551168h; 17, a specimen larger than preceding, X 10, showing expanding cone and lengthening descending branch rudiments but no indication of the ascending branch rudiments, paratype, USNM 551168n; 18, specimen of nearly the same size as the preceding, X 10, and showing large cone not yet breached, and ascending branch rudiments, paratype, USNM 551168j; 19, young specimen, X 10, with broken ring but descending and ascending rudiments joined, paratype, USNM 551168i; 20, incomplete specimen with enlarged ring and lateral elements of the loop complete, X 10, note small cardinal process, paratype, USNM 551168o; 21, specimen, X 5, with broken ring showing lateral elements attached to septum (pillar) under remnants of the ring, paratype, USNM 551168k; 22, well-preserved juvenile loop, X 10, paratype, USNM 551168-1. ( Islas Orcadas cruise 575, sta 26, 53°43.1'S, 036°49.3'W, northeast side of South Georgia, at 188-192 m.) Figures 23, 24.— Waltoma inconspicua (Sowerby): Side and ventral views, X 2, of the dorsal valve interior showing the adult loop, hypotype, USNM 551244a. Introduced for comparison with the loop of Dyscntosia (see Figure 8). (Guano Rocks, north of Bream Head, North Island, New Zealand.) Figure 25.— Terebralella dorsala (Gmelin): Interior of the dorsal valve showing adult loop, X 2, for comparison with Terebralella species, on Plate 5: figures 12, 13 ( Ellamn cruise 11, sta 974, 53°32 , S-53°34'S, 064°57'W-064°55 , W, east of Rio Grande, Argentina, at 124-119 m). NUMBER 41 43 REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION Manuscripts intended for series publication receive substantive review within their originating Smithsonian museums or offices and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press with approval of the appropriate museum authority on Form SI-36. 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