UMASS/AMHERST 2066 0308 0395 2 FIVE COLLEGE DEPOSITORY :%»^ v> LIBRARY OF THE 1^ MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE No.__L(o_^_t....^_DATE..:i-j.s85: sooBCE__X.D-_V\L±rr-«xv.c.\A.-.. K1444 '''^ 1 IFEUAi- uut.i,.«-:-i''-f'- ( ■:■> ARCHIVES ^ ) THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER, CONTAINLNG Essays, Originul and Selected, ; / RELATING TO AG31ICLLTURB Ax\D DOxlIESTIC EC0N03IY ; WITH ^tT2Vpi^inB^> ^ tS? ^vit^n XfX ^mxntxv ^^vxtVux^ BY THOMAS G. FESSENDE.V. Vol. III. Ronton : PUBLISHED BY JOHN B. RUS5ELL, CONGRESS STREET. 1825. Index to tlie tliird Toliime of the New Eiigiand Farmer. A. on the uses of lime as a medicine and a promoter of hi-aitU 180— on irrigation 337— on useless expendij- turciu drawing old liuildings 33f;-cu!tiDg bnsli> s 3'7 ■ A.B.'s quere on the season of pianling cherry -tcni s -Zti AbrahAm, his advice to surveyorf of highways 375 Adams Uaniel, notice of his Jlgiuidlural Reader 15U- his remarks on the construction of ham doors ih. Address of Rey Mr Kobhins to Hartford Ag. Soc'ty 140 —— Isaac Goodwin to \Vorci!¥ter do 153 Hon. .Mr Hodges to the Bristol do 177 \Vm. Bailon 1-,-q. to VMiichester(Va.) do IRl M. 'Jhaii.nont to .h Ifersoii county (N-V.) do ^"60 floberts V'aux lolhe Philadelphia Society for pro- moting agriculture 377 Agrieola his queries on hedges, removing stumps kc. 17-2 his remarks on preserving fruit trees from borers by cattle's hair 327— on manuring an apple tree 387 AgriculluLal Society, Massdichuf. tts, their regulations at the Brighton cattle show 73 — Reports of, lOi; and Ihe following pages —report on agrieultiir-Hl expeil- raents '.'12 — notice of fruits at the dinner of 1 10— li't of premium? granted hy 236— officers I'f 36G— thank? of to sir Isaac Ci>ifin 2il6 —to the proprietors and cap- tain of the Liverpool packet ships 414 Essex county, arrangement of their cattle show 73 — premiums of 12J — report of the committee of on farms in Essjx 115— on ploughs and ploughing l-lti Middlesex Husbandmen and Manufacturers, their rattle show 90 — officers of 122— premiums 31!) Rhode Island, notice of their cattle show 91 — report of their committee ou agricult. products 171 Berkshire county, anniversary of 97, 17R Worcester 93— reports of 196— 225 tt stq. Cheshire county, N. H. 114. Rockingham, N. H. 114 —^ Hancock, Me. 114 H»Mparn doors new constu lion of by Lir Adams 1C8 iiarns. remaiUs on the consti action of 81 — one of Col. Newhall 146 Baru-y-ird dneelions respecting 123 barlieit William, l.sq i.oiit ,■ of i.is farm 141 — his mode 'jl making covered diains 146 — his breed ol cow.«, crops of riianj." I wurizrl and ruta baga 1-16 Barton W. ,\i. E. his aildress to' the Agricultural Soci- ety in Winchester Va. 161 B. C. his comparative view of the profit, tc. of various crops 412 Beaman farm in West BoyUton, description of 210 Beans, remarks on their cultivation by Jesse Buel, Esq. 22 — notice of a new sorl growing in Sonih .America 49— in harvesting are often suffered to remain loo lo: gin the field 86 Bed bugs recipes fnr .315 381 Beef, remarks on as an article of diet 205 Bees should not be suffocated or taken up in August, 30 — how hives may be defended from the attacks of other bees, and of wasps 30 409 — thi ir hives should be well sliaded in hot weather 30 — mode of destroy- ing the millers which infest them 30 132 133 — shoulil not be kept too. warm in winter 174 — how managed in the spring 286 — remedies for the stings of4 14, rules for purcba.'ers of hives 2i!6 — signs of their being a- boiit to swarm 33 1 — not necessary to make a noise when they are about to swarm 334 — fresh swarms of should have new liivf s334 — mode of managing when sv.'arining 334 — hives for, recommended to be sprink- led with human urine 331 — remarks on the manage- ment of 409 — ^how to construct hives to defend them against the millers and worms 109 — how to take up the honey without destroying 409 Beet weighing 25 lbs. notice of 95 — one weighing 11 lbs. 3oz. notice of 119 Bells a substitute for 253 BicknelPs improved grist giillp 223 Hiddle Mr Kxirarls from his address 169 Bigelow r>r his --.merican bolany 415 Birds, remarks on Ihe velocity ol their fligbl 200~on the f"lly and mischief of shooting those which priy on gnib worms. Sic. 357 f'.irnie .Mr ( . his remarks on the hi'Ssian fly 174 Bisbee .Mr his improv.pients in the loim ol hoes 129 Bia( k cattle, on raising of wiihnut milk 10 lilasling rocks, iinprovcnienls in sug^estett 227 Bleacliing cotton tbrea'l and ho-iery, method of as prac- tised in Strasbuig 155 Blight or blasi in pear tree!!, iic. quiTies on 121 Blood and uffals of animals recommeeded as very pow- erful manure 341 — various uses oi in the arts 341 Alkali rLiuli-red more elfectnal for scouring yarn, &c. I Boa constricdu', a serpent notice of 13G by Ijelfig mixed with quicklime 45 .Alni« house in Salem, notice or;10>* Antliracite coal, reinari,s on the advantage of 330 Ants meal secured against 35 — a useful kind in Suri- nam, .368 Aphides, plant lice remarl;s on 9 — see further, plant lice Apios tuberosa, or (ironnd nut, notice of 28 .Apnle. weighing 19 3 4 oz. notice of 96— one weighing 20 1-2 onnc. s 1 10 Apples i't n led for cider should remain on Ihe trees till fully ripe, tc. 73 see further cider — :modes of pre- serving 91 98 ?W( et and sour notice ol 201 — those on the south side of a tree will be richer than tho^e from thi' north side 266 — (hose which are the worst for Ihi- table are (In- best for cider 12'i Apple l!\es and pi ar trec«, cnise s of the pr(-ina(tire de- cav ol 2 (sor further pear trees) notices ol some ri-- marka'tle oa.:s iii "t-vei-.-il parts of .Ms. and Con. 22i» Arborist, lii* remarks on pruning fruit trees 266 Arrachaca, or new South American polatof , drscriplion of 152 — information concerning requested i9C — ans wer to said request 414 Artichoke. Jerusalem, recomended by IVI Chrinmonl a« an article of ci'lluri-276 — remarks on its culture, ust» tc. bvlhe i:ditor 341 .Aurora B'trfalii. disciiption of r.3 K. his re narks on soap snda for destroying insects, oi. milking cows. ire. &c. 10 — on worms in the heaila of sheep 77 — on the 12 days of Christmas, &c. 209 Hones on I heir use a- manure 3.J7 Borer on the mode of extirpatiig at the farm of John I'rince, l-.sq. 6 — su) pen d by Mr 'I'appan to be the same which injures pi ach trees 326 — tites pres-rved airainst by raising nionnd them a little hillock oi asiies 326 common cattle's hair, obtained ir -in tan Hers, placed ab 'Ut the roots of fruit trees said to pre- serve them ag.iiiisl 3-27 Botts in horsis recipes for curing 229 338 — on the cause and cure o('.338 398 Brakes should be given to swine 382 I'randy from pottifrtes Waking 380 Bread to detect adultf'ISBlions in 227 r^reweiy Barclay's 43 ^ Brewing ale, beer, &c. iniprovep-ent in by condensing the steamjind returning its products into the worts 173 Briggs L. \V. his rommiuiicr.tions.on the early sliear- iiiif ol iihe««p-^T6 ■.«t7 — on M'nharicn fishnsa manure 310 — his d' sciiption and recommendation of the horse rake 301 Bristol B. bis qiierv respecting the use oflime as a ma- nure when tnixed with rriwuUov.' mod U^O ■'ristol county fnrniei ■til* qiteiiesri laiive lo grafting in July, and Ihe editor's answer 4t/7 'Brbwn''9 gat engine notlie-ftf till 'Vowse, on the utility of for cattle 149 Bryant Austin, notice of bis premium crop of wheat of J4 bushels 25 quarts to an acre -,'12 Buck baloDging to Joseph Weeks, Esq. large fleece 24 I'uckthorn, foi hedges 201 214 Buel Jesse, Esq. on summer laMows 2 — his method of preparing seed corn :ind ot cultivating that )'iant 21 — on the cultivation of potatoes *1 — on beans, J'eas, and oa'.s 22 — on lioiirg seed wheat to preseive it a- gainsl the Hessian liy 174 — i.otice of his having been elected eorri'spoudiiig uieoiber of the London Horti- cultural Society -91 — bis biter to \\ , iVl. Carton, Esq. \ ice President of the .AgricuUural Society of the Vailey, \'ir^ 372 — his review of the Merooirs of the Pennsylvania Agiicultura! Socii ty 381 Burning iiiasses, notice of seme very powerful, 27 Burning Spiings, the gas of which is used in cooking251 Burying in churches, lui the bad e fleets of 331 Bu^rod on the culture and rses cf rye 49 — CD a ma- chine fe-r paring apples 132 Bushes best destroyed in wet weather in August '36"^ may be destroyed by Plaster of Paris 36 — on cutting 377 — e-xpense of charing a field ct"377 Butter, on preparing salt Jor ly washing and grinding 1 method of making by freezing milk 253 Rutterfield .A. on raising wheat 10 Cabbage, a kind which grow? in .^r'Kansa? 28 — mode of preserving 123 — how to raise early 561 Call, large 1 19 — should not le caught by the tail 230 Canada thistle, modes of dt strnyi'ig lb 377 409 Canal from Boston to .Albany 257 Canals and rail roads, their adiar.tages compared 384 Candles, manufacture and dilTere nt kinds ol ^50 — how to cause them to burn slowly 30] Canker worm, the locust tree a remedy for 327 Caiamanian sheep imported 307 Carnation pinks 4o3 Carrot weighing ten pounds 263 Cashmere .bawls their manufacture 13 Castor beans the cultivation of recommended 289 Castor oil substitute for, 245 Caterpillars on I'riiit trees on destroying 264 cannot be destroyed by boring a hole in the trees and inserting; sulphur 254 — destroyed in great numbers by spar- rows 2'i2 — querii s concerning by " A Karmer" 366 remarks on their ditlV rent 5t..tes of existi nee 366 Cattle remedy for when ehoked by roots, kc. 57 81 — remarks on impoiteil by Col. Powel, &c. 58— fatten- ed lui llax seed, fee. 67 — on selecting Irom the best breed 194 — remarks on keeping 182 194 230— large ones exhibited 227 — notice of swellid throat in 282 hoof disease in 282, Col. Pickering's < ssays on 297 3b5 316 321 remedy for vv hen they have eaten too iiMich giaio 339 Col. Powel"? essays on :;64 393 — re- remarks on from .Mass. Age. Repos. 401 ( '.tile shows Sff Ji^ricidlv-ral Hoaelits Cellars h.w ventilated 150 Charcoal rlifferi'nt opinions respecting Its pjwer as a con. -1 lie lor of electricity 36 — caution relative to the burning of 157 — falal effects caused by burning of 179 — on its uses in preventing the putrefaction of aniin I matter 226 Cheese on the poisonous quality of some 29 Che;iy stones how pii.-i rye d and sown 20 I' Cbieiiiey in a close mom hovv' made tocarry smoke 134 < hiiimoya a fruit of South .America 49 (hob ra infantum 397 : I hristmas the tivelve days of indicating weather 209 Cid( r an improved hoop (or pressing to — appit? intend- ed for should be ri| ■ 7'i — .!ir*ctfon? fi>r making 77 £6 , an improved mil' and press for 86 147 remarks on by Dr Mitchell 164 — on mali g and bottling 390 — crab apples re-e:oinniended lor 396 Cioiis for grafting See Scir.nx ( laxton on mills. ■ asting interest, sperllic g'avlly, 185 Clover may be plaste ri d when leriu d dowi) for a wheat crop 37 — Italian nolire of 259— time of sowing 278 Coal tormalioii 2-.'0 330 Colibett extract- from his worl 118 325 Cocoa nut sing"Iar qnalily (ii'3i4 ."(■(Tee as an article of diet 2-1 — how made 356 Coliin Admiral Sir Isaac, his (re si r' of a stud horse and a mare to (he Mas-. Agr. Sor. 2f« 307 Cold exposure to bow it shoulj be treati d 344 ('ominiserator on intemperance* 137. 21*1 Compi ndiiim of At'ricnitnre. netites of. 13 Consumption simie time cure el in its first stages by seda- tive medicines 24 — in Ne^w l-"nglnnd. ca^, 3 o]"^ ^2(>l Co. ked corn kc. bi'st for tee ding swine 2i 7 C PIHT, native- found on State-n Isl.ei.d 34'i ( "oj.pe'r I'te nsils atlV, !eit by solntioes r eoinnion saU 163 Corn cruiheei, eifperimeut to ascertain the yield 274. INDF.A. Corn stalks should be cut close to tht gi-oiiu'l. \vitli lln- corn on Ihtni in Si plcinlicr '.'7r) Corri'a :vlilip de, ou vig'taliles nauj for food in N'oilh Aniei'icH 28 Cow, a (.rolilalilo one in WrsI nradlord "S — 'hp Oakcs Ct'v, 2!li — the famous onc,ralli'd the Smjscx Coiv 3'21 — notice of one that l.rou^ht 5 calves in 1-1 ms. 3-7 Cows, remark!! on milkiig of, 10 — how to prevent llieni from kicking 10 — period of thi ir goin^ wi!h yonnij 2."!0 — modts for dryii^g away llieir milk 2;iU — ^llonUI be kept well at Die time of calvin?, luit flioiild not be too I'af '-.'Of — tliose which ^ive the freatest q'lan lily of thin milk, most projier for snck'rin? ca!vi«530 — nli«ervations on traininc to the yoke and harness, and can?inp;lhem to pi rtirm llie latonr:! of oxen S^C Cox .lamrs, Ksq. on t'el. PewelM.reed of t.'iitlle 394 Crab apple of Missnnri and Illinois, !louo;hini'126 — ecommend das a general rule ih. Tar-ler a on dest-oying: the Canada thistle 16 — on the difTrencp heiw; en ?nod and bad farming: 4 J — on the sainf.'in yra's 1P6 — an American on the happi- ness of his situati m 69 — on leaches, pumpkins, "insh- roons. &c. 209 2111 — on raisin? flax 301 — on plant- iu» potatoes 317 318 — on the faiina of corn 3'.:9 — nn caterpillars 3b6 — a i\lidd'. sex on while weed 374 — a P,.oxbury his noiice of the season 30fi Farmer's friend on the construction of barns, staiiles. kc 81 — on traieinar cows in the yoke k. harness 326 Tarmer's Guide notice o 13 54 Farms on the improvement of 281 Farming diflerence between ^ood and had 44 — recom- mended as most healthfi-1 for body and mind £i7 Fences improved bv inserting the posts into sills 66 Fern root, analysis of 101 Fire, directions for securing^ against 120 373 — method of cxtingnifbina: invented by Mr Van Marnm 402 — remarks on that method, &c. by the F.ditor 403 )"'Ire-hars for furnaces remarks on 45 Firemen on prnteclins: by wire g:\uze 232 Fi«b as an aniele of diet 221 — preserved br charcoal 33't — as manureSlO .365 — poisonous how detected4il3 Fiske (ilieer, Ksq. on certain insects which cut oft" the ends of the branches of oak trees 25 — on harvesting pota'nes 62 — cautions ajainst harvestinof com t )0 soon 66 — on the Bedford brei d of swine 150 on jfraftin? fruit tri«es 265 — on a sing-iilar apple 265 Flax, on its cultivation 22 — further remarks 300 Fojlderin? cattle 189— straw enHe r useful for 182 Tood cf man in. various nations 33(J Forest trees on Hio planting and cultivation of 41 63 F»iw1p, on (heir qualities when U'cd for diet 221 Frost liilten feet direclious for the treatment of 173 ' riiit of an exr-ellent qnalily notice i:f4ti9 Fruit trees remarks on t!ip culpabU; ufg;lect of 1 — a ;cri at error in permittinif ;^rass to^row atiout their roots 3 — (see farther Pfnr^'-^f.v,) may be hud'leilor inoculat- id in .\ug;uft30 — directions for msnajinsj those wliich h.ivc hei n budded or inoculrylid 30 — win u overloaded with fiuit should he supported witli props, and part of' tin; ])roduce picked ofl'HG ; nursery of should consist of a soil naturally ;jood, but not mailu rich by manure 81; lilos-enis of may le secured a^ai'.is! late frosts by plac- ing ice or snow round tin- roots 12.j ; seeds oi'slou'S ol' sho'jld be planted in October 129 ; mode of planting; a- dopted by .1. Kenrick 12.'^ ; spr-cles of may be arnelioi-at- ed by cultivation ibid, seeds of iinprove I by cultivation furnish imnroved varieties, hut dilfi ling; I'rom tlie j>a- rent fruit i 'id. 130 ; rb-udd not be grafted when smsll 1-st we cut off I'.etter fruit llian we insert il i I. ; in prun- ing of in the nurs^'ry care should be taken not to run them up too hig^h ibid. ; roots of 'honld he kept free fo 'Ti seeker- ibirl. ; precautions necessary in transplant- ing; iliil. ; qufrc whether it might not be best in some cases to plant the seeds in the spots where it is intend- ed they shall remain 1.38; on the proper season for planting: 139; i\1r .1. Perley's mode of pruiriug; 145; should be so pruned a? to g;ive the srm and air free ac- cess to every branch 145; further directions relative to transplanting of 174 ; if transiilanted when the g:round is frozen about their roots, will be .sure to live ibid ; remarks on prunin? of by correspondent, and by the F.riitor 225 ; .\pril and May supposed to be the best time for pruning; of^ibid. 233 ; remarks of the Hon. .lohn ^Velles on si Itin? them out overa layer of small stones 228; on the g:reat as:p and other remarkable cii-cum stances attendingrseveral in different parts of Massa- chusetts, and in Connecticut ibid : pruning of should always he made on pound and healthy wood 233; should not be pruned when the bark is su'^ject to peel olTibid. ; .soft soap unn'iluted recommended as an ex- cellent cleanser of 234 ; remarks on pruning: of by Di' Thacher 249 ; pruning to a certain extent advantage- ous inid. ; pruning of does not cause rottenness Ibid ; remarks on the circulation of the sap downwards in betW' I n the allinrnum and the bark ibid. ; remarks on the grafting nf by I'r Frske oijf, . remarks on by a wri- ter with the signature Y. 2R6 ; shnulH be pruned everv year ibd. ; best pruned in ^'ay or June ibd. ; remarks of an Arborist on pruning ibd. ; not apt to be destrnved by too much prirnin?- ibd. ; remarks on the pruning of by P. may hi pruned at any time in the year provided large branches are not taken cfT. which should never be doee except in extreme cases 237 ; observations -n by Pomona 310 311 ; fish eil rubbed on the limbs and ashes about the roots usef ] to rresiTve a'9_ reply II. 345 30.' — composition lor 3C2 369— r^i i ,, |^ on by Kusticus ■.It,'.! ; ly lloiticulturist 385; by .\'r Knight 386 ; by .Mr I'elir s Ul4-qnerie3 ou by a Brii. tol county Farmer and answer 4ij7 Grain, modes of preserving 162 406 Grape vine, on its cullnre 190 217 Ground nut rnrtiee of 28 Gii-com on the coal formation of tic .Susquehanna 229 Grirchy J. P. de his remedies f..r-slaggers in swine 3fS fiiiage to divide boards and planks .93 G. W. on plastering clover lor a wheat crop 39 Gypsum, sec Plnsiir of Po;/.s M. his queries on a windmill 26— on the locust tree as ). reserving ercharils again-t Ihe canker worm 327 Hackney John on theculliv:,(ion of pi ach tii rs 178 Haines Keuben on Ihe ilryieg of fruit* iic. 277 Hagla Cola on new modes of farniieg 49 Hagueiiot against burying iu churches 331 Harper C-en. extracts from his addri ss 193 Harrow improvement in the coustrectien of 89 Harvesting should be pei formed belore the grain is trti» ripe 6 — how managed when the grain is wet 6 — fur- ther rema' ks on 406 , Harris, Hey. Dr. on a non descript spicies of mole 362 Hats, A'ater proof 167 Hay-making 275 Health, on preserving 171, 232, 410 Hedges, See Tyire FHnrts Heilibore will destroy r ache* 11 Hemp on the cultivalion nd j'riparation of' 44 Hene, how made to lay ejgs 50— gapes iu, how cuf ed 151 He-sian Fly, Mr Binnie's observation onl7I — sleeps nit effectual in mestrviug against 174 ; contrary opinion of Mr Buel 174 Hodges Hon. Mr extracts from his address 177 Hoe, cast steel, .Mr Bisbee's iinprovesients in, li9 Hoeing, remarks on 382 Hogs, see Bwine Ho ley Dew, Dr. Darwin's theory respecting 9 ; sup. posed to be two kinds 9 Hop. its utility in medicine £21 ; how kept 315 Horse Radish, for a cold 251 ; a syrup made of, a rem- edy for hoarseness .3-49 Houston. Geoige nn pyroll»neo«s acid 3G Horses in Pwr di n 26-1 ; n medy for heaves in. 369 ; for sore backs in ,349; docking of condemned 3-19 Hill Leonard, his premium crop ol potalei s 213 Hoise Rake, a drawing and description of by Lemuel M'. Briggs 361 ; remarks on thr use of, '198 Hops'in. ou certain substitutes for woad 370 Horticirltnral Pociefy London, milice of 283 Horticulturist, on Grafling. fruit trees 385 Hosack. Dr l>avid extracts from his inaugural dis- course 358 Hull, his importations of some tubers of the wild pota- toes 309 Hnnewell, Hon. J. a great crop of Indian corn 3l9 Hunger, method alleviating its rain 186 Hydrophobia, vinegar a remedy for 101 ; sucking the wound said to cure 275 ; pustules under the tongue in cases of 380 F— on the preservation of206 231 Implemenfs of husbandry, remarks on 245 Improvements in husbandry 217 269 Impro^'ed short horns, see Cc^fflr. India rubber poisonous to children 264 — its uses 245 shoes made of 245 Indian corn its seeds should be ga*herrd from sialksof two ears 1 1 146 — mode of its cnltivali. n by Mr Buel 2X on harvesting by cutting it up by the rrois 46 57 ; can- lion against cirtting too soon C6 : on i- ifliering 75 ; 142 bushels of raised to an acre 125 ; T. Si H. Little oa planting in hilts and i-ows 212 ; 1 1 1 bn4iels to an acre by S. Longley 213 ; on its culture in Worcester county by Gov. Lincoln 243 ; various prticesses in preparing it 274; experiment in cultivating by T. B. 314 404 ; observations on by the Editor 316 318 ; on planting for fodder 311 ; hari'ow recommended for the first time of hoeing 3" 8 ; ashes or gypsum or a mixture of both re- fomtnerdid ib. — .Mr ?elby"s remarks ou 301 Indian Hill Farm, notice of 148 Inebriate, confersions of an 137 Infants mode of giving medicine to 93 — on the sleep of 181 — rules for the management of 320 Ink remarks on its instability 533 ■If. Inaecis Uutciast the ui'cay oi fruit trfi.3 2 — tlmt a: >■ troy sheep, tar a remedy lor 5 — on 'caves ol plants how destroyed G 9— those on ptarh trees how des- troyed 12 — on the leaies of Appit trees 9U— notice of the Hessian fly 91— ir, hot ho.ists dwarf elder propa- gated an antidote 34 I —box for guarding vines 300 ; \Vrn. Pope's anLidote 349 — Mr 1 reston's antidotes 3fi9— fires ill til.: night lor destroying 3ti9 396— fur- ther j'Linarks i,'Jj Intemperance bo 1G8 ISO 218 Irrigation hard v.ater said to he best for 19— remarks on hy Gen. Harper l93-on efTtcting by a wind mill 315 ; laying out the canals in 337 J. M. on the culture of onions 119 Kenrick J. F,«q. his queries on bhj;ht in pf.ar trees 57 Kenrick, H. B. on an lusi ct on Iht leaves of apple trees 90; on the blight in pears 121 KniL;Vit, Mr n commends seed wheat from a warm grav- elly soil 3J9 ; on early crops ol peas 380 ; on the graft- ing of trees 3J6 ; notice of his present 3r;6 L. his-sketehes of the season in N. Hampshire 1 La Fayette Gen. anecdotes of 4J ; remarks on 368 I.amhs should not be cauglit by the tail 230 Lamp new kind 26 ; fragrant 339 Lamp Tea Kettle, recommendations of 342 Lan.lon, N. on feeding cattle with flax seed 67 Leaches directions for their use 197 ; remarks on 210 Leach worm barometer^ilO Leghorn wheat, soil proper for raising 13 Leghorn hats made in the interior of New Yolk 349 . Lig'itning rods mode of erecting 17 410 Lime imperfectly burnt will set under water 37 ; on its use as a manure when mixed with inutl 129 ; des- troys infectious matter in walls 155 ; as medicine for hors-s purifying foul air \M ; its Ui,;^ in preserving health 374 Lincoln Hon. Levi his remarks at the cattle show in \Vcrce5ter 106 115 242; on the manner of breaking feeding and working oxen 2 12 ; remarks of on the superiority of oxen to horses for farm labour 243; on the culture of Indian corn 243 ; on the supc riority of the short horned cattle ibd. ; extiacts from his speech on accepting the odice of Governor 367 ' Live fences remarks on the cultivation of hy G.Tibbets of Renselear, N.York, cannot be made of thorns in a light sandy soil 33 ; process of raising plants for ibid; liow to be [)lashed or interwoven together ibid ; how they may be so trimiued as to save the expense of plashing ibid. Lloyd E. Governor lii.s recommendation of Col. Towel's short horn breed-of cattle 394 Little Mr H. & T. their statement relative to planting Indian corn in lows and in hills 212 Locust trees advantages of their culture 147 363 Lorrai* John notice of his work on husbandry 312 Ijowell Hon. .lolin on sending fruits to the Brighton cattle show 82; his remarks at the Brighton cattle show 105 ; his observations in favour of agricultural cxhibitious ibid. 106 ; on the advantages occuiring to agriculture from the experiments of theoretical men 105 ; states that agriculture owes as much to science as its sister arts ibid. ; his remarks in favor of the Knglish br.'ed of swine ibid. ; on the Spanish sheep 106 ; on the great improvements made in ag- riculture within 20 years ibifl. ; on new crops such «s mangel wurtzel, &r. ibid. ; on improvements in horticulture and the introduction of new varieties of fi nits ibid. ; on the cultivation of the grape vine in New Kngiand PO; thinks the vine culture not a- daptcd to the climate and state of society in New Lugland 191 ; on the importation of the potatoe by Com'noiiore Hull 309 ; his notice of a present of sev- eral varieties of fruit trees, by Thomas Andrew Knight, Ksrj. 3(10 Lvf'ird Stephen C. his description of a machine for rais- ing stumps 172 Machine for repairing ships, notice of 3 ; for raising ttunips 172; f . r repairing roads 181; lor filtering water, description and drawing of 185 ; for travelling on roads 187 ; for making clap board 189 ; for cutting grass worked by horse 224 ; for extinguishing fire 221 for dressing flax 291 ; for shelling and grinding corn and other coarse grain 3)9 ; for sawing shingles .357 Mahogany, method of imitating 181 ; tree in bt Domin- go, notice of 261 Ma'isfield, on the 'I'heory of springs 254 Man:;tl \'.'url7.el, a htrge crop of hy Messrs 11. & T. Little 147; not be fed to cuttle till February 149; ,ji,,^uiiuui crop of 'viessers 4 . ii H. l.ittie, 212; I hree tons ol supposed to be equal to one ton hay 2l2 ; six bushels of equal tonne bushel Indian corn .'12 ; pre- served in a cellar 2:2 ; remarks by editor on its cul- tivation and use 2',0 ; on its value, cultivation, qual- itii s. u£'.*s 405 Manufacturer, on the necessity of washing wool 348 Maunr. , sibstances which should be employed for mak- ing in the farmer's yard 6 ; notice of its being burnt for fuel CO ; on the making of 70 ; fern or brake a valualdc substance for 70— directions for mixing earih with dung io. — liquid on itt use 145 — !V'r I'ul- nam's mode of mnki: g 147 — manner of preparing it for grass ground 156 — remarks on its application Kli 194 ; on saving fiom the rubbish of buildings SC2 ; Menhaden fish reco.inneiidi.d lor 310 — observations on peat for 332 — Bones useful for 338; lurthir re- marks on 366 ; on sulphuric acid as used for 411 -Manure heaps, compost beds !ic. should be mixed with weeils Utlore their seeds are ripened 30 .Marshes, on reclaiming 1:30 Marahfield Farmer ou destroying caterpillars 254 Mattoon C. Lsq. on a remarkable sheep 353 Meade Kich. on colic in horses 285 ■ on red pepper 28r> Mears, J. on pressing cider 65 — harrow 89 — ox yokeSOl Meat, modes 6f preserving 22, 225, 223, 296 Milk pans of tin, on drying 415 Millet, H. Warren's communication respeclin;; 61 — a premium crop of, raised by Messrs T. He H. Little 212— Mr N. Davenport's observations on the culture of 265 Mills, on their velocity 99, 156, 234 Mole, on an uncommon species ot, 362 Mitchell, Dr. S. his letter to Dr. Hosack on improve- ment of orchards, apples, cider 164 — notice of a med- al ri-ceived by, 259 Moon, remarks on the influence of, 266 .Mulberry tree, Italian, Professor Urown's observations on cultivatiug, 241 — further remarks on cultivat- ing 363 Muriate of Lime, remarks on its use as manure 76 .Murrain in cattle, hog, remedies for 51, 282 -Mushrooms, instances of poison by eating 59 — remarks to dissuade from their use 210 Muslin water proof how made in London 35 M. W. on the value of Mangel Wurtzel 406 N. H. on preventing river banks from washing 357 Nankeens American notice of a patent for 349 N. E. Farmer, recommendation of by the Worcester .Ag- ricultural Society 19! — by the North American Re- view 191 — recommendation by the King's County Union Agricultural Society, Nova Scotia 318 — by the Essex Agricultural Society 4(i6 November, on the diseases of 115 Nursery of fruit trees, a soil proper for 81 Oak-pruuer, an insect queries on, and remarks 25 Oakes Cow, notices of by Col. Pickering 298 Oats and peas, oj the cultivation of 22, 408 Oil, on the i>urification of 19 — its use in preventing the violent ebulition of various substances iJ9 — of olives its effect in preventing the plague in Tunis, and an antidote against the bite of musquetoes and venomous serpents 40 — an excellent kind of, made from the kernels nf peaches in Indiana 42 — Linseed boiled re- commended as a polish for stove pipes 289 — may be extracted from sun flowers 299 Onions, queries respecting their culture by S Preston 65 — answer to those queries by T. Hubbard 89 — cul- tivator's remarks on raising 138 — remarks on their culture by .1 M. 149-how to take the taint of from the breath 251 — on the culture of by J. 'I'ucker F.sq. 265 I O'Neil I )r. on converting hog's lard into an article for candles 164 Orchard, see fruit trees Orchard grass, on the cultivation of 381 Ox account of an cxtraordidary swelling in 241 Oxen, how broke to work equally well on either side and how to prevent from hauling or pulling ofl' 123 — on lhi:ir superiority to horses, by Gen. Harper 2(j4 — how to break to the yoke 399 Ox Yoke impro'ement in by .M. Mears 201 Ox-Scraper, its mode of construction 375 Ojsters, nudical quililiis of fever &c. 299 P. on aphides or plant lice 14 — his remarks on prun- ing trees, and a disease in working oxen 273 — on the improvement of farms 281 Parsnips in the spring poisonous 409 Parsons, Gorbam notice of his farm in Newbury 145 Paitel, see \\ cad lilO Pastures, old better than new 289 — should not have cattle turned on them too eaily in spring 289 Peach irtis on lh( preservation of 12; ins cts which prey on them ibi-quenc<' of the insulEciency of the stocks ou which they are grafted 3; may be grafted in July, and morte of, ibid. ; bi ar cold be tier than heat Ul ; on the blight in ibid. ; grafted on an apple tree will chaig- by degrees, and bear apples 233 ; remedy tor barrenness 333 Peas and Oats remarks on their cultivation £2 ; early sorts of may be otlained by selecting seeds which are first ripened 67 ; advantages of p'anting in cir- cles ijstead ot rows 267 ; should not be planted too near together ibid. ; an improved method ofobtaia- ing early crops of 3li0 Peat on its' value as a manure 332 340 348 Pedestrianisin or swift walking, notice of 91 227 Plant lice or Aphides, rdnarks on 9; may be destroyed by dipping the leaves, which they iufest into soap suds 9 ; further remarks on 10 Perley J. notice of his farm in Newbury 145 ; bis mode of preserving trees ibid. ; of saving liquid manure ibid. Perry Dr W. his manufactory of American starch 273 Peters Lovttt account of apples which were in part sweet and partly sour 201 ; on grafting fruit trees and stripping them of their bark 404 Peters Judge, notices of his exertions and success in promoting the agriculture of Pennsylvania 378 Pickering Col. T. his essays on improving the native breed of New Eugland cattle 297, 306, 316, 321 Plaster of Paris may be advantageously applied to clo- ver at the time of turning it down and preparing it f r a wheat crop 37 — its reasonable use recomended, Ih viijh its excess impoverishes land 163 — on its intro- duction into Pennsylvania 377, 378 — Judge Pcttrs' remarks on the fertilizing principle ot\ 411 Ploughing match at Brighton, notices of 74 Ploughing in the fall, recommended as a good general rule 126 Plum trees directions for preserving against insects 31 1 — of .Missouri remarks on introducing them into the middle and northern slates 396 Poison by the oxyde of antimony, drunk with bottled porter 29 — from honey which liad been standing in a copjier vessel 69 — mustard recommended as a gener- al antidote against all kinds of 338 — by ivy remedies for 414 — by dogwood ibid. Poke or Phytolacca decaudria eaten as a substitute for asparagus 28 Pomeroy S. W. Esq. notice of his obtaining the premi- um of a silver cup for the best essay on the natural history of the mule 390 Pomona on the subject of fruit trees 310 Pope A\ illiam his preparation for destroying insects and pickling seed wheal 353 — on the farina of potatoes and the means of preserving them 380 Pork on its uses and value 222 Posts, on preserving them by salt 309 Po'ato, the native, notice of its importation 309 [otatos, mode of cultivating them by Mr Buel 21 — on gathering and securing 62 — should not be dug loo larly nor exposed to the sun and air ib — Dr !■ iske on the best mode of harvesting 62 — may be preserved by packirig them down with sand or earth 62 — a liquor obtained from, in the process of making starch which will clean silks tl9 — on the best and most economical mode of boiling 75 — 800 bushels raised on an acre 33 R substitute for soap when part boiled 149 — notice of a species called mineral potato 181 — premium crops of 213 — query on the best kind for an early crop 259 the Lancashire pink ei es recommended 273 — the lar- gest should be selected for seed 287 — sliced and drie- ed slowly will keep for many years 315 — directions lor planting ic. 3)7 — how used for cleaning silks &9. INDEX. V. 35G— hill of should be made \vi(\c but not high 357 the last hoeing of should be finished before Uie plants are in blossom ibid.— plaster of Taris applied to the leaves while growing recommended :35!t— pre- served from (he grnb worm by qiilcklime and nnleach- ed ashts ibid.— inTjirovement on the process of mak- ing brandy from SSO— flowers of worn by Louis X\'. 39U— on the various uses of, ibid. Potter Mr R. notice of his practice of shearing sheep early, by the first of May 'Z93 Powel'Col. his letter to the president of the Penn. Agr. Soc. respecting improved breeds of cattle 5!! — on the folly and mischief of shooting small birds 357 — on na tive cattle 364 393— his importation of Southdown and -New Leicester sheep and a heifer 'lOG Poultry, directions for the fattening of Q75 Preston Samuel, on the frost of last summer 25 — notices of the season in Pennsylvania 41 97 — queries respect ing onions 65 — remarks on mills moving with more velocity in the night than in the day 156 — on the sinking of a log which had been soaked in water 156 on potatoes 289 — on grafting, destroying bugs, cut- worms, and yellow bugs 369 396 Preston, A. Dr on cheese smeared with red lead 29 Proctor Mr notice of his cider mill 147 Progress of science 75 Pruning fruit trees, see Fruit Trees. Pulmonarj- consumption, inhaling tar beneficial 166 Pumpkins for feeding cattle 195, 200 — breaking the stem olf causes them to rot the sooner 209— varieties of should not be planted near each other 210 Putrefaction animal, remarks on 331 Pyroligneous acid, a memoir relative to its modeof pre- paraiion and uses 36 — further remarks 165 205 Quackery, instance of in destroying sheep 363 Quince trees, mode of propagating 131 Quince wine serviceable in the cure of asthma 173 Quincy Hon. J. on forming a stercorary 172 — his ex- position of the faults of some farmers 172 R. on harvesting Indian corn by cutting it up by the roots 57 — on the culture of peach trees 177 Radishes a new mode of cultivating 350 Rail Roads on their advantages 251, 253,313, 355, 384 Recipes for the cholera morbus 3 — toolh ach 'i — weld- ing cast steel and iron 5 — sick head ach 5 — raising cat- tle without milk 65— making currant wine 10 — presei-v- ation of harness 19 — purifying oil 19 — purifying musty bottles of stone ware 27 : making metheglin 35; for burns 35, 253 ; making fruit jelly 37 ; curing the scrof- ula 43; giving new rum the flavour of old spirits 43 ; destroying mice 43, 224 ; making vinegar from the ref- use of bee hives 53 ; making elder wine 53 ; preparing tnolasiee for preserving fruit 59 ; making a lute for cru- cibles and retorts 61 ; making a razor strop 66; pick- ling beets 67 ; rendering wood, &c. incombustible 75 ; preserving fish 75 ; extracting roots which have been swallowed by cat'le SI ; colic in horses 85; for making yeast 95 ; preserving apples 98 ; to make names grow pn fruit 100 ; weak sight 109 ; hurts and bruises in the ■withers of horses 131 ; taking spots of ink from linen 12-3 ; securing (he blossoms of fruit trees from frosts 123 making the teeth white 136 — convulsions in children 139 — burns, scalds and chilblains 155 — to clean thread lace 157 — cleansing glass vessels 172 — making: spruce wine 173 — making spruce beer 173, 182, 225 — to take mildew out of linen 173— making Kiltredge's bone oint- ment 181 — cure of epilepsy 182 — making Crandel's salve 195 — pomatum 165 — Stoughton's elixir 211 — for the scab in sheep 206 — roasting eels 21 I — for preserv- ing leather 215 — to cure the jaundice 226 — substitute for coffee 229 — to cure bolts and the rot in sheep 229 ; ticks in sheep 249, 414 — making sealing wafers 251 — cleaning pictures 251— ointment for sheep after shear- ing 252— apple bread 253— for sore eyes 253— locked jaw, cement for steam apparatus, and to give lustre to silver 253 — substitute for yeast, preserving ships from ■worms and for making rice jelly 261 — several kinds of cake 275 — to make salt butter fresh 283 — to remove the taste of turnips from butter 283 — for otto of roses 299 ; Ginger wine, apple jelly, mutton hams, and preserva- tion of grapes 299— removing hoarseness 299 — preserv- ation of posts, and of the health of sheep 300 — preserv- ation of hams and of green house plants 301 — economy in candles 301 ; extraction of meat from the windpipe 309 ; to render bottled beer ripe 315; to keep potatoes for sea provisions 315 ; to bottle table beer, to mend China, and to keep hops for use 315; for a composition &r grafting fruit trees, and to make Eye ■water 325 ; for curing sore and weak eyes 325 ; to talce mildew (Vom linen 333 ; antidote ag.iinst ])oifons 338; several for botts in horses 338 ; cattle which have eaten too much grain 339 ; against insects in hot houses 341 ; making bine colour 342 ; for a composition for preserving wea- ther hoarding 341 ; making parsnip wine 'M6 ; worms in horses &c 349 ; destroying insects and pickling seed wheat 354 ; marking slieep 356 ; exjieditionsiy latten- iiig chickens 356 ; to presi rve against llea^ 372 ; make rice glue and to destroy rats and mice 373 ; cure of the piles 379 ; destroying bed bugs 381 ; cramp in the stomach 403 ; poison by ivy, by dogwood, for the" stings of bees, and tor licks in lambs 414 ; against the ell'ects of drinking cold water 415 Reed, A. on worms in the head of sheep 60 Renssellaer school 187 Resuscitation, a remarkable instance of 101 Roads a machine for levelling and destroying ruts 181 Rohbins Rev 'Ihomas, his address 140 Robinson E. his method of ilissipating noxious vapour in wells 398 Rocks, a mode of splitting them by fire 293 Roller, uses of 245 Roots for feeding cattle recommended 195 Rose bugs, quere concerning and remarks on 398 ; pre- mium offered for the natural history of by the Mass. Agric. Society 406 Rotation of crops, remarks on by the Editor 294 Roumage notice of his machine for dressing flax 291 Rules for summer health 383 Rush Dr on our domestic wines 165 Rusticus on grafting 369 370 Ruta Raga recommended 209 ; between 13 and 14 hun- dred bushels of raised as a second crop on two ami a half acres ibid. ; premium crop of raised by Col. \\'il- son 213 ; .Mr Cobbett's remarks on raising alternately with wheat 325 R3'e a remarkable bunch of 35 ; observations on its cul- ture and uses 49 ; experiment showing the increase of by boiling 274 ; should be cut as soon as possible after the milk is out of the berry 378 ; manner of se- curing at harvest ibid. S. on lice on apple trees 9 ; on the season in Medway, Mass. 50 ; on the acceler;ited velocity of mills in the night 234 Sage, on curing of in England for the China market 125 Sainfoin seed description of 142; remarks on by " A farmer" roots of said to be sometimes 38 feet long 263 Salt different kinds of made at the Onondaga salt works 93, American superior to the imported 167; quantity sufficient for cows and sheep 182 ; supposed to pre- serve horses against botts ibid. ; how manufactured in Western Virginia 340 ; on the importance of giv- ing it to cattle in fresh pastures 398 Sargeant Mr H. a description and drawing of his cheap engine for raising water 169 ; saw mills notice of an improvement in by Capt. VV. Kendall 180 Saw setter patent, notice of 301 Saxony sheep, remarks on by a Yankee Farmer 9 ; no- tice of an importation of from Saxony 382; sales of 413 Sawyer J. his machine for sawing shingles 357 Scarlet fever, fatal relapse in, in consequence of eat- ing raw apples 195 Scions for grafting, should be taken from the most thrif- ty trees 246 ; should be cut in Feb. or March 264 ; should be kept from water 247; should not be taken from a seedling tree 246 ; should be cut in such a manner as to take in the bulge between the year's growth 246 ; may be inserted in potatosibid. ; those engrafted should be of the same kind and quality with the tree in which they are inserted 345 Sea Kale, quere and remarks on its culture 57, 69 Season in New Hampshire 1, 6 — in Maine C, 89 — in Virginia 11 — in Pennsylvania 41, 97 — in Medway 50 Upper Canada 92 — in Massachusetts 307, 304 Seeds, on the best methods of preserving 36 — on the importance of selecting those which are first ripe 60 some sown best in the autumn 1 18 — to preserve 293 September, diseases how guarded against 69 Shawanese sallad, a plant eaten by the Indians 28 Sheep, remarks on insects that destroy them 5 — a fat one 69 — breeding ewes should not be kept too fat 133 further rem^'rks 133 — remedy for the scab in 205, for the rot 229 — turnips injurious to ewes with lamb 238 — po- tatoes useful for 238, best when baked or steamed 238 sh»uld have water in winter, but will do without it in summer 238 — pine boughs and tar will cure colds in 238 — further remarks oq their food 238 — when ewes will not own their lambs, mode olproci dure 238 rem- edy for ticks in 249— .^ol•lh^,lnberlalld oin'niiit to be used alter shearing 252, 350— how pn »i rv( ing nl recommendtd 363- Slug, remarks on its ravag. s. Sic. 390 39.5 Soap, snbiiitnte for 1 !9 — ^oft soap to cl.anse trees 234 Soap siuls, how u«ed lo destroy insects 9, 10 Soiling of cattle I!i6. 194 Soils, on the chemical composition of 189 South .\merica, letter from, describing new plants 49 Spinning machine by Mi Fenn 301 — liy Mr Slater 358 Springs, and boring for water, theory of 251 Stables for horses i;c. require ventilation 150 — light ne- cessary for 150 Staggers in sv.ine, remedies against 396 j Starch, Am(rican manulaclory ef by Dr. Perry 273 'Steam, its use in London for batching chickens 70 Steam Engine, of the Boston Cordage Comp.^ny 155 — Mr Perkins 235— of Mr James, in N. York 349 Steel, on cutting of by soft iron 61 St. John Mr Alexander, his cultivation cf clover 378 St Foil! Cr >ss. notice ot by '•^ A farmer," 166 Stephens Mr Phineas, on constructing a wind mill 315. Stercorary, Mr Quiiicy's description of 172 Slimson Earl, description of his premium farm 82 Strawberry vines made very productive 5 Stumps, machine for raising 172 Sugar Rcet, on its culture and uses 3C3 Suet, preserved fre^^h for any length of time 326 Subscriber A, on making hens lay eggs 50 — on book farming 185 Sulphur, dreadful effects from excessive use of 83 — on its uses to destroy or expel insects and as manure 411 S'lminer fallows and fallow crops, remarks on 21 Surveyors of Highways, rules recommended for 375 Swine, on fattening 54 — will fatten best when kept separate 54 — their pens should be sufficiently ■narm to render them comfortable 54 — if scurfy should be wash- ed with lie or soap suds 54— should be fed sparingly and with inferior food when first shut up for fattening 54 — thould have occasional doses of sulphur and cream of tartar and nitre 54 — food slightly sour preferable for feeding them 54 — lion. Mr I^owell's remarks in favour of the English breed of 105 — the importance of keep- ing them clean 133 — remedy for measles in 149 — of the Bedford breed by Hon. Mr Fiske 150, 222 — on the ad- vantages of keeping 222 — report of Com. of Worcester Agr. Soc. on 226 — will thrive better on cooked meal than on raw corn, 267, 274— Dr Fiske's breed of 226 — large ones in N. Jersey 292 — staggers in 396 — on feed- ing them with raw and cooked meal 412 T. B. on an unsuccessful experiment in cultivating In- dian corn 315, 404 Tanning, new mode of by means of extract from barklS Tappan C. on the borer which infests peach trees 326 Taylor Bird, remarkable for ingenuity in building its nest 3G8 Tea, remarks on the m.aking and drinking of 354 Tea plant its culture in Onondago County N. Y. 139— ^ in Louisiana 139 Thatcher Dr. J. ou pruning fruit trees 249 — on buck tboru hedges 214 Thomas E. Jun. on the causes of premature decay of pear and apple trees 3, (Set pear tree) — on the pre- servation of peach trees 12 — See peach trees Tihbets G. on the cultivation of live fences 33 Ticks in sheep and lambs, remedy against 249, 414 Timber said to be preserved from the diy roi by soak- ing in salt water 341 Trees, notiocs of large ones 355 Trimble D. on boring for water 389 Tucker I. Esq. on the culture of onions 265 Turkies, wild for Gen. La Fayette 331 — on fattening with walnuts 333 Turnips English, raised by Messrs. H. & T. little after a crop of grass had been taken from the land 146-^ INDEX 783 bushels of to thi- acre raised by Mess. T. & H. Little 213 — great' crops of, raised in Scotland 227 strong wood ashes sowed over the ground about the time of Iheir coming up, recommended to increase their growth ai 1 preserve against insects 341 — letter from Rev R. Il.iblyn relative to thf culture of 395 Valentine, Col. .1. his crop of spring wheat 213 Vaux Roberts, liis address 377 Veal, as an article of diet 205 Vegetable sUbstances, their nutritive matter 329 ^V. his description of the Beaman farm 210 — on boats moving faster by night than by day 266 — on the nat- ural affection of animals for their young 370 — on in- temperance 405 Wagons, Pennsylvania, their great strength 101 "Walking match, 77 Walnuts a family medicine 245 — for fattening fowls 333 Warren, on millet, as a profitable crop on new land 61 Wash leather waistcoats recommended 245 Wasps, to preserve bees and fruit against 30 Water, on boring for 42 — a cheap engine for raising 169 — machine for filtering 185 — alleviates hunger as well as thirst 137 — information solicited relative to boring for, and for minerals 275 — Mr Trimble's essay on boring for 388 Watering plants, an improper mode of 267 W. B. on the improper use of fire arms, &c. 397 Weather table, founded on the time of the full, change and quarters of the moon 181 Weeds in gravel walks, growth of prevented 341 — should be made into compost, buried in the earth, or •iTen to »wine 382 Welles, Hon. J. on orchards 228 — recommends setting out fruit trees over a layer of small stones 228 — on the great age and other properties of a number of fruit trees in Massachusetts 223 Wells, how dng horizontally in the side of a hill 35 — filtering water by ascent through a strata of sand gravel, &c. 36 — method of dissipating foul air in 398 Wheat, on raising 10 — tarly sowing in the spring pre- vents smut in 10 — soil proper for in order to make the straw plat 13 — white flint kind, its qualities and introduction into New York slate 42 — premium crop of by Mr Bryant 212, by Col. Valentine 213— spring kind, on its cultivation 278 — on preparing tlie seed 278 — seed ofselrcted from what has grown on a dry soil will ripen early 309 — on raising alternate crops of with turnips 325 — preparation for pickling before sow'ing 353 — supposed to require clay as well as lime in the soil for its production 364 — advantages of har- vesting early 406, 413 White washing apartments recommended 43 \Vhite weed, remarks on and remedies against 374 Wilhy F. Esq. his recommendation of a new kind of early potatoe 273 Williams Ezra, recommends strong soapsuds for cattle choked with roots, &c. 81 Williams Payson Esq. his manner of cultivating spring wheat 278 ; his mode of sowing grass 278 Whitlaw C. on preserving potatoes by packing them in casks with sand or earth 62 Wind, indications of change of 354 Wind mill for raising water, on the cODstructioD of by P. Stevens 315 Wilson Col. J. his premium crop of ruta baga 2;3 VVinchell, Martin E. his directions for destroying this- lies 409 Wines of the United States, remarks on by Dr Mitchell 164— by Dr. Rush 165— by the editor 262— by Dr. Hosack 353 \\ ingate, .loseph his remedy for an ox or a cow that is choked by a root or other hard substance 57 VA innowing machine, by V^ oodman 146 Woad, on its culture by Gen. H. A. ?. Dearborn 284, 324, 358— by Richard Crowninshield Esq. 310— oa certain subslilutes for, 370, 371. Wolves, notice of a calash drawn by 151 Woodland when cut over for fire wood should be cut clean and smooth 215 Wool, remarks on from Rees' Cyclopedia 68, 76,92, 100, 132, 188, 229, 252— Society formed for the improvement of 2S3 — on the necessity of washing it thoroughly 248 Wood, J. his mode of preserving hams by black pep- per 301 Worms in the head of sheep, Mr Reed's communica- tion relative to 60 — tar supposed to be a remedy for £0, 77 — fish oil and assafuetida suggested as remedies for 77 — in horses and other animals remedy for 349 X. his description of New England in 1649 128 Yankee Farmer, on Saxony ^hcep 9 Yellow bug, antidote against 369 Yeoman on the prevalence of intemperance 65 — his re- cipe for ticks in sheep 249 — on pastures 289 Young, John Esq. extracts from his letters of Agricola on the value of Peat as a manure 332, 340 WEI"" ENGLANB FARMER TuiiUSllFU liV WILLIAM NICHOLS, RdGKRS' BUILDINGS, CONGRLSS STRLKT, ROoTON— THOxMAS G. KI'.SiF.NOHN, KDITOR. Vol,. III. SATURDAY, .TULY 31, 1824. No. 1. (EtirvfS^JOHiJfurc. ON MAKING BUTTER, Sic. &c. nninsuHck, Me. .full/ 1, 1824. Tb tht Editor of the .Vrw England Fannr.)\ Sir, — While many valuable essays have ap- peared in your pa[ier on buttor malcing, still many dairy nomen, \y1io see tliem, will have (lis ETood hid way, as my neighbour did, who planfed corn on the .same piece of ground Torty vears in succession, hecause, as he said, it was easy hoeing and near his bnni. — I do not recollect ever seeins: any dissertation in your paper on preparing salt for butter, cheese and the tabic. 1 have seen basket salt at an enormous price ; but why do we import it ' 1 tried this expei i- ment many years since to my own satisfaction. I look throe hosrsheads of coarse rock salt, wash- ed it, quick as possible to prevent loss, which was triliing in the weight, in fact I considered it nothing, as 1 sprinkled the water on my land. After drying it, 1 ground it in a grist mill in cne hour, fine, as common flour. Each stricken bu- shel making about five stricken pecks, nearly equal to that of the best ground lye. Now, sir, what expense this may save to the dairy woman and to the ears of the tired farmer, where pestle and mortar must ring till bed time lo pound one quart not so fine, but that it will grit like pi- o;eon shot in your teeth. After the buttermilk is properly expressed, put a given weight of salt to a given weight of iutter, till you make it palatable. Thf . , ' ways salt by weight instead of quantity your cream under similar circumstances, you cannot err. Is not the strength of salt proportionate to its weight? Author of Touches on .igricidlurc. July 2. We have remarkably fine showers of late ; nature seems to be re-animated ; rye ppmises well; corn though late starts finely. Grass, that seemed in despair, (if I may use the expression,) fourteen days since, looks in raanj places well, tiiough the season of haying will be late. Apple trees yet hold a goodly propor- tion, though the frosts were so severe. Are they not almost universally cut olT by frost when the blossom is fairly open, and do frosts injure before ? — ibid. } Wire Worm. — Mr. Emery Jones, of Hebron, informs me, that the chit worm has appeare.l in that quarter this year, and where he soaked his corn in spirits of turpentine* it looks well. He says, where he planted it unsoaked, not only the worm, but a white maggot about the fourth of an inch in length has taken the kernel in the hill. Quere. When does this worm go thro' its state of transformation ? At what lime and in what shape does it reappear? In some sections of Maine the worm is found one yeai, in others the next. It is a destructive foe, that, 1 believe has been but little regarded in agricul- tural prints. — I feel satisfied with my experi- ments, which you will find in my Agricultural Touches, page 10.='' Corn, replanted the 4th of June, 1824, soaked thirty hours in spirits of tur- pentine, promises to show its silk before that, planted five weeks before. — From Turner 1 have the same -news of the maggot. — ibid. The strawberry, which is very abundant on the AnDd." Tir> Gooseberry, for instance, which in its native state is small and without variety of fla- vor and color, has, like a thousand other fruits and flowers, been infinitely diversified and im- proved by art and industry — so much so that more than fifty varieties have been imported by the brother of the writer of the following com- munication ; and an English nursery man has been known to oblige his visitors " with a sight of 300 varieties, the largest of which in weight was equal to three guineas and a half;" we have just seen some of superb quality from the country residence of Maj. M'Kim, our faithful Representative to Congress, full as large as a pigeon's egg. Some will tell you, and find it a pretext for their indolence, that fine fruit costs more than it comes to, and that money will al- ways fetch it from the market; but all Ihe Gold of Ophir will not bring it there, without the re- quisite skill, patience and industry, lo rear and perfect it. Besides even those most able to purchase the luxury of fine fruit, are often de- nied it by their distance from the market, as well as from their ignoble want of diligence to provide it for themselves. Among the Chinese, whom we affect to dispise, so great is their at- tention to horticultural pursuits, that a peasant whose garden or field are cultivated with the most care is rewarded by being made a Manda- rin of his class. A moment given to just reflec- tions of this nature, would reconcile every one who desires to enjoy our best fruits in perfec- tioc, to take the pains that friend Thomas has done, to preserve the lives of valuable trees. If an old horse gels the cholic, or a cow the hol- low horn, great ansiefy is excited — ail the 2 i\EW ENGLAND FARMER. nlil men ami old women in the neighbourhood nre consulted, and nostrums without nuniljor are prescrihed and administered; but if a noble tree, bearinj* from year to yc-'-iV, the most deli- cious and melting Auit, be taken sick— no heed is taken ofit no et^'ort made to save its lite — its premature decay is rcgardod with indifference, it is left to die without inquiring into the cause, or an attempt to rescue it. Hence it is, that in many parts of Maryland, and south ofit, it may almost be said, of orchards of good fruit that few are planted and none flourish. We will only for the present give the follow- ing extract from a valued correspondent in ^'ir- ginia, who, after speaking in terms of thankful- ness for, and commendation of Mr.Thomas's com- munication on peach trues, makes the following suggestions, which go to show how desirable is the best practical information as io apples ajid pears. " Having for many years of my life giver my attention to that branch of the subject of dnnos- lic and rural economy, embracing the manage- ment of fruit trees, I was particularly gralit;ed to lind that Mr. T. had discovered the cause of a malady which had entirely eluded all riy researches. And if in the discovery of tie cause, he has also found a remedy for the dis- ease, he can hardly be aware of the extent of the benefaction which his discovery will bestov, not only upon ' the lovers and cultivators of fnc fruit/ but upon the numerous class of orchardists throughout the country. The disease alludedto, has been hitherto conlined to the pear tree?, aul this spring has made its appearance in the ajiple orchards of this part of this state. In my 'jwn orchards it^has been confined to the blasting of a .small propor^S'on of the smaller limbs of ?. few 'rees, but 1 am informed, in another part of the •■ounty, it has nearly destroyed a ivhole orchard 'if youag apple trees. 1 hope, therefore, Mr. Thomas will communicate as soon as possible, his discoveries upon this subject so deeply in- teresting to the lovers and cultivators of line fruit."'— £J. Am. Far.] C.iUSES OF THE PREMATURE .iND .SUDDEN DEC.iY OF PEAR A.\D Ai'PLE TREES. Balti%ore, G;h Mo. 10, 1824. Respectee Friend, — In a former letter* 1 com- municated some facts relative to the insect which assails with such fatal effect the roots of llie peach tree, and at the same time pointed out a simple, but eflicacioos method of resisting its attacks. I shall now in as brief a manner as I can consistently with the subject on which 1 am about to treat, disclose the result of my researches into the causes of the premature and sudden decay of pear and apple trees. What is called the blast in pear trees has been a plienomenon wholly inexplicable to some, while a great mnjority of persons have adopted t'le absurd notion that it was the effect of electricity. Discarding o[)inions unsupported by proof, 1 had, several years since, determined to conamencc a thorough investigation into the subject as soon as 1 should have siiflicient lei- sure for the purpose. This did not occur until the last summer ; in the meantime iioivev- er, 1 had adopted the expedient of aniputating the blighted limbs as soon as they appeared, considering the disease in some measure an- * \Vc will sice the letter here alluded to in our next. alogous to gangrene in animal bodies. This had a good effect, but still some of my trees perished and other? suffered so severely, that I was induced to cut them otT almost even with the surface of the earth. At length I became confirmed in the opinion that the coi(.se existed in the roots, and this conjecture became com- pletely verified in the first tree that I examined, which was in the 7th month last (July). This tree had, like several others, siiildentij declined from ;i healthy and highly luxuriant condition, and while loaded with fruit. On carefully re- moving the earth from about the root nothing indicated the presence of worms; there was how- ever.a slight difference here and there in the bark; this difference was in fact, so trival that on any other occasion, 1 should not have noticed it. These isolated spots though nearly resembling bark, were in fact artificial, the insect havin-;- in this manner ingeniously replaced in part what it had removed and sealed up the entrance of the cavity which it had excavated in the tree. This factitious substance being removed 1 per- ceived that the object of my pursuit had, con trary to the custom of the peach worm, taken an u|iward direction ; liaving ascended about a foot from the ground it was assuming the winged state and was on the point of taking its flight. As soon as I had made this discovery, I pro- ceeded to examine such of my trees (about a do- zen in number) as had previously perished, the result xvas that every one of these had been kil- led by worms ! In one instance a single worm had destroyed a fine Si. Germain pear tree of near- ly six inches diameter. The graft had been inserted into the slock near the surface, to which point the worm had ascended ; here it look a tongiliuiinal direction, cutting a deep groove quite round the tree, by which all tlie sap vessels were completely divided, and the communication cut off between the lower and upper parts of the tree. in the surviving trees that had suffered in a greater or less degree, the extent of the blight was found to correspond with the injury received at the root. In one tree for instance, one half of the limbs perished, while the other half sus- tained a load of fine perfect fruit. On examina- tion it was found that the ivorms had destroyed all the alburnum on one side near the root — on another tree one limb only perished, while the rest looked uncommonly healthy and bore per- fect and delicious fruit^two worms only had en- tered this tree. In a word, one ot the causes, at least ol the premature and sudden decay of pear trees was rendered indubitably evident. Having removed the worms from such of my trees as contained (hem, and secured them from the approaehes of these insects, it occur- red to me that a similar cause might exist in the apple trees; this conjecture was also upon inspection verified, for I found that nearly all my trees contained worms, resembling in everv respect those found in the pear trees, from which 1 infer that they attack indiscriminately both the pear and apple trees, which Is not surprising, considering their very near resem- blance to each other. Here was a satisfactory solution of the difficulty which had perplexed our cultivators respecting the cause of the pre- mature decay of their apple trees, and of the defectiveness of the fruit. Although the ap- ple tree when injured by worms does not de- cline precisely like the pear tree, yet the in- Ijury sustained at the root, and the decay of the 'upper part, correspond in a similar manner. I The colour of the insect which produces ihe 'jiear and apple worm is feruginous — it has four violet blue wings, and is somewhat larger ihan the common wasp, to which it bears a consid- erable resemblance. They deposit their eggs just beneath the surface, as soon us the ivealh- er is sulficienlly warm in the spring to invite them from their retreats ; and at various pe- riods from the beginning of the 6lh month (June) to the end of the 9th month (September). The larvae at first confine their operations entirely to the cortex, but as soon as they ac- quire sufhcient size, they penetrate the albur- num and mostly ascend in a straight line with the sap vessels, to the height of about twelve inches; here they enlarge Ihe cavity and make an opening* through the bark about the diameter of a common pea, which they close again with a substance that can be easily re- moved : assuming the winged state, they then issue from their imprisonment through the aperture before described. In a h'.w instances Ihey return for this jiurpose to their original place of entrance, but this is not common, and only occurs when they take a longitudinal di- rection, in which case a fevv worms will kill a tree in one season. It is very difficult to detect these worms un- til they have acquired nearly one third of their growth, no gum issuing as in the peach tree to serve as a clue to them : — after a person has however, acquired some experience, he will become more expert. The operator must shave Ihe epidermis or outer bark, with a prunirg knife of {v.\e steel, and if he observes a sliglit trace or channel containing a substance Irke fine saw dust, he must follow it carefully and he will find a gradual enlargement as he proceeds. It the worms have passed from the corlcx into the alburnum, they may be extract- ed without further injury to the tree, by intro- ducing a piece of softened iron wire, about the thickness of a middle sized knitting pin, the end of which should he turned on one side so- as to form a slight projection, or what is still tetter a small barbed fishing hook may be foftened in the fire, then straightened and bound with fine thread or silk upon one end of Ihe iron wire. As soon as the worms are removed apply the composition and malt as recommended in the treatment of peach tiees,t taking care to press * These holes are generally about a foot from the ground, and can be easily disctrncd in such trees as [live been visited tiy worms within two years — paral- 1(1 with them internally, there are considerable cavi- tijs wliicli remain in some trees for several years. i As the malts are liable to di cay where they come ii contact with the soil, and as that is the most vulne- rabl<- point, I have recently adopted the expedient of revering thein with a coat of tar. This is an impor- tant improvement, as it not only renders them more- durable but repulses the whole insect tribe — a barrel ofit costs only one dollar and fifty cents, and will snf- lice for 5 or G hundred trees for several years— a man when the weather is warm can apply it to upwards of one liiindred trees in a day — a common white wash brush is the most suitable for the purpose,and it may be applied in the Gth and 3lh months) June and Sepleni- ber.) As a further security I now bind a folded strip of brown paper, apout 2 Of 3 fingers wide, around the upper edge o.f the matt, first smearing the part with the compost. By this process the adhesion is rendered more complete, and all access that way cffecUially- prevented. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. vlie composition ivcll into the iiperlnre iiiul wounileil Cavities, as it will not only-'liielil tiieni I'rom Ihfi injurious eft'ects ijf Ihu weatiier, bul ileleni! tlictn against ;r variety ofiioxions in^pct< vvliicli are in the lialiit of infesting the wouiul- ^;d parts, and preventing the:n froiu henlinc:. Another cause of decay in pear Irces is the insufficiency of the slocks on wiiich many of tliem hiive boon grafted : this was the case with several of mine, (lie tru,\ks of whicli liad ac- •luired thrive times the dianieler of the stocks, and llie consoipience ivas titat the roots were wliolly disproportioned lo the brandies, &.c. and iiiadeipiale to llieir support. Trees thus cir- cnmslanceil must inevitaldy decline, unless Ihey are closely pruued — and 1 here may observe thai all the blighted and defective branches ous'ht to be speedily removeil — the limbs should he cut otr entirely, or id least 6 or 12 j'.ches below where the disease is manifested. This is indicated I)y ihc appearance of the bark, ivhich in the afiected part is always darker coloured, anvhich succeeded perfectly well. I was induc- ed lo make Ihis experiment from the rationality of the theory, it having occurred upon Ihe slightest reflection, Ihal failures in spring graft- ing might originate from the dissipation of moisture by ihe drying winds peculiar to that season, before the sap of Ihe stock acquires suf- licient motion to furnish Ihe graft with due nourishment ; but from the rapid motion of the sap in some stocks, with the general moisture )i Ihe air during midsummer, the operation rs,.- " 1st. Be careful not lo loosen the b.irif of the slock in splitting it ; and the s-.ti'V'^t way to gusrd against that is lo split Ihe bark willi a sharp pointed knife, before the splitting of the stock. " 2d. As after the leaves are grown it is rot expected to use scions from a distance, bul locut them out of ihe orchard as wanted, be sure in selecting the grafts lo cut ihem in such manner as to always take the bulge, between Ihe year's growth, to shave and set in the slock, as in that joint or bulge, between the year's growth, the wood is curled, open and j'orous, lo receive the sap readily from Ihe slock, and such sci- ons will grow and flourish — when if taken from any other part of of the twig they would not grojv. ' M. The clay should he very fine and tough, and pressed and boimd water light round the ptock below the split In retain all sap that oozis out to support the graft." .'itiportant Invention. — Mr. Brodie, foreman of the Carpenter's Department in the Gosport Na- vy Yard, has invented a machine which promi- se^ greatly to facilitate the repairing of dama- ges done to vessels. It is a box shaped to the mould of the ship, reaching from Ihe surface of tha water to the keel, and sufficiently wide to coier the part to be repaired. It is sunk along- side, and brought close to Ihe ship by ropes, and tha water is then pumped out by means of an eniine. The workmen then descend and exe- cute their task •' with as much security as if they were on terra firma." U launching Ihe Delaware 74, an accident would seldom (ail ; and the result fully proved occtlirred, by which Ihe copper, lo Ihe length of this conclusion well founded. It next occurred ' ' ' ' " lo me that the walnut, fig, and persimon, which will not succeed in the spring except by mere chance, might now answer on Ihe same princi- ple of reasoning, I accordingly made the exper- iment and succeeded. To make the success of summer grafting cer- tain, take the twigs lo be inserted from a tree in which Ihe sap is, as near as possible, station- ary ; and select a slock in which the sap has the greatest possible motion. July is Ihe pro- per time fir summer grafting, and indeed ihe most suitable month of the twelve for that ope- ration. However, the operation may be per- formed with tolerable success, during the re- mainder of the summer and fall months. REMARKS BY THE EDITOR. Tlie aboYC article should have been republished in our paper earlier in tlie season, but we hope it is not too late to prove use- ful. In the first volume of Ihe New England Fanner, page 121 is an article furnished by Mr. Preston, of Poun. giving an account of a mode of summer-grafting practiced by a German of his acquaintance, from which we will republish the following extract, for the benefit of those of our readers who may not be in pos- session of that volume. " He informed me that he had been bred to orcharding in Germany, Ihal he had raised and planted all his trees, and grafted the greater part of Ihem, after they began lo bear, if he disliked the fruit. " 1 observed that I thought the season would be too short for grafting so many trees. He told me that it might be performed any time in the fore part of summer, if a wet, growing time, and I would observe the following directions : 3or l t'eet very low down and contiguous lo the forefoot, was ripped up. Two summers passed away before the casually was discovered, but during the third, the worm so far perforated Ihe exposed part as to cause the ship to leak consideri\bly. All the skill in caulking, thrum- ming, ht\ that could be exerted, availing noth- ing, Ihe leak continuing to ii- rease. Finally it is pronounced impracticable to overcome it aoy olherway than by heaving the ship down, in which operation an expense of ^25,000 or 30,000 must necessarily be incurred. It was in Ihis dilemma that Mr. Brodie had his machine conslrucled. The workmen descended with tools and commenced operation. The injured plank has been removed, and at tliis moment, says a writer in Ihe Norfolk Herald of Monday, " they are bolting the new plank nearly 18 feet under Kater, to her side, in complete security." " Simple as the machine is," says Ihe Herald, "such are Ihe important advantages that must result from it, that it cannot but entitle the in- ventor t) the gratitude of his country." — Pkil. Ga^rette. - Cure for the Cholera Morbus. — After burning a cork thoroughly, pour on it a teaspoonfull of brandy, then mash it well with loaf sugar and a little nutmeg or essence of peppermint and water. This is a safe recipe which has almost invariably been efficacious, in curing the chole- ra morbbs and bilious cholic. — Boston Patriot. Tooth Ache. — This afllicting disorder can be im- mediately relieved, by holding in the mouth a mixture of salt, vinegar and spirits, in Ihe propor- tion of a table spoonful of spirit, Ihe same quan- tity of sharp vinegar, and a tea spoonful of salt. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. From the Mass. Ag. Repository for June, 1824. On the imparlance and practkahililij of procuring and puhlishinq a^riciiltitral surveys vftke sever- al counties oj" this Slate. One of the earliest measures of the British National Society for the Promotion of As^ricui- ture was to procure a correct survey of the several counties in England, and Scotland. The French Agricultural Societies very early adopt- ed the same course. We mention these exam- ples, because some weight is deservedly due to Ihe opinions and practice of the two most en- lightened, and rival nations, in Europe. The result of their efforts has been a more perfeet geological, statistical, and agricultural account of those countries, than could have beer, ob- tained in any other way. In France, where there are, we believe nearly as many agiicul- tural societies as there are departments, there exist the most ample means of ascertaining not only the character of the soils of the several departments, but of every branch of industry, within these departments. In England, ind Scotland, these surveys have been rendered still more perfect, than in France, and tl.ey have been deemed of so great importance as to be incorporated in their latest scienific work, the Supplement to the British Ency:lo- paedia. Geography, before these minute sur- veys, was a very limited science. It gave Ihe boundaries of states, their rivers, lakes, moun- tains and general productions, but it furnisied little information as to the distinction of ttese particulars in the several countries, of which it professed to give an account. You might in- deed learn that the tin mines were to be I'ound in Cornwall, and the copper mines in Wales, and-'Vnglesea — and iron mines in Dalecarlia, but minute accounts of the geology, and produc- tions of each coonty were unattainable. There were indeed no means of ascertaining the com- parative riches, and power of each district of any state. Yet it cannot be doubted, that such minute knowledge of the productions, and nat- ural advantages of every part of any country is essentially necessary to a sound, and judicious estimate of its resources, and to an advantage- ous application of these resources to the gen- eral good. A county or district miglit possess articles of great value and im[iortance to its neighboring .listricts, but for want of a proper ilitfusiun of the knowledge of the facts, the neighboring districts might at great and unnec- essary expense, seek from aliroad tliose_articles which they could more cheaply obtain ft home. A quarry ofslate upon o>ir present system, or of coal, might remain for half a centlirv un- known, or the knowledge of it lie contineil to the vicinity, but a thorough examination of the soil and productions of every county if, Ihe state, and pui)lislied under the auspk:es of a general society would soon make us familiar with the capabilities of our country, and thus essentially promote its prosperity. The cours- es of rivers, and streams, iheir falls, their ca- pacity to give extension to our increasing man- ufactures, would be soon made known, instead of the present tardy process of individual exer- tion. We should also have a much better com- parative view of the resources of every part of the commonwealth, and those portions, which were defective in their agriculture, and maoufactores, would learn from those, which were more advanced, and strive to emulaie or exceed them. It is to be doubted, whether any, the most intelligent man in the state, could give a tolera- bly accurate account of the soil, productions, agricultural practices, or usages of any one county in the stale, except the one in which he resides, and it may he questioned whether any man, however intelligent, is at present able to give a correct account even of his omn county. Such an account can only be procured by the united efforts of many enlightened men among whom must be included some persons of sci- ence. That the natural history of our own state was imperfectly known ten years since is proved by the works of Bigelow, and Webster, and Hitchcock. No man who has read Iheir works can deny, that he has learned much which he did not know before, and yet these learned men will be the first to admit, that our country has been as yet very imperfectly explor- ed. It is as true that we are ignorant of the productions of our state in Ihe gross, whether it respects our agriculture or our manufactures. The miserable and defective details taken by the officers appointed to return the census who were paid a per diem allowance, scarcely de- serve the name of information. The most natural course of obtaining this in- formation, the most easy, and the most perfect would be the voluntary exertions of the several local societies for promoting agriculture. Their employments are now too few lor their numbers, and their talents. They require a new and specific object of research to encour- age, invigorate and stimulate their exertions. That object will be found in collecting the ma- terials for a statistical history of their several counties — their natural advantages or disadvan- tages— their improvements in agriculture, and in manufactures, their races of animals — the several breeds which they raise and encourage — whether they have derived any benefit from modern changes in them, and how great. By such an effort, the local societies will have the esprit du corps, the local pride encouraged. — While every report will be confined to a fair exhibition of facts, yet knowing, that every neighboring county will be their rivals, and strict judges, each society will be induced to give as f'ull and favorable an account, as facts will authorize them to do and no more. There will be a struggle also as to the comparative lalent which shall be exhibited in the several returns. As these reports will be printed by the General Society, and form a part of the history of the state, the ability with which any particular county re- port shall be executed, will be known throughout Ihe Union, and perhaps in Europe. The local societies will probably select the ablest men in every branch to give the history of that brunch. We may hope then to advance by these means more efficiently than we could by any other, the geographical, geological, agricultural his- tory of this state. It is true we have no funds to pay gentlemen for this attention. We have not the 22,000 dollars per annum at the dispo- sal of Ihe British Royal Society — nor have we the aid which has been most nobly afforded by Stephen Van Hansselaer, Esq. for a geological and agricultural survey of the county of Alba- ny, but we offer what in New England is, we hope, enough, puilic favour, and reputation to the contribute n. We fully believe, that if the local societies will cautiously, and with a deep conviction of its importance, name gentlemen of their own counties. ;t superintend the work, se- lecting botanists for that bYanch. Geologists and mineralogists for these sciences-and intelligent cultivators, and experienced manufacturers for these departments, we may have the pleasure and benefit ofhaving detailed surveysof each country, of which we may be proud, and we pledge our- selves, that this journal shall, to the exclusion of all other matter, if it be necessary, be devoted to this important department of knowledge. As to the benefits which such an inquiry and such publications will confer on the agriculture of the state, we should hope there could be no dissenting or doubting opinions. If no one man knew, what his neighbour did, he never could learn any thing new except by his own unaided genius, and as invention and genius are rai'e gifts, the progress would be necessarily slow. Such is our present state in a consider- able degree. We know not the actual state of improvement beyond our own limited sphere It will be seen, that if our plan, which is that of the English surveys, shall be carried into execution, we shall knozs) all lh;\t we could wish to know, as to every part of the state. We have not the sanguine confidence to hope, or expect, that our suggestions will be at once carried into complete effect, yet we do hope, that some two or three of the most opulent counties will commence it. We hope that Worcestei, Essex, Berkshire and Hampshire will attempt it. If they do not, it will certain- ly not arise from deficiency of talent in those counties ; but we apprehend, from doubtingiis utililii. Yet we should ask, in what better mode can you procure a good statistical account of our country ? and how can the members of the agricultural societies be more honorably or ad- vantageously employed than by devoting their time to the extension of the means of ascer- taining the actual state of industry ? The surveys in France and England have generally extended to the following objects;-^ the description and natural, and statistical histo- ry of the several counties, districts and depart- ments— "their situation, extent, divisions, (such as towns, parishes, &c.) — form and sur- face, whether mountainous or flat, or partly the one and the other — climato, soils, minerals, wa- leis, including lakes, ponds and rivers — canals, agriculture, including breeds of cattle — ag- ricultural productions, modes of management, manufactures, commerce, and population." Although it cannot bo expected that we shall receive as full returns, and as cmplete a history as in countries where it is effected by govern- mental aid, yet we thinlc that our county socie- ties may if they deem it worthy of their atten- tion furnish very interesting accouiits of their respective counties. Where there are gentle- men who are conversant with botany it would be very desirable to add some account of their plants, particularly of their forest trees — and of the slate of their forests. It cannot he doubted that such an inquiry would conduce in a greater degree to tbo knowledge of the true sta!< of our country, and do more towards the advancement of its agriculture than any thing which we have as yet effected It ought to be known by way of stimulus that the French surveys which have been very ample and satisfactory have been made at private expence chiefly. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. From the Mcihanic's Gazette. INSECTS THAT nF.STHOV SHEKP. Messiis. Printers, — Thcilestruclinn of?heep, ,T- jiiiblislied in your \:\< paper, extracted from the Norlliainpton Giizelle, arises from an insect abo'it as large as a honey bee. There is a grniis of insects called by natural- ists astriis or gad fly. In this and most other countries they are very injurious to neat catile, horses, sheep, deer, and some other animals, — There are accordingly several species of this kind of insects, each of which it attaclcs. There is one which pierces the hides of our neat cattle, to deposit its esjof^, which hatching into larvw or maggots, feed upon the living animal and produce ulcers, sickness and death. The (fstrus eqiii, another species, deposits its eggs on the hair of the horses, which are lick- ed off by the animal and swallowed with its food. — The eggs hatch in the stomach, and are sometimes so numerous in the form o\' larvw. or worms, that they destroy the coals of the sto- mach and intestines, produce inflammation, and kill the animal. These are the insects which produce the botts in horses. A third species cestrus ovis, the gad fly which annoys sheep deposits its eggs in the nostrils of that animal, produces disease there, and frequently destroys them. The blind stag- gers in sheep is occasioned by this insect. The eggs are hatched into larvtc (grubs, or worms, or maggots,) which by their irritation excite inflammation and a running from the nose. When they are numerous the inflammation ex- tends up the membranes of the nose into ihefron- tal sinus of the brain, producing that vertigo or gidiliness which causes the staggers, and occa- sions the death of the animal. The worms, when hatched irom the eggs of the fly, crawl up the nose ; and in those sheep which have horns, there is a natural communication from the nos- trils of the sheep into the cavity of the horns^ and hence the grubs or maggots are found there, as the writer hereof has demonstrated by dissec- tion. In the season of the year when the sheep are attacke")' ••'ing eUe, which is good (or nothing else, and partook of a rns/icr of the good things pre- 1 " 3'°" scatter over and incorporalo with Ihe red. At nnoii one hundred persoas aat down I "^^s' °' o''""'" m^'ter a hllle q par ;ck lime it wil to a hearty and sumptuous dinner at once. At I ''c all the better. But in tilling your yard or a little after 3, the rye was harvested' and the i compost bed with substances for manure, some grass cut; and at the time of the showier, 5 o'- i'lten'i'^n should be paid to the nature of the soil \v|er clock, about fifteen hundred cocks werfe erect- ed. The whole number of cocks wns about 8000, and the number of loads of hay afiout IGO. The hired laborers were paid their Wages in specie, under the awning of the tent, and of| '^'''^^^ "'" "°' ""'>" ^^"'^fi' y°'"' "^^' course before leaving the ground. 1 crops, but mend the texture of the soi " Major B. v;as perfectly at home in the management of the Jubilee. No men were ever more attentive to their work, or did more of it, or did it belter ; No noise, no disturbance ; of every thing there was enough, and in per- fect order. Every one was pleased and satis- fied, and at the close of each day'.^ labor retir- ed in harmony and peace. Occasionally the l.idies and gentlemen spoclalors were to be seer, upon the hills around the meadow, and a for which the application is intended. If your field is sandy let your yard, compost bed, ma- nure heap, fcc. be bottomed and intermixed with clav, stiff loam, marl, sea-ooze, sea-shells, peat, l»lrti will nn( nnlv hpnpfil vmir np«t i-^rOpOSed If your field is in part clay lot your manure be mixed with common sand, sea-sand, lime, and such other substances as will give it a linhtcr and more loose texture. Wo have said before, and we now repeat that the dung of your barn yard, sly, kc. should bo tnixod with at least an equal quantity of earth, he. to imbibe its gases, and cnalile you to make the most of it. SulTiM no weed.s to ripen (heir sced< on vour premises. If you have not time to Jig them up by the roots you may at least guillotine (hem with a scythe before their seeds are grown. It the seeds of pernicious plants are never sntTered to become ripe you will be sure, eventually, to get the upperband of tbem. Even the Canada thistle, which has at least as many lives as a cat, may be destroyed by cutting it down often enough to prevent its seeds from coming to ma- turity for several seasons in succession. HARVESTING. Wheat and rye should be cut as soon as the straw has all turned excepting at the joints, of yellowish hues. The kernel should be so hard that you cannot mash it be- tween your tiiumb and finger. If on twisting the straw below the ear no juice can be forced out,you may conclude that it is high time to cut it. If the weather is fine, and you make small sheaves, and shock in the field you may as well bind your grain as you proceed wi!h the reap- ing; that is reap across Ihe field, go back in Ihe same track, and take up and bind what you have just reaped. If the stalk, however, is stout, and the ear full and heavy, let your grain be exjjpsed to sunshine till the latter part of the day. If your mows are large, the grain will need the more curing. It is best to put grain on scaffolds at some distance from the ground, in which position it will be much less liable to mould or sustain injury from dampness than if it were placed in a barn, in such a manner that there can be no circulation of air beneath if. Avoid cutting grain when it is wet, and if you suspect it is not so dry as it should be, bind the sheaves loosely near the ears, set them up singly and spread out the butts or lower ends of the sheaves, so as to admit Ihe air to pervade every pari. THE BORER. Having learned from Jtdin Prince, Esij. that he had a person employed in extracting the worms, called Borers, from llio trees in the orchard on his larm at Jamaica Plain, near Bos- ion, the Editor went to that place with a view of obtaining information on the subject. He found Mr. Ebenezer Hersey, employed in seek- ing and destroying the diminutive, but powerful i foe to fruit-trees, by modes and implements here- 1 tofore described, page 241, of the second vo- lume of Ihe N. E. Farmer. Mr. Prince's or- chard has been carefully explored, at Iciisl as i often as once in two years for several years past, land there is but now and then an insect left to gratify the curiosity of the entomologist. Some, however, were taken, and exactly answered the descriptions fornerly given of them, viz. a worm of a dirty white, with a brown head ap- proaching to black. We saw some very small, scarcely embedded in the bark, and others larg- er, which had made lodgments in the alburnum or sap wood. All which the editor saw were in the grub-state, but we are told (hat their per- fect state is that ofa species of beetle. Rlr. Piince is acquainted with no remedy against (he depredations of (his insect but by digging them out aijd destroying (hem by means of .» knife, chisel or gouge, as herelofore directed. But he thinks it not improbable that by keeping the tree coated will-. For-syth'a composition orsoroe^ NEW ENGLAND PARMER. thing of a similar nntiirn the winged insect,] which is Ihc parenl of lh« l.orer, might not be able to penetrate the hark, to leave the nit or egg from wliich the worm is produced. We have since Ihe time of our excursion to .Mr. Prince's, had Ihe pleasure of an interview with a practical and scienlilic ag-rirulluriM, who .says that the insect which is the parent of the borer is a Beetle, of the species called b.v BufTon, and other naturalists, Capricornus, which flies only in the day time, while most of the genus fly only in the night. This kind, therefore, cannot he destroyed by lighting fires in the night as has been ingeniously suggested by Mr. Harris. This gentleman is likewise of ojiinion that For- syth's composition (consisting of fresh cow dung, lime, wood ashes, and sand,) apjdied early in the spring and again in September might prevent the puncture of the beetle, and thus preserve the tree from the grub or borer. His experi- ments, however, for the purpose of ascertaining whether the composition would prove effectual for that purpose have not been long enough con- tinued to enable him to assert it as a fact. Diso.v's STKAM Exr.iNE. Mr. .ToBiiih DLxon (of ■whose newly invented Steam apparatus we gave some notice psge 238, of the second volume of the N. E. Far. mer) has applied his machinery to driving a boat to very goodefTect. We have witnessed its operations, and believe it will answer every purpose which was anticipated by the ingenious inventor. W e intend to «-ive some further remarks op his invention, which want of room obliges us to ^efer till our next. Thunder Slorm inA'tw York.— On the 23d inst. the city of New York was visited by a thunder storm, which was of long continuance and unprecedented vio- lence. It commenced about 1 o'clock, and continued till late in the evening. The lightning struck, and set on fire the stores of Messrs. Goodhue & Co. and Messrs. Hoyt & Tom, in South street. The bells rung and the fire engines were drawn through the streets in the severest part of the storm. The lightning also struck the house of Mr. Janeway in Chatham street and several other buildings in the city. At the foot of Maiden Lane,the water descended in torrents, many cellars were filled, and much damage done to goods, &c. Powder Mnf;asines. — Considerable excitement !ecDis to prevail in Brooklyn on Long-Island inconsequence of its havng been made a general repository for raw- DER. It is said that in the different magazines in that town there are stored between 3 and 4000 casks of gun- powder, exclusive of what is contained in the magazine belonging to the United States, which is larger than any of the others. A Committee of the town have made a report on the subject, and an effort will un- doubtedly be made to effect the removal of the powder to some place v.'here S3 many lives will not be exposed. Boston Telegraph. A destructive had storm passed through a section of Connecticut, on Tuesday afternoon, which did consid- erable injury to the corn fields, &c. and to the win- dows of houses. We hear of its progress from Green- ■n'ich, and Stamford, as far as Hartford. Some of the hail stones which fell at Stamford, measured eight inch- es in circumference. TVte Hussar Frigaie. — The enterprising party who luidcrtook to raise, by means of diving bells, the trea- sures contained in this vessel, sunk at Hurl-Gate during the Revolutionary War, meet with encourage- ment in their labors. They have succeeded in raising Eeveral valuable articles. FOREIGN. Frojn Europe, — Bj' a late arrival at N'ew Yorlt, pa- pers from Gibraltar have been received to the 24tli of .lune. They furnish iiitilligence of some interest, Ihnugh shcy announce no very i:nportant events. — 'I'Ik following is a brief sketch of what is worthy of nol*. I'ranee. — By an order of the King, dated June C, Ifi'-M. ihe Vi.^ronnt De Chataubrland is removed from the office of Minister of Foreign Affairs, the duties of wliich arc confided to M. Villde, Minister of Finance. This nirasure was wry sudden, and s'iid to be unex- pected by the Minister. Tlie nrgligence or unwilting- ness of the Viscount to support a men*ure fur the re- duction of the public debt is the alledgcd cause of the dismissal. SpaJn. — According to accounts by the way of Paris, of June 7th, Spain has become pretty quiet, and her " aff.^irs appear a« well conducted as those of any of the neighboring ration? ; notwithstanding the moun- tains which k-tter writers ar." daily in tlie habit of fnli- licaling out of mole hills, and sometimes out of their own fertile fancies to the contrary." Porliigal. — The late attempt? at revolution in Portu- gnl have proved wholly abortive. The King and the old constitution are re-established in full power. The Quf-en and young Prince have lost their ascendancy, and the latter has arrived at Ilrest, and, says a Paris paper, " will be put to school for the i.-nprovement of his temper and manners." Greeks and Turks. — It appears that the Turks are preparing to make extraordinary efforts to overpower the descendants of Leonidas, and the latter are mak- ing preparations to meet their enemies with the degree of energy and affect which the crisis demands. The Turks will be able to take the field witii greater force in consequence of having settled their differences with Russia and Persia. It is likewise said that they will receive increased assistance from Egypt. The pros- pect is that the next campaign will be very sanguina- ry. In Candia, it is reported, the Egyptian nrmy has driven the natives into the mountains, and many hun- dreds of Greek families have taken refuge in the neighboring island of Milo. An article dated Malta, May 4th, says — " a brig under English colours has ar- rived here from Candia, and reports that the warfare in that island was not going on favorably for the Greeks, and that some of their reinforcements have quitted the island." Another article from the same place states that " an English bombard from Candia gives the delads of the operations of the Egyptian troops in that island under Osman Bey : — and we grieve to say, that the victory of the Turks was follow- ed by fresh massacres, and that those vessels, having fugitive Greeks on board fell into the hands of the Egyptian squadron." Mcrieo. — A merchant at Havana writes to his friend at Norfolk, under date of June 30, that Mexico ap- pears to be in a distracted state. 7?rflTO, it appears, has been named Dictator ; a rising has taken place at Guadalaxara in favor of Ilurbide^ and Victora had marched against them. Santa Ana has gone to take command of the troops at Yutucan. It is said that Alvarado has suffered the same fate as Tampico, viz : nearly destroyed by fire. Latest from Europe. — Since the above was in type we learn by the N. Y. Statesman, that London dates have been received in New York, by a late arrival to the 30th of June. The following is extracted ajid abridged from the editors notice of the intelligence re- ceived by that arrival. The petition of the London merchants, for the re- cognition of South American Independence had been presented in the House of Commons, and Mr. Canning had declared that the ministers had waited long enough for the example of Spain, and Great Britain was now at liberty to pursue her own counsels. Accounts from Greece state that the Turks who had effected a landing in Candia and Negropont were repulsed at the place firslmentioned with great slaugh- ter by the troops under Ulysses. The Turks are said to have abandoned >11 idea of invading the Morea the present seaso*. The reported defeat of the English troops on the Cape Coast by the Ashaufccshad been fully coi.f,rmed. 'Ihe widow of the gaHant Riego was thought to be at the point of death. She had received every atten- tion in England which her circumstances required. Accounts ff.-im Galway, (Ireland.) give a frightful picture of the distress of tlie people in that part of Irclau.I. Irom f> vi r and the want of provisions. Star- vation must inevitably ensue unless speedy relief could be obtained. *x.v% (tj- Subscribers tn the Farmer, arc informed that they can have their volumes bound on rCHSona- ble terms by leaving them at this Office. •ANTFJJ No-s. 1, 2.3, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28. of the 2d volume of the .\'. E. Kiir.-nrr — for which a enertms price will be given by the proprietor of this paper — Printers who receive the Farmer in exchange will ctnfer a favor by forwarding the abovcmenlionee No's tb this Office. Job printing Exefldted with neatness and despatch, on reasonable terms at Ibis Office. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCF, &c. [Revised and corrected everv Friday.] APP .EP, good, to best, ASHK, pot, 1st sort, . . , \ pearl do BEA5S, white, BEEF| mess, 200 lbs. . . . (cargo. No 1, . . . . I " No2, . . . . BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk .... slimed milk, FLAX FLAX SEtfD FLOUR, BUtimore, Howard St. Gtnessee, Rj'fc, test .... GRAIN, Ryt Co^n Batley 0:ils HOGS' LAHD, 1st sort . . HOPS, No ij Inspection of 1823 LIME, . OIL, Linsee)!, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS .... PORK, Bone Middlings . . . navy, mess, Cargq, No I, ... SEEDS, Hnd's Grass, 1823, • Clover WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed dj do unwashed d) 3-4 washed d> 1-2 do Naive .... do Pul ed, Lamb's, 1st sort dc Spinning, 1st sort PROVISIOJ^ J^ARKET. BEEl', best pieces .... PORK, fiesh,.'best pieces, . . '■• whole hog, .... VEAL, .1 MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, ieg & tub, new, lump, . . ■ EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, .... Indian, do POTATOES, new, .... CIDER, liquor, new . . . HAT, according to quality, FROM TO D. C. D. C. bbl. on. 120 122 50 bush 80 1 oa bbl. 10 11 8 8 50 6 50 6 75 lb. 11 12 7 9 3 4 8 i> bush 82 84 bbl. 6 75 6 2 62 2 75 bush 53 55 40 60 30 32 lb. n 38 40 cask 90 1 12 gal. 70 75 Ion. 3 bbl. 16 00 17 13 13 50 12 50 13 bush 1 75 lb. 5 7 60 70 40 45 45 50 37 42 25 30 48 52 35 40 lb. 8 10 8 10 6 4 10 3 12 10 20 12 14 16 20 doz. 14 17 bush 62 65 58 60 75 1 00 hbl. 2 5Q 3 50 ton. 16 00 18 00 8 POETRY. Jact Dash, in towu, a first rate beau, Sometime ago, For near a month had never ventured out ; 'Twaswise; for Jack was poor; and what bespote it Was, that he had no money in his pocket : And therefore was not quite prepared to meet A friend of his, who slily in the street. To tap him on the shoulder lurk'd about. A Doctor's wife hard by ; Who much delighted in his company. For Jack to please (he ladies had the skill, Began to think him ill ; So sent her servant, Thomas, to assure him That if hy fell disease, he was assailed. And would but freely tell her what he ail'd. She'd get some draughts that very soon shou.J cure him. The message hearing, thus replied young Dash- Friend Tom, then tell your mistress 1 will thank her, As my disorder's only want of cash. To let her draughts be on her hus'oand''s bankc. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Tandem Match.— Captain Swann unaertookiPhUadelpliia Society for Promoting Ag- his tantiem match on Wednesday, from Ilford, seven miles over part of the Forest. He engag- ed to drive twelve miles, at a trot, withm one hour for lOOsovereisns'and to back his ^vheols if he broke into a gallop. This happened only once,in the seven miles, which he, ne^-ertheless, completed in thirty-three mmutes. On his re- turn the pacing together of the horses was a picture. The match was won easily with better than two minutes to spare. The Walk, Trot, and Gallop Match.— Mr. An- derson started on the Colchester load on Satur- day morning, the 22nd inst. for 200 sover.gns,' in "the presence of a numerous tield of amrrteurs, ; to walk his horse (Mask) three miles, trot three, 1 and gallop three, in Mxy minutes. Betting was ~ * . 1 ,1 _ I « w^nA^ i-\\r iha 6 to 4 on owner. The minutes 20 seconds ; the second, in .^ m 35 seconds; and the third, in 10 minutes 5 riculture. JOHN SCOTT, Chemist, late of Edinburgh, by his Will, made in the Year 1016, bequeathed the sum of $4000, in the funded 3 per cent Stock of the U. S. to the Corporation of the city of Philadelphia, to the in- tent " that the interest and dividends, to become receiv- able thereon, should be laid out in Premiums to be dis- tributed among ingenious men and women, who make useful Inventions, but no such premium to exceed $20 : and that therewith shall be given a Copper Medal with this inscription — " To THE mesT DEiEBvixc." — The Select and Common Councils of the city of Philadelphia, have entrusted " (he Philadelphia Sociely for promot- in»- .Agriculture," with the dis(ribution of the aforesaid premiums and medals, and a CommKtee of (hat Society have been appointed to attend thereto. The subscribe ers named as that committee, give notice that they will receive applications for the same. Certificates of the originality and utility of the in- time and the horse was rode by the ; ventionsmust accompany the applications, which may ^he horse walked the first mile in 9 i be directed "to (he Committee of the Philadelphia ^ !"!':.». th. second, in 9 minutes Society for promotmg Agriculture on Scott's legacy, ' and forwarded free of expense, through (he post office. A description oi the inventions, must be given ds: total — 29 minutes, after breaking intoL],;;^^ language, and correcdy written, accompanied by f«tBctllani>. From the Monthly Oracle of Health. -For shame !- Get up, sweet slug-a-bed, and see The dew bespangled herb and tree ; Each flower has wept, and bow'd (oward the east. Above an hour since ; yet thou art not drest ■ Nay, not so much as out of bed. When all the birds have matins said, And sung their thankful hymns: — 'tis sin — Nay profanation to keep in. When, as a thousand virgins, on this day Uise sooner than the lark, to fetch in May. ilERRICK. Whoever is found in bed after six o'clock, from May-day till Michaelmas, camot in any conscience, expect to be free from some ail- ment or other, dependent on related nerve?, stutfed Jungs, disordered bile, or inpaired di- gestion. We can do nothing f6r you — abso- lutely nothing — if you do not rise early — ex- cept we drug you with draughts, a liaury which ihe indolent morning-sleeper must prepare him- self to purchase dearly. \V'e give him joy of his choice — bid him good bye — and, springing out in the sunny air, wc gather good health from every breeze, and become young again among the glilteting May-dew, and the laugh- tug May llower. " Wiiat a luxury do the sons of sloth lose !'' says Ilervey in his fibwery re- a trot four times. The trot occupied 3 minutes ■35 seconds in the first mile ; the second 3 mi- nutes 50 seconds; and the third 4 minutes 20 seconds, the horse having broke twice in the last mile. Total 1 1 minutes 45 seconds. JNine minutes and 15 seconds was left for the last three miles galloping, and which was the worst pace of the horse. The match was won cle- verly with 30 seconds to spare.— £no-. paper. ,., r- 1 ll\ i.i 1 lacauired, o a Mower Garden. "Litlle, ah i ,,^/,./.^.,,.^^ sluETsard sensible hoW great a ; „a^ ".-» flections on little, is the pleasure he foregoes lor the least felt of all ani mal gratificatiot\s ;" yet wonderful it is, that this ilrowsy indulgence is persisted in by thou- sand*, (ill their nerves are stevved and unstrung, and feebleness and disease have be.come their inseparable companions for life. — I'e persuad- ed, make an elToit to shake o(f the pernicious habit — " go forlh,'' as King Solomon says, " to the fields--ioilge in the villages— ^cf up eurhj to Ihe vineyards — see if (he vine llourish, and whether the tender grape appear ;" mark the budding floivers — listen to the joyous birds — in a word cultivate rural pleasures, and health and vigour will, we promise yon, most certain- ly follow. A good example.— Co\one\ B was a man of amiable manners, and a well informed mind. Beinff much employed in public business, which called him from place to place, ardent spirit «as often set before him, with an invitation to drink. At first he took a social glass, for civili- ty's sake. But at length a habit was formed, and appetite began to crave its customary in- diilffcnce. He drank mere largely, and once er twice was quite overcome. His friends were alarmed. He was upon the brink of a precipice, from which many have fallen to the lowest pitch of wretchedness. In his sober hours he saw the danger he was in. Said he to himself, one day when alone—" Shall Col. B . rule ?— or, shall rum ? If Col. B. rule, he and his family may be respectable and happy. But if rum rule. Col. B. is ruined, his property wasted, and his family made wretched!"' At length, said he, " Col. B. shall rule and rum obe"'." And from that day Col. B. did rule. He "immediately broke ofl' his intemperate hab- its and lived to a good old age, virtuous, re- ed and happy. Let every one who has or is acquiring a similar habit, ^o and drawings in perspective and detail, where necessary to illustrate it. Where the invention is a composition of matter, specimens of the ingredients and of the composi- tion of matter sufficient in quantity for the purpose of experiment, and to preserve in the Cabinet of the Soci- ety will be expected. JAMES MEASE, REUBEN HAINES ROBERTS VAUX, ROBERT HARE, WM. H. KEATINO, ADAM ECKFELDT, July 10. Committee. sped LANDS FOR SALE IN PENNSYLVANIA. THE subscriber offers for sale in small lots to actual settlers, or in larger tracts to others, the following lands in the State of Pennsylvania, belonging to the j estate of the late VVm. Bingham, viz: two hundred I andjifly thousand acres in the counties of Bradlbnl I and Tioga, at from /7iree dollars, io two dollars Jifly cents per acre, according to situation ; and fre huti- dred thousand acres in the counties of Potter, McKcan, Venango, Armstrong, JeflVrson and Lycoming, at tvo rfo«a)-.! per acre. The terms are ten years for pay- ments, three of them wKhout inferest. The land is generally of a good quality, well watered, intersected r.y important roads, and in a healthy situation. I or further particulars application may be made to agcuts in the dilTereut counties, or to ROliKlil' H. ROSE, July 24- Hilier fjoke, Pennsylvania. Imported £»//— SIR ISAAC. THIS very tine young animal, just arrived from England is ofthe true Herefordshire breed, hav- ing been presented to the " Massachusetts Society for promoting Agriculture," by Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, together with a superb CO\V' ofthe same breed. They have been placed by the Trustees on the Farm of John Prince, Esq. at Jamaica Plain, in Roxbury for one year. He will be permitted this autumn (o go (o but few cows at Three dollars each, which must be paid in advance. As many persons, however, who have fine cows, do not wish to raise calves, Mr. P. will agree to take them at six weeks old, at their veal value, and not charge lor the use ofthe Bull. — The Trustees hope ly (his means, many more fine animals will be raised for pub- lick benefit. Ilis colour is a beautiful darl; rtd. The Pedigree which is furnished by one of (he first breeders of this stock in England says, " He was got by \\ axey — Waxey was by 'I'rojan, which was challenged against any bull in England {at 100 guineas. Wax- ey's Dam was Brunette out of Margaret. This bull's dam is Young Charmer own sister to (he brou-n ox that won the premium at Bath, last Christmas, and after- ■n arils was exhibited at Bristol for Show, and consider- eil the fattes( ox in the kingdom. Young Charmer was out of Old Charmer, killed at Hereford for the (;hris(mas Show of fat Beef and was superior to any there." This pedigree might be e.':tended fur(her back, but it is considered unnecessary to persons who will view the animals. Roxbury, July 12, 18C4. 1%/fR. GROVE ITX for sale at this Office. Essay on Sheep, in a pau.phlit loim July 10. TO PRhNTERS. FOR sale at this Office BALL SKINS, at the usual prices. " TERMS OF THE FARMER. (^ Published every Saturday, at Thb j E Dollars per annum, payable a( (he end of the year— but thwe who pay wi(hin .ti.Tty days from the (jme of subscribing will be entitled to a deduction of Fiitv Cents. 0:*j" No paper will oc discontinued (unless at the discretion of the publisher,) until arrearages are paid. JNEW ENGLAND FARMER. I'UIUJSHEI) liY WILLIAM MCliOLS, KOGF.RS' BUILDINGS, CONGRESS STJIKET, BOSTON.— THOMAS G. FEBSKN'OKN', EUITOK Vol. hi. SATURDAY, AUGUST 7, 1824. No. 2. LICE ON APPLE TIIEES ONCE MOKE. To the Editor of the Mw England Farmer, Sir, — Ifyour patience is not iilroady cxh;ni=l- ed on this subject, I shoulrl lie c:';ili(ied with the ]iiiv)lcge of enlarg^ino; somewhat on the enquiries otMr. Osgood (page 402, 2d volume,) respecting these miscliievous insects, and ot subjoining the result of some experiments. — Having a nursery of young a|)ple trees which have been much injured by these lice, I have anxiously perused the various communications in 'your paper, headed "• lice on apple trees;'.' but have generally been disappointed : most of these communications describing an insect not at all resembling the spc, Jes mentioned by Mr. Osgood, nor in this vicinity near so nume- rous or destructive to young Irees. The account given in " remarks" under the head " Horti- culture," (page 262, 2d volume,) describes the insects under the name of " plant lice," abounding " with a sweet and grateful mois- ture, and are therefore eagerly devoured by ants."* That they are always accompanied by ants, repeated observation proves ; but that they are ever devoured by ants," I never could discover by frequent and careful observation through a magnifying glass, which enabled me to be certain as to the fact. The ants are al- ways seen amongst the lice, running busily about the leaf, apparently treating them with a fostering care, rather than any kind of hos- tile intentions ; and on observing any particular branch or leaf al'ter an interval of several hours, or even d,iys, 1 never could discover the apparent number of lice, to be at all lessened, although vifitted continually by a suflicient" number of ants to have devoured them all. It was a query with myselfand others with whom I conversed on the subject, — for what purpose the ants did accompany them ; imtil this season observing them through a magnifying gla«s it was easy to discover the ants seeking and de- vouring small particles of a limpid watery sub- stance voided by the former insects. This substance may be of a sweet nature and un- doubtedly is, if these insects are " the sojp cause of the honey dew," as quoted from Mr. Curtis, page 262, 2d volume. If the "honey dew" is caused by these insects, 1 would en- quire, why it is that noi.oney devs- is to be seen on the plants and trees infested liy them? And why it is that on some mornings in the summer of some years, the leaves of every shrub and tree in a forest, are shining with the honey dew when no insects like plant lice are to be found on them? 1 would witli deference make these enquiries, knowing that it ill becomes me to question the hypothesis of Mr.Cnrtis,and much more bo thai of Rees, respecting the insects be- ing devoured by ants, and only say (bat tlie re- sult of considerable observation has not been to confirm those hypotheses.! But whether these * Tht passage here referred to is quoted from Rees' Cyclopedia. t Dr. Rees is hot alone in his remarks relative to ants devouring Ihe aphides. Forsyth says "ants are very fcrd of them, ou axrccuni of a sweet liquor, which they. eject- "VV'jth regard to their beicg "the sole insects are devoured by ants or not, or are tht; cause of the honey (lew or not,— ibey ;ihj a niaterial injury to nurseries of young iipplc iTes and the first growth of the scions ofgrafc ed trees, and an elTcclual remedy I'or ihcm is very desirable. " Soap suds, forcibly applied," was rocommended fiage 262, and repealed 402. On reading tins remedy on the fortner jiage I had not so much cpniidcnce in il^ efficacy as la- ter experiments have served to give. 1 had before applied soap su"re Saxon sheep, are su- perior to llie merino shee[) of Spain, and are perhaps the finest in the world. In Spain a different course is pursued. There, most of the male lambs remain entire ; of course the lambs are from the stmngest bucks, let their quality be what rt may. In Saxony stock b'lcks sell from 20 to 60 dollars to the growers of wool, who have not the pure blood, the fii'ece being a secondary consideration to the breeder nfstock bucks (on- ly so far as enables him to obl.iin a high price for the animal,) owing to the demand for, and high price of them. Many fanners in this state have been careful to select and breed from the best sheep they could obtain, and have brought their flocks to such perfection, that 1 have no doubt they al- ready possess some finer sheep than most of those sold at Brookline ; though some of them were very superior sheep, and better wonh 600 dollars each, than others were 10 dollars for the improvement of a flock of 100 Ewes — as may be readily seen when we consider (hat th^ wool from a prime flock, is worth double to that from an ordinary flock, and the expense of keeping the same in both cfises. Raising coarse wool is like raising rye on ground that will produce more bushels of wheal with the same labour. The importers deserve much credit for in- troducing these sheep — should they import more, their ovvn interests will suggest the pro- 10 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. priely of bringinff none but those of the tirst quality — Should some of the gentlemen, "ho purchased at Brookline on comparison find ihey had as good, or belter sheep before — let them not condemn all Saxony sheep, but remember the old adage that " it is not all gold that shines." A YANKEE FAKMER SOAP SUDS FOR DESTROYING INSECTS— MILK- ING COWS, &c. &c. To the Editor of the JS'ew England Fwrner, Sir, — In compliance with your request, I havi' ap;.rpd so.ip stida to rry npple-treeu in or- d- T fo '•.M ih lice. I( will he sufficient for me to .say thai )!)•<( siirinklinfj them with suds will not kill th'.^m ; oi'itii'M >vill dipping the branches, which are infested with them in the suJs kill them. But dipping and holding them in about as long as I can conveniently hold my brer-.th, will destroy every one. The suds do not ap- pear to injure the leaves. 1 tried suds, made op, purpose, and suds which had been used for family-washing. The latter answers the pur- pose much the best. 1 observed some directions for making butler in your last paper, written by Mr. " Cultivator," in which he assures us that cows ought always to be milked by the same person. That, how- ever, is next to impossible, when a person has a dozen or more, especially if he keeps them many years. I keep 12 cows and either raised. or bought them when heifers. I have so train- ed them (hat it makes no difference who of us milks them. The first who gets to the cows takes his or her choice, till they are all milked. This prevents, if nothing more, all contenlion among domesticks about the best coivs to milk. The same person seems to think that putiinp- a little carrot juice, or the yolk of an egg or two, into cream, in order to give it a little higher colour is a species of knavery, and much endan- gers the lives and health of those who eat it; but says nothing about the cheese, which is al- most as high coloured as anotta itself.* i have seen very promising heilers spoiled when first beginning .to milk them by banging and hallooing at Ihem because of their kicking. 1 have seen good cows for milk, knocked down for beef on account of their bfeing addicted to kicking. I have al'io seen co\'^ give a good mess of milk, and tvhon Ihey had done kick it over. I can nlways tell \vhen a heifer is going to he inclined to kick, bi'lbre her calf is gone. If she is, I take a strong strap, buckle it tight round her hind legs below the gambrel joints, including her tail if it is long enough. This method will cause mvch uneasiness at first. If the now falls down, no matter for (hat, let her lie a minute or two. Then unbuckle the strap, * ' Cultivator' says "that the practice of colouring but- ter] ought to reprobated, and abnndoneit and even pro- hibited by law," &c. He says nothing about colouring cheese, probably because he was not treating ofcheese. Anotta, (or arnotta, as it is sometimes spelt) is often us- ed for colouring cheese, and probably sometimes for col- ouring butter. In either case we should consider it as a species of deception, as it tends to give the article an ap- pearance of being better than it really is. But there is nothing dangerous or injurious to health in Arnotta, which is the pulp that surrounds the seeds of the Arnot- ta tree, a native of South .America. On the contrary the Indians prepare from it a cordial, which they mix with their chocolate for improving its flavour, and heightening its colour. They also use it in l^roths, ami it is said to pojsiss qualities which are rathi-r salutary •ban uijuriouo to health — u£rf. .V. £. FanMr, let her get up, and put it on again. Perhaps she may throw herself down again, but she will be very careful how she throws herselt down the third time. After she stands still put the calf to her, and let her stand in Ibis manner till he has done sucking. Let this be done a few times, and it will generally break the cow of kicking, also of starting and running when part milked, as some cows will. I put on the strap before the calf is gone, because if let alone till afterwards, the cow is a])t to hold up her milk, when the strap is first put on. If 1 were such a farmer as Mr. Prince or Col. Jaques, I should think it worth the while to write many things more, and at greater length. But, as I am, 1 will write one thing about harvesting oats. It is much the best way, 1 know it by several years' experience, to mow (not to reap) oats, when beginning to turn yellow, whether they are wanted for fod- der, or for the oats together with the fodder. If a farmer wants to make the most of his oals, if they are ever so stout, let him jnow Ihem when beginning to turn yellow. Dry them well, thrash Ihem as much as he pleases, and his cattle will eat Ihe straw in preference to the best of meadow hay ; and besides, the grain will be much hrighler and heavier than if ihey stand in the field till quite ripe, and ihe straw is spoiled. Some person intimiites in one of your pa- pers, that he does not know what time these lice come on apple trees, which you call plant lice, or when they go away. 1 believe Ihey come as early as June, and I know they stay sometimes till the frost kills them. Sometimes a very wet season will kill them, or drive them off sooner. B entirely out of the ground, he ploughed tlie re- mainder of the field and sowed rather over a bushel of wheat of his own raising, from which he obtained only 10 bushels of most miserable, smutty grain, such as was generally raised in this part of the country in the unfa- vourable year of 181 G. The seed in each case was steeped in lye and mixed with ashes. The ground is a gravelly loam on a rather steep northern declivity. He tells me he never has smutty wheat when he sows on frozen ground. Perhaps you, or some of your scientific readers, can explain the reason why frost should have that efl'cct — whether you can or not, it is a (act that deserves attention. He likewise is con- vinced of the advantage of changing seed. — Belfast is about 100 miles westerly of Machias, and he derived a benefit of 20 per cent, by obtaining seed from that place. A. BUTTERFIELD. Machias, Me. July, 1824. July 26, 1824. ON RAISING WHEAT. To the Editor of the A''ew England Farmer, Sir, — If practical farmers were more in the habit of communicating the result of their ex- periments and even accidents, they would con- tribute much to the common stock of agricultu- ral information. Mr. William Emerson, a re- spectable fanner in (his town, has related to me his success in the cultivation of wheat, which I will communicate. In the year 1:^4, he broke up one half acre of pasture land, on which he put 17 small loads of barn manure in the hills and planted with potatoes. The next spring as soon as the frost was out so that he could plough to (he depth of (hree inches, he ploughed and sowed i( wi(h wheal. The produce was 40 bushels of excellent grain, free from smut. The same year, 1815, he broke up ra(h- er less (ban two actes adjoining, on which he put seventeen loads of manure and planted it with potatoes, — the produce was about 350 bushels. The next spring, as soon as Ihe lop of the ground was a little thawed, without ploughing, he sowed a bushel of wheat he had olitained from Belfast, but before he could fini>^h harrowing a snow storm came on, after rthich it froze so that be could not complete it until Ihe seventh day, when the grain was sprouted. The produce was 20 bushels free from smut. He, at the same time, sowed half a bushel of wheat of his own raising, which I'loduced but 8 bushels — that, however, was good and free from smut. After Ihe frost was REARING BL.\CK CATTLE WITHOUT .MILK. To the Agricultural Board ofTrusteis. 1 lay before you Ihe following method of rearing Black Catlle widiout milk : In two or three days after they have calved, I take the calves Irom Ihe cows, anil put Ihem in a house by themselves; I then give them a kind of water gruel, composed of barley about one third, and Iwo-lhirds of oats, gioumi togeth- er very fine ; I then sift Ihe mixture thro' a fine sieve ; jiul it into the quantity of water (men- tioned below); and boil it half an hour — when I take it o(T the fire, and let it remain till it is milk warm — I then give each calf about a quart in the morning, and the same quanti- Iv in Ihe evening, and increase it as the calf grows older. It requires very little trouble to make them drink it. After the calves have had this diet for about a week or ten days, I tie up a bundle of hay, and put in the middle of the house, which they will by degrees, come lo eat. I also put a little of the meal (above mentioned) into a small trough for them, to eat occasionally ; which I find of great service to them. 1 keep Ihem in this manner, till Ihey are of proper age lo turn to grass ; before which, they must be at least two months old. There- fore, the sooner I get them in the spring the belter. About a quart of the aforesaid meal, mixed with three gallons of water, is sufficient for twelve calves in Ihe morning, and the same quantity in Ihe evening. 1 increase Ihe quan- tity in proportion as they grow older. By this method I have reared between fifty and sixty beasts within these four years; forty of which I have now in my possession, having sold olV the others, as Ihey become of a proper age ; and by the same method calves may be reared with a trifle of expense. I am gentlemen, your most humble servant, AVM. BUDD. This account was deemed fully satisfactory, and the Gold Medal was accordingly adjudged to Mr. Budd. — London Magazine From the American Farmer. TO M.4KE CURRANT WINE. Stcubenville, June 20, 1824. Dear Sir, — The appearance of Ihe currants ripening reminds mo of your request, to have NgW E!>fGLAND FARMfiR. 11 the receipt by which the wine wiis made, that you did me the honour to apeak so highly of. Wash your currants, and strain off the juice through a tlannel ba^; to every gallon of juice ^dd three gallons of soft water, and to every gallon of the mixture add three pounds ol Or- leans sugar, and a pint of French brandy ; hll your cask full, and put it in to a cool cellar to ferment; when the fermentation is going on, every morning fill up the cask with cold water, that "the froth and impurities may v/urk out of the bung-hole, which may be lightly covered over with a thin rag, to prevent flies from get- tin<^ in. As soon as the fermentation is over, bung the cask up tight, and lei it remain with- out beinff opened for one year, when it may be either bottled up or drawn on tap. The only m^iterial difference in the above and many other recipes is the addition of thebrahdy before fer- mentation takes place; upon which 1 think the goodness of the wine in a great measure de- pends ; usually the brandy is added after the fermentation is over as is the custom in making grape wine. 1 had observed that currant wine had generally an acetmis smell and not unfre- quently an acetous taste, which 1 thought was owing to the fermintation having proceeded past the vinous point, want of sufficient spirit being evolved to prevent it : I therefore de- termined to add the brandy before fermentation took place, and which I was happy to find had the desired effect ; the fementation proceeded slowly, and without violence, and was just suffi- cient tp throw off the impurities. As soon as the froth disappeared from the bung-hole which was about twenty days, the bung was put in tight, and a gimblet hole bored on the top of the cask in which a peg was loosely put .for a week or two longer, that some of (he fixed air might escape, as still a very slight fermenta- tion was carried on : then the peg was dfiven tight. With the highest esteem, 1 remain your friend, JOHN W-DOWELL, Jr. [The curr.nt wine made after the above re- cipe, is amongst the very best we have ever seen.] — Ed. Am. Farmer. AMERICAN ACADEMY QF ARTS AND SCIENCES. Prize Qluestinn. — By a resolution passed at a statute meeting of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Nov. llth, 1823, the Acade- my determined to offer to the author of the best Essay on some subject to be proposed, a pre- mium of one hundred dollars in value or the Academy's gold medal. At the same meeting a committee was appointed, consisting of Rev. President Kirkland, Dr. Jacob Bigelow, and Mr. Edward Everett, to report to the Academy a mode of carrying the aforesaid resolution into effect, to make public the regulations for the reception of prize essays, and the adjudication of the prize, and to propose a subject for the present year. The report of thi? committee was heard and accepted by the Academy, at a statute meeting held May the 25th. In order to give effect to these doings of the Academy, public notice is hereby given, that a premium of one hundred dollars or the Acade- my's gold medal, shall be awarded to the au- thor of the best Essay, upon the subject hereaf- ter to be named, All Essays which may be offered for this prize, must be sent to the Corresponding Secre- tary of the Acadeifiy, on or before the first of March, 1825, accompanied with sealed letters, containing the names of the authors ; and the letters accompahyiog Unsuccessful Essays shall be destroyed unopened. Immediately on (he receipt of an Essay, it shall be transmilled bj' the Corresponding Sec- retary to the Commitlce of Publication of the Academy, who shall award (he premium or mo- dal to the best Essay ; but ifno Essay shall be offered, which in the judgment of the committee is worthy of the prize, then the prize shall not be assigned for that year. Every successful Essay shall remain at the disposition of the Academy, to be published in the Academy's Memoirs, at the discretion of the Committee for Publication. The following subject has been assigned by the Academy for the present year : J}n enumeration and an Account of the jnalcri- ols. u-hich exist for the history oj" the native tribes of America before the discovert/ of the continent by Columbus. By order of the Academy. EDWARD EVERETT, Corresponding Secretary. Cambridge, June 1, 1824. TO THE EriTrtROF THE AMERICAS FARMER. Dear Sir — In my communication toyon of the 2Cth ull. 1 hastily called (he attention of the agri- culturists of our country, to the valuable proper- ties of a description of turnip which I purchased last fall imder the denomination of the " White Norfolk." The facts, as there set forth, can be at- tested by many of my neighbours and accjuaint- ancos, who had occasion to observe the cro[> in ils various s(ages. I will now only add, that the product there mentioned was from 5 lb. ol seed — which of itself will prove beyond any doubt its value, if sowed simply with a view to use the seed for crush. It might be ad- vantageously sowed wi(h timothy, during any part of August or the first week of September. The mode 1 adopt is, to prepare the ground well, have it highly manured, and before the last harrowing, sow the seed across the timothy and harrow in the whole with a heavy harrow. The turnip seed coming off early in (he follow- ing June, allows the timothy to shoot up hand- somely, and furnish a good crop by the end of July or first of August. I calculate on cutting from the same ground that produced the turnip seed, at least 1 1-2 tons of hay. The weight of the seed is 55 a 57 lbs. per bushel. D. WILLIAMSON, Jr. Lexington, July 24, l'>»4. Good Crops. — The Central Gazelle (printed at Charlottesville, Va.) of the 23d, gives the following animating account of the crops. " The Harvest is now over, and we have been intormed by several intelligent farmers that the crop of wheat is more abnodanl than it has been for several years. We have heard no complaint of its having been injured by the rust, rot smut, &.c. as is generally (he case in this section of the country. The grain is excel- lent in quality as well as abundant in quantity. The rye crop is also good — the oat tolerably so. We have cheering accounts of the crops in the Lj . ■ ■ ^- ■ ■ -- I .1 .. ... t I other parts of the country — an intelligent gen- tleman who lately travelled through the Valley, informs us that an unu-iually largo crop of Wheat I had been made. A Leesburg, (Loudon,') |)a- : per sav9, the present harvest greatly surpiTs^Rg any previous crop in \ irgmia. The Hagers- town papers state that the wheal is better in that part of Maryland than it has been for seve- ral years [inst. From these and other accounts it would appear that (he labors of the husband- man have boon richly rewarded. Should the prices be tolerably good, wc anticipate that the abundance with which a Boundful PioviJence has favoured us, will in a great degree extri- cate our citizens from the difficulties which have for three or four years, so heavily pressed upon our counlry." The Crops. — From inform.->tion which we con- tinually receive from all the circnmjacent coun- ties, we feel authorized in stating, that never has a richer prospect of abundant rclnrns pro- mised to reward the labours of the husbandman. The gratification derived from this source is greatly enhanced by observing how general this good report is throughout the counlry. The Alexandria Gaz.etle of Saturday, says, " Ac- counts are received from all parts of the coun- try, stating that the harvest will be abundaiit, The rain which we had some time ago injured the hay and grain in some places, but as it did not extend far into the country, very little da- mage could be done. The weather is now de- lightful. Fine roasting ears are getting quite common in our market." Beacon. TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER. Brooke Grove, Ithmo. 24ih, 1824. DeaK Friend, — I have seen in the last Farmer which has come to hand, the root of Hellebore recommended to destroy roaches. I believe it effectual, but think it necessary that those who use it should be cautioned to be careful that children, poultry, &.C. be prevented from access to it, as it would be equally destructive to them. I have known one instance of 15 chickens being killed by picking up a few shreds of the root that remained after the roaches had fed on it.^ In haste and with respect, thy friend ROGER BROOKE. John S. Skutner, Esa. Chelmsford.— This town, sitoatecT On the Mef- imack, is becoming one of the most important manufacturing towns in Massachusetts. Cotton cloths, glass, and powder are made there in great quantities. The powder factory manu- factures half a ton of powder daily. The com- position is not pulverized by pestles and mor- tars, hot is ground by heavy rotters 6 feet ia diameter. Hampshire Gazette. Sweet Potatoes. — A person in South Carolina raised the past season 800 bushels of sweet po- tatoes on an acre! placing the vines singly in (heir beds, an inch apart. The same person had one potatoe 2 feet 9 inches long, and anoth- er which weighed 12 1-4 pounds! [Raleigh Reg. Seeds of Indian Corn.— Gather your seed corn I'rom such stalks only as produce two ears, and the crop will be more abundant. 12 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [We intimated in our last our intention to publish a let- ter from Mr. Eran Tliomas, Jiin. on the subject of insects, which prey upon the Peach Tree. We now proceed to fulfil our promise, with a hope that the article will excite that attention, which its impor- tance demands.] TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER. ON THE PRESERVATION OF PEACH TREES. Baltimore, 4thMonth, 13th, 1824. Respccted Friend, Agreeably to thy request, I now cninmuni- oate a tew brief remarks upon Peach Trees, .ind the simple method which 1 have so success- fully adopted, of defending them from the de- predations of such insects as prey upon their roots. As the peach is g'enerally admitted to be the most wholesome and delicious of all our fruits, and as its cultivation has been recently very precarious in our own state, and almost wliolly abandoned in various sections of our country where it had heretofore flourished, I had re- solved several years ago, to devote such time as I could occasionally spare, to investigate the cause of the premature deca}' of the trees, and above all, to devise the means of securing them against the evil. Being particularly desirous of preserving some young trees of rare kinds, which had sur- vived many others that had been very thrifty, 1 concluded to commence with them. On a careful examination of Ihe ieavc, branches, and trunk, nothing was discovered that could have caused the trees to assume an aspect sn sickly; on removing the earth, however, from about the roots, I perceived a plentiful exuda- tion of gum, from several minute apertures, which being opened by the pruning knife, dis- played the lurking destroyers to full view. These larvae were about an inch in length, cream-colored, with a chesnut-brown, and some- what depressed head. They had perforated the bark, generally about one inch beneath the surface of the earth, and were devouring vora- ciously both the alburnum and liber; leaving !he cortex and epidermis, as a covering and defence. Having carefully removed these worms, and every thing that might retard the healing process, I applied some of Forsythe's composition, and left them — consoling myself with the reflection, that they were sal^ during the season at least. On returning home after an absence of about six weeks, I hastened to examine into the condition of my trees, when lo ! 1 perceived with chagrin and dismay, a young and voracious colony of the same kinds of worms, laying waste what had been left by their predecessors. This fact demonstrated the ineificacy of the method heretofore recom- mended, of removing the earth from about the roots during winter. In the present instance, the ova? must have been deposited about the commencement of the eighth month (.\ugust) ; tor the larva; were live eighths of an inch in length. It was evident from this discoverv, that 1 must either continue the tedious, fa- tiguing, and diflicult practice of removino- the worms throughout the spring, summer, and au- tumn, or endeavor to find out some method of preventing the access of the insect. In order to accomplish this last intention, it was neces- sary to observe it in every state of its pro- gress— in other words, to make myself aCi|uaint- ed with its natural history. To the mere en- tomologist, this would not have been a hard task; but the vigilant attention it required, made it incompatible with other duties, and 1 could only expect to arrive at the object in view by slow degrees. I had succeeded more than two years ago in procuring several aurelias, but these having ac- complished their final transformation, had all escaped through an aperture in the vessel in which they were confined. Last summer I en- closed about twenty more, but these perished, except two — one of which escaped, the other I secured. The species does not appear to be described in Linneus, but according to his sys- tem, it belongs to the order of Hymenoptera. genus Apis. It may with propriety be named *A. Pcrsica to which I shall annex the follow- ing description. Shining Black-blue. Thorax ferruginous. Wings violet blue. Abdomen blue, with one interrupted yellow band. Legs and antenn» black. About the close of the 7th month, (July) ma- ny of these insects having assumed the wmged state, soon after deposilo their eggs in peach trees, just beneath the surface ; first wounding the bark in diiTerent places, which on exami- ■icition, appears to have been effected by a lunt pointed instrument. They leave from line to fifty, and in some instances, nearly three liundred eggs in each tree, according to its size, and capacity to support the future progeny : — These soon appear, but it is difficult to delect them until they have acquired a growth of two or three weeks, when they are four or five lines in length. — From this period their growth is ac- celerated or retarded in proportion to Ihe quan- tity of nourishment afforded. I.i general, how- ever, the pupa: are formed early in the 10th month, (October) in the midst of a conglomera- tion of gum, fibrous and excrementitious mat- ter, and about the close of the month the insect issues from its chrysalis deposites its eggs as be- fore mentioned, and prepares to hybernate, like others of the same tribe, in the roofs of houses, beneath the bark of old trees, &,c. the larvae ap- peariu the 4th month, (April) assume the Nymph state, and accomplish their final transformation in the course of the 7th month, (July). Thus there are two periods in each year assigned for their production and re-production ; neverthe- less, individuals may be seen during Ihe whole season, in almost every stage of existence. From these facts the inference is irresistible, that ?nojt of the methods hitherlo recommended for the preservation of i oach trees are entirely inefficient, and the best of them uncertain and inadequate. The mode I shall here recommend, and which * When and in wliat manner these insects were in- troduced amongst us, has never, that I know of, been understood. — I think, however, there can be no doubt of their having: been brought from the Northern aud pastern nurseries, for I never had a young tree from thence, that was not infested by them. »4// young trees, therefore, should be carefully examined about the close of the 4th, or early part of the 5th month, (May) after which it will only be necessary to renew occasionally. This will be a great saving of both time and labour, as it is easier to secure twenty trees, than to remove the worms from one. 1 have ajiplied with complete success to nearly four hundred trees, was first tried about three years ago, embraces both prevention and cure, and is as fellows : Remove the earth from about the trunk of the tree quite down to the lateral roots press with the butt end of the pruning knife against the bark in different places; if it appears to adhere firmly, and no gum nor moisture issues, a thin coat of the composition described below, may be a^'plied both above and beneath the sur- face, by a brush or wooden spatula, about two inches broad. — Then take Canton Malting, (or any oilier similar substance) cut into pieces of from six to twelve inches in width, according to the size of the tree and of sufficient length to encircle it; bind one of these around the part intended to be secured by two or three tia.s of twine or woolen yarn, so that one half shall be below, and the other half above the surface ; draw earth divested of grass or rubbish, to the tree, pressing it with the foot close to the mat- ling. The insects governed by instinct, will not lay their eggs in the matting, but will seek elsewhere for a situation congenial with its habits. If, however, there is a clammy moist- ure or portions of gum adhering to the main stem or roots, these should be regarded as al- most certain indications of worms — -every 0|)en- ing or aperture, however mmute, shoulil be carefully probed, and Ihe direction taken by each worm ascertained : — cut away with a sharp pruning knile, that portion of the bark uiuij of which the interior part has been destroy- ed, until you arrive at the object of pursuit, which must be removed and killed. Having in this manner extirpated all that are to be found, trim the edges of the wounds neatly, and fill up the cavities with a composition consisting of two parts ef fresh cow dung, one part of leach- ed ashes, to each gallon of which add a handful of ground plaster of paris, and as much water as will reduce the whole mass to the consistence of thick paste — spread a Ihin coat of this com- position over the part te be covered, and then apply the bandage as before directed.* As the ants and several other inserts among ihe wounded trees, exceedingly and materially retard their recovery, I would recommend the part to be washed with common white ivash, and a iittle flour of sulphur, or snuff sprinkled over it, before the composilion is applied. The lat- ter end of the 4th month, (April) and the be- ginning of the 9lh month, (September) are the most suitable periods, lor those accustomed to it, to begin the search. 1 intended to have included in this communi- cation, an account of a discovery which I made iast summer, respecting the premature decay of Pear trees, the cause of which had been involv- ed in an impenetrable mystery — but as this let- ter has already extended to a length not at first anticipated, I shall reserve that, and several olher topics, deeply interesting to the lovers and cultivators of fine fruit, for a future communica- tion. I am respectfully, thy friend, EVAN THOMAS, Jr. * We have often heard it asserted, and have several times published communications to that effect, that wood ashes, placed about the roots of peach trees, after digging away the turf, and taking out the worms, if there are any, will effectually preserve against the de- predations of the insect above described. See N. E. Far. Tol.l.page 317, 31ti, vol. 11. page 241.— jErf. JV. £. Far. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 1-3 A ncisi discovered staple of Commerce. — Mr. Jo- seph Giles, «n inp;(^nions tanner of this county, has discovered -.iiid reduced (o practice a me- tliod of ohtaining a licjuid extract from oak or hemlock bark, saturated with the Tanning prin- ciple, to so hi^li a degree, that calfskins im- mersed therein will be thoroughly and fairly tan- ned in 18 hours, and other hides in time equal- ly short m proportion to their thickness. One hogshead of iVIr. Giles' extract contains the certain tanning power of four cords of bark. There is no foreign substance used by Mr. Giles in his extract, nothing but the pure tanning lixivium drawn by an mgenious and peculiar pro- cess from the bark. Mr. Giles has secured to himself the exclusive right to his discovery, and is erecting works for an extensive Manufacttire of the article. He has testimonials from Tan- ners of the first resjiectability in the cities of Troy, Albany, N. Vork, and Brooklyn, who have tried his article, of its surprising power and efficacy, in separating with great rapidity, the gelatine from the hide, and producing the leather in a tine durable, and healthy condition. Great public benefits are likely to result from this discovery. In addition to the great saving of lime and labour, the leather produced by the use of this liquor being more completely tanned, will weigh heavier, wear better and be less susceptible of moisture than leather tanned in the usual way. Cords, ropes and cables satu- rated with this tanning principle, will support much greater weight, without breaking, be less liable to be worn by friction, and will wear more smoothly on pullies, and thereby super- cede the use of tar. This lixivium, being also the most powerful and friendly astringent yet discovered, will pro- bably be of great use in the Materia Me/iiea. Bratthboro' Vt. Messenger. Description of a Soil. — Mr. Cobbett gives the following description of the soil best calculated for growing the wheat to be used for straw plat in imitation of Leghorn : — " I am of opinion that a clean, poor, clayey field ; a nasty, stifl, miserable, wicked soil, that clings and bakes as hard as a stone, with 5 or 6 days sun, and that is as cold as Greenland six inches beneath the surface ; a field that has broken the hearts of hundreds of horses, and scores of farmers ; 1 think if you could get such a field as this quite clean, and were to sow it with ten bushels to the acre, you might probably get a crop of wheat as tine as hogs bristles ; and, let this be observed, that there is no land that produces straw so solid and so round as this miserable clay." Cashmere Shawl:. — The rich Cashmere Shawls are manufactured in the city of Cashmere, in the northern part of Hindostan, now subject to the Afghans. They are made of the wool or hair of a species of goat found in Thibet and Tartary, some of which have been introduced into France. A few years since, there were 16,000 persons in Cashmere employed in mak- ing shawls. A remarkably fine shawl occupies a loom and three persons more than a year ; and of the best and most worked kinds, not so much as a quarter of an inch is completed in a day. For plain shawls, a shuttle is used, but the variegated ones are worked with wooden needles, one for each colour, without shuttles. The rough side of the s'lawl is uppermost on the frame. Tlie head workman receives about 20 cents per day, and the common workmen froi.-i ;s to 10 cents. The Cashmerians manufacture a great many shawls from the wool of a breed of sheep, which arc lound in the vale of Cashmere, and in Thi- bet and Boutan. — This wool, it is said, surpasses every other in the world for softness, whiteness, and fineness; and some travellers assert that it is from 20 to 21 inches in length ! Camel's hair is also used for shawls. Most of the Cashmere shawls, so called, that are imported into the U- nited States, are manufactured in Europe. [Hampshire Gazette. Cheap Living. — Mr. Cobbett mentions an in- teresting case of an English landholder, who had a good estate mortgaged., and whose sub- stance was decaying annually in England. By Mr. Cobbett's advice, he sold his estate, paid off his mortgage, and found he had five hundred pounds a year left, with a large family to sup- port. We quote the rest from the Pohlical Re- gister., of May 1. "This was in March, 1023. He went home and staid till mid April; and then he came up, and without knowing a word of French, he went over to France in June last. He rents, in a village in Britany, a nice house, garden, and about eight English acres of land, for 150 francs, or about six pounds of our money a year. He keeps a horse and a cabriolet, two cows, and a brace of pointers. He keeps a man servant and a maid servant. He lives well, and drinks wine as much as he chooses. He has a most agreeable neighbourhood. And he told me, with joy in his countenance, which I can- not well describe, that he was actually laying by foOr hundred pounds sterling a year!" Carbonated Sarsaparilla Mead. — In hot weath- er, every body will dcink. The question is, what shall they drink? This question has af- forded opportunities for the Chemists to com- bine substances which are calculated to neutral- ize the a:id in the stomach, and counteract sep- tic tendencies and the putrefactive process; — for Physicians to eke out substances from the materia mcdica, which by infusion, solution, or decoction, are suited to brace the system, and counteract, by their habitual use, the debilita- ting influence of heat ; — for Apothecaries to compose, nicely put up, have stamped, and sell, perhaps at a profit, various species of syrups and powders: — and for dealers in palate-pleas- ers, to decorate their shops with apparatus for drawing beer, ale, porter, soda water, rochelle water, liquid magnesia, mead, carbonated mead, and now lastly carbonated sarsaparilla mead. It is true a great variety of^ articles of this description may be got at the Soda-shops, but we are glad (o see the number increasing, if it but increases in the right direction. When health is the object of each improvement, the improvements cannot be too numerous. Of all the articles hitherto in use, none has been so well calculated to unite the advantages of being pleasant to the taste, purifying to the blood, strengthening to the system, and softening to the skin as the article just added to the list ; and we think it will prove to be the most agree- able, salutary and fashionable, of all our summer potations. Bost. Med. Int. Cookery for the women.— Clay Jnmhics.— Take 3 tea cups of sugar ; 2 do. butler ; 5 do. flour ; and 3 eggs rolled in loaf sugar. Jackson Jumbles. — Take 3 tea cups sugar; 1 do. butler; 0 do. flour; 1 lea spoonful of pearl ash in a cup of cream ; and 2 eggs. — Bake iri a quick oven, but be careful not to burn. — V. Rec. Poisoning by Copper. — A young gentleman nearly lost his life, on Thursday last, by eating honey which had been slancling in a copper ves- sel.— Two children were also greatly in ilanger in consequence of eating cranberry-sauce stew- ed in a copper l)asin. They vomited, occa- sionally, for eight hours, and were finally re» lieved by the administration of soda water. Bost. Med. Int. NEW ENGLAND FARRIER. SATURDAY, AUGUST 7, 1824. Compcniiiiim ofAgrictdture, or the Farmer''s Guide, on the most essential parts of Husbandry and Gardening ; compiled from the best American and European publications., and the unwritten opinions of experienced Cultivators. By Wil- liam Drown, Tfith the aid and inspection o/" So- lomon Drown, M. D. Duodecimo, pp. 288. Providence, Field & Maxcy, 1824. The above work presents to the American farmer a cheap and useful manual or introduc- tion to scientific and practical husbandry. In a book of so limited a compass many things must, of course be omitted, which would be necessary in order to give a complete treatise on a science so extensive, and an art so complicated as that of Agriculture. But it would be difficult, in the same number of words to comprise a greater number of ideas, which may prove practically important to the cultivator than arc contained in the abovementioned compilation. In the introduction to the " Farmer's Guide," its readers are presented with the following by way of excuse for printing a new work on a subject, which has employed so many able pens, and solicited the attention and patronage of the public in such a variety of forms. " Some apology may seem necessary for pub-.- lishing a new work on Agriculture ; a subject which has been ably handled both in Europe, and in this country. — Let the following suffice as all we have time to offer on this head. — That as knowledge is naturally advantageous, and as every man ought to be in the way of informa- tion, even a superfluity of books is not without its use, since hereby they are brought to ob- trude themselves on us, and to engage us unawares. This advantage, an ancient father observes, we owe to the multiplicity of books on the same subject, that one falls in the way of one man, and another best suits the apprehen- sion of another.—" Every thing that is written," says he, " does not come into the hands of all persons: perhaps some may meet with my books, who may hear nothing of others which have treated better of the same subject. It is of ser- vice, therefore, that the same questions be handled by several persons, and after different methods though all on the same principles, that u NEW ENGLAND FARMER. the explications of difficulties, and arguments for the truth may come to the knowledgre of every one, by one way or other." Add to this that our work professes little more than to abridge, compress, and reduce to handy size, the voluminous productions on this important subject; so that it will require neither much expense to purchase, nor time to read." It would not comport with our plan or limits, and probably would not be of much use cither to the public, or to the author to give an ana- lytical review of this work. The book is so cheap, that those who have the least desire to become acquainted with its contents may grati- fy their wishes, without injury to the most li- mited finances. And oftentimes a single hint or intimation'in a book of that description may save an intelligent farmer ten times the cost of the ivork. To use the expressions of the book under review, " Nothing but absolute poverty can excuse a man from the purchase of books and attention to study. But the farmer in the middle walks of life, who with his brethren con- stitutes the great body of our population, no matter how numerous his family, if bred astliey should be !o habits of strict economy and indus- try, has leisure to pass without employment in business many of the long winter evenings, and much of the day time, during the same period, in the improvement of his mind. He has the means of purchasing a small collection of books for purposes of the most immediate utility, to serve as a manual for himselfand famih', and to fill up those little interstici.'s of leisure continu- ally occurring, which the poet calls " Catching the transient hour, and impn^ving each moment as it flies." While his more enlarged researches are cheaply and liberally supplied by the well selected public library of the neighbourhood. Books, newspapers, &c. principally devoted to agricultural subjects should occujiy an important share of his attention." We ivere, at first looking over the "Farmer's Guide," disposed to be a liule captious with the author for manufacturing bis book, almost alto- gether from ingredients, derived from other works on the same subjects, without intimating the sources from which his information was ob- t.iined. Long passages arc taken for instance, from our paper, many of them wiitlen by the Editor, without acknowledgment, or any intima- tion that the stream which composes a part of Mr. Drown's " Rivulet of Text" had its source in the New England Farmer. But the follow- ing concluding paragraph of the " Farmer's Guide," we are willing to accept as an ample apology for any petty tresspass of this kind. " Owing to the numerous sources, whence wp have gleaned the materials for almost eve- ry article, (not less than 80 volumes having been examined in making the compilntion,) \i has not been llinught necessarv to refer to eve ry (uiblication from which extracts have been Saaile. But wo think it proper to observe that we have generally used the language of others, whose opinions coincided with our own." In tine, we think the " Farmer's Guide" a useful book, and wish its author that success, which usefully directed industry should always meet. But we would suggest, as an improve- ment,should another edition be sent to the press, to merely note at the bottom of each page the titles of the books, &c. from which the as- sertions or statements of the author are derived. This will not greatly enhance his labours, and in case any thing advanced by the author or compiler should prove to be erroneous, it will place the responsibility on those who ought to bear it. From the Old Colony Memorial. I address this to your paper as the most con- venient mode of meeting the observation of the Editor of the New England Farmer, who.se can With due deference to the accuracy and inves- tigation of the Editor of the Farmer, I will sug'- gest, whether these insects, instead of being of the genus aphis, are not the ova, and larvae, of the little ant which is their constant attendant ; and whether she is not rather their nurse than their destroyer. Whatever their connexion or relationship may be, it is admitted they are in- separable companions ; and found most frequent- ly on the tenderest shoots and seedlings, and grafts of the present year, they affect the pear more generally than the apple.* I have been greatly annoyed with them for several years jn the nursery, and have always found the ant the precursor ; and that she pre- pares the shelter by wounding the leaf, and causing it to curl, before the lice (whether they be the aphis, or the ova) appear. I have been able to find no remedy so good as the knife, wherever I find them, by the curling of the uppermost leaves, I cut them off and grind them under the foot, which in no wise injures the tree or graft, and has no other eflert than head- dour I doubt not will appreciate the motive of] jng down ; where the growth is exuberant, I the writer, which is no other than to promote the cause to which he has devoted his heart, and his discriminating talent. In the N. E. Farmer, . I uly 17lh, page 402, Mr. Osgood observes, " Those Lice (as 1 shall call them) I find upon young shoots and grafts of Apple-trees, always accompanied with pis- mires, which sometimes destroy the tender part." The Editor observes, those insects are of the Genus Aphis, and are generally known by the name o( plant lice. They are the same which cause what is called honey dew, and the pis- mires which accompanied them, were probably attracted by that sweet substance.* In the same paper, page 40G, is a paragraph headed " another remedy against lice on apple-trees." " An intelligent cultivator assures ns, that theie is nothing more effectual against the in- sect which attaches itself to the bark of trees, like a barnacle, &,c. than a strong ley of potash dissolved in water." We ought not to confound two subjects so utterly dissimular in appearance in situation, and in their mosius operandi as these animnlcida , under the same name, while one is attached to the bark of the tree, and ap- pears to be a pnri of tlie tree itself, the other is enclosed in the tenderest leaves »f the latest grouth, and is almost impalpable to the touch.! * NOTES BY THE EDITOR. — In assertin? that the Aphi- des " are the fame which cause what is called honey dew,^' we placed reliance on the statements of several writers of rcspectalility, some of whose productions we have quoted in a note on the fu'st page of this day's paper. Dr. Oarwin, however, attributed the honey dew to a di/lereiil source ; and the observations of our correspondent " S." on the same pafje go to confirm the theory of Dr. Darwin. Perhaps the Abbe Boissier, (whose opiiiiun is alluded lo in the note al>ove men- tioned,) is correct in supposini.^ that '^ there are two kinds of hoTici/ di in ; the one ])roduced by transpiration, durint; a sultry heat, from the leaves ol jiai'ticular «rf - nera of trees, while the other is the excrement of the small insect known by the name of puceron or vine fretter," one of the names by whidi the' A])his is distin^uishe-d. t We intended to be very can ful " not to confound two subjects HO utterly dissimilar in appearance, in si- tuation, and in their modus opuandi" as the .Aphides, or I'laut Lice, (as tliey are tailed hy Dr. Itets, Dr. Deane, and other wrilur^.) and the " animalculse under the same name," \\liich attach themselves to the bark of trues. Although they are both commonly called have rather thought it beneficial than other- wise. That the Aphides were the procuring cause of the honey dew, has been for a long time as- sented to, but is now thought questionable ; as the cause is hy no means equal to the effect — that they may, hy perforating the leaves of the Maple, the Birch, or the Walnut, cause them to exude sap similar in sweetness, find on which other insects as well as they, may feed ; and which the bees are thought lo collect for ho- ney, is probable. But the writer of this, as well as others, has seen a forest o( oaks, the upper surface of the leaves of which were cov- ered with honey dew, and in such quantify, that after the sun had dried the leaves, that they were glazed with a substance as pure as honey, and shining as copal varnish. This sub- stance hovvever inexplicable its appearance, could not have been produced from the oaft whose sap is excessively corrosive — and wher- ever the artificial honey dev has been observed it has been small in quantity and on the under side of the leaf, where the insect which causes it is protected from the sun and rain. Yours, P. /iff, they have little more resemblance to each other than "chalk lb cheese,"'' or a "horse chesuut to a chi snut horse." If mankind will give the same name lo very different objects, we cannot help it. In order to prevent, as we hoped, the possibility of any error as it respects the kind of insects for whose mischievous efl'ects we pr( posed a remedy, page 40G, vol. 11. of the New England P'arraer, we gave such a definition of the 'animalcula;,' which attach themselves to the lark of apple trees," &c. that it would seem as difficult lo " confound" them with the .Aphides as to mistake a mouse for a mammoth, because they may both come under the general denomination of animals. * " .\nt eggs is a name populurly given to a kind of little white balls Ibund in the banks of nests of ants, ordinarily supposed to be the ova [eggs] of this insect. These are not properly the eggs of ants, but (he young, brood in tluir incipitnt state, when tluy appear like vcrmieUs, or little worms, wrapped up in a film or skin, composed of a sort of silk, which thty spin out of themselves in the manner of silk worms and cater- pillars."— Ktes C'yclopidia. MR. dixon's steam APPARATUS. In oup papcp of the 21st of February last, vol. ii. page 238^ we took notice of some newly invented machi- nery, by Mr. Joseph Dixon, of Lynn, Mass, for NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 15 generating and heating steam to a high tem- perature. On the 5(h inst. we enjoyed the pleasure of witnessing the application of the same steam apparatus with some trifling altera- tions and modifications, to propelling a boat on a pond, nigh the dye-house of Messrs. John & Aaron Hall, in said Lynn, which it caused lo move through the water, as near as we could judge at the rate of about C miles an hour. The engine is small, being merely a working model, but moved with regularity and appeared to pos- sess a surplus posver, not expended in propel- ling the boat. Its excellency and superiority lo common engines, used for similar purposes, consist in its simplicity, the cheapness of its construction, and the perfect safety attending its operations. No more steam is generated at a lime than is immediately expended, and the quantity is so small that should the steam gene- rator burst no danger could possibly accrue. — This is a great desideratum, and the general adoption of engines of this kind to driving steam boats would, in all human probability, not only save many lives, but restore to the public that confidence in steam boat conveyan- ces, which has been greatly and justly impaired by the many calamitous accidents, which have attended engines for propelling steam vessels. We understand thai Messr?.. John and Aaron Hall, of this city, are connecled with Mr. Dix- on in this invention, which promises incalcula- ble benefits to the community. INK POWDER OF MESSRS. MAYNARD & NOV«S, We have received a letter from a respected correspondent in Frankfort, Maine, in which was inclosed a hand bill containing directions for making ink from the Ink Powder of Messrs. Maynard U Noyes, Chemists and Druggists, No. 48, Cornhill, Boston. The writer says, " 1 have never found any Ink Powder equal to what is sold by Maynard and Noyes. Would you not render a public service by attracting to it the public attention ?" We have used the above mentioned Ink Pow- der for nearly two years, and are happy to add our testimony to that of our correspondent in favor of an article, which we know by having experienced its utility, must prove very bene- ficial to the public. DOMESTIC. More pirates captured.— Hy the arrival this fore- noon of the brig Florida, from Trinidad, Cuba, which she left the 4th of July, we learn that his Britaunic majesty's schr. Lion, capt. Hopner, had tajjen a piratical schr. of about GO tons, off Cape Britton. Out of the crew, consisting of twenty-six: pirates, four only were secured. The rest made their escape on the island, which was surrounded by the boats from two British armed schooners, and it was believ- ed they would all be captured. — jV. Y. Ev. Post. • Sea Coal. — A communication in the Centinel states that several small pieces of coo;, resembling canal coal, have been found imbedded in slate on the farm of Mr. Robert Runey, near his Pottery in Charlestown, only two miles from Boston. Tttese specimens are some- what interesting, as indicating the probable existence of coal in greater quantities underneath. Pirates. — The schr. Elizabeth, Allen, has arrived at Baltimore, in ten days iVom Matanzas. She left on the 17th of July, under convoy of the U. S. schr. Terrier. A slip from the office of the Moniiiis; Chron- icle informs us, that about two days previous to the Elizabeth's sailing, accoiuits were rccfivt-d of two more .Vmerican vessels being taken off the harbor, car- ried to Seawara Bay, and their masts cut away. There have been no accounts of tlieir crews. DETROIT, JULY 16. — Indian A'eics. — By late arriv- als from INlackinac and the Saut de St. Miui^^s, a re- port has been circulateil, that 27 clerks ami ingagets of the American Fur Coinpa'iy hare been killed by the Fioux Indians, near Fort William. Whellurthis news is true, or merely one o: Ihe " Upper Viissoi.ri" stories, so systematically published every wei k al St. Louis, a tew days will probably en able us to deter- mine. — Gas, Sniijrnn. — Accounts from Smyrna to the 23J May have been received. It was reported there, that .'iOOO Turkish troops, who had been landi^cl on some Grecian island, had been destroyed, except about 1500; and that the Turks had ordered an army of 50,000 men to the More a. The last Annual Register received from England, speaks in very severe terms of the conduct of the Amer- icans for giving up one of their seamen to the Chinese for a mock trial, for an alleged murder of a Chinese wo- man. The Chinese are represented as mercenary, and infamously deceitful ; of this we can have no doubt ; hut that thirty high spirited captains of American ships should have acted in a dastardly manner, we cannot be- lieve, nor that they were unmindful of '^ their feelings of national honor and humanity," is what ought not to gain credit without better proof than is offered in this case. But, however, as the Register is a work read by all nations, it becomes the bounden duty of some of the captains and supercargoes of these thirty ships, to wipe away this stain upon themselves and upon their nation, by a full statement of the facts. There can be no doubt but the man was put to death in the most cru- el manner. Bost. Gaz. We have in otir hands direct advices from Madrid of a recent date. It seems that, in fact, a serious insur- rection, like the mcwement at Lisbon, has been at- tempted in Spain. The object was, as intimated in our latest English papers, to substitute the Spanish In fant Don Carlos for the " adored" Ferdinand, and es- tablish a system more ultra-royal and prescriptive than the monarch and his advisers have found it practicable or deemed it expedient to adopt. The principals of the conspiracy were the guerilla leaders, the Trappist, and Gen. Capape, who endeavored to raise the people in Arragoh and other provinces. A number of distin- guished royalists, including bishops and friars, were exiled as accomplices, to different points of the king- dom and to France. The official paper, the Gazette of Madrid, of the 17th May, contains a notification to all Portuguese in Spain to report themselves to the authori- ties, and the Portuguese legation, in order that they might be kept under surreiUance. A concert was be- lieved to exist between the Portuguese and Spanish malcontents of the various classes. — Two sets of con- spirators are now dreaded by the Portuguese and Span- ish governments, namely, the constitutionalists, and the ultra Royalists, who want absolute despotism both in theory and practice. J^at. Gas. HAVANA, ICLY 10. — We avail ourselves of the brig Eliza, to inform you that the schr. Mercator, Allen, was captured this side of Matanzas on the 3d inst. by a piratical sharp fbretopsail schooner, and conduct- ed to Jagua La Grande, to windward of Matanzas, where Mr. Jose Manuel Rey, a passenser, was set on shore, after being bound and hoisted by the neck to extort information if there was any money on board. He gives no account of the crew, having been for three days confined alone in the cabin, from whence be was set in a boat by four arm«d men aud put ashore ou the beach. He is the only one on board that has been heard of. We have sent you his depo- sition lawfully taken. There was a rumour to-day that the Mercator was retaken by a U. S. schr. but here is no foundation for this report. Lesme, the American artist, stands clearly and decidedly at the head of those who exhibit cabi- net pictures this year. His " Sancho Panza in the apartment of the Duches-s" '" quite as good a- any picture Wilkie ever jjainted— full of excellence as to drawing, and to coloring — and above all as to conception. This artist now stands fairly where hi.i genius entitles bim lo be. We congratulate America. The article proceeds to notice a few other pictures of Wilkie and others, and then adds, After these, the next best thing is, " M. Porceaug- nac between the two physicians." This delightful, airy, and truly classical little picture, is also, we be- lieve, the work of an .■\merican — his name is Newton. He also seems to have found a beautiful and novel field for himself. Per,'at I — Eng. pa. WANTED No. 51, of the 1st Vol. of the N. E, Farmer. For which a generous price will be given by the publisher of this papci. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE , &c. [Revised and corrected every Friday.] FROM TO D. C. D. C. APPLES, good, to best. bbl. ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - ton. 120 pearl do. . - - . 120 50 BEANS, white, bush 80 1 00 BEEF, mess, SOO lbs. - - - bbl. 10 11 cargo. No 1, - - - - 8 8 50 " No 2, - - - - 6 75 7 BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, lb. 11 12 CHEESE, new milk, - - - - 7 9 skimed milk, . - - 4 LFAX 8 9 FLAX SEED bush 82 84 FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St bbl. 6 75 jQcnoesee, . . - 6 Rye, best, . - - 2 62 2 75 GRAIN,Rye bush 53 55 Corn - - - - . 40 50 Barley - - - - Oats - - . - - 30 33 HOG.S' LARD, Ist sort - - lb. 11 12 HOPS, No 1, Inspection of - - 38 40 LIME, 1823 cask 90 1 12 OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern gal. 70 75 PLAISTER PARIS - - - - ton. 3 PORK, Bone Middlings - - - bbl. 16 00 17 navy, mess, 13 13 50 Cargo, No 1, - - • 12 50 13 SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - bush 1 75 Clover 5 7 WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash 60 70 do do unwashed 40 45 do 3-4 washed 45 50 do 1-2 do 37 42 Native - - - do 25 30 Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort 48 52 do Spinning, 1st sort 35 40 PROVISION MARKET. HEEV, best pieces lb. 8 10 PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . 8 10 " whole - - - - 6 VEAL, ■ 4 10 MUTTON, 3 12 POULTRY, 10 20 BUTTER, keg & tub, new, - 12 14 lump, - • " 16 20 EGGS, 14 17 MEAL, Rye, retaH, - - - - bush 62 65 Indian, do. - . - - 58 60 POTATOES, new, - - - - 75 1 00 CIDER, liquoi, new - - - - bbl. 2 60 3 50 HAT, aceordJDg to quality, - Ion. 1 16 00 18 00 16 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FTom the New England Galaxy. COFFEE. Translated for the Galaxy, from Le Diable Boittui\ a Paris paper. Hail sacred plant .' which like the genial clime That gave thee being — animates and warms, Rouses the soul to deeds and thoughts sublime I Or soothes to soft repose with gentler charms. Flowerof Arabia ! to thee we owe The classiclay of Homer's deathless lyre 1 'Tis thine, to bid the soul of genius glow, Or sportive fancy's blissful dreams inspire. O'er thy soft clime of luxury and balm. The gods decreed i\\c first fair Sun should rise ; There vernal Spring reigns with perrennial charm. And Wintry clouds ne'er veil the blushing skies ! * * * # « Fragrant exotic, of celestial birlh — Thou art our only paradise ou earth ! you as many bows in half an hour as will serve a courtier for a week." Shaking Hands. — At a late duel in Kentucky the parlies discharged Iheir pistols without ef- fect ; whereupon one of the seconds interfered, and proposed, that the combatants should shake hands. To this the other second objected as unnecessary, for, said he, their hands have been shaking this half hour. Charlestoun, July 28. AUGL.^1A. Dr Johnson to ridicule some fallacious reasoning, wrote the following ludicrous lines. If a man who Turnips cries. Cry not when his Father dies. It is a sign that he had rather Have a Turnip than his Father. i^iBCfllans. Musical Amateur. — A man in England was ob- served on a cold evening, silling on a small bridge, with his naked feet in the stream. Be- ing asked his reason for so singular a measure, he replied that he was trying to take cold, thai he might sing the belter bass, on the next Sun- day. Misunderstanding. — A gentleman walking with a lady made a miss-step and fell. The la- dy, feeling for his situation assisted him in re- covering his feel, observing that she nas sorry for his faux pas. To this the gallant angrily re- plied, " what is that you say, madam, ahout my fore paxfis ? and immediately made his exit in a rage. Fine Cattle, together with a Bull. — Before the peace of 1782, tlie army in Carolina procured cattle from what was called the back country. One morning an Irishman who had assisted in killing them, met a comrade, who asked him if the cattle were in good condition ? " Why you may gue?«," rci)licd he, '' when it look hvo of us to hold up one, while one of us knocked it down." "Tut," said the other, " could'nt you have knocked it doxon as it lay ?" Scolding. — I never knew a scolding person that was ahle to govern a I'amily. — What makes people scold 1 Because they cannot govern themselves. Mow then can they govern others? — Those who govern tvell are generally calm- They are prompt and resolute, hut steady and mild. . Extra Politene^- — Mr. Addison says, (Ppecta- lor, No. 19.) " one may know a man that never conversed in the world by his excess of good breeding A polite country 'Squire will make Paul Jones. — By a singular accident, a large collection of original letters to tiiis celebrated man have been recently found in a huckster% shop in this city. Among Ihem are the copies of a great number of his own letters, which are completely illustrative of the character of the individual. Of the genuineness of these docu- ments and letters there is not the least doubt, for the hand writings of such men as Lafayette, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and fifty others like tliem, cannot be mistaken. We understand the papers are now in the posession ot Mr. Wiley, who iias submitted them to the inspec- tion of the gentlemen of his " Den," with a view to a publication of a part. — JV. Y. Jlmer. When martial law was in full force in Ireland, and the people were prohibited from having tire-arms in Iheir possesion, some mischievous varlet gave information that Mr. Scaulon, who was a respectable apothecary of Dublin, had three mortars in his house. A magistrate with a party of dragoons in his train, surrounded the house, and demanded in the king's name, that the mortars should be delivered lo him. Mr. Scaulon immediately produced them ; adding — that as they were useless without the pestles, these also were at his majesty's service. A paviour, to whom Dr. Radcliffe was in- debted, alter many t'ruitless attempts, caught him just gelling out of his chariot at his own door, in Bloomsbury Square, and demanded the payment of his bill. " What, you rascal," said the Doctor, " do you pretend to be paid for such a piece of work? Why, you have spoiled my pavement, and then covered it over with ean lo hide your had work !" " Doctor, doctor," said the paviour, " mine is not the only had work that the earth hides!" "You dog," said the Doctor, " you are a wit, you must be poor, come in," — and he paid him his demand. An old maid was telling her age, which she said was just 36. A gentleman in company doubted the truth of her statement, but was cor- rected by another, who said it must be true, for she had told the same story for ten years. Diseases of the Season. — One or two cold and damp evenings, succeeding very hot days, the beginning of last week, produced great num- bers of bowel complair.ts, among the inhabitants of this city. Many are still quite sick in conse- quence of exposure at that lime. — The chicken pox and measles are prevailing here, but lo no great extent, and all the cases are mild. Best. Med. Int. An interesting experiment was tried by the Philadelphia Fire Company, with the patent riveted Hose made by Sellers & I'ennock. Tiie tiremen carried the hose up ti> if\e four windows in Christ Church steeple, a heighth of 175 feet and thence projected the water over the spire, a distance in the whole of more than two hun- dred feet. In the experiment at the Baltimore shot lower, the greatest height lo which the water was raised, was, we believe, 172 feet. Phil. Gaz. A i)romising boy, between eleven and twelve years of age, recently poisoned himself uninten- tionally by eating wild Parsnip, supposing it lo have been " Sweet Anna." He belonged lo .\mweU Township, Pennsylvania. Of all the marvellous works of the Deity, per- haps there is nothing that angels behold with «uch supreme astonishment as a proud man. M\\nENGLAMrMUSEUM. 76, COURT STREET, BOSTOJ^,-- CONTAINIAG much more numerous Collections and greater variety of entertainments than any other Establishment in America, continues steadily to increase, and is open for the reception of visiters EVERY DAY AND EVENING. It will be constantly in the best possible condition, and every exertion made to render the visits of its pat- rons agreeable. This Establishment now contains FIVE former Mu- seums united in ONE, together with very great and numerous additions (the whole receipts being faithfully laid out to increase it.) JUST ADDED, The celebrated Race Horse Eclipse, A beautiful Cosmoramic View of London, A large and beautiful live Rattlesnake. The Arabian Bottle, made of the stomach of a Camel— holds about a barrel — used to carry water across the desert. The Invalid's Chair — very ingenious — invented by Froffssor Peck. A very large and elegant Sword Fish, upwards ot 14 feet long, with a sword 4 1-2 feet long. 0:j= The Museum is well lighted, and a Band of Music performs every evening. Admittance 25 cents. .htne 5. EANUS FOR SALE IN PENNSYLVANIA. THE subscriber ofTers for sale in small lots to actual settlers, or in larger tracts to others, the following •amis in the State of Pennsylvania, belonging to the • stale of the late Wm. Bingham, viz: two hundred and fifty thousand acres in the counties of Bradford and 'i'ioga, at from three dollars, to tico dollars fifty cents per acre, according to situation ; and fire hun- dred i'lotisand acres in the counties of Potter, McKean, \'enango, .Armstrong, Jefferson and Lycoming, at /jro r/o//^'/j per acre. The terms are ten j'cars for pay- mints, three of them without interest. The land is generally ot a good quality, well watered, intersected liy important roads, and in a healthy situation. ?"or further particulars application may be made to agents in the different counties, or to ROBERT 11. ROSE, July 24. Silver Lake, Pennsyhania. MR. GROVE'S Essay on Sheeji, in a pamphlet fcim for sal. at this ( iTice. July 10. TO PRINTERS. FOR sale at this Office BALL SKINS, at the usual prices. TERMS OF THE FARMER. 0:j^" Published every Saturday, at TnREE Doi.iars per annum, payable at the end of the year — but thusc who pay within sixty days from the time of subscribing will be entitled to a deduction of Finit Cekts. (J:j= No paper Will oe discoDtitued (Dnhss at the discretion ot the publisher,) Until arrearages are paid. ^.M5^ ENGLAND FARMER. I'UBI.ISIIKU liY \V1M,1A.M NK.lilH.H. ROGF.IIS' BUILDINGS, CONGRKETiirRUVviKj^ i'oS. Vol. III. SATURDAY, AUGUST 11, i«21. CToriTs^Jontfrncc. I LKillTNlNG HODS. To the Editor nf tht AVw England Farmer, Sia, — I ;uii alicul piiltingf up liijlilnina;' rods to my buildings, and wisli lo be inloirned in wliat manii<;r it is most sale and l>t;st to fas- ten tiieni. Some of my neis>;hl)Oiiis pass the rod tlirougli a small ledg-e ot wood, wliicli is nailed fast 10 the btiildino;. Others make nse of an iron sla[)le with a piece of horn inserted into the ringp, which receives the rod. I am inform- ed the latter is the method sfcnerally adojited in the sonthern Slate?. Is the liorn a noncon- ductor ? and is there no danger that the fluid may leave tfie rod and take the staple notwilli- standin;;; this piece of horn ? Mow deep should the nxl he inserted into the ground? and how far horizontally should it extend ? There are a great many notions prevailing on this subject, ami we farmers, who have neither time nor op- porluuily, lo study into the matter, must depend on the opinion of gentlemen, who have made it their particular concern by study and observa- tion to inlbrm themselves correctly on the sub- ject, such, no doubt are many of your corres- pondents and should they feel willing fully to ex- press their sentiments and opinions through the medium of your most useful paper, it would be doing an essential benelit to the public. If lightning rods are of use to protect us against injury from this most powerful fluid, it is time they were placed upon the buildings — and the sooner it shall be ascertained in what n^ inner we had best have them erected, the bener it c . ivJ^" t ' '^v Your;, .'x.c. ' ^ AN OLD COLONY FARMER. July 26, 1824. REMARKS BY THE EDITOR. The suhject of the above communication is of great iniporlante, and we hasten to give such inlormation respecting it as we can convtuiently furnish. We indulge a liopt, however, that some of our correspondents will resume it; and give us such further particulars and directions as may promote the best security against an agent, which, al- though one of the most powerful in nature may be easi- ly guided and disarmed by art. " Buildings that have their roofs coverf d with lead or other metal, and spouts of metal continued from the roof into the ground to carry off the water, are never hurt by lightning, as, whenever it falls on such a build- ing, it passes in the metals and not in the walls. " When other buildings happen to be within strik- ing distance from such clouds, [as contain the electric fluid] the fluid passes in the walls whether of wood, brick, or stone, quitting the walls only when it can find better conductors near them, as metal rods, bolts, and hinges of windows or doors, gilding on wainscoat, or frameset pictures, the silvering on the backs of looking glasses, the wires for bells, and the bodies of animals, as containing watery fluids. And in passing through the house it follows the direction of these conductors taking as many in its way as can assist it in its passage, whether in a straight or ciooked line, leaping from one to the other, if not f:»r distant from each other, only rending the wall in the spaces where these partial good conductors are too distant from each other. " An iron rod being placed on the outside of a build- ing, from the highest part continued down into the moist earth, in any direction, straight or crooked, fol- lowing the form of the roof or other parts of the build- ing, will receive the lightning at its upper end, attract- ing it so as to prevent its striking any other part ; and aflording it a good convcyai?ce to the earth, will pre- vent i(3 damaging any part of the building. " A small qu antity of nittal is found able to conduct a great quantity of this fluid. A wire no bigger, than a goose-quill has been known to conduct (with safety to the building so far as the wire was continued) a quantity of lightning that did prodigious damage both above and below it, and probably longer rods are not necessary, though it is common in America lo make (hem of halfan inch, some of them three quarters or an inch diameter. " The rod may be fastened to the wall, chimnej', kc. tcith stnples of iron. The lightning will not leave the rod, (a good conductor) to pass into the wood (a bad conductor) through those staples— It would rather, if any were in the wall, pass out of it into the rod to get more readily by that conductor into the earth. " If the building be very large and extensive, two or more rods may be placed at difl^ercnt parts, Ibr greater security. " Small ragged parts of clouds, suspended in the air between the great body of clouds and the earth (like !■ afgold in electrical experiments) often serve as par- tial conductors for the lightning, which proceeds from - ot them to another, and by their help comes within Jriking distance to the earth or a buildin- II "-) forf^ strikes through those conductors, a budding tl .^t would otherwise be out of striking distance. •' Long sharp points communicating with the earfh, \.,rly reason I conceive, that caa be offered in favour of carrying conductors high^in the air, 13 io meet and empty the cloud sooner; but this appears to me an inaccurate mode of ■ -asoning; for if ever a conductor fails to afford protection, il is when a cloud, highly charged, approaches so rapidly upon the point that before there is time for it to be emptied, the point is brought within striking distance, and is then unable to carry off (be quantity thrown upon it ; there- fore,,if the point is placed high in the air, for the sake of attracting it, certainly it is in the same ratio expos- ed to be stricken. From the preceding observations, I conclude, that a point eighteen inches above the high- est Object we wish to protect would be much more safe than one of eighteen /ce/." "An improvement in conductors of Hshtniug was made by Mr. Robert Patterson, ot I'hiladelphia, for whidi the American Philosophical Society a.ljudged him He prize ot a gold medal. He proposes first to in- sert, in the top of the rod, a piece of the best black-lead, about two inches long, and terminating in a fine point which projects a little above the end of its metallic aoctet; so that the black-lead point should be left shari^enough to answer the purpose of a metallic con- duct*. His second intention is, to facilitate the pas- sage m'the electric, fluid from the lower pari of the rod into *ie surrounding earth. In many ca^es it is im- practicable, from the interruption of rocks and other obstacles, to sink the rod so deeply as to reach moist earth, or any other substance that is a tolerably good condiictor of electricity. To remedy this defect Mr. FaltiTson proposes to make the lower part of the rod, e', .. of tfc or copper, which metals are far less lia- ble to v;orft>sio*» -. »>-'st man iiuu, ** mi... i_. -...;, i_^ ground ; or, which will answer the purpose still better, to coat that part of the conductor, of whatever metal it may consist, with a thick crust of black-lead previous- ly formed into a paste by being pulverized, mixed with melted sulphur and applied to the rod while hot. By this precaution the lower part of the rod will, in his opinion last for ages, without any diminution. " In order to increase the surface of the subterraneous part of the conductor, he directs a hole of sufficieut ex- tent to be dug as deep as convenient ; into which a quantity of charcoal should be put, surrounding the lower extremity of the rod. Thus, the surface of that part of the conductor, which is in contact with the earth, may be increased with little trouble or expense ; a circumstance of the first importance to security against those accidents, as charcoal is an excellent conductor of electricity, and will undergo little or no change of property, by lying in the ground a long se- ries of years." — Phil. Edi.of Willich''s Domestic En- cyclopedia, Art. Conc'urtors. Mr. Cavallo observes that "a conductor to guard ai building, as it is now commonly used in consequence of several considerations and experiments. Should con- sist of one iron rod, (copper would do much better, it being a more perfect conductor of electricity, and at the same time not being subject to contract rust so soon as iron,) about three quarters of an inch thick, fastened to the wall of a building not by iron cramps hut hit wooden ones. If the conductor were quite de- tached from the building;, and supported by woodeo 18 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. posts al the distance of one or two feet from the wall, it would be much better for common edifices, but it is more particularly advisable for powdcr-magaxims, powder-mills, and all such buildings as contain com- bustibles ready to take firn. The upper end of the conductor should be terminated in a pyramidal form, with the edges, as well as the points very sharp ; and il the conductor be of iron, it should be gilt or painted for the length of -rue or two feet. This sharp end should be elevated above the highest part of the building, (as above a stack of chimnies, to which it may be fasten- ed) at least five or six feet. The lower end of the conductor should be driven five or six feet into the ground, and in a direction leading from the founda- tions ; or it would be better to connect it with the nearest piece of water, if any at hand. If this con- ductor, on account of the difficulty of adapting it to the form of (he building, cannot conveniently be made of one rod, then care should he taken, that where the pieces meet they be made to come in as perfect con- tact with one another as possible ; for the electricity finds considerable obstruction where the conductor is interrupted. For an edifice of a moderate size, one condu:tor, in the manner already clescribed, is perhaps si-ificient ; but in order to secure a large building from sustaining any damage by lightning, there should be two, three, or more conductors, in proportion to the extent o( the building. " In ships a chain has often been used for the purpose, ■which, on account of its pliableuess, has been found very convenient, and easy to be managed amcng the ringing of the vessel ; but as the electricity finds a great obstruction in going through the several links, for which reason chains have actually been broken by the lio-htning, so their use has now been almost tntirely laid aside ; and in their stead copper wires a little thicker than a goose quill have been substituted, and have been found to answM- very well. One of those „. .^.ouiu oe elevated two or rnree feet above the highest mast in the vessel ; this should be continued down the mast as far as the deck ; where, by bendiug, it should be adapted to the surface of those parts, over •which it may most conveniently be placed, and, by con- tinuing it down the side of the vessel, it should always be made to communicate with the water of the sea. Rees' Cyclopedia says, " a communicaticn should be made between the conductor, and all other pretty large pieces of metal in the building, such as leaden spouts, large iron clamps, &c. ; for otherwise a lateral explosion may take place between those detached pieces of metal, at the time that the lightning is con- veyed by the conductor, and thence the building may receive some damage, though not in a very great de- gree, unless indeed in the case of powder-mills, and powder-magazines." A writer whose communication on this subject was republished from the Boston Recorder, in the N. Eng- land Farmer, Vol. 11. page 77, says : "The greatest deficiency I have noticed [in the construction of lightning rods] is in the want of a free communication with moist earth. When a rod is in all other respects perfect, and deficient in thL«, so far from being a safeguard, it only increases the danger it was intended to avert. " I have known, and by good authority have heanl of several buildings, having conductors, but which •lid hardly touch the earth, being damaged by light- ning. Among the many is the meeting house in Rf ad ing, Mass. In the course of the present summer th^ hgbtniog came down the rod, and went ofi" near the miii'i:' to px'errnitvttp thnm. — Four yours since 1 hu 1 1 (eivof Ihnse fast sprraiiiiitr thistlns in bottom into, and damaged the hoiire. This was rm doubtedly, because, by reason of ti.e rod not goinf into the ground, the electrical fluid could not pass off two [.lare^ in mv pastur.; : they were then con asfistas it was received, and the rod became over- jfin^.l to a lew Ip.t in c.rcumference H:>vino wllnessci! the peri elect conductor. " I shall, therefore, endeavor to give some directions for the information of those who are unacquainted with the subject, and who have not the means of informa- tion. "The rod should be made of round, smooth iron, at least three qiarters of ou inch in diameter, and when it can conveniently be done, instead oflioki.ig, sho.dd h. smoothly welded together ; but when by reason of Hi length or otherwise it is inconvenifnt to weld tLc whole rod, let it be smiDthly connected, by screwing the end of one part into the end of another. Th. re should be five or more points, one in the centre, per- pendicular, and the others oblique. They should be filed to a sharp, slender point, and tipped with silver. The points should be elevated at least five or six feet above the highest part of the building. The bottom of the rod should go into the earth six or seven feet, and terminate in a bed of two or three bushels of wet char- coal. The wet coal covered with earth will probably retain dampness longer than any other substance. " A conductor constructed and put up agreeably to the above directions, will perfectly secure a building for twenty feet on every side. When a building is more than forty feet long, for perfect security, th»re should be two or more rods, calculating one rod for every forty feet." These directions appear to us to be correct and judi- cious. The conductor may be considered as the channel which conveys the electric fluid from the cloud to the earth in most cases, tho' we are told that this fluid some- times ascends from the earth to the clouds. In either case, the larger the rod or channel of electricity, and the fewer the obstructions in its course the more per- fectly it answers its purpose of drawing ofi' the excess ot the fluid without a stroke or explosion. Some wri- ters recommend tipping the points of lightning rods with platina or gilding them. Probably tipping them with silver will answer as good a purpose, as the prin- cipal object is to prevent rust, which in a great mea- sure destroys the conducting power of the metal. We believe that there is not much danger of the lightning^ leaving the conductor, and following the iron staples. But it will be somewhat more safe and probably as convenient " to pass the rod through a small ledge of wood, which is nailed fast to the building," or to " make use of a small iron staple with a piece of horn inserted into the ring, which receives the rod," as our correspondent says, is the practice of some of his neigh- bours. Though horn is not enumerated by writers, (SO far as we have examined) among the electrics, or non-conductors of electricity, yet we know it to be a Very slow conductor of heat, and imperfept conductors of heat are generally slow conductors or non-conduc- tors of the electric fluid. CANADA THISTLE. To the Editor of the Massachusetts Spy, Sir, — I ohserved a petition was presented to (he Legislature reqiipsling their aid (o prevent llio spread of the " Canada Thistle ;" and 1 will: full expectation, that they would IrouVde ine no more. The next year, there were more than twice the number, and occupied a inucli larger piece of ground. 1 (hen cut (hern wnh a scvfhe, as often as they grew srifficiciitly high to |)P cut — al! this, apparently, served to increase their growth. The next ye.ir, they exiended several rn Is, and 1 had every reason to believe, that in a few years. Ihey would willingly occu- py iny whole pasture. Knowing that salt, or brine would destroy many kinds of vegetables, I cut them with a scythe at the commencement of a rain, and ihr-w salt liberally over them, mi my cattle and sheep kep! the grass and this- tles closely fed in conseipience of the salt. I salted the ground a second time the same year, and they are entirely ilestroyed. — If those peo- ple, who find Canaila Thistles in their lots, or bv "■ the way side" will take the trouble to maka- tliiis simple appticalion, they may perhaps pie- vent the growth of the thistle, and supersede the necessity of a legislative act. A FARMER. GAPES IN CHICKENS, Occasioned by double headed worms, which ac- company this communication, together isith a biazen wire screw, with which they are easily extracted. Synapuxent, IGih June, 1824. TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FAAMER. Dear Sir. — The enclosed papers will apprise yon that your inquiry, when I last had the plea- sure of seeing yon, was not correctly under- stood. I shall be pleased to hear from you when additional light shall have been thrown upon the subject to which they relate. Willing at all times to minister to that laud- able thirst for information which characterises you, 1 herewith forward a double headed por- tion of the vermicular family, together with the instrument with which they were taken from the wind pipes of four chickens in great distress with the ga/)cs. The ingenious neigh- bour who invented the instrument, ivas kind enough, after he had operated upon our chick- ens, to give it to me, exactly as ! now enclose it for your inspection. I declare to you that I have seldom been more surprised, than at the facility with which this brazen screw was in- troduced into the wind pipe — the struggles of the subject ceasing as soon as its point had fiiir- ly passed the chink, (rima glottidis if you pre- fer it,) the almost undisturbed respiration, whilst it was suffereil to remain projecting from the mouth for a minute. Without other support than that which the wnlls of the tube itself af- forded— and the astonishing organization of the worms taken out. You will perceive at first view that many of these monsters have two fimbriated, and all a pointed extremity. The gentleman who extracteil Ihemassureil me that ose which appear without the small head have heard many enquiring the most successful j must have been mutilated, as be bad seeanoae NRW ENGLAND FARMER. 19 in all his previous operations without it." It is liy those (imhriatcd lilack like extrcmitie«i, that their =u«tenanre i« ohtained. Commiited fo a small portion of limpid water they mani- fested all the sir;ns of life, and occasionally threw out (pom the pointed extremity portions of the hlood wilh which they wore tnre-id. I shonid say a word or two of the modus ope- randi, hut really fear that this, written in great haste will he too late for the mail. If you wish me to say more on this suhject, please to ask for such information as you desire. From the ^fa^9ach^lsetl5 Yeoman. F-XIIIRITION OF MANUFACTURE?. The Franklin Institute of Pennsylvania have pfiven notice to the Manufacturers, Mechanies, Artists, fee. of the United elates, that their first exhibition will be held in Philadelphia, on the 18th, 19th, and 20lh of October next, to which they invite " all who reside in the Union to send the productions of their industry and ingenuity." They also offer premiums for particular arti- cles of manufacture ; and among others, the fol- lowing:— To the maker of the best Cast Steel, who has manufactured the same in any state of the Union, — a specimen of at least 10 Jbs. in bars of one half inch square or smaller. The quRli- fy of steel and neatness of the bars will be con- sidered in estimating its merit — A silver medal. To the manufacturer of the best specimen of Cast-iron Pipes made in the United States. — The pipes not to be less than 100 feet of one inch calibre, in joints of at least four feet long, joined by screwing into each other, or united as effectually by some other mode — i silver medal To the person who shall manufacture the best Crucibles of earthen ware, or other cheap material, suitable for Brass Founders. The cru- cibles must be made to endure as high a heat as ■ those made of black lead, and to stand at least seven heats in a brass founder's furnace. The crucibles to be capable of holding at least 40 lbs. of metal; one dozen of crucibles to be exhibit- ed— A silver medal. To the maker of the best Smith's Anvil, steel faced, not weighing less than 70 lbs. — A iilver medal. To the manufacturer of the best piece of Broad Cloth ; not less than live yards to be ex- hibited— .'3 silver medal. To the manufacturer of the best piece of Sa- tinet— A silver 7ncdijl. To the manufacturer of the best pair of Cot- ton Blankets — A silver medal. To the manufacturer of the best piece of Ne- gro Cloth, not less than a hundred yard.s — the quality and price will be taken into considera- tion— A silver medal. To the inventor of the best Machines for making Wrought Nails— j9 silver medal. To the author of the best Treatise, (whether in manuscript or printed,) on the construction of Water Wheels. In appreciating the merits of this work, regard will he had to procuring the greatf^st effect with the water employed. It is important also that the style should be intelli- gible to common workmen-^jl silver medal. Premiums will also be awarded for articles not specified, " which are remarkable for nov- elty in the invention, or perfection in the work- manship." The name and place of residence of the ma- ker of or manufacturer must be affixed to the article. Samples will be received of such arti- cles as from their bulk or nature cannot be con- veniently removed.— Persons desirous of ob- taining further information on the subject can address David II. Mason, No. 33, South Fourth Street. Philadelphia, who is one of the Curatofs of the Institute. From the Loudon Farmer's Journal. Orj THE FRE?ERVATION OF HARNESS. Sir, — Allow me to recommend the following method of preserving leather harness and traces, engine hose, boots and shoes, cording, sheep nets, cart covers, stack cloths, &c., in the most effectual manner, to the attention of your agri- cultural readers, as an invaluable acquisition. Take of neats' foot oil one quart ; bees wax, cut small, one ounce; oil of tar, [spirits of tur- pentine] half a ponnd by weight; and after sim- mering the neats' oil a little in a pipkin, the oil of tar must be added, when, after a gentle sim- mering again for a few minutes, stirring it the whole time with n stick, the mixture will be finished; at the same lime, if an ounce of nap- tha be comeatable, and the purpose for which it is to be used should render the expense no object, the composition will, by the addition thereof, receive considerable improvement. It is used precisely as oil would be applied ; and where it may be required to soften old and hard- ened leather, a washing or sponging with hot wafer first is advisable, and the liquid should be driven in before the fire. Leather or cordage dressed with this liquid never rots, hardens, grows mouldy, or perishes with blackinsf: it is likewise a complete des- troyer of scahhiness in sheep and other animals. I gave the form, about seven years back, to a person who made a benefit of its sale in town, and afterwards, contrary to a pledge given me, sold the same to two people who now retail a very inferior composition. As to the expense, one application of this flu- id is superior to four or five of oil. Where the rendering leather water-proof is desirable, the ounce of napiha proposed to be added, should have a drachm of India rubber dis- solved in it; for if should be remembered that those things which give suppleness to leather, open its pores; whereas, fo make it wafer-proof, the closing them up by astringent applications, or filling them up by waxy or gummy ones, is indispensable. It is perhaps right to add, nap tha is highly inflammable, and therefore should be kept from the fire and candle, and added "• oyier the mixture is taken from the fire." I am, Sir, your very obed't serv't, W." M. DINSDALE. June 1, 1821. HARD WATER FOR IRRIGATION. In Parkes' Chemical Essays, page 9, it is as- serted that " according to Dr. Home, hard wa- ter promotes the growth of plants in a much greater degree than soft water." Sir John Sin- clair says, '■' In regard to waters much impreg- nated with iron, they were formerly supposed totally unfit for the purposes of irrigation ; but it is now fully proved, by the accurate experi- ments of aa able chemist, and by the extraordi- nary growth of grasses In Prisley meadow in Bedfordshire, that ferruginous waters are friend- ly to vegetation, when properly applied." We believe that many if not the greater part of what we call hard waters in this country iire rendered hard by sulphate of lime, fcypsiim] and are the more fit for irrigation from the ve- ry circumstance uhich causes them to be im- proper for bleaching, the use of the dyer and most culinary purposes. PURIFYING OIL. The property which tan has of combining with gelatine, and therewith forming an insolu' ble precipitate, may be applied fo the impor- tant purpose of purifying rancid fish oil. I knew a gentleman who fitted a very complete apparatus with this intention ; and by agitating the oil with the tannin and water in a large vessel, to which he gave a rotary motion, the tan- nin became intimately combined with the gelatir- ous impurities, and then completely subsided. By this means the oil, which was fit only for burn- ing in the street lamps, was rendered free from smell nearly equal to the best spermaceti oil, and lit for burning in the closest chambers. [Parkes'' Chemical Essays. La Fayette. — Mr. Persico an accomplished ar- tist (>f this city, has just completed in clay a co- lossal bust of General La Fayette. Gentle- men who have seen the original pronounce it to be an admirable likeness. We can only bear testimony to the excellence of the workmanship. The countenance is strongly marked, and ex- tremely interesting. Mr. Persico intends soon to fiifish the cast in plaster; but would previous- ly hi happy to have connoisseurs in the art call at his rooms, No. 19, Murray-street, to examine the bust, and suggest any alteiations — JV. Y. Statesman. inland Trade.— The Rochester Telegraph contains a respectable marine list, annou'ncing arrivals and departures at that port (on Genes- see river) of a number of steam boats, tVom and to Presque Isle, Sackett's Harbour, Ogdensburg, Lewiston, Niagara, Cape Vincent, Port Hope, and other places in the lake country, of too re- cent designation to be found on any map, with produce and merchandise of various kinds. — ib. Knowledge is Power.—" It is an excellent opinion of the writer who obtained a prize from the Economical Society of Berne, for an Essay on the best means of instructing the pub- lic, that ' a labourer executes easily and ex- actly all his works in proportion fo his knowl- edo'e.'" [Parkes'' Chemical Essays. Mistakes in Science. — " A person who means to serve the cause of science effectually, must often hazard his own reputation so far as to risk mistakes in things of small moment." [Dr. Priestly. A'o Man is too old or too -well informed to learn. — Cardinal Farnese one day found Michael Angelo, when an old man, walking alone in the Colliseum, and expressed his surprise at finding him solitary amidst the ruins; fo which he re- plied, " I go yet to school that I may continue to learn." 20 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. From the Mass. Agricultural Repository for June, 1824. ■Some further notice of some of the valuable vari- eties of new Pears sent last year by Mr. Knii^ht to Mr. Lowell. We would commence by saying, that all the original trees are alive, and in good order, ex- cept the Hardenpont de rrintems,(by the French Gardeners called, Buorre Ranee)— There are also living about eighty grafts from them, and a great number of buds. Mr. Lowell will cheerfully furnish buds of all the varieties, as soon as they are (it, during the present season. It must occur to every one that as the trees are small be cannot answer all the demands of the public, but regardless of the speedy growth of the trees, he will give all that can be spared without injury to them. Of the Buerre Ranee, or Hardenpont de Prin- lems there are many grafts growing in the gardens of several gentlemen in the vicinity, for the grafts from the trees survived though the parent stock died, a case not uncommca. Of No. V. in the catalogue of Mr. Knight's pears as printed in the Massachusetts Agricul- tural Repository of June 1823, the following description is given in the Transactions of the London Horticultural Society accompanied with a beautiful coloured plate of the Pear, cihib- iting its form and natural size and colours. — See part IV. Vol. 4 of these Transactions. Extract from the Journals of the London Soc tfij. " Specimens of the Marie Louise Pear were received from Roger Wilbraham, Esq. the pro- duce of a tree in his garden at Twickenham, trained to a south wall which is however much shaded with trees. This pear which has al- ready been noticed in the Society's Transac- tions', Vol. II. page 406 and Vol. HI. p.nge 120, has far exceeded any e"pectations which had 1 r-.„„j .i-:,. I,, gHiieioi form is like that of St. Germain, but tapering less towards the stalk. The skin is of a greenish yellow, deep- ening where e.xposed to the sun, or when full ripe to a rich yellow, clouded with light brown russet — flesh inclining to yellow — perfectly melting, with abundance of sweet juice. The annexed figure will convey a very perfect idea of this excellent and beautiful pear. In favour- able situations, however, it attains to a much larger size, being sometimes five inches long, and three inches wide and weighing eight ounces. Its period of maturity is from the middle of Octoher to the middle of November. Those received from Mr. Wilbraham having ripened one year, 17th of October, and some which were received of Mr. Knight, not till the 15th of November, but these last were produc- ed in the climate of Dounton [Mr. Knight's seat in Shropshire in the northern part of Wales] which is very inferior to that of .Mid- dlesex (near London.) This is one of the nu- merous seedlings which have been raised with- in a few years in the Netherlands. The first specimens came from Dr. Van Mons when he resided at Brussels— and grafts and i)lanls were obtamed from his garden there, and subsequent- ly from the Count Coloma at Mecklin. It is said to have been raised by the Abbe Duquesne, together with the Napoleon pear already des- cribed in the Transactions, page 215 of this volume." Thus it will be perceived, that in this fruit we have obtained a most valuable addition to our innocent luxuries. We shall now add the short account given in the same Transactions of the JVapolion Pear, and perhaps the name will give it some inter- est and popularity with some persons. It m.ny make it, if it shall prove a good fruit, a little more marketable, and therefore more profitable to our friends, who raise fruit for sale. "Roger Wilbraham, Esq. sent a fine speci- men of the Napoleon Pear, the produce of a graft received by the Society from Dr. Van Mons of Brussels, The form is pyramidal, but irregular, something like the Colmar. The skin is green, becoming pals yellow when fully ripe — flesh while, a little inclined tn pale dull yellow, of pleasant consistence, melting and juicy, of excellent flavour, and much sweetness. The core is small, almost free from grit, and the seeds which are small are inserted near Ihe head. This Pear is interesting as being the first of the new Flemish varieties produced in this country with an authenticated name. [We pre- sume this does not apply to the circumstance of its bearing the name of the most extraordi- nary man of the age, but that it was the first of the varieties which was receiveil from an au- thentic source.] So much confusion existed in the manner in which both the specimens and grafts were sent over by Dr. Van Mons that it will be a work of considerable attention to affix the original names to the produce of the trees now abundant in the gardens of the members of this Society, who have attended to the growth o( these valuable fruits, which Ihe indus- try of the Flcimsh gardeners have recently ac- quired." It wilt be seen by this extract, that the Na- poleon Pear is also excellent. They have omitted in this accotmt, the season of its ripen- ing, but Mr. Knight in his letter to Mr. Lowell piihlished la t year, slates it to be November and December, which much enhances its value. When we consider the high state of Horli- culture in England and the just pride in it — and the natural jealousy they would (eel in havi .g their near neighbours across Ihe channel sur- pass them in producing new and excellent fruils, we have abundant reason to believe that those new Flemish varieties raised from seed are highly valuable. The concluding remark in the notice of this Pear as to the confusion of 7iaines of different fruits induces us once more to beg cultivators to be more attentive to this subject, and (o strive as far as possible to give Ihe correct names, the authorized, admitted names to every fruit tree they possess. It is a matter of far greater moment than genlletnen are aware of. One man finds he has a fine fruit. He calls it a Virgoulousp, when in truth it is a Colmar. He recommends it to his friend as a Virgoulouse. His friend not having tliat pear, takes grafts from it, and waits five years (or its fruit, when to his great mortification, and severe and irre- parable loss, he finds it to be nothing hut a fruit of which he had too much before, under the true and correct name of Colmar. Disa[ipoint- ed and vexed, he has no resource, but to gral't the tree anew, and perhaps a second excellent and obliging friend has unwittingly deceived him a second time. It is a very serious evil in Horticultiire, and demands the most strict attention. Wc shall never make the advances we might make in this branch while we are so careless about names. It is not indeed diffi- cult, even (or unlearned pi^rsons, to ascertain tlie facts. Let them never graft, till they have seen the fruit, and snbmilted it to those who are judges; or, at least, let them not take their scions, except froni well infcjrmed cultivators. Seckle Pear. It may be interesting to some of our readers to know what the best cultivators in Eurn[iQ think of the best, if not the only superior |)ear produced in America. It is admitted, we be- lieve, by the French and English g.irdeners, that the Seckle pear is new to them. We know that General Moreau pronounced it tn be new ' to the French. They consider it an .'iinei ican production. That we have had no more new varieties is undoubtedly owing to our inatten- tion to the subject. Even this justly celehrated Pear was not the produce of care hut of acci- dent. We have been informed that Mr. Johoo- not, of Salem, has attempted with laudable in- dustry and enterprize, to raise new varieties of the I'car from the seed; and that he has suc- ceeded in producing one excellent variety. Cultivators ought not to be discourage. I because so few are found to reward their labour. Dr. Van Mons of Brussels raisey one of the Trustees of this Society, and a most dis- tinguished cultivator of fruits, S. G. I'erkins, Esq. It was received iVom the garden of the London Horticultural Society. Tlu Charles d''Av.lriche Ptar. It was probalily so named from the celebrated Archduke of Austria, who was the most success- ful combatant of Na[ioleon, before Wellington arose to eclipse him, or at least to diminish his lustre. "This is a large variety three inches and a half long and three inches wide. It is one of the nexa varieties sent by Dr. Van Mons. Skin greenish yellow, profusely sprinkled with brown spots and partially rus-elled. Flesh melting, white, very juicy, with a rich high l^avour, but with little if any perfume — a beau- tiful -.mi fine I'ruit. Ripens about the uiiddle of November." We hope we shall be pardoned for devoting 60 much of our journal to line fruits. ON SUMMER FALLOWS, AND FALLOW CROPS. [By J. BcEL OF Albani.] In the best improved districts of Great Bri- tain, France, and America, summer fallows have been pretty much abandoned. It has been found that, 1. They occasion the loss of one crop. 2. That they impoverish the soil, by expos- ing it to the influence of a scorching midsum- mer's sun. 3. That they increase the expense of tillage. And, 4. That they waste the vegetable and fertil- izing matter of the sod, which, by the cross ploughings, is exposed to the exhausting influ- ence of the sun and winds. Darwin says, that " though a summer fallow may be an advantage to a poor soil which has nothing to lose, yet it must be injurious to a rich one which has nothing to gain." It is only advocated, by late writers, as a means of des- troying weeds; and this can be done full as well by crops which require to be hand-hoed, particularly maize, the properties of which, as a cleansing crop, are unknown in English hus- bandry. For Summer Fullowx, substitute Fallow Crops. These may be maize, potatoes, beans, peas, or oats. Or, if the ground is a clover ley, it re- quires neither fallow nor fallow crop. Plough in August oreatly in September, and sow wheat upon the sod, harrowing well in the direction of the furrow. I will speak of the fallow crops separately. 1. Indian Corn. If the soil is stiff, or the sward stubborn, plough late in the fall, and har- row in the spring before you plant. If a sand or light loam, leave the grass to grow till near planting time. In either case the roller may be used to adviyilage. It compresses the sod, smothers the growth of grass, and prevents the escape of the gasses evolved in the fermenta- tion of the vegetable matter buried by the plough. If you have manure to s|)are, (and vou can use it no where to better advantage "than with this crop,) spread it on the sod and plough il under. Plant your corn in hills. The distance will dejiend on the kind of seed, and j strength of the ground. 1 plant at three feel! each way. Harrow at the first dressing, the! more the lietter, provided you do not disiuil) the | sod; and plough shallow and earth slightly at ' the second. But exterminate all weeds. By 1 leaving the sod unbroken, the roots of the grain ! have a better su()ply of moisture and nutriment beneath it. The |)rocess of decomposition is at its height in August, when the young ears are jiutting torth, and llie grain tilling. iiar- vest your corn by cutting it ui), stocks anil all, close to the surface, as soon as the ears are thoroughly glazed or seared ; bind it in bundles, and stack it in small stacks oil the ground. Pro- ceed immediately to plough, and sow your wheat or rye, which in almost every case can be done in the month of September. The nu- triment in the stocks will ripen your corn, while by cutting thus early, you improve the quality, and double the quantity ol' cattle food. An extensive and intelligent farmer, Mr. P. R. Livingston, informs me, that he values the fod- der thus secured, a full compensation lor all the labour of cultivating the croji, leaving the grain a clear protit. 1 split the hills, harrow, plough, sow the seed, and barrow it in both ways. On light soils, it may be preterable to plough in the seed. 1 raise an early and very prolific corn, which is invariably ripe enough to cut the tirst ten days in September. 1 am satisfied, from several year's experience, that other things being alike, the clover sod, ploughed under in May, will give a material increase of corn, over land which has no sod, 1 think 20 per cent, on an average, and the crop is much less liable to be mjured by drought. The planting should be as early as the season and soil will admit. Failures, and great inconvenience and loss often result from the seed not vegetating, from its destruction by the wire worm and grub, and from the depredations committed upon the young plants by birds and squirrels. As I have never sufl'ered in either of these respects, I will stale my method of preparing llie seed. 1 collect, in the tirst place, a quantity of the roots of the black hellebore, or itch weed, which abounds in swamps, grows with and re- sembles in its habits, skunk's cabbage, except that the leaves are narrower, longer, and grow upon the seed stock : these I boil till 1 obtain a strong decoction. I then take out the roots, and add to the liquor salt petre in the propor- tion of lour ounces to three gallons, and put in my seed corn while the liquor is yet warm. Thirty-six hours is the longest period it should be suffered to steep, as the mere may destroy the vegetating principle of the grain. As a further precaution, the liquor is again warmed, and a gill of tar stirred in, and the seed again immersed in it anew. Thus prepared i have not lost twenty hills in four years. The ger- minating process commences before the corn is planted, and unless the ground h too wet lo grow this cro[), (and it never pays the expense of culture, on soils that abound in springs, or that are naturally wet and cold,) it will contin- ue to progress. The helleliore is poisonous, anil though the ground may partially exlrncl the poison, neither birds nor squirrels will ever ilisturb a dozen hills. The tar imjiregnates the seed, and protects it from the worms. The nitre and plaster, with which latter the seed is mixed betore (danling, combine their fertilizing properties lo give vigour and strei)glh to the young plants. A gentleman in Madison county, who is said to have raised the greatest cro|) of corn ever growed in this slate, ascribes his success jirinci- pally to the circumsiance of his having put lour bushels of seed on an acre, instead of six quarts, ihe usual quantity ; and pulling up all but the requisite number of most ibrifly plants at the first dressing of the crop ; and that no stalk produced less than three ears. I do not know that the facts have been correctly stated to me ; but I confess they appear to be rational. We scarcely ever notice a hill of corn, without ob- serving a spear more vigorous than the rest, which maintains its ascendency, and is always most prolific in its return. On the contrary those plants which are pale and sickly when young, seldom produce much under the best care. My experience warrants me in the be- lief, that seed taken from a stock which has produced two or three ears, is more prolific than seed from a stock which has produced but one ear. 2. Potatoes, if intended as a fallow crop, should be planted early. If on sward, hills are more convenient than drills. The dung should be unrotted, and spread previous to ploughing. If dunged in the hill, the manure is apt to gen- erate too much heal, to encoora^e a too luxu- riant growth of tops, to protiact Ihe ripening of the crop, and lo render it watery and ill flavour- ed. It is a mistaken notion that the best pota- toes grow in a warm dry soil. Ireland and Nova Scotia produce the best in the world. The climate in both is comparatively, cold and very damp. I have planted them on a clover ley, by dropping the seed six inches apart, in every fourth furrow, long manure being first drawn ofl" the land with a rake into the furrow. The ground was afterwards rolled — and har- rowed as the plants were breaking ground. One ploughing and a slight earthing with Ihe hoe completed the process of cultivation. The produce was more than 400 bushels per acre. Land ploughed deep the preceding fall, would, 1 have no doubt, under this plan of culture, with manure produce a larger croj). Potatoes, gen- erally, may be dug between the 15th and 30th September ; and the ground is quickly prepar- ed tor crop ; which should not be put in after the first week in October. I have procured a kind which are not only of good quality for the table, but which come to maturity in eight to ten weeks from planting. These promise to be valuable for a fallow crop. A practice has been recommended to me, to prevent the deterioration of this crop, a misfortune which seems to follow planting, successively, seed I raised upon the same farm. Two years' expe- i rience has tended to satisfy me of its utility. The I recommendation is, to select seed of good size, 1 to cut off and throw away a slice from the seed 22 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. end, and to cut the residue into two, three, or four pieces according to the remaining numlier of" eyes. Its utility is based njion the supposi- tion, and I may say the fact, that where several Stocks grow close together, the vegetable will be of a diminutive size; and that the discarded slice, which has from three to six eyes, may be correctly compared to the tips and butts ol an ear of seed corn, which are rejected as use- less, because they produce invariably sickly plants. The best potatoe soil is one which is cool, moist, and light, such as is afforded by swamps abounding in vegetable alluvion, and well drained. The seed should not be planted so deep, nor the (dants earthed so high, as to exclude the salutary inflrience of air and light ; but frequent stirrings of the ground, *vith the plough or cultivator, are highly beneficial. 3. Beans may be cultivated in drills or in hills. Thoy are a valuable crop; and with good care are as profitable as a wheat crop. They leave the soil in good tilth. The China bean, with a red eye, is to be preferred. They ripen early, and are very productive. I culti- vated beans the last year, in three diflferent ways, viz. in iiiils, in drills, and sowed broad- cast. 1 need not describe the first, which is a well known process. 1 had an acre in drills, which was the best crop 1 ever saw. My man- agement was this : on an acre of light ground, where the clover had buen frozen out the pre- ceding winter, 1 spread eight loads of long ma- nure, and immediately ploughed and hnrroived the grounil. Drills or furrows were then made with a light plough, at the distance of two ;md a half feet and the Leans thrown along the fur- rows about the 25th of May, by the hand, at the rate of at least a bushel on the acre. 1 then guaged a double mould board plough, which was passed once between the rows, and was fol- lowed by a light one horse roller, which flatten- ed ilic lidges. The crop was twice cleaned of weeds, by the hoe, but not earthed. The pro- duct was more than forty-eight bushels, by ac- tual measurement. The beans brought me one dollar the bushel last fall. The third experi- ment was likewise upon a piece of ground where the clover had been killed. It was ploughed about the first of June, the seed sown like pea", upon the first furrow, and harrowed in. The drought kipt them back, but about 65 rods of ground, on which the experiment was made, gave a product of twelve and a half bu- shels, the crop was loo ripe when it was har- vested, and as it was cut with a scythe, I estimat- ed that al about two and a half bushels were left upon the ground. No labour was bestow- ed upon them I'rom the time they w ere sown till they vrere harvested. 4 and 6. Peas and Oals, are lioiha prellysure crop upon a sod. The ground should be plough- ed in the fall, and the seed harrowed in as ear- ly as possible. A neat way of putting in either of these crop? is, where stones ai;d roots do not interfere, to turn the furrow slice six inches broad, and six deep, and lay it in an angle of 45 degrees upun the preceding slice. A field thus ploughed, presents a continuity of ridges five inches high, and six inches slope, each way. Sow the oats or peas — the seed falls naturally full into the cavities between the ridges — then harroiv with a light seed harrow, across the fur- rows. The ineijualities are thus reduced, the crass upon tlieed^^c of the furrow slice perfectly smo- thered, the seed covered with fine earth, and it comes up with the regularity of a drilled crop. The Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, recommend oats as the best crop upon an inverted sward, and as the first of a six years' rotation ; and they recommend that it be cut in the milk for fodder. An acre which would yield 30 bushels, might, if cut in the milk, give two to three tons of fodder. In this way, they are unquestionably the most profilalde ; and when intended to be cut green, five or six bushels should be sown on an acre. As a general rule, peas and oats constitute the best fallow crop, upon cold stiff soils, par- ticularly if the ground is not manured. Upon loams and sands, beans, and, with manure, maize and potatoes, are preferable as fallow crops. \^Aincrican Partner. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. SAIURDA'V, AUGUST 14, 1824. FARMFAVS CALFJ^DAR. FLAX, it is or soon will be the proper time to pull your flax. Perhaps in some place? with- in the sphere of the circulation of our paper flax is already pulled, while, in others it is not yet sufficiently ripened. But as we can not adopt any one article to all places, circumstan- ces, situations and capacities, some persons may find it convenient not to pay much atten- tion to this article, at least till the next season for gathering flax. But, though our directions may be "laid by on the shelf" we hope they may not prove useless, (especially, to those who keep files of the New England Farmer;) even to those who have no immediate occasion to follow our prescriptions. Flax, which it is intended to prepar'? by water- rotting should be pulled as soon as the blossoms have generally fallen off. Some think that the harl is stronger at this time than it is afterwards, as none of the oily particles have yet passed into the seed. It is undoubtedly better for the soil that it be pulled at this time, than when the seed is ripe, as the longer it stands to ripen the more oily particles it will draw from the earth. In pulling flax, care should be tHken not to mix long and short together in the same hands, but to keep all of the same length together by itself As soon as your flax is pulled and tied up in hands, it should be put into the water without delay. A pond is preferable tp running water, both as it is warmer, and not so apt to deprive the flax of its oily and glutinous substance. In four or five days, according to the warmth of the water, it will be time to take it out. But that the true time may not be missed, it must be caretullv watcheies, the best pos- sible mode of effecting this object would be to wrap it in stout brown paper, or coarse and loosply woven cloth, and put it down, embedded in charcoal, broken into small pieces but not reduced to powder. See N. E. Farmer, vol. i. page 275. FOIiKlO.N. A Convention was eonrluileil brtwceii the United States anil Russia on tlu- t7th .ipril last, Mr. Middle- ton on thi part of the United States, and C oiuit Nessel- rode and Mr. I'olitica on the part ol RiiF«ia. The couveDt>»a coniiste of six. articles, ia which all the NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 23 points in ilisputi^ t.tween the two gov. iiiim-nts are a.ljiistcd in a nKinn'-r most hojiourablc and ad>anta- geons to this country. The Ex-EmperoT /(urftirfe.— Strict orders have been isatud in Mexico for the punifhment o{ Iturbide as a traitor, should he laud in the Kcpublic. The I'acha of T.^pt. rerlainly the most enterprising "Mus^iilinan alive, is making ^rt-at efforts (o encourage! m-inufactur. :s, and is holding ibr'h every inducement to .irtisls and mechanics, and has gone fo lar as offi r- in? liOOi) Ira.ics per annum to printers of calicoes. Sev- eral hav- therefore 'ell Lyons to embark at Marseilles. Unl.is Mehmied Ali I'acha, falls a victim to the policy of the Ottomiles, he will perfect some spli-ndid schemes of iniprcvemt ul. His canal to the Isthmus of Suez, is ne.\riy C'lmpleted, and he soon will open a direct and profitable trade to India through the Ked .Sea. He li immeustly rich, and only wants one or two of our fine steam vessels to complete his enterprising plans. [jVu/. Advocale. Latest from Europt. — The ship Topaz, Capt. Cal- lender, arrived at this ))ort from Liverpool, on the 11th inst. and brought London papers to the evening ol the 12th and Liverpool to the 13th of July. By these we learn that the (Jreeks continue a successful resistance t* the Turkish armies, and the commander in chief of the latter had been defeated in an elfort to force the passes of the Thermopylae. It is likewise asserted, that the corps of Conslantine Bozzaris, and the troops of the Pacha of Scutari had been engaged, and the Turks defeated. In various quarters the Greek cause ap- pears to predominate, but no very decisive engage- ments are mentioned. Spain. — Madrid letters of June 26, state that the Government had received a note from the French Am- bassador, against the conduct observed towards the Constitutionalists, that in consequence of it orders had been given at Bilboa and elsewhere to put a decree of amnesty in execution. In Arragon the populace of several towns resisted this order, burned the decree, and could only be quelled by a French battalion. London. — It should seem by an article of the 6th of July that the British government had in view a mili- tary expedition, and its destination is conjectured to te Portugal. Balloon Asctnt. — Mr. Rossiter, one of Mr. Harris' Committee, and uncle of his widow, has made an as- cent in the same balloon which had proved fatal to Mr. Harris, for the benefit of his widow and family. He landed without any difficulty, and without the balloon's sustaining the slightest injury. and say that the Government of Greece will hasten to I xpriss its sincere gratitude for such a benevolent deed, which it must necessarily inspire in the hearts of the Greeks. — Con. Herald. Last week an attempt was made to poison the family of Mr. W. Sanbury, in Winchester, Va. by arsenic, mixed in the butter eaten at the table. Fortunately Iht quantity employed was so great, as to produce an immediate discharge from the stomach, and save the livHsofthe persons taking it. Suspicions light on a black wench, as the author of the diabolical oflVnce. [jV. 1'. Slottsman. At a monthly meeting of the New-York Horticultu- ral Society, July 29, a member presented a catalo;,'uc of I'mit-frees, part of which he brought from Europe in the Spring, — the remainder are expected in the fall. Many of the varieties are new. They consist of 13 varieties of Almonds DOMESTIC. Sai'annreft, July 27. — The long continued dry weath- er which we have experienced, will have the most in- jurious effects upon the crops in this part of the coun- try. We have received a letter from May river, S. C. which states that the want of rain for the last eight ■weeks " has almost entirely destroyed the corn crop — th« cotton crop is materially injured, and the prospect of provisions for the ensuing year is distressing in- deed." We have learned from other sources that the rice in the low lands is perishing for the want of water. The river is lower than it has been known for many years." The Commissioners of the Navy Board are at present absent on a tour of inspection of the Eastern Navy Yards. ffew kind of Wheat. — A new kind of Wheat has lately been brought from Arabia, called the Ileshbon Wheat. — The ears are twice as large as those of the common kinds of wheat. The number of grains in one ear is eighty-four, and the length of the stalk, five feet one inch. [Cincinnati Gazette. Mr. Rush, the American Minister at the Court of St. James, has acknowledged the receipt of JE6,G00 sterl- ing (through Messrs. Baring fr Co.) from the commit- tee in New- York appointed to receive contributions for the relief of the virtuous and patriotic Gri eks. The Greek deputation in Loudon has very feelingly noticed the liberality of the Americao contributors, 18 53 68 126 196 3 3 7 8 49 164 7 2 4 10 16 24 13 do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Apricots Cherries Plums Apples Pears Quinces Medlars Nuts Filberts Peaches Grapes Barbaries Cornel Treft Chesnut Tree Figs Raspberries Currants and Gooseberries Strawberries. Total 784 varieties. Thomas Crooker mowed irf one mistute, in the field of Thaddens Chapin, Esq. last week, sevenhun^ dred and fifly-ln'o square feet of grass : four other men, about 550 feel each ; averaging 47 clips of grass, and being 94 movements of the Scythe in 60 seconds. Whoever will beat the above, in Ontario, shall re- ceive a premium. — Ontario., N. Y. Repos. The Legislature of Jfew-York adjourned on the 6th inst. after refusing to pass what is denominated the K- Icctoral Bill, which gave the right of choosing Electors of President and Vice President of the United Stales to the people. In consequence of this decision the choice will devolve on the Legislature at their session in November next. Erratum: — In the article headed "On raising Wheat," communicated by Mr. A. Butterfield, and published in the last No. of the New England Farmer, page 12, column 2, the following occurs, "he broke up one half acre," &c. It should have been one and an half acre, &c. 0;^ HOW TO SAVE FIFTY CENTS. Our subscribers arp respectfully and respec- tively reminded that by paying for the current volume of the New England Farmer within 60 days from the 1st inst. they raay obtain the volume for ^2 50 instead of ^3 00, which is the price unless the money is paid in advance. Those who are indebted for either of the pre- ceding volumes, it is hoped will be so good as to settle their accounts, without putting tis to the necessity of soliciting a favour of that kind. What are vulgarly called dunning paragraphs in newspapers have such an ungenteel appear- ance, that wc cannot but hope that our good iViends and respectable patrons, by prompt pay- ments, will relieve us from the necessity ot 'writing any thing of that description. NEW ENGLAND MUSEUM. 76, COURT STREET, HOSTOX, CONTAINING much more numerous (.'(lUeclions and greater variety of entertainments than any other Establishment in America, ccnitinues steadily to increase, and is op(n for the reception of visiters KVKKY DAY AM) lAENlNG. It will be constantly in the best possible condition, and every exertion made to render the visits of its pat- rons agreeable. This Establishment now contains FIVE former AIu- seums united in ONE, together with very great and numerous additions (the whole receipts being faithfully laid out to increase it.) JUST .f)DDED, The celebrated Raci Horse F.clipse, A beautiful ("osmoiainic View of London, A large and lieantil'ul live Rnlllesniike, The Arabian Bottle, made of (be stom.ich of u Camel — holds about a barrel — used to cany vater across the disert. The Invalid's Cliair — very ingenious — invented by Professor Peck. A very large and elegant Sword Fish, upwards of 14 feet long, with a sword 4 1-2 feet long. 0:^ The Museum is well lighted, and a Band of Music performs every evening. Admittance 25 cents. June 5. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c [Revised and corrected every Friday.] APPLES, good, to best, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. - - - - BEANS, white, BF^F, mess, 200 lbs. - - - cargo. No 1, - - - - " No 2, - - - - BUTTER, inspect. No. I. new, CHEESE, new milk, - - - - skimed milk, - - - FLAX FLAXSEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genessee, - - - Rye, best, - - - GRAIN,Rye Corn - - - - - Barley - . . - Oafs - - . - - HOGS' LAJID, 1st sort - - HOPS, No 1, Inspection of - - LIME, 1823 OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS - - - - PORK, Bone Middlings - - - navy, mess. Cargo, No 1, - - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover - - - - - WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROnSIOJ^ MARKET. BEEF, best pieces- - - - - PORK, fresh, beet pieces, - . " whole - . . - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, new, - lump, - • - F.GGS, MEAL, Rye, retaH, - - - - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, new, - - - - CIDER, liquor, new - - - - HAY, according to quality, - FROM TO [.. ( ! '. C. bbl. ton. 120 120 50 bush 8'/ 1 00 bbl. 10 11 8 8 50 6 75 7 lb. 11 12 7 9 3 4 8 9 bush 82 84 bbl. 6 75 6 2 62 2 75 bush 53 55 40 52 30 33 lb. 11 12 38 40 cask 85 1 00 gal. 70 75 ton. 3 bbl. 16 00 17 13 13 50 12 50 13 hush 1 75 5 7 60 70 40 45 45 50 37 43 25 30 48 52 35 40 lb. 8 10 8 10 6 4 10 3 12 IC 20 12 15 If 20 13 16 bush 62 65 58 60 75 1 00 bti. 2 50 3 50 ton. 16 OU 20 00 2t NEW ENGLAND FARMER. From JV. York Slalcsman. LA FAYETTE. Hail, patriot, statesman, hero, sage! Hail, freedom's friend ! hail, Gallia's son — Whose laurels greener grow in age, Plucked hy the side of Washington ! Hail, champion in a holy cause. When hostile bands our shores beset ; Whose valor bade the oppressor pause — Hail, hoary warrior — La Fatette I Forever welcome to the shore, A youthful chief, thy footsteps pressed ; A dauntless, wand and peril bore. Till " VENl, VICI,"* decked thy crest ! Forever welcome, grtat and good ! Till freedom's sun on earth shall set, The still small voice of gratitude Shall bless the name of — La Fayette. What monarch of despotic power. Who fain would crush tlie free-born brave ; Whose glory gilds a tottering tower, Himself a subject and a slave ; Would not to view a nation's eyes With joyous drops unbidden wet. The pageantry of pride despise, And grasp the hand of — La Fayette. Whene'er the lips of youth inquire The path to virtue, honor, fame — To glory's temple proud aspire, AVhile warmly glows the ardent flame ; The voice of age shall feailess tell What perils oft its path beset, And prompt them onward by the spell That urged the soul of— La Fayette. And when the shades of death shall close Forever round thy hallowed head, We'll seek the place of thy repose, By filial love and duty led ; And /iearf.? that beat in bosoms free, (Gems by unerring wisdom set,) The living monument shall be Of Freedom's champion — La Fayette. BOSTON BARD. ' / came and conquered. fHfGrrllnnw. case^, is moveable, and the palieni coughs it up. and recovers ; hut much too t'reqiiently it in- creases, adheres to the small vessels, ffradunlly ohiiterates them, and the whole lobe at length hecomes ttiberculoiis, or formed of this greyish yellow ma''er. Cons 'ering thus the commence- ment of cnnsimi'tien as only an alteration in the habitnal spcretinns of tlie vascular tissue of the lungs. Dr. M. employs sedatives, and par- ticularly the hydro-cyanic acid, in the two first stages of the disease, with the happiest effect. [Bos. Med Intell. Hniniin Lungs. — The structure and J'linclinn nf the human litn^s has long been a chief study of LV. Magendie, of Paris, and liy very numerous dissections of this organ, in its ordinary, and al- so in ils phlhisically diseased state, he has as- certained, (hat the tissues or cellular coats of the lungs are almost entirely composed of the minute branchings nf blood-vessels, of the pul- monary arteries and veins, anastomising or con- necting with each other; that the lungs dimi- nieh in number, but increase in size with consi- derable regularity, from childhood to old age, the mcreased size being greatest, where a cough has attended the mdividual; that on the whole, aged people consume much less oxygen, and consequently have less animal heat, and are less aide to resist cold, than the young. Dr. Magendie has found, that the beginning of phthisis, or consumption, is owing to the small parieties of the pulmonary blood-vessels secreting a greyish yellow matter, in one or more of the cells of the lungs ; — this, in some Snakes. — Professor Luia-i Metosn, of Rome, has pnbli«lied an account of some singular ex- periments made by him on snakes. Among olhers he endeavours to ascertain the truth of the assertions of the ancients respecting (he pre- dilection of snakes for music and dancing. In the month of Juh', 1822, about noon, he put in- fo a large box a number of different kinds of snakes, all quite lively, wilh the exception of some vipers, which were inclosed in a separate box. As soon as thev heard the harmonious tones of an organ, all (he venomous serpents be- came agitated in an extraordinary manner; they attached themselves to the sides of the box, and made everv effoi ( to esca[)e. The clapliis and the Esculnpii turned towards the instrument. The vipers for their part exhibited no symp- toms of sensibility. This experiment has been frequently repeated, and always wilh the same results. some Ml.': s.[ict at the ea.-livard, ui. cli pioved fatal. People cannot be too careful .n making use of glazed earthenware. — J\othern Spectator. William Penn and Thomas Story travelling to- gether in Virgmia, were caught by a slioiver of rain and unceremoniously sheltered themselves from it in a tobacco-house ; the owner of which ha|ipening to be within it, accosted them with " you have a great deal of impudence to trespass on my premises — you enter wifl.oul leave — do you know who 1 am ?" To which was answer- ed, no. " \Vliy then I would have you to know I am a justice of the [leace ;" to which Thomas Story replied, " mi/ friend here makes such things as thee — he is the Governor nf Pennsijlvonia.^.' The great man quickly abated his haii^iitmei-s. A grandee of Spain handing some refresh- ments to a circle af ladies, observed one with a most brilliant ring, and was rude enough to say in her hearing, '• I should prefer the ring to the hand." "And 1, (said the lady, looking steadfastly at (he glittering order suspended from the don's neck) should prefer the cottar to the hcust.''' Vermont outdone hy \ew Hampshire. Last week we copied a paragraph which mentioned, that Col. Levi Pbinney, of Shrewsbury, Vt. had sheared from a four year old native wether, eleven pounds and one ounce of rcool. This we thought, at that time, (o be an extraordinary fleece ; hut we have since been informed, that .Joseph AVeeks. Esq. of Greenland, (adjoining this town) sheared from a four year old native buck, on the 24th ofMav last, eteven pounds and fiur ounces of-.jpord, being three ounces more than the famous Shrewsbury wether! — JV. H. Gaz. Reproof of Steepers. — It is related of Lasseni- u=, chaplain to the Danish court, that perceiv- ing the greater part of his audience to be asleep while he was preaching, he suddenly stopped, pulled a shutlle-cock from his pocket and began to play .vith it in the pulpit. In a shnrl time every body was lively, and looking lo the [>ulpit wilh the greatest astonishment. ' He resumed his discourse, saying " when 1 an- nounce to 30U sacred and important things.' you are not ashamed to go to sleep, hut when 1 , play the fool you are all eye, and all ear." We must remind people, that now is the time for green corn, green apples, cucumbers, hot days, damp evenings, and sick children. A little attention in season may save pain, and even life; to say nothing of the anxiety of pa- rents and expense of medicine, advice, and pro- fessional attendance. — Con. Mirror. Eleven men nearly lost their lives in Water- loo, N. Y. on the l'2th iilt. in consequence o( drinking butler milk, contained in an earthen vessel. It is sujiposed the acidity of the liquid decomposed and extracted the poisonous qualify of the glazing. A similar iustancc occurred A surveyor of taxes, named Hyde, was ex- amining a house, by the side of which was a l.in pit, and while disputing with the tenant about Ihe number of wmdows it contained, he most unfortunately slipped into the pit. " Fop God's sake, cried he, help me." " Nay," said the proprietor, " 1 dare take nothing from thence without the consent of the exciseman ; and it would be a pity lo pull out a Hyde be- fore it is well tanned." LANDS FOR SALE IN PENNSYLVANIA. TFJF. subscriber offers for sale in small lots lo actual settlers, or in larger tracts to others, the following !ands in the State of Pennsylvania, belonging to the estate of the late Win. Bingham, viz: two hundred and fi fly thousand acrts in the counties of Bradford and Tioga, at from three dollars, to tuo dollars Ji/ly rents per acre, according to situation ; and ^re hun- dred thousand acres in the counties of Potter, .McKean, Venango, .ArnSstrong, Jefferson and Lycoming, at tiro dollars per acre. The terms are ten years for pay- ments, three of them without interest. The land is gentrally of a good quality, well watered, intersected by important roads, and in a healthy situation. For further particulars application may be made to agents m the different counties, or to ROBERT H. ROSE, July 24. Silrer Lake, Pennsylvania. F TO PRINTERS. OR sale at this Office BALL SKINS, at the usual prices. ^ Jf R. GROVF.'S Essay on Sheep, in a pamphlet form i^ for sale at this Office. Jnlv 10. 1J7"ANTED No. 51, of the 1st Vol. of the N. E. Yil Farmer. For which a generous price will be given by the publisher of this paper. TERMS OF THE FARMER. O:^- Published every Saturday, at Three Dom-ar. per annum, payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within sixty daysfrora the time of subsciibing, will be entitled to a drduction of Fifty Cents. 0:^ No paper will be discontinued (unless at the discretion of the publisher,) until arrearages are paid. JOB PRINTING Executed with neatness and despatch, on reasonable terms at this Office. JNEW ENGLAND f PLI1?L1SHEL) BY \V1I,LIAM NICHOLS, ROGKUS' BUILDINGS, COKGRKSS STUKKT, HOhJl'ON" THOiMAS G. KKSSKNlJKNTlnTrroU Vol. III. SATUIIDAY, AUGUST 21, 1824. ISo. 4. CEarrtsponftcncr. Talfie EdJur of the Xur England Fnimer, Sir, — I was plenscJ t'- >tvJe l>v the nccoimts 'roVn tlio northern [liirls of tlie L'liilod Slates as published in vo'ir laic papers, that the frosts there had not been so sevorc as at this place, and liiitlipr to the South West. Hiid the iVosts theie been severer than with us in proportion to the!r latitude, their aoTirullnral produce would have been so sfenerally cut oli' as lo have occasioned a distres^ina: srarcil}'. Their accoun's routirm my opinion, that the frosls were aer.eratod by the clouds risinjj higli in the cold atmosphere, similar to Iiail storms in the heat of summer; the currents of air are very arbitrarv or unsteady in their directions, either horizontal or vertical, as has been expe- rienced by such as have taken voyages of pleasure in balloons. The frost on the 15lh of June fell so very uneven ard spotted that some hills of Indian corn were totallv killed and never grew more, ivhile others next to them did not appear lo have been damaged. In other places, there would be large patches of the points of the leaves ki'led— such plants appeared stationary for great snving: of fncl. Those who are over-nice will be lurtber oblis:e(l to us for informing them, (h;it, wilh a little mnnapfement, they cm los'ilrle to execute wilh concave mirrors, in which (he focus is inconveniently near or weak, and gen- erally a hundred times less than that produced by this machine. Among other [uirposos for which Ibis inslru- ment may bo employed, the author has staled that it might be used with advantage in ih'J manufacture of salt, by proilucing a quick evaporation of (he salt waler, without Ihe ex- pense of fuel. An assemblage of twelve mir- rors, each a fool square, will, he says, be more than sufficient to give a boiling heat to the li- quor contained in sliallow pans constructed for this piir[>ose. There are dilliculties however in applyin* this inslrument lo purposes of general utility which must not be concealed. A cloud passing- over Ihe sun during some processes would be a great inconvenience ; and when the sun does shine in jits full splendour, the motion of the earth will prevent the focus from ever being kept for a minute at a lime on one s|)ot. [Far/ccs' Chemical Essays. Gcohgktil. — About the 7lli insf. as some brick makers were digging clay, in this town, Ihey struck a stratum of soft earlh which has a per- fect resemblance lo the Jlals mud of salt water rivers. Near this, in the hard clay, were found petrifactions of marine shells. The clay pit on Ihe side of a steep hill, about thirty rods from Ihe river, and about thirty feet above high waler. The stratum of mud is fifteen feet from the original surfiice. A more extraordinary case, of this kind, oc- curred a few years since in sinking a well in this vicinity. Thirty feet from the surface the workmen passed a strati m of mud which had, not only the appearance of salt water fiats, but the scent — and this so si long that it was carried home in the clothes of the labourers, and no- ticed by their families who exclaimed, "Why you smell just as if you had been in the salt waler." In this mud were perfect shells. The stratum next above was blue clay — that below a fine sand. This well is perha])S 100 rods from Ihe Penobscot and 60 or 80 feet above high water. It ought to be remarked, that such mud is not found on the margin of the river in this vicini- ty. Although the tide frequently ebbs and flows l-dcentij feet, yet it rarely eflects the taste of the water, and never more than to make it a little brackish. — Bangor [Me.) Gaz. To pvrify Stone Bottles. — Stone bottles grown musty by use, if partly filled with water, and the water thoroughly frozen, becorne as sweet as ever they were. \Parkes'' Chemical Essays. 28 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. From the Massachusetts A=:ricultural Rtpository for June, 1R24. Notice respecting several vegetahJes. used as escu- lents, {or fonrl,) in JVorth America, in a Idler to Richard Anthony Salisbun/, Esq. F.R. S.,^'C. by M. Joseph Corrca de Serra, F. R. S., 4'C. — 1821. This article, which has never api)eared, po far as we know, in any American work, was published in the London Horticultural Trans- actions. There are various and powerful rea- sons, why we should do ourselves honour, and render a just tribute to the enlightened author by republishing it. Mr. Correa de Serra select- ed this country as an asylum during the convul- sions to which his native country, Portugal, was exposed. He finally enjoyed the honour of representing Portugal at the American court, as its Minister. His various and extensive knowledge, particularly his profound acquain- Jance with natural history is known to every man of reading in our country. He enjoyed I he friendship and confidence of most of the distin- guished characters in this country, and it would not be extravagant to say, that no foreigner ever visited our shores, who possessed a mind more enlarged, or better cultivated. He devot- ed much of his time to the study of the plants and natural productions of the United Slates, and it would not be more than just praise to say that he contributed as much as any man to the encouragement of a taste for natural hi^torv. now assuming something like its due share of importance in our country. We owe it there- fore to his memory to put upon our printed records this memorial of one of the most ac- complished scholars, whom we have had the happiness to welcome in our country. Although the subject is an American one, and therefore it might be supposed familiar to us, yet our country is so vast in extent, thai it is probable many of the facts will be as ne\v tt) a great portion of cur population as they were to (he Europeans. The paper bereinafler published was read to the London Horticultural Sociotv, July 17, 1821. It was addressed to one of the Tostees of that Board. "Dear Sm — It is imponsihle to foresee the full extent of happy consequences which may result from the labours of the Horticultural Society. It is \Ue first attempt, that I know nf, towards a confederation of science and practice directed to raise Horticulture above the slate of an Empiric art, such as it has been hereto- fore. Now the encreasing capital of botanical knowledge will furnish new objects, on which to try the proceedings of rullivalion, and the daily progress of vegetable physiology will no doubt direct these proceedings by clearer and safei' principles, extending their application to almost every plant which naturo has made (it for the food of man. "I v^ish this examp'e f-rrt given bv v"ecies of Wild Cab' nee, which grows wild in \hrKc coun(ri('s, and which bears red flowers. MuhleTd)erg, the famotijt American botanist, in his catalogue of American plants, (page 61), has given to it (he name of Brassica Whashitana. I wish the Sociely would attempt the introduc- tion and civ{li:yalion of this plant. From the eOi'cts [iroduced by cultivation in other parts of this family, we may expect, in a short pe- riod, a number of varieties, and some of them probably very valuable. [Shall we suffer the Europeans (as they have of(en done,) to precede us in the cuUivalion of our oivn native plants, and to send them back to us in a highly improved state and sometimes even as novelties ? It does not seem to us to comport with the high stand which wo are aiming to take in all the arts. Lot us shev.' what we can make of our own native produc- tions and not receive them improved by the culture and skill of others.] " 3d. The Capsella bursa paslorls, or common i Shepherd's j)urse (Thlaspi liiisa pasioris, Eng- lish botany 1435) is an esculent plant in Phila- delphia, broitght to market in laig.'^ quantities in the early season. The taste, when boiled, approaches (hat of the cabbage, but softer and milder. This plant varies wondsrfully in size and succulance of leaves according to the na- ture and stats of the soil where it grows. Those from the gardens and highly cultivated spots near Philadelphia come to a size and suc- culence of leaf scarcely to be believed without seeing them. They may be easily bloached ''v (he common me(hods and ceitainly in that state would be a valuable addition to the list of deli- i"a(e culinary veg"e(ables. [Note. This plant is very ab-mdant in all the gardens in the vicinity of Boston. If instead of extirpating it early, (for it is among (he ear- liest ptants> we should cover it partially with earth and Idaiirh it, it might afford a valuable vegetable, coming in after the dandelion, and before the asparagus.] " 4(h. The Hydrophylleum Virginicnm is calleil by the Americans of the Western States, Indian Sallad, or Shawanese Sallad, because the Indians eat it as such while tender. Some of the first selllers do the same. From havino- tasted it once in Kentucky, I am of opinion that this plant deserves a fair trial of ciiliivaliin. (Few persons were better judges of \vhal is palataljje than the Abbe de Correa.) " 5lh. The Apios luberosa. (Glycine A[>ios) which grows ivild in many par(s of (l)e Uni(ed States, produces on its roots a number of"(uber- rosides of a good size, and verv good tasle. ''The Indian and American settlers eat them greedily when they find them, but never to my knowledire have attempted to cuhivate them,tho' in my opinion they deserve a place among our culinary vegetables. I have not the least doubt of their succeeding well in England. [This plant under the name of ground nut was familiar to our forefathers in New-EnglanJ. It is rather sing\ilar that we have not atlempled the cullivalion of them. I have mot but with one plant of them, and that I transplanted while it was in flower, and lost it An ample com- pensation will be given to any person who shall liring lo the subscriber eilher (bis autumn, or next spring, two or three dozen roots. I wish to see, if cultivation and care will not enlarge the tubers and iin()rnyc them — .Ioh.n Lovvel, Roxbury.] " nth' and 7lh. The bulbs of the Quamash (Scilla esculenla) which Aii«o/makes a species of Plialangium. (Nutlal's Genera of North i American plants, page 219), with the tubers of the Psoralia esculenta (Pursh flora Americana Septenlrionalis, \^ol. II. page 476) are the usual vegetable food of many Indian tribes, and were ; one of the sujiports of the peo[)le composing the .'Vmerican expedition through the continent ;lo the Pacific Ocean under Captains Lewis and Clarke. Both these plants may probably prove vahiable acquisitions; at all events, (hey are fit subjects for the' inquiry of the Sociely. [We add, still mare proper subjects for the inquiry of an American Agricultural Society.] " 8th. The Indians about Colombia river gather vast quantities of large tubers of an aquatic plant, which, according to the late pro- fessor Barton of Piiiladelphia, who had seen dried specimens of it brought by Capt. Lewis, is a species of Sagillaria. These tubers are an imjiortant part of the diet of these tribes. " You may see in Oslieck's voyage (o Cliina, that similar tubers from a species of Sagillaria grew in the ualery places about Canton, and if I n- I ey ; it wili, liotvever, frequently happen, that ; the natural cunning ol the wasp enables it to discover a ue^ik hive, and the continual annoy- ance which the hive consequently undergoes, added to the robbery of the honey, obliges the j bees to vacate the hive, leaving the uhole of its [contents a prey to the marauders. A cottager tberelore, cannot be loo attentive to guard his hives against tiie attack of the wasp — it is not of that trifling consequence whiCh man^' keep- ers of bees attach to it, but is the cause of the ruin of many wholesome hives, which the im- prudence or negligence of the proprietor has lelt exposed to tiie depredatory attack. iiavmg -idopted every precaution requisite against llie .vasp and other insects, and the pro- prietor having convinced himself that his hives are in good health, tlie less they are iucommod- ed this month, the belter. If the sun heals very strongly upon a hive, which frequently hajipens the beginning ol this month, a shade should be immediately applied to it. I have known many hives completely ruined by the melting of Ihe combs from the infiuonceofa meridian sun, and the whole of the bees actu- ally suffocated in their own s.veets." The folloiving mode of destroying the bec- miltcr has been recommended. " To a pint of sweetened water, (sv.eetened with sugar or honey) add half a gill of vinegar; set this in an open vessel on the top ol the hive ; and at night when the miller comes to his work of destruction, he will prefer this composition, and diving into it, will immediately drnriu." To preserve your bees as well as your Iruit against wasps, Mr. Forsyth recommends •' sev- eral piiials, or small bottles, to be piejiared, towaids the time when the wasps appear. 1 These vessels are to be filled, half or three , parts full, with a mixture consisting of the leo.« I of beer or wine, and the sweepings of sugar, or i the dregs of molasses : next, they must ne sus- ' pcnded by yellow pack-thread, on nails dr'ven I into difierent jiarts of the garden-walls, so as to , reach nearly the bottom. When the hollies I are filled with insects, Ihe liquor must be pour- '. ed into another vessel, and the wasps crushed on the ground. Should ihe weather prove very hot, so that these marauders become very j numerous, and will not enter the glasses exposed I for their reception, Mr. F. directs them to be ' touched on ;lie back « lib a little oil, when they will in.-tiuilly fall down; their bodies acquiring a black or green colour; and the lateral pores throuiii which ilicA breathe, being closed up by the oil, they consequenti- perish.'' ARRIVAL OF GF.,NLRAL LA FAYETTK. A'cu-i'ork, Jluciisl 16. — Eariy yesterday nion'irg^, ilif stiip Cadinus, tapt. Allen, «as announrfd by Ihe Teligiaph to have airived btlow, with Gciititu LA FAY KTTE on board. The pleasing inleliigenct spread oyerllie city almost with electrical rapir'ity, andtvtry countenance beamed with joy. Broadv^ay and the I>aftcry were- soon crowded with ladies and gt c( It men, anxious to calch a giimjise ol' the veteran hero, who, it was =npposed, might come iniDudialLly to the city. The arrangements for his reception, were, however, speedily commanicated lo him by the city authorities, and he landed at Staleii Island, from the steam-boat Nautilus, a few moments past ten o^clock, in comj»auy with his son, Georce \Vashi.\cto\ La Fatette, Mr. .\cGrsTE Le Vasseur. a companion, and one ser- vant, where they were received by the \'ice President of the United Slates, and conducted to his st at. The General remained at the \'ice President'^s, till 11 o'- clock, this morning. During the niost of yesterday, he i^-ceived the visits of many who were eagerly press- ing round hiin, and anxious to grasp his hand. Col. t'LATr. who was in his suite during the Revolution, ntliciat'd lo receive and introduce visiters, but in ma- ny instances, iiie General, uurestiai.ntd by the ordina- ry rules of etiquette, was as anxious as his visiters to crowd forward and take them by the hand. Fort La tayejie fired a salute of K3 guns, answering lo the ori- ginal number of the states, as the ship passed ; and when the General landed at Statfn Island, a salute was fired from tht ship Importer, Ca| tnin Kean, fiom Canton, belonging to Thomas H. Smilh, Esq. In the city, tlie national flag was hoisted at all the public I !ar( 5. and all the ships in the harbour, and displayed during the day. The Committee of the Corporation chartered the steam-boat Bellona, and ]iroceeded at 10 o'clock, to s:t,-»ten Island with General Morion, General Bene- dict, and several members of the Common Council, ti gleet bis arrival, and communicate inlurmally, the ar- rangements that bad beta made. NEW ENGLAND FAllMER. 31 Gtn. t,n '^ayuttf has had a pleasant passage of 31 davs, enjoys gooil he»llli, is in (iiie sfiirKs.fiill of couver- SAlioii, and happy' at finding hlidself onee more on ihc soil of fieedom, among liis conipaliiots ol' Ihe Kevolu- tion and a nation of Ireeini-n grateful (or his strvicLS and eujer to honour him. — V. Y. aialtsmun. La Faye.tit. — V>'e have been fnvonred with a htter from a s^entleman in New YorU, (a H.isioniaii) to his friend in this city, from which we extract the following; inlereslinj particnlais relative to 1 a Kayelte. We think that the General may be expected in Boston as soon as Tuesday next. '• I have just returned in the steam boat from Slaten Island, and taken the earliest opportunity of informing you of the arrival of La Fayette. He is at the house of Vice President Tompkins. I have been introduced to him, and was really delighted with his affability. His dress is a blue coat, yellow vest, and black pantr.- loons, which cotne down ov( r his shoes so htw as to hide his stockings — he is lame in his left leg, and walks upon the side of his foot. He is, I should think, over six feet high, and stoops a little — of sandy com- plexion— speaks broken Kuglish, and has the appear- ance of a Frenchman both in looks and politeness. I w'ill relate one circumstance which will amuse you. Mr. Tompkins introduced several gentlemen, and among them .Mr. .Voa/t, of the National Advocate — the latter as follows : " I'/iit is Mr. Noiili, the Prince Kci^inl of jWic- York.'''' The General ujiderslood the quii, and laughed heartily — (he modest Major was ra-- Iher dashed, but it passed off very well, for Xoah con- sidirs himsell one of the General's children. '• During my conversation wiih the General, he spoke in the highest terms of Boston and its vicinity. " 'I'lie committee requested hiai to stay at the Island in)ti! Tuesday, but his answe'r was, " / rcn^i^'/, /u?" / ■wis'i lo be in Bailun, that I mm/ riisil dimbril/gr on Coinintnctninil diiy^ where I shall meet man}/ of my old friends. You no donhtknuw my ullachment to you AM, : lam heartily ^lud lo see you — but Timst make a visit immediately to Boston., and tcill return again." \ ou cannot think how disappointed the gentlemen of the committee appeared to be — all making calculations when Commencement would take place at Cambridgel 1 do assure you it gratified me much to hear him speak so .affectionately of old Boston. — His son, George Wash- ington, looks to be about 45 years old — there is nothing very prepossessing in his appearance ; but I think the good ladies of your city may be pleased with him not- withstanding. " The General shakes hands, cordially, with every person that is introduced to him — and I hope the com- mittee in your city will so arrange matters that every decent citizen may pay his respects to hiih, poor as well as rich." — Boston Gazelle. jj^y" The Mayor of this city has received official in- formation from New-York, that Major-General LA F.AYE CTF, will proceed forthwith to Boston, and will lie at the Half-way House between Providence and Boston, on Sunday evening next, and that he will en- ter Boston the next day. A most tragic event took place in this city on the 14th instant. Two young men, named J. and R. Hart, natives of St. Thomas, who visited New-York this spring, lately returned from Albany, and were waited on while at dinner on Wednesday, by an officer with writs against them both for debt. They begged per- mission to retire to their chamber for a few minutes, and presently the reports of pistols were heard, and on forcing the door, they were found extended on the floor lifeless, feet to feet, and with their brains blown out, and their heads and faces completely destroyed. They were brothers, of the reported ages of 24 and 21. The only cause yet sssigned for this horrible suicide is pecuniary embarrassment. — jV. Y. Ciironick. Damage by Lightning. — Two dwelling houses in Tarrytown, N. York, were struck with lightning on the 9th inst. and a young lady severely injured. A barn, belonging to George Combs, Esq. full of grain and hay, was set on fire and consumed, and endanger- ed an adjacent dwelling house though the rain descend- ed in torrents. In the same vicinity another dwelling and a young man were struck and injured. In Fairhaven village, Bristol County, the Meeting house was struck on Tuesday morning, and damaged to (he amount of ^500. The fluid (ir.«t struck the weathercock, and des'V'uded lo the building. On .Vloriday a barn was struck in N. Scotland, N. Y. and consumed with its c;out( nts. Loss iJlOtJO. On Friday the Kingston Cotton and Woolen Factory was struck and consumed. On (he Gth a house in I'over, I'enn. was siruck, and the son of the ov.'ner, 16 years old, l-.illed. A barn in 'I'hrrnet, .N. Y. was struck on the I 'M inst. and consumed with all its contents. We be- I lieve none of the above houses or barns were provided I with ligblning rods. A barn belonging to Mr. Asa I Wood of Ashburnham, was struck on Monday last I week, but not esstntially damaged. A stable belong-' ing to ,lames Turner, Fsq. in Baltimore county, was struck and consumed. IMtarly 100 hogs were stunned by the shock, and lalil appait ntiy dead for some hours, I wlii'n they recovered and exliibited no signs of bodily I injury. In Itnssel in this state, three cows and a bull, I belonging to Mr. Loomis, were killed ; in West Spring- field, 17 sheep belonging to Mr. Leonard ; and in | Granville, the tavern of Mr. Parsons, and the house of .V!r. Church were struck and destroyed. At the south- ward thi^ storms were attended with hail. InGittvs-' burgh, Penn. from 7 to 10,000 panes of window glass were broken and much grain destroyed. Some of the hail stones were so thick as (o be filteen hours in dis- solving. In 1-gypt, N. J. a similar destruction took place. — Centinel. The JJi/sentcry. — This dreadful elisease is spreading itsravagts in Clearfield county. — Amongst a vast num- ber of victims we are extremely sorry to find the name of Mrs. Bell, wife of A. Bell, F.sq. who died a few days since. All that Medical skill can do for those who are attacked, seems to avail but little ; such is the vir- ulence oi" the disease. — Belle/ante., Penn. /ia/ier. Brig of U qr wrecked. — The schooner Princess Anne. Captain Banks, arrived at Norfolk in nine days iVoni liavana, reports that on the 4th instant, ^^ in latitude 29, 10, longitude 79, 40, saw a wreck to leeward, got out the boat and boarded her ; found her to be a largt! man of war brig, with her larboard bow out of water ; her larboard quarter stove in, her masts and the great- er part o( her rigging and sails standing; saw 2 dead bodies on the wreck, under water, and a number of pieces of flesh floating near the wreck — found a Co- lombian pendant on board. Supposed her to be a Colombian man of war, and probably blown up, as part of the stern frame was lying in the foretop ; the long boat was alongside, bottom upwards, she was American built, and a yellow streak round her — took from the wreck an anchor, sails, rigging, &:c." [jV*. 1'. Statesman. William Rollins, Ksq. has been recognized by the President of the U. States, as Vice Consul of the King of Sweden and Norway, for the States of Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts. William Henry Allen, of Maryland, has been ap- pointed by the President, Commissioner for ascertain- ing Claims and Titles to Land in Florida, in place of William G. D. Worthington, declined. Extraordinary Fruilfulness. — A grain of wheat which grew this summer on a farm in Allentown, Penn. is stated to have had, apparently from a single root, 46 perfect branches, averaging 35 grains each, or 1610 grains in the whole. The manuscript of Milton recently discovered in England, was about to be printed in June, at the Press of the University of Cambridge, together with an F,ng- lish translation. It consists of more than seven hun- dred pages. The Crops. — From recent accounts we can state, that the staples of Louisiana never promised a more abundant yield, especially that of sugar ; the fields are literally groaning under their rich covering. In des- pite of every disaster, Louisiana, like Sampson of old, can never be completely bound. Her agricultural strength will break through every temporary enthral- ment, and must carry her sons in triumph to the por- tals of wealth and grandeur. She must he the mis- tress of the West — hurricanes and rot to the contrary notwithstanding. — Louisiana Jldrcrliser. In one or two instances, recerdly, persoi.shave her a fined (or carrying letters in .team boats, in violation ofa law of the L. S. (.'apt. Bead, of steam boat Superior, has been fined $."0 at Wilmington for cou\tyiii» a fjji- gle letter. Cast Iron Bits — A Dearb".rn waggon, containing a family, upset in the State of Ohio, and injnrid several persons ^r vi rily, in consequence of the bridle of the hr)r.se llrtai^ing, wliieh was found to be composed of cast iron bits. This is a common si'ecies of nianutac- tnre from abroad, and should be looked into closely, beibre they are purchased. CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC. STOLEN from the bar of the subscriber, between the 20th .hily and 2d of .August instant, a lot ol KEYS, 13 In number, all but two ot which were altered, cith- er by filing or cnKirig. They were found on the s(age road in Lexingtm, on Friday, the 9th o( July last, connected together by a small iron chain wi'h a ])i( ce of cloth and silk handkerchief around them, 'i he keys were of largo size, some of them had the appearance of being store keys recently used, olViers were rusty but newly altered. 'i hey were doubtless collected for no good purpose, and may be instruments for doing much damage. STEPHEN PATCH. Lincoln, Aug. 6, 1f;24. PRICES OF COUATRY PKODUCK, k.c. [Revised and corrected everv Friday.] FROM TO D. C. D. C. APPLES, good, to best, bbl ASHE.S, pot, 1st sort, - - - (on. 120 pearl do. - . - - 120 122 50 BEANS, white, hush 80 1 00 BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. - - - bbl. n cargo, No 1, - - - - 8 9 " No 2, - - - - 6 7i 7 50 BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new. lb. 11 12 CHEESE, new milk, . - - - 7 9 skimed milk, - - - 3 4 FLAX 8 9 FLAX SEED bush 82 84 FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St bbl. 6 60 Genessee, . . - 5 75 Rye, best, - - - 2 62 2 75 GRAIN,Rye bush 53 56 Corn - - - . - 40 52 Barley - - . - Oats - - . - - 30 33 HOGS' LARD, 1st sort - - lb. 11 12 HOPS, No 1, Inspection of 1823 38 40 LIME, cask 85 1 00 OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern gal. 70 75 PLAISTER PARIS - - - - ton. 3 PORK, Bone Middlings - - - bbl. 16 00 17 navy, mess, 13 13 50 Cargo, No 1, . . - 12 50 13 SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - bush 1 75 Clover 5 7 WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash 60 70 do do unwashed 40 45 do 3-4 washed 45 50 do 1-2 do 37 42 Native - - - do 25 30 Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort 48 62 do Spinning, 1st sort 35 40 PRormoNmARKET. BEEt', best pieces lb. 8 fo PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . B 12 » whole - . - - 6 VEAL, 4 10 MUTTON, 3 12 POULTRY, 10 20 BUTTER, keg & tub, new, - 12 15 lump, - ■ - 16 20 EGGS, - - 12 14 MEAL, Rye, retail, - - - - bush 62 65 Indian, do. - . - - 58 60 POTATOES, new, - - - - 62 75 CIDER, liquor, new - - - - bbl. 2 50 3 50 HAY, according to quality, - ton. 16 00 20 00 32 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [The following nervous lines were received some weeks since, and should have had an earlier insertion had they not been mislaid, and but lately reclaimed. We hope they may produce some effect in scouting out of civilized society, a custom, which is nothin better than a cruel, bloody and disgraceful remnant ef vandalism.] — FOR THE NEW EXGT.AND FARMER. THE DUELLIST. As dies a fool, the duellist dies, — The laws of God and man defies ; Ghastly he quits this mortal stage, R,eplete with malice, guilt and rage ! O Death, we leave him to thy care : Such fools Columbia well may spare ; As none but such will thus be slain. Let men of sense no more complain.* Blood-lhirsly coward beasts of prey. In darkness sneak, and shun the day ; So murderous Cain now skulks behind, The scorn of every noble mind. K. *Suppose a rogue, (or once is slain. — Franklin says, — " A rogue hanged out of a family does it more honour thau ten that live in it." FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER- STANZAS, Oil seeing a young lady in a melancholy stale of mind from some cau.se unknown to tier friends. Child of melancholy, say Why this sadness and dismay ? Has some adverse wind assail'd thee Travelling through this dreary land ? Hast thou felt the shafts of envy, Shot by some malignant hand ? Or has slander's poisonous dart, I'ierc'd thy honor to the heart ? Hast thou felt its deathful blast, The future cursed in the past ? Tell me, child of sadness, say. Dost thou court the grave's repose ? Dost thou long for death to hide thee, i'rom the world and all its woes ? Care worn mortal, stop and ponder Ask thy conscience, ask with fear, Is there no tribunal yonder. Where thy spirit must appear ? W\ ! the grave can never soothe The storms that wreck thy wretched breast. Fly to God and he will give jou Solid joy and lasting rest. MORTIMER. Boston, 1824. Singiildr Circii instance. — The followina: tx- traordinary circumstance has been comninnicnl- ed to us, and authenticated h^' the most respite- table authority : A ferv days ag^o, at Kemhacl: house the attention of tlm servants was excite y 62 broad, having well formed door ways, windows, stair cases in its upper floor, large rooms divided by pillars, and figure -i^Mileries, with compartments containing figures of Hindoo mythology. Old Col. Mem. our, pronounced the word full, the master told him it should be spoken without the li, as thus, onour : "Very well, Sir," replied the lad, " I will remember for the future." "Aye," said the master, " always drop the h." The next morning the master's tea, with a hot muffin, had been brought to his desk, but the duties of his avocation made him wait until it wns cold ; w hen speaking to the same boy, he tol3 him to lake the muffin to the fire and heat it : " Yes, Sir," replied the scholar, and taking it to the fire, ale it. Presently the master calls for his muffin ; " I have eat it, as you bid me," said the hoy : " Eat it, you scoundrel ? 1 bid you take it to the fire and heat it." " But, Sir," answered the lad, "yesterday you told me always to drop Hie /i." The late Dr. Brown courted a lady several years unsuccessfully; during which time, it had been his constant custom to drink the lady's health before that of any other: but beii\g ob- served cue evening to omit it, a gentleman wisii- ing to remind him of it, said, " Poctoi', come, diink your usual toast." The Doctor .'eplied, " I have toasted her lor several 3 ears, and can't make her brown; so I'll toast her no longer. Neutrality is not permitted to a good ciiizen. Indifference about political party is not modera- tion, but either an insensibility to the public wellare, or a selfish desire of getting favour with both sides at the expense of the honest. ()::5= Subscribers to the Farmer, are informed that they can liave their volumes bound on reasona- ble terms bji ho'cing them at this OJficc. Six persons died lately in England, in conse- rjiience of drinking cider drawn from a barrel, \"hcre some adders had died, and were under- going decomposition. ANF.CDOTES. A schoolmaster, (worthy brother of Ilicro- cles) taught his boy.^, whenever they heard him sneeze, to rise up with solemnity, cross their hands on their bosom?, and ejaculate "God pre- serve our venerable tutor!" One day he took them out for a walk ; and the weather being hot, it was propored they should drink at a well. The well was deep, so the master made them join their turbans together for a rope, and di-- fcending to the bottom, handed them up their driidi, oi.e after the other. The refreshment over, he bade them draw him out again, and had nearly reached Ihe top, when the coldness ol the well making him sneeze, the whole posse in=lantly let go the rope, threw themselves in- to their accustomed atlitudc,and exclaimed with fervor, "God preserve our venerable tutor !" who broke his leg in consequeoce of their pie- y and iiis precision. A schoolmaster hearirg one of his scholars read, the boy, when he came to the word Hon- LA.NUS FOR trALL IM rE.NNSYLV ANl A. THE subscriber olfi rs l^r sale in sniall lots to actual settlers, or in larger tracts to oth< rs, the following lands in the State of l'enn«ylvania, belonging to the I state of the late Wm. Bingham, viz: tieo hvhdred andjifty thousand acres in the counties of Lr.idford and Tioga, at from lliree dollars, to luo dollars fifty f(7i/s pir acre, according to sitnatinn ; and _Are Aun- drtd lliousund acres in the counties of Potter, McKc an, Vriiango, Armstrong, .lefftrson and Lycoming, .it tiro rfc/(ars per acre. The terms are ten yiars fcr pay- ments, thrte of them without interest. The land is gentrally of a good quality, well watered, intersected I'v important roads, and in a healthy situation. For further particulars application may be made to agents m the dilfcrent counties, or to ROBERT H. ROSE, July 24. Silver Lake, Pennsylvania. A.NTED iNo. 51. of the Ist Vol. of the N. E. Farmer. For which a ginerons price will be given by the publisher of this paper. TO rRLNTERf. FOR sale at this Oiuce BALL SKINS, at the usual prices. R. GROVE'S Essay on Shetp, in a pamphlet form for sale at this tJlVite. .lulv 10. TERMS OF THE FARMER. {):5=- Published « very Saturday, at Three Dom.ar per annum, payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within sixty duysfrom the time of subscribing will be entitled to a deduction of Fiftv Cents. 0:5" No paper will be discontinued (unless at the discretion of the publisher,) until arrearages are paid. JOB PRINTING Executed with nealniss and despatch, on reasonable terms at this Office. ]^^EW ENGLAND FARMER. Vol. IH. PUBLISHKl) CV WILLIAM NICHOLS, ROGERS' BUILDINGS, CONGRESS STREE'I', BOSTO^f.— THOMAS G. KKSSENULN, EUIIOR. No. 5: SATUilDAY, AUGUST 28, 1824. From jMemoirs ol the Bo-ird of Agiiculture of the State of New-York, Vol. II. page llil. ON THE CULTIVATION OF LIVE FENCES. [By George Tibdits, of Rtnssallaer.] To Jesse B:iel, Esq. Dear Sm, — 1 have no better apc.log3' lo make, than that of forgeifiilnef:-, and ntimeious indi- vuluiil avocalioiis, for not sooner attending to the very polite invitation of tlie Albany Agri- cultural Society, requesting me " to favour them with a concise communication upon the cultiva- tion of live fences." The attempts whicli I hnve made at cnltival- ing live fences, have been almost exclusively confined to the different varieties of thorn ; those common to our own country ; the cockspur thorn of Maryland ; and a short piece of the English ^vhite thorn ; a part of them with ditches, but the larger proportion without ; and I give the preference to those without ditches, where the ground is not wet. My experiments have convinced me, that it is useless to attempt making a thorn fence upon a dry, loose, sandy soil, like our pine plain , or on loose, dry, sand gravel soil. These soils are not congenial to the growth of thorns ; we nev- er see any of our natural thorns growing wild upon them. Thorns are very liable to be thrown out of ground when young, by frost, if set in a damp, cold, spongy, clay soil ; swamps arc too wet for them, and on these kinds of ground, ditches are necessary. Thorns do well upon any of the varieties of loam rich loam, inclining to clay they do besi. Process of raising the plants. Gather the haws at any time in the fall, when ripe,- lay them in an oblong heap, or ridge in the nursery or garden, mixed with a little earth ; turn this heap in the spring following, and several times more in the course of the summer and succeeding fall, that they may have an equal exposure to the weather and frost ; and as soon as the frost is out of the ground the succeeding spring, (having laid in the heap over two winters and one summer,) strew them evenly with a spade upon a bed or beds, which shall have been previously spaded and raked smooth for that purpose. It is better to sow them thick ; half a bushel of haws, when green, may be a suitable quantity for a bed four by I'oiHteen feet ; cover them, not to exceed a quarter of an inch, and this is done best with a corn riddle, as the earth can be sifted over them more evenly than by a spade, or in any other way. They will come up directly ; keep them free from grass and weeds. They may be expected to grow to the height of two or three feet the first year, (if the land is good, which it ought to be,) and the most of them will be large enough to plant in the hedge in the fall or succeeding spring, and the spring, for planting them, is to be preferred. The small plants may be re-set in the nursery and taken up in the fall or succeeding spring to sup- ply vacancies in the lines of hedges set out the spring before, or set in new lines offences. It is indispensable, that plants put in live •fences, whether with or without a ditch, should bekept free from weeds and grass for at lea st the three first years, otherwise they become stunted, mildewed, and die, or have a very un- equal and slow growth, and never make toler- able fences, They are also to be protected against cattle of all kinds ; cattle, horses, and sheep, would bite ofl" and tread them down ; hogs would root them up. They must, there- fore, have a fence upon both sides of some kind, sufficiently strong and tight, however, to ' exclude animals of all kinds until they become 1 a strong fence of themselves, which may re- quire from six to ten years. To save the expense of these two fences, it is well worth the consideration of the person disposed to cultivate live fences, whether he will not dispense with turning cattle or hogs into a field which he intends to enclose with a live fence, around which there may be stand- ing a dead fence, which may last until his live fence is grown. If this should be his determin- ation, he will the year preceding that in which he plants his thorns, cultivate a piece of land eight feet broad, or thereabouts, around on the inside of the old fence, with potatoes, and with manure make it as nearly equally rich in every part as practicable, that the thorns may grow equally fast, and be equally strong. As .soon as convenient, in the spring, plough and harrow this bind again, then strike a deep furrow where it is intended the live fence shall stand, which ought to be in the centre, in order that the grass and weeds may be kept down, w]th the assistance of the plough and one horse harrow; clear out this furrow with the spade, .aid by a line set for that purpose, make one side or edge straight and even; take up the plants from the nursery, cut off the top so as to leave of the plant grovving above ground about five inches; clear the root of its lateral branch es, cat off the tap root, leaving it eight or nine inches Ion"'; the whole plant, top and root, will be aliout fourlecn inches long ; lay or set the plai'.t in the furrow, leaning on the side which has been made straight and even by the line, so that a little more than the root shall be cover- ed when the dirt is hauled in ; put the plants five inches apart in the row, haul in the din with a spade or hoe, and tiead it down, taking care that the plants remain in their places at five inches apart in the row, and the tops all standing in a line as straight as possible. And, thereafter, with the plough, one-horse harrow, and hoe, for the three succeeding years at least, kf ep the plants free from grass and weeds, and raise the land somewhat towards the plants. The plants may be taken up, in the nursery, at any leisure time in the fall, after the leaves drop, or early in the spring, before they leave oi\t again, and as they are trimmed they should be laid in the trench, co\ered with dirt, and trodden down. They will remain perfectly safe and green, until taken up to set in hedges; and it is advisable, if convenient, that they be placed in trenches along the parcel of land pre- pared for setting the hedge, near where they are to be set, and from which they can be taken as they are wanted to set. Plants, when set in hedges, should all of them he as nearly of the same size as possildi', and if there is any difrer'jncc, let the larger be set by themselves, and the less by themselves, and not ailerna' ly a small and a large one, for if so placed, the less are stunted or destroyed by Ihe large, and the hedge becomes open or ol' unequal strength. If the land is good, the plants may be expected to grow ths first year from two to three feet. The line should be exairi- ined the succeeding spring, ?nd where any of the plants are dead, their place should be sup- plied with the largest and thriftiest plants from the nursery ; and in chree or four years, the plants will have grown to the height of seven to ten feet, provided they are not cropped or cut off. From reading, and advice of [larsons who I supposed understood this business much bel- ter than I did, I let mine run up to this height without cropping, and then performed upon them an operation called splashing. This is done by cutting off about every other plant six inches from the ground, trimming oiT with a bill-book all the limbs from the remainder of the plants, making stakes from a part of those cut out, sticking those stakes at about two feet from each other along the line ; cut the plants left standing a little on one side, six inches from the ground also, wind them in between Ihe stakes, in a reclining position, and so Ihat the tops may be about four feet from the ground; then by two v\ithes, made also of the plant? which had been cut out and run along the tops of the stakes, the whole is secured to- gether and held stedfasi in their places. The plant; sprouted up again from the bot- tom, and those bent among the stakes sent out numerous lateral branches, and after two years, the most of them tjecame a sufhcient fence against cattle, horses, and sheep, but not a safe fence against hogs. After splashing, to prevent them from running up and becoming thin at bottom, the top is to be trimmed every year, which may be done in the month of August, with a pair of hedge shears, or in the fall, alter Ihe leaves drop, but if left for several years, this work is more easily done with a bill-hook. A man will splash ten to fourteen rods in a day, and will trim off the tops of at least fifty in a day, if it is done every year, but if left for several years, until the plants become large, it will take him much longer. 1 am of opinion, however, that I might have been saved the expense of splashing altogether, by running over the hedges every year with a pair of hedge shears, and cutting them off flat at top the first year, within about six inches of the ground, and in every succeeding year, leav- ing not more than six to nine inches of the last year's growth ; and Ihat the hedges would have been equally good, if not letter, and would have iieen at maturity as .«oon as by the method pur- sued. Green sward land is to be preferred in con- structing live fences, with ditches ; the ditch should be four feet broad at top, one foot at bottom, and two and a half deep. A line, four rods long, is laid down in the direction of the 34 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. diich, drawn tiglit ami held by a stake at each end ; the labourer holding his spade so as to j preserve the angle of tlie ilitch, cuts the turf j the whole length of the ime ; he then takes up; the turf in parcels about ten inches broad and | eighteen long, turns it over and lays it six! inches back of the line, and in order to lay the turf straight, the line should he taken uj) and ; moved hack six inches, leaving a sarcement six I inches broad between the ditcli dug and the | line of turf laid up. The first turf being laid up in this manner, the length of the line, beat off the top earth of the turf, so as to leave it j rising, or somewhat higher on the side next j Ihe ditch; throw up some of !he loose earth I from the ditch, behind the tur( ; take up a con- 1 ■venieni numi)er of plants, not a larger number | Ih.u) will keep damp and fresh until covered, and which shall have been prepared in the same maimer as those for ground hedges, and lay them al about ten inches from each other upon llie sod, and so that about four inches of that part of the plant which grew above the ground shall reraam out, and immediately cover them with the best earth from the ditch. This done tlie length of the line, proceed by laying on turf in like manner, and which l)eing cut with the angle or slope of the dilch, will recline back in a like angle, and when raised about nine inches above the lower tier of plants, lay on an- other lier of plants, placing the upper row or tier of plants directly above the intervales in the lower tier; then tinish the ditch, keeping the rich earth taken from the top of the dilch near the roots of the plants, and the cold earth taken from the bottom of the ditch on the back side, giving to the earth thrown out, the shape as near as practicable, of the ditch dug, if it was turned upside down, and the fence is done, excepting tlie after attentions required to keep the plants free from weeds and grass, and defending it, un- til grown, from animals, and splashing, or crop- ping the plants, in the manner of ground hedges. In live fences, with ditchc*, the grass and weeds can only be kept down with the hand, a process more dilatory than in fences without ditches, where it is done much more expeditiously with the plough, harrow, and hoe. The vellow willow, and the alder, for wet lands, the honey locust, the beach, the elm, the apple and pear, as also the holly and red cedar, for dry lands, have been recommended. The %villow is easiest propagaied Irom slips ; the locust, beach, elm, apple and pear, from the seeds, which grow immediately; the holly and cedar are also propagated from the seed, but, like the thorn, they do not vegetate until the second year, ayd are to be treated in every res- pect like the haws or seeds of the thorn. But, as the thorn was recommended to me as the best of all plants for live fences, I have made no at- tempts with any other. The py racanthia, a beautiful evergreen (horn, retaining its leaves through the winter, like the box, has also been recommended, and i now re- collect to have raised the plants, from seeds ob- tained in Maryland, and to have planted a few rods of I'ence with them. They proved io be too tender a plant for our hard winters ; the most of them were killed tiie lirst winter, and none of them held out over the second. Live fences constitute mnr.h the larger pro- portion of all ihe I'ences in E.iropean cfiuntries, where fences of any kind are made for agricultu- ral purposes. In some of them, France, Spain, & Italy, in particular, we are to'.d they never had any fences of any kind for common agricultural purposes, or have learned to do without them altogether, excepting occasionally to enclose a garden, or some small piece of ground for some particular purpose, and these are made of a high stone or brick wall, laid in mortar, and more for the purpose of raising wall fruit, or excluding vagrants and thieves, than domestic animals. — From what causes this practice obtained in those countries, it is not very material to inquire. — Probably, however, with their full population and scarcity' of timber, it was found less expen- sive to employ shepherds to take charge of their domestic animals, and in that way prevent them from destroying their crops, than to build fences of any kind. In England, where nearly all their lands in cultivation are enclosed, live fences abound, and are said to be preferred. The climate of that country may be more favourable to their growth than this, and they certainly have the advantage in point of experience, in the price of their la- bour, in the value of their land, and the price of agricultural productions. The inducement to cultivate this kind of fence in that country is further enhanced, from the extravagant price of timber everywhere, and absence of stones in many places, with which to make dead fences; and emigrants from that country, in treating of live fences, do not seem to give to these partic- ulars the considerations which they merit. In this country we are universally in the ha- bit of enclosing and dividing all our farms into fields with fences ; and were induced to this practice probably from causes common, and perhaps unavoidable, in the settlement of all new countries, abounding in wood, and in her- bage for cattle. At an early day, fences were cheaply made with wood cleared from the grounds intended tor cultivation. It was found much cheaper to defend cultivated lands from Ihe depredations of animals by fences made in that manner, than to have either the crops or cattle constantly watched by persons employed for that sole purpose. Whether this practice will continue, or be abandoned, must depend upon circumstances. Fences of any kind now have become an important item in the expen- diture of the farmer, and an effort to do with- out them may be worthy of consideration. — The practice of fencing, however, has become so strongly fixed with all our habits, customs and laws, that even with less intrinsic merit, any attempt to do without, would probably prove vain and impracticable. Earth or sod fences have lately been tried. — They are not found to answer the purpose : in our dry climate the sod is killed by long dearths ; they fall down, or are broken down by cattle and hogs. In (Hstrictsor on farms abounding with stones, there will be no difBcully. But we have farms, and even extensive tracts of country, in which there are no stones suitable for walling ; and where fencing timber has become scarce in those places, live fences appear to be the last i'.nd only resort. I was induced to attempt the cultivation of live fences, in hope that, after acquiring the necessary kno\vle(lge by actual (iractice, they might be raised in this country with as much ease as they were said to be in England, and i that even at the present price of land, of la- bour, and agricultural [iroductions, they mi^ht be usefully and extensively cultivated. In the years 1808,9 and 10, I planted about two miles ; two thirds of them, or thereabouts, became fences against cattle, horses and sheep, in from six to ten years. The remainder hav- ing been planted in soils and situations unfa- vourable to their growth, (being dry sand or gravel, or shaded, or damp clay,) were aban- doned. The length of time and attention required for them to become fences, rather than their direct cost, is a discouraging circumstance. — The expense, exclusive of protecting fences, may not exceed sixty to seventy-five cents per rod. The expense of protecting fences may or may not be incurred, according as the per- son growing them may or may not have old fences in suitable positions for their defence, or as it may be more or less convenient for him to dispense with the use of the field for animals in which they are growing. If, however, the two protecting fences are to be made, the ex- pense of the live fence will be Jncreased by the amount of their cost. Live fences, after they are grown, require trimming, that is, the top to be cut off annually, or they run up too high, and become thin at bottom, and the expense of trimming and keeping a live fence in order exceeds that of keeping an ordinary rail or board fence in repair. Some very un- ruly animals may possibly press through a good live fence, or some evil disposed persons, still more unruly, may break or cut their way through, rather than to go round fifty or one hundred rods. The consequence is a gap. — The gap must be forthwith secured by a dead fence of some sort, until it shall have filled by a new growth. Hurdles are made use of for that purpose in England. They are made with alders or willows, somewhat in the man- ner of crates forearthern ware, except that ihey are flat and straight, and worked into a stake or post at each end, which is driven into the ground to hold them up. It is much more dif- ficult to mend a gap in a live fence than any other, as it requires attention and time for it to till by a new growth. A thrif'ty lot of chesnut timber on a farm is a most invaluable appendage. And having that, or any other kind of thrifty growing fencing limber, or a suitable quantity of loose stones, or even a good stone quarry within any reasorw able distance, the possessor will hardly under- take the cultivation of live fences bnt under circumstances highly favourable. A good stone wall v.'ell set, is the best and often Ihe cheap- est fence that can be made, or is the cheapest in the long run. But where live fences (from the scarcity of timber and stones) have be- come indispensable, or likely soon to become so, they ought to be set about before the old stock of fencing timber is entirely gone. Any one can make a short piece fifty or a hundred rods, and by doing so will acquire as well a knowledge of their usefulness, as of the man- ner of making and taking care of them, and will probably be saved the expense of makings one, if not both the protecting fences. When a farm becomes destitute of fences, fencing timber and stones, it is a herculean task to fence it all at once, or within a short time, with live fences ; and a crisis like this may be NEW ENGLAND FARMER. antioip-.itefl by many, and n'ill be avoidetl liy ev- ery prudent farmer. Stone walls set on wet spongy land are lia- ble to fall. The land being soft, settles with the weight of the wall, or in its wet state is thrown up by frosts, and the wall falls. 1 pre- vent this by raising the land on which the wall stands, more or loss, according as it is more or less wet ; it is done mostly with the plough, by turning furrows towards each other before the wall is made, or lowards the wall alter it is made, most commonly the latter; for in the latter case, the round or poorest stones may be put into the bottom, where they will be held in place by the earth, turned and raised against Ihem. The water courses should be in the last furrow on each side,& at three feet distance from the wall ; the last furrow should be thrown on the first side next the wall, and the loose dirt cleared out L thrown up with the spade. A wall or half wall, protected in this manner, with suita- ble apertures at proper distances for the water to pass under it, seldom falls. Long and re- f)eated trials have confirmed me in the useful- ness of this practice. 1 do it as well on dry as damp land. The depth of the ditch adds that much to the actual height of the wall. The ilitch, in all after ploughings, should be preserv- ed, and which may be easily done by not turn- ing furrows into it, but from it. I do the same with board fences, vvhen I make them, and for like reasons: as no water can afterwards stand about the fences, they remain firm and secure. The additional expense is but a trifle, not over n of three months, he was put upon trial and acquitted, and joined his brother (author of the fore- going letter) to serve the American Patriots, but having put into Havana, the rigor with which he was treated by the Spanish governor, appears to have deprived him of his reason. — Frotn the Journal de Paris, July 6. Fire. — Two valuable Cotton Manufactories were consumed by fire in the village of Pawtucket, on Sat- urday afternoon last. The fire originated in the pick- er (either bj' friction or collision) in the three-story factory belonging to Messrs Timothy Green & Sons, and spread so rapidly, that the work-people with diffi- culty escaped from their several apartments, and a very small part of the machinery, cotton, and manu- factured goods was saved. The fire, with almost the rapidity of lightning, spread to the adjoining foui-story ttone factory, belonging to A- & I. Wilkinson, and in a moment the interior was filled with a solid sheet of fire. But little of the machinery or other property was saved. A small Iniikling occupied as a groctry store, and owned by Mr iJaniel Greene, was torn down to pre- vent the spreading of the fire. The amount of property destroyed belonging to Messrs Green & Sons, is estima- ted at iVom 20 to $'25,OilO ; 10, rOO of which is insured. The loss of A. & 1. Wilkinson is estimated at $3i),000. v4 projitable Cow. — A cow in West Bradford, in the last week of July, produced 111 quarts of skimmed milk, and 37 quarts of cream, which made 15 lbs. 11 oz. of butter. This was a profitable cow, although she cost her owner twelve quarts of Indian meal per week. It seems she gave more than 21 quarts of milk per day, which is considerably more than Mr. Patchen's big cow at Brooklyn ever yielded. Yet, af- ter all, we citizens surpass all the world in this partic- ular as well as in almost every other. I have heard of an honest milkman who had the art of obtaining double the number of quarts, and with less waste of time and fodder, from one of our old city pumps I JVe w York paper. A person in South Carolina raised the past season 800 bushels of sweet potatoes on an acre, by placing the vines snugly in their beds, an inch apart. The same person had one potatoe 3 feet 9 inches long, and another which weighed 12 1-4 pounds. ..Agriculture inJ^ew Hampshire. — The committee of the Agricultural Society ofthe County of Hillsborough, iy. H. appointed to award premiums on agricultural products and farms, completed their tour on the 6th inst. having travelled a hundrefi and eighty miles, and visited forty-six farms. In a short notice of their tour, which they have published in the Amherst Cabinet, they say, " they are hnppy to announce the flourishing condition of agriculture through the county ; and the abundance, which a Munificent Providence this year pours into the lap of industry. The products of grass and small grains are in great profusion. Indian corn will require several warm weeks to bring it to matu- rity." Gold, — A letter from Curacoa of July 22, mentions that upwards of $1511,000 in value of pure virgin gold, 24 carats have been received from Aruba, where the existence of gold has recently been discovered. The Dutch government has taken measures to secure the exclusive benefit ofthe discovery. Charles Thompson., Secretary of the Rerolutionary Congress. — This venerable patriot has lately paid the debt of nature, at his seat near Philadelphia, in the 95th year of his age. His public services, and private virtues had justly rendered him dear to every intelli- gent and patriotic American. Yellow Fever at Charleston. — One death has been published by the Health Committee, and three other cases announced in the Charleston papers of the 11th inst. which also contains the advice of the physicians for strangers to leave the city. Several deaths from the same disorder have also taken place at New Orleans. The Phi Beta Kappa. — The annual exhibition of this Society was held in Cambridge yesterday. Besides the members ofthe Society, a very numerous audience, in- cluding Gen. La Fayette and the gentlemen who ac- company him on his visit, together with several other distinguished strangers and many gentlemen of distinc- tion and accomplished ladies of our own vicinity, were highly entertained by a poem on Liberty., by the Rev. Henry Ware, jr. and an oration on the motives to intellectual exertion in this country, by Rev. Professor Everett. After the literary exercises, about two hun- dred members ofthe Society, together with their guests, among whom were Gen. La Fayette, Mr Duponceau, of Philadelphia, and the late Gov. Brooks sat do-wn to a frugal dinner in the Commons Hall, at which Judge Story, the president ofthe Society, presided. The ex- ercises oflhis occasion were highly enlivened by a great variety of excellent toasts, from the chair, from the guests, and from the members, some of which we shall hereafter preseat to our readers. — fioston Daily Mv, NEW ENGLAND MUSEUM. 76, COURT STREET, yjO.V/'OJV, CONTAINING much more nunierou« Collections and greater variety of entertairunents than any other Kstablishment in America, continues steadily to increase, and is open for the reception of vie-itt ra F.VLRY DAY AND EVENING. It will be constantly in the best possible condition and every exertion made to render the visits of its pat- rons agreeable. This Establishment now contains FIVE former Mu- seums united in ONE, together with very great and numerous additions (the whole receipts being faithfully laid out to increase it.) JUST ADDED, The celebrated Knee Horse Eclipse, A beautiful Ccsmoramic View of London, A large and beautiful live Raltlesnake, The Arabian Bottle, made of the stomach of a Camel — holds about a barrel — used to carry water across the desert. The Invalid's Chair — very ingenious — invented by Professor Peck. A very large and elegant Sword Fish, upwards of 14 feet long, with a sword 4 1-2 feet long. f^f^j' The Museum is well lighted, and a Band of Music performs every evening. Admittance 25 cents. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, fcc. (Revised and corrected every Friday.] APPLE!?, best, new, AShES, pot, Ist sort, . - - pearl do. - - - - BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. - - - cargo. No 1, - - - - " No 2, - - - - BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, - - - - skimed milk, - . - FLAX FLAX SEED FLOUR^ Baltimore, Howard St Genessee, ... Rye, best, ... GRAIN,Rye Corn - - ... Barley - . . • Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort - - HOPS, No 1, Inspection of 1S2 3 LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS . . - - PORK, Bone Middlings - - - navy, mess. Cargo, No 1, . . - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover ..... WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native . . - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISIOXf MARKET. BF.EI'', best pieces- - - - - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole - ... VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, new, - lump, - • - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - - - - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, new, - - - CIDER, liquor, new - - - HAY, Recording to quality, FROM TO D. (. D. C. bbl 3 00 ton. 120 120 122 50 bush 80 I 00 bbl. 11 8 9 6 75 7 50 lb. 11 12 7 9 3 4 8 9 bush 82 84 bbl. 6 37 5 76 6 50 2 62 2 75 bush 52 54 40 62 30 lb. 11 12 38 40 cask 85 1 00 gal. 75 80 ton. 3 bbl. 16 00 17 13 13 50 12 50 13 bush 1 75 5 7 60 70 40 45 45 50 37 42 25 30 48 52 35 40 lb. 7 10 8 12 6 4 10 3 12 10 20 12 15 16 20 14 16 bush 62 65 58 60 50 67 bbl. Ion. 16 00 20 OB 40 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, lOR THK NEW ENGLAND FARMER. LA FAYETTE. Welcome to our land, Fayette ; Where the sua of slavery's set, Hail to Freedom's sacred home Where no proud invaders come, Where no kingly tyrant rules O'er fawning courtiers, flattering fools! Freedom's champion I welcome, here, To the hearts of Freemen dear ! Freedom's champion ! hail, all hail 1 Echoes from each hill and vale. Years may pass — (and as all must) Kings may mix with kindred dust — Despots rule, and slaves obey. Cowering to oppression's sway ; Still Columbians, brave and free Will " rally round their Liberty" — Still support their country's cause. Equal rights and equal laws. While La Fayette, thy spotless name Pealing from the trump of Fame, Shall with our acclamations rise On glory's pinions to the skies. MORTIMER. Boston, ^ug. 24, 1824. roR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. LINES On seehig Ike Monuintnl erected at BunJ;er^s Hill, " to the meniory of Warren and his brave Jlssoctates.^'' Shades of the brave! in tranquillity rest. For the '^ battle's commotion" is o'er The just cause of Freedom by Heaven is bUst And tyrants have (led from our shore >fo more by the clangor of arms. Or by ruthless invaders assail'd ; We repose now in peace from the war's dread alarms. For freedom, fair freedom prevaii'd. Earth's blessings are scatter'd around. With a free and beneficent hand, And Heaven's bright courts with the echo resound. Whilst the glad (hanks of millions ascend. Then rest 'mid the honour and fame. By your deeds o'er your memory cast, And glory's bright halo encircle each name 'V^^liIst American Freedom shall last. MORTIMER. Boston, 1824. itJfsrclU-rni). FAMILY GOVERNMENT. Passing the house of a neighbour, in one of vny evening excursions, 1 heard a great noise and tumult, and seating myself to learn the cause and issue of the event, soon understood that some unlucky chap, in imitation of his fa- ther's example, had been into the garden with Ijis lillle hoe, but unforlunalcly not bein"- able distinguish noxious weeds from useful plants, haol unwittingly deslrnynd one or two vine" a mighty offence considering the unpromising appearance of the season. Strict inr|uiry was now made to discover the rogue — but all de- nied the deed, till a little boy, ahout four years of age, innocent of any evil design, and ignorant of the art of dissimulation, came furward and owned the fact. Nohle hoy, said 1 to mvsell, your harmless intentions and free confession, will surely not only screen you from punish- ment, but entitle you to commendation. But what was my surprise when the mother, void of all humanity — void of those peculiar traits so becoming in the female character — void even of maternal affection, with the mad fury of a daj- mon, flew to the helpless child and beat him most unmercifully; at the same time accompa- nying every blow with such threats and impre- cations as almost chilled my blood to hear. Blind and misguided [larents, said 1, little do you consider how much evil you have done without effecting any good. It will readily be •^ranted, by every candid person, that no real good can be expected to result from so improp- er a manner of correcting. I am far from be- lieving that a child treated in (his manner will be deterred from committing even that which it knows to be wrong, whenever he has any temptation for so doing. But the evils result- ing from so ill-timed and improper a chastise- ment are numerous. First, It confounds in the minds of children the ideas of right and wrong, and the difference between accidental and intended mischief. Second, they are taught, by the example of a parent, to fly into a passion at every trifling occurrence which is not agreeable to their testy humours. They learn to exercise the baneful passions of malice, revenge and cruelty, among their playmates. Third, they are taught to pay little or no re- gard to the judgement or authority of their ])a- rents. They will not consider their punish- ment as the desert of their crimes, but the ef- fects of hasty and petulent temper in those who correct them. 1 aftenvards understood, that this accident happened upon the Sabbath, but not a word was uttered by the parents, intimating the of- fence as aggravated by this circumstance: the child is thereby taught a total disregard of the Sabbath, and contempt for the laws of God. But this is not all, this child is likewise taught to lie ; a jjractice too easily learned without the aid of an instructor. What will induce a child to confess that for which he is sure of be- ing punished ? 1 know of no motives which will promjit older people lo do this, hut a full and practical belief of their accountability, a prin- ciple which seldom actuates the conduct ol children. So I returned and said in mine heart — this also is a sore evil, and the great vexation of our age- — that (here is so little judgment, rea son or religion, exercised in the education of children. The little master, for breaking a j pane of glass, letdng tail a tea-cup, or ignnrantly j destroying a favorite tree or flower, is, in a mo- I ment of rage, beaten without mercy; while al the same time, perhaps, he is permitted, with scarcely a rebuke, to indulge anger, malice, and revenge, towards his litlle brothers and sisters; to deceive and prevaricate; to rob his neighbors' orchards and gardens; and make use of the most uncivil, obscene, and profane language. The truth is (his, they treal (heir children like a dog for accidentally destroying a few pence of their property, while they let pass unnoticed (he far more destructive and pernicious evils of the heart. [ yermont Jaurnal. During the reign of Cromwell, a Clergyman during his service, took occasion to pray " that the king and parliament might hang together in peace and concord.'' A sailor present jumped up, and exclaimed, " that's right ; only hang tliem, I donl care by what cord it is." — ^.w% FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Suspicion. — Many persons are too subtle and too suspicious tor their own enjoyment. They apt to put some sinister construction on every look, word or action of (heir acquain(ance. Re- marks made, or actions performed, of a perfect- ly innocent nature, are thought by the jealous or suspicious person to be intended for some- thing of a cutting or sarcastic nature. Make this a rule, never to take offence unless you are sure otTence is intended ; and even intentional offence is, generally speaking, better overlook- ed than resented. Talents misapplied. — There can be no grea(er injury (o human society than (hat grea( (alents should be held honourable without regard to (heir application. The gifts of na(ure, and the acquisitions of art should be held in esteem on- ly in proportion to (heir (endency to promo(e (he welfare of mankind, and (heir applicadon to useful purposes. No man should, by any stretch of courtesy, be accounted as a great man unless he is a good man, and goodness should ever be esteemed the principal ingredient of greatness ftO" Subscribers lo the Former, are informed lliat they can have their lolumes bound on reasona- ble terms by leaving them at this Office. LANDS FOR SALE IN PENNSYLVANIA. THE subscriber offers for sale in small lots to actual settlers, or in larger tracts to others, the following lands in the State of I'tnn'yhauia, btlcngirg to the estate of the late Wm. Bingham, viz: two hundred and fifty thousand acres in the counties of Bradford and Tioga, at from /Aree dollars, to luo dollais fifty cints per acre, according to situation ; and fire hun- drid tliousand acres in the counties of I'otler, McKtan, \'enango, Armstrong, Jeffei son and Lycon.ing, at tvo dollars per acre. '1 he terms are ten years for pay- mtnts, three of them without interest. The land is geiurally of a good quality, well watered, intersected by important roads, and in a healthy situation. For lurlher particulars application may be made to agents m the difierent counties, or to ROBERT H. ROSE, July 24. Silrer Lake, Pennsyhania. ANTED No. 51, of the 1st Vol. of the N. Ev Farmer. For which a generous price will be given by the publisher of this paper. TO PRINTF.RS. FOR sale at this Office BALL SKINS, at the usual prices. R. GRO\'E'S Essay on Sheep, in a pamplilct form for salt at this Office. " July 10. TEKMS OF THE FARMER. 0:5° Published every Saturday, at Three Dollars per annum, payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within sixty days from the time of subscribing will be entitled to a deduction of Fifty Cents. {J;5= No paper will be discoutiuued (unless at the discretion of the publisher,) until arrearages are paid. JOB PRINTING Executed with neatness and despatch, on reasonable terms at this Oi£ce, INEW ENGLAND FARMEll. VOL. Ill/ SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, 1824. No. 6. gorrcsjionnnicr. To //le £rfi/o)- of Ihe ^'ew England Fanner, SiR—Notwithslanding I have he rotofore com- municated some remnrUs on llie eflects of Ihe iVost on the 1 jlh of June hist, yet as I have since taUen an excursion south-west of this phice in onler to view the situation of tlie new farms in ivhat is called the Berch F.nnds, it majf n'it be improper to make some further observations. The frost appears to iiave fallen very uneven and spotted. On some of the highest ridges, tiie vegetation showed no marks of frost, while it tell very heavy and destructive in the valleys, particularly along the large streams of water, that probably attracted it. And perhaps as there was a high north wind that night, it blow it off the high ridges to settle in the valleys, or it was repelled by Ihe effluvia arising from the hem- lock timber, and wherever there was pitch pine timber, it attracted the frost very severely. It appears that white oak and chestnut also attract the frost, as it killed all the leaves on such tim- ber, and no other, except the sumac. Some apparent advantages were derived from the frost. It killed all the caterpillars and grass- hoppers, so that there are none to be^seen, and very few flies or gnats in the woods, compared with other summers. As to Indian corn, all such as the leaves showing touches of the frost, remained sta- tionary for some time, is yet very small and backward ; and, what is remarkable, a very great proportion of the stalks and some whole hills have no signs of ears. All such crops, where the frost nipped the ends of the leaves will be very slight and poor indeed. I saw several pieces of excellent, stout, for- ward corn growing amongst the logs, that have never been hoed nor any labour bestowed upon them after planting. That mode of farming is so worthy of pursuit in all new settlements, that I will describe it. — Fall all the timber in the month of June, or as soon as the leaves are fully grown. Lop down all the limbs, and spread them as even over the ground as may be done. In the latter part of April, or first of May, when dry enough for what they call a good burn, such as to warm the ground and kill the seeds of all wild stuff, turn the lire through it; about 10 or I I o'clock the fire will burn best. Then as soon as the fire is burned down, and the land cooled, plant it amongst the logs, — the hills near together, and but a lew grains in a hill. The ground being warmed with the fire, it may be planted much earlier than on ploughed land, and the logs being black attract the rays of the sun in a manner so agreeable to corn, that it will exceed any cleared land. Several farmers told me that when they could get a good burn at a proper time to plant, such corn was by lar the most profitable crop they could possibly raise. And on such crops the late frost had no apparent effect Oats, buck wheat, and potatoes appeared very stout and good ; but pumpkins or any kind of! vines will be very poor very good, as also beets, parsnips, carrots, on- 1 aingy holds good between the animal and veget- ions, cabbage.^, and such beans as survived the able creation. Trees, raised on poor land, are fi-opl ; but tew applc.-^, and those small and ' small and weak in their infancy, and would con- knotty. 1 have cndeavoureil to discover what nds of apples withstood the frost best, but so far in vain. I think there will be neither chest- nuts, acorns, or beach nuts. Slockporl, Pa. Aug. 'S^, 1 S2 1. SAM'L PRESTON. The. subject of the Essay from which the following is extracted is of great importance to some parts of the Uniteci States, where wood for timber and fuel is be- coming scarce and dear. The Trustees of the Massa- cJuisetts Agricultural Society have offered a premium of $100, and three premiums of $.50 each for the best plantation of \^'hite Oak Trees to be raised from the acorn, not less than 1000 trees per acre ; $50 for the best do. of White Ash and I..arch Trees, raised from the seeds, not less than 1000 per acre. Several other Agricultural Societies in Xew-England have likewise offered premiums for similar purposes. [Ed. N.E.Farm. ON PLANTING FOREST TREES. From a paper covimunicaled to ihe Balh and West of England Society ; by Mr Davis, sleicard to the Mar- quis of Balk. — Kind of Trees proper to plant. As to the kinds of trees proper for planting, ■itlle need be said. The soil, the situation, and the aptitude of the country for producing any particular kind of frees or underwood, will point out the kinds which are fittest for the country. .■Wilurc shows us 'ji'ltal she li/:cs best in every situa- tion, in every country ; and if we follow her dic- tates, we shall seldom err. The principal ob- ject of a planter's attention is to consider what kinds of wood grow best in the poorest land ; and if he can find land worth only 2 shillings and 6 pence per acre can be made as productive as that worth 20 shillings, l«e will prefer planting the former. He thereby not only improves those parts of his estate which could be im- proved in no other way, but ornaments and shelters the rest. If he choose to adorn his lowest and best meadows by planting elms, limes, chestnuts, or other ornamental trees, he will do well ; but no man of sense (to say nothing of taste) would cover a rich meadow with Scotch firs, while he has lands on the hills of not one-tenth of the value, tliat will produce them equally as well. Age and condition of Young Trees ft for planting. Mr. Miller, who has justly been. styled the father of English gardening, was of opinion that young trees should be raised on good land ; and that it was necessary they should carry a stock of health and strength with them into the nurser}', to enable them to live on poor land. — But some years since a contrary opinion pre- vailed ; and it has been argued, that all nurse- ries should be made on land similar to that pro- posed to be planted. Fortunately that opinion is now generally ex- ploded. It has been proved that a plant, once weak, is for a long time, if not always weak. A breeder of cattle would be laughed Some early oats andLj^ if he attempted to make large healthy ani- *priDg rye are damaged. Flax and grass arejinals by starving them the first year ; and the an- tinue so for years, if not removed from the nur- sery; and if removed weak, unless it were into much bolter land, they would never be otherwise. No tree can thrive without its due proportion ol' roots. A plant raised in poor land has never that proportion ; and transplant- ing it into similar land is not likely lo increase it. Whereas flic same plant, if raised in strong land, would have twice as much root ; and when transplanted, those roofs will be able to find nourishment even I'rom poor land, because they have more mouths to collect it. Let those, who doubt this, view the Marquis of Bath's nursery at Longleat, and then view the condition of his frees, and the soil on which they are (danted. The former is a stilT loamy clay, worth 25 shillings per acre, and a great part of the latter was a barren gravel, which produced nothing but heath, and was not worth 2 shillings and 6 pence per acre. Rules for Planting. — Whether Sotving or Trans- planting be preferable. If has been argued that frees should not be transplanted at all, but raised fiom seed on the land where they are intended to remain. In answer to this, if if be allowed that frees rais- ed in a poor nursery are weak, they will also be so, if sown where they are to remain ; and as they will require to be kept clean from weeds for many years, until they are able to keep them down themselves, that expense will be a serious one : — after all they will not make strong and healthy trees. But it is argued that «ome trees should not be transplanted at all, particularly oaks. This I deny. 1 will allow that the tap root of an oak is given if to. enable if to fake deep hold in the land, and that if sel- dom makes sulBcient lateral roots to keep the tree steady, when transplanted into an exposed situation. That would certainly be the case, if oaks twelve or fifteen I'eet high were dug up in a thick wood, and planted in an exposed situa- tion ; but such is not the right way of trans- planting an oak. Let the acorns be planted in a nursery, on good land. Let them be remov- ed at three or four years old, and the tap root cut otT. Let the plant also be cut down at the same time to within two or three inches of the crown of the roof ; and when it shoots the next spring, cut off all except one principal shoot, which may be fiained to a tree, and removed with equal safety with any other kind of tree.; and an oak so cut off will be bigger and taller at seven years old, than one uncut will be at fen. But whether transplanted or sown from the acorn, oak is not a proper tree to be planted single, unless in countries particularly favoura- ble^'to its growth, as many of the poor heaths in Hampshire are ; but even then they thrive hest where they are most sheltered. As to the propriety of transplanting every other kind of free, it will not even bear an argument.* * By the Editor. Tlie opinion of this writer is entitled to respcrt, as he appears to havt had much experience relative to the subject of bis essay It 42 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Jit what age trees should be transplanted. When trees are raised in a nursery, (he nur- sery man's object is to make the most of his land. He sows his seeds in drills or in bed?, and as soon as they begin to crowd, he disjioses ol them. If they are suffered to stand to draw each other up, they suffer material injury. 1 hey should therefore be removed before that period. Firs usually stand two years in the seed-bed, and two years in the transplanted bed : a third shoot is fatal. In forest trees, it is not so niate- rial ; they will not crowd each other under three or four years after transplanting ; and if they are to be cut off at transplanting for underwood, they will be the better for standing so long.— Beeches, and such trees as will not bear a knife, may be transplanted earlier. The grand point is to give every tree as much strength .is possi- ble in the nursery ; and not suffer it to be weak- ened by standing too close before it is planted out where it is to stand. It is usual in some countries, particularly in Scotland, to plant out Scotch firs at once from the seed bed ; but it must be in a country where there are neither hares nor rabbits. To be continued. smking of wells and ibe use of pumps; nor is it improbable, that, in some situalions, a suf£- cient supply may be obtained for hydraulic povver. He intends boring until he causes a sufficient quantity of water to ascend to the requisite height to supply Mr. Bostwick's distillery, with- out the use of pumps ; and from what he has already accomplished, we have no doubt of his realizing his expectation. We congratulate the public on a discovery of such importance, and hope some spirited individuals will enable him, as soon as he shall have finished the job in hand, to prosecute the investigation, while they may add essentially to their own comfort and convenience. From Ike American Farmer. BORING FOR WATER. or the many accounts which we have published on the subject of boring for water, we do not recollect of any one which is more conclusive as toils fi anbiUty than the following. We have been requested to publish this statement by a gentleman who was at New Brunswick during the operation — and who was told that any information thai Blight be desired would be cheerfully afforded, if alike experiment should be made here. He will call upon the citizens to obtain subscriptions for this purpose — and we hope the laudableness of (he undertaking ren- ders it unnecessary to bespeak their liberality thereon. [Alex. Herald. Albany, July 10, 1824. Sm, I send you a specimen of the celebrat- ed White Flint Wheat, which flourishes in some of the western counties of this Stale. A con- siderable quantity of it has been brought to this city for sale, by Mr. Elias Manchester, a respectable farmer of Scipio, Cayuga county — and I shall see that a bushel is reserved for you. This wheat has been mentioned in your pa- per, and has been favourably noticed by the Agricultural Society of the Valley of Virginia. It was known in Cayuga county in 1815, and was brought there' from New Jersey. Mr. Watnus' wheat was not sent there until 1818 — both may have proceeded tVom Spain, and may probably have a common origin. The qualities rf this wheat, as represented to me, are pre-eminently good, and I have no doubt of the correctness of^ the following state- ment. A less quantity of seed is necessary for sow- as the original stalk spreads more. Il It does Fron Jackson^s Travels. EFFECTS OF OLIVE OIL. In the kingdom of Tunis, the people usually employed as Coolies, or porters, are in general natives of Gereed, or the country of dates, about 300 miles from the sea-coast. Their dress is in general a wide woollen coat, its natural colour, with short wide sleeves over, wrapping round the body, and tied round the waist with a baml : they never wear a shirt, and seldom have either trousers, shoes, or stockings ; they have always a scarlet woollen cap on tlie head, i: sometimes a coarse white turban. Those coolies who arc emidoyed in the oil stores, seldom eat anything but bread and oil. They smear themselves all over with oil, and their coat is always well ! soaked with it. Though the plague frequently rases in Tunis, in the most frightful manner, destroying many thousands of the inhabitants, yet there was never known an instance of any of those coolies, who work in the oil stores, ever being in the least affected by it. In the summer it is customary for them to sleep in the streets, upon the bare ground ; we have frequently seen in the night, scorpions and other venomous reptiles, running about them in great numbers, yet we never heard of a single instance where the coolies were ever injured liv them; nor do the musquitoes, which are very troublesome to other people in hot climates, ever molest them, though Iheir face, hands and arms from their elbows are exposed, as also their legs and feet. Any other people being so much exposed, would be nearly destroyed by the musquetoes. In Tunis, when any person is stung by a scorpion, or bit by any other venomous reptile, they immediately scarify the part with a knife, and rub in olive oil as quick as possible, which arrests the progress of the venom. If oil is not particularly from the sling of a scorpion. '1 hose in the kingdom of Tunis are (he most venomous in the world. From the American Farmer. New Brunswick, N. J. Arc. 2. Highly Important D^scovery.-Le.iT^i»hro.^,r^^g,.^s v.. original ^'-^'^ y;;;-/ an inlenious and enterprising mechanic of this i ye^s vvhiter, more and ^-^''^^ """;.•-■:" applied in a few minutes, death is inevitable, citv. Ling impressed with the belief, that, by! not require so much so,l as other w^^^^^^^^^^ ' .. boring int^ the earth a sufficient depth, a stream takes a greater growth ; although like all olh- of w.rter might be caused (o flow therefrom, I ercerealia, it flourishes m proportion to the any where in this region of country, sometime richness of the soil • 1 . ■ A , , iu ^ r."„,.;moni ■ bo It produces five bushels per acre more th.in since determined to try the experiment, he "i i-i" i" i e;„^„ iic commenced the operation of boring at the dis- any other wheat, c«,.eris !-"•;"«, J''"^^'; lillery of J. H. Bnstwick, Esq. about a mile ^''^Pt'on in Cayuga, ,t has never been known northwest of New Brunswick, \vherc he has to suffer mil ew, and it .s not so much exped perforated through various stn.ta of red shell, to winter killing as other ^^^^^''"S^^f. 'slate, silex, and granite, to the depth of about ' But ,1s most . .stingu.shed good q, a li y is , 160 feet, and has brought up a stream of pure , I'cng invulnerable to the Hes.ian I ly. Th. water, which now discharges about ],60o'gal- i« ascribed to the stalk, which is much srn 1 c ' in the channel, and as thick again as the stalks of wheat in general. Our most experienced millers and merchants ;ieak of Ibis wheat as superior to any other. 1 send you a small specimen of Salt made at Salina, in ibis State. Ions in 24 hours, and kec[is increasing as his au gar descends deeper. He commenced in the bottom of a well of about 13 feet in depth, the water of which was quite hard, but the water he had brought up from this great depth, i^ said to be as soft as rain water, and several de- grees colder than any of our ordinary s[irings or wells. This is a discovery of immense val- ue, as it will enable any one who can afford the expense, to have a stream of water issuing at his door, in his barnyard or in his fields, of the finest and most delicious flavour, and will, it is believed, in a great measure, supersede the may not be amiss, however, to observe that some writ- ers of eminence do nnt agree with him, as ri specis thi- e\pedit-ncy t\{ Irnnsphititini; oaks. Mr Miller «ays "oak? are best produced from the acorns in Ihr jilacci where Ike tries are lo remain ; liccauss:- those which are trans- planlrd will not grow to so large a size, nor remain tround so long." Messrs. Editors,— \ saw a communication in your paper, about two or 3 weeks ago, respect- ing the littlle insect called Mulh, and the little red and black Ant. To prevent Moths eating up your clothes, whenever you put them up, al- ways be lareful and put a plenty of tobacco in (beni, and the Moth will never touch them. — To prevent the little red and black Ants IVom getting into honey and sivoel-meat pots — when your pots are put upon the shelves, al- ways be careful and sprinkle the shelves with Mack ground pepper, and they will not go near thera. — J^, Y- Advertiser. NEW AND VALUABLE DISCOVERY. The Harmony Society, on the Wabash Riv- er, in the Stale of Indiana, has during a num- l)er of years manufactured Oil of pumpkin seeds with good success, but lately they have discovered that well dried peach kernels also contain an oily substance ; and ujion the first trial, they have pressed out of seven pecks of such kernels, five gallons of excellent oil, which is very little inferior to sweet oil, and may be used with advantage for many different useful purposes. And since peaches prosper and grow almost every vvherc in the United States, it might be a matter of importance lo every economical husbandman to gather the peach stones, which have for a long time been considered useless, and get them opened and the kernels saved, during the long winter evenings, or in wet weather, whereby he could find himself well recompensed (or all his expended trouble. In Harmony, the above labour is |)erformed by small schoolboys for their pastime between the school hours. F. U. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 43 GEN. LA FAYETTE. The foUnwiii": anecdotes and notices of La tay- ettc;', we have collected from various papers. [Mass. Yeuinan. His love of Aine rial.— Very few Americans h;ive visiteil France for the last forty yeiirs without calling upon him. He is always ac- cessible to them— his eye kindles whenever he talk'* of America :— " VVhy," said an American •rcniieinan. "can you not come to live among ,is to l.iy your hones among a |ipo|ile, who owe you so mnch — and whose latest descendants will venerate your ashes?" La Fayette point- »d (0 his grandchildren around him— he made no other reply. They were the ties which hound liim to France. " You are now in America," said he to an in- telligent \'irgininn, who was on a visit to his hoii-p. " America ?"' — " Yes, this room is what 1 call .Xmeric.')." His guest looked around him, and heheld scattered every where the to- kens of \m country — maps of the differennt Stales — the portraits of our distinguished men; of Washington, Franklin. Henry, &c. : Ameri- can books — the Electrical machine with which the great Franklin had made so many experi- ments, and which he had given as a mark of re- spect to this noble Frenchman. His Sword. — La Fayette preserves with the utmost care the sword which was presented to Jiira hy the American Congress. When the allied troops were recently in the neighbour- hood of Paris, fearful that it might be snatched from his possession, he deposited it in the safe keeping of Mr Jackson, the American Charge des Affaires, in Paris. This sword bore upon it, the emblems of our nation. Upon the de- struction of the Bastile, the first key of this tre- men; TRY PRO.' |R<:vi3ed and corrected everv Iriday.j APPLES, best, new, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. . . - . BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. - - - cargo. No 1, - - - - " No 2, - - - - BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, - - - - skimed milk, . - . FLAX FLAX SEED FLOUK, Baltimore, Howard St Genessee, . - - Rye, best, ... GRAIN,Rye Corn - - . - . Barley - ... Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort - - HOPS, No 1, Inspection of 182 3 LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS - - - - PORK, Bone Middlings - - - navy, mess. Cargo, No 1, . . - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover WOOL, Merino, fullblood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION MARKET. BEE!', best pieces- - - - . PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole - . - - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, new, - lump, - . - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - - - - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, new, - - - CIDER, liquor, new - - . HAY, according to quality, FROM TO IJ. ( . D. C. bbl 2 50 3 00 ton. 120 120 122 50 bush 80 1 CO bbl. 12 10 13 00 7 30 8 ro lb. 11 12 7 8 3 4 8 9 bush 82 84 bbl. 6 37 5 75 6 50 2 62 2 75 bush 52 54 40 50 30 lb. 12 13 38 40 cask 85 1 00 gal. 75 80 ton. 3 bbl. 17 00 13 13 50 12 50 13 bush 1 75 5 7 60 70 40 45 45 50 37 44 25 30 411 52 35 40 lb. 7 10 8 10 6 4 10 z 12 8 16 v: 15 It" 20 M 16 hush 6- 65 CO 60 51 67 bbl. ton. 1600 20 00 48 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. if^^tsceUang. lOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. STANZAS on the death of an unfortunate young lad;/. Kest thee, injured one, in peace — Sorrow now no more shall vex thee, Grief and pain for ever cease. Mortal cares no more perplex thee. Rest thee, injured one, in love — Bv bright angelic forms attended. In those bright realms of joy above. Where sorrows cease, and pain is ended. There, " in the bosom of thy God," Eternity's long years shall find thee ; And not a sigh leave thivie abode Of bliss — to cares thou'st left behind thee. Boston, 1824. MoRTi.irER. BYRON'S ENIGMA. The following ingenious play upon the letter h is a masterpiece. It has been the rounds of the European and American presses, puzzling the learned and per- plexing the ingenious. A French gentleman has at length discovered the key which unlocks the mystery, and which, as before observed, is the letter h. 'Twas whispered in.heaven, 'twas muttered in hell. And echo caught softly the sound as it fell ; On the confines of earth 'twas permitted to rest, And the depths of the ocean its presence contest ; 'Twas seen in the lightning and heard in the tiiunder, 'Twill be found in the spheres when riven asunder ; It w.is given to man with his earliest breath, It assists at his birth and attends him in death, Presides o'er his happiness, honour, and health, Is the prop of liis house, and the end of his wealth ; It begins every hope, every wish it must bound, And though unassuming, wilh monarchs is crowned ; In the heaps of the miser 'tis ho:u"ded with care, But is sure to be lost in the prodigal heir. Without it the soldier and sailor may roam, But woe to the wretch who expels it from home ; In the whispers of conscience its voice will be found. Nor e'er in the whirlwind of p:\s5ion be drowned. It softens (he heart, and tliough deaf to the ear, 'Twill make it acutely and instantly hear. But in shades let it rest like an elegant flower; Oh I breathe on it softly, it dies in an hour. The value of partnership in poetry, or t-^i'o heads better than one. — Most of our readers will recollect the story of a student, who having ^vritlen the following lines — " The sun's meridian heat IlUiniines the depths of the sea".^ — went out to catch a nuw idea. While lie was absent, a waggish class mate stepped into his room and tilled up liis verse wilh the following addition, '' The fishes beginning to sweat, Cry blast it, how hot we shall be. Now we think the following anecdote will pretty near come to it ; A genlleraan paying a visit one morning last week, to a family in Hanover-square, was siiown into a room, where, on a writing desk, was paper, on which a lady had begun !o (rans- fcrihe a song from the Opera of " Love in a Village:" remarking that she had left off at the end of the two following lines — " Id love should there meet a fond pair Uututor'd by fashion or art — He took up a pen ami concluded the verse by adding. If on earlh such a couple there are, I'll be v/hipt at tliu tail of a cart ! Mania-a-Poiu. — The astonishing increase of Mania-a-Potu, or of Insanity from Drunkenness, calls for the special attention of physicians, and will perhaps demand that of the legislature. — In old times a man used to get drunk and sober again, and so on till the system was worn out. Now, almost every confirmed whiskey dribbler ends his life with this dreadful form of disease. To account for this on the hypothesis that a change has taken place in the constitution of the human race, is unphilosophical ; and we must therefore suppose the liquor that is drank, to be of a more deleterious fiuality than that used some twenty or thirty y^ars ago. Whether this is owing to a want of care in selecting the materials, to some fault in the process of distillation, or to a mixture ofdelet- rious drugs in the liquor after it is brought to markel, is a subject that calls for inquiry. In the bills of the Board of Health, our rea- ders must have observed that every week sev- eral cases of death by mania-a-potu are re- ported. The cases reported are, however, be- lieved to be but a part of those which occur. From delicacy, physicians generally give the disease a milder name, and thus make it difli- cult to ascertain the whole extent of the mala- dy, but the records of our public Institutions, the Hospital and Alms House, put it beyond doubt that the disease is greatly on the in- crease, and while they admonish all to tem- perance, call loudly on confirmed topers to be careful of the quality of their potations. The second or third attack of the disease, generally kills.— PA i/ac/. Ga:. Thomas Fuller. — Thi.s celebrated character from once hearing a sermon, could repeat it verbatim. He undertook in going from Tem- ple bar to the farther end of Cheapside to tell at his return every sign as it stood in order, on both sides of the way, repeating them either backwards or forwards, which he performed exactly. He was a learned, industrious, lively V Titer, but rather too Ibnd of punning. He was a very corpulent man, and once as he was rid- ing with a gentleman by the name of Sparrow- hawk, he could not resist (he opportunity of passing a joke upon him. — " Pray what is the difference," said he, " between an ou-l and a Sparrozi'ha'zsik .^" The other answered this sar- castic question as follows : — " An orcl h fuller in the hcnd, fuller in the body, and fuller all over." The teeth of a very talkative \n]y being loose, she asked Signer Raspini, a celebrated Dentist, what was the cause — he answered, it did proceed from de violent shocks her lady- ship did give them wid her tongue. A very silly young man who knew n scrap or two of French, and was excessively vain of his accomplishment, accosted a gentleman in the street with " QucZ/e henrc est il .'" (i. e. What is it o'clock 1\ The gentleman replied in Latin, " A'escio.'"' (i. e. I know not.) " Bless me," said the other, " I did not think it had been so late." Musical Anecdote. — Some years ago, a gen- tleman in Windsor took the place of the Organ- ist, wilh a view to shew his superiority in exe- cution. Among other pieces he was playing one of Dr. Blow's Anthems — and just as he had finish- ed the verse part and began the full chorus, the organ ceased. On this he called to Dick the bellows-blower, to know what was the mattpr. " The matter?" says Dick, " I have played the anthem below." " Aye," says the olher, " but I have not played it above." " No matter," quoth Dick, " you might have made more haste then ; 1 know how many puffs go to one of Dr. Elow'S anthems as well as you do ; 1 have not blown the organ so many years lor nothing." — English paper. ^ One cold winter's night an Iionest Hibernian having remained out rather late with a drink- inif party, could not gain admittance to his lodgings. After wandering about some time, without seeing any person, and being nearly frozen, he set up a loud cry of '■'■ Fire ! Fire ! /•'uc .'" Many peisonssoon rushed out of their houses, demanding " fF/jere .^ Where 1^'''' "By St. Patrick," replied Paddy, " I cannot tell, if I could, I'd quick be after getting to it, so J would failh.''^ Sir David Dundas, when Lord Advocate for Scotland, and member of the British House of Commons, used to express himself in the ac- cent of his country. " I say, Mr. Speaker, is it not in (he poor (power) of this House" to do so and so. " What, says a country gentlemen, does the advocate for Scotland mean by talking of the poor of this House?" "He means," said Mr. F. " I suppose, thi rorty-tivn ocotch members." 0:^= Subscribers to the Farmer, are informed that they can have their volumes bound on reasona- ble terms by leaving'them at this Office. OCr^^^\ O. 51 of the 2d volume of the New Kngland ()::j=J_^ Farmer is much wanted to complete fdes ; — for v.hich a generous price will be given. Printers who exchange wilh us, will confer a great favour by re- turning their copies of that number. Sept. 4. LANDS FOR SALE IN PENNSYLVANIA. THE subscriber offers for sale in small lots to actual settlers, or in larger tracts to others, the following lands in the State of Pennsylvania, belonging to the estate of the late Wm. Bingham, viz; ttro hundred and fifty tlionsand acres in the counties of Bradiord and Tioga, at from //uff dollars, to tiro dollars ^rifty fcnts per acre, according to situation ; and fire hun- dred thousand acres in the counties of Potter, McKean, Venango, Armstrong, Jefferson and Lycoming, at tiro dollars per acre. The terms are ten years for pay- ments, three of them without interest. The land i» ginerally of a good quality, well watered, intersected by important roads, and in a healthy situation. For iLuther particulars application may be made to agents m the different counties, or to ROBERT II. ROSE, .Iuly24. Silver Lake, Perinsylvnnia. F TO PRINTERS. OR sale at this Office BALL SKINS, at the usual prices. TERMS OF THE FARIMER. {):j= Published every Saturday, at Three Dollars per annum, payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within ii.ily days from the time of subscribing will be entitled to a deduction of Fiity Cents. 0:5= No paper will be discontinued (unless at tlie discretion of the publisher,) until arrearages are paid. .lOB PRINTING Executed with neatness and despatch, on reasonable terras at this Office. ]NEW ENGLAND FARMER. PUBLISHKU BY JOHN B. RUSSELL, ROGERS' BUILD'.NGS, CONGRESS STREET, BOSTON.— THOMAS G. EF;SSEN))EN, EDITOR. VOL. III. SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 1824. No. 7. ©rtjjtnnl (tommunttntjons. FOR THE KBW ENOLAND FARJHER. FMraclsfiom a Idler, written by a gentUman in South America to a friend in this ticinily. 5 U. S. ship Franklin, JCallao, April 10, 1824. Mr DEAli Sir, — I send you a small parcel of seeds in a box directed to , which I wish was more extensive, but hitherto I have had little opportunity to collect any. There are two kinds of watermelons, — one red flesh, the other yellow, — that are perhaps not superi- or to what you may find at home, but you mu«t ■value them, as coming from a distance. There are also a few squash seeds, a kind of melon- squash, or pumpkin, of moderate size, from Chili, but I think of very delicate tlavour ; — also a few Lima beans, used as shelieil beans. — They grow very large, and are parlicularlv good. I also send you a few wild, native peas, which I wish you would make a fair iri;il of. The his- tory of them is as follows : — Lieutenant of this ship has just returned from a cruise in the hired armed schooner Amanda, despatched by Com. Stewart to cruise after a privateer fitted out from Chiloe, which had committed many piratical acts on American ships, and on those of other nations. Lieut. landed on a small island, not laid down in any chart, to the south of the islamf of Chiloe. Here he found large quantities of these peas growing, some of them in the sand and within a few yards of the sea. They were extremely prolilic, and he sajs the same vine seemed to have a successive produce, as some of the pods were wholly dry, and others just putting out ; and this difference of growth seemed more considerable than in the cultivat- ed pea with us. They cooked several messes of them, and he says they found them excellent. It is very probable that this seed would be ame- liorated by cultivation ; and I know it is always interesting to the horticulturist to get original stock. I hope I shall hereafter be able to obtain the roots and an entire plant of the solanuin tubero- sum [common potatoe*] but this is not the sea- son; they are said to grow abundantly in the ravines in this country. I explored the highest of those in the island of St Lorenzo with Com. Stewart, the other day, but unsuccessfully, as hardly a vestige of vegetation remained, though in August last, he found them plenty there. What would your trustees say to a farm on the plain of Lima, which is about 20 miles in length by about 7 in width, rising gradually from the Sea, on a most regular plane about 500 feet? It is all an alluvion, bounded by the sea and pre- * South America Is the native country of the Potatoe, and it is believed to be an exotic in all other countries in which it is cultivated. It is considered as a great desideratum to procure some of the plants in their iitild stale, in order to ascertain what changes the Potatoe has undergone in consequence of its domestica- tion and culture in nearly or quite every civilized part cf the globe.— Ej>. N. E. Farmfr. cipitous, liy.rren mountains. The river Rimac, which washes Lima, furnishes water by which every part of this plain is irrigated. The cli- mate is so peculiar, that the fruit of every re- gion is found growing in the same garden. — Apples, peache?, quinces, oranges, lemons, grapes, figs, bananas, Chiri,iioyas, &c. What might not an enterprising, skilful agriculturist do with 1000 acre.'! of such land, every foot of which may be watered, and where the ther- njometer is alw.ays between 70 and 84", where the sun is never scorching, where the dews are copious, the ground fertile, the market near and dear ? The muhijlora is growing in the garden of a lady at Lima. I shall (ry to get to you, for your own and some other green-houses, a Chirimotja tree. They may be kept at the size of a com- mon peach free, and doubtless might be made I spaliers. This fruit preserves its original In- dian name, is the pride of this country, and may well hf the envy of every other. It varies in size from that of a man's fist to that of his head, most commonly near the latter. Its taste is that of the richest strawberries, the freshest cream, and a slight addition of sugar. If the fruit of the Chinmoya should not ripc^n, the flower is said to possess the most exquisite fragrance. Yours, iic. ON RYE. To the Editor of the New England Farfner, Sm, — If the following remarks on Rye should meet your approbation, and should you think their publication could in any degree be advan- tageous to the community, you are at liberty to insert them in your useful paper. Rye is a valuable grain, and when it flourish- es well, is, perhaps, as profitable a crop as the farmer can raise. It makes excellent bread, for family use, and in some instances produces flour of a quality little inferiour to that made from wheat. When mixed with other grain it answers a valuable purpose in fattening hogs. For family use I think it to be at least worth a third more than corn, if we go upon the prin- ciple of economy, and I have even heard it as- serted by some careful observers, that a bushel of rye alone would do as much service in a fam- ily as would the same quantity with half a bush- el of corn mixed with it. Rye flourishes well in many parts of our country if there be proper management in its cultivation. It generally grows best on newly cleared land, but frequently does extremel\ well on old ground, or that which has been im- proved many years if it be properly prepared. To raise rye on newly cleared land, it is neces- sary that it be well burnt over, and thoroughly cleared off, which should be done in .lune, and the ground immediately ploughed. About the last of August or the beginning of September, it should be cross-ploughed, then smoothed down with a harrow, and the rye sowed and again well harrowed. New land that is free from sward and under brush, will often produce -i good crop of rye without being ploughed s.i much as once. In this case it is necessary In give it a double, harrowing, in order that it may be thoroughly worked up and rendered mellow and pliable. The same process, as it regards ploughing and harrowing, should be pursued with old or improved land as with that which is new and unimproved, excepting that it should sonvetimes be ploughed deeper, and more severely combed with the harrow. One bushel of rye is a sufficient quanlily to be sowed on an acre, if the ground be new or if the soil be of a rich and loamy kind. Land of a poorer kind, or that, the strength of which is in a measure exhausted by frequent tillage and hard usage, requires more seed. In this case five pecks would not be too large a quantity for an acre, and in some instances six pecks might not be too much.* When rye is sown early, which ever ought to be the case, it is often necessary to feed if down in the fall, as it will be more likely to get through the wfnter safe and sound, than it other- wise would. It is not injurious but generally beneficial to turn sheep on rye in the spring and let them feed it down as close as they will, unless the ground be very soft, so that the roots may be exposed to injury by being trodden up. 1 have known sheep kept on rye until nearly or quite the first of May, and so completely gnawed it down that nothing but the roots seemingly re- mained, and then spring up and produce a luxu- riant crop. Rye should be cut before the straw becomes thoroughly dry or the kernel quite hard, when, if properly cured, it will produce more and better flour than it would do were it suffered to stand until it becomes entirely dead and dry. Massachusetts, Aug. 1824. BUSHROD. * The quantity of rye sown for seed depends, in some Jegr«e, on the time of the year in which it is sown. If winter rye is sown early in the fall, a bush- el to the acre is said to be sufficient. If sowed in the spring, a bushel and a half is about the right quanti- ty. The quality of the soil, however, should be taken into consideration, as well observed by our cor- respondent. The poorer the soil, other things equal, the greater the quantity of seed. — Ed. N.E. Farmer. NEW MODES OF FARMING. To the Editor of the New England Farmer, Sir, — I also will show my opinion, which is that our mode of farming is the best. Our farms, generally, contain from one hundred to four hundred acres each, comprising different kinds of soil, which I suppose would be called by many well worn. Yet we raise what are called pretty crops ; say from 5 to 15 bushels of corn, from 3 to 12 bushels oats, from 'T to 14 bushels uf rye, from 50 to 100 bushels of potatoes, and from 75 to 100 lbs. of flax to an acre ; and al- ihnugh (if we would renounce our agricultural superstition) we might raise treble the quanti- ty, yet 1 think it best to join with the apostle in saymg, '■'■ with what we have let us be content.''^ Some of the more credulous kinds of people advise us to improve our land in every possible way, and thereby rear great crops, and apply a portion to charitable uses, especially to the 50 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. assistance of our poor neighbours. But wiiat signifies this, since the greater part can sup- port themselves by their daily labour, and the overplus is easily suppoiteil by the town. I must confess, Mr. Editor, that by working ex- tremely hard, as we always do, we cannot clear more than from nothing to one hundred dollars in a twelve month. Yet I think this the best method, as our fathers did so before us ; of course 'tis right. Some are so very absurd as to suppose that our hay loses goodness by being allowed to get as dry as the sun by our means can possibly make it. But this 1 think is not cor- rect, since our fathers found no inconvenience in using hay of this description, and cattle of Ihe original breed, which these same mistaken people tell us should be changed. But they answer the purpose ; and instead of perusing the Encyclopedia, and puzzling our brains with the various and complicated crosses and chang- es vfhich they naturally sustain in transporting from one country to another, we have only to repair to Noah's Ark, for the pedigree of our pure and original breed. Now, Mr Editor, although I have at present a predilection in favour of the mode of agricul- ture here partly delineated, slill I would not bo thought pertinacious on the subject, and my mind shall always be open to conviction. And if at any time I may receive instructions through (he medium of your useful paper, the favour will be duly appreciated and humbly acknowl- edged. IIAGLA, COLA. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. NOTES ON THE SEASON. Sir, — The request of Mr Preston, of Stock- 3)ort, Pa. published in the New England Farmer, No. 47, vol. ii. that the " subscribers in different parts would communicate Ihcii observations on the season," the effects of late frosts, &c. I think ivell calculated to obtain information, which it is desirable for people in the different sections of our country to learn, viz. the comparative I'ruitfulncss of the season, whether dry or wel, cold or warm, &c. Mr Preston's request not having been complied with so generally as is tleslrablc, and by no one in this immediate vi- cinity, 1 have sketched a few remarks on the •season, some of the etfccis of the frost in May List, SiC. which, if considered b^' you, Sir, worthy a [ilace in your useful paper, I shall have one reason to conclude they may be interesting to some of your readers. The season, though a cold one comparatively speaking, is, in this vicinity, a tolerably fruitful one. Crops of hay and grain generally (such as have been harvested) do not exceed what js commonly called a middling crop ; a. few weeks of dry weather in June and the first of July, cut .short the cro|)S of English grass on some farms; since that lime we have had no very dry weath- er, and at present abundantly wet. The present appearance of corn promises a good crop. It is, however, some weeks later than usual, and fears are entertained of its being injured by early frost. Very lew pumpkins are to be seen in any of our .r^rtifields ; cucumbers and melons not so abun- dant as usual, as also fruit generally, none of ivhich esca()ed the effects of the frost of May 2G. pear.s, being most hardy, were least injured by (he frost. Cherries were partially injured, and U} some places materially. Aj)ples suilered gen- erally, and severely ; more than half the trees in this region have no apples on them, and but few bear plentifully. Peaches, especially of the rare-ripe kind, were totally killed, as well as grapes of all descriptions. Berries of various kinds were more or less injured. Strawberries, such as were in blossom, and the forward buds, were mostly killed. Whortleberries, all except those under the covert of trees, were killed.— Of cranberries, we have none, which we attrib- ute (0 the effects of the frost. Nuts, also, espe- ciallv the walnut, arc entirely cut off; and all these are the effects of the frost on the ^Glh of May. That in June had but very little effect, and was observable but in few places ; but that in Mav ivas general and severe, cutting down all garden vegetables that had come up, except such as live after being frozen through. When frosts occur in May, the question is trequenlly asked, ''■ Will it injure the fruit ?" This que.-^- tion few are able to answer, not knowing what the effect will be at different times of forward- ness of the blossoms ; as just before blossoming, while in bloom, or just after, &c. With regard to peaches and grapes, as well as walnuts, I think we may surely calculate on their being entirely cut off by a frost anytime from the time of their budding to blossom, until the fruit is perfectly formed. Those who will, may pre- serve from frost some of ihe fruit of a favorite peach tree or grape vine, by throwing a blanket over the tree or vine, or a part of them, on the occurrence of a cold night which forbodes trost. If any of your correspondents, in possession of knowledge as to the period wherein frosts are most destructive to the other kinds of fruit, wdl be so good as to communicate the same through the medium of the New England Farmer, they will no doubt gratify many readers, and espe- cially, Yours, vvilh respect, S. Medway, September 8, 1824. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMF.R. INDICATIONS OF THE SEASON, Sec. Sir, — I believe I have observed to you be- fore, that some of the minutiae of nature are better indices of the seasons, than weather cal- endars in almanacs, that often lead innocent, ig- rant credulity astray; and that I agree with Ihe learned Mr. Pickering, that the weather calen- dar ought no longer to disgrace our almanacs. I am now writing in full view of a pigeon stand, where they are taking them in consider- able numbers. I find the third brood of the season has just appeared with sufficient strength to wing their way to the seducing bait, and that a fourth may be expected within ten days, rear- ed in the neighbourhood where the fires made such devastation last autumn. It is a fact, these easily decoyed, and yet undiminished birds, al- ways seek new burnt lands. It seems as though kind Providence sent this singular bird for food to the enterprizing youth, who first clears an opening in the forest for a farm, as they are al- ways found in abundance there. As they always quit the northern regions, as soon as (hey feel the first frosts, and never leave their young be- hind, I infer from their instinct, that intellect may guess something as to the present season. The recent rains are refreshing. Potatoes, one of the staples of Maine, promise well. — Wheat comes in well on the sea board, and I I learn promises much in the interiour. I think there is an error in waiting till the grain is ful- ly dry in the stock before cutting ; — long expe- rience in a grist-mill has satisfied me, that earli/ cut grain makes Ihe best flour, and there is much saving in the straw for fodder. I have seen no dissertation in your paper, that I can recollect, on the cultivation of oats.* An impression is on many, that oats are an ex- hausting crop. This, I am satisfied, is an error. I believe no crop can be raised more profitably for fodder, if cut before the straw turns, or, to use a common phrase, when the oat is in the milk. If the ground be immediately ()loughed, the stubble will make sufficient manure for any crop the succeeding year ; and better food lor cows the dairy woman need not ask. Author of Touches on Aoricultche. Bruuswick,Mc. Aug. 22, 1824. * Tlie New England Farmer, vol. i. p. 258, contains a disitrtntion on the culture of oats by Mr. Henry Ste- vens, of Bainet, Vermont, which is highly worthy tlie attention of every American farmer. 'J'he second vol- ume, p. 318 has some observations on the same siilr- ject. Page 22 of the third volume presents some re- marks of Jesse Buel, Esq. on the ciiltivatioa of oats, together with peas. — Ei). N. E. Farmer. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW E.VGLAKD FARMER. ON KEEPING HENS. Sm. — I frequently hear my neighbours and others complaining that their hens do not lay, and of course they are obliged (o buy eggs, or do without them. My hens have soraedmes neglected to furnish a sufficient supply of eggs ; but when this has been the case, I have only found it necessary to deal out to each of (hem a gill of oats per day, and in re(urn they have readily furnished me with as many as 1 could reasonably wish for. A SUBSCRIBER. EXTRACT OF A LETTER TO THE EDITOR. Sir — " I have used every exertion to extend (he benefits of your paper in (his (own and vicinity, «ith the hope of increasing your subscription. But much opposition exists to " book farming,''^ notwithstanding the great exertions which have been, and slill are making to elucidate and fa- miliarize the science to those whose interest it is to understand it. There is one suggestion which 1 would make, hoping you may find it for your advantage, viz.: I would suggest the ])ro- priety of our Agricultural Societies subscribing for a certain number of your volumes, annually, to be distributed as discretionary premiums. It would certainly have a good effect on those who received them, and you, Sir, would re- ceive some cmolumen( trom i(. And as jour volume clones in July, a sufficient (ime would elapse (o get them bound and delivered before the annual exhibition commences. 1 think (should you like (he idea) you had better suggest the same in your paper, and, perhaps, some Corresponding Secre(ary may lake advan(age of it this fall." The proposal of our correspondent is of course very agreeable to us, and, if we were not a par- ty in in(eres(, and it did not look a little like egotism, we should give it as our opinion, that such measures would prove beneficial to the public. AVe should feel very grateful for any favours of this kind, not merely on account of NEW ENGLAND FARMER. their promoting our own interest in a pe- cuniary point of view, but because such tes- timonials of approbation would give the sanc- tion of the highly respectable characters who compose our Agricultural Societies, toourhunn- l.le efforts to promote the great anil importanl objects of their institutions. If only a small part of each considerable premium was paul in our volumes, it would greatly assist us, be the means of distributing information which we flatter our- selves would be found useful, and not at all les- sen the stimulus to industry, sliiU and exertion, which the premiums of those Societies are in- tended to incite and reward. DISEASES OF CATTLE. .Murrahi, a contagious disease incident to cat- tle, is known by the animals hanging down their heads, which are swollen; by short and hot breathing ; palpitation of the heart ; stag- gering; an abundant secretion of viscid matter in Ihe eyes ; rattling in the throat ; and a shin- ing tongue. The murrain is occasioned by various causes, but principally by a hot, dry season, or a gener- al corruption of tlie air. It raged about the middle of the last century in various parts of Europe, and carried otf great numbers of cattle. The remedy then employed, both for its pre- vention and cure, consisted in a mixture of equal parts of gunpowder, salt, soot, and brim- stone : one .spoonful of this composition was ^iven for a dose, and washed down with warm water. In the 36th vol. of Annals of Agriculture, the following recipe is inserted for the murrain in hogs: — A handful of nfttles is to be preriously boiled in a gallon of small beer, when half a pound of flour of sulphur, a quarter of a pound of elecampane, three ounces of liquorice, and a quarter of a pound of aniseeds, are to be add- ed in a pulverised state. This preparation should be administered in milk, and the quantity here stated, is said to be sufficient for six doses. But the most effectual i)reventive of this de- structive contagion is, to keep the cattle cool during summer, and to allow them a sufficien- cy of water ; all carrion .should be speedily bu- ried ; and as the feeding of those useful animals in wet places, or on rotten grass or hay, fre- quently causes this malady, their food ought to consist of dry and sweet fodder. Willich's Domestic Encyclopedia. Kntcllfsrnrr. Laleat from Etirofe. — I^nridon Papers to July 30, and Ijiverpool to 31, have been received at this port by the ship Amethyst, Capt. Bussey. A long and inter- esting letter written by the Hon. Col. Stanhope has been published in the London Morning Post of July 21, which gives an exposition of the situation and pros- jiecls of the Greeks, and seems to have been written veith accuracy, ability and impartiality. The writer observes that " Twrlcpy is evidently on the eve of its fall. The reigning family is nearly extinct ; its provinces are dis- ViBittd ; Kgypt and Tripply are grown too wise for go- vernment. A portion of Greece is severed from it for- ever, and the Helenists, who bow to the power of Turkey, hate it in their hearts, and pant for revenge and freedom. Even Albauia detests and threatens to throw off its hateful yoke. The Ottoman armies are insubcrdinato, and the fleets, having lost their Greek sailors, have become impatient." The writer is of opinion lliat Greece, having "no .lid prejudices, and sacred monuments of parchment to get rid oi", will form a code, founded on the scruti- nizing principles of H.acon." As respects the slate of society he observes that "the peasantry of Greece possess a large share of rustic virtue. They were within the sphere of Turkcy*'s oppression, hut without tlie sphere of her corruption. This people, but fur want of instruction, are as fitted to be free as any na- 'iou on earth. I shull not dwell on the virtues of the Greek peasantry, because they are admitted by all men. Their martial spirit is not inferior to that of the regular soldiery, ami some consider them as the stout- est antl most formidable wairiors in Greece. " The Capitains are generally uneducated, and sim- ple in their manners, intelligent, brave, aud excellent mountain warriors. " The soldiers partake of the vices aud virtues of (heir superiors, with whom they live on easy terms, 1 and are rarely punished. They are paid very irregu- larly, and, when dissatisfied with their Captains, ei- i ther rebel or leave them. The troops are better dis- ] ciplined than at the commencement of the revolution ; but are said to be less daring, because the excitement occasioned by wrongs, the love of liberty, the enthu- siasm of religion, and the hope of plunder are mor-e faintly felt. The Greek soldiers are extremely hardy, can make long marches, carry heavy weights on I heir backs, live constantly in the open air, proceed witlrout magazines, suffer great privations, endure dirt and ver- min, and still preserve their high spirit's. They are swift as horses, and scarcely tangible ; and if a love of liberty can ensure perseverance, almost unconquera- ble in their wild fortresses. Every soldier^s mind is bent on success ; no Greek ever admits Ihe possibility of being again subjected to the Turks. If you lal.'C of millions that are about to pour down into their coun- try, still they never appear dismayed. They lell you calmly that as more come, more will be famished or mown down by the Helenists. This gallant feeling Is universal. My opinion is, that the str.iggle, however protracted, must succeed, and must lead to an im- provement in the condition, not only of Greece, but of Asia." DOMESTIC. Extract of a letter dated Fort Wayne, Indiana, July 1. " Times at present seem dull in this place, the Indian traders having generally gone to Detroit to lay in supplies to meet the Indians when they re- ceive Iheir pay from the government of the 11. S, They make the place lively, aud the dullness will continue until Sept. or October next, at which time the agents will return, and business will recommence. Society here is small, and not very pleasant, being composed, principally of French and half Indians, there not being more than 20 families, and not more than about one fourth of Ihe whole white Americans. The country around is very thinly settled, having to travel sometimes 20 or 30 miles without seeing a house. The land has the appearance of being good ; but low, level, and swampy, but when cultivated becomes dry. We here labor under very serious inconveniences for want of stone, and for want of mills. We have to use puncheons, or have boards cut with a viiip saw, of which chimneys are made. All the buildinirs in the village are covered with clapboards. Our supi)lies have all to come from Detroit or Cincinnati. The Indians are generally peaceable, but soiy:e- timcs very troublesome ; particularly when they take a drunken frolick. The traders sell then anv quan- tity of of whiskey for furs, or any ofh^T k;i.d of trade they have, then send them up to the Fort t'* vrouolfe us. The only way to get rid of them, is to turn them out of the Fort, and close the gates on fi'em. 1 was last evening in company with the celebrated Capt. Riley. He has not yet done telling his mar- vellous stories. He resides about 20 miles from here." proRwicH, fcow.') SEPT. 1. — „? Warnir^g to otJiem. — Mr. Nathan Billings, of this town, formerly from JS'orth Stonington, was killed by descending into a Well, in Bozrali, on the 27th ult. The clrcnmslanres of this fatal calaslrophc are suhtlanlially ilu so : On Friday last, after drawing the water from the well, Mr. Hil- lings descended and began to drill into a rod; at the bottom, for the purpose of obtaining water in a great- er quantity ; when he bad perforated the rock to a sufficient depth, he charged if, and ascended to light Ihe match, which he did, but only succeeded in Cash- ing the primin; ; — afler two or three ineffectual at- tempts to dischrtrgc tin blast, for which he had throwu down and fired a quarUily of combustible matter, he gave up the atlemi>t for that day, — fearing to descend lest a sudden explosion might take place. On Satur- day he again descended, and after dipping up a few buckets of filthy water and dirt, he was seen to faint and fall to the bofton). Mr. \\m. C. Abel, iiho was near, immediately descended with a rope, but he had no sooner tied it around Mr. Hillings, than he became suffocated. The family immediately alarmed the neighborhood ; wlieu a iVlr. 'I'cnant came to their as- sistance. After tying a rope around himself, he de- scended aud fastened another around Mr. Abel, and when he bad done this, his fate was like that of the two first, he also fniated. Eut by means of these ropes the people succeeded (afler much difilcidty, as one of the ropes broke) in hauling them up. By this time a physician came to their aid, — who succeeded, after some time, in restoring Mr. .-^bel ; Mr. Tennant re- covered immediately on receiving fresh air. But then near an hour had elapsed since the first had fallen, and the breath of life had forever departed, aud all efforts made to resuscitate him, proved abor- tive. It will here be seen that the air, though pure when the well was first descended, had in a few hours become so strongly impregnated witli carbonic acid, as to prove fatal to animal life. As accidents of this nature so frequently occur, it might be supposed that people would take the precaution to always try the state of the air before Ihcy venture to descend, — when so simple an experiment as the following ; which was afterwards tried on that well, would be a sufficient test. A candle was let down, but before it had desr ended half the depth, it was extinguish- ed ; a bucket was then let down, and the gas was drawn from the well, but on putting a lighted can- dle into the bucket : that was also extinguished. A"t!0 Orleans, ^Ivg. 10. — The Board of Health of this city, linve ofiiciaLv a :nounced thai the Yellow Fever hasmade its appearance, and that they have every reason to believe it will soon become epidemic. Few strangers being now in the city, the river con- tiniiing higher than ordinary, and Ihe showers of rain frequent and heavy, we hope that increased vigour on the part of Ibe police, and the aid of the health officers, may propitiate Heaven, and arrest the scourge which threatens us. — Gas. .1/;-. Perkins. — Extract of a letter from London, dat- ed .Tutu 14 " Mr. Ferkins has very politely taken me through bis establishment, and showed me the New Eniiine in full operation. It is entirely completed, and he is now building others for boats. At Birmingham, Dr. Church sbovi'ed me his Printing Press. The ope- lation of it is beautiful ; and we have no doubt of its eventual success," Gen. La Fayette.— Gen. La Fayette "was born on the 6th of .SoDlnmber, 1757. Of course Monday was the annivTsary of his birth. His whole name, says the Boston Statesman, is Marie Paul Joseph Yves Gilbert .Mottiers Ue La Fayette. ANTIQUITY. The scilcof the first Fort erected in Maryland, by the Colonists brought out by Lord Baltimore, in 1632, haslontr been worn away, ami covered by the water. Four of the cannon, however, that were mounted up- on it, have been found beneath the waters, embedded in r.iud, and taken up. Two of them appear to have ! "cn partially burst, probably in self-defence against the Indians. From one a ball was extracted v.'eigh- ing eight pounds, another was loaded with chain shot. The three largest were ten feet long, and the fourth six. On the one wkich was least surrounded with mud, a by-Btaader counted 602 oysters.— J\'(j/. Oas. J2 NEW ENGLAiND FARMER. ON PLANTING FOREST TREES. From a paper communicnied to the Balh and If est of England Society ; by Mr Davis, sttward to the Mur- quis of Bath. [Concluded from pn^e 42.] Whether the Land to be planted should be previ- ously dvg or not. This depends on the nature of the soil. Ail tliat is required is, that the roots should have room to grow without obstruction. A light sand need not be made lighter by digging. StiiT, heavy clciys, with a surface of only live inches of vegetable mould, require that surface to be deepened to admit tlie roots. Such soils should be dog, or, as it is called, trenched, two spits deep, burying the top soil under. This should be done a year before planting, if possible, and the soil exposed to the sun and wind. The expense will be about £8 per acre. But it has been found by experience to be wrong to plant it with a previous crop of potatoes. In sanih and other light soils it will be quite sufficient to dig holes 3i feet wide and 18 inches deep, at 4j feet asunder, (avoiding rows as much as possible) which will take about 2560 trees to an acre. These holes may be begun early in autumn. The best earth put in the bottom, and the rest laid at the sides, so that the holes may be ready for the trees to be planted as soon as they are brought to the spot. Directions for making plantations on poor, expos- ed Land, intended hereafter for IJnder-jioods, with a mixture of Fir Timber alone ;* with Hints for their future Management. Plantations in exposed situations should al- ways be so large as that the trees may shelter * The botanical name of the Scotch fir is Pinus S\/l- vestris. The Philadelphia edition of Willich's Domes- tic Encyclopedia, printid in 1821, says, " an experi- ment is now making with the Jir, as a hedge by Mr. Coxe, near Yorktown, in Pennsylvania, whose experi- ence of the tree in Europe, has induced him to import them, and attempt their propagation." The same publication asserts that " this species of fir is one of the most useful plants in the whole vegeta- ble creation ; it furnishes the best red or yellow deal, ■which is employed in the making of masts, floors, wainscots, tables, boxes, and for numberless other pur- poses. The trunk and branches of this species, in common with the rest of the pine-tribe, afford excellent Ijitch and tar. The tops, or young tender shoots, are an useful substitute for fodder, especially during the •winter season. The roots, when divided into small splinters, are employed by the poor as a substitute for candles. The outer bark is of considerable use in tanning leather ; the inner rind is by the inhabitants of Lock-Broom, in the county of Ross, converted into ropes. In the more northern parts of Europe it is in times of scarcity made into bread ; for this purpose the iuhabitanta select a tree, the trunk of which is smooth and contains the least portion of rosin ; they strip off the bark in the spring, dry it gently, then reduce it to powder, and knead it with a small quantity of corn meal and water, in which state it is baked into bread. The young cones when distilled, afford an essential di- uretic oil, somewhat resembling that of turpentine ; a resinous extract is likewise prepared from them, and believed to possess virtues similar to those of the balsam of Peru. An infusion of the buds is higlily re- commended as an antiscorbutic." — Ed. N.E. Farmer. each other; and whatever may be the tree de- sired to form the future plantation, a mixture of Scotch fir is necessary to shelter the rest from the sun in summer, and the cold in winter. — The former may be planted at 8| feet apart, viz. G40 to an acre, and then crossed with an equal number of Scotch firs, which will fill half the holes. The oiher half may be filleii with plants of birch, alder, Spanish chesnut, willow, hazel, &.C. for underwood, or such of them as are proper for the soil. No other care will be necessary for this plantation but to keep it well fenced. At three or four years old, when the birch, &c. have taken good root, and have be- gun to make strong shoots, cut them down to within three feet of the ground, and trim up the lower side branches of the forest trees close to their bodies, but leave the firs un- touched. At about ten years afler, cut off all the underwood, and such of the forest trees as are crooked and unfit for timber, at about five or six inches from the ground, and cut do^vn such of the fits as really obstruct the growth of | the young timber trees, but no others. The rest will still continue to afford shelter to the timber trees, and should only be removed by degrees, when they really do mischief, and not before. A young oak or ash will grow through the middle of the branches of a Scotch fir, without receiving any injury, especially if they are of the same age. If this plantation be intended for timber only, a mixture of many kinds of forest trees may be admitted, and will be the most ornamental when full grown ; but if a coppice of underwood, with a proper mixture of trees, is desired, beech must be excluded. It is an unneighbour- ly tree, and sutlers nothing to grow under it ; and Spanish chcsntit and ."iycaraore have in gen- eral too large heads to permit underwood to grow under them. Oak and ash are the fittest accompaniment of underwood ; and a small mixture of abeles* and standard birches, to va- ry the colour in spring and autumn, will pro- duce a beautiful effect. New planted coppices should be cut at ten years' growth, for the first two rounds, and the number of timber trees re- duced gradually at every cutting, by stacking off" the unhandsome ones for underwood, while at the same time the young plants which spring up spontaneously should be encouraged for a future supply of timber. Let it be remarked, that if there are one, or even two handsome shoots on a stool of an oak that has been cut off for underwood, they may still be very pro- fitably left for timber. Trees of that descrip- tion will grow much faster, prouted. But no time NEW ENGLAND FARMER, 63 Plantations of Firs alone. I hnve liithcrto ;n(ii(!pd speakinsr of plantn- (ions made of firs alone. There was a time when they were patronized by (he grealci^t, and recommended by the wisest men, and boun- ties were given by public societies for their encouragement, but they have now the misfor- tune to be out of fasliion. Even the larch, ol which more has been said as to its durability and variety of uses than of any other trees, has lost the greater part of its votaries ; and the whole ge"nus of pines are now condemned as monotonous, iinpicturesque trees, and banished Irom all polite society. I am old fashioned enough to continue to think, as every body else thought thirty years ago ; i had rather see on a poor barren heath, even in the summer, a grove of handsome thriving Scotch firs, than a parcel of stunted, half-starved oaks; and in the winter 1 am cer- tain the evergreen has the advantage. I do not mean to say that I would plant a clump of Scotch firs in' the front of a gentleman's house, or indeed where any other tree would grow well ; but I would plant them in prefer- ence to any thing else on poor, barren heaths, where every other tree would starve, and where they alone would thrive and flourish ; — and in point of protit, if they were ever right, they are doubly so now. English oak has not advanceJ in price within the last twenty years more than 5U per cent, and ash and elm not above 30, while the value of the best yellow foreign deal, produced from the syhestris pinus, or Scotch fir, is increased 300 per cent, and English grown deal is increasing in repute and demand as a substitute for foreign deal every day ; and firs not only grow faster than forest trees, but four tirs will stand and thrive on the same space that one oak will. In hopes that the whole tribe may not be ex- ploded, but that some may be induced to see the advantage of planting them in situations where picturesque beauty is not essential, I will add a (ew short hints respecting the most prop- er and profitable sorts to plant. The Scotch fir which produces the real yel- low deal is the most valuable timber, especially if planted so thick that the knots may not be large, and suffered to stand till a proper age. Larch is the next best, and makes very good timber, little if any inferior to Scotch fir. Pineaster produces a strong coarse timber, and, in some situations, grows faster than any other fir, but it is apt to grow crooked. Spruce fir, silver fir, and Weymouth pine, all produce white deal, and therefore are of infe- rior value. The first is the best, and is very lit- tle, if any, inferior to the best white Norway deal. As to the kiud of fir proper for exposed •situations, the Scotch is by far the best, and spruce the worst. The latter will grow well, and look well for the first 30 years ; but it then gets mossy, thin and ragged, and its duration is much shorter than that of a Scotch fir. Its ap- propriate situation is to stand single in a plea- sure ground, where its branches feathered to the ground, and its conical shape produce a good effect. Larch will grow faster than either; but its top shoot being always above the other trees, and consequently not protected, is ajit to bend and get crooked. It should stand on the sides of hills, whose tops will be always above it ; and as a mixture of Scotch firs, its colour, both in spring and autumn, makes a pleasing contrast. Silver firs are fit lor very strong land. Such as oaks delight in, bul thoy are only fit to be planted in rous, or at great distances as or- namental trees. Weymouth pines thrive best at the sheltered sides of plantations. The beauty of their bark makes them ornamental ; but the timber is too light and porous to be of much value. For large plantations the Scotch fir and larch are the only trees to be recom- mended, adding a few of the other kinds in the skirts and near the roads for varietv. should be allowed for the sprouts to dry. Dr. Deane observes, [Deane's New England Farmer, Art. Oak] " I incline to prefer this method especially since I have tried that which is recommended by Mr. Miller mthout success. Not one ia a buadred ever came Vf •" From Ihe. JN'tu; York Statesman. VVJPROVEMENTS IN PRINTING. Messrs. Editors, — In your paper of Wednes- day, under the head of '• Churches Printing Ma- chine,^'' there is a mistake, highly important as it regards the person just named, and not much less so to the community at large, which I am desirous of correcting. The paragraph states, that the original article (giving an account of his machine for casting and setting types) was a hoax or burlesque upon our countryman Per- kins, though Ihe object of the ridicule is now stated to be Mr. Church, of Birmingham. At any rate the description declares what is me- chanically impossible, notAvithslarding the story is told so well. The gentleman here referred to, is Dr. Church, formerly of Boston, a man of wonderful mechanical talents and ingenuity. — Before leaving this country for England, which he did about three years since in the hopes of procuring more extensive patronage there, he had completed a machine for the purpose of setting types with a rapidity almost incredible, in which the compositor's sole duly was to touch a number of keys arranged like those of a piano-forte, each of which set a particular letter. In company with several scientific gentlemen of Boston, I had the pleasure of see- ing this machine in operation, and in common with them was thoroughly convinced of the importance of the invention, and the advantages which would accrue to the public from its gen- eral introduction. Since Dr. Church's arrival in London, he has been engaged in perfecting a printing press of his own invention, which promises to supersede those now in use, and several of which, I am credibly informed, are now in operation by steam in the city of Lon- don. In consequence, he has not found time to complete his machine for setting types, but there is no doubt, that should his health remain good, that in a few years, we shall have in common use, the invention which is stated in the article referred to as " mechanically impos- sible." He has also made great improvements in the mode of casting types, for which 1 under- stand he is now engaged in procuring a patent from the English government. FIAT JUSTITIA. j To make Vinegar with the refuse of Bee-hives, afUt I the hone;/ is extracted. When honey is extracted from the combs bv I means of pressure, take the whole mass, break and separate it, and into each tub or vessel put one part of combs and (wo of water : place them in the sun, if his rays possess sufficient power, or in a warm place, and cover them with cloths. Fermentation takes place, in a few days, accord- ing to the higher or lower temperature of tlm situation in which the operation is performed. During the fermentation, stir the matter from time to time, and press it down with the hands, that it may be perfectly soaked. When Ihe fer- mentation is over, put the matter to drain upon sieves or strainers. At the bottom of the vessels will be found a yellow liquor, which must be ' thrown away, because it would contract a disa- greeable smell, which it would communicate to I the vinegar. Then wash the tubs, put into them I the water separatcil from the other matter ; it immediately begins to turn sour ; when the tubs must be again covered with cloths, and kept moderately warm. A pellicle or skin is formed on their surface, beneath which the vinegar ac- quires strength ; in a month's time it begins to be sharp ; it must be left standing a little longer, and then put into a cask, of which the bung-hole is left open, and it may then be used like any other vinegar. — English publication. Perkins''s Eagine. — It is stated, that Mr Per- kins has so for perfected his steam-engine, as to have obtained from an English capitalist the sum of ^144,000 for a share of his patent ! Elder Wine is made by mixing 12 gallons and a half of ripe elder-berry juice and 43 pounds of sugar, with 37 gallons and a half of water, that has previously had boiled in it 6 ounces of ginger, and 9 ounces of pimento, bruised and strained off; and when it is cooled to rather cooler than milk warm, add a pint of thin brewers' yeast, and let it ferment for 14 days in the barrel, then bung it up close, and bottle it sis months. — Johnson's Rural Economy. An English work, entitled Pomarium Brillan- icum, says " The wine made from elder berries is too well known by families in the country to require any encomiums ; it is the only wine the cottager can procure, and, when well made, is a most excellent and wholesome drink, taketi warm before going to bed. It causes gentle perspiration, and is a mild opiate ; and may be taken with safety and to advantage by those of costive habits." The same work asserts, that " if a rich syrup be made from ripe elder-ber- ries and a few bitter almonds, when added to brandy, it has al! the flavour of the very best cherry brandy." From the Alexandria Herald. Mr George Jones, an ingenious mechanic of this place, shewed us, on Saturday, a new pair of pistols, which he has received direct from his brother's manufactory, in England. They are discharged, without the use of flint, by percus- sion, upon an improved plan, which has been introduced at that factory. Mr Jones informed us, that he has fired one off" while pouring water on the small brass pan which contains the prim- ing. It is thought that this method of firing might be applied to ordnance or such fire-arm« as are exposed to the inclemency of the weatber- 54 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 1824. FARMER'S CALENDAR. Swine. We have heretofore in the course of t)ur Editorial remarks, discussed at considerable length the subject of fattoning these animals. We shall now give some hints and suggestions which may not only supply former omissions, but perhaps prove useful by giving old ideas a new dress, and by that means excite a renovat- ed attention to those matters which are most essential to insure a prosperous course in this branch of rural economy. Mr. Lawrence, an eminent English Agriculturist, says, " A hog will probably fatten best by himself, at any rate the fewer together the better; [if a large number arc fattened under the same roof they sliould have separate apartments] and it is most conducive to their thriving that they have room in their styes. They must be ringed. Must be dry and enjoy that degree of warmth which will render them entirely comfortable, the demonstration of which is, that they lie up- on their side, and extended. When the hog lies upon his belly, and contracted, it indicates a sense of cold, or some indisposition. If in- nptitude to thriving be attributed to a foul, scur- fy, and obstructed hide, the best remedy is to extend the hog upon a form, and wetting him with a lye, made of half a peck of wood-ashes boiled in urine, or sailed -.vater, [soap suds will answer] to curry or scrub him clean ; then to wash in clean warm water, and dry liim with wisps [of straw] strewing him over with ashes, and putting him into a deep straw bed. Should the pigs in a stye conceive an antipathy to a particular one, an occurrence very common, they will not only prevent him from feeding, but fall upon and wound him, and when once they have drawn his blood, will very probably kill him. Such an one being saved, sliould al- terwards be fed by himself if possible. Hence the danger of putting a pig amongst strangers. The method of pig-feeding to profit is, to begin with inferior victuals, if any difference is pro- posed in that respect; to feed moderately du- ring the first fortnight, or longer if the animals be vveak or low in condition, or exhausted by travel, nnd never, throughout the whole peri- od, to overburden their stomachs, but rather to keep the appetites keen, and the trough per- fectly empty, excepting at meal-times, which, in truth, it were bettor to make three limes in- stead of twice in the day. The pigs having gorged themselves, and blunted their appetite, give to each two table-spoons full of sulphur once or twice a day, or in cases of great heat, equal parts of cream of tartar and nitre, and i.-i a day or two they will recover." Mr. Peters, of Pensylvania says, "dry rotten wood should be constantly in the pens that the hogs when confined may eat it at pleasure. Na- ture points out this absorbent, (or whatever it may be,) as a remedy or preventive. They will leave their food to devour the rotten wood, when they require it." An Ohio farmer re- comnaends coals, as useful in fattening hogs. — After giving his hogs n small quantity ilaily, say two pieces to each about the size of a hen's egg, they discontinued rooting, were more qui- et, and appeared to fatten faster. He omitted the coal a few days and they coiumenccd root- ing; he gave it again, and they ceased to root. lie supposes the coal corrects that morbid fluid in the stomach which incites them to root deep in search of tVesh earth. Food which has been rendered acid by fer- mentation has been frequently recommended as preferable to that which is sweet for feeding swine, and we have been told by farmers who have experienced its benefits that they have not been exaggerated. In order to effect the de- gree of fermentation which is desirable, the fol- lowing methods have been recommended. — Steam or boil potatoes, mash them, and mix with the liquor, while scalding hot, oats, Indian meal, pea meal, or the meal of any other kind of grain. You should have ready several tubs or vessels to receive this wash, and when it is fermented to a proper degree, give it to the ani- mals. It is wrong to permit the wash to be- come very sour, and still more so, to let it stand till what is called the putrid fermentation has commenced. The rule with regard to /tn/ie?!^- ed wash for sivine, is precisely that which ap- plies to beer. It should be fermented [or work- ed] till it becomes sweet, lively, full of fixed air, and slightly or agreeably acid. If you let it remain till the composition becomes stale, rancid, and in any degree offensive to taste or smell, it loses most of its good qualities. The process of decomposition or destruction has com- menced, nnd the food more or less injured. A hog is quite an epicure, and though he will live on stale, and putrescent aliment, he prefers that which suits a creature of taste, and knoivs ivhal is good as well as any two-footed body that ever s:ratified his palate with the viands of French cookery. Another mode of procuring acidulated food for hogs is thus pointed out by Mr. Young. '>• The best method of feeding all kinds of grain to hogs, ! is lo grind it to meal, and mix it vth''\ water, in I cisterns made for thai purpose in the proportion of live bushels of meal to a hundred gallons of water; the mass to be well stirred several times each day until it has fermented and become [slightly] acid, when it will become ready for use. In this way two or three cisterns must be kept for fermentation in succession; and the profit will pay the expense." Change of diet makes fat swine. The unripe ears of Indian corn should be given them before they become shrivelled or mouldy. Hard corn of the preceding year should not be dealt to them without soaking, boiling or grinding. In- dian meal will be the belter for boiling or at least scalding. \Ve believe every kind of food which is proper for swine, w ill be the better for cooking, and the cultivator must use his own discretion relative to the question, whether the extra value of the food, acquired by being cooked, will defray the trouble and exjiense of the process. " FARMER'S GUIDE." We have heretofore (page 13 of the present volume) taken notice of a work lately published with the above title. Having, since the time in which that notice was published, received an accession »f subscribers, and as this number of our paper will be forwarded to several gentle- man who have probably not seen the article to which we allude, we will again call thj atten- tion of the agriculturist to a work which is per- haps as cheap and useful a Manual of Husbandry as has ever been presented to the American public. The following is the title page of the work under consideration. — " Compendium of Agricul- ture ; or the Farmer^s Guide in the most essential parts of Husbandry and Gardening ; compiled from the best American and European publications, and the unxn'ritten opinions of experienced cultiva- tors. " Hate not laborious work, neither liusbaudry, which the Most High hath ordained. "^Si/n of Sirach. "Cultivators of the earth are the most virtuous and independent citizens." — Jefferson. By WiLLiAxM Drow.-*, with the advice and inspec- tion of Solomon Drown, M. D. Providence ; printed by Field & Maxcy, 1824. Immediately after the title-page succeeds the following Recommendation. " The subscribers having been appointed by the Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry, to examine Doct. and Mr WiLLiAsi Drown's Compendium of Agriculture, feel great pleasure in stating that they are sat- isfied with the work, and do tlierefore, in behalf of said Society, recommend it to their fellow- citizens, as a production highly creditable to the aiillior, and likely to be very useful to the agricultural interest of the country. Tristram Bulges, ■) ,1. B. Francis j M. B. Ives, J- Committee. S. H. Smith, | W. E. Riciimond, J The materials for the Farmer's Guide are de- rived frcm a great number of sources, and a cnrsjiy perusal of the work will lead any one at all acquainted with the subject, lo give full cre- dence to the assertion of its authors, that "not less than eighty volumes have been examined in the compilation." The articles are selected with judgment, nnd we think it would be hardly possible to name a book of a similar size, and which may be had at so small a price, which contains so many practical and evidently useful observations relating to American husband- ry, as this little volume. By omitting what- ever is superfluous, doubtful, or merely specu- lative, the com[iilers have furnished a '■ Guide," which may, we believe, be depended on as fara3 it goes. A good farmer ought to have a knowl- edge of many things relating to his occupation, which cannot be found in that little work, but there are few farmers, so perfectly acquainted with every branch of their business, that they may not derive useful information from Mr D.'s (realise. Even those scientific cultivators, who hiive deposited in the store-house of memory, — the garner of intellect, — all that the work contains, together with much more information relating to the same or similar topics, may de- rive great benefit from the Farmer's Guide, as well as from other works of the same class. It NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 55 is often useful for a person to be reminded of what he knew hefnre, hut might not chance to recollect ;ind apply at the precise period when his knoivlcdge is most wanted. No man lias the theory and practice of agriculture so com- pletely in his mind's eye, and at his fitgers ends, as not occasionally to stand in need ol'n prompter; that is, something or somebody to intimate to him some facts or circumstances, of which he was by no means ignorant, but which he might not happen to think of, in the hurry of his busi- ness or the variety of his avocations. Books on agriculture are silent, unobtrusive tnonitors and directors. They arc not infallible, (to err is human) but may be useful even to those farmers whose general knowledge of hus- bandry is superior to that of the authors or compilers of such books. A man may learn -many useful things from those \vhose stock of information is much inferiour to his own. Be- sides a book like this which we would recom- mend, compiled from a great number of other books, as well as the "unwritten opinions of experienced cultivators," must contain the re- sults of the experiments, the information de rived from the practice of a great many labotir- iiig farmers, who slate what they do know, and recommend what experience, the surest of guide?, has taught them is useful. They may -contain erroneous opinions, and give directions relative to processes in agriculture which are not the best which might be chosen. Slillthey neither dictate nor control, and those who do not like any particular opinions or processes may let them alone. But some things in agri- cultural works require only to be generally known to be universally adopted, and a few hours spent in reading, investigation and inqui- ry, may save, or render doubly productive, moDths of hard labour. It is not so much working -eery hard as -jnorking it right, which makes a farmer successful in his operations. — Head 'j:ork is as necessary as handwork for pro- fitable iarming, and books and other agricultu- tural publications contain head work, ready cut ^nd dried for the farmer's use. — Agricultural publications give to every farmer, who can and will read, the benefit of other people's brains ; and if he has any of his own, he will avail himself of such benefit. What is called book- farming, which is such a bug-bear to some far- mers, is nothing more than paying some atten- tion to (he records of the experience of actual far- mers. Books are as useful to teach us agricul- ture as they are to teach cs law, physic, mathe- matics, or any other art. But to return to the Farmer's Guide. We have said as much in favor of this work as our leisure and room will, at present, permit. We «ball now merely give the names and places of residence of the booksellers of who.m this work may be purchased. Ivichardson & Lord, Boston — II. Gray & Co. Portsmouth, JV". H. — Jose[>h Johnson, Portland — Clarendon Harris, Worcester — George Calen- der, Springfield — Simeon Bulk r, A'orthnmptun — Huntington & Hopkins, Hartford — E. !Si H. Clarke, Middlcton, Conn. — S. Converse, J^few Haven, do. — Phineas Allen, Pittsfield, Mass. — Samuel Wood k Sons, .Veto York — Daniel Steele, Albany — Abraham Sherman, JVcai Bedford — Wm. & T. II. Barker, 7\'"ea>;)or/— Samuel Green, A'e-w London — Ilolbrook & Fessenden, Bralllc- borovgh, Vt. — Isaac Hill, Concord, J\'. //. — Rob- inson & Dunham, Aorwich — Charles Whipple, .XeTebiiryport — Cushing & Appleton, Salem — Ca- rey & Lea, Philadelphia — Daniel Brewer, jnn. Taunton, Mass. — Cook Store, .^ndover, Alass. — John Ilutchins, Providence, R. I. 0:^ Booksellers may be furnished with the Fanner's Guide at the usual wholesale price, by applying to Daniel Steele, Albany, Richardson k Lord, Boston, or John Hutchins, Providence. LICE ON CABBAGES. A friend of the Editor assures us that the Aphides or Plant Lice, which infest cabba- ges, may well be destroyed by breaking oiT the outside leaves of the plants on which those insects are found, which may be made useful for feeding swine. The earth should then be drawn up round the plants in such a manner as to cover the i)laces where the leaves were broken, and the interiour leaves, which are rarelv infected, will continue to grow and form the head of the cabbage. SLUGS ON PEAR TREES. The same gentleman, who gave the informa- tion contained in the preceding artictle, states that the best method he has found for destroy- ing the Slugs which infest pear trees and cher- ry trees is to throw light dry dust on them with a shovel. The dust will adhere to the insect, and cause them to shrivel or curl up, and drop off of the leaves of the trees, which they an- noy. Peaches. — A New-York paper justly complains, that peaches should be held in that city at 75 cents a half peck, while in Philadelphia excellent peaches were for sale at " 17 cents the bushel." We will only add, for the consolation of the writer, that m Boston, last Saturday, peaches were sold at two DOLLARS PER DOZEN. — Boston Telegraph. Illinois. — The important question of Convention or J^o Convention for revising the Constitution of the State, with a view , principally, to admitting the in- troduction of slaves into the State, has, we are happy to learn, been decided in the Negative by the Pe ople, after as full and free a discussion as perhaps ever was had, among any People, on any subject. — Int. FRUIT TREES, &c. AMES LLOODGOOD & CO. liave for sale at their Nursery a\. l'lii?hing, oil Long Island, near '-^^^^^^^S^tSif^ i^'f-'w York, Fruit and Forest Trees, Flowering Slnubs & Plants, of the most approved sorts. The Proprietors of this Nursery attend personally to the inoculation and pngraftin»r of «(/ their Fruit Trees, and purchasers may rely with confidence, that the Trees they order will prove genuine. Orders left with Mr Zkbedee Cook, jr. No. 44 Stale Street, Boston, will be transmitted to us, and receive our prompt and particular attention. Catalogues will be delivered, and any information imparted respecting the condition, &Lc &c. that may be required, on appli- cation to him. Sept. 4. THOSE of our subscribers who prefer paying in ad\'aiice, will percel^'e that it must be done soon, according to the conditions of the paper. 0:^ New subscribers can be furnished with the preceding num- bers of the current volume. Sept. 11. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c. [Revised and corrected every Friday.] APPRENTICE WANTED.— A lad of about 15 or IC years of age, of iiood education and habits, may hear of an eligible situation for learning the Printing business, by ripplying at this oIEce. S^pt. 11. APPLES, best, new, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. . - - - BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. - - - cargo. No 1, - - - - " No 2, - - - - BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, - - - - skimed milk, - - - FLAX .---.--- FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genessee, ... Rye, best, . . - GRAIN,Rye Corn - - - - - Barley - . - - Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, Ist sort - - HOPS, No 1, Inspection o 182 t LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS - - - - PORK, Bone Middlings - - - navy, mess, Cargo, No 1, - . - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, IS.'ZS, - Clover . - - - - WOOL, Merino, fullblood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION MARKET. BEEF, best pieces- - - . - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole - . - - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, new, - lump, - . - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - - - - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, new, - - - CIDER, liquor, new - - - HAY, according to quality, FROM TO u. c. D. C. bbl 2 50 3 08 ton. 118 120 120 122 50 bush 90 1 00 bbl. 12 10 13 oa 7 30 8 CO lb. 11 12 7 8 3 4 8 9 bush 82 84 bbl. 6 37 6 75 2 75 bush 52 54 40 50 30 lb. 12 13 38 40 cask 85 1 00 gal. 75 80 ton. 3 3 25 bbl. 17 00 13 13 59 12 50 13 bush 1 75 5 7 60 70 40 45 45 50 37 42 25 SO 48 52 35 40 lb. 7 10 8 10 6 5 10 2 10 8 16 12 15 16 20 14 16 bush 60 65 60 «5 37 .5fl bbl. 2 50 ton,] 16 00 20 09 56 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. JWfsccUanfPS. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. THE VICTIM OF SEDUCTION— A Sketch. Behold those " sunken cheeks, those hollow eyes," And, vile seducer, say " the work is mine ;" For once those cheeks the tint of roses wore. And once those eyes in gaiety did shine With prospects bright as morning's opening dawn. The pride of a fond, widow'd mother's heart. She liv'd — nor dream'd of danger or deceit. But ah I how chang'd the scene — those rosy cheeks, Those loTely sparkling eyes that chaim'd awhile, Where are they now ? All, all their beauties fled I And now a " ghost, a living skeleton," Betray'd, deserted, scorn'd, she lives alone Mid thousands round — and utters constant prayers, That Heaven may grant a calm release iu death, From shame, despair and woe. * * * *^ This is thy work, seducer ! cursed fiend ! In human shape and human garb array'd ! Kay, start not, it is thine — and if there is A part of the dark realms of endless night More torturing than the rest, well may'st thou tremble, Lest the just God of widows and of orphans, •Should seal thy dread, irrevocable doom. And sentence thee to fire and pain forever. Boston, 1824. Mortimer. From the Delaware (OltAo) Patron. ON THE DEATH OF AN INFANT. "• Suffer little children to come unto me, and forbid them not ; for of such is the kingdom of fteat'c??." How calm are thy slumbers, thou sweet little stranger. Unmindful of sorrovp — regardless of danger ! Thy mild spirit left thee as pure as it found (hee. Ere the cold cares of life spread their darkness around thee! Thy purity owned not this world of confusion. Its joys deign'd no relish for " fancy's illusion ;" Thine eye clos'd upon them, thy pilgrimage ended. Thy soul mounted upward, by angels attended. Sleep on, lovely cherub l no more shalt thou waken ; Thy body lies tenantless, cold, and forsaken. No more shall the arms of a parent enfold thee — Ho more shall the eye of affection behold thee. Though now thy frail body in death is reclining, Thy bright, spotless spirit with angels is shining ; For our Saviour, to us, an assurance has given, That " of such" as thou art, " is the kingdom of Heaven." Velasco. From the Jfew Jersey Eagle. Men, ever eager in search of Tactitious joys, go down to the sea in ships, visit various and distant climes, and tempt evil in a thousand forms, when safe and cheap delight is (o be pro- cured at home. The merchant, says an elegant satirist, hurries to the Indies, to secure a flight from poverty : a more reflecting adventurer on the point of embarkation, might consider that poverty is alike discoverable in the east as the west, and might be as easily eluded at home as abroad. I consider few tilings more baneful than that species of discontent, which urges to go here and to go there, rather than to pcrse- yere in an uniform conduct, in a permanent sta- tion. Restlessness is ever a capital defect in character, generally indicating either a lio-jit mind, or a tniuted lieart. The " Foul Fiend'" is depicted as a wanderer ; going to and fro and walking up and down. Cataline is described by Sallust, who saw him with a painter's eye, as ever tiring of things possessed, and panting to reach the distant and inaccessible. Hope pre- sents the false light, " gliding meteorous" before us ; we follow and are beguiled. " Then where, my dear countrymen, are you going," and why do you wander ? O, we are on the march to Florida, and to the country of the Mississippi, the genuine gardens of the Hes- perides, exuberant in golden fruit. — We are embarking for the Indies, expecting under their hot sun, our fortunes will ripen in a year. Do not detain us with your dogmas ; it is not advice we seek, it is gold. If that be the motive of these long journeys from Dan to Beersheba, the time, trouble, and expense may be saved. Su- perfluous to ascend Potosi, when mines are under our feet. The field of industry is not remote ; it is a kind of homestead, within reach & within view ; and adventurers may believe, " that the gold of that land is good ; there is bdellium and the onyx stone." It has been so fashionable for persons of a speculative turn, to argue the propriety of emi- grating to Alabama, Florida, and to the Lakes, that many look askance at domestic blessings, and fancy that neither gold, nor any thing else of value, can be found, except among southern sands and in tlie western wilds. But wealth ami power are not bounded by "eographiral line-;, nor suddenly conjured up from the e;irth, as in the strife of Neptune and Minerva, by the instru- ment of the surveyor. A slower process is re quired, but it is sure ; Labour and the plough ef- fect more at home, than twenty joi(rney.i abroad. Suspend your schemes, ye speculators, and con- fide in the resources of your mtive soil. Re- freshed by sweet and running waters, diversified by hill and valley, ventil.ited by buxom ffales, and fertilized by the kindest inliuence of heav- en, America, quickened by industry, is the El Dorado of romance. From such a soil, tillage will derive gold ; and " the gold of that land is good," where the yeon^an is strenuous and per- severing. Gazing at the full eared corn and the ample hay-cock, and matured oichard, the rural enthusiast may exclaim, in the Oriental lang- uage— " Tliere is bdellium and the onyx-stone," the sources of our wealth and splendour. Colonel Daviess, who fell in the battle of the Wabasb, was a man of Kentucky. — He was a lawyer whose character was tinged with those eccentricities which indicated future genius. — There w.is a difficult question to decide before the court of Kentucky, involving an important question in regard to the title of an estate.— The case embraced a long concatenation of several technical niceties. When the case was called, a Kentucky hunter, with his musket and bird bag loaded with provisions, all equipped complete, entered the hall and took his seat among the lawyers. — There was a grin on the faces at the bar, court, jury and spectators. He, all unconscious, took out his provisions and be- gan to eat with most perfect composure. The lawyer on the side of the plaintiff arose and made a long argument. And who answers (or the defendant ? inquired the court. 1 do, re- plied the hunter, and rising, broke forth into n torrent of elo(|uence that astonished the court and jury» Anay went the plaintill", iii.v and ev- idence ; and so complete was the discomfiture that the opposite counsel made a most pitiful reply. The jury found a verdict for the defendant without retiring from their seats, when the court adjourned and invited the stranger to their lodgings. " No, I thank you gentlemen ; and unless you will take a cold cut with me, 1 must be gone." So saying he shouldered his musket, and with great sang froid departed. — Such a man was Colonel Daviess '. A countryman about to alter his condition, appeared last week, before a magistrate to swear the affidavit required by the New Mar- riage Act, when, on its being read to him, he complained that he didn't understand it. "Not understand it," said his worship, who was not over burthened with sense — " Not understand it ; why you must be quite a fool." " No, I ben't quite," said Clod, drily, " but I be very near one.'''' — London paper. The Planting of the Fine. — When Noah plant- ed the first vine, and retired, Satan approached it and said, "• I will nurture you, charming plant." He quickly fetched three animals, — a sheep, a lion, and a hog; and killed them one after the ether, near the vine. The virtue of the blood ol' these animals penetrated it, and is still mini- tested in theirgrowth. When a man dninks one goblet of wine, he i- then agreeable, gentle, and friendly ; that is the nature of the lamb. Whea he drinks two, he is a lion, and si-.ys, " who is like me?" he then talks of slujiondous things. When he drinks more, his sense?- forsake him, and ill length be wallows in the mire. Need it be said, that iie then resembles a hog. I.r-ltcr from Doctor Franklin to the Marquis La Fay- clle, (with the sword ordered by Congress.) Passy, 241h August, 1789. Sir, — The Congress, sensible' of your merit towards the United States, but unable adequate- lij to rewaj-d it, determined to present you with H sword, as a small mark of grateful acknowl- edgment. They directed it to be ornamented with suitable devices. Some of the principal actions of the war, in which you distinguished yourself by your bravery and conduct, are therefore, represented, upon it. These with a few emblematic figures, all admirably well ex- ecuted, make its principal value. By the help of the exquisite artists France affords, I find it easy to express every thing, hut the sense we have of your worth and our obligations to you. F'or this, figures, and even words, are found insuificient. I therefore only add, that, with the most per- fect esteem and respect, I have the honor cf presenting it to you. B. FR.ANKLIN. P. S. — My grandson goes to Havre with the sword, and will have the honor of presenting it to vou. TERMS OF THE F.\RMF.R. 0:^ Published every Saturday, at Three Dollars per annum, payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within sixty days {rom the time of subscribing will be entitled to a di duction of Fiftv Cents. {);5= No paper will be discontinued (unless at the discretion of the publisher,) until arrearages are paid. JOB PRINTING executed with neatness and despatch, on reasonablo terms at this Office. JNEW ENGLAND FARMER. PUBLISHED BY JOHN 15. RUSSEI.L, ROCKIIS' BUILDINGS, CONGRESS STREET, BOSTON.— THOMAS G. EES.SENDEN, EDITO!'. VOL. in. SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1824. No. 8, #rtstniil ©ommunicattons. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW E.\GLAND FARMER. SEA K A L E. Sir,, Will Sea Kale grow at a distance from .the sea shore ? 1 have planted the seed several times, thirty miles from Boston, but none ever vcetated. An answer to this inquiry, with «ome instructions for raising this vegetable, iifould much oblige at least one of the readers of jour useful paper. Yours, &c. [by the editor.] We believe that the Sea Kale may be as well culti- vated in the interiour part of the country as on the sea coast. It is true, that when found growing spon- taneously, it is generally, if not always, situated near the sea shore, or within the influence of the air and water of the ocean. Hence it is called the SeoKale, or Crambe Maniima. But the same thing may be said of asparagus, which is naluratly a maritime plant, though every body knows it will flourish in the interi- our, and that salt-air or water is not indispenaible to its existence. Asparagus, however, is greatly benefit- ed by the use of salt as a manure. We have been assured by gentlemen who have made the experiment, that a bushel of salt may be safely and beneficially ap- plied to a bed of asparagus 50 feet by 6, before the plants begin to grow in the spring. Judging from an- alogy, we should suppose that a similar application would accellerate the growth, and contribute to the perfection of Sea Kale. But we should not advise to the application of crude salt nor a very strong solution of salt in water to this or any other vegetable in its growing stale* The complaint that the seeds of the sea kale do not always vegetate we have often heard, but cannot say postively what may be the cause of the failure. We ■would, however, hazard a conjecture that the most usu- al cause of the failure of the seeds of sea kale as well as other small seeds, may be attributed to their be- coming too dry before they are sowed. The vegetative principle may be destroyed by the want of moisture in any seeds, which are kept a long time in a dry situa- tion. Those seeds which are of an oily or mucilagi- nous nature, will endure a longer exposure to dry air than tlio=e which are not preserved by the oil or muci- lage, which nature furnishes as well for the preserva- tion of the seed, as for the nourishment of the young plant, which it is destined to produce. We should, therefore, advise to sow the seeds of sea kale in August or September, or as soon as they are ripe. Should they vegetate in autumn, as it is probable they will, it may be well to throw a little straw over them, before the frost becomes very severe, to protect them from the rigour of winter, though we are not certain as that precaution is necessary, as the plant is hardy, and not very liable to be injured by frost. We have frequently seen the sea kale growing in the garden of the Hon. John LowF.i.r,, (who has been so kind as to point them out to us) in Roxbury ; and a few days since observed some about the size that cab- bage plants obtain in the seed bed before they are set out, which were self-sown the present season. The fact that nature sows these seeds in July or August, would seem to indicate the proper time for art to take up the process; and we should, therefore, advise the cultivator to sow the seeds of the sea kale as soon as llicy are ripe, either on seed beds, from which they may be transpb-Hited in the spring, or in the places in which it is wished the plants may grow to maturity. The culture of the Sea Kale is simple, and wo think the following extract from a communication from .Mr. Lowell, published in the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository, vol. vii. page 13-', will furnish the requi- site information. " The Sea Kale is a plant of recent introduc- tion in Europe. Perhaps its culture cannot be traced back beyond forty years. It is a native of the sea-coast of the southern parts of Eng- latrl, where it is found growing in sea sand. ■ It is very hardy — grows in any tolerable soil — is perennial, and costs not half the labour bestowed on Asparaaus. It may be raised from the seed or from the roof, and fifty plants, oc- cupying a very small space, will supply a single family. In its taste it resembles the Cauliflower, The only labour it requires, is to cover it with sand, or earth, or with pots or boxes in March, so as to exclude the light and to blanch it, or make it white. If not blanched, it is neither so beaitiful to the eye, or so tender, or so delicate lo the taste, as if blanched. It should be Ihor- ougliiy boiled, and is better if boiled in milk and water. It should be served up like Cauli- llowers, with melted butter. It comes in at a season in which our vegetables in this country are very deiicient." TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW BKOLASD FARMER. Remedy for Cattle which are choked by Roots or other substances. [Extracts from a letter to the Editor.] " Sir, — I am very much pleased with the New England Farmer, and, though an old farmer my- self, find many valuable improvements. One thing, which I have practised about twenty years, I have not seen stated in your paper. I will mention this thing, which every farmer should know and have always by him. That is a rope, which is to be put down into any crea- ture's throat, when choked with any hard sub- stance, such as a turnip, potatoe, or an ear of corn. I have used this rope, and never found ihe least difficulty in giving immediate relief Many cattle have died for the want of it, and many have been killed outright by using other means. Take an old, hard, tarred rope, 6 feet long. Let it be served, [strongly wound round with twine] and, when finished, be one inch in diameter. When put down the throat, it should be pushed gently down four feet and a half into a cow or an ox. In cold weather it is stiff enough, but in \varm wealher it should be wet with cold water, before it is used. " If, upon inquiry, you should find this is not known generally, and any person wishes for a sample, I 'vill send one to you. Oursail-m-ikors would make them for .50 cents each. I had supposed that it was a thing pretty generally known, until 1 saw in a Bpston paper an account of a man, who had a creature clicked, and after trying a number of ways, and could not siicceeil, at last cut through to the substance, and took it out. If he had had this rope by him, it mifjht have been removed in three minutes, with pci- fect safely. If tlie substance lies just at the en- trance of the grcal belly, there can bo no ope- ration made there with safely. If Ihe aT)ove is of any advantage, you may make what use of it vol) please." Yours, truly, " Uallo-^ell, Sept. 10, 1821. JOS. WINGATE. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMKn. Sm, — It is notorious that many of our most valuable kinds of Pears have of late years been blasted. About the latter end of July, or be- ginning of August, a blight seems to have fallen on the St Germain — Vergolouse — lirowii-barec — and now on the St Michael, and miiny other kinds. The skin appeared in a great measure killed, and the fruit, growing rapidly, was sooa covered with dark blotches, and began to crack in almost e\ery direction. As Ihe fruit contin- ues to grow and ripen, I perceive those cracks expand and deepen ; — hence I am convinced that the exterior of the fruit has been so far killed as to have been in a great measure incap- able of any farther expansion, after being struck with the blight. Therefore, as Ihe fruit con- tinues sound at heart, and progresses towards maturity, Ihe cracks continue lo widen and gro»v deeper lill the fruit is entirely ruined. — As my form is prinripally on a slope to the East, and my^Pears generally more injured by the blast than some ill my neighbourhood less ex- posed to East winds, I am led lo suspect that those winds must, at least, have bad some agen- cy in Ihe blight. It is said that little if any of the fruit in Boston suffers in this way, and there almost every tree is so surrounded with build- ings, as to be sufficiently guarded against the deleterious effects of blasting winds. Perhaps some of your more philosophic and scientific correspondents may be able to impart light on the subject ; and show that there are other sufficient causes why many of our Pears blasi, besides their running out by age : and possibly they may be able to oblige the public, by suggesting some sufficient reniedy. Yours respectfully, J. KEKRiCK. TO THF. EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. HARVESTING INDIAN CORN. Sir, — In your paper of Sept. 4, under the head of" Furmer''s Calendar,'''' I see Gen. Hull's com- munication respecting a method of harvesting corn by cutting it to the ground, and stocking it before it becomes hard ; and also Mr. Prince's remarks on the same subject. The utility of the method has been tested for a number of years in many parts of Vermont, — and is of use, especially in harvesting corn that is not very stout. The saving in the quality of the fodder is sufficient to recommend it to general prac- tice, setting aside the advantages ol' having the ground cleared in proper time to receive win- ter grain. 58 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Deeming it a duly to communicate any tiling j Thus, without regarding the immense forests fhat has an appearance of improvement, 1 send ' wiience we derive our principal supplies of vou a mode a friend of mine has adopted in ' beef and mutton, and I should hope, ere long, stooking his corn, which is altogether different' we shall receive the greater part of our wool, from that usually practised, and deserves to be 1 think it is evident, that to our population at recommended as a great saving in labour. | least, it is worth some effort to ascertain wheth- Instead of laying the corn on the ground and ! er experience has established in the country then binding it, he begins by taking five rows, ' where they arc best known, and by the stand- cutting an armful, carries it to a proper dis- ! ard which every man can best comprehend, the tance in the middle row, and setting it up by the superiority of one race of neat cattle over eve- ry other, either original or improved. side of a hill ; — he continues cutting and set- ting up until there is enough for a stook. He then has a boy behind with a bundle of straw, who puts a band round the top of the whole. If it shall appear, that by the multiplication of this race, " the produce of beef upon a given extent of land, would be nearly doubled'" — the leaving a hill in the centre for the support of; quantity of butler increased — the facility of pro- the stock, which is a great acquisition. This is curing powerful oxen for draught, not lessened a much more speedy way of stooking corn, and' — and withal, that the amount of offal would be gentlemen, in Massachusetts, one particularly, of Worcester county, who, notwithstanding the various and important duties of high public sta- tion, manifests, in his agricultural acquirements, and in l/tefr rcsultSy New England raalter-of-fact skill. Ho observes — " Next (o the Merino Sheep, I consider the introduction of the Short Horns, in the blood of Denton., as the richest acquisition, to the country which agriculture has received. For the Dairy and the Stall I speak with the utmost confidence of their pre-eminence. From my three years" old heifers 1 have calves of the most promising appearance, and greatly excell- ing any I have before seen. One of the hei- fers gives I'rom 16 to 20 quarts of the richest milk by the day since calving; the other a lit- obviates the danger of the stooks tailing down, I diminished — the weight of tlesh and of fat would | tie less from the circumstance of having been besides it is much more easily handled when carted, and if supersedes the necessity of un- binding bundles when husked. With great respect, your obedient servant, R. Weitminstcr., Vt. Sept. 10. From the American Farmer. TO THE PRE3IDE.NT OF THE PENNSVLVANU AGRICUL- TURAL SOCIETY. Powelton, Philadelphia Countij. Dear Sir, — I have the honor to present va- rious selections from European works, to estab- lish certain positions, which have been assumed, in some of my late communications. In corrob- oration of the facts which have been alleged, 1 produce for publication, part of a letter, which 1 have just received from Major Rudd, a gen- tleman of high standing in Yorkshire, distin- guished alike by his zeal and success, as an im- prover of Neat Cattle and Sheep. 1 am aware it has been hinted, that too much discussion had arisen on the properties of Farm Stock ; but 1 may object that no subject is more interesting, and none more important to the husbandmen and landholders of the eastern, middle, and western States, than that which in- directly involves the application of three-fourths of the product of their labours, and of their lands. I apprehend that not more than one third of their cultivated soil is annually subjected to the plough, and that of its produce, except small quantities of hemp and llax, the farinaceous parts ot wheat, buckwheat, and a portion of rye, and Indian corn, for whiskey and bread, nearly the whole is employed for'the nourish- ment of Neat Cattle, Horses, Sheep and Swine.* * la the best districts, there will generally be less than one hulf of the land employed in the raisin? of roots and green crops for live stock, and not more than two thirds of the inferiour soils are always under these crops and in pasturage. Probably not more than two fifths of even the arable land, or ten acres in a hun- dred of the whole surface, produce crops immediately applicable to the food of man. The remaiuin" ninety acres, after a small deduction of fresh-water lakes are appropriated to the breeding, rearing, and fattenin- of live stock. —Smclatr's General Report of the agricultu- rul slide and political cireunutances of Scotland, volume iii. page 1. be carried upon the proper parts, I trust it will i in milk continually for more than a year, but not be contended that the discussion is futile, or | her milk is in no degree inferiour in quality. — the premium absurd, which shall have brought this race more generally into view. No man will deny the importance of the ani- mal whose milk afl'ords butter, cheese, and va- rious combinations for his table — whose hide gives leather for machinery, harness for his The last season she gave eleven quarts at a milking with grass only. A heifer of three years with her second calf has not been dry since she dropped her first, having given four quarts on the morning of her second calving."' 1 have in my importations, and purchase.=, shoes — whose hair, supports the plaster upon j sought the slock of those breeders, who have his walls — whose horn and bone, are converted j regarded milking properties, not less than the into medicines, and articles constantly in his | propensity to become tat. The Editor of the American Farmer is requested to fnform his ingenious and ardent correspondent " A Subscriber," that in .\ew England, and Pennsylvania, when the measurement of milk is given, it is not from a wine quart, half filled with froth ; and that when an Mr. Curwen, who, as the able promoter of the agricultural interest, both in Parliament, and his county, is generally known, evinces great anxiety for the dissemination of this breed. In his excellent Report to the Work- ington Agricultural Society, alter reciting the origin of the different families of Short Horns upon his estates, mentions those, which " u.mt- ING THE TWO ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF MILKING A.\D FATTENING are highly valuable;" and adds, " two heifers and a bull were, this spring, for- warded to Thomas Law, Esq. at Washington ; friim friendship and connexion — as well as the desire to support the credit of my farming, (he very best specimens were selected. The steers, which have been bred and slaughtered, have been equal in cjualitij of beef to any thing I could have expected or desired. At two and a half years old they weighed from 80 to 85 stones of 14 pounds each, equal to 1200 or 1190 pounds," although reared in the usual mode, upon turnips, chaff, and straw. In men- tioning the draught oxen on his farms, Mr. Cur- wen observes, " those which are now at the Schoose, were produced there, and are of the Short Horn breed. William Eve, who has long rated in this volume, it will be seen, by Major ; been with roe, and is accustomed to the work- Rudd's letter, and by the prices which I have | 'ng of both Devonshire, and Herefordshire cat- paid, that their cost continues to be as high, as tie, is of opinion, that the Short Horned are it was ten years since. If it were regulated by i quite as quick as the former, and as powerful as the caprice of men of fortune, it might be a[-l the latter.'''' leged, that fashion gave to them a fictitious' I have for some time, bred from the bull, value, but as the practical farmers of England, jnn heifer begotten in England by General, Mr. sanction it by their purchases, and support it by | Curwen's best male, upon one of the heifers, their demand, it must be inferred, that after a isent to Mr. Law. trial of fourteen years, the animals possess the; These animals, as my importations from Mr. merit, which has been claimed. To show the j Wetherill, and some of those bred by Mr. inteiest, which they have excited, not only in! Champion, have every claim to excellence, England, but in this country, I could mention | vvhich high pedigree can establish. Comet, use — whose tallow and fat, are consumed in can- dles, and soap, necessary to his comfort and health — vvhose heels afford oil, valuable, in ma- ny of his pursuits — whose stomach, even con- stitutes an agreeable repast — whose fail is con- verted into a couch for his indulgence, or re- pose— and whose patient "ITspring, after having enabled him, to reap the harvest from his fields, yields the most wholesome, and nutritious food for his frame, and finally by its oflal enriches the soil. It appears by Daily's survey of Durham, that at Colling's sale, in 1810, seventeen cows were sold for 2,802 pounds 9 shillings sterling — elev- en bulls for 2,361 pounds — twentv-eight ani- mals thus produced g22,948 67. That Major Rudd paid 400 guineas for Lady of 9 years — for Lilly 400 guineas — for Peeress 170 guineas — for Petrarch 375 guineas; that ftlessrs. Wetherill &. Co. paid for Comet of 6 years, 1000 guineas. Mr. Champion, and Col. Mellish paid 450 guineas, for the services of Charles, during 2 years. A regular record is kept, in the Herd Book, of the pedigrees of animals of pure blood. Although 140 breeders — 130 bulls and nearly 3000 heifers and cows, are enume- the names of some of the most distinguished as of a definite race, some evidence is required, to show, that it is not an accidental variety, of mongrel origin, stamped with a fashionable name, suited to°the purpose of the vender, or adapted to the fancy of the *uimal is produced, (whether Z;... .or BUo^Uo^^i purS^c;:;!,; «ay Lare^'i^L^t ::r tlTi^h^S^ Peeress, and Lady, sold to Major Rudd, and Jlr. Wetherill, were the grandsire and gran- dams, of some ; Charles, which had been hired, during two years, for 450 guinea?, was the great grandsire of another. Mr. Wetherill Slates, that the animals, which he had sent to NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Mr. Williams, and nivself were of his " very best blood" — those from Mr. Champion, liave his highest commendation, and are fitted he de- clares, for " millun?, and i'attening." It must be observed, thai unless the pRdigree be trac- ed on both sieks, the animal cannot be admitted as one of |)ure blood. Some of the cows, which have been brought on speculation from England, are not worth half their cost. A flourishing accotmt is given of Comet, or some celebrated bull, named as the grandsire ; the sire if from a native cow, would, nevertheless, be not more in technical language, than an half bred, his offspring by a native cow would be a quarter bred calf, whose progeny by a native cow would possess but one eighth of Improv- ed short horn blood. I am, Sir, your obedient servant, JOHN HARE POWELL. From the MassacUusells Spy. CATTLE SHOW. It will be seen by the subjoined notice, that the officers of the Agricultural Society are bu- sily engaged, and we are assured that no exer- tion will be wanting, on their part, to render the Exhibition worthy the high reputation of this County. We shall not be deemed extrava- gant in saying, that in tine cattle the county of Worcester is not excelled by any section of the Union. The people of other States, even to Pennsylvania, resort hither tor the purpose of obtaining stock, from which they may im- prove their own. We understand that a greater number than usual may be expected at our Show this fall for that purpose ; and we trust that those who have fine cattle for sale, will not neglect so good an opportur.ity to dis- pose of thera to the best advantage. The number and extent of our manufacturing establishments, and the degrees of perfection to which they have arrived in the prosecution of their business, are such as would enable them to give to that part of the Exhibition a most imposing effect. If they consult their own in- terests, they will, we apprehend, make the ex- hibition far more interesting than it has been heretofore. By exhibiting the perfection of their fabrics they would extend the reputation, and consequently the sale and consumption of them ; and in that way they would do much to- ward dissipating the prejudices which have un- fortunately existed against a judicious and elTec- tive protection of our domestic industry. Agricultural Notice. Preparations are making for the Cattle Show and Exhiliition of Implements of Husbandry, Manufactured Goods, &,c. at Worcester on the loth day of October next. The usual number of Pens will be put up, and suitable rooms will be provided for the goods and implements, and be ready for their reception, six days previous to the Cattle Show. The Committee of Arrangements have aareed with Mr. Cyrus Stockwell '^to provide a public dinner, suitable for the occasion. Tickets may be had at his bar, at seventy-five cents each, to include wine and other liquors at the table. The Committee have aNo made arrangements with the lanholders in the street, to fiinusli en- tertainment for men and horse=, at the usual price of entertainment in this place on Court weeks. This arrangement is made to prevent the complaint heretolbre made of unreasonable charges. A piece of ground is provided for ploughing, and will seasonably be marked out into lots of l-!!th of an acre each. The turf is not liaid, and mav be ploughed with one yoke of oxen. The Committee understand that gentlemen from a distance will alieiid the Cattle Show, with a view of purchasing working Oxen and Young Stock. Competitors for ploughing, must enter their names with the Recording Secretary by the 2oth of September inst. Worcester, Sept. 7, 1824. From the Medical Intelligencer. SEPTEMBER. The month is now commenced in which of all others we should guard against the attacks of disease ; for, in no month is the system better prepared to be influenced by slight causes of derangement, and at no season are those causes more abundant. Fruits become so common that they are eaten to excess, when not even a mod- erate use of them should be allowed to the young or the debilitated. Fruit, in the summer season, is not only innoxious but healthy; for the system has been so braced by the atmosphere and the drier food of winter, that the cooling fruits of summer act beneficially by producing an open- ness of the primae vita', and a freshness of the system, which allow its operations to goon with Ireedom, unchecked by the vascular repletion which would else be the direct effect of the in- creased temperature of the season, and unimpe- ded by that oppression which is so commonly generated by the artificial ways of civilized life. Since, however, the powers of digestion are perfect in but a small number of persons who reside in countries which are lar advanced in luxurious habits, it is not wonderful that a con- tinuance of relaxing, watery, innutricious food, like fruit, should, towards the autnmn, be as in- jurious to the system, as in summer it was ac- ceptable and salutary. By the continued heat of the summer season we are predisposed to dis- eases of the bowels, and those diseases can only be prevented, and that predisposition overcome, by a warm and bracing diet, and the occasional use of good old wine or weak brandy and wa- fer. Fruit, therefore, should now be taken sparingly, and the regimen be adapted to the circumslances we have hinted at. The great cause, however, of the dysentery and other complaints of a similar nature, which are usually rife among us in September and Oc- tober, is the difference between the tempera- ture of the day, and that of the evening and morning. During July and August, persons ac- quire the custom of walking and sitting in the open air with the same clothing, and the same carelessness, as in their parlors, and with their heads frequently uncovered. The delightful sensations produced by the mildness of the day in Seplembfr, leads them to anticipate the same ret'reshirg walks as they have enjoyed in summer, and, without much regard to health, they thoughtlessly indulge in them. T!;e con- ': sequence is that they are caught from home, (shivering and shaking with unexpected cold ; — they regret the want of an additional garment, 1 and hasten home with all possible expedition. _ ^59 bnt not however without u cnlH. or perhaps the seeds of a ihjscntery or ^ fever. That these pre- vailing disorders of the season m:iy be avoid- ed, we lake the liberty to advise our fiiends never to depart from their usual residence in the morning or evening, in September, without an additional garment — to use a warm, tonic and nourishing diet — and at night never retire without an extra blanket at the bed side. This is a famous monlh for travelling. Great numbers of persons go from home to attend the different Commencements and Military Re- views. Students and Inslruclers of Schools and Colleges, have a vacation about Ibis lime, and wisely employ it in ranging the country for a- mnseinent, information, or health ; and that they may insure a new slock of the latter, or even preserve that with which they start, we will assure them that in no situation are persons more exposed to the evils resulting from change of weather, than in travelling. If the albre- said outer garment be left behind, and no public house is at hand, however warm and delightful may be their ride during the day, a change will surely take place in the course of the afternoon, and the sun will, in all probabil- ity go down upon their sorrow, and rise again upon their bitter repentance. To such as are travelling, therefore, our precautions are par- ticularly applicable, though to all we wish to recommend them. From the Virginia Herald. As Economy is the order of the day, permit me through the medium of your paper to com- municate to our ladies, a receipt for preparing molasses for preserving fruits, S.:c. which ren- ders it much better suited for that purpose, than a syrup prepared from the best loaf sugar, as it is not so liable to candy, nor (if well prepared) to ferment — Take 8 lbs. Molasses, bright New Orleans, or Sugar House, 8 lbs. pure Water, 1 lb. coarsely powdered Charcoal — Boil them together for 20 minutes, then strain it through fine tlannel, double, — put it again in the kettle with the while of an egg,boil it gently, till it forms a syrup of proper consistence, then strain it again. 1 should not have troubled you with the above, but 1 am satisfied that those who may make the experiment, will like it so well, as to recommend it to their acquaintances gen- erally. Yours, kc. C. A distressing circumstance took place in the family of Mr George Barnard of this city during the past week, which we h ipe will operate as a caution to those who are in the habit of eating mushrooms. A quantity of this vegetable had been prepared for bieaki'ast, of which they all partook. Two members were soon seized with violent illness, and a son of Mr Seymour, about 14 years old, expired on the second day. One of the children of Mr B. is now dangerously sick. The species of plant used in this instance is denominated the xi'hite miishronm, which is said to be a deadly poison. Indeed, so deleterious were its effects, that a cat, which subsequent- ly licked the platter on which it had been served up, expired in a short time after. Connecticut C-y- ■•'. 60 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ON THE WASTE OF MANUUE. The following; article from the Farmer's Journal, an Agricultural paper published in Loncion, will show ■what absurd and ruinous practices are sometimes a- dopted and persevered in, merely from the force of habit. It is said that the French inhabitants of Can- ada, on the hanks of the Pt Lawrence, were formerly accustomed to throw the manure of their cow-yards into the river, or carry it on sledges and leave it on the ice, in order to get it out of the way. The com- munication of the correspondent of the Farmer's Journal, will show that those Canadians were not more slovenly cultivators than some English agricul- turists, though perhaps in point of economy, the lat- ter have somewhat the preference. — Ed. N.E.Farm. To Ike Edilor of Iht Farmers'' Journal. Lincolnshire. May 27. 1821. Sir, — " Ahout this country tliey have a most execrable custom of collecting; the cow dung-, and knearlin^ it up with short straw, to hiirn in- stead of coals Will ye helieve me, ye fnrmers, of Norfolk, &,c. that this is the constant prac- tice ? No, you will sny. it is impo.isilAc ; there cannot be such an application of manure any lahere but amongst tlie Hottentots.''' — Farmer's TotR. Thus wrote Arthur Young: half a century ago, and witnessing as we do the improvement and advance in agricultural knowledge, theoretical and practical, it might have been expected there was no spot in the empire where a prac- tice so barbarous, and one to the proprietor so ruinous, could by possibility Iiave continued to exist ; yet strange as it must appear to all eves except those to whom the scene has been fa- miliar from their infancy, the practice is at this momeDt in full activity in every villao'e in mv vicinity. It will be asked, are the proprietors aware of such a manufacture being carried on upon their estates? Are their estates of such a magnitude that their destruction day by day is of no importance to them? Are they absentees, who let their property to middle-men, with no stipulation except that of non-alienation ? Or are the agents so remiss and careless, that the greatest injury and wasle may be committed with impunity? These may be all answered in the negative : the practice' is general upon the estate of the resident and the absentees, and upon those where the least infringement, or supposed injury, would be visited with at least heavy displeasure, if not expulsion from their holdings. Yon suppose fuel is exorbitant in price, and the cottager is driven by dire neces- sity to say with the apothecary, " My poverty, but not my will consents :"— no such thing, fu- el is easy of access, and compared with many counties cheap in price ; the soil is rich, the rents low, and cottagers in the enjoyment of as comparative plenty as in any part of the king- dom. It is vile custom alone ; the practice has descended from father to son, and from prede- cessor to successor, time out of mind ; and that which in any other district would call down the well merited execrations of the agricultu- rist is here not regarded, from its having been constantly the habit of the country. In the hope that this may arrest the attention of some proprietor, or agent, who possesses courage and ability to abate the disgraceful nuisaoce, and will rescue this district from the reproach so justly iterated by the intelligent | valuable sheep by worms in the head. In some jierson whose detestation of the practice is leases as many as thirty were found lodged in o strongly, scornfully, and justly expressed in the quotation above ; I subscribe myself A friend to Agricultural Improvement. SEEDS. Experiment, shewing the impertance of selecting the first ripe Seeds, communicated to the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, Sept. 1, 1805. — BY JAMES FREEMAN. To ascertain whether the ripening of seeds can be forwarded, by sowing those which are the earliest ripe, I have made experiments, all of which have been successful, and on several diflferent sorts. It will be sufficient to mention one only. In the near 1801, I planted the case-knife beau. The pods first formed, which are com- monly those nearest the root, were reserved ; and when the quantity of a peck was fully ripe, they were gathered on the same day. The largest and lairest of the seeds were planted the next year, and the first formed pods reserved as before. The same melhoil has been pursued without any variation till the present year; by means of which, whilst the bean has not degen- erated m its quality, the ripening of the seeds has been forwarded twenty-six days, as will ap- pear from the following table. Planted. Gathered. No. days. 1801, May 20, Sept. 9, 112 1802, May 11, Aug. 21, 102 1803, May 10, Aug. 8, 90 1804, May 8, Aug. 4, 88 1805, May 6, July 31, 86 The first column denotes the time of planting the seeds ; the second, that of gathering the seeds, which were first ripe ; and the third, the number of days which elapsed between the time of planting and the time of gathering. As in the second and following years 1 antici- pated the time of planting the seeds (by which means fourteen days have been gained, in addi- tion to the twenty-six noted above) to determine the pa^^sages leading from the nnse. Indeed, every cavity of the head, having any direct communication with the nostrils, contained more or less of them. I have some of them in my possession, preserved in spirits. The largest are over half an inch long, and in shape bear considerable resemblance to the common cut worm, often so destructive to our cabbage plants. They are encircled by ten rings. The small ones are white, except the head, which is black. As they increase in size they gradu- ally approach to a dirty black colour. In order to guard against these destructive vermin it ap- peared necessary to ascertain, if possible, the exact time they are deposited in the head. — For this purpose I obtained the aid of a re- spectable physician, and at regular periods pro- cured the heads of sheep from a butcher for dissection. Until the nth inst. we found the heads entirely free from any appearance of the worm. Those discovered on that day, bore ev- ery mark of having been very recently depos- ited. They were barely perceptible to the naked eye ; and, although quite Iivel3', it was onlv bv the aid of a magnifying glass, that we could distinctly observe the characteristic marks of the old worm. They were slightly attached to the membrane, covering the cartilage of the nose, about half way up the bead. Much doubt and uncertainty exists as to the parent of these worm*. The most general opinion is, that it is a long, slender, black fly, something resembling; the wasp. I consider this, however, altogeth- er conjecture. I observe that daubing the sheep's nose with tar is considered as a protec- tion against this unknown enemy. What expe- rience I have bad, is rather calculated to strengthen this opinion. I have always made free use of tar amongst my sheep ; and I do not know that 1 ever lost one by the worms in the head. Many of the sheep owners in (his country consider them the most formidable en- emy (dogs excepted) we have to contend with. My present intention is to continue my exami- nations, and watch their progress and move- what effect later planting would produce, by ments, as far as practicable. Every day's ex- giving the seeds more advantage from the heat of summer, in the years 1804 and 1805, I put into the ground a quantity of seed, about a week later than that wliich vvtis first planted. The event which took place, is exhibited in the fol- lowing; table. Planted. Gathered. No. days. 1804, May 14, 1805, May 13, Aug. 0, Aug. G, 8G 85 As very little time has been gained in the present and in the preceding year, I suppose 1 have now reached, or nearly reached, the nc plus ultra. I delay not, therefore, to communi- cate to the Trustees of the Agricultural Society the result of an experiment, which co'ifirms the important truth,. — ihat to ensure an early an periencc gives strength to the conviction, that in a few years wool will be a leading article of export from our side the mountain. At present prices, with us, the labour necessary to pro- duce twenty dollars worth of flour would pro- dilce fifty dollars worth of wool. Wool can be taken to an eastern market for five per cent. — The flour we now send to your city, our near- est steady market, is half sunk by carriage. — When those facts are fairly weighed, you will not think it strange, that in this section of country, every thing relating to Ihat invaluable animal, the fine wooled sheep, is viewed with llie deepest interest. It is hoped, t'rom the spirit of enquiry that now prevails, that some useful facts may be elicited. Should this be the good crop, the seeds reserved for future sowing '^•'''^' J'°" ^^^"^ '"=?•''=.' '° 'f^'' ''■'""' ^^ '''S'*'" should be those, which are the first ripe, and which are, in other respects, the most perfect. TO THF. EDITOR OV THE AMERICAN FARMER. WORMS IN THE HEAD OF SHEEP. Washington,. lug. 27, 1824. Dear Sin, — During the last winter and si)ringsome of my neighbours lost a number of I traordiiiary crops of wheat, rye, oats and hay 1 am, Sir, very sincerely yours, &c. ALEXANDEK REED. P. S. Until yesterday, we have notliad rain suf- ficient to wet the ground half an inch deep, for near 6 weeks. This severe drought has reduced our corn cro|)s fnlly .' rd. We shall have but little buckwheat and no turnips. VVe have the consola- tion, however, of having got up, in line order, ex- NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 61 From the Amtrican Farmer. M I L L E T ON NEW LAND. Pahni/rn^ August 8, 1824. Sir, — I have scon spveral accounts of crops of millet in your paper, which appear to he smaller than one 1 raised la?t year. Four quarts were sown on what was inleiidRil to be an acre, but by measurement since :t ajipe.irs to be 190 rods. The produce, when thrp«hed, was meas- ured, and turned out 50 bushels. The land was part of a piece I had cleared for wheat. The wood Iiad I'cen partly cut ofl for fire-wood, and the burn was in consequence not so sjood as on tlie rest of the piece ; lar^e spots were left on it unburnt, so (hat we thought it would not an- swer well for wheat. If voii are acquainted with clearing land, vou well know that the crop is considered to depend, in a orreat measure, upon the goodness of the burn. The drousfht last summer was the greatest ever recollected in New York stale. The land on which the millet was sown is a loam, in a slight degree more moist than the renninder. The wheat adjoining wa* the best on the piece; we supposed it to be little more than 20 bushels to an acre. The millet was sown the 7th of June, and reaped (he tith of September ; two men threshed it in a day and a half All sorts of stock appear to be very fond of it. Four quarts of seed to an acre, is the usual allowance here; which seems to be much less than your correspondents at the South use. My men judged that the straw made a ton and a half of fodder, and the cattle eat it as readily as good hay. I would recommend to beginners in farming, in particular, to begin on wild land. The busi- ness is much the most simple, — -requires no knowledge of the minutiae that must be attentted to on old farms, — there is much less danger of failure of old crops, — and it is, 1 believe, the most profitable. Yours, &c. H. WARREN. From the Salem Register. NEW STEAM ENGINE. We have seen with surprise and admiration, Mr Dixon's new mode of generating steam, and its application in driving a steam engine. There is no boiler, and consequently that cumbrous and dangerous part of a steam engine is entirely got rid of But, instead of it, there is a cylind- rical vessel of cast iron, 2 feet in length, 1 foot in external diameter, and about two inches in thickness, which is called the retort. This re- tort stands in an air lurnace, and is surrounded with the fuel, which is of coal. In this retort the steam is generated exactly as fast as it is wanted. This is elTecled by a force pump, worked by the machinery which forces the water, with an air vessel, similar to that of a common fire engine. From this air vessel the water is conveyed into the retort, where, thro' a tube perforated with innumerable small holes, it is dispersed in the form of mist, and instantly converted into steam. In order to set the ma- chine in motion, there is another force-pump, worked by hand, a few strokes of which forces a sufficient quantity of water into the retort to give the first impulse to the machinery. We saw this machine in operation at Mr Hall's excellent Dying Establishment, in Lyni. The machme was applied to drive a sn U sieam- boat, fitted up for the occasion. We took an esctirsion in the boat for about a mile across the pond. The boat moved at the rate of about six miles an liour. The power of the machine not only was kept up to the last momeni, but even acted with an increased energy. This is a proof that the heat of the retort can be maintained without any diminution. When we stopped, there was no blowing ofj' of steam, and no ap- prehension from the neglect of the engineer to take care of the safety valve. The whole was harmless in an instant. Thus it appears that a boiler barely of the size of the cijliadcr to the common steam engine, would be sufficient for the pur|)ose of generating steam lor this most useful piece of machinery. In our excursion across the pond to a beautiful arbour erected by Mr Hall, at the extremity of the pond, we were accompanied by several ladies, and we owe much to the politeness and attention of Mr Hall, who g-tive us an elegant refreshment at the arbour. From the JV. H. Patriot. THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. The number of visitors upon this highest ground of the United Stales, ha^i this year been three-fold that of any former year; and nothing is wanted but the making of good roads to their bise, and the erection of suitable houses of ac- commodation to make them a place of as general resort (as there is surely a greater curiosity to w toess their grand scenery) as the Catskill mountains, the Falls of Niagara, or the watering places of Saratoga and Ballstown. Something has already been done on the south-westerly valley which fronts these mountains, by cutting a convenient foot-path from the turnpike which passes through the " Notch," and it has been contemplated to make a road, over which car- riage.s may pass. Another path from a travel- led road still nearer has been cut from Durand (lately incorporated into a town by the name of Randolph.) But the most eligible and easy way to ascend Mount Washington and the cluster which surrounds it, will be by a new road which is now making from the town of Adams through the woods to Randolph, a distance of twelve miles, which proceeds along the valley at the very base of Mount Washington, and which will shorten the distance betiveon Conway and Lancas- ter ten miles from that of the road at pres- ent travelled. — A gentleman who has lately passed over the route of this contemplated road informs us that the land is comparative- ly level, and that the road will be so far proceeded the present year as to be passable with sleighs the ensuing winter. To assist in making this road, the Legislature of this State has granted one thousand acres of land, and about one thousand dollars have been raised by subscription. When completed it will be an easy task to ascend and descend Mount Wash- ington. Besides, this road will give access to many thousands of acres of the most valuable and fertile land for rearing cattle, and the small- er kinds of grain. The soil in the vicinity of these mountains is not inferior to any soil in New England: when cleared to any considera- ble extent, it will be found that even Indian corn may be raised in ordinary seasons. A few years ago the inhabitants never pretended to plant corn in Coos county ofT the land in the immediate vicinity of Connecticut river. But in the town of Whitetield, which has more than trebled its population in the course of five or six years, on the high grounds, Indian corn is now [)lantcre it for the further processes of cloth the sire than the dam. Beginning to breed manufacture. Short or clothing wool is always from a coarse-wooled ewe and a pure fine wool-' carded or broken upon an instrument with fine id ram, the produce of the first cross will have' short teeth by which the fibres are opened a fleece approaching one halt to the fineness of : 'od spread in every direction, and the fabrics that of the ram ; atid coutinuing to cross this i made from it are subjected to the process of NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 69 felting, which we shnll Hl'tprivanls tiesrrihe. — By tliif process, ihft til re« ln-cinnfi mallod to- gether, nnd the texture rendcreil more com|)nct. Lon? or conihins^ wool may vary in length from three to eight or ten inches; it is prepar- ed on a comb or instrument, with rows of long: steel teeth, which open the filires, and arrange them longitudiiKilly ; in the thread spnn from combed wool, the fibres or tilamenls oflhe wool are arranged in the same manner, or similar to those of flax, and the pieces when woven are not subjected to the process of felling. The shorter comlmig wools are principally used for hi>se, and are spun softer than the longer combing wo(ds ; the former being made inti) what is called haid worsted 3'arn, and the latter into sol'l worsted varn. [7o be continued.] Frnm CobbelCi American Gardener. SEA KALE. This is a capital article. Inferiour in point of quality to no vegetable but the Asparagus, superionr to that in the merit ot'carliness ; and, th'iigli ol the easiest jiossible propagation and cultivation, I have never seen any of it in A- ni,.|ica. — It is progagateil by seed, and also by off^i'ts. The seed may be sown, or the young plants (a year old) planted, or the offsets (or little shoots tVoni the sides of the stems) plant- ed, on the spot where the crop is to be produc- ed. The mode of cultivation is in beds, pre- cisely the same in all respects as Asparagus ; except, that the Cale may be begun upon the second year. Cover the beds thick with litter in winter; so that the frost may not enter very deep ; and in April (Long Island) you willhave plenty. — The moment it peeps out, cut it, and you have a white stalk seven or eight inches long, which is cooked just as asparagus is, and is all eaten from top to bottom. This plant is a native of the sea beach; and is as hardy as any weed that grows. Instead of earth, you may, if convenient, lay sand (and especially sea sand) for it to shoot up through. It may be moved at any age of the plant. Any old stump of it will grow. After you leave off cut- ting it in the spring, it goes shooting on, and, during the summer it bears seed. In the fall the stalks are cut down, and you proceed with the beds as with those of asparagus. — This is, unquestionably (after the asparagus) the very best garden vegetable that grows. Sea Kale may be had at any time in winter, as easily as asparagus, and with less care. The roots may be dug up in the fall and thrown under a shed with litter, or straw, over them, till you want them. The earth in the hot bed must be deeper than for asparagus : that is all the riifierence. — The seed is saved as easily as that of asparagus. THE AMERICAN FARMER. I thank God that my lot is to be an American farmer, instead of a Russian boor or an Hunga- rian peasant. It is strange, that misery, when viewed in others should become a sort oC real good. The hardships of those people are cer- tainly greater than those which our negroes experience. When young, I thought of selling my farm because it afforded but a dull repetition of the same labours and pleasures. But when I con- sidered myself as divested of my farm, I imag- ined the world .so wide, and every habitable place so full that I began to fear leace, so efiectually excludes the air, that the dung, at the distance of several mr.nlhs, will be found in a stale little dilTercnt from what it was when i)ut into the heap ; nftcr all, when it is, in common language, said to be rotten, it is found, upon (juamination, over the whole, and a covering of the kind men- lioned laid above it, a considerable addition may- be made to the quantity of the manure on every farm yearly, not only without risk, but with very great advantage." profitable work, and should never be neglected. Carry it into your farm-yard, and build large stacks of it for cuttinfir droved Farming Implements, log( ther with Willis's improved Straw Cutter and Blind I'asleuings. Sept. 25. PPRENTICE WANTED.— A lad of about 15 or 16 years of age, of good education and habits, may hear of an eligible situation for learning the Printing business, by applying at this office. Sept. 11. Mammoth Musk Melon. — A musk melon was lately offered for sale at Richmond, which measured three [ feet six inches in circumference, and weighed 25 1-2 pounds. The Deaf and Dumb at Hartford, appeared before Tjafayette, and welcomed him with the following beautiful motto — "Our hearts/ceZ what our country speaks,^^ A Quaker in Philadelphia, addressing a Bostonian, said, " 1 rejoice that thy' people did not illuminate their houses ; if they had, I believe that our citizens would burn theirs." Increase of territory. — The Quapaw Indians have agreed to cede to the United States, all their lands in the \'icinity of the Arkansaw Territory, with the res- ervation about ten miles square near the Red Bluffs. This will give to the United States a valuable tr'act of land, containing from two to three millions of acres. Boa Constrictor. — \ snake of this species has lately been brought to England from the East Indies, which measures twenty-one feet in length, and two feet in circumference. He is very tame and is supplied with a fowl onge in two weeks. SAXON SHEEP. filHE improvement of the breed of .Merino Sheep JL having at length been seen to be important by farmers generally, we are induced to offer for sale some of our best stock Bucks. And that the proprietors of flocks, living at a distance, may know something of our sheep, we state that for the original stock, from which the most of our present stock is derived, we paid from $70 to $175 a sheep, than which none better were brought from Spain. They were of the Paular, Mon- lacho, and Negretti flocks. They have been kept and improved with great care ever since they were pur- chased, under the immediate attention of one of the owners of them. With a view to a favourable cross, we imported in the year 1822, a buck from .Saxony, se- lected by a good judge, and bought without limitation as to price. He was one of the first two imported, and the choice of those two. From a cross of this buck with our best Merino ewts, — not ewes matured into what are called iaW bloods, — we have fifty bucks, com- ing two years old. In the autumn of 1823, we import- ed another buck and three ewes, selected by the same agent ; and from these ewes we have three ram lambs, about eight months old. We have also seventy-five half blood Saxon ram lambs, the cross of last year. — The half bloods — the full blood Saxon lambs — and ei- ther of the full blood Saxon bucks we offer for sale. I. C. BATES, SAMUEL HE.NSIIAW. Northampton, (Mass.) Sept 24, 1824. N. B. Letters addressed to I. C. Bates, Northamp- ton, or g. Henshaw, Boston, will be duly attended to. Oc5= Subscribers to the Farmer, are informed that they can have their vohnncs bound on reasona- ble terms by leaving them at this Office. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c. [Revised and corrected everv Friday.] APPLES, best, new, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. - . . - BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. - - - cargo. No 1, - - - - " No 2, - - - - BUTTKR, Inspect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, - - - - skimed milk, - - - FLAX FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, How.ard St Genessee, _ - - Rye, best, - . - GRAIN,Rye Corn - - - . - Barley - . . - Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort - - HOPS, No 1, luspectioi 23 LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS - - - - PORK, Bone Middlings - - - navy, mess, Cargo, No 1, - - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover . - - . - WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION MARKET. BEE!', best pieces PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, - - • VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, new, - lump, - • - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - - - - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, new, - - - CIDER, liquor, new - - - HAY, according to quality, from TO D. C ;.'. c. bbl 1 75 2 50 ton. 118 120 120 122 50 bush 9(. r 00 bbl. lb. 13 19 7 8 3 4 8 9 bush 82 84 bbl. 6 25 5 75 5 87 2 75 3 bush 52 54 40 50 50 55 29 30 lb. 11 12 38 40 cask 85 1 00 s;al. 75 . 80 ton. 3 3 12 bbl. 17 OC 13 13 50 12 50 13 bush 1 75 5 7 60 70 40 45 45 50 37 42 25 30 49 52 35 40 lb. 7 10 « 10 6 5 10 2 10 8 u 12 15 18 21 12 14 bush 60 65 60 65 33 SO bM. 1 33| 2 00 ton. 16 00 20 00 72 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. JtttscfUantcs. BY T. G. FESSENDEN. Advice to a would be Poet, who had written a " Na- tional Odt''' in a most dismal style, which the author had mistaken for a marvellous mixture of the sublime and pathetic. The Fabricator of the rhymes alluded to had so high an opinion of their merit, that he wished they might be set to music and sung at a political fes- tival. — Your lays, Mr Rhyme Monger, are I opine, Most nolabk things in the Bobadil line ; But believe me no boasting nor bombast there needs To blazon and burnish American deeds. One would think that your muse, from the style you begin. Had indulged in a dram of gun-powder and gin. For your metaphors mad, and your similies huddled, Proclaim Mr. Bard, and Miss Muse were bolhfuddled. When I first set my eyes on your tinkling commodity, The ranting quintessence of nonsense and oddity, Thinks I to myself, surely sprnig must be nigh, For lo ! the wild geese are beginning to fly 1 Like a cart o'er a pavement it rumbles along, Or a rantipole-cafaract roaring a song ; — Each petulant line, seems to snarl at its neighbour, And the whole makes pomposity's mountain in labour. Your string of hard words, strung without any skill. Appears like the alphabet ground in a mill, Rudely jumbled together, sans bolting or sifling. Like brush wood adown the Connecticut drifting. Sometimes you are delving at meaning profound. And creep like a meadow mole under the ground, Then determiu'd the nadir of folly to probe, You seem a geologist, boring the globe. And now again mounted on metaphor high, You resemble a terrapin trying to fly. Or a cat in a parachute, loos'd from balloon, Or a huge heavy mass, tumbling down from the moon. With your ' epochs' and ' eras,' and ' fighting for freedom,' If the sons of Columbia could have you to lead 'em. Against an arra'd universe led to the charge. They would certainly conquer creation at large ! For such is the meaning, if aught is bcstow'd. Of what 3'ou have nick-nam'd a " National Ode," Bat which one would think in Laputa was made, Or cast in a mould by a tinker by trade. This " Ode," as you call it, yon wish set to ransic. Though its bare recitation, makes Christian or Jew sick ; But I should much rather, were I in your place Run my chance for an earthquake to play thorough bass. A tenor I would not attempt to perform Without special aid from a grand thunder storm, And treble perhaps, of a suitable strain, Will be whistled and howl'd in the next hurricane. tor, " then I'll see if I cannot take awny n lit- tle of that cleverness from you." So ho order- ed him up into a garret room to be confined on bread and water. By some chance a cat was locked up in the room with him. Tearing the sheets into strings, he made a long cord ot it, and having fastened the cat to the etid of it, stood with the window open prepared for what might happen. At his usual hour the Doctor returned from visiting his patients, got out of his sedan chair, his hat according to custom, un- der his arm, and his enormous white powdered wig, which would have covered a bee hive, exposed to view. Young Cullen immediately let down the cat, which, catching hold of the Doctor's wig with her claws, held it fast. The Doctor, greaily alarmed, looked up to his infi- nite chagrin and amazement, beheld wig and cat ascending into the air, and his son looking out and laughinff. Ah, you rascal, exclaimed the Doctor, is this your doing ? Yes, roared out the arch youngster, while the passers by stopped in surprise, yes, father, you threatened to deprive I me of my cleverness, and TU be hang'd if 1 have not deprived you of all yours. The sons of (he late Dr. Cnllcn, of Edin- burgh, were distinguished by extraordinary tal- ents, accompanied however," by the most eccen- Jric turns of mind and whimsical fancies. One of them was, when a small boy, so singularly arch, and at the same time high mettled, that the Doctor could get lillic good of him. II the Doctor corrected him, he vvorried the Doc- tor in return. One day he committed some ve- ry liigh oftenr.e which (he Doctor resolved to punish. A friend who was present interposed, and said " do. Doctor, forgive him this lime, by my fiiith, he's a clever little fellow." <' Yes, (re-echoed the boy archly) I am indeed a clev- er lillle fellow." "Aye, Aye," said the Doc- the suburbs, and of which the population may be staled in round numbers at 1500, and there will remain for the true number of the popula- tion of the built parts of the city in 1302, 121,496."— JVaJ. Gaz. At an English Opera House, last summer, a gentleman fell suddenly in love with a young lady, who sat with her mother and sisters a few seats from him ; tearing a blank leaf out of his pocket-book, he wrote with a pencil, "may I inquire if your affections are engaged?" and handed it to iier, which she showed to her mother. — Shortly afterwards she wrote under- neath his question, " I believe 1 may venture to say they are not ; but why do you ask ?"' and returned him the paper. The gentleman then wrote on another leaf, " 1 love you dearly, 1 am single, I have £I0G0 a year, I am not in in debt, 1 have a good house, and I only want a good wife to make me completely happy : will you be mine? If you will, I promise (and with every intention of keeping my word) to be an affectionate, indulgent, and faithful husband to you, and what more can Isay?"' The young lady was so much pleased with this declaration, that they immediately became acquainted, and in about four months afterwards, with the leave of her parents, led her to the hymeneal altar. Impertinence re-wardcd. — A man of mean ap- pearance, last week, made some purchases at a shop in Bath, to the amount of \\s. Cr/. in pay- ment of which he tendered a gold sovereign. — ■ A Prinler^s remnrkable dream. — The printer of the Farmer's Advocate, says — " We do not pretend to ' believe in dreams,' but we had one a few nights since, of such a singular charac- ter that we cannot resist an inclination to give it publicity. Wo dreamed (for printers are subject to dreams) that all our delinquent sub- ^icribers flocked in and paid up their old ac- . „,, . , :.i •, j i - j f ',. , ■ I The shop-keeper with a conceited smile, ad- coun s — consequenllv. we immediately procur- , • ' , "^ . ■ i n i l ; ^ , ■' , ,, . , , J ., I dressing the customer, said — "I see vou have ed new type, en arged the Advocate, and paid , f „ ,, ^ ^ .', . . ,, •' , ,, ' , vi ' 1 I .1 • 1 \ s:ot a stransrer. " Yes, ' replied the man (cocy off the paper maker. n this we were exceed- ' ^ , ,. 1- . , J.. ^ ,■ ., ^ i ■' . 1 j'l- 1 J 1 .• . „ 1 ,,„; pocketms: his coin, and walking cut of the shop, insr V de 'Kbfed — but just as we were about to V , =, j ' ,u . i i f . ,- i- \ ^ ' ? ^ !■ , /■ I 1 11 , , leaving the goods that had been cut for him) render a host of grateful acknowledgements to , , ^J » „■;;;;,, • i A ^, , , , 1 . I-,, I . i tind before ti'c part, .ce tc'iH be better aCiiuatiuea. our patrons, an unlucky, blundering little m- 1 •' •' ' ' sect, (which we do think mighf have found j ,j,^^ Detroit Gazette mentions that Mr. Wil- better lodarings) gave us such a friendly grip be- ^^^^ _., „..,„ ^^^^ ^^j.,;^^^ ^^^^^ „,g ^-^^ (ween the shoulders, that we awoke under the ,„^^g „(• 5 3.^ ^ji^, ;,, ^^ minutes and 15 sec- dreadful apprehension that the Sherifi had fa- on,is_The first mile in 7 and the last G 1-2 vored us with a call — but 'twas all a dream — minutes all but the bite. ' FRUIT TREES, &c. JAMES BLOODGOOn & CO. have for sale at their Xursery at Flushing, on Longlsland, near Xew York, Fruit and Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs & Plants, According (o the valuable and engaging lit-' tie work, " Philadelpliia in 1824," published by Messrs. Carey & Lea, the number of Zooms in that vicinity does not fall short of 5000, atid there are upwards of thirty cr.tlon factories. most of them on an extensive scale. The num- ' ber of brcteerics is fit'lccn. There are one hun- dred and forty-eight attorneys and counsellors at . of the most approved sorts. law; and one hundred and seventeen physicians, j The I'roprielors of this Nursery attend personally to Philadelphia receives nearly one half of the an- "'^ inoculation and engrafting of nH l/uir Frnil Trees, nual interest on the whole debt of the United ' ^""^ purchasers may rely with confuleace, that the riM , , 1 1 ft •. 1 • ,; Trees they order Will prove genuine. States. Ihe total value of her capital in real orders left with MrZEBEiiEE Cook, jr. No.JlState and personal estate, including stock, is eslimat-] street, Boston, will be transmitted to u?. and receive ed >§l.j8,286, 478. The amount of postage paid our prompt and particular attention. Catalogues ivill herein 1*823 was seventy-seven thousand dol- ' I'c delivered, and any information imparted respecting lars. The number of wagons loaded for Pitts- 1 tbe condition, i:c. &c. that may be required on appli- I ,1 -11 1 . cation to him. Sept. 4. burgh, by a single house, last year, was up-! , , 1 1 , 1 ■ 1 11 ..».i.. hlmimi. ■■ wards of two iiundred — and the freight alone I ' TERMS OF TlllO I'\-iKMKu" at the present reduced rate, amounted lo 24,000 Q:;^ Published every .Saturday, at Thref, Dcmaks dollars. Th;s may afford an idea of the vast per annum, payable at the end'of the year— i I'l ibose iiuaiititv sent westward in the same way. \V'e I who pay within su"/)/ i/ni/-' from the time of sii.sciibinj: have fil'ty-live printing offices. The Ibllowing view is taken of our population. The whole will be entitled to a dcdnction ot' Fifty Cems. 0:^ No pai'cr will be discontinued (unless at the arc paid. 1 ,. r ,1 ■, - ■, .1 .1. ; discretion of the publisher,) until arreara, population ol the city and county, by the cen- ^ ''' -us of 1820, was 13l">,4!l7. Deduct from this JOB PRINTING amount the returns of the several tow 'rihiiis of executed with neatness and despatch, on reasonable llie county, which tire not proprii; parts ofi terms at this Office. ]NEW ENGLAND FARMER. PUBLISHED BY ,It)HN B. RUSSP-LL, KOGKIIS' BUIF.DINGf?, CONGRKSS SI Rl.KT, liO^fON.— THO:\l AS G. K1>SI;MjI:.\, KDlloi!. VOL. in. SATURDAY, OCTOBER 2, 1824. No. 10. ©rftjin.Tl (Sror.iiuunfraticn.y. BRIGHTON CATTLE SHOW. ji(/ Rrsruhilions, io be observed at the Cat- hnw, E.rhibitio:i of Manvfuctures, Plough- Rules an iHtr .l/nrc/i, Public Sale nj Animals and Mann faclurcs, at Brighton^ on Wednesday the 20th, ami Thursday the ^Ist of October, 1821. 1. At 9 o'clock, A. JI. of Wednesday the 20th, the Members of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society for Promoting Agriculture, will meet in their H;ill for admission of Members, &c. At half pa?t 9 a procession will be formed by the Marshals, and proceed to the Meeting House, where prayers will be offered, — and the Presi- dent will announce the Arrangements, names of the several Committees on Premiums, &c. Im mediately after they will proceed to their sev eral duties. 2. All Slock entered for Premiums, must be put in the Pens before 9 A. M. according to the numbers of their Tickets as furnished by the Secretary, under the direction of the Jlarshals. 3. Gentlemen who have Fine Animals, not intended to be offered for Premiums, will grat- ify the Society by exhibiting them in their Field, where Pens will be ailnttcdto them, sub- ject to the same rules with those wlio contend for Premiums. -1. No Animal can be removed from the Pens, but by permission of a Marshal or Trustee. 6. The avenue between the ranges of Pens, is intended exclusively for ihe Trustees, Commit- tees, Members of the Society, and invited persons ; it is therefore requested and expected, that no other person enter tiie snme, but at the invita- tion of one of the Trustees; but the Field will be free to all. 6. All Articles under the head of " Domes- tic and Household Manvfaclnres," it must be carefully noticed, are to be deposited in the So- ciety's Rooms, on Monday the 18th, to bo ex- amined by the Committee on Tuesday the 19th, being the day before tlie Cattle Sho~D. Persons oifering them, will hand to the Secretary, the necessary Certificates of the Manufacture being within the Stale of Massachusetts, as they are not permitted themselves to bo present at Ihe Examination of the Committee; but are ex- pected afterwards to see to their own goods, uhirh are to be at their own risk, and are not allowed to he removed from the Hall, until af- ter the public sale on the 21st. The Trustees will furnish a Night Watch on the same, during the continuance of the Show. 7. .'Ml persons offering Articles nnder the head of " /)i-je)i(ioiu," will place them in the Lower Hall, on the West Side, as directed by the person who will be there to receive them, on Monday the 18th; and on Tuesday the 19lh, at 9 A. M. they will attend the Committee, fur- nished with evidence of their usefulness, &,c. agreeably to the premium list. 8. All persons ofl'ering Butter, Cheese, Cider, and Currant Wine, must have them at the Hall on Monday the ISlh or before 10 A. M. of Tuesday the 19th, all having a private mark, and a scaled paper, giving a lull slalement of the j free ol atiy expom nionce ularly. n-d till- s.ilo Cider and Wine making. The best barrel of i nionce with the lir,-t entry, and proceed on rcg Cider and gallon of Currant Wine, which ol tain the first premium, will be made use of at the Society's Dinner, on Wednesday (he 201h. 9. Those persons oHering Working O.tcn, having regularly entered them, will arrange (hem in the Society's Field, on Thursday the 21st, under Ihe direction of a Marshal, and must thereafter be under the direction of the Committee for that purpose. 10. Those persons who have entered Ploughs for the Alatchesns well as those who intend to do so before 9 A. M. of the 21st, will please to observe the new regulations on that head in the premium lists, and have their ploughs on the ground before 9 o'clock, as precisely at that hour the lists will be called over. 1 1 . The following Gentlemen being appointed Marshals, Major Wi:F.Ei.Er,, G. W. Beale, Esq. Col. S.uiuEL J..1QUES, and Capt. Isaac Cook, it is exi)ected that every person having business at the Shoxi-, will follow their directions, as also those of the Trustees of Ihe Society, so that proper order and regularity may be supported. 12. As the Chairman of each Committee will prepare their own Rules and Regulations, it is expected and required, that all persons having business with either Committee will govern themselves accordingly. 1.3. The Premiums will be awarded on the 21st, at 4 P. M. in the Meeting House, and the T"°asur"r will immodiatcly after in the Socie- tj, "s Hall, pay all premiums, those the most dis- tant I'rom home first. It must be remembered that any premiuins which are not claimed in Six Months, are considered as generously given to aid the funds of the Society. 11. The examination of all Animals will take place on Wed:iesday the 20th ; the trial of Working Oxen and Ploughing Matches on Thurs- day Ihe 21st ; and the Public Sales of Animals and Manufactures on Thursday Ihe 21st. 15. All Fat Animals must be weighed before entering the Pens, at the expense of their own- ers. IG. Animals to he sold at Public Auction on the 2d day of the Show, agreeably to notice in the Hand Bill for Premiums, must be entered, and a description of the same given to the Secretary', (Jonathan Winship, Esq. of Brighton — tr 'ehom, it must be particularly noticed, all en- triis relating to the rvhole Shoxi), excepting the Ploughing Matrh, are to be made,) to ennble them to enter the proper Pens on the morning of Ihe 21st, the sale whereof will commence in regular order at half past 11 o'clock pre- cisely. An Auctioneer will attend to the sale, free of charge to the owners, except Govern- meat Duties, and who must be responsible for the delivery of their own Animals and Manufac- tur«s, in couformity to the conditions of Ihe sale, The sale of Manufactures will commence in the Hall at 12 o'clock. Proprietors of Goods will have a list prepared to hand the Auclioneer ; they are also expected to collect their own moneys ; it being fully understoorl, that the Auclioneer is only to bid off the same. will com- s- Commitleenf Arran"ements. 17. The Members of th.e Society who have not received their Ctrlificales, will find Mr. Kuhn attending Un- tlial purpose, at thrir nfScis in the Agricultural ILill, who will deliver them, on paying Five D.dhirs, the sum agreed upoa instead of all annual assessments. T.';e same l)orson "ill a!~o, on application in season, fur- nish Tickets lor the Dinner at Dudley's Man- sion House Hotel. 18. The Mall will bo opened on 'Wednesdav' the 20th, between the hours of 9 and 12, for the sole purpose of giving Ladies an op])ortuuity of viewing the Manufactures, and some of Ihii Trustees will ha tlicre to wait upon liicm. The oTi'iiers of goods are expected, on both public days of Shoiv and Sale, to attend and exhibit their oirn articles. The Trustees can devise no bet- ter mode Io prevent loss and tlamage to goods, and at the same time to give the public an op- portunity to view them. 19. No person whatever will be admilled in- to the Halls only on Wednesday the 20th, and Thursday the 21st, except those having busi- ness there. GORHAM PARSON.S, ; .JOHN PRINCE, P. C. BROOKS, September, iT)2 1. ESSEX A'^RlCULTURAL SOCIETY. Arrangement for the Agfictdturai E.rhibition ut Topsfdd, on Tuesday, October 26, 1824. 1. All claims for premiums must be entered with the Secretary of theSociet}', on or before 9 o'clock, A. M. of the day of Exhibition. And each claimant will be expected to furnish a de- scription in writing of the animal or article of- fered for j)remiums. 2. .^11 animals and articles intended for cxhi- hibition or premium, must be presented to the officers of (he Society, who will be in at- tendance to receive them, by 8 o'clock in the morning, that there may be time to arr.nnge them in their proper places by 9, after which none will be adniittcd. 3. Gentlemen who have fine animal.", or any articles of extr iordin;'.ry grovah or qualify, will gratily the Trustees by exhibiting Ihe.n. Suitable accommodations wiil be provided lor their reception. 4. The several commiitecp for cx?niining Stock, &c. will meet together ai the Hotel, at 9 o'clock, A. M. and thence proceed immediately in the performance of their respective duties; at which time the owners or keepers of these animals or articles presented for premiums, must be present to give any information that may be required concerning the.';;. 5. The ploughing match will commence pre- cisely at 11 o'clock. Convenient accommoda- tions will be provided for eight or ten competi- tors ; and more if necessary. Persons intend- ing to enter the list for ploughing, are request- ed to give notice of th^ir intention previous to 74 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. the ilay of Exhibition. As four premiums are ofllpred on this siilijecf, it is hoped that the num- ber of competitors will be large. The work must be done by one pair of oxen, without a driver. 6. The trial of working oxen will follow imnjediafely after the ploughing, in such man- ni^r as the Committee shall direct. Five pre- minrasare offered on this subject, amounting to seventy dollars. 7. if cer or pass. 1 he a Meeting of the Society, at the Meeting ilouse, ! ends of the field between the furrows being re- wbrn the report of the several committees will: served for the occupation of Memoers of the be read, and the usual business of the Annual Society, all other personsare prohibited passing Meetin- trans.icled. At this time the R,.p„rt of thereon without the permission of a Marshal.— persons but the Marshals, Jud-es Committee of|^i„,, «,„;„, _the latter a malignant D^mon. The Arrangements and those enga-cd in the 1 longh- j pj^,^^,^ .^ ^^^ implement of such consequence in hu^ bandry ihat it is often used as synonymous with Agri- culture itself. To " venerate the P/ougA," is tovent- tbe Committee appointed to fix on a permanent No regard is to be had to the time in which any place of Exhibition, will be made to the Society. I plou2:hing should be done, if done within 30 ■ minutes. The goodness of the work, and not the time in which it is done, being the object of the premiums. 6. Animals must be in the Pens before 9 o'- clock, A. M. and must not be removed until 3 11. The following gentlemen have been ap- pointed Slarshals on this occasion, viz: CoL. Jesse Putnam, Dr. R. A. Meriam, Ma,i. David Emerv, Mr. William Hubbard, Mr. Ezra Batcheldek, Capt. Gilbert Taplev. Bi/ order of the Committee of .Arrangements. JOHN W. PROCTOR, Sec'ry. Topsfidd, Sept. 18, 1824. WORCESTER CATTLE SHOW. by permission of the Committee of Arrange- ments. 7. Each Committee will make and publish Hides and Bcs'dations to be observed at the Cattle ^"<^^ "'h*''' {"^"'es as they may find necessary in Sho-j.\ Fahibition of Manufactures, and Plough- discharge of the trust a.«signed them, and all {ng Match, at Worcester, on Wednesday, the [>Prsons concerned will conform thereto. Vio- iotk of October 1821. | lations of all Rules will be rigorously prosccut- • r , , , 1 f"''' nccordin? to the provisions of law 1. The preservation ol good order and an enlorccment of the Rules and Regulations of the Trustees, and of the Committee of Arrange- ments, heretofore published are confi.led to ihe i business. The Society will move in proces-i especial charge of the Marshals who have been [,;^„^ precisely at 11 o'clock, to the South M rate Agriculture. — [Ed. N. E. Farmer. PLOUGHING MATCH AT BRIGHTON. The Committee of Arrangements for the Cat- Ti E Show at Brighton, have lieen furnished with a piece of ground for the Ploughing Match, by Mr John Herrick. It is south of his h"use, on the road leading from Cambridge to Bngliton meeting bouse, and nearly opposite the land of Mr Francis Winship, used tor that purjiose last o'clock, P. M. without the permission of a Mar- 1 year. If will be laid out by a surveyor, in ten shal. All Manufactured Articles, curious fm- ] lots of one quarter of an acre each, to be ploiigh- plements of Husbandry, and rare Products of ed with two yoke of oxen ; and ten lots ol one the Field will be exhibited in the Rooms appro- j eighth of an acre each, to be ploughed by one priated to that purpose, from 9 o'clock, A. M. ; yoke of oxen. The ground is level, anil will until 5 o'clock, P. M. unless sooner removed afford a fine margin for spectators, the soil equal in quality, free from stones, well swarded on a friable mould. The following is an extract from the premium list, published in January last, and distributed through the state. " On the second day of the Cattle Show, viz. Thursday the 21st day of October, premiums will be given to the owners and ploughmen of 8. The Irustees will be in session at S/oc/;- ,hree ploughs drawn by two yoke of oxen, and well s Inn, at 8 o'clock, A. M. for the admission ! to the owners and ploughmen of three ploughs of Members and the transaction of all necessa- 1 drawn by one yoke of oxen, which shall be ad- appointed liy the Trustees, and will be under oath, agreeably to law, to the faithful discharge of their dulv. \ 2. The limits of the Cattle Show and Trial of Working Oxen are delincd by a line on the south side of the South Meeting House, extend- ed easterly from the east side of the great post road opposite to the north east corner of the front yard fence of Mr. Benjamin Butman, to the south west angle of the burying yard wall ; thence easterly, and by the road on the south side of the School-House ; and from said road, including the whole of the open ground between the Baptist Meeting House and the I'ound to Front-Slreet ; thence by the south side of Front Street to the Guide-Post at the westerly end ; thence westerly crossing to the first elm tree isoulh of the Famj) ; thence by the range of eet- ing-llouse, where Prayers will bo offered and an Address delivered. The names of geitle- men appointed Judges, and other arrangen'enls will then be announced. 9. The Premiums will be awarded in tlie Meeting House, at 5 o'clock, P. M. 0:5= A public Dinner ivill be provided at Cy- rus Stockwell's Inn. Tickets, at 75 cents each, will he delivered at his bar. By order of the Committee of the Worcester -Igri- cultural Society. Theopiiilus Wheeler, Willlam Stfdman, Thomas Chamberlain, Nathan Howe, Join W. Lincoln, Jonas L. Siblev, Isaac Southgaie, Si- las Brooks, John W. I^Iubbard, Committee of Arrangemcnli. Worcester, Sept. 16, 1824. judged by a competent Committee, to have per- Ibrmed tlie best xcork n'ilh least expense of labour, not exceeding half an acre to each plough. — Notice will be given in the publick papers at least six weeks before said day (if ground can be obtained) that a piece of ground has been provided for twenty ploughs, ten double and ten single teams, and that entries may be made of the names of the competitors, until the morning of the 21st. Preference will be given to those who enter first ; but if on calling the list pre- cisely at the hour appointed, those first named do not appear, tb? next in order will be prefei-t red. 'I'bere will he two Committees of three persons each, one to be judges of the ploughing bv dou'de teams, the other of the [iloughui!; by single teams, Iht^ latter to have assigned them a part of the field distant from that of the double teams. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. I.) Premiums, being the same for the double and single teams, are as follows : 1st plough j^ir. 2d plough glO 3d plough <^fi J'loiiffbninn 8 Ploughman 5 rioughman 3 Driver 4 Driver 3 Driver 2 i'l-i si« Si' In eacii case, if there he no driver, both sums to be awarded to the ploughman. The persons disposed to contend for these prizes, must give notice in writing to (lunuAM Parsons of Brighton (if by letter, post-paid). The competitors will also be considered as agreeing to follow sncli rules and regulations as may be adopted by the Committee on the subject. The ploughs to be ready to start at 9 o'clock A. M. The result of the last Ploughing Matches at Brighton, and the satisfaction expressed by so mauy of their agricultural brethren, will induce the Society to continue these premiums annual- ly, in connexion with the Cattle Show, as an efficacious means of exciting emulation and im- provement in the use and construction of that most important instrument of Agriculture — the Plough. By orcter of the Committee of Arrangements, GORHAM PARSONS. September 2B, 1821. TO THE EDITOR OF THE KKW ENGLAND FARIKER. GATHERING INDIAN CORN. Sir, — The opinions of agriculturists are some- 1 what various relative to the utility of ihe jirac- ! lice of cutting up and stacking corn while green, i While some who practise the method give une- fjiiivocal tesliinony of its utility, and recommend the practice of it to others, — there are many,! and perhaps most others, who never made the, experiment, and wlio appear to be api)rehensive • that the consequence of so doing will be a cer- ' tain diminution of the crop, — that the corn will' necessarily become shrivelled and comparative- j )y light. Might it not be ascertained by actual experiment, whether it has this eflect or not ? 1 have, the present month, cut up and secured , much the greatest part of my corn I Ids way. A part of mv beat piece, however, 1 have left, standing in the field to ripen in the good old-jsay. Jly present intention is, at harvesting, to keep separate from the rest, that part which I have not cut up, that 1 may he able, after having f.helled and weighed a bushel or two of each, satisfactorily to ascertain whether I shall have been a gainer or loser by the experiment. The objectof thiscommunication is to ref|nest that some one or more of your correspondents, to whom it may be practicable, would make iiccurate experiments tending to solve the ques- tion, whether corn is or is not reducetl in its tveight or value, by being cut to the ground vtn^ stacked vihile gieen. Should any one be disposed to complv with this request, and to communicate the result through Ihe medium of the New England Farmer, it might be well, particularly to notice the time of cutting up, the forwardness of the corn when cut up, its weight when dried and shelled, and anything else which shall tend to throw light uiioii the subject. Yours, truly, Franklk, Sept. 27, 1324. p*******ri. BOILING POTATOES. In the New F.iiiilaml FarmeT, vol. ii. pag^e 591^ we piiblislud " directioiis for hoiling; pnlatop?,'" taken from the Iruh Fanner's Journal, which was very rationally S'ipposed to be good anthorily on a fil.ji'ct of this kind. Some of our friends, however, tried »!iat mode of cook- ins; potatoes, and found that the process rendered the potatoes as heavy (in prr portion to (heir weight) as lud- lels, and as watery (more or less) as Seed-cucumbers. We arc very sorry to mislead our readers in a matter of so much consequence as boiling potatoes, — a topick which would not suffer by a comparison with most of those relating- to domestic economy, which have been si ably discussed by the celebrated fount Rumford. — We will however make all the amends in our power, by giving another receipt, which we are very confident, (though we may mistake) will not disappoint the ex- pectations of those who will take the trouble to try it. From Ihe Farmer^s Magazine {Scotland.) Observations on the best and 7nosl economical Method of Boiling Potatoes. In your supplement, a receipt is given for boiling potatoes, which I have formerly seen ; and it was then said to be recommended by Count RvMFORD. Admitting it to have been recommended by that celebrated economist, I must affirm, that the receipt is calculated not only to boil, but, at the same lime, to spoil po- tatoes, cooked in the mode therein recommend- ed, when they are in the smallest degree of an infcriour quality : particularly in putting in cold water from time to time, to lessen the heat of the water in the pot, and boiling them with their skins on. The fact is, that to render potatoes mealv, they must be boiled in the most expeditious manner possible : and for accomplishing this, I give you the receipt followed by my own good wife at home. Potatoes of last year's growth are generally of an indifferent quality ; but any attentive housewife who tries both methods, can then judge which deserves the [ireference. 1st. Pick out the quantity to be used as near- ly of an equal size as possible, let them be well washed, and Ihe skins scraped ofl", as is done (vith carrots, taking out the eyes, and any earth ihat remains about them, with (he point of a knife ; when the potatoes are large, they m.ty be cut into two, three, or four pieces ; throw one by one, as they are done, into clean water, and rinse them well about, before they arc put in- to the goldet. 2d. Put the scraped potatoes into a goblet that has a tight, well fitted cover, with as much clean water as will barely cover them ; throw in a little salt ; fit on the cover as closely as possible, for keeping in the steam, and increas- ing the heat, and place the goblet on the hottest part of a hot fire, in order that it may boil as raoidly as possible. Whenever the potatoes are enough boiled, thev must be taken off Ihe lire, otherwise they will immediately begin to ab- sorb the water (to the detriment of their mealy quality;) which being poured olT, the goblet is azain jjut upon the fire, with the cover off, to dry up the moisture ; they are then taken out with a spoon, and put upon a disli for serving up to table. Potatoes, boiled in this manner, will be found I perfectly clean, more mealy than when dressed with the skins on ; besides, when they come to; table in this last mentioned state, it is certainly a very disagreeaMe operation, taking ofl' Ihe skins, by soiling the fingers, ilirlying Ihe table cloth, confuting the plales, and t;diiug up Ihe time and allention ol' the ealer«, when they ought to be better employed. The mode here, recommended, is also nioio economical ; for if part of the (jolatoes should fall down into meal, it is found perfectly clean, and lit for being made into a pudding; but when the skins are left on, the mealy part being attaclied to them, is entirely lost, or only fit to be given to swine of poultry. While Veils injuriovs. — White veils, now so much worn, have a tendency to increase sun- burns and freckles, by their increasing the inten- sity of the sun's light. They are also very in- jurious to the eyes, and will in a short time spoil the freshness and dim ihe lustre of the most brilliant eyes. Green is the only color which should be worn as a veil. PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. The following interesting facts are selected from Professor Silliman's American Journal of Arts and Sciences. Opium is now made in considerable quantities in England, and is preferred by physicians and surgeons to the best that can be obtained irem Turkey and the East Indies. The capsule is scarified, and collected as soon as it appears, and not left until it grows hard. It is collected in a phial with a little tunnel fixed in the mouth. 10,844 teas of pure copper were produced by the copper-mines of Great Britain and Ireland in the year ending June 30lh 1!!'J2. The astringent matter in corks has been found in some cases to absorb the particles of iron, in chaly- beate water. It is recommended therefore that the corks be first steeped in the water. Linen, muslin, paper, wood, straw, Szc. may be rendered uninflammable by being dipped in a solution of phosphate of ammonia or acidulous phosphate of lime. Clothes, valuable documents, panuels, roofs, awnings, &c. exposed to fire, may thus be rendered less liable to destruction. An electrical shock may be received from a cat, bjr placing the left hand under the animals throat, slight- ly pressing the bones of the shoulder, and then gently passing the right hand down the back. The line of a silk worm measured 404 yards and weighed wiien dry only 3 grains. A pound wcild reach 533 miles ; and 47 pounds would go round the world. Fish may he preserved dry and fresh with sugar alone, by applying it inside to the muscular part, and hanging Ihe fish up 2 or 3 days, till it has penetrated. A t.able spoon full of brown sugar will be sufficient for a salmon of 5 or 6 pounds, and will communicate no taste to it. When glass is drawn out to the finest thread, it still retains the character of the original mass, whe- ther it be twisted, angular or tubular and mercury will sliU find its passage through the latter at any degree of attenuation. Fine sand has been observed 3C0 miles from Ihe coast of .\frica, after having been carried that dis- tance by the wind. Count Romanzoff has sent out travellers from the eastern coast of .\sia, to cross the ice to America. The Chevalier de Marthus has writttn to Professor Silliman, that he wishes to open a correspondence with ionie scientific gentltman in A^if-rica to obtain botanical specimens from this country, in exchange for African and European plants and seeds. He travelled in Brazil in the years 111 17 and 1020 in com- pany with Ur. de Spix, and the first volume c^ their journal has been lately published. 76 NEW ENGLAND FAUMER. Translated from the Annates de Chimie el Physique. OX THE EMPLOYMENT OF MURIATE OF LIME AS A MANURE. M. DuBuc, Apothecary and Member of the Rnval Academy of Science at Rouen, has em- ployed from the year 1320 to 1823, a solution of muriate of lime as a manure or dressing to stimulate the growth of vegetables. Of his nu- merous experiments, the following is a short abstract. A solution is made of one part of dry muriate of lime in sixty parts of water which then niaiks two degrees on the hydrometer. The ground intended to receive the vegetables is first wat- ered with this solution, then the seeds or plants are again watered with it when planted, and this is repeated three or four times during their growth. M. Dubuc sowed some maize [Indian corn] in a light soil, which had been eight days prev- iously watered with this saline liquor, and by v«ay of comparison, some more maize was sown on the same soil at six feet distance, but moist- ened with common water. The former sample was again watered with the muriate of lime from time to time during its growth, and ultimately the plants acquired double the size of those that had received only common water. M Dubuc has also m the same way promoted and hasten- eil the growth of the large campanula, the lilac, and other shrubs and fruit trees, &.c. The same beneficial effect has been produced on esculent plants, onions and poppies, for which the soil of Rouen is naturally very favourable, and which under this treatment have nearly doubled their usual size. He has thus brought the large sun- flower, which generally grows to six or eight feet in height, to twelve and fifteen feet, which is its natural growth in Sjiain. Some of these plants, watered with the muriate of lime, throw out leaves from eighteen to twenty inches in width, and bear flowering heads of twelve or fourteen inches diameter, the seeds of which furnish half their weight of oil fit for the table, and which exude from the centre a very frag- rant terebinthinous fluid, drying to a resin by exposure to the air. Lastly, M. Dubuc set two beds on the Lst of May 1822, with potatoes, selected as nearly e- qual in size as possible, six feet apart from each other, and watered one bed with the saline so- lution, and the other with common water. Both were dug up on the lOlh of November, when the crop iVom the former bed was found gene- sally near twice that of the otlier, giving many potatoes G inches long, and 12 inches round, weighing nearly two jjounds. These large ones were quite as good food as the other, and kept equally as well to the beginning of the April following. The saline vegetative liquor was only used three times during the six or seven months of the growth of the potatoes, and the leaves and stalks were of proportionate vigour. It appears that in general three or four wat- erings witJi the muriate, at long intervals, are sufficient for vegetables submitted to the action iif the salt ; whose electro-organic power ap- pears to be very singular, since, according to • the o'.)servation of M. Labarraque, apothecary, of Paris, the same subs'.ance applied to the living i body, will =oon stop the progress of gangrenes and foul ulcers, and promotes the rapid growth of those hcallhv granulations by which wounds become filled up and finally cicatrize. [remarks by the editor.] Dr GoRHAiH, in liis Elements of Chemical Science, vol. ii. p. too, observes, that muriate of lime (or chlo- ride of calcium) "may be formed by adding lime to liquid muriatic acid, the hydrogen of the acid combin- ing with the oxygen of the lime, forming water, and the two other elements uniting with each other. It is also the result of the operation of obtaining ammonia, by quick-lime and muriate of ammonia. When its so- lution is evaporated, it may be obtained in the form of six-sided prisms, terminated by six-sided unequal pyra- mids," &c. But if intended for manure, we should suppose that evaporation would not be necessary. All that would be requisite, would be merely to add chalk, pounded marble, or lime-stone to muriatic acid [spirit of sea salt] till the mixture ceased to effervesce. Then dilute the clear liquor with a large quantity of water, and water your plants with this preparation. We can- not pretend to prescribe the proportion of water which should be used to dilute this solution, and perhaps ex- pei'hnent alone can decide what quantity would render the mixture sufficiently mild to be used with safety and to advantage in watering plants. We believe that this manure might be obtained sufficiently i^heap to answer a valuable purpose, especially for gardeners in the im- mediate vicinity of a large market. From Rees'' Encijclopedia. WOOL. [Continued from page CO.] Short Clothing Wool. — Tlie principal qualities deserving attention in clothing-wools are the regular fineness of the hair or pile, its softness and tendency to felt, the length and soundness of the staple, and the colour. The wool-buyer also regards as important the clean state of the fleece ; and to the grower its weight is partic- ularly deserving attention, for in fleeces equally fine, from sheep of the same size, some may be much heavier than others, the fibres of wool being grown closer to each other on the skin. The fineness of the hair can only be estima'.ed to any useful purpose, in the woolen manufac- ture, by the wool-sorter or wool-dealer, accus- tomed by long habit to discern a minute differ- ence, which is quite imperceptible to commjn observers, and scarcely appreciable by the most |)owerful microscopes. Of the various altemjits that have been made to recVice the fineness of wool to a certain standard, by admeasurement with a micrometer, we shall afterwards speak. From some experiments we have made, as well as from those made by Mr Luccock, Dr Parry, and others, wc may estimate the thickness of the finest Spanish and Saxony wool to be not more than the fifteen hundredth ]>art of an inch, and that of the finest native English, to be from twelve to thirteen hundred parts, whilst the in- terior sorts gradually increase to the six hund- redth part of an inch and more. A difl'erence in the size of these fibres, too minute to be no- ticed by the common observer, may occasion a dillerence of 10 percent, or more, in the value of the wool. The fineness of the hair has ever been considered as an important quality since the clothing manufacture emerged from it.s rud- est state. Fine wool was foimerly valued be- cause a fmer thread could be spun from it, and .1 thinner fabric made, than from the coarser wool ; but since recent mechanical improve- ments have been introduced into the woolen manufacture, it has been found practicable to spin coarse wool to the same length as the finer wools were formerly spun to. It is well known however to cloth manufacturers, that whatever he the fineness of the yarn, unless the wool be fine, it is impossible to make a fine, compact, and even cloth, in which the thread shall be covered with a thick, soft pile ; nor would a thin cloth made from coarse wool, have the same durability or appearance as one from fine wool uf equal weitrht per yard. Fine wool will, therefore, always preserve a superior value to the coarse : indeed, it was always considered as the principal and almost the only quality de- serving the attention of the wool-grower, the wool-stapler, and the clothier. The regular fineness of the fibre is also an object of considerable importance; the lower end of the staple, or that part of the fleece nearest the skin, will sometimes be very fine,^ and the upper part coarse. In some fine fleeces, there will frequently bean intermixture of long, silvery, coarse hairs, and in other fine fleeces, an intermixture of short, thick, opaque hairs, called kemps. When the wool is thus irregu- larly fine or intermixed, it is technically called not true gron-n. The fleeces of Spain and Por- tugal, [jarticularly of the latter country, are many of them injured by the long silvery hair before mentioned ; whether this be owing to the original Tarentine breed having been cros- sed with the coarse-wooled native sheep of Spain, and still preserving a tendency to revert to their first condition, or whether it be the ef- fect of heat on the skin, is uncertain. The Sax- ony fleeces from the same breed, removed to colder climates, are generally free from this detect. The coarser short hairs, or kemps, are not uncommon in some of the fine-wooled flocks ofEngland&,\Vales,particularly those which are much exposed to the inclemencies of the weath- er, and which have a scanty and irregular sup- ply of food. In some flocks, the proportion of m fine wool in each fleece is much greater than in 'I others, for in few or none is the wool grown ■ uniformly fine over the whole body. ^ On the Merino sheep the fleece is more reg- ular, whatever be the degree of fineness, than in any of our native English fine-wooled breeds. ' The Merino fleece admits of a division into three I sorts, — the rcfiiii, the _^ia, and the terccra., with 1 a very minute portion of coarse from the shanks [and head, which is not sent to market. These I three sorts are distinguished in commerce by the j names R. F. and T. On the average, there will I be in each fleece nearly three-tourlhs of the best j or R. wool. The second and third sorts, or the I F. and T. wool, will also contain a considerable portion as fine as the best, but being shorter and discoloured, or intermixed with coarse hairs, will require their locks to be separated from the best sort, or the refina. In the native English fleeces, however fine some part may be, the proportion of the best sort rarely exceeds one third part, and is fre- quently not more than one sixth part of the whole fleece. The value of the best part of a Spanish fleece, or the R. ivool, varies greatly in different flocks. When this sort, from the most esteemed flocks, may be worth six shillings and six pence per NEW ENGLAND FARxVIER. 77 pound in the English mnrkpt, the R. wnol from anoiher (loclv may not be worth more than three shilling'' i>nil six pence. Tiie F. and T. wools are from 25 to 30 per cent, lower than the fir~l sort ; thus tlie inferior sorts from the finest pijc-^ may be of greater value than the best sort, or R. wool, of other piles; but they are never in- termixed by the dealers, as they are applicable to diflorcnl fibrics. In the English mode of wool-sorting, there will frequently be eight or ten sorts in a single fleece ; and if the best wool of one fleece be not equal to the finest sort, it is thrown to a second, third, or fourth, or a still lower sort, which is of an equal degree of fine- ness with it. The best English short native fleeces, such as the fine Norfolk and ?liort Down, are generally divided by the wool-sorter into the following sorts, varying in degree of^fiuencss from each other, which are called Prime, Choice, Super, Head, Downrights, Seconds, Fine abb, Coarse abb, Livery, Short coarse, or breech wool. Besides these sorts of white clothing wool, two and generally three sorts of grey wool are made, consisting ol' locks, which may be black, or in- termixed with grey hairs. Some wool-sorters also throw out any remarkably fine locks in the prime, and make a small quantity of a superior sort, which they call pick lock. The origin of some of the above names is obscure, but the names of the finer sorts appear to indicate either a progressive improvement in the quality of the wool, or in the art of wool- sorting. The relative value of each sort varies considerably, according to the greater demand for coarse, fine, or middle cloths; and the varia- tion during and since the war of 1811 in the Spanish peninsula has been most increased by temporary causes. Before that period, when the R. woo! of good Spanish piles sold at from five shillings and sis pence to six shillings per pound ; the prime from Herefordshire fleeces was sold at about three shillings and six pence, :md that of the Norfolk and South Downs from three shillings to three shillings and two pence per pound. The higher price of the Hereford- shire was in part owing to its being in a cleaner state. The Spanish wool is also cleaner than any of the English wools, being scoured after it is shorn. But the latter is only imperfectly washed on the sheep, previously to its being shorn. A pack of English clothing wool of 240 pounds weight, in its marketable state, will waste about 70 pounds in the process of the manufac- ture. The same quantity of Spanish wool, as -sent to market, will not waste more than 4G lbs. on the average. This contributes to enhance the ditierence in the prices of each as well as the superior fineness of the latter. Different wool-sorters make a considerable ■variation in their modes of sorting the same kind of fleeces : some divide them into more sorts than others ; but the following table may be taken as the average relative value of each sort, when the prime is worth about three shillings and two pence per pound, and may serve to shew the skill required to estimate the value of English wool in the fleece. s. d. s. d. Prime, 3 0 to 3 4 Choice, 2 4 to 2 3 Super, 2 0 to 2 2 Head, 1 8 to 1 10 Downrights, 1 5 to 1 C Seconds, 1 3 to 1 4 Fine abb, 1 0 to 1 I Coarse abb, 0 9 to 0 10 Livery, 0 8 to 0 10 Short coarse, 0 7 to 0 8 The demand for coarse woolen goods having greatly increased of late, the prices of the lower sorts are considerably advanced from the above slated prices, and the following is a statement of the present prices per pound in London. s. d. Short coarse, 1 4 Livery^ b Fine abb, G Seconds, 7 Downrights, 8 Head, 10 Super, 2 0 Cho'i-.e, 2 2 Prime, 2 C Picklock, 3 0 [To he cnnUaued.^ From the H'ashinglon (jPa.) Examiner. WORMS IN THE HEAD OF SHEEP. Mr Editor, — I have been lately, nt regular periods, dissecting the heads of sheep, for the purpose of ascertaining at what time ihojli/ made its deposit in the nostril of this valuable animal. None were found until this morning; and those now discovered have the appearance of being very recently deposited — they are barely dis- cernible to the naked eye. By the aid of a good microscope, we can observe all the characteris- tic mai ks of the full grown worm, which I now have preserved in spirits, taken from the head of a sheep killed by the worms last winter. — They are of a clear white colour, except the head, which is dark. I found them from two to four inches from the nostril, attached to the membrane covering the cartilage of the nose. There is little doubt but these worms have destroyed great numbers of sheep, whilst their death was attributed to rot or some other cause. I am disposed to believe that they kill more than all the other diseases put together. I would beg the attention of the owners of the numerous fine flocks in this vicinity, to endeavour to ascertain with as much certainty as possible what kind of fly deposites these destructive nils. I believe I have now found pretty certainly the time the enemy makes his attack. Could we find with equal certainty who the enemy is, there might be some hopes of defeating his de- structive operations. A writer in the New- England Farmer strongly recommends frequently tarring the nose of the sheep at this season. — 1 Might not fisli oil or assafoetida answer a good] purpose ? — B. I P. S. It is perhaps worth notice, that only a | few days ago the first nits were discovered on the horses' legs. This simultaneous attack gives some strength to an opinion entertained by many, j that the bott-vvorm and this are the same. I GREAT WALKING MATCH. The nowspapers frequently call upon us to admire the feats of the race horses whose deeds are immortal- ized in the annals of sportsmen, and the rccoids of the turf. But the athletic and nimble achievements of the nobler animal Maw, seem to allrart little notice, iu comparison with those of Flyin|' Childcrs, I'.clipse, and other brutes of surpassinj^ celebrity, who have run Ihemselves into public notice. We seem not to reflect that, although " The 7nind '* the measure of the man," yet the body is worthy of some attention ; and that, other things being equal, the most active, hardy, strong-, and athletic of ttie human species possess great advant- ages over their puny brethren, who are brought up to be effeminate, — shiver in the breeze, wither in the sun- beam, and enjoy scarcely greater powers of voluntary motion, than the sensitive plant, or the oyster. While we admire swift horses and strong oxen, let us not re- fuse at least our mite of applause to men who possess physical as well as intellectual power. Indeed there is actual merit in a man's being strong and active, be- cause strength and activity are not only gifts of Provi- dence, but the results of temperance and exercise. [Ed. N. E. Farmer. — Match on foot, — of 280 miles in 9G hours. — A pedestrian from Cumberland, of the name of Snealh, finished his performance at six o'clock yesterday morning. The match was for 200 gold sovereigns, to start from the Haymarket, and to travel into seven counties, so as not to pick the roads. It is one of the greatest feats ever attempted. The start took place on Sat- tirday morning. The pedestrian went to That- cham, 53 miles, to dinner, in 14 hours, and he performed 76 milps, and had three hours' rest, in the first 24 hours. He turned off near De- vizes, Wilts, to Salisbury, and thence to Weyhill, Hants, and did 72 miles the second 24 hours, and then took a route to Southampton and stayed and refreshed in the neighbourhood of Comp- ton, near Winchester, the third 24 hours. He had 67 miles to do the last day, after sleep and other refreshment. He went 30 miles to dinner, reached Hartley-Row at 8 o'clock in the after- noon, having 36 miles to perform in the 10 hours. He halted a few minutes at Bagshot and at Staines, took tea at Hounslow, and won the match with a quarter of an hour to spare. — Captain Murray, the ur»pire, states, that the pedestrian was never much fatigued after the second day's journey. This is the greatest feat known of. — London J\'et« Times. Sudden Death. — When sudden death happens in the street, the nearest door should be imme- diately opened for the reception of the body. In all cases, interment should be deferred till signs of putrefaction appear, but especially in those where no gradation of disease has preced- ed, as in cases of hysterics, apoplexy, external injuries, drowning, suffocation, &c. The effect of sound upon animal life is astonishing. The beat of a drum may have a beneficial effect up- on persons in a state of suspended animation. — A.I one time, a scream, extorted by grief, prov- ed the means of resuscitating a person suppos- ed to be dead.— £os. Medical InielU^enar, ^^^ 78 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. NEW EiVGI^AND FARMER. SATURDAY, OCTOBER 2, 1824. iFarmrr's (Ealcntrar. Apples and Cider. — Apples, intended forcider, should remain on the tree till fully ripe. They should be perfectly sound, clean, and dry, and all those which are knotty, rotten, or wormy, should be rejected when your object is to make the best of cider. Those apples which drop early, or are made into cider early in the seas- on, produce a liquor which in general is fit for nothing but to be turned into vinegar, or sent to the distillery. Cider meant for storing, or keeping on hand for any considerable time, should not be made till the latter end of Octo- ber, or the beginning of November. The cool- er the weather, — provided you do not freeze your fingers, nor your pomace, — the better. '' All cider apples should ripen as late as the 1st of November, and not Liter, to prevent the ex- pense of housing. If it bo necessary to house Ihem, it will be of great importance that they possess the property of keeping without rot- ting."* The quality of apples for cider mny be something more than guessed at by the appear- ance of the fruit. The higher the colour, the better the fruit. *' Let every tree, in every garden, own The red streak as supreme.^'' " The pippin burnished o'er with gold," — Is next in succession, and, as a general rule, those apples whose rinds and pulps are tinged with green are inferior to those which are red or yellow. Besides, according to Sir Humphry Davy, "the value of fruits for the manufacturo of fermented liquors, maj' be judged of from the specific gravity of Iheir expressed juices. The best cider and perr}' are made from those apples and pears that afford the densest juices ; and a comparison between dift'erent fruits mny be made with tolerable accuracy by plunging them to- gether into a saturated solution of salt, or a strong solution of sugar; those that sink deepest vill afford the richest juice." Most of the professors of the art of making cider toll us, that the apples which are meant for that purpose should be all of one sort. Mr. Coxe, however, says, '-the practice of mixing different varieties may often be found eligible, for it will be more easy to find the requisite quantity of richness and tlavour in two kinds of fruit than in one. It ia a tact generally under- stood, that ciders from mi.\ed fruits are found to succeed with greater certainty llian those made from one kind. Although this pr;ictice would deprive the dealer of certainly in the quality of Lis li()uor, and ought not tbercl'vire to be recom- mended for general adoption, yet it is worthy o! * (.Vxn on Fniil Trr-ps. the attention of an admirer of fine liquor, when providing for his own consumption." It is ol'ten almost, if not altogether impracticable for farm- ers to make any considerable quantity of cider without mixing apples of diiTerent sorts. But they may generally without much trouble so assort them that all which are ground k. pressed together, in the same cheese (as it is called) may be of about the same degree of ripeness. It is gross and ruinous nee;ligence to mix and carry to the press some apples which are green, some fully ripe, and ethers partly rotten. The Complete Farmer's Dictionary gives us the English practice of cider-making in Here- fordshire (a county celebrated for the excellence of its cider) as follows; " As the apples are gathered, I have them all assorted according to the several decrees of ripeness, making in general three sorts, which a little experience teaches me to separate pro- perly, the difference beinar apparent at first sisht. As fast as they arc gathered, they are carried under a shed to ripen. I suffer my apples to lie a longer or shorter time in beans, according to their nature ; such as are hard and solid lying longer than those that are soft and pulpy. 1 divide mv apples into three sorts ; but 1 have six qualities of cider, each diiVering in taste, flav- our, and quality. " As fast as mv fruit is gro\ind, (I need not say I use the ripest first) the pulp is put into vats near the press before if is put into the cheenr;iose, without ever hearing of any spoiling; and as it is my wish to make the productions of our country as useful as possible, 1 will give an account of my method of making this valuable liquor. " I gatlier the apple5. when dry, put them on a floor, under cover, and have a trough large enough to hold a cheese at once, and when the weather is warm I grind them late in the eve- ning spreading t!ie potnace over the trough to air it, as the cider will thereby be enriched, and a fine amber colour in it be produced: and hrre it may remarked that the longer a cheese lies after being ground, before pressing, the l)etter for the cider provided it escapes ferment- ation until the pressing is completed. 'I'he fol- lowing experiment will render this evident : — Cruise a tart apple on one side, and let it lav un- til brown; then taste the jnice of each part, and it will be I'ound that the juice of the bruised part is sweet and rich : so if sweet and tart ap- ples are ground together, and put immediate- ly' on the press, the liquor they produce will have the taste of both kinds of fruit ; but if permitted to lie until the pomace becomes brown the cider will be greatly improved." [7'o be continued.] AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITIONS. The Cattle Sliow and Fair of the Hartford, (Conn.) A»rienltural .'^"ociety will talce place iiitliatcity, ou the Gth of October inst. The annual Cattle .%ow and Fair will be holden in Pawtuset, R. I. on the 5th and 6th inst. The Berlal Republic prospers, as we trust it will, the important work will be achieved. Bosf. Pall, STEAM CARRIAGE.S. It is proposed in England to substitute iron rail-ways for roads, and employ steam engines instead of the great number of teams of horses and oxen, now used to transport travellers and merchandise. The dis- tance from London to Uie principal cities of England will be reduced one quarter or even one third by the construction of railways, in a right line and the nume- rous windings in the roads will be avoided. The prst from London, by this new arrangement will reach Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds in twelve hours, and only 24 hours will be required to arrive in Glasgow and Edinburg. It will cost about 20,000 dollars jkt mile to con- struct a double railway proper for carria»res both to go and return. The expense of a railway of four rows, is estimated at 58,000 dollars. The distance between London and Newcastle in a right line is about 200 miles. The establishment of this kind of communica- tion will cost therefore §11,500,000. The consump- tion of New Castle coal is a little more than 2,000,000 chaldrons a year, which, if the freight is a dollar each will yield the proprietors of the railway an annual revenue of 2,000,000 dollars, and will re-imhurse their capital in less than six years. But the profits of the establishment 'roBi other articles of transportation will be immense. To appreciate the amount, it is only necessary to remark that one steam engine will be able to propel along the railway in less than thirty hours from London to Edinburg, tliree carriages laden with passengers and baggage which at present require three hundred horses, and reach their place of desti- nation only in fifty hours. Little feasible as the execution of this project ap- pears, adds the French writer " we dare say capital- ists will be found in England venturous enough to I'irnish the funds and enjineers skilful enough to 01 ereonie the obstacles which seem to render it ini- p acticable. .'V". 5'. Obs. Cut that ion of Oysters. — It is proposed to render the lands in New-Jers"y now covered with salt water, jiroductive to the state by /j/rtn/'Me" them with oysters. < ompanie! are to lie Inrnied to take leases of lots containing not less than 1000 acres each, to be char- tereil for 30 years. *-ix companies are already said to le formed, ready to apply to the Legislature for charters, at the rate of $3000 per year for each lot. The harvests this season are said to be very al'up- dant. lioth in England and Ireland. In the latter rountry they will probably prevent much distress, and perhaps save not a little commotion. REMOVAL. THE A-ricultural Establishment is removed from Vo. 20 .Merchants Row to No. 5, north side of the Old Market, up stairs, where is for sale, a general as- sortment of the most approved Farming Implements togethirwith Willis's improved Straw Cutter and Blini Fastenings. Sept. 25, NURSERY. THE Subscriber, for a few years past, has been cul- tivating an extensive KRUIT NURSERY. He now has n large assorrment of Peach Treks, budded rom the best I'ruit in the country, native and foreign, n the best order for transplanting. By another season he hopes to ofttr I'jiAii and Cherry Trees of the first quality. O. HSKE. IVorcesler, Sept. 21, lf;24. ''!"-= M ^' ^^ of the 2d volume ol the New l^^ngland '^^ J3I Farmer is much wanted to complete files ; — lor which a generous price will be given. Printers who exchange willi us, will confer a great favour by re- turning their copies of that number. Sept. 4. The national debt of Spain is at present estimated at 81 millions sterling By the latest accounts, the yellow fever seems to be increasing at New Orleans. The new cases of the fever at Charleston, (S. C.) were two on the 15th and nine on the 16th. Major /-/'P7IJ7/ and party, who have been on an ex- pidif ion of three years to the Rocky mountains, have recently arrived at St. Tonis. Missouri. The compa- ny descended the Missouri in boats, having a consid- erable quantity of fur &'c. About three years since a Geopraphical Society was established at Paris, patronized by the Govern- ment. It has funds sufficient to award yearly premi- ums for dissertations on such subjects as the Society proposes ; and has alreadv awarded premiums to the amount of 7,700 francs, the largest of which was 3000 francs Jl violent gale commenced on the evening of the 14th iusl. at Charleston, S. C. which continued about eis:ht hours to blow with increasing violence. Con- sid.ralile damage was sustained by the shipping in fh> harbor, though it produced very little effect upon the tid . IViiit and Ornamental Trees. pt OR sale, as usual, at the KENRICK PLACE, near Briiihton. The Nurseries have been much enlarged, and contain variety of Pears, Apples, Cherries, Plums, .Apricots, &c. Also, the finest Nursery of budded Peach =*^'^^3SjPft9f^ite Trees known in America ; con- sisting of a choice collection of about 30 of the most approved kinds in our best gardens, or seen in the mar- kets ; the Peach Trees are from five to eight feet high, and sold at the moderate price of SS' 1-3 cents each ; — of good sized ornamental trees, — the flowering Horse Chesnnt — flowering Catalpa — European Mountain Ash — Weeping Willow — the Evergreen Silver Fir, and the 1 Hrc h — English Walnuts and Butter Nuts, both of which are justly admired for their fruit. The latter is a hardy, handsome tree, and its bark valuable in dyes and medicine. Currant bushes of the large prolific red kind, of all sizes, by the dozen, hundred or thousand, on moderate terms. Also the black, while, and Champaign, do — red and white roses — Lilacs — English Grapes, &c. Orders addressed to JOHN or WILLIAM KENRICK, nnd sent to the Brighton Post-Office, or to the Office of Mr. Samuel Oana, Broker, in State-street, Boston, will be duly attended to. N. B. Trees will be packed in clay and mats for shipping, and conveyed to Boston when ordered ; but gentlemen at a distance should employ some agent to receive and pay for them. F OR sale at this Office, BALL SKINS at the usual prices. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c. [Revised and corrected every Friday.] APPLES, best, new, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. - - - - BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. - - - eargo, No 1, - - - - " No 2, - - - - BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, - - - - skimed milk, - - - FLAX FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Geacssee, - - - Rye, best, ... GRAIN,Rye Corn - - . . - Barley - - - - Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort - - HOPS, No 1, Inspection 2£ LLME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS - - - - PORK, Bone Middlings - - - navy, mess. Cargo, No 1, - - - SEEDS, Ilerd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover - - - - - WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISIOTT MARKET. BEEI-', best pieces- - - - - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, - - - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, new, - lump, - • - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - - - - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, new, - - - CIDER, liquor, new - - - HAY, according to quality, from TO b. (. '... C. bbl 1 75 2 50 ton. 118 120 120 122 60 bush 90 1 00 bbl. lb. 12 13 7 8 3 4 8 9 bush 82 S4 bbl. 6 25 6 25 3 OO bush 52 54 43 56 50 55 30 lb. 11 12 38 40 cask 85 1 17 gal. 75 80 ton. 3 3 12 bbl. 17 00 Vi 13 50 12 50 13 bush 1 75 6 7 60 70 40 45 45 50 37 42 25 30 48 52 35 40 lb. / 10 8 9 5 6 5 10 3 10 7 16 12 15 18 21 13 15 bush 60 65 60 65 33 50 bbl. 1 33 2 on ton. 16 00 20 OO 80 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ^iscfUantes. From the Baltimore Wetkly Magazine, BAKED BEANS. O 1 how my heart sighs for my own native land, Where potatoes and squashes and cucumbers grow Wliere cheer and good welcome are always at hand, And custards and pumpkin pics smoke in a row ; Where pudding the visage of hunger serenes. And what is far dearer, the pot of bak^d beans. Let Maryl and boast of her dainties profuse. And large water-melons, and cantelopes fine, Her Surtle and oysters, and terrapin stews, And soft crabs high zested with brandy and wine ; Ah 1 neither my heart from my native land weans, When smokes on the table, the pot of fcaiV beans. The pot of bak''d beans .' with what pleasure I saw it, AVell season'd. well pork'd by some rosy fac'd dame ; And when from the glowing hot oven she'd draw it. Well cripa'd and well brown'd to the table it came, O, give me my country, the land of my teens, — Of the dark Indian pudding and pot of 6a/;V ieuni. The pot of loi'if beans .' Ah, the muse is too frail, Its taste to descant on, its virtues to tell ; But look at the sons of New-England so hale. And her daughters so rosy-'twill teach thee full well ; Like me it will teach thee to sigh for the means Of health — and of rapture ! — the pot otbak'd beans. A YANKEE. The following Epitaph is on a grave slono in Rev. Dr. Eaton's Parish, BosforJ : — Altho' my body at west Point Ly Kemember mc as you pass by. From, the Portland ^idvcrtiscr. SUNDRY RULES FOR GENTLE FOLKS. 1. When a lady makes a splendid parly, and the evening is mild, she should make her room of the temperature of an oven, when Ihc bread is just taken out. This will destroy M coolness among formal friends, and make v:arm friends hot ones. 2. When a fashionable lady makes a morn- iag call, she should do it just at dinner time. She can thus see all hands at once, and know what they have for dinner. 3. When ladies and gentlemen, at a familv party, or social visil, have risen^to go home, and liave covered themselves with their hoods, cloaks, and socks, and are ready to depart, they sliould all stand in a cold entry and exchange complimenls, and say last zeords fifteen or twen- ty minutes, keeping all the doors open : it shews that their hearts are warm as wool. 4. When a lady distributes ice creams at a party, she should send n zearming pan ioi\ni\ with them, so that strangers to such notions may thaw them before they szcallozi) them. 5. A true well-bred gentleman, in the com- pany of well-bred ladies, should brace himself lip with his back to the (ire, and stare at the beauties before him. This proves that he has good courage— can stand tire — and does not in- tend to be wounded in the rear. not George the Third always keep asking ques- tions? 7. When you are spoken to, look the other way — that will bring your ear next to the speaker. WHAt I LIKE TO SEE, AND V\'H.tT I DISLIKE TO SEE. / like to see young ladies, after they have left school, possess sufficient modesty, to keep them out of the streets, and not expose them- selves to the gaze of the idlers, who have nothing to do but stand at the corner, and make remarks. The brightest gem ceases to attract admiration, when seen to often. / like to see the waist of a lady, as the hand of her Creator made if ; and not lac- ed as if to correct deformity. Artifice may please the vulgar, but men of sense despise it. / like to sea young ladies lead the fashion of their sex. Married ladies have enough to do, if they will attend to their husbands and chil- dren. Old ladies look ridiculous in gay attire and should consult their ease more than fashion. / like to see a lady's cheeks their natural col- our. Paint is easily delected, and is sure to disgust those whom it was intended to captivate. / dislike to see young ladies blush at double entendres — they should never put an immodest construction on any thing that is said. If tliere is any think to blush at, leave the room, or for conscience sake affect ignorance. / dislike to see married ladies, walking in the streets with men, other than their husbands. — It looks ugly ; therefore, ladies, do not practise it. The world is censorious, and the less you give it to talk about, the better. [ dislike lo sea 3'oung fops staring about in church, and shilling at every lady v.ho chances to look at them. — Quit it, boys, for be assured it is nolhing to your credit. / dislike to see married men going to taverns and beefsteak houses. It looks as if " Iiappi- ness dwelt not at home." — Ball. Chronicle. utterance. But oral eloquence is not onlv confined to the limits of the voice ; but for the "most part to a room, a hail, a court, or a senate house. — !f its eflects were not confined in extent, liiev are of necessity limited, as far as they depend on actual delivery, within the bounds of a short duration. A few hours of vehement e.xertion will fatigue the most powerful speaker, and si- lence him by the infirmity of the body, evea though the (towers of the mind should continue unexhausted. Oral eloquence, as displayed in public harangues is, therefore, of much less value to the public, than the eloquence of writ- ten, and more especially of printed composition. Words! Words! — Some productions with which tiie press is teeming in this enlightened age, alford us " line upon line," without any '■^precept ;" here a very little, and there — noth- ing at all. We are called on to admire what aiy old writer styles " cob-wed composition, a kind of sleazy sluif where there is no strength of mat- ter, nothing for the render to carry awav with him that may enlarge the notions of his soul." Molicre's Grave. — The .Archbishop of Paris obstinately opposed the interment of the cele- brated dramatist, Moliere, in consecrated ground. He carried his zeal to sucha lengtii as even to resist Louis XIV., when the King eiuleavoured to soften him into compliance. — " To what depth," said the King at last, " doe« your consecrated ground extend ?" — The Arch hisliop, taken i^}' surprise, replied, " eight feet sire." — " Well then," rejoined Louis, "let Mo liere'.s grave be dug twelve feet deep." Cardinal Cainpeius. — Cardinal Campeius was once disputing with a Duke of Modena, who be- ing nngr3', meanly reminded the Cardinal that his fatlier was a swine-herd. " It is true," said Campeius, " but had it been so with the father of your highness, you would have been a swine herd too." ror. THE KEW PINC.LAND FARMEH. Power of the Press. — Oral eloquence can ef- fect but little in i)roportion to the productions of the press. It is naturally circumscribed within the compass of the human voice, which 6, If two or three ladies and gentlemen are jean reach only a few ears, compared with the conversing togther, march up to them, and ask rest of mankind; who, if they could all be sup- them what they are talking about. For should posed to he present in one place, would not be not every man know as much as he can ? Did I able to hear the sound of the loudest speaker's SAXON SHEEP. THE improvement of the breed of Merino Sheep having at length been seen to be important by farmers genera,lly, we are induced to offer for sale some of our hesi slock Bucks. And that the proprietors of flocks, living at a distance, may know something of our sheep, we state that for the original stock, from which the most of our present stock is derived, we paid from $70 to $175 a sheep, than which none better were brought from Spain. They were of the Faular, Mon- tarl.o, and Negrttii flocks. They have been kept and impi>"'vrd with great care ever since they were pur- chr.iid, under the immediate attention of one of the owiif 15 of them. With a view to a favourable cross, we ii'iported in the year Ii3'22, a buck from Saxony, sc- leci d liy a good judge, aiut bought without limitation as to price. He was one of the first two i.iiported, and Ihf choice of those two. From a cross cl tliis buck with our best Merino ewes, — not ewes matured into w!iat are called (M bloods, — we have fifty bucks, corn- in; two years old. In the autumn of liii3, we import- ed another buck and three ewes, selected by the same agent ; and from these ewes we have three ram Iambs, about eight monllis old. We have also seventy-five half blood Saxon ram lambs, the cross of last year. — The half bloods— the full blood Saxon lambs — and ci- ther of the full blood Saxon bucks we oiler for sale. I. C. BATES, SAMUEL HENSHAW. .Vorlhamplon, (Mass.) Sept 24, 1824. FRUIT TREES, kc. JA.MES BLOODGOOD & CO. have for sale at their Nursery at Flushing, on Long Island, near New York, Fruit and Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs & Plants, of the most approved sorts. The Proprietors of this Nursery attend personally to the inoculation and engrafting o( all Iheir Fruit Trees, and purchasers may rely with confidence, that the Trees they order will prove genuine. Orders left with Mr Zebedee Cook, jr. No. 4 I State Street, Boston, will be transmitted to us, and receive our prompt and particular attention. Catalogues will be delivered, and any information imparted respecting the condition, &c. &e. that may be required, on appli- cation to him. Sept. 4. TER.VIS OF THE FARMER. 0:5= Published every Saturday, at Three Dollars per annum, pay.alile at the end of the year — but those who pay within si.rly days from the time of subscribing will be entitled to a deduction of Fifty Cents. ]NEW ENGLAND FARMER. PUBLISIIEU BY .lOIlN I!. UUSyEl-U nn(;ERB' liUIUMNtiS, C0,N(;RESS S'1'U1:ET, BOrJTON.— THOMAS G. EESSENDEN, EDITOK. VOL. 111. SATURDAY, OCTOBER 9, 1824. No, 1]. ©n'Qfual ffiommuutcntioii.'i. PLANTING TREES. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENV,!.A.tD FARMER. S,R,_Coiitempliitin2: tlie iisefiilness of your ^aper, and renecling that one srroat object ot'il is to (iissicate all erroneous theories which may lie prevalent among liie agricultural part of the community, 1 determined to prepare the follow- inn- remarks for consideration. Anticipating; llie jihinlini;; ofa nursery, it remained to nie donlit- !ul which was the most expedient method ; (or not long since 1 read in print, that a nursery should not be planted in good and ricii land, be- cause when transplanted the trees should bo conveyed to a superior soil to that from which .they were taken ; and then they would fulfil the expcclaticus of the industrious farmer. But 1 observe.l in your paper (vol. iii. p. tl) the opin- ion of Mr Miller, the father of horticulture in Great Britain," thatyoung trees should be raised on gooil land ; and that it w.is necessary they should carry a stock of health anil strength, to enable them to live on poor land ;" which of the above recornmendalions will stand best in vrac- Ikcd demonstration, is the inquiry of the sub- scriber. If the analogy is invariable between the ani- mal and vegetable creation, 1 should suppose that the most credible teslimony appears in fav- our of (he former instead- of the latter, — that voung trees should be fed with an increafoJ proportion of food, instead of diminishingas they increased in age. For illustration, suppose there was a large army, consisting of young men, all in a healthy and thriving condition, and fed daily with what nature actually needed for a time ; now diminish their I'ood in time of necessity, — would these soldiers [the roots] supply the offi- cers [the trees] wUh what the country [the hus- bandman] expected. But it is further observed that a plant raised on poor laud has not a "due proportion of roots." " Transplanting it into a similar land is not likely to increase it." " This 1 apprehend, no one will attempt to refute. — ■Whereas the same idanl, if raised ir strong land, would have twice as much root ; and when tran'planted, these roots will he iblc to find iiourislinient even from poor land, bacause they have more mouths to collect it." Bat, suppose, for instance, that a man with anumbe:of mouliis, who could use them all with the ufmDst dexteri- ty, should sit dowu with a common gtntleman to a table, where there was nothing to supply the cr.avingsof nature,! cannot conceive, Mr Editor, what superior advantage the extra-m(uthed-man would possess over the other. Tkerefore, I doubt not but yoifr goodness, or thatof some of vour correspondents, will undertake ta eradicate all erroneous theoretical or hypothetical disquis- itinn, and draw (he line where it would be most useful and benclicial to the farmer, in.^ in and out. There were twelve squares of glass arranged over (he door (o admit the light when (b.e large dcors were shu( ; liesides a small win- dow in each of (be gable ends, very near (be ridge, for (he same purpose. Under (he fJoor was a convenien( cellar, in which were kept |io(alc)es and all kinds of green vegetables for green fodder in (he winter. The ccJ/.ir was a' very warm one, and well lighted with (wo win- dows. This cellar struck me as being the most, useful -apartment in the whole establishment, aiid I wonder that all farmers do not have one. M NEW ENGLAND PARMER. r-'rrm-i,Tn-' There you may keep as maay turnips, cabbages, potatoes, iSLC. as you please, and they are always bandy to fodder out in the stable toyour cattle ; and the cattle need scarcely go out of the stable in a month. The yard was well watered by an aqueduct, and a trough on the south side of the barn was kept always full. Upon the north, or back side of the barn, were the stables; they were built in one building, and joined to the main part, of about 25 feet in width, 30 feet long-, and 12 or 14 feet high. A door led from the barn into it, besides another door from without u]>on the east side, where the cattle were admift(;d from the yard. A tloor was laid over head, al the dislance of seven feet from the lower one. The stalls were arranged upon each side of (he building, so that the cattle stood with their heads towards the outside of the building, leaving a space in the middle to pass. In foddering, the hay was pitched from the bay in the barn through a win- dow over the stables, and then put down into racks; very little hay could be wasted in this way, and the boys could he trusted with the foddering. The manure made in the stable was put down through the floor into another cellar large er.ough to admit of a cart and team to take it away. Surh is the conslructinn and the situation of this barn, and 1 think it is the most convenient of any that 1 ever saiv. Though the barn was not largo, the cellar, wliich extended the wlxole dimensions of it, gave large receptacle* of hay, and the apartments under the floor and stable gave ?i)acious vaults for the reception of the farmer's green fodder and manure ; and pre- served the former from the frost, and the latter from the sun, which would soon eva])orate its strength and nourishment. Most farmers I saw had (wo or three small barns, and some two or three large ones. No- thing appears more detrimental to their inter- ests. Superfluous buildings are nothing but a tax upon farmers, the cost of repairs being very great. 1 had rather see the starks stand thick around the barn, than to see more than one barn ; and 1 am convinced that a barn 50 teet by 30, of the construction just mentioned would be suflicient for most of our largest farmers. In England it is not a general practice to put hay in the barn, but it is stacked out in very large stacks and then thatched. Their barns are fill- ed with grain, and so would those be of every American farmer, if they managed it right. Torn the water from the road upon your low lands, and it will help them amazingly ; and do it now before the ground freezes. Prepare for winter, for it is close by. !n haste, THE FARMER'S FRIEND. important to the interests of agriculture, as the production of them. The Worcester farmers have undertaken, and with great success, to meet us even at Brighton on this ground. Now there is no reason, why our farmers should not manage their cattle as well, though they have not the pastures, and cannot lind it for their interest to raise them. In the Ploughing Match.es the Norfolk larm- ers have generally been the conquerors ; but of late years, they have not been as successful, in carrying the premiums for miorking cattle. The Worcester farmers, justly proud of their stock, have been in the practice ol sending to their Cattle Show 50 or GO yoke of fine calile, all collectnd in a single team, which has an im- posing and very agreeable effect. Nothing of this sort has taken place at Bright- on. Our larmers are too busy, or possibly "loo indifferent to the reputation of Norfolk and Mid- dlesex, to pay llii.i homage to the " Farmer's Festival." Yet we cannot doubt that if they were con- vinced that such a display would promote llie objects of this Show, that they would cbeerl'ully give one day's work of their teams, for this pur- pose. It is believed that we could collect, at far less trouble and expense than is incurred by the Worcester Farmers, fifty or sixty teams of cat- tle, which would equal or surpass aTiything to be seen in New England, because our farmers buy only the best cattle and employ the best drivers. Suppose for one year the trial should be made^ and that the farmers of Koxbury, Dorchester, Brighton, Brooklyn, Watertown, and Waltham, should send their cattle, — with experienced drivers, clad in an uniform farmer's dress, — we think it would be one of the most interesting Fruits Jor Ihc Brighton Cattle Show. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. The improvement of Horticulture forms a most important part of the duties of every Ag- ricultural Society, and e.^pecially of the metro- politan one— of that, which holds its meetings near the Capital. It is a well known fact, that two thirds of the labour of our farmers is devot- ed, anil perhaps a still larger proportion of the profits in this vicinity, is derived from raising vegetables and fruits for Boston market. It is an employment highly honourable and deserving of encouragement. No means have yet been devised more eflectual for this end, than public notice of successful exertions. The farmers and cultivators of this vicinity are therefore res- pectfully invited to send to the Brighton Cattle Show any specimens they may have raised of an extraordinary size or value, and especially to send to our least any fine fruits wliich they may deem either new, or excellent in their qualities. It will be the duly of the Trustees to give due credit to every individual who shall send such productions; and for this purpose they are re- quested to leave their names with Mr Dudley, with the articles they may exhibit. This is not an idle parade. It may serve to make known new and valuable varieties of fruits which olten remain for many years entirely unknown, except in the immeiliate neighbourhood where they are raised. It is now perfectly well ascertained, that there have existed fine fruits in our country for 50 years, which were unknown to persons ten miles from the spot in which they grew. — S scenes of this Great Show, and would prove, The most remarkable case is that of the Seckle i|,^j ^q expense is here spared in procuring the pear, which was not generally known in this] i,gst (.,.,(||e^ ;,nd in the skilful management of ' them. It would be a fine display of the agrir cultural advancement of these counties. country till within ten years, though the parent, and probably original tree has existed for nearly forty years. Ills now considered in England and in America, as one of the best of that species of fruit. J. LOWELL, in hehaff of Iht Trustca. The Brighton Cattle Shoiv. TO THE EDITOR OF TDE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Our excellent neighbours in Worcester have always exceeded us in the display of their ex- Barns should be made perfectly light, and be jcellent (cam? of cattle. There are various causes which have produced this obvious distinction. In the first place, they are the raisers of the finest animals. It is the best grazing county in painted; and I hope my brother farmers will lake care that they are surrounded with a large yard with a wall 0 feet high, and above all the rest, that they will see that they have the ma- nure three feet deep in the spring. In order to insQre this, I advise them to keep their teams ■employed this fall in collecting turis and all man- mcr of stuff, and drop it into their yard. And when you go after turfs, don't get the poorest earlli you can find. But if your land is sandy, From Ike JV«(i Yoik Paliiot. Mr. Periins. — The subjoined extracts front an article in Newton's " London .Tournal of Arts and Sciences" will doubtless be perused with intert-'sl — on account of the individual whose theory is analyzed, ks well as the philo- sojdiic pr'nciples laid down. These remarks hr.ve particular reference, as will be seen by Iho note of Mr. Perkins, to the calauiily of the .^tna.scme lime since, on her passage' from New Bruiswick to this city. From ejperimcnts on steam, lately perform- ed by Mr. I'erhins, it has been discovered that the state. In the lower and sea-port counties, we are only [lurchasers, and we select fiom 1 er.plosinni do sometimes take place by the de those, which they send to market, our fines! ; composition of water. Mr. I'erkins is of opin- working cattle. It would be perfectly absurd ' jon, that nany of the falnl accidents which liave for Norfolk and I\liddleses to contend Vi'itb Wor- 1 i;iken plate in Inw, as well as high pressure boil- cester as to the capability of raising cattle. It erg have seen j)roduced by an explosion of gas, would not be for our interest to attemjit it, and [ get clayey soil, that it may be mixed with it, wo should fail, if we should do so. Yet the and make the land belter. You will find ridges along side of your fence.", that may be taken an'<■ ' '' ''"''^^^' " acquires the quality ol sioned by either steam or gas. i »vine— and another P-^ocess turns the wme into, vinegar — if longer boiled, it becomes thick like I From SilUnwiCs Journal I honey — if only half boiled, it is not unlike sy- : I rup. The leaves serve for covering to the hou- 1 Ises, and a fine yarn may also be spun from them for clothing, while, iVom the mots, strong ropes QUACKERY. DrearJfni effects of an excessive use of Sulphur. Prole'^sor Olmsted, in a geological excursion in the county of Wake, North Carolina, met with the following fact, which ive present in his own words: — "At Mr. Thompson's, where 1 dnied, 1 saw a fellow creature whose sufTer- iiitrs made me truly thankful even for my on'n imi-erfect iieallh. He was a son of Mrs. T. and Tiearly fifty years of age. When I came into the porch, he was silting before the entrance in an elbow chair, surrounded with pillows, with no clothing but a frock of linen, that came halfway down bis knees. The ghastly image of death was imprinted on every part of his emaciated iVamo. 'l^he bones of his arms and legs were hardly covered with flesh ; and the joints of the knees, and the largest joints of the ingers were increased to an enormous size. — |-Iis knees we-re drawn together beyond the power of separation, shortening the lelt leg so are manufactured. In short, there are nini!leen dilferent services, to which the productions of this tree may be applied. {"hat nothing but the toes touched the floor. — excellcni quality From Ihe Boston Centinel. The season now approaching a close, ha.s been an abundant one in this section of the Union ; particularly in tlie important products of corn, hay, grain, and poialoes. 'i'hi^ last has become an e.sscniial stajile of subsistence, and tears vvere entertained in the early part ol the sea'=on, that the growth would I.e a small one — but that the latter rains, we learn, brought it forwKrd. with a large yield. One oi" our m.]i- ket men iiitVirms, tiiat from one acre of tlie farm of Col. Griggs, of Brigliton, 800 bushels of fine English whites have been dug, some ol' wh cli we know weiehcd twenty ounces; and all of an From Ihe Jioslon Tehgrnph. AURORA BORE A LIS. The most inttrcstini; dcscriiitinn of tlus bf^nlifiil' phenonitiion wliiih we icnumlHT to hrive seen i^ containeil in llii: rrivale Journal of Cap . l.ron.'who commaiidfMl the ship Ilecla, in Ihe po!ar Vxptriilion under CA\>t. Pariy. It was the monlli ui DLCcinlir r, and ia lat. 60 1 1 N. Ion. U'i 10 W. To desrrilir the colors of thofc clomllf ■•s lirtivciis 'would.be inipo!?ible, but llic delicacy and imrenes;" I of the various Idcndod tints excelled any tliiiii; I ever I saw, even in llalv. 'I'he sun sliims with a liitrinisli- led lustre, so that it is possible to coiittmplutc if ' without a paiufid Iteliiif.' to the eyts; yel, (he bliii-h color AVhich in si vere frost ;i!w;.ys accomj.ar.ies if, is, in my opinion, far more pleasing than Ihe jliltering borders which are so profusely seen on the clouds in warmer climates. The nights are no less lovely, i:i consequence of the clearness of Ihe sky. 'the morn and stars shine with wonderful lustre, and almost persuade one to be jilcased with the surrounding desolation. The aurora borealis does not appear a!* fected by the brilliancy even of the full moon, but its light continues still the same. The first appearance of this phenomenon is generally in showers of falliuiy" rays, like those thrown from a rocket, although not so bright. These being in constant and agitated mo- tion, have the appearance of trickling down the sky. Large masses of light succeeded next in order, alti r- nating from a faint irlow resemblins the milky way, to the most vivid flashes, which stream and shoot ia every direction with the effect of sheet lightning-, ex- cept that, after the flash, the aurora still coutinies to be seen. The sudden glare and rapid bursts of these wondrous showers of fire, render it impossible to ob- serve them, without fancying that they produce a rushine sound : but I am confident tliat the re is no ac* tual noise attending t!ie changes, and that Ihe idea is erroneous. T frequently stood for hours together on the ice, to ascertain this tact, at a distance from any noise but my own breathing, and thus I formed my opinion. Neither did I observe any variety of color in Ihe flashes, which were to my eye always of the same shade as the milky way and vivid sheet lightning. The stars which gleam through the aurora, certainly emit a milder ray, as if a curtain of the fine st gauze were interposed. It is remarkable that whenever the .weathtt'is ratni, the aurora has a tendemy to form an arch, at whatever position it may occupy in' the heavens. On the 29th of this month we were par- ticularly gratified by a beautiful exhibition of this kind at near midnight. A perfect arch was formed at the southward, stretching from east to west', its cntre elevated about two degrees above the horizon. The niiiht was serene and dark, ■nhich added coi;sid- erably to its effect, and the appearance continue d un- chanjed for about a quarter of an hour ; but on a slieht breeze springing up, small rays shot occasional- ly to the zenith, and the arch became agitated with a gentle and undulating motion, after which it spread irrtriilarlv, and separating into the usual streamers, soon diffiistd itself over the whole sky. In stoiToy wiather. the northern lights fly with the rapidity of liL'hlnins'. and with a corn spending wildness to the gale which is Mowinj, giving an indescribable air of marir to the whole scene. I have never contemplated the aurora without ex- peri, 'irin? the most awful sensalions, and can readily excuse the poor untutored Indians for supposing that, in tbi restless .motions of Ihe northern lights, thny be- hnbl tbi- spirits of Iheir fathers roaming iu freedom through the land of souls. MICHIGAN. r)KTnoiT, SEPT. 17.-r.rU. ! = fram the Indian Agent, Mr. SchoolcrafI, give the particulars of the massacre of a parlv of five Americans, by a gang of Chippewa Indians, in .Tulv bist. on the upper Mississippi. The Americans and Indians met accidentally, and encamp.< ed near each other. In the nij-ht the Indians crept si- lently to the tent of the Americans, seized their arms aiu' then killed and scalped four of thim, the fifth at- temptin:: t " 'Scape by swimnung the river was shot by the savages on the opposite bank. 84 NEW ENGLAiND FA.tiVIER. From the American Farmer. Observations of a Correspondent, on a late visit to Saratoga — Earl Stimson—his Premium Farm — its manat^emenl and produce. Amongst the grent variety r>! visitors who have recourse to this place, I'otne for iiealth arid some for pleasure ; young men in search of wivp'!, and wives to show o^ their daughters; not the least numerous or valiiable class consists of se- date and inteihgent Farmers; chiefly those who migrate hither annually to escape the diseases of the southern climate. These soon gel tired of the continual round nf lighter amusements, provided for the entertainment of the young and the gay, and readily embrace every propo- sal to reconnoitre the adjacent country. Hence we found yesterday, no difficulty in making up a party of a dozen farmers from Georgia, South Carolina, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, &.c. to beat 11]) the quarters of Earl Stimson, Esq. re- siding fifteen miles from here, in the town of Galway ; well known for having taken in 1819 the premium offered by the Agricultural Socie- ty for the best cultivated farm in the county — an honour dearer to the heart of benevolence than all the blood stained trophies that ever shadowed the brows of Alexander or Caesar. We were received very politely by Mr. Slim- son ; to whom it was obvious such visits were by no means uncommon. Ife seemed at once to understand our object; and having first ten- dered us refreshments, promptly offered to con- duct us over the farm — so away we followed close at his elbow. It was a miniature picture of Mr. Coke, and his 500 followers over the fields of Holkham, except that we went on foot, and Mr. Stimson himself was not mounted on an old white charger, with sagacity to conduct his master's guests through the most fertile por- tions of the fields, as was, I suppose jocul;irly said of the great Norlolk farmer by one of his friend*. We examined, as minutely as the time would permit, his various crops ; the implements and processes by which they were made ; and eve- ry where we saw exemplified the great deside- ratum of judicious farming, to wit : Labour ju- diciously applied as to time, and manner, on fields in good condition, yielding heavy Cfops. You may feel assured that with a dozen close at his heels, some connoisseurs, and some ama- teurs, our host was well employed to answer all the interrogatories we put to him — no student, on trial for his degrees, ever encountered more critical examination, and few are ever so well prepared to pass the ordeal: and here let me premise, that Mr. Stimson is a plain matter of fact man, who proceeds on the solid foundation of experience, with habits of close and accurate observation, wedded to no theories which prac- tice does not sanction, and always ready to be guideil by results, even though he cannot trace lliem to their causes. Hence when he announc- ed to us in the outset, that his plough never sunk beyond the depth of three inches, was al- ways drawn by one liorse, and that his manure was always given to his small grain crops, and spread upon the surface, to be turned only with a liglil harrow — we, farmers by the new lights, were all astonished, and with one voice demand- ed his justification of this heretical departure from the newly established canons of the church agricultural! He replied, gentlemen) I pretend not to be deeply versed in the rationale of farm- ing; my business is with its results. I can only tell you, that in tilling ray land, at best a labo- rious business, my soul object is clear profit — I have tried all the systems I have heard of, and can only say, that the one which I follow is the one which most improves my land, and yield'- me the greatest nett income from labour and capital 1 This was a kind of argumentiim ad argentiim, that none of us could parry — it en- tered at the pocket nerve, and like friend Gris- com's galvanic batlerv, reanimated and put in motion a system of farming, which it was sup- posed had been, as an old criminal, tried, con- demned and executed, beyond the power of re- suscitation. His whole farm, as 1 understood, now con- sists of 250 acres of arable land ; whereof a considerable portion, of course, is in pasture, and 100 acres of wood. He was reaping his principal crops when we were there, and judging from appearances, compared with past years, he calculates on gathering 150 tons of hay, 2,000 bushels of potatoes, 5000 bushels of grain of all sorts, and 10,000 weight of pork. As late as the year 1812, the average crops of this farm were ; Of Indian C orn, 30 bushels per acre Wheat, 15 do do Barley, 20 do do Oats, 30 do do Hay, 1^ tons per acre. The following account of his management, the progress of improvement, and increase of crops from that time to the year 1821 inclusive, is confined to one of his lots of eight acres, and may be received as a fair specimen of the whole farm. It was furnished to my hand by Dr. Steele, a gentleman of excellent judgment, and various, and valuable acquirements, whose so- ciety and skill contribute most essentially to the pleasure and the safety of visiters at this place. A. D. 1812. Early in September, the sod was turned over with the plough, to the depth of about .'5 inches, and then well rolled, at the ex- pense of ^2,25 per acre, which, for 8 acres, is ^18 00 Barn yard manure, 5 loads, and leached ashes, :} loads, worth 75 cents per load, ^G per acre, amounts to 48 OOi This was spread equally over the surface, immediately after roll- ing, and then lightly ploughed with a one horse plough, so as not to disturb the sod, but just to scratch the surface. Ex- pense gl per acre, 8i 1813. Ploughed again light. Expense $1 per acre, S Sowed with barley, 2^ bushels per acre, worth 75 cents per bushel. Seed cost 15 Harrowed with a light harrow. Expense 07} per acre, 3 Reaping, cartage, threshing, &,c. Expense g6 C2J per acre, 53 Total expense of the crop, gl63 Produce, 50 bushels to the acre, 400 bushels, worth 76 cents per bushel, amount 300 Nett profit of the crop, In the fall, ploughed up the stub- ble, three inches deep, and rolled at the expense of ^1 75 per acre, 14 Harrowed and ridged, cost ^! 50 per acre, 12 1814. Planted with Indian corn, 2 feet 7 inches apart, cost g2 per acre, including seed, 16 Ploughing both ways one furrow in a row, without disturbing the sod, and hoeing, cost g2 per acfe, 16 Plaster, j^I per acre, 8 Ploughing, hoeing 2d time, and suckerwg, ^2 per acre, 16 Harvesting, threshing, putting up the croji, &c. ^4 per acre, 32 Total expense of the crop $1H Crop, 80 bushels per acre, C40 bushels, worth 75 cents per bushel, 480 Nett profit of crop, 1815. Split the hills and harrowed — cost f,0 50 per acre 4 Cross ploughed and harrowed, ^I per acre, 8 Sowed 1 1-2 bushels wheat, worth gl per bushel, 12 Sowed at the same time, 5 lbs. red clover seed, and 2 quarts timothy per acre — cost ^1 8 Labour of sowing, harrowing in seed, &c. $1 per acre, 8 Harvesting, carting, threshing, &.C. g4 per acre, 32 Total expense of crop, 72 Crop, 24 bushels per acre — 192 bushels — worth ^1 25 per bush- el, 240 Nett profit of crop, 1816. Mowing, curing, cartage, &c. of grass — worth $1 per acre, 56 Total expense of crop, 56 Crop, 3 tons per acre — 24 tons — worth !iS7 per ton, 168 Fall feed — worth ^2 per acre, 16 Nett profit, 1817. Expense of mowing, curing, &c. this year, $-\ per acre, 184 Total expense of crop, 32 Crop, 2^ tons per acre — 20 tons, worth ;j57 per ton, 148 Fall feed, $1 50 per acre, 12 152 Nett profit, 1818. Pasture, Tvitbout any expense- gl47 $366 1C» $12.* « ^120 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. produce equal to 2i tons per acre, 20 tons — worth |^2 50 per too, 50 Nett profit $oO In the fall turned over the sod and rolled — expense, 2 25 per acre, IS Barn yard manure, six loads per aero, $:'>, 24 Spread over and ploughed in as before, without disturhing the sod. 1 per acre, C 1819. Ploughed with a light plough on top of the sod, 1 per acre, 8 Sowed with 2 1-2 bushels of bar- ley, worth 62 1-2 cents per bushel, 12 50 Sowing and harrowing; 5n seeds, 50 cents, 4 Harvesting, threshing, &:c. 6 62J- per acre, 53 Total expense of crop, 127 50 Crop, 56 bushels to the acre — 448 bushels — worth 50 cents per bushel, 224 Nett profit, ^96 50 In fall ploughed 3 inches and rolled as before, with same ex- pense. If 1820. Planted with Indian corn, with the same expense, and in the same way, 100 Total expense, 118 Crop, 90 bushels to the acre — 720 bushels — worth 44 cents per bushel, 316 80 Nett profit, $198 80 1021. Hills split and harrowed down, 12 Sowed with barley, 10 Expense of sowing, 3 Grass seed, 8 Expense of harvesting, thresh- ing, Sic. 53 Total expense of crop Crop, 60 bushels per acre — 180 bushels — worth 50 cents per 86 bushel. Nett profit, 240 154 Total amount of profit for eight years' culture. Deduct the amount of interest on 8 acres, worth *\100 per acre, for 8 years, which is gl478 30 448 Which leaves a clear profit for eight years' culture, of $1030 30 During the past summer, 1821, this enter- prising farmer has had the following produce from the culture of 80 acres, which had been previously tilled upon the foregoing plan, viz : 3 acres of oats, 60 bushels per acre, 180 8 do Indian corn, 112 do 896 10 do do 90 do 900 4 do Spring wheat 34 do 136 6 do bailey, 60 do 360 31 acres produced total amount of bushels, 2472 1 acre of flax, 600 lbs per acre. 8 acres clover andti mothy 4^ tons per acre, 36 8 do do 4 do 32 4 do do 3 do 12 4 do do 3.> do 14 3 do do 3 do 9 10 do pasture, 3 do 30 10 do do do 2 do 20 47 acres produced total number of tons, 153 1 acre kitchen garden, which produced a great variety of vegetables, and 400 chickens. The reader will naturally wish to know the nature of the soil which, with a shallow ploughing and light manuring, yields such hea- vy crops — an analysis of its general character gives the following results : — Water, 9,5 Animal and vegetable matter 12,5 Clay, 17,5 Siliceous sand, 54 Carbonate of lime, 3 Soluble salt", 1 Oxide of iron, 1 98,5 Loss, 1,5 Permit me now to close this long letter by a a few general remarks: The analysis of the soil of Mr Stimson's farm leaves no necessity for further observation on that head ; what is chiefly worthy of notice is, that he never has re- course to naked/fW/o-Lis; but keeps his lands al- most constantly covered with crops. His gen- eral system is now to sow clover and timothy; the first disappears after the second year, and instead of going on as we do in Maryland, to cut, cut, cut, year after year, for eight or ten years, as long as we can get a ton of hay, and sometimes less per acre ; he scarcely ever mows his land more than three, and never more than four years ; and when it does not give him at least 2 1-2 tons per acre, he turns in his cat- tle, pastures it down, then turns over the sod 3 inches deep — rolls it to make the furrows lie close, so as to promote rapid decomposition of the vegetable matter — spreads his manure five ox (not less than ten Maryland) loads to the acre, and as soon as possible alter the ploughing and spreading the manure, he sows his grain. It is thus, says he, by never letting my land get to low, that I keep up its strength and fertility. His plows resemble, very nearly, the Scotch plow, being an improvement of his own sugges- tion on that implement. I have spoken to him to send one to Baltimore, which you may exhi- bit at your next Cattle Show. There is in its form something more of the wedge principle, ap- parently, than is usual, which makes it of easi- er draft ; and light as the land may be, there must be a peculiar lightness of draft, iu a plough which requires but one horse to turn ovsr tim- othy sward, Galway is 37 miles from tide water at Alba- ny, to which place he formerly wagoned his produce ; the cost of transportation is diminish- ed one half by means of the canal, which at Al- exandis bridge, is distant 15 miles from Galway. Mr Stimson is a native of Massachusetts, came to Calway with no capital, but a sound under- standing and a resolute heart. He has now two stores, keeps a tavern, Sic. and has grown rich by close aJherence to the Spanish proverb — " Go not to your doctor for every ail ; nor to your lawyer for every quarrel ; nor to your bot- tle for every thirst!" Farming has hitherto been to him an amusement, ralher than a pri- mary object. He begins now to see how much good may be done by the influence of a good example ; and having mriched his laml, he in- tends to stock it with domestic animals of the best breeds, and to beautify it with fruit and or- namental trees, &c. I must close this crude sketch with a single remark, that all who visit this premium farni, and note the conversation and habits of its owner, will be forcibly im- pressed with the truth of the adage — " the yboj of the owner is the best manure for his land." 1 intended to have said something of the com- ponent pans and medicinal qualities of these iiimous waters, but the hell rings, and that I may not be singular, and yet more, that 1 may pass muster with my wile, who reviews me most critically, I must go " dress for dinner," as the phrase is here, where you must know peo- ple dress at least three times a day — So, adieu for the present. . P S. I must add that as to labourers, Mr Stimson's regular number does not exceed six — yet he had, when we were there, thirty hands cutting grain, grass, &-,c. How eminent the advantage when you can thus hire labour- ers to meet, exactly, the demand on your farms, and having accomplished your purpose, dis- charge them, and free yourself from further expense. TEA PLANTS. Mr George Wallace, who lives at Braddock's Field, (Penn.) writes to the American Farmer, that he has raised, during the present season, a considerable quantity of the Hyson Tea plants. We have fre.qjjently (says the editor of the Med- ical Intelligencer) drank tea made from a plant which goes by that name and grows wild on the upper borders of the Kennebec river. It re- sembles in flavour the best souchong, and we wonder it is not more generally known and used. From the American Economist. SAVE YOUR OLD PIPES ! Mr Editor, — A few days ago I was some dis- tance from home in company with my father. After high feeding and a hard day's ride, toy father's horse was taken with the cholic. He was first discovered to be sick a little while after midnight, and after day-light the next morning he appeared remarkably restless, and swelled badly in his body. We drenched him with every medicine we thought to be good, without per- ceiving any material difference. About 8 o'clock a stranger came riding by, and I asked him if he could give us any directions how to cure the horse. He immediately alighted, and after m.- " amining the horse, he directed me to gather up three or four old pipes and their stems, pound them on a smooth rock, and put them in a pot with three pints of water — boil it down to about three half pints, let it cool, then drench him with it. I did so, and the creature immediately became easy. By 10 or 1 1 o'clock the swelling had gone away, and the horse appeared to be as easy as ever. The gentleman who prescribed this cure, told me he had never known it fail in a case of the kind. €f. 86 NRW ENGLAN^D FARMER. N^F'W "F'lVPT A IVT) FAR'VIEH. ' It has been suggested that it would tie an im- on stone walls, sluni|is. &,c. so u.ui i1il_\ m^ij not i"^ll Slate, leferiing to the State of Maine, Mr. Warren residing; at Palmyra, in the last mentioned State. CSfriirral Kiitrlh'antrf. The Cattle Show, Kxhihition of ISlanufacturejj Ploughing Match, and Public Sale of Animals & Mami, faclures, will take place at Brighton. Maes, on Wednes- day and Thursday, the 20lh and '21st of October iust. To commence at 9 o'clock each day. The Worcfster Cattle Show, Fxliihilion of .Manufac- (nres and Ploujiliin* .Match, will take place at Worces- tiT on Wednesday Ihe 13lh iost. The Cattle Show, tc. of the Hampshire, Frauklin. nnd Hampden Agricultural Society, will be held iu press. The pomace is pressed, by said screw, .Northampton, on the 20th inst. Address, by George immediately beneath the mill or nuts in which Kirennell, jr. Esq. of Greenfield. the apples are ground, falling from the nuts in- The f.iiildlesex Cattle Show, Exhibition of Manufac- to a receptacle below, in which its pressing is lures. Agricultural Products, and Ploughing Match, offecled. This arrangement, besides its other took place yesterday, the 7th inst. at Concord Mass. advantages, saves the trouble of shovelling or transporting the pomace from the Iron-b Bunker IJdl Monument. (which, according to the common mode, first j T"'>e Monument proposed to be erected on Bunker receives it from the mill,) to the cheese in j H''l) ^'"i ^° doubt, be worthy of its object, and which it is prc.ssed. ' <*' the persons engaged in carrying it into effect. The We arc sensible that Ihe above is a very im- !l'''<^ctors of the Association have stated in a circular [lerfpct and inadequate description of Mr llav's I that a column of the C^helmsfnrd granite, with an ele- invention, but we could not well give one more intelligible without expensive cuts. Besides, we are told thai the inventor has made improve- ments in his apparatus, since the construction of ihe model from which our ideas of the inven- lion are principally derived. 11 what we have communicated should serve to awaken curiosity, ead to further inquiry, and eventually to iin "■ The girls must be four feet eight inches j provement in this iin|iortant branch of rural Inside, four inches and an half squaie, made of the best timber, with hinges and bolts in pro- portion. The slats, three feet three inches long, one inch and a qua-ter thick, ihree inch- es wide, and half an inch apart. The eye bolts may he drawn with an iron bar with ease, and any quarter of the vat taken off, to lake out the pomace. A curb of this size will hold pom- ace enough to make ten barrels ol cider. 1 have made cider in this new way two years, and liiiil it is dune with half the usual labour, and the cider clear. The above can be attested h\ «ttiU)V.'' economy, our wishes will be gratified. \Tu be continued.^ Harvesting Deans. — We have been assured by a practical cultivator that beans are commonly sufiered to remain too long in the field, for the purpose of ripening. They become bleached, and their palatable and nutritious (pialities ex- tracted by the sun, air, dews and rains if not gathered as soon as Ihe greater part of the pods have attained their full size, aiul the seeds are t'ullv formed. Tlu.v sh.uld be pulled while the vation to make it the most lofty in the world may be erected at an expense of about thirty seven thousand dollars. The summit of the Hill, where the Redoubt of the 17lh of June was raised, is to be laid out in a parallelogram six hundred feet long and four hundred broad, within which is to be placed the Monument. The following subscriptions are among those which have already been obtained. Hon. William Phillips, - - $1000 David Sears, Esq. - - .yO Hon. P. C. Brooks, . - £,00 Samuel Appletoii, Esq. - - 200 Hon James Lloyd. - - - 100 Hon. Christopher Gore, - - 100 John Lowell, Esq. - - - 100 Hon. John Quincy Adams, - - 100 Gen. Henry Dearborn. - - 100 Washington Benevolent Society, about 2000 Gen. //« Fftt/elle. — Newspapers are filled to ovei'- flowing with details of Ihe progress of the Nation'* Guest, The procession ^^'hirh was formed on bis eol- viuiiS are stilt green, and placed on hurdles orirauce to PhiladL-lphia is said to Lave been more tJia» NEW ENGLAND FARMER. «7 thrri milt!- i:i Irngth, including 10,000 troops. Noth- ing was omitted, which the art anil power of man could eff< ct to give splendor to the scene. On the 5th th» Gtnial was to Itavt I'liiladelpliia, and enter Haiti tin'iv on thi.' 7th. Great preparations arc making to g-ive him a splendid reception at Washington. We learn that a society for the promotion ofa^ricul- ture and the mechanic arts has been instituted at Cun)- minJ;loii, ami that their annual meeting; will be holden on the 13th October, when an address will be deliver- ed by their President, Nehemiah Richards, Ksq. Lnltst from Europe. — The packet ship Canada, »r- rived at .\ew Y.-^rk, has prought Lomion news to An,^- ust 30th The reports of the capture of the Turkish garrison at Ipsara, of the destruction of the Turkish fleet, and of the Egyptians at Cassas are probably much exaggerated, but it seems probable that the Greeks must have gained some advantage. — Dai,lj/Advtrtiser. l.ouisvii.i.E, KY. SEPT. 14 — A person from the In- dian country, reports, that Major Graves, of Fayette, who was supposed to be slain in the battle on the riv- er flaisin, in 18-22, \i sliil altrx^ and a prisoner among the Poltawattamy Indians ; and that several ether pp'-sons taken in that battle are scattered among the Indian tribes ! STOJiTiiAKrTo.v, SKPT. 28. — Fros/.— There was a severe frost i!i (his town and vic'nity on the nights of Fri.lay and Saturday last, and ni;my lields of Indian corn were con-iderably injured.— 0«:, Snoif. — On the 23d ult. there was a fall of snow on the road between Albany and lioston, and the white mountains of Maine are covered with snow. Invnila/ion. — The Columbia (S. C.) Gazette says, one of the greatest droughts that has been cxperien ced throughout this state generally for many years, has been followed, within th" last two weeks, by tor- rents of rain equally extraordinary, which have pro- duced in the Cougaree river one of the hiirhist and most destructive freshets known in it for the lastthir- ty years. •" Any quantity of Corn may be had at eight cents per bushel, deliverable in town as soon as it is fit to pull, say in two or tliree weeks, as it is forward and the crop more abundant than was ever known." Cincinnati J^alional Journal. SINGULAR CASK OF SUSPENDED ANIMATIO.N' A Kuropean Medical .lournal relates the IVdlowina; case, CLitnmunicated by M. Bourquet, luad surgi'on to the ho.spilals of lii ziers ; " I w"is called" says he, " lo vi-iit a boy nearly eigbtyears old, 'Aho exliibitetl the following svmptonis. As soim as the sun appears npon the horizon, I was lold he die^ and at sunset he resiiscilales. I wished lo st e this myself, and in coii- sequ«nce, I remained with him mitil d oVlock in the moaning. Ke slejtt very lr;inquilly. 1 wak( d him, mad»- him speak, and amused him until the sun begnn to rise. It wa« in wint( r. The y^ung invalid, who ^\as up to that moment, verv gay. then said to me — Now, Sir, the sickness sieze- me ; and he lay down upon the bed, when I saw hiin wearin» all the ap- pearance of death. Ifi- bad no sensible respiration, no pulse, no motion of the heart, no ft eling even though Ihe child was pricked. The body remained tx'^eal^■lv cold 'nr nt least two hours, ai'ti r which Uit: cold diminished. witho?it, hc^wever ceasing entirely, and the onlv apparent sign of life was a convulsive movement of the right eye-'id. 1 forcibly raised one of the arms, and it remained in the upright position ; one of the legs, also ; the members were like soft wax that takes every imr'ressir.n. He remained thus without swallowing, till the sun had disappeared from the horizon, when he recovered his senses by degrees, and rose without any sympton that could indicate his having been ill. This singular patient had already had ten similar paroxysms. His cure was offtcted by portions of kina and sublimate zinc." FRUIT TREES, &e. MADRID, AUG. 11.— The Madrid Gazette publish- ed yesterday the royal Ordonuance suppressing, in all his dominions in Europe and .America., the societies of freemasons, communeros,.and all other secret soci- eties of whatever denomination. — These secret socie- ties, says the preamble, have been ascertained to be the principal agents in the revolutions which have broken out in so deplor.able a manner in Spain and A- mcrica.— All who shall continue to meet secretly un- der whatever pretext, shall be prosecuted conforma- bly to the laws of the kingdom, SiSguilli/ of treason, human aiid divine. It has been computed that there are now in Ger- many nearly or quite 5,000,000 dilTerent kinds of books. In America the number is estimated lo be halfa million. GIBRALTER, AUG. 13. — There is every reason to be- lieve that a simultaneous struggle has been planned throughout Spain, and if in ether quarters they have been as successful as at Tariffa, " God lake goorf I.'ing Edward lo his mercy.'''' The constitutionalists have been completely successful there— a strong body of French marched from Cadis to attack tha.n — they suffered them to advance to the second g.Ue vhca they opened a destructive fire upon them and routed them in every direction: the French commander is fimong the killed — Algesiras is crowded with the wounded French of that expedition. Even the wo- ««e.i» took au active part agaiust the FreucJi, The reign of (he Kn)peror Alexander has been re- markable among other things for the progress of lite- rature among the Russians. Prior to 1817, there had been only 1000 works printed in Russia, about equal to the number which appears every year at the Leipsic fair. In 18211, there were in the Library of the Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg 3000 national works, among which were 150 romances. At present the number of these national productions amounts to 8000. At Moscow there are nine reading societies, and ten printing-houses. At Petersburg there are seven of ihe former and five of the latter. In Dorpal, Revel, and Charkow, there is in each a reading society and a printing press, and there are nine -type fonnderies in the Empire. Alexander is the enlightened protector of literary men, and reads with attention every thing relative to the politics, re- ligion, history, statistics, and geography. His own room has the appearance of belonging to a savant by profession. He is very often there by six in the morning ; he writes several languages with precision and elegance ; and writes on important topics. He is well acquainted with the nahtral history of his vast F.jipire. If a Russian Journal should speak of" the useless class of men of letters," public contempt would immediately revenge them ; and if M. SchisckntT, Minister of the public Instruction, knew, that his subaltern dared lo insult literary and scientific men he would request him immediately to return for some months to College. Journal de.': Debals. B remen Geese. FOR sale by Thomas Williams, at Noddle's Island, near Boston, 20 large Bremev Geese, which, at 5 months'old, weiglied from !5 to 20 lbs each. These Geese were obtained by Mr. Williams of Col. Jaques ofCharlestown, Ms. and are of the same breed, of which notice isgiven in the New Eugland Farmer, vol. iii. p, 45. in an article copied from a Providence paper. — They are recommended in pieference to all others by their weight, extra quality and quantity of down, and feathers (yicldin*' double ;) they are perfectly white, set much .■■a;lier, are more sure of bringing off a brood, are remarkably hardy, and will weigh when fatted dou- ble i;ie weight of our common geese." They are like- wise very proline Mr. Williams rai:;;d, the present season 28 goslings from 3 geese. The original stock of these geese was imported by Ebenezer Rollins Esqr. of Boston. Oct. 9. ^^..j.y. .: -iLiio lu iiii: New f.ngiand Farmer are ^J requested not to pay any money to Travelling Agents, (particularly in the State of -Maine) on account of the paper, as .Agents of this description are not au- tborisetj to receive money on our accou^it. Oct. 9. JAMES BLOODGOOD &C0. have for sale at their Nursery at Flushing, on Long Island, near iscw York, Fruit and I orest Trees, flowering Shrubs Si Flaat*, of the most appro\ed sorfs. The Proprietors of this Nursery attend personally fo the inoculation and engrafting oi' all Iheir Fruil Trees, and purchasers may rely with confidence, that the Trees they order will prove genuine. Orders left with Mr Zekedef. Cook, jr. No. 41 State ■Street, Boston, will be transmitted to us, and receive our prompt and particular attttntion. Catalogues will be delivered, and any information imparted respecting the condition, &c. &c. that may be required, on appli- cation to him. Sept. 4. rS^UK Subscriber, for a few years past, has been cul- i tivatingan extensive FRUIT NURSERY. He naw has a large assorrnient of Peach Trees, budded rom the best I'ruit in the country, native and foreign, n the best order for transplanting. By another season he hopes to offer Pear and Cherry Trees of the fust quality. O. FISKE, Worcester. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &ic. [Revised and corrected every Friday.] APPLES, best, new, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. - - . . BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - cargo, No 1, new, - - " No 2, new, - - BUTTER, Inspect. No. 1. new. CHEESE, new milk, . - - - skimed milk, . . - F]J^X- FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Geuessee, - - - Rye, best, . - - GRAIN,Rye Corn - - - . - Barley - - . - Oats- HOGS' LARD, 1st sort - - HOPS, No 1, Inspectioi. - - LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS - - - - PORK, Bone Middlings - - - navy, mess, Cargo, No 1, . - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover . . - - - WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROFISJOJr MARKET. BEEF, best pieces PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, - - - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, new, - lump, - ■ - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - - - - Indian, do. - • - - POTATOES, new, - - - - CIDER, liquor, new . - - - HAY, according to quality. FROM TO D. C D. C. bbl 1 It 2 50 ton. 118 120 120 122 50 busl 9( 1 00 bbl. 9 50 7 50 6 7» lb. 12 13 7 8 3 4 h 9 bush 82 84 bbl. 6 25 6 25 3 00 bush 52 54 43 56 50 30 31 lb. 11 12 cask 85 1 17 gal. 70 78 ton. 3 3 12 bbl. 17 00 13 13 5Q 12 50 13 bush 1 75 6 I 60 70 40 43 45 50 37 42 25 30 48 52 35 4& lb. 6 S 6 7 5 6 5 10 3 10 6 16 12 15 18 21 14 19 3Ush 65 60 62 33 50 bbl. 2 00 ton. 16 00 20 P« 88 New ENGLAND FARMER. ^CsccUantfs, SELECTED. THE FARMER. O happy he, happiest of mortal men, Who, far removM from slavery as fromprldf, Fears uo man's frowu uor cringiag wants to catch The gracious nothing of a great man's nod : "IVhere the laced beggar bustles for a bribe. The purchase of his honour : Where deceit And fraud, and circumvention, dress'd in smiles, Hold shameful commerce : and beneath the mask Of friendship and sincerity betray. llim ; nor tlie stately mansion's gilded pride, Rich with whate'cr the imitative arts, Painling or sculpture, yield to charm the eye ; Nor shining heaps of massy plate, euvprought, AVith curious, costly workmanship, allure. Tempted, nor with the pride nor pomp of power, Nor pageants of ambition, nor the mines Of grasping avarice, nor the poison'd sweets Of pamper'd luxury, he plants his foot With firmness on his old paternal fields. And stands unshaken. There sweet prospects rise. Of meadows smiling in their flowery priJe, Green hills and dales, and cottages, embow'rd, The scenes of innocence and calm delight. There the wild melody of war", ling birds, And cool refreshing groves and murmuring tpring?, Invite the sacred thought, and lifts the mind From low pursuits to meditate on God. EPITAPH. FROM THE GREF.E. ,My name ! my country I what are they to thee ? What ! whether base or proud, my pedigree? i'erhaps I far surpass'd all other men ! Perhaps I fell below them all ! what then ? Suffice it, stranger, that thou see'sta tomb ! Thou knowest its use ; it hides — no matter whom. From the JVew i'ork SiaUsman. Good Advice. — The following excellent max- ims, a strict observance of which wouiil insure wealth, reputation, and liappines=, are taken from the close of an Address to the members of the Albany Apprentices' Libra r^i Association, by the Rev, Mr. Larcey, Rector of St. Peter's Church. 1. Having selected voiir profession, resolve not to abandon it; but bj a life of industry and enterprise and industry to adorn it. Yon will be much more likely to succeed in business you Jong have studied, than in that of which vou know but little. 2. Select the best company in your power to obtain, and let your conversation be on those things you wish to iearn. Frequent coDversa- tion will elicit much instruction. 3. Obtain a friend to select for you the best books, on morality, religion, and the liberal arts, and particularly on those which treat on your own profession. It is not the reading of many books that makes a man wise, but the loading only of those which can imjiart wisdom. •1. Thorougldy understand what you read; take notes o( all that is worth rememberin"-, and frefjuently review what you have written. 5. Solect for your model, the purest ar.d greatest characters ; and always tMuleuvour iu imitate their virtues, and emulate their great- ness. 6. Serve God ; attend his worsliip : and en- deavour to set an example of piety, charity, and sobriety to all around you. 7. Love your country ; respect your rulers ; treat with kindness your fellow apprentices, and let it be your great aim to lie useful to man- kind. 8. Get all you can by honest industry ; spend nothing extravagantly ; and provide largely for old age. 9. Remember with gratitude the patrons of the apprentices' library ; and, should it ever be in your power, imitate their benevolence. Trotting Malcli for 200gMi«e«i.— The famous horse Traveller was matched for the above sum, to trot 28 miles in two hours, — and he started on Friday se'nnight on the Cambridge road; betting live to four on the horse. He completed the first seven miles in 29 minutes, 2 seconds; the second in 29 minutes 9 seconds; the third 28 minutes 10 seconds; and the last seven miles it was thought he had won, but a difference of four seconds occurring in the watches of the umpires, it was referred to Ma- jor W. who decided it to he a draw, but option- al with the owner nf the horse to trot the match over again within two imntij?. ^London paper. Mr. Owcn''s Match. — This iindorlaking to go on foot 6t miles per day for 12 successive days (and not 12 as iirst stated) was concluded at a quarter before one o'clock on Wednesday morning. It was for 2(10 sovereigns, over four miles. He shifted his four miles of ground to turf, at Fairfield, Epping Forest, on the G:h Hay, and the following is descripfive of rarb (hiy's labour. First day he did his ciound in about It; hours ; second, third and fourth in about ICi ; and he rose 18 hours on the 9th day, and frit lame ; he however recovered, and the tentn day the pedestrian was 19 hours at work, and on the two last days he (ravelled ne-;rly the whole time, and Vi-on the malch with much diffi- culty, having less than a quarter of an hour lo spare. Sixty miles per day, for 16 days, is said lo be the most that has been done in this way before. — London Fanners'' Journal. A Great Pun. — When Sir IVilliani Curtis re- turned fiom his voyage to Italy and Spain, lie called lo pay his respects to l\lr. Canning, at Gloucester Lodge. Among other questions, Sir William said "But pray, l\Ir. Canning, what doj you say to the tunnel under the Thames?" — I " Say," replied the Secretary, "Why, I say it' is the greatest bore London ever had, and that is saying a great deal." — Ibid. Fruit and Ornamental Trees. FOR sale, as usual, at the KENRICK PLACE, near Brighton. The Nurseries have been much enlarged, and contain variety of Pears,.^pples, Cherries, Plums, Apricots, kc. Also, the finest Nursery of budded Peach Trees known in America ; con- sisting of a choice collection of about 00 of llic most approved kinds in our best gardens, or seen in the mar- kets ; the Peach Trees are from five to eight feethigh, and sold at the moderate price of 33 1-3 cents each ; — of good sized ornamental trees, — the flowering Horse Chcsnut — flowering Catalpa — European Mountain Ash — Weeping Willow — the Evergreen Silver Fir, and the Larch — English Walnuts and Butter Nuts, both of which are justly admired for their fruit. The latter is a hardy, handsome tree, and its bark valuable in dyes and medicine. Currant bushes of the large prolific red kind, of all sizes, by the dozen, hundred or thousand, on moderate terms. Also the black, white, and Champaign, do — red and white roses — Lilacs — EngHsh Grapes, iic. Orders addressed to JOHN or WILLIAM KENRICK, and sent to the Brighton Posl-Oflice, or to the Office of Mr. Samuel Dana, Broker, in State-street, boston, will be duly attended to. N. B. Trees will be packed in clay and mats for shipping, and conveyed to Boston when ordered ; but gentlemen at a distance should employ some agent to receive and pay for them. .3 Turf Bull— The Mayor of an English city has put forth an advertisetnent previous to the races, " that no gentlenwii will be allowed to ride on the courses except the horses that are to run." The Wishes Gratified. — In order to know the idea a sailor had of happiness and the compass of his wants, he \vas iiiformed that every thing he could wish for in three times should be giv- en him, — •' \Vhy, then," criod Jack, " let me have ail the rum in the world." Wiiat nest? — "Why, let me have all the tobacco in the worhl." And whaljelse ?— -"Blast me if I know ; wiiy you may give me a little more rum." SAXON SHEEP. f¥^HE improvement of the breed of Merino Sheep § having at length been .<£t7i to be important by farmers generally, we are induced to offer for sale some of our best slock Ihtck.v. And that the proprietors of flocks, living at a distance, may knoiv something of our sheep, we slate that for the original stock, from which the r.iost of our present stock is derived, we paid from '57i) to $175 a sheep, than which none better were 1)1 cii'.ht from 'rpaii.. They were of the Paular, Slcn- lachi>, and IN egretti flocks. They have been kept and improved Vv'itii great care ever since they were pur- chased, under the immediate attention of one of the o'.ir.ers of them. With a view to a favourable cross, we imported in the year 1822, a buck from Saxony, se- lected l)y a good judge, and bought without limitation as to price. He was one of lire first two imported, and the choice of lliose two. From a cross of this buck with our best Merino ewes, — not ewes matured into what are called (\i\\ bloods, — we have fifty bucks, com- ing two years old. In the autumn of IR'iJJ, we import- ed anotiier buck and three ewes, selected by the same agent ; and from these ewes we have three ram lambs, aboi:t eight months old. We have also seventy-five half blood Saxon ram lambs, the cross of last year. — The half blnods — the full blood Saxon lambs — and ei- ther of the full blood Saxon bucks we ofl'er for sale. I. C. BATES, SAMUEL HKiNSIIAW. N. B. Letters addressed to I. C. Bates, Northampi- ton, or S. Ilcnshaw, Boston, will be duly attended to. JVorthampton, {Mass.) Sept 24, 1821. ■ — . . ,,» Removal. THE Agricultural Establishment is removed from No. 20 Merchants Row to No. 5, north side of (he Old Market, up stairs, where is for sale, a general as- sortment of the most approved Farming Implements, logether with Willis's improved Straw Cutter and Blind Fastenings. Sept. ?5. TKUMSOF THE FARMER. Q:5= Published every .Saturday, at Three Dolt.ars per annum, payable at the end of the year — but those wlio pay within sixly days horn the time of subscribing will he entitled to a deduction of Fifty C knts. jVJ" No paper will be discontiuutd (unless at the discretion of the publisher,) until arrearages are paid. .1 or. PRINTING executed with neatness and despatch, on Trasonable teims at this Office. NEW ENGLAND FAMMER. PUBLlbllKl) I;V JOHN IS. IKJSSKl.L, )UK;KRS- liLll.lMKGS, CONGRIISS SI rvKKT, BO-ilON'.— THOMAS G. FKS.SI.aDEN. 1:diTOR. VOL. in. FRIDAY, OCTOBER l.-j. 1821. No. 12. ©rtflCnnl CommuntcBttons. TO THE E3IT0R 01' THE KEW ENGLAND FARJIEK. MrFrssENDCx. — Tn yonr ISTew England Farmer of this tnorning', I find von have not communica- ted the idea ! meant to convoy in onr conversa- tion on the snbji'ct ol" a dclVct in the common harroivf. Fur six years pa*l, ! have used har- rows ivith the second tooth on the rii^rh side in- serted in the hrace. or liar, uhcre tlie line of its work intersecls it; in the loHowinii manner : With great respect, yours, &,c. Dorchester, Sept. 10, 1824. "j. MEARS. [We have heeriobliged to defer the dove plate aftw tKekt, on MCOWU of the indisj>osilion of our tji^jroSar.] RAISING OF ONIONS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND TARKER. Dear Sib, — In a late Farmer, your ex'-eliem correspondent, Mr Preston, wished some gentle- man to answer questions there proposed by hmi, respecting the raising of ouioiis. As 1 have cul- tivated them for many yeairs, I communicate D)j own method. 1. " fVhat is the best kind of soil or manure for tkeir gro-diith .'" The soil ought to be a deep black loam, thai will crumble fine when the plough passes thro'' it; such as is easily rake To John Billings, for Common Sheep, - - 5 To Isaac Brooks, of Lincoln, for best sole Leather, 4 To do. for best Calf-Skios, 4 To Daniel McLenning, for best Barrels, 3 To .\bigail Saddler, of Hopkinton, for best Straw Bonnet, 4 To Ann Dalrymple, of Marlboro' for next best, 2 To Sally Livermore, of Shirley, for a beautiful Bonnet made of grass in imitation of Leghorn, 4 To Abel Moore, for best Boots, 4 To do. for second best, 2 To do. for best Men's Shoes, 2 To Wm. Richardson, for best Women's Shoes, 1 To Emily Filch^ of Hopkinton, for sewing Silk, made from the silk-worm, 5 To II. Blodjjet, of Tyngsboro,' for 1 lb. of coloured an I white sewing silk, made from the silk-worm 5 To Lavinia Farwell, of Concord, for 3 Straw Work Baskets, S To William Bowers, of Billerica, for a wrought silk Lace Veil, 1 To D. Davenport, for 1 groce net-work Buttons, t To Eliza Dalrymple, of Marlboro' for a Turkey down Boniielt, 2 To Tryphena Smith, of Liocoln, for another Tur- key down Bonnett, 8 NEW EiNGLAND FARMER. in To Sally How, at' M-Arlboro' for 8 Dajs wove with- out seam, To T- P. Merriatn, for a Bog OuUcr, To do. for a Plow Cutter, To R. Chaffin, Actoa, for an improved Crow for Hogsheads To Thompson Gacon,Esq. Bedford, for an improv- ed Blind Fastening, To Edward Curti?, of Pepperell, for a specime^i of excellent Paper, To Radeaux ii Chavant, for a specimen of fine Hats To Nahum Hardy, of Waltham, for a specimen of Butter made after an improved method The thanks of the Society were voted to Luke Fisk and Nahum Hardy, who presented to the Socie- ty the largest Water Melon, ever raised iii the Commonwealth. To Luke Fiske, Esq. oC Wallham, for the best working oxen To Eli Rice, of Marlhoro,' for 2d best To S. Spaulding, of Chelmsford, for the best bull To Stephen Patch, Esq. of Linceln, for the next beat To Henry Wright, of Concord, for the best bull calf To Thomas Wheeler, of do. for the best heifer To Josiah Crosby, Esq. of BiUerica, for 2d best heifer To Maj. Samuel Burr, of Concord, for the best hei- fer calf To Saxon Factory, Framingham, for the best piece of Broadcloth To Rock-Bottom Company for 2d best To Stepheu Buttrick, of Framingham, for a fine piece of plain cloth To George M. Barrett, for do To Rock-Bottom Co. for best Cassimere To Jonathan V'arnum, of Dracut, for a piece of plain cloth To Andrew Adams, of Lincoln, for best piece of flannel To Jonathan Varnum, of Dracut, for next best To Elijah Wood, of Concord, for best piece of carpeting To Isaac Monroe, of Lincoln, for next best To Capt. A. Cole, of do. for do. 'J'o Mrs. Cyrus Hosmer, for another To Mrs. Hannah Blood, of Uracutt, for another To Susan Hubbard, for the best pair of woollen blankets To Miss Lydia Hosmer, for best coverlet To Rebecca Hayward, of Acton, for the nest best To Betsey Munroe, of Lincoln, for a superiour white counterpane To Eliza Pierce, of Tyngsboro,' for a qpilt ■ To Mrs. Jonathan V'arnum, of Dracut, for the best piece of linen diaper To Abraham Prescott, Westford, for 2d best To SOsan Mann, of East Sudbury, for the best pair of knit hose To Mrs. Joseph Merriam for 2d best To Emily Wheeler, of East Sudbury, for a fine pair of worsted socks To Eckley Stearns, of Bedford, (or two pocket books To Abigail Pickens, for a coverlet PLOUGHING MATCH. To Samuel Hoar 2d, first premium 17 To .George M. Barrett, second 10 To Luke Fiske, Esq. third 7 iidilition of Messrs Kmaj anil Francis, were au- tliorized (o c:\ii»o llio same to be published at (he expense of the Society. " The Secretary was requested to forward diplomas lo Matthew Curey, of Philadc^lphia, — John Priuce, of Iloxhurj, Muss, and Thomas G. Fesscnden, of Boston, constituting them honorary members for lite. " A vote was also passed by the Standing Committee, recommending to the use of the Society the New England Farmer, a highly in- slrnclife and valuable weekly paper, edited by Mr t'esseiiden of Boston, the annual subscription of which is only three dollars." The Committee on Live Stock observe that " they were strongly impressed with the im- portance of breeding from the best imported slocks; — in them, those points and properties on which we place the most value, are each, from various crossings, either perfected in dis- tinct breeds, or many of them united in one." "From our native stock, doubtloss we could in lime produce the same result ; everv animal that had the smallest [lorlion of blood from im- ported stock, was distinguished by some marked | peculiarity in beauty or usefulness. " For us the smallest sized animals are un- doubtedly best suited to the various purposes which connect them with agricultural economy ; first to produce and then to maintain a large sized animal, will require pastures richer than ours, and to give them cosily food must be ru- inous." The Committee appointed to superintend the Ploughing, and to award the premiums, observe that " the preminms on ploughing were offer- ed lo those who ploughed best and at the least expense. Speed., therefore, was not the criteri- on of merit, and this was urged repeatedly and earnestly, on the drivers; but they disregarded the admonition. To correct, therefore, in future this injudicious and very hurtful practice, the committee have awarded no premium on either of the drivers." The Fifth Annual Cattle Show and Exhibition of the Rhode Islanrl Society for the Encovrngement of Domestic Industry, was holden at Pawtuxet, on the 6th and 7th insl. [t appears by the offi- cial Report, that " the thanks of the Society were presented to the Hun. William Hunter, together with a diploma of membership, and a copy of his exceedingly able Address solicited for the press. Messrs Richmond and Smith, the Com- mittee appointed last year to obtain a copy of Pr Drown's Address, were requested to renew their apphcation to the Doctor, and with the From the Quarterly Review. The Hessian fly is supposed to have been an importation, because it first appeared in a field of wheat on or near the Hessian encampment opposite New York. We know not whether the Germans recognize it as one of the plagues of their country, or if it he the resurrection of some buried species which has in an evil hour found its way to the light.* It travel? at the rate of twenty miles a year, and it has been so des tructive that the cultivation of wheat in Connect icut has been in a great measure discontinued, in consequence of its ravages. It has indeed been found impossible longer to cultivate the particular sort of wheat which was best fitted for the soil and climate of New England, and furnished also the best bread. This species is actually ' lost out of the country,' and whenever wheat is sown, the fly multiples with it, till, in a few years, it becomes numerous enough to destroy the crop. A great interchange of commodities is un- wittingly carried on wherever commerce ex- tends. The West Indian cockroach has found its way to the foot of Skiddaw ; and we have seen the huge nest of the American wasp sus- I pended irom trees in Cumberland. Josselyn, in his first visit to Row England, took one of the nests for a fruit, supposing it to be a pine- apple plated with scales. 'It was as big,' he says, 'as the crown of a woman's hat. I made bold lo ste() unto it with an intent to have gath- ered it : no sooner had I touclit it but hundreds of wasps were about me.' The same old au- thor gives a catalogue of such plants as had in his time sprung up since the English planted and kept cattle in New England. They were two-and-twent) in number. The common net- tle was the first wliirh the settlers noticed; and the plantain was called by the Indians, Englisl.- man's foot, as if it sprung from their footsteps. The insect which destroys the apple trees comes to us from America, and is now travelling to- ward the interior of England as steadily, though not so fast, as the Hessian fly. Another des- tructive insect has within a few years attacked the fruit trees in New England, more especially the Morello cherry, which it has nearly exter- minated ; and the plum. Insects of this kind are not observed till their ravages excite atten- tion. They then emerge into notice like the hordes of barbarians at the breaking up of the Roman empire, Goths, Vandals, Alans, Heruls, Huns, Bulgarians, &:c. none of which were heard ol till they became numerous enough to be the terror and the scourge of the civilized ivorld. If the statements may he relied on that there is in one part of Louisiana a fly the sting of which is fatal to horses, and in Persia a bug whose bite is death to the traveller, it would seem that man has far more formidable enemies in the insect creation than he has ever yet con- tended With. It is however apparently so in- consistent with what we know of the order of creation, that such powers of destruction should be vested in creatures against which no pro- tection can be found either in courage or in foresight, that we must look tor further testi- mony before we can imfdicitly give credit toil. Were the common fly armed with a mortal sling, neither fiie nor flood would be needed to exterminate tlie human race. * Tht opinion which has heretofore been common that the Hessian fly is a native of Germany, and was brought to America by the troops from Hesse Cassel, which cam* over with the British troops during the revolutionary war in the United States, we believe is erroneous. Sir Joseph Banks has written to Dr Mitch- ell, that he had no reason to believe that the insect which we call Hessian Fly exists in any part of Ger- many. Count Genaum of Ravenna has not mentioned the fly in a splendid work on the diseases to which * wheat is subject in its growing state, though fifty insects are described rSf« Domestic Encyclopedia, .Art. Fly. — Ed. N. E. Farmer. Pedestrtanism. — Mr Wilson, a young man re- cently from the state of Maine, who came to this territory for the purpose of getting into business as a surveyor, last Saturday morning started from Ihe market-house in this city, and in forty min- utes and fifteen seconds went to a place called Vinegar-Hill, a distance of five miles and three fourths of a mile measured. There had been showers through the night, and about half of the way was rendered very slippery. He perform- ed the first mile in seven minutes — and the last in six minutes and a half This is superior to. any foot running that we have heard for some time — all things considered. Detroit Gazette. <^2 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. tnent there not permitting the wool dealer, or even the clothier to witness the final result of the process. The wool buyer itgncttltural J^rpovt, For the District of J\'iagara — higust, lS2i. The harvest this season has proved the most , countries, and the wool sort.r fleece were equally unarquaintcil .villi Uieciotn in the distani who divided the abundant that has been known lor many years rr.i v i u-„„ .i^.hior =ni,i h.s The crops of wheat, rye, barley, oats, and peas, [ manufacture. The Yorkshire^ clothier sold h.s are nearr; all well housed, /he Indian corn is goods in an undressed, and often ,n an undyed a fine crop.-Thepotatoe fields promise to y.eld I state; they were bought and fi^.^hed by the in general, not only a largo quantity, but also to , cloth merchant, who was formerly unacquainted improve in qual.tv bv the dryness of the weath-j with the previous processes of the manulaclure er Those ihritVv persons who have sown flax- 1 or the qualities of wool. In a promiscuous lot seed, will be well repaid; the land has not j of undressed cloth honsrhl at the same price, yielded such an increase for ten years past, and apparently of the same quality in the rough The turnip crops will do well, if aided by mod- 1 state, if some pieces were hnished muci l^etter erate refreshing showers at short intervals. ' and softer than others, it was attributed (o lucky The kitchen garden this season is not very ' chance, the patron divinity of the ignorant — promising. The fruit garden and orchard bids Mr. Bake^vell_ proved that the hardness ol Eng- fairfor an average crop — a few early pears and |ish wools does apples are selling here, ripe, at Is. 3(1. to 5s. fid. ! fnnH nr bvph pntirelv on the breed : it is the per bushel. P. S. A merchant in Niagara bought 100 bushels wheat at 3s. 9d. last week, he now only offers 3s. 1 l-2d. Fine flour in the Quecnslon and Niagara markets, sold last Saturday at 10s. and lis. 3d. the 112 lbs.— This depression aris- es from the fall of produce in the Montreal market. (lHcensto7i, Aug. 31, 1021. From Rces'' Cyclopedia. WOOL. [Continued from page 77.] The. softness of fine clothing -^-ool is next in im- portance to the fineness of the fibre, though it has been loo little attended to in the culture of English wool. This quality is nol dependent on the fineness of the fibre ; it consists in the jieculiar feel, which approaches to that of silk or down, but in which the wool of all European sheep is inferiour to that of Eastern Asia, or to the wool of the V'icunna, or Lama of Peru and Chili. In foreign European wools there are different degrees of this propeity, where the fibre is equally fine. In our native English wools, the like diflerence exists between the softness of wool possessing the same degree nl fineness, but groivn in dificrent districts. In the harder wool, the fibre is elastic and hard to the touch, and cloth made from it has the same hard feel; it is also more loose in its texture, and the surface of the thread is generally more bare. The dilTeronce in the value of cloth from tivo kinds of wool, equally fine, but one distinguished tor its softness, and the other for the contrary quality, is such, that with the same process and expen>e of maniificture, the one will make a clolli more valuable than the other from twenty to twenty-five per cent. Though the English woolen manufactures hail been carried on for a long period, the cause of this diiference in the cloths made from wool equally fine was but very imperfectly known till the present century. Mr Robert iJaUewell, then of Wakefield, in Yorkshire, first directed the attention of wool-growers and man- ufacturers to this subject in a work entitled " Observations on the Injluence of Soil and Cli- .nuiic on U'ool.^'' The reason why the manufac- turers remained so long ignorant respecting it, arose, he observed, from the manner in which the woolen trade had been carried on in York- shire, the great seat of the manufacture of the English clothing wool, the division of employ- ed, i food, or even entirely on the breed ; it is effect of soil acting on the surface of the fleece. The wools from chalk districts, or light, dry, calcareous snils, have the natural yolk or moisture absorbed by the particles of oalcare- ous earth that penetrate the fleece, and the wool is thereby rendered h.ird. The same effect is produced on a skin where lime is used ; it may also be produced by keeping wool for a longer or shorler time in a ort,(Pa.)Ocl. ]b,\B2l. , . , r . Dear SiR,-On the 8th of this month, we had ^''"w "^ crops, farms, and improvements, and a heavy white frost, that lVoz.<- ice and the top '^"e ready to disclose the results i '■" i-.-*."^-' of mellow gronnil the thickness ol window glass. We have had tint 114 days of summer, clear of heavv trost-'. Within that period of time I plant- ed a patch of corn and beans, (on the 20lh of JuneS most of which crew ripe enou-h fbrseed ; '' "^ale corresponding ^ _ . - ■ ' ■ ■• . ^ r,, , and enlio-htened eflorfs of the bocietv, was made The ladies department of Huusehotd Manufactures, always intereMing to the public, was well arranged and liberally supplied with the fruits of the most praiseworthy industry. Every arrangement, on with the long-contmued before the said trost. The kind of corn is what we call the Speckkd jV((h(«cA'c(, the grains bemg red and yellow. 1 have paid the strictest attention not only to \ny own hut my neighbours' orchards, to try to discover whether s-jocct or sour ajiplcs withstand the frost best ; but have not discovered with certainty. One general remark I have made in the co'irse of my observations, worthy the attention of the public : — that is, that young trees of natural fmit are more full of ajiples than old trees, or such a« have been grafted. How are we to account for the circumstance ? Does it confirm DrDarwin'- hypnthesis, — that the ilitferent kinds of apple* have their periods of life, like animals, and that grafting is but the elongation of the sameseed? Are we to suppose that a young kind of apple in the vigour of youth will withstand the cold better than such as are declining with the infii- m'tiesofage? If such should generally appear tti be the fact, would it not be advisable for our farmers fo plant orchards of natural trees, anii only graft those whose apples did no< suit their purposes? By that means they mii^'ht intiodure what I shall Call young kinds of apples. Ol the trees that I have raised from the seed, about one in tea are equal to grafted fruit. 1 wish respectfully to request that gentlemen would generally publish their observations on this important subject in your useful paper, for the benefit of the public. Very truly yours, SAMUEL PRESTON. in season, and nothing remained to delay or con- fuse. It was most ajiparent that each retuining year brings with it evidences of extended eflorts, increased knowledge, and valuable improve- menis. This anniversary has furnished occur- rences most gratifying to the Ibunders and pat- rons of the Society. The sanguine e.vpectaiions of 1811 have been more than realized in 1824. The following is a biief view of the several departments. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. FIRST DAY— The candidates for premiums S^^^ °^ perfection Woollen Socks, Carpeting, Hearth Rugs, Linen Shirting, Linen Sheeting, Dlankels, Linen Dia- per, Linen Handkerchiefs, Lc. Several ex'ia preraiums were a^varded fo distinguished skill and merit, and on large quaDtities produced by superiour lamily industry. PLOUOHLVG MATCHES. SECOND DAY.— The objects (o be atfainedi were ease of draught, good work of the plovgiit and discipline of the teams. These were faith- fully regarded. Seventeen teams and ploughs entered in the contest, viz. twelve of oxen, and five of horses. The work to be completed in fifty minutes, ploughing one quarter of an acre. The horse teams finished short of thirty min- utes, and the ox teams short of forty minutes. — • The work, generally, was well done — but the dilferences between the teams, ploughs and ploughmen, were apparent. This part of the exhibition is acquiring increasing interest, and has become a favourite object with the public. In point of utility it rivals all others, and it is reduced to a certainty, that although much has been done, more remains to be done before this lepartment can arrive at the wished for de- SlflrCtultural amiti)trsartrs. From the Pillsfitld Sun. BERKSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. The interesting anniversary ofthisdistinguish- «d Society returned on the 6th and 7th days ct October current. Public expectation is impatient to read the occurrences of the occasion. It !« due to the public not to delay the gratification of their reasonable curiosity. We hasten to give lliem a general and brief statement, reserving a inore detailed account to a period of more leis- ure. The Society has been favoured during 13 anniversaries with fine weather; but the 14lh was overcast and partially attended with rain- The assembling of the Members of the Society, and of those who delight in American industry and improvements, was not retarded or essen- tially interrupted. The company was numerous. and we saw no abatement of that enterprise and on the various products, were more numereu and interesting than on any former occasion. — On Winter and Summer Wheats, the applicants were 32 — on Rve 13 — on Oats, and on live Oats and Peas mixed IG — on M.llet, Peas and Indian Corn 28 — amounting in all to 88 crops. — Flax, Butter, and Cheese were re«pectable, and the quality of the two last articles excellent. In consequence of the unfavour.ibleness of the dav. the quantities of butter and cheese were not so great a« was anticipated. 'I'he applicants for view of farms, (only 3) and their management, were less than facts warranted. Numerous (arms ir Berkshire are under excellent manas:emenl, and are conducted with order and success. No- thing but mere indolence or forgetfulness would have prevented the show of more than 30 tine farms. DOMESTIC ANIMALS. The Show was more honourable to our farm- ers. The W^orking Oxen were numerous and well selected. We witnessed a noble team of about 30 yoke, all in a line, and drawing a cart loaded with their forage, furnished by our pub- lic spirited citizens of Stockbridge. Fat Oxen — several yoke of great size & beauty were shown and much admired. The Show of Bulls was excellent, consisting of various races — among them we noticed sev- eral beautiful forms of the Devonshire and Hol- derness. The Cows, Steers, Heifers, Merino Bucks. Ewes, Weathers, Swine, Horses, and Stocks of Cattle, were more numerous than usual, and better bred, and more judiciously selected than at any former period. MANUFACTURES. We were assured that this department was ably and admirably .sustpined ; consisting of Woollen Fniled Cblhs, coloured and white Flannels,, Worsted and Lambs' Wool Hose, — PRESirrENT S ADDRESS, AND AWARD OF PREMIUMS. The most numerous procession since 1812, was formed at 12 o'clock at noon, under Chief Marshal, Col. Williams of Stockbridge. &. Major Clapp of Pitlsfield and Capt. Webster of Stock- liridge, his assistants. The best arrangements were made, and the finest order prevailed. — The escort, consisting of the Independent Grays^ honoured the Society in the field and in the procession, to maintain order. The procession moved into the Meeting House, which was filled to overflowing, where a very appropriate pray- er was offered by Rev. Mr Bailey. The Address by Hon. H. W. Dwight, was executed with his usual ability, and met with warm admiration. — The Reports ot awards of premiums were then declared by Mr McKay, the first Vice President. The Fariner^s Dinner was su(>plied with the va- rious bounties of the season ; and the anniver- sary closed with a numerously attended Pastoral Ball, appropriate to the occasion. The dining halls were ornamented with evergreens, flowers, and agricultural products in a style of great taste and efiect. The Society were gratified by the attendance of a very respectable portion of the clergy, who by their example and presence dif- fused decorum, and added greatly to the popu- larity of the meeting. The whole transactions were closed seasonably, without accident, leav- ing nothing for regret, and all to hope from the future efforts of the Society, aided by an enlight- ened and patriotic community. The following gentlemen were elected offi- cers of the Society for the year ensuing : Samuel M. McKay, President .lohn Whiting, 1st Vice President Henry Wilmarth, 2d Fice President Ezekiel R. Colt, Cor. and Rec. Secretary Samuel D. Colt, Treasurer Thomas Gold, \ Committee Oliver P. Dickinson, > "" Levi Goodrich, } Agriculfwe. 98 NEW ENGLANP TAPMER. Phineas Alltii. Jonathan Allen, 2d, Curtis T. Fenn, Thomas B. Stronp:, Jonathan Y. Clarke, Richard Cooman Committee on .Manufactures. Committee on Domestic Animals. By order of the Committee for Publication. THOMAS GOLD, Chairman. WORCESTER CATTLE SHOW, &c. The sixth anniversary of the pnblic Exhibi- tion of the Worcester County Agricultural Soci- ety was celebrated at Worcester on Wednesday the 13th inst. Tlie uncommon pleasantness o( the day being in perfect accordance with the public feeling towards this interesting institution, an unusually large collection of the most res- pectable yeomanry of the county, with proles- sional gentlemen and distinguished strangers, assembled at an early hour. The Ploughing Match was the introductory performance, and was executed in the most workman-like manner. The public exercises in the church were intro- duced in a pertinent and eloquent illustration ol the objects and progress of the Society, by the Hon. Judge Lincoln, the President. A fervent and appropriate prayer was offered by Rev. Mr Hull, Chaplain of the day, which was succeeded by an interesting and animated Address, by Isaac GOODWLN, Esq. At the Pens, the company were gratified with an improved assemblage of our useful and noble animals, 229 in number, — headed by the horse " Boman," proudly displaying his prerogative, as the modern "King of Bea«ts." From this rich exhibition of the means of good livinrr^ the company repaired to Mr Stockwell's Hall, and enjoyed its fruition. This was evinced by ihoir hearty acclamation of the sentiments which the occasion inspired. The following were among the toasts given at the table : .Agriculture., Commerce, and J^lanvfactures — Uncln Sam's three buxom daughters, — May neither hold her head too high to coutribule her equal share in the sup- port of liis large and growing family. American Industry Whether its emblem be the Canvas, the Skullle, or the Plough, may it alike be honoured as the handmaid of national virtue, and the parent of national wealth. .Agricultural Socitties — May they take deep root in the confidence of the people, and spread their refresh- ing influence over the soil of their country. 77(e Yeomanry of Neio England — A strong team, but unmanageable if attempted to be worked with a Driver. Manufactures and the .Arts — Deriving from the earth the materials for their own perfection, they requite their benefactress by contributing to her embellishment. Commerce and the Fisheries — A rich harvest to those who plough the dctp ; and may they always find a good market among those who plough the land. Yankee Means and Yankee Measures, though some- times full of notions, are often full of force. The Sjtorts of the Turf.— when performed by Oxen! The great French Farmer — who lent our fathers a hand to thresh the British — who sowed the seeds of Lib- erty in France, and who reaps 2. harvest of gratitude on the field of his youthlul glory ! The President of the Worcester Agricultural Society — The life-blood til "the Heartof the Commonwealth." A respectful remembrance was had of the " Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of jlg- riculture" and a complimentary sentiment ad- dressed to the Hampshl'-p, !3 uniMen &. Franklm Societies, which was rer.eiv<-d with enthusiasm, and reciprocated in a very pertinent manner by Judge Newcomb. of Greenfield, and the Hon. Mr Doolittle, of Belchertown, who attended as special delegates from that spirited and most excellent institution. Isaac Goodwin, Esq. who had delighted the Society with his Address in the morning, gave The County of JVnrcester—U? Territories, its Institu- tions, its Inhabitants— one and indivisible. 0^ Want of room this week compels us to omit the rema'rks of the Hon. Judge Liscoln,— the list of pre- miums,— &c. jF.irmcr's eLalcnUar. [by the editor.] Preservation of Apples. — In our last number, page 9-1, we ffave some brief observations rela- without injury to the buds, but still they will be bruised, unless the ground he covered with blankets or straw. Particular care is requisite n gathering winter fruit for keeping : — they should be gathered by the hand, and without injury removing them Irom the gathering bask- et to the casks prepared for them, with great care; if bruised, they soon decay ; and the less those that are sound are removed, the belter. — .When in barrels, they should be placed in a dry, cool, shaded situation, above ground, and roniala until in danger from Irost, and then put into the cellar." The following valuable observations, contain- ed in a letter from Noah Webster, Esq. have been published in the Massachusetts Agricultur- al Repository. " It is the practice with some persons, to pick them in October, and first sprea r the stones in sufficient quantity . !-•-.. , , - «. to fill the interstices, and, belore it cools, sifting some- lectly npe, apples lor cider may be shaken oft fme gravel or sand over it. NEW ENOT.AND FARMER. 99 From the tJampshire Gazelle, AGRICULTURE OF MEXICO. The iigricultiirisls of Mexico nre lnili;in«, finir!ii-e--consi(ler;ilily behind lhosi> of K.nrope and the United Stiiles. The soil and clim:Ur are so fine thut but little labor is necessary, nnd not niiiih use is made of manure, which remains in the outskirts of the cities unemployed. Irri- gation, or watering lands, has been used from the earliest period. The plough is very simple, and is drawn hy oxen fa-tened to it by tlie horns. The Indians use the triangular spade with great 1 deKteritv. They raise very fine wheal, which] is trodden out by mnles. Barley is given to | horses in a green stale, but is not in much re- quest. Indian corn forms the supply of bread for the great mass of the people, it is fiist I soaked in water, and then ground by hand into paste between two stones, and baked on a stone I over the fire. From Blr B.'a description, the I bread is similar to what is called Jolinny cakcl in the United States. Immense fields of a small, black bean are cultivated, and form a part of ev- ery meal. Potatoes are not in common use, and i jire small and ill tasted. — The banana furnishes! aliment for many of the inhabitants, and is sold in the market both fresh and dried. The great American Aloe, from which the drink called i pulque is made, is very largely cultivated. Pul- 1 que is in universal request, and formerly the | duties on this article, in the cities of Mexico, I Puebla and Tolluca, amounted to mose than ; SOO.OOO dollars a year. The plants are set about six feet asunder, and blossom in about ten years. AVhen the plant begins to throw up its long flower stem, the owner cuts out the leaves which form its centre, and hollows it into the shape of a bowl. The sap collects in the bowl, nnd is emptied several times a day. The liqu- or undergoes a slight fermentation, and is im- mediately fit for drinking. Pulque brandy is distilled from this liquor. The Indians form (he roofs of their houses of the leaves, and fen- ces, ropes, thread, cloth and paper are made from other parts of the plant. Sugar is made by the Indians in most parts of Mexico, and is sold very low. A spirit resembling whiskey is obtained from the cane in large quantities. Cofiee is grown, though not generally. When Mr B. was in Mexico, an English gentleman was about purchasing a hacienda or farm, with the intention of cultivating coffee on a large scale. Cotton is produced abundantly. One kind is of a fine cinnamon color, like that of which nan- keen is made. The Indians extract the seed by hand, having no machine for that purpose. They make from the cotton great quantities of coarse calico. There is great consumption of chocolate in Mexico. The cocoa from which it is made is imported from Gaulamala, and is ■ground by hand between two stones by females. The well known drug, jalap, is produced in the neigl.bourhood of Xalapa, from whence it has its name, the Spaniards sounding X and J alike. Above 200,000 pounds are annually exported to Europe. Excellent tobacco is prouuced in many parts of Mexico, and Indigo is found in various places. Precious Relicl.—A copy of Columbus' letter to the Kino; ol Sp.'iin, on the discovery of .■imerica, consisting of three leaves, was lately sold in London for thirty- four guineas. From Ihc Boston Ttlegrapk. INCREASED VELOCITY OF MILLS, &c. In the " Minutes of Conversationes at Dr. Mitcheirs," published in the New-York Mi- nerva, it is stated that saw-mills cut much more timber at night than they do in the same time by day-light, with the same head of wa- ter, and without alteration in the machinery : grist-mills convert more grain into meal by night than hy day ; rafts float nearly a third fa.ster, and vessels make greater progress dur- ing the coldness and darkness of the night. These yihenomena are attempted to he ex- plained by supposing that the weight and den- sity of water is increased when the influence of the sun is withdrawn or diminished, and that it consequently acts with augmented pow- er on the buckets of a mill wheel, and gives more buoyancy to floating bodies. Wlien we first read the above, we supposed the new theory to be, that the quantity of water flowing in a particular river is less during the day [if warm] than during the night, [if cold,] and to this we were ready to give our assent. Evaporation, as well as the wants of man and beast, tax every river more or less during the day, and very little during the night. But it seems " the irtiiiht and density of the water is increased when the influence of the snn is with- drawn." This again must be admitted, to a certain extent, from the known expansion of fluids by the ap- plication of heat. But the increase of weight and density from this source is, after all. so very little, that as to all practical purposes it is nothing at all. Pos- silijy a water-wheel might in consequence gain one revolution during a night ! This, however, cannot be the pith of the theory. For rafts, it is said, *^ float nearly a third faster, and vessels make greater progress. '^ Now the temperature of the ocean, we venture to say, does not vary two degrees nf Fahrenheit, from noon to midnight — of course this cannot be the cause of the increased ve- locity. And besides, from the expression, " coldness and darkness of the night," it appears, that, in the view of Dr. Mitchell, Ihe agency of light is concerned in producing this strange phenomenon. Darkness, then, (if we do not misunderstand the language,) is supposed to increase the weight and density of water : — llfat is, l'g;ht diminishes its weight and density! What is this but assuming one error to prove another? For our own part, we believe neither. We regard the notion that more boar'^s are sawn, more corn ground, more headway gained in the night than in the day time, as a mere aberration of fancy, 'nd even were it true, we should resort to'almost any mode of explaining it, rathfT than ascribe it, either wholly or in part, to the influence of light. Mr. Lancaster. — A gentleman recently from Ca- raccas informs us that Mr. Lancaster, the ci bbrated founder of the system of school instruction which bears bis name, is now at that pt.ire tailoring to es- tablish a school on the principles whirb have, else- where, proved so successfid. He is paid hy the Co- lombian government a salary of $2000 ]ier year. He is accompanied by his daughter, and her husband, Mr. .tones. It was supposed that, after accomplish- ing the oliject which he had in view at Caraccas, he would proceed to Bogota. He had been at the for- mer place about three months at the time the gentle- man who gave us this information sailed. The present number of public schools at Caraccas is about a dozen. The average number of scholars attending them would not exceed 20. The people are deplorably ignorant, and seem entirely indifferent to any improvement in the education of their chil- dren. Bazuar.— In returning to our lodgings, we went into the bazaar in the Soho Square. This is a very extensive suite of rooms, on two floors, (being formed by throwing several houses into one) in which are collected almost every kind of article, which Ihe arts of Lon- don, Birmingham, Sheflield, Manchester, &c. can produce, in Ihe way of ingenuity, delicacy, and taste. They are tastefully exposed to the view and examination of visitors tor the pur- pose of sale. Each article has its price attach- ed to it, from which there is no abatement.— About 200 females are in constant attendance t'j wait on visitors, and receive their money. No person is solicited to buy* nor is any thing said to enhance Ihe value of the goods. This is ;t new kind of establishment, of which there are at present, but two in London. The term, as well as Ihe plan, has been im|)orted from India. A new bazaar is building, I am informed, by Lord George Cavendish, which for splendour and convenience, will surpass any thing of the kind in Europe. In Ihe evening, these shops are all lighted with gas, and present a most beantiful appearance. One side of Soho Square is frequently crowded with the carriages of ladies, and people of fashion, who are vis- iting the bazaar. — Griscoiri's Year in Europe. Fish. — Dr McCriLocK, who published an interest- ing paper on the herring, has furnished another still more so " On the possibility of changing the residence of certain fishes from salt water to fresh' VARIATIONS OF OUR LANGUAGE. Specimen of the first English Translation of Ihe Scriptures made by Dr. Wickliffe, 13G0. — .Matt. viii. 23 — 27. And whanoe he was gone up into a littil schip, his disciples sueden him, and lo a great storying was maed in the see, so that the schip was bilid with waives, but he slept : and his disciples caraen to him, and residen him ; and seiden. Lord save us : we per- ischen. And Ihsus seiden to him, what ben ye ol lit- til feilh a.gast' thanne he roos, and cominandide to the wyndes and the see, and a great pesiblenesse was maad. And men woudriden and seiden, what mancr man is he this, for the wyndes and the see obeischeii to him. Hai/ti. — Emigration to Hayti (says the National Advocate) is progressing with unexanipled rapidity ; it is not a mere experiment, but vessel after vessel 13 despatched. It is expected that the ship Concordia will sail this day, with 160 colored persons of both sf xc s. The Post says, that " six vessels at Philadel- phia, one at Port Elizabeth, one at .■Alexandria, and S''veral others at Baltimore, are on the eve of sailing for the same destination. It is calculated that be- tween 3 and 4000 of these persons will leave the United Slates within a few days, and that every fort- night additional numbers will be shipped off under the direction of President Beyer's agent, who pays the * expense of their transmission, by authority of the Haytien government. One hundred of those about to sail from this port, are from the State of New-.Ier- sey, and there can be no doubt that the great adx'an- tages held out, will induce the mass of this part ol our population to withdraw from the country." Cape Cod Canal. — Agreeably to the resolution pas- sed at the last st ssion of Congress, arrangements have been made to ascertain the practicability of connect- ing Barnstable and Buzzard's Bays hy a Canal. Cajit. Trevett, commander of the U. S Revenue Cut- ter .S'enrc/i, has received orders to be at the disposal of the Board of Engineers, and assist in taking the soundings of the Bays. The great importance of such a Canal may be inferred from the fact that nearly COOO voyages are made around Cape Cod annually, which might be made with much more ease and safe- ty through the contemplated Canal. 100 NEW ENOCAND FARMER. From iiees' Cyclopedia. WOOL. [Continued from page 93.] The colour of the fleece should always ap- proach as much as possible to the purest white, because such wool is not only necessary for cloths dressed white, but for all cloths to be dy- ed bright colours, for which a clear white ground is required, to give a due degree of richness and lustre. It is probable that all sheep's wool was first of a black or reddish col- our; the latter is always referred to by the an- cients. Before the invention of dyeing, colour- ed wool must have had a preference to white ; but after the art of communicating beautiful colours to the fleece, white wool would be in the greatest demand, and those sheep which had white fleeces would be selected to breed from. The most ancient flocks ofsheep, which we have any record of, are those of Laban and Jacob, described in the book of Genesis. The fleeces appear to have been principally brown, or spotted and striped, which was, in all proba- bility, the general colour of the flocks through- out that part of Asia. We learn that in the course of twenty years a great change was ef- fected in the colour of a large portion of the sheep of Laban ; though Jacob appears to have concealed from his father-in-law the method by which this change was effected, we are express ly told in the sequel that it was by crossing with rams which had fleeces of the colours required Dark brown or black wooled sheep are no' uncommon in many parts of the European flocks but such wool being of less value than the white, these sheep ought always to be expelled. Some of the English fine-wooled sheep, as the Norfolk and Soulh-Doun, have black or grey faces and legs. In all such sheep there is a tendency to grow grey wool on some parts ot the body, or to produce some grey fibres inter- mixed with the fleece, which renders the wool ■unfit for many kinds of white goods ; for though the black hairs may be too few or minute to be detected by the wool sorter, yet when the •clolh is stoved they will become visible, form ing reddish spots, by which its appearance is much injured. The Herefordshire sheep, ■which have while faces, are entirely free from this defect, and yield a fleece without any ad "mixture of grey hairs. We have no doubt that by carefully rejecting those sheep from the South-Down flocks, in which the grey is most apparent, this defect might be gradually re moved. It is particularly desirable with respect 'to those sheep as the wool grown on chalk soils, though less soft than on other soils, is gen erally whiter, and better suited to such good: ^vhich require the process of bleaching or stov- ing, and do not require to be so much fulled as many other cloths. The ancients were so well aware of the ne- cessity of expelling dark coloured wool from their flocks, that in selecting their sheep to breed ■from, they did not trust to the colour of the fleece alone, but carefully examined the mouth and tongue of the ram, and if the least black- ness or swarthiness appeared, he was immedi- ately rejected ; and though some moderns have *loul)tcd the use of this precaution, we believe it was well founded. " Ilium autem, quamvis aries sit candidus ipse, Nigra sube^t udo tantum cui lingua palalo, Rejice, no meculis infuscet vellera pullis. Virgil's Geor. III.* Pliny also states, that particular attention was on this account had to the colour of the mouth. Arietum maxime spectantur ora.t We are in- formed that this kind of inspection takes place in the Spanish flocks at present, a practice in all probability derived from the Roman Shep- herds, as we believe the flock to have been from those of Italy or the Tarentine breed. — The colour of the soil on which sheep graze, if very dark or red, communicates to the wool a tint more or less strong, which is indelible, and renders such wool less proper for cloths or hosiery ffonds that are tn be finished white ; for though the colour may be improved by stoving, yet on washing the cloths, they soon return to a brownish or yellowish tint. The tint from the soil is, however, rarely of sufficient strength to be regarded for dyed goods, excepting lor exceedinsjlv lis:ht colours. The cleanliness of wool is principally re- garded by the purchaser, as it afl'ects the weisht. To the grower those fleeces are gu>ing each lo be free (rom lumps of pitch employed in mirking the wool, and cleared from what are called the dog-locks. The first column represeols the av- erage weight after Ihe wool has been scoured perfectly clean with soap and water. 100 lbs. of English wool washed ) Pure Wool. Waste. on the sheep's back — J 75 25 Do. Saxony fleece wool, 80 20 Do. Spanish R. or refine, 88 12 Do. Spanish and Portugal unwashed, 75 £5 Do. English fleeces unwashed, 60 40 Do. lightly greased wools of i Northumberland, washed on > 65 35 the sheep's back — j Hence it is obvious, that the state of the fleece with respect to cleanness is of great importance to the wool-buyer. The English Mermo sheep, from the difficulty of washing Ihe wool on the sheep's back, have generally been shorn in an unwashed itate, and the wool offered lor sale in this state. The purchasers were frequently un- acquainted with the great amount of the loss it would suffer by washing, and were much disap- pointed at the result. This circumslance, we conceive, more than any other, tended to prej- udice the manufacturer against the Anglo-Meri- no wool. The wool is also injured by remain- ing in the grease, as we have before stated ; — and though this has been contradicted, we have no hesitation in asserting the fact from our own experience. Indeed, the French manufacturers of fine wool assert that the best wools from Spain though cleared in a great measure from the yolk, yet still retain sufiicient to injure the wool, if it be suffered to grow old when it is packed, the yolk becoming rancid and hard, and communicating the latter property to the world. We have frequently obtained this effect in the wools from Portugal, that retain a greater por- tion of the yolk than those from Spain. After ivool has been washed in the usual manner practised in England, and piled or pack- ed, a process takes place in eight or nine weeks called sTfeating. This is well known to wool- dealers and manufacturers, but has not before been noticed by any writer that we are acquaint- ed with. It is evidently an incipient fermenta- tion of the yolk ; and the inner part of the pack or pile becomes sensibly warm. This process proihices a certain change in the wool, whereby it become' in a better situation fcr manufacfur- insr. being what is called in the north of Eng- land less fii::y. This effect results from a dim- inulion of the natural elasticity of the fibre. ^Vhen this fermentation lakes place in unw ash- ed wool, it proceeds further and injures the col- our and soundness of the fibre or staple. A sim- ilar effect is produced in wool on cloth that has been oiled, and remains some time in an unscour- ed state. Instances of spontaneous combustion from heaps of refuse wool remaining in a greasy state, have been known to occur, and occasion the most serious accidents in woolen factories... (To be coniimied.') To mafcc Kumes grow in Fruit. — When fruit is about half ripe, cover the side exposed lo the sun with stripes or specks of wax, in any de- sired shape or form, which hinders the sun from colouring the parls covered, and when the fruit is ripe and the wax removed, it will be found, marked in the manner desired. NPW FlVGT.AND FARMFR. 101 From the J^'tw York Minerva. CORAL REEFS. Capt. Bazil Hall, in his voyagp to the Lnn- clioo Islands, remarks that "the •examination of a coral reef, ihiring the differt-nt stages of one tide, is particularly interestins;. When the lid" has left it for some lime it hecomes dry, and aji- pears to he a compact rock, exceedingly hard and ragged : hut as the tide rises, anil the wav e^ begin to wash over it, the coral woims protrude themselves from holes which were before invis- ible. These animals are of a great variety of shapes and sizes, and in such prodigious num- bers, that, in a short time, the whole surface of the rock appears to be alive and in motion. The most common worm is in the form of a star, with arms from four to six inches long, which are moved about in rapid motions, in all directions, probably to catch food. Others are so sluggish, that they may he mistaken for pie- ces of the rock, and are generally of a dark co- lor, and from four to live inches long, and two or three round. When coral is broken, about high-water mark, it is a solid hard slone, but if any part of it be detached at a spot which the tide reaches every day, it is (ound to be full o( worms of difTerent lengths and colors, some be- ing as fine as a thread, and others resemble snails, and some are not unlike lobsters in shape, but soft, and not above two inches long. The growth of coral appears to cease where the worm is no longer exposed to the washing of the sea. Thus a reef rises in the form of a cau- liflower, till its top has gained the level of the highest tide, above which the worm has no power to advance, and the reef, of course, no longer extends itself upwards. — The other parts, in succession, reach the surface, and there stop, forming, in time, a level tield, with steep sides all round. The reel, however, continually in- creases, and being prevented from going higher, extends itself laterally in all directions. But this growth being as rapid at the upper edge as it is lower down, the steepness of the face of the reef is still preserved." The accumulation of habitations thus formed by these apparently insignificant animals, some- times reach to an immense extent, and consti- tute tha basis of many islands in the China seas, and in the Pacific ocean. To rear a stupend- ous fabric from the very depths of the ocean, and raise it several feet above its surface, is a task which might appal the mo^t powerful and civilized nations; yel it is performed with ease by an insect so small, and to ajipearance so helpless, that we are at first inclined to discred- it the fact. But this is not all : in preparing their own habitations, these seemingly con- temptible creatures prepare a future abode for man. When part of the coral reel is once rai- sed above the reach of the tide, and is thus se- cured from the inroads of the sea, the insect abandons its labors in this direction, and ele- vates the other parts of the mass until the whole has reached the same heiglit. Seaweeds, which are then thrown on the barren and rug- ged mass, decay, and aided soon after by the dung of sea fowls, become the ground work of i'uture vegetation. Mosses succeed ; manure and seeds are brought at the same time, and by the same individuals ; until at length a bed of vegetable mould is formed, capable of produc- ing pi int'i anil trees. Thissimplr process seems to be that by which nature enlar'.jps the land, and prepares a place on which man tnay fix his residence. From the Medical ^Idviser, THE DISEASE OF LOVE. It is a serious fact, that a greater number of voung girls between the ages of fifteen and eiufhleen, and of young men between eighteen and twenty-four, fall victims to what they call love, than to any other particular class of dis- ease ; and more particularly in England and Ireland than in any other country on earth. — This is from the force of impri'ssinns peculiar to these countries, and of comparative recent growth, — the eflect produced by a certain class | of romance writers. These writers give an obliq- 1 uitv to the young mind, which leads to destruc- ! tion. Scarcely has a young girl laid down herj "• Reading made Easy," than she becomes a subscriber to some trashy lil>rary, and the hours which, in the country, or in a land where edu- cation is unknown, they would employ in jump- ing about in the open air, are now consumed with intensity of thought upon the mandlin mi- series of some ha|)less heroine of romance, the abortion of a diseased brain. Her " imitative- ness,'''' as Spurzheim would pbrciiolegically ob- serve, becomes developed, and she fixes on her favorite heroine, whom she apes in every thing — sighing for her sorrow and moaning to be as miserable. She fixes immediately upon some figure of a man — some Edwin, or Edgar, or Ethelbert — which she thinks will harmonize with the horrors of the picture, and she then enjoys her tears and her tori ores to her heart's satisfaction. Langour, inaciion, late hours, late rising, and incessant sighing derange her digest- ion— paleness, loss of appetite, and general de- bility follow — the cause continues, the effects increase, and hectic fever puts an end to the romance. We have known a young Iri'h lady who read herself into this situation. She was at the age of thirteen, as lively, as healthy, and as fine a little, promise of womanhood as that country ever produced. When the Leadenhall street troop of romances crossed her way, an of- ficer of a very different sort of troop became her hero. She would " sit in her bower" (the second floor window) and gaze — and gaze — and gaze upon hia steed, his helmet and its stream- ing black-haired crest, as he passed to mount guard, until she sobbed aloud in ecstacy of mel- ancholy. She never spoke to this " Knight," nor did she even seek to have an acquaintance — lest, perhaps, a formal proposal, a good leg of mutton dinner and all the realities of domestic happiness might dissipate the sweet romantic misery she so much delighted in. A year pass- ed over — " she pined in thought, and with a green and yellow melancholy," entered a con- vent (for that is the climax of romance), where she died in a few months! Curiosity. — The Falmouth (Mass.) paper of Oct. 1st, says, " We were shewn, a few days since, a limb of an apple tree about five inches in length, with two 3 inch branches, which con- tained FOURTEEN good souud Apples, the smallest girting 7 inches in circumference, and the larg- est 9 inches. — The apples are called the Tom- lin-Sweetings." Frovi CobbeWs Writings on Jlgncullure. PENNSYLVANIA V/Ai'iONg Owing to the great strengh of the white oak and the locust, a wason or a cart in America, is quite a different thing from what it is here. Englishmen are, when they first go to America, astonished lo see such enormous loads put upon carrias'p'' which appear to them so slender. — The difference between the strength of iron, of Swedish iron too, and that of locust and white oak (in proportion lo the size of the two) h not greater, if it be so great, as the difference beUveen the strengh of the locust and white oak, and the wood of which English carts and wagons are made. A Pennsylvania wagon is loaded with barrels full of fine tlour, at three hundred or four hundred miles westward of Philadelphia. It carries from three to four tons weight. It comes over rocks and along roads upon which an Englishman would not be- lieve it possible for an em|ity wagon to go. It has two hor-es abreast next the wagon, with a pole between them; two horses abreast be- fore them, and one horse in front. The left hand pole horse has a saddle on him. This horse the driver occasionally rides; and with this enormous load you see it rattling down hills and over rocks at a full trot. Tliese wagons last for many years ; and I venture to say, that a wagon of the same size, timbers of the same size, carrying the same load, going the same pace and upon the same roads, and made of the ordinary English materials, would be knocked to pieces, would be broken down at least, be- fore they had performed a tenth part of one single journey. .flnalysis of the Male Fern Root. — Mr. Morin, of Rouen, informs us that this root, which is successfully employed as an anthelmintic, owes it virtue to a fatly substance, capable of being converted into a soap, of a nauseous smell re- sembling that of the root, of a very disagreeable taste, and heavier than water. The roots con- tain also gallic and acetic acid, some sugar, tan- nin and starch, a gelatinous matter insoluble in alcohol or water, some woody matter, and the salts usually found in ashes. M. Morin believes this substance to be composed of a fixed and volatile oil; but he has not yet obtained suflS- cient proof of this. It is stated in a Brussels paper, that vinegar is a specific remedy against hydrophobia. The discovery is said to have been accidentally made by a poor man at Udine, the capital of Frioul, who was attacked by hydrophobia, and was cured by drinking a quantity of vinegar, which was given him by mistake instead of an- other potion. Count Leonissa, physician at Padua, being informed of this care, tried the same remedy on a patient, who was brought to the hospital of that city ; he administered a pound of vinegar in the morning, another at noon and a third in the evening, and the pa- tient, it is stated, was speedily and effectually cured. Remsciiation. — A man in Union Township, Pa. by the name of Montgomery, very suddenly^ died to all appearance, and was laid out, but soon exhibited signs of life, which led to suc- cessful exertions for his restoration. 102 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, OCTOBER 22, 1824. O^The " Farmer'y, and of right be- longeth unto, The Editor of the JV. £. Farmer. SlGNOR SQUEAK'S DANCING ADVERTISEMENT A gentleman of vast agility. Who teaches capers and civility, And whose whole life consists of play days Informs the gentlemen and ladies Of Bellows Falls, and other places, That he's Grand Master of the Graces- Professor of the violin, And hopes to suit them to a pin In teaching arts, and fascinations, Dancing and other recreations. Amphion, Orpheus, or Apollo, In fiddling he can beat all hollow! And all those wonder-working elves. Who made huge houses build themselves, And rocks responsive to their ditties, Rise into palaces and cities, Compar'd with him, are every one Like fire-bugs, liken'd to the sun. He steps a hornpipe so genteel, You'd think him dealing with the de'l. Can teach young ladies nineteen millioca Of spick and span new French cotillions, With flourishes, and turns, and twists, Of arms and elbows, toes and wrists. And attitudes of fascination, Enough to ravish all creation. He whirls, and bounds, and sinks and rises. Makes figures of all sorts and sizes. Flies nine times round the hall, before He condescends to touch the floor, And now and then like lightning springs And borne aloft orxpigeona'' icings^ Cuts capers wonderful and rare Like fairy frolicking in air. He waltzes in a style so smart A lady's adamantine heart Will be inevitably melted, Like ore that's in a furnace smelted. All these and fifty other capers Not fit to print in public papers. Which put the genteel polish on, And fit a tippy for the ton ; Said Signor SauEAK will teach his scholars. Terms, per quarter, Twenty Dollars. (tj" Kola Bene — ladies grown, Said Signior waits upon alone. Teaching graces, arts, and aire. And other delicate affairs ; How to look and act as prettily As belles of England, France or Italy. From the Portsmouth Journal. GOOD NEIGHBOURHOOD. Mr Printer, — There is a sore evil under the smn, which seetns hitherlu to have escaped the notice of your correspondents, but which is said to prevail very extensively in this hospitahle town. \l h ^ Good JVeighbourhood '. Nay, start not, Mr Printer; it is indeed a sore evil, asyou shall presently hear. I am an unmarried lady, a little advanced be- yond the period of youth, and in fact approach- i((ig that age in which one does not like to have One's early habits interrupted. My fritMids lliiiik Ike somewUut particular, and — lor the Irutli must come out — somewhat old-maidish. Bui I l)ear their raillery with perfect good humour, for I am conscious that what they laugh at, is only a love of neatness and regularity- Having a decent competence, and no near relations with h hoin 1 could reside, 1 lately purchased a small house in the midst of a very good neighbourhood, and last week I commenced house-keeping with high hopes ofcontifort and enjoyment. But alas! sir, one short week ha? clouded the prospect ; and unless I (?an sell my house and escape, 1 shall die of a good neighbourhood before Thanksgiv- ing. I had just got over the bustle of removing, &. was quietly seated in ray little parlour with my knitting work in my hands and the last Literary Gazette spread before me on the table, when the door burst open, and a whole troop of live little urchins rushed in, all clamorous at once to tell me that their Mama, Mrs Pryabout, would have the pleasure of taking tea with me, & sjtending the evening in a neighbourly way. i am of a social disposition, Mr Prmter, and though an old maid, am ple:ispd with well-behaved chiliiren. I therefore told Ihem wilh a smile, that 1 should be verv happy to see their Mamma — and that on some leisure dav, I should be very happy to see them loo. But here I found I was anticipat- ed. " Mamma told us that if you were alone, we might stay an hour or two, as she was very busy this afternoon, and meant to live with you in a neighbourly way." Though somewhat start- led at this, I submitted with a good grace, laid aside my knitting and pa[ier, and gave up the afternoon to my little neighbours. — What profi- cients they were in the arts of good neighbour- hood, my furniture and parlour will exhibit for many years. My tatl-s were scratched, my so- fa torn, one of the legs of my arm chair broken, and an ugly hole burnt in my carpet. When their Mother arrived, about six o'clock, she found me busily employed in repairing the damage, and casting her eyes complaccnllv round the room, exclaimed, "1 am afraid, !Mi(/. — him your axe. Utile Buy. — her your tub. Girl. — sister, your thread-case. Man, approachins^. — Can you lend me your wheel-barrow. Ma'am ? IVnman just behind him. — I want to borrow yi'iir clothes-line just for half an hour. Ma'am. Third Bay. — Fa I her says, if you take the newspaper. Ma'am, he would like to borrow it a little while. Before I could answer these multifarious requests, a litlie note writen in a fine llalian hand on a rose-coloured paper and very fantas- tically turned up at Ihe corners, was put into my hands by a little girl with a basket on her arm, who pressed forward with eagerness thro' the crowd. Her silence pleased me ; and I im» mediately opened and read — " My dear Miss Catnip will lend me that beautiful lace cap which I saw in her bureau last evening, she will confer an unspeakable favour upon her afitction- ate friend and neighbour. HESTER PEEPINTHEDRAWER. P. S. — My Sister Catherine would be under infinite obligations to yon, if you would lend her your cinna- mon-coloured calash to make a few calls in, this fore- noon. N. B.— George would like to read MrF.verett's Ora- tion which was lying on your table yesterday, but I tell him he must call this forenoon and borrow it him- self. 2d P. S. — Mamma will thank you for the loau of a couple dozen of eggs." Another knock ! — I will run to Ihe window to reconnoitre — As 1 live, there are three children at the door wilh baskets, a boy with a wheel- barrow, a woman with a band-box, and five tin kettles coming towards the house ! My patience is exhausted. Mr. Pnnler, ailverlise my bouse for sale, at auction, next Miiwlay. I will take lodgings in the country — or go to the ShoaU— this very day. BAKBAIU CATNIP. JNEW ENGLAND FARMER. PUBLISHED BY JOHN B. RUSSEI.L, lUKJKRS' BUH-DINGP. CONGRK.^S STItKKI', BOSTON.— THOMAS G. FF.SSF.NDEN, EDITOR. VOL. in. FRIDAY, OCTOBER 29, 1»24. No. 14. <©n'tjfual CTommuuicntious. I'here ;iro at this (l;iy iiei>i-l_v i's nKiny pnlilick 8!iuws in France, ns lliere, are departments,- REMARKS OF THE HON. MR LOWELL. At a meeting of the Trustres of tlie Massachusetts Society for Promoting .Agriculture, at Briglitoii, Oclo- borSl, 1C2-1— " J'oled, That the President be requostrd to commti- iilcate for publication, the remarks made by him, pre- vious to announcing' the names and duties of the sever- al committees, at the Cattle Showij-esttrday." Attest, BENJ. GUILD, Assist. Rcc. Sec-y. Soon afier llie first establishment of this an- tiiKil festival, the Trustees of this Society deem- ed it proper to excite the puMick attention by an anntial Address. It seemed to be necessary lo vindicate the establishment of such a cele- bration and Show, and to awaken the attention of our Farmers to the importance as well as to (lie defects of their interesting jmrsnit. Our fellow-citizens, when called to any pviblic meet- ing', have a strong desire of being amnscd and instructed. Our country, from its very constitu- tion, its reasoning and thinking habits, demands on all such occasions intellectual exercise. No nation, if we except ancient Greece, was ever so much addicted to the pleasures nf the Under- standing. If their taste for knowledge has not been so much refined as that of Greece is said lo have been, it is at least as ardent. We can have no public meetings without speeches, ora- tions, discourses, or sermons. To be sure, it mjjst be admitted that some o! these prviducliois? are often of inferior merit, but they still serve to stimulate the almost miiversal relish for in- tellectual enjoyment. They are the best possi- ble proof of a general thirst for knowledge. If these productions are sometimes indid'erent, they are censured or forgotten. But w;hether good or bad, they accustom our citizens to think and to reason, to condemn or to praise. It has been found however by experience, that there is neither the necessity, originally presumed, for such addresses upon this occasion, nor the time requisite for them, consistently with the laborious duties of the day. It is no longer necessary lo justify these exhiliitions, since fifty millions of men In Europe anil .Amer- ica have sanctioned them by their adoption. It public opinion is any test, (and we can scarcely lind a better in an enlightened age,) it is now settled, that these exhibitions of agricultur.il productions and of manufacturing skill are emi- nently useful. To the ancient world, — to Greece and Rome in their best days, — such exhibitions were en- tirely unknown. How could it be otherwise when the Farmers were slaves, whose condition was very little better than that of the black population of the West India Islands ? The knowledge of the agricultural art was confined to men of wealth and letters. Thev dictat- ed to their overseers, what course of industry their slaves should pursue. It is not more than half a century since the first experiment was made in any part of the world, of giving a slim ulus to agricultural and mechanical efforts, by public Sko-u's and Rexeards. innocent and unl(.'mpting (lursuils of agriculture. Such has been the sentiment of poets, philoso- , about ninety — and there is, once in three years, phers, and statesmen in all ages ; and under no form of government, does it appear to me to be. so essential, as undcrono so truly republican as I grand national exhibition at Paris, the list of whose premiums fills an octavo volume of 350 pages ! What a strong proof of their supposed I our own utility, in one of the most enlightened nations ol the world ! England I'.as not so many, but they are numerous, and quite as efScient ; and the United Slates have at this moment nearly fifty public exhibitions of this description. And the trustees of the various Societies embrace some of the ablest men in our nation, including one of the late I'residcnts of the United States and many individuals, who have held, or continue to hold offices of the highest rank in the legislative and judicial departments. It is therefore to be fairly inferred, that (hey are felt, and acknowl- edged to be eminentiv useful. It would be ab- surd to suppose that so many enlightened men in so many nations would have favoured a plan which was of small utility. If it were needful to enter into details, we could easily show, that their effects have been Inlly as great as this universal approbation would lead us to presume. That the progress of agri- culture and manufactures has been more rapidly promoted by these exhibition'^, than by all the writings of cultivators from Cato and Coi.umkl- i.A to Evr.r.vN, DuHAMF.L, and Young. Yet we would not be understood lo undervalue tlicir services. The connexion between science and practice is much more intimate, than mere prac- tical men are willing to admit, or than some of them compreh(?nd. The sailor, who is placed at the helm, and guides his ship safely in the darkest night, is little aware that he owes to GoDrREY, an American, the instrument, and lo Newton and Kepler, and our own Ijowditch, the principles, which enable him lo cross a trackless ocean with perfect certainty of arriv- ing at his distant port ; — and the mechanic, sta- tioned at the power-loom, has very little con- ception of the depth of knowledge, and painful research ofWATr, anil .Akkwricht, and our own Pfrkins, which have enabled him to accomplish in (ine hour, what, nnuided. he could nof have performed in a hundred hours. Agriculture has none of these splendid achieve- ments of science to enroll. There is no short mode of making the earth productive, and of saving human labour. Perhaps it is hesl that none such should ever be discovered. It would diminish (he number of persons devoted to that great and important art, — would of course les- sen the cla'^s of citizens devoted to the most healthy employment ; one, which leads to the fewest (emp(a(jnns, and one which necessarily provides in every state a healthy, vigorous, and uncorrupted population. It would seem to my mind, I say it with diffi- dence, that no greater misfortune could hajipen to society, than the discovery of an art in agri- culture, which should supersede the necessity ofemployuig a greater number of men to sup- port and sustain the minority. I fully believe that the purity, freedom and happiness of every nation is essentially connected with the neces- sity of employing (he greater number in the But though agriculture has not experienced any of those great changes, which have totally overthrown the old means of industry in the other occupations of man, — although we can neither plough nor sow by steam, nor by the novel combinations of (he mechanick powers, yet agriculture owes much, very much, to men of philosophical research. AgricuUuie has al- ways been much more of a science, (han our farmers are ready (o believe. They sometimes sneer at " book-learning;"' and it is precisely because (hey know too litde of the history of their own art. The better (hey are informed, (he higher the respect they will pay to philo- sophical inquiries into the [irocesses of agricul- ture. Even (he most common articles which (he farmer raises, were originally introduced by theoretical men. Who introduced the Potato into Europe, which now furnishes subsistence to many millions of human beings? The gallant but unfortunate Sir Walter Raleigh — a man of consummate genius and great science, for the age in which ho lived. Who transplanted the Sugar cane from India — and the Coflee plant ? Theoretical cultivators. Who introduced the Cotton plant into our own country ? Theoretical cultivators. That plant now furnishes nearly forty millions of dollars gross income to the people of the United Stales, and combined as it now is with our domestic manufactures, i( may be s.iid (o be the greatest blessing ever bestow- ed on our Country. Would any practical farmer have gone abroad in search of this valuable plant? Certainly not. Who introduced the Me- rino sheep — (he Swedish (nrnip — (he Mangel Wurtzel — the Millet — which now constitute s6 large a part of our productions, in the most im- proved States of our Union ? We need not enlarge. Agriculture owes as much lo Science as its sister arts, though ita progress is necessarily more slow, and therefore less perceptible ; and it is much retarded by the jiabiusies and unfounded repugn?ince of some farmers to adopt any thing (hat is new. Within the last year we have seen a serious attempt (o persuade us, that the English race of swine were little better in form than woodchucks, or in other words, deformed and miserable. Yet it is a well supported fact, (hat the improvement in the breed of these animals has been declared by the best judge in (his State, because (he largest purchaser and packer of pork, (o be equivalent in value, (o (his State alone, to $100,000. The same illiberal, because unfounded prejudice in- duced this opponent lo allege, that the new breeds were smaller and less productive, while it is a fact susceptible of positive proof, that their weight at the same age is from 30 to 50 per cent, greater ; and they have been so much more esteemed, that they have brought from 3 5 to 20 per cent, more for the same weight than the old races — and permit me to add also, J06 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. to the great gain ofllio purchasers, as well as sellers, for the extra money tliey paiH was for consumable food, not for bone and offal entirely •useless. I advert to these prejudices, and I do it in the plainest and simplest manner, adapted to such a subject, because it is a duty early and constantly to meet and repel them. This Society is de- sio-ned to be a practical one ; and our time is much better spent in plain, simple discussions of important facts, than in amusing our agricul- tural friends with polished discourses. If we do not encourage and promote sound principles in Agriculture, our Institution is worse than use- Jess. It is a needless expense to the publiclc. To recur (o the value and importance of these Shows. In Tvhat manner could we so rapidly or so certainly have brought home to the convic- tion of our farmers, the decided superiority of the fleeces of the Spanish sheep, as liy contrast- ing them side by side with our races? To the- oretical cultivators, — to HujiniREYS and to Liv- ingston,— we owe their first introduction into the counlry. To the former, this Socicly at once voted its Gold Medal, though he was not a ciii:cn of this State, and though this State had not then derived any peculiar benefit from their introduction. A strong example of public sjiir- it in our predecessors, most of whom arc gone. Some years after, this Society, finding that the progress of this valuable race was slow, of- fered liberal and expensive premiums for the introduction of other individuals of the breed. The immediate cSecl was, Iho iiuportation of numerous flocks at once, and oar country lias thus gained, what it wnuld be didicult to Cbti- . mate, and what otherwise it might not liave gained for half a century, if we have the |ia- iience, skill, and care ol the Saxon farmers, wc Biay in another half century adil to the value of our products (including the profit on manul'ac- iuriiig the wool) perhaps a million dollars an- nually to the income of New England vantage of higher prices of labour) could afford j a more rapid progress in anv country than that to undersell the British manufacturer in foreign I which we have made in Horlicidturc, and yet markets (regard being had to value as well as; there is no one point in which we are so defec- price) it would have been lliought absurd and i tive ; and yet 1 hope and believe that we shall incredible. 1 own that I was one, who then i soon supply this defect, deemed it such, — to my great personal loss. Vv'c can show — our records will prove — that our progress in Agriculture has been full as ex- traordinary. This Society put forth, 20 years since, a set of queries to farmers in various parts of the state, touching every branch of farming, and the quantities produced ui' evpvy description of agricultural products. The answers are in print, and are most valuable documents. These replies, compared ivilh the present siate of ag- riculture, will prove, that the advancement in RF.M.VRKS OF HON. JUDGE LINCOLN, AT THE (LOSE OF TEE CATTLE SHOW IM WORCESTER. As f'hairman of the Committee of the whole, the i^residcnt begs leave to make his summary Report. The judicious preparations of the Cominiltee of Arrangements have been found fully equal to the occasion, and through their at- tention and the prompt, vigilant and spirited ex- ertions of the Marshals, every previous arrange- that art has been inconceivoably great. The'nieiit has been executed in a manner the most highest crops of potatoes were then slated at 200 ) satisfactory and creditable to the good character bushels. We have grantcil no' one, but many premiums — not to one part of the State, but to inany portions of it, for the raising of (ro:n -iOO to GOO bushels per acre. The highest q:iaiitity of corn raised upon the acre was fonnerhj slat- ed to be from 40 to i.'> busliels. We have had almost innumerable claims for the proiiuction ol' iVom 65 to 110 bushels. 1 am aware of the objections urged, thai there may have been over estimate*, and that these crops cost too inttch. iMake what allowance you please, for overestimates, (and they are always made under oath) — Allow what yon choose for the extra expense of producing great crops, 3'et they are nroofs of zeal and intelligence, and they go fir to convince the farmers, that one lield well cultivated is better than t.i-o negli- gently manngcd. What shall we then say as to crops cnlirclij unkiwxrn as general crops only twenty years since? The mangel wiirlzel, the carrot, the Swedish turnip, the common turnip, the com- mon heft? These .ire the greatest Iriumplis ol agricultural imiirovement in our country — No : longer starving our cattle on the scanty and miserable produce of neglected and undrainod But It is not simply in these plain and obvious i meadows— On food, which might well suit with particulars, clearly and indisputably produced i i|,ji.,n jg„op,,nce and indolence, wo have learn- Tiy puhhck encouragement, that we found our jgd to store our cellars with rich supiilies for 'opinion of the value of these Shoies. It isinthejour miid, cows, oxen and sheep.— No country Tegular, manifest improvement of all des- i,;,g gvor exhibited a more rapid improvement -criptions of domestick animals from year to )„ (hese particulars.— We have not yet exten- year. When Farmers are willing to pay fivejsivclv adopted the system of rotation in crops. dollars for a cross, with a fine imported animal, | Xfjai is still to come", and will inevitably follow ■they will take iette.r care of ihe progeny ; and if| ti,e present cr;cell2nt practice of raising with it produced no other effect than this, the value care, roots lor winter foddur of this excitement would be incalculably great. •In short, is it possible, that in a free and en- lightened country, when the minds of men are excited and turned to the improvement of their past practices in any one art, by all the motives ■which influence human action, — by self-interest, emulation, desire of publick notice, that no val- uable effects will follow from such an escite- •nient ? If it were so, it would show that we had ar- rived to the highest degree of perfection before, er that the same causes oporaliug in the agri- eultural art, are incapable of producing the same .\s to lIouricvi.Ttw:, the field is neajZi/ explor- ed— From a barren wilderness it has become a fojtile garden. In my short space of residence in this mutable world. 1 remember when the May- duke and the sour Kentish Cherry could alone be seen in our market — and there is not now a market on carlh, better supplied than ours with every variety of the most delicious cherries. 1 remember when our strawberries were only gathered from the grass lields — 1 re- collect the first boxes of cultivated strawberries hitherto enjoyed by the Society. — The present is tlie sixth public Agricultural Exhibition in the County, and it cannot be but with sentiments of pride aiid gralulation, that we may recur to the period of the institution of the Society, may trace its progress and -aliitary intlucnce hilherlo, and anticipate its advance in improvement, until specimens of excellence in whatever is Uie re- sult of labour and industry and skill is exhibited unilcr its auspices. The competition in the Ploughing Match has been more earnest than in any preceding 3 ear. Leaving it with the ajipropriale commillee to distinguish among the competitors as their work has merited, justice requires that for their pioriiptitude in appearing upon the field, and their cheerful and precise conformity to the ar- rangements for this interesting pari of the pub- lic exhibition, lliey should all be jiresenled as dosiirving the highest praise. — These sturdy voomen in a generous emulation to excel in la- bour, will never be nnmindl'ul that it is the hon- our of the struggle, rather than the premium of success, which constitutes their distinction, and that to hiin even who is beaten in a manly con- test, greater credit is due, than to hundreds of such as have not spirit for the trial. The Reports of the respective Committees upon stock of diiVerent description evince the excellence of that part of the Exhibition. The observation of everyone, who has had ojiportu- nily for comparison of the Show of Cattle this day, with that of preceding years, must have prodcccd a conviction cf the great and regul- arly progressive improvement of the Stock of the County. \Vithout any particular excitement on the present occasion, the Cattle have been exhibited in as great numbers as at any I'ornier lime, and in quality decidedly superior to what has been before witnessed. It is not the least pleasant consideration, that Ihey have been brought from distant parts of Ihe County, and iVom towns heretofore but little known at oup pens. The excellent quality nf the house-hold fab- ric, and the fine wrought goods from the manu- facturing eslablishmenls, are not more justly tho effects, which are daily under our eyes produc- j ed in all the oilier arts. that If a tnan had been told, only 20 years since, 'ly at nrariict. ever sent lo Boston Market; they are now in 'subjects of commendation, tlian the small quant prolusion, and of excellenl quality — but still sus- ity and little variety of the latter are matter for jccj)tlblc of vast iinprovemeat. Whoever heard j serious regret. This Society has laboured to do t r of an English or Dutch gooseberry, or- raspber- b years since The GciiiliLo:. a single manulacturing compai.y could turu I ('altern-and Minot, and Iron pears, some of out two millions ol yards ol cotton cloth, of a ihcm execrable, were often seen, but not a sin- quality far superior to those produced by the successors of .'^j'.tiwiui.ur, and (under the disad- to these valuable objects ample credit. It has uniformly appropriated a liberal proportion oil the premiums lo their encouragemtiit. Its olll- ccrs have olficially endeavoured to conciliate gle delicious variety was known out of tho gar- the confidence of the manufacturers, and in the dens of llic rich coDnoisscur. There, never was spirit of sincerity have reiterated to theiA eX^ m:W EiSGLAND FAR^VFER. 107 sjiressions of deep interest in llieir sneers';, i Pt we li;ive slill lo Inment an apparent indiiTercnce ti) our Institution?, and a niortir^ing; (Jisapjioint- \iient of reasonable expectations. In this brief review of the observations of 'tlie da}', an impressive effect produced by the voUintary display of our neiglibours at Grafton is not lo be omitted. A team of 70 yolio of oxen, managed by drivers in an uniform and appropri- ate dress, ivas presented to thp Trustees for ex- amination, and found to be a good specimen ol tliat power and strength, by the aid of which the rich but stubborn soil of their indefatigabiy in- dustrious owners is sul)jected to the most pro- ductive cultivation. \Ve liad before seen the hundred yokes of the good Farmers of Worces- Jer, the noble Team of Shrewsbury, and the' matched and trained pairs of Sutton, but Graflon dors not suifer in (be comparison; and to the | spirited yeomen of that besj of towns, the day is greatly indebted for the justice they have done to tiiemselves, and the I'avour they have confer- red upon the Society. For much interest in the Exhibition, the Soci- ety <>re also largely indebted to the never-tiring ntlention, and uniform kindness of a distinguish- ed member, who presented to ihe public inspec- tion that beautiful animal, the imported H.rse Roman* No Horse of higher cost, or greater intrinsic value, has ever been introduced into our Country. Hia whole figure and movements were subjects of universal admiration, and his accession to our means of improvement, in one of the first objects of agricultural economy, can- not fail to be particularly and highly appreciat- ed. He was purchased in England upon the most satisfactory testimonials of his blood and his services, and now placed within the reach of those who have taste and inclination to avail Ihemselves of this ri'.re opportunity of securing fine Stock to their own present profit and the lasting benefit of the County. In the conclusion, your Chairman has to re- port the faithful, laborious and acceptable servic- es of the Gentleman composing the Committees of Premiums, and of the Marshals, to all of whom the thanks of the Society are eminently due. The day which has been spent in enjoj'- ment, is closed in harmony. Every thing has been conducted appropriately and in order. — May the good impressions of which the occasion has been productive, be as abiding as the great objects to which it has been elevated. L. LINCOLN, President. The publication of the entire and ample Re- port will be made hereafter, where will be I'ound particular notice of the various subjects of exhibition, with the exception of a pair of German Geese, exhibited by Ward N. Eoylston, Esq. and the Horse Roman, by Stephen \Xi\- liams, Esq. The latter has been particularly hoticed by the President. These gentlemen are in the first rank of the benefactors of the Society and of the community, by their spirited improvements, and their liberality in exhibiting them. In a letter to the Corresponding Secre- tary, after mentioning the animais sent only tor exhibition, Mr Boylslon adds — " I have also sent, as something novel at an exhibition of an- imals, two German Geese, which 1 imported *He tiatl possessioo of the largest and most conspicu- ous enclosure. from tli.it country with a view to improvi; our own native breed, as I had oflen hoard of their extraordinary size and weight. Of Ihe latter 1 cannot say I'rom my own knowledge, but I am assured by others who liave seen them, that ivhen well fatted for the table they weigh from '-2i lo 2,') lbs. I am trying the breed, and so far find they require no extra attention or food. If the ;tock succeed, 1 shall endeavour to dis- seminate it." The following is a list of Ihe judges of Premiums at Ihe Callle Sltov> and Exhibition of Manufacluns at IForceslcr, October 13, 1824. On Milch Cows and Cattle. Oliver Fiske, Worcester, Chairman. .lacob Conant, Sterling, Henry Peniiiinan, .Xcza-Rruinlree;, Dexter Fay, Southburovgh, Royal Keith, Grafton. On Work ins; Oxen. ,Tohn W. Hubbard, ]\'orccstcr. Chairman. Riifus Barton, Milllninj, Asa Cummings, jr. Sutton, William Foster, SoittlihriJgc, Wiliiaai Eager, A'orlhborough. On all Neat Slock. Rejoice Newton, JVnrcester, Cbairm.an, Paul Dudley, Douglas, Willard Newton, Southhorough, Levi Rarllett, Rutland, Capt. Lewis Barnard, IVorcester. On Sheep. Jonas L. Slblej', Sutton, Chairman, •loshua W. Leiand, Grafton, Moses Kf-ndall, Barrc, Stephen Davis, Oxford, Edward Howard, Dudley. On Swine. John Davis, Worcester, Chairman, John Gleason, jr. Worcester., Charles Brigham, Grafton. On Articles m'\nufacturecl of Cotton, Wool, and Flax. Bezaleel Taft, jr. Uxbridge, Chairman, John Lees, West Boylston, Benjamin Davenport, J\hndon, J oho AV.SIile.s, frorces^cr, Charles Parkman, Westborougk, On all other Manufactured Articles. Aaron Tufts, Dudley, Chairman, Jason Mixter, Hardwick, John ]\1. Earle, Worcester, John Spurr, Charlton, Samuel Billing, Esq. Hardwick, Samuel F. Culler, Esq. da. On the Ploughing Match. Joseph Thayer, Uxbridge, Chairman, Rufiis Porter, Worcester, Cyrus Leiand, Grafton, John Whitney, Princeton, Asa Pond, Petersham. r rcmiu ms at Worcester, Oct. 1821. MUck Cines and Fat Callle. C Nathaniel Ptowell, Worcester, Cows < Nathaniel Paine* do ( Uenj. F. Farnsworlli, .^ion would have been unpardonable, since the Society and (be publick are much iiuleb(e(l (n gentlemen, who, at their own expense, send hue objecte, NEW »EXGLAND FARIVTER. 109 •wlifMlier of naturp or ait, in order to increase the interest of our Show. Gorliam [^arsons, Esq. cxhihitci! the fine A!- (lerncy Bull, given to ilip Society hy Mr lliili- bard, and lioiig^ht by Mr Parsons oflhe Society. He is much im|iroved, and i< aline specimen ol this valnalde race. IJe exhilnted also another fine bull and heifer ol his own raising. Col. Jaques, with his accustomed zeal exhib- ited Coelehs, Yankee, and several other of thai fine race, who are always sure to attract atten- tion. John Prince, Esq. exhibited a fine calf from Admiral, shewing that his stock are fully worthy of the reputation of the Teeswaler race. There was a most beautiful bull of the same race imported by George Lyman, Esq. and sent for exhibition. We could not perceive that he was inlerior in any point to the best of the breed. It is quite possible, that I may still have over- looked some which ought to have been noticed, but 1 trust that the confusion of the day, and the attention 1 am obliged to show to strangers who are introduced to the Society, will be admitted as a sufficient excuse. REPORT NO. II. The Committee on the subject of Agricultu- •ral Implements and Inventions, Report: — That six cast steel Hoes were entered by Z. and F. Bisbee, of East Bridgewater, in the county of Bristol. The invention consists principally in the eye of the hoe, which passes through the jilate of it, and is rivetled all round, instead of on two or three sides, as in the common hoe. — This conformation gives many advantages as from inspection is apparent. Their cost is sev- enty-five cents. Mr. Bisbee produced certifi- cates that they had been used and approved by practical farmers, and were considered cheap, compared with other hoes, at that price. Con- sidering the importance of the iustrument, and the apparent utility of the improvement, the committee recommend a premium of ^10. An iron Bit Stock was entered for premium, by Eleazer Smith, of Walpole, in the county ot TSorfolk. The instrument exhibited was ex- tremely well finished, and displayed great inge- nuity and excellence of workmanship. Its ad- vantages were stated to be — that, being of iron, it was less likely to be twisted oQ' by hard ser- vice— that the end of the stock, where it turns, is of tempered steel, to prevent wear by using; turning on a centre and neck of hardened steel ; enclosed by a sort of box of iron, screwed to- gether, so as to contain oil and a piece of iron, called the breast piece, which is applied to the bieast or hand, in using, and which con- tains a screw of steel, for the centre to turn upon; the other end of this centre or stem is all of steel, and let into the slock by a square bole through it, with a nut countersunk, so .IS to fasten that part together — the object a:med at being durability, ease of rep-iir, handy use, and preservation of the oil. Ail these ad- vantages, the committee apprehend, llie inven- tor has etfected; and if, as he states, it may be afr->rded to be made for five dollars, and even cheaper than English steel bil slocks, it is a val- uable improvement. Under all circumstances, the committee would have awarded in this case a premium, had it been aa agricultuial im- plement. Mr Joseph R. Newell, of Boston, presented also for premium two Straw Cutting Machines, invcnled by Charles Willis, the one with a ver- tical, the other with a horizontal wheel. The principles of the alleged improvement were the same, except so far as was necessary to accom- modate the work to the difi'erent position of the wheels. The committee are decidedly of opinion, from the inspection they have given of the ma- chine with the horizontal wheel, that it is ; re- ferable to the other, and indeed to any other ihey have before examined or seen, in point of facility of working and strength of construction, allhoug'h it wants the power of regulating at will the length of feed, which is effected by Mr Saflford's machine, to be next described. The cost of this machine is stated to be from twenty to forty dollars. The committee recommend a premium of $\tj. Mr Noah Saflbrd, of Springfield, Vermont, al- so entered an improved Straw Cutter for pre- mium. The principal advantage of this ma- chine over the preceding, was in the power of regulating the length of straw or hay to be cut at pleasure, by means of cogs of difierent diam- eters. All these machines had very satisfactory re- commendations ; and although the preference given to Willis' machine, with the horizontal wheel, was decisive with the committee, yet the circumstance slated relative to Safiord's ma- chine, they considered as an unquestionable im- [)rovement ; and combined with that of Willis', would approximate to a very perfect instru- ment. Considering the great zeal and labour Mr Safford has exhibited in improving this instru- ment, and bis success, the committee recom- mend a premium to be awarded to him of glO. Josiali Jaquith, of Brunswick, Slate of Maine, entered for premium a Corn Sheller, of a new construction, — consisting of a cylinder of cast iron, fourteen inches in heighth, with a perpen- dicular shaft passing through it and terminating in a centre point al the bottom. The cylinder is ribbed at equal distances, set in motion by a cradle, and the operation greatly facilitated by a horizontal balance wheel. It did its work ve- ry perfectly, and the committee have no ques- tion in giving it a decided preference over any other before exhibited. Its price is twenty-five dollars. And they recommend a premium of ^10. Mr Jaquith also presented the same Thresh- ing Machine, which was approved and to which a premium was granted the last year, on condi- tion of bis producing the requisite cerlificates. The comfnittee however do not deem that the certificates adduced amount to such an evidence of use by practical fanners as their rules re- quire. Whenever such evidence be adduced, if within six months, Mr. Jaquith will be entitled to a preminm of g20. An improvement on the Os Yoke was enter- ed by John Mears, of Dorchester, County of Norfolk, with cerlificates of its being used and approved by practical farmers. The improve- ment consists in a better adaptation of the form of the yoke to the neck of the beast, giving it a greater bearing by a sort of lip, on the back of the yoke, which can only work one way — and also in a greater extension of the bed and tips of the yoke so as to receive the bow into a bearing of six inches instead of tvvo, as in common yokes. Although the alteration is ve- ry simple, yet in the opinion ofynur committee it is very imporlaiil, considering the incumbent duty of every farmtir to consult the case and convenience of this useful animal in performing his work. The committee therefore recom- mend a premium of ;f(5. Messrs Trumbull &, Boynlon, of Northampton County of Hampshire, presented for examina- tion and premium a Power Loom ; an instrument, of their invention, and which has already been admitted with great success in several of our most fioiirisliing manufactories ; weaving broad- cloths as fine and cheaper than any other spe- cies of loom. The utility of this invention is unquestionable. The commitlee however do not deem it entitled to a premium, wilhin the scope of their authority. Were it olherwise, they should award any premium in their [lower. John I'Jicknall, of l^uckfield, presented for premium a machine for grinding |)la3ter, corn, or grain ol any kind. This is a patented instru- ment, and its ch.iracter may be best understood by the tenor of the specification of the patent, which is annexed, marked B, with certificates of its practical application. Although the model presented would grind plaster thoroughly into the state of meal, yet as it was necessary that it should be reduced into the size of a nutmeg in order to pass into this model, the committee did not think they could award the premium offered for the best machine for pulverizing plaster. They cannot doubt, however, that it is capable of being improved so as to effect that purpose on plaster, in its usual state. The model of this mill, and the evidence of its utility, show many and great advantages, and may, it is apprehended, ultimate in a change of the mode of grinding. The power used being, from the nature of the machinery, so much less than that used in mills of the ordinary construc- tion. The Commitee deem the invention enti- tled to a premium of ^20. Mr Joseph R. Newell also presented a very excellent plough, constructed by Charles How- ard, of Hingham. The Committee cannot doubt that it is a very fine plough; and, judging from iis form and workmanship, inferior to no other. Your Commitlee do not conceive, how- ever, that it can be entitled to a premium, from any particular characteristic invention Two species of improvements in the mode of fastening window blinds were exhibited by Mr Ciiarles Willis and by Mr John M. Dearborn. — The Committee could not hesitate in giving that of Mr Charles Willis the preference. Both, ho»v- ever, they consider useful improvements. Mr Dearborn also presented a new construct- ed bedstead, which takes asunder with great facility, and seemed less exposed to harbour vermin than those of the usual construction. — Your Committee, however, have not deemed either of these last inventions as entitled to more than a respectful notice, they not being in any sense agricultural implements. All which is submitted by order of the Committee. JOSIAH QUINCY, Chairman. Brighton, Oct. 21, 1824. For Weak Sight.— Beat up a drachm of alum in the white of an egg, and smear the eye-brow and eye-lid witti the mixture every night. 110 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, OCTOBER 29, 1824. »cted witli agricultural exhibitions, which 1 should exhibit the phenomenon of i/)on(a)ieoH»' Agricultural Exhibitions. The evidence which we gather from newspapers, as well as from other sources ol' informalion, induces us to believe that the Farmers' Anniversaries are, generally,well attended, and are gaining ground on their opponents. The increasing popularity of these meetings, and the displays ol' things rare, useful and ornamental, which they present, are subjects of gratulation to every friend to his country and his kind. These meetings, and the associations from which they arose and to which lliey give rise, are beneficial on many accounts, and exhibit advantages in some points of view, in which, perhaps, they have not been contemplated by those who are not yet alto- gether convinced of their utility. As sources of information, such assemblies are worthy of] prove high estimation. At an Agricultural Fair, a cultivator may obtain ocular demonstra'.ion ol many improvements in his all important occu- pation which he would scarcely believe possi- ble on hear say evidence. He sees the finest breeds of cattle, both native and imported, and learns by what means he may im[irove his own stock of domestic animals. Ho views speci- mens of different sorts of vegetables, sume of which are not so generally cultivated as they might be to the great advantage of the cultiva- tor— some well calculated for field husbandry as well as the garden, and which, perhaps, might essentially benefit the observer by being ■adopted in his own rotation of crops. Here, likewise, the man who is solicitous frr agricul- tural improvement may learn where new and useful sorts of seeds, plants, scions for grafting, Jtc. may be procured, and the means by which they may best he cultivated. Improved agri- cultural implements, by which the labours of the husbandman are at once rendered lighter and more efficacious, are here soliciting notice. In short, if that can be called interesting which it is for one's interest to attend to, an Agricultural Fair and Cattle Show is, perhaps, the most in- teresting object, which nature or art can present to the practical as well as the scientilic farmer. But it is useless to enlarge on the advantages which result from these establishments, which are now firmly fnunded on the basis of public opinion, tested by ample experience of their util- ity, and, as it were, consecrated by tiie common consent of the most intelligent men of the most enliglitcned nations. Those who yet doubt, we would refer to the remarks of the Hon. Mr Lowell, which we are happy to present in this day's paper, and those who then doubt, will never be convinced by any argumenls which we can offer. -There are, however,, some circumstances to us are unpleasant and perplexing. The of- ficial reports of the proceedings on these occa- sions are too voluminous to be published »vith- out giving offence to some of our readers, who appear to wish for the essence of all important combustion. Indeed, we imagine we can hear them hiss and crnclde, as they lie under our ta- ble, and feel some apprehension from the squibs with which they abound. formation on husbandry, condensed into a few short paragraphs. But another class of the pe- rusersofour Journal would be offended, as well as disappointed, if we did not give in detail an account of most of the Cattle Shows in the northern States. They say, in substance, that as the pspers, which compose the volumes of the New England Farmer, are generally bound, preserved, and go to form a part of the library of many of our cultivators, the accounts of our Cattle Shows should be published at large, in order to enable those who feel an interest i" those exhibitions to note the progress of im- mcni from year to year.— That one of the inducements, which led to the establishment of Cattle Shows, and their concomitant exhibitions of Manufactures, &c. was to excite that emula- tion which is the most powerful incentive to improvement.— That such emulation will be more strongly excited, if the competitors find that the names of the successful candidates for premiums, together with statements of the pro- ducts, manufactures, &c. in which they have ex- celled will be recorded in a book, like a volume of the New England Farmer, to which an index is prefixed, and printed in a form convenient to be consulted hereafter, as well as to elicit a mere cursory jierusal, and then be thrown aside and forgotten. It appears to us that there is so much weight in this train of reasoning, that we MORE TOASTS. The following wore among the number drank at the late Drlghton Cattle Show. They were not received by us, ill time for our paper of last week. , Tlic President of Ike Massachusetts ^gricullural So- ciety— A practical example of pritatc virtue, illustrateil by public spirit. By the Hon. Mr Manners, the British Consul, resi- lient in Boston — The British Bull, and the American Cow — Sure to be on good terms as long as Mannerf shall be a .Mediator. Thomas K. Knight, Esq. of England — who has generously furnished us with several varieties of Uh new improved Fruits. Growers of Cotton of the South — May our I\Iann- faclurrrs weave a web of Friendsliip for them, which shall never wear out. By Col. Vai.f.stisf, President of the Middlesex »?»- ricullurnl Societi/. The Massacliusttts Agricultural .5«ic!f/.)/— Farmers, Merchants, Lawyers, Physicians, and L'ivines — who plough the land and the ocean, who bring their own suits, who take their own doses, and whd stick to their own texts. The Jlgricullural Society of .Maine — An offset from Massachusetts, and does honour to the parent Stock. Crops — May they be abundant at all times and fvll three limes a day. FOR THE NEW ENr.LAND FARMER. Mr. Editor, — To those interested in Horticul- ture, it may be gratifying to know that at the Agricultural dinner, almost every variety of gar- den productions ornamented and enriched the table. Grapes of several kinds, in perfection, were sent by Col. Perkins and Mr Sullivan ; — pears and apples of delicious varieties, of fine ,,,,., , , . ,. r 11 ., „f flavour and beautiful to the eye, by Mr Brooks. ha be induced 0 give pretty full accounts of . , , .i • .u •• ' = r .; j^jp (,4rir,NER, and other gentlemen m the vicin- proceedings at our " Husbandman's Holidays," a little complaining from quid-nunes and novel- ty hunters notwithstanding. Newspapers. The newspapers of the pres- ent period produce sc.nrcely any thing but po- litical articles, very few of which deserve prc- riiiuins — though, probably, many who exhibit those products may expect to be rewarded for their industry with good ful offices. We could not have believed, and can now hardly credit our senses, though incontrovertible facts stare us in the face, that the soil and climate of our country could have ff)0-u!n such prodigious crops of nellies, thorns, red-pepper, smart-weed, brambles, briars, and other stinging, pricking, goading matters and things, as aie displayed in the repositories alluded to. One would think that the territory of the United States ivas con- verted into a great hot-bed for the grovrth of such venomous productions. Tlie said newspapers betray such evident marks of violent fermentation, that we are care- ful not to put half a dozen in a heap, lest they ity ; — a branch of grape vine, with rich clusters of the fruit, sent liy Mr Cook, was considered so ornameutal, as to be suspended over the table till the dessert. Several kinds of vegetables and of fruit of un- common size, were sent by Mr Prince, MrSuL- i.iv.\N, Mr Sa.tcer, Mr Wellingtox, Mr Locke, and Mr Houghton, Mr Jepso.v, and other gentle- men, such as specimens of mangel wiirtzel, sugar beet, pears and apples of 23 and 24 oz., &c. Corn of an early kind, ready for the mill this year, by the lOlh of September ; and another kind, for its productiveness, was sent by Mr Prince ; and very large and fine ears of corn, by Mr Ackers. Two fig-trees, with ripe fruit, raised by Mr CnuEBUCK, in the open air, as well as the glass hive of virgin honey, of Ge.\. Dearborn ; and a glass dish cut by Mr Hastings, added to the ob- jects of curiosity. The best fruit after all, perhaps, to be obtain- ed by this exhibition, is xvhat may grow iVnoj the experience of others, grafted on our own stock. Large Apple. — Mr Anthony F. Taylor, of Borden- town, IVew-.tersry, says, he has in his possession an ap- ple, weighing 2(i l-sl ounces, of the species called pound pippins- NKW ENGLAND FAKIMIlH. ni Slflncultural ilr4ioit, i'or the district of (^itcbec — September 18^4. Tliis inontli Iins gener;il!y been dry ; till tho IGlli there were from time to time light rains, and from that date to the etui of the month, the Avenlher was dry and fine. The lirst frost ivas on the 24th, the effects of which were visible on the potatoc stocks; many tender plants were, however, not affected nt the end of the month. The leaves of the forest trees began to change colour after the 24th. Outarfles made their ap- pearance on the 22d. (Quebec, Sept. 30. Crcncral Kntcllfgcntr. CULTURE OF THE VINE. We have already had occasion to notice the attention, which the agriculturists of Pennsylva- nia are paying to the cultivation of the vine. — A late Philailelphia paper states, that " there are perhaps not less than fifteen or twenty vine- vards within as many miles of the hnrough of York, and nearly all commenced within a 3'ear or two.'' But Pennsylvania, we are glad to find, does not stand alone in this. We observe it mentioned in a New Haven paper, that at a iele given there last week l.y David (J. De For- est, Esq. there was placed on the table about 200 bunches of beautiful purple grapes obtain- ed from n young native vine, which was trans- planted some years ago, of the class of grape? so abundant in our l"oresls, called Fox Grapes. Those exhibited on this occasion, are said to have been far sujicrior to any native grapes, and sweeter than those from Emopean vines nhich had been brought to this country — As a compliment to the '• Nation's Guest" they have received the name of La Faijetle Grapes — There can be no doubt th it by proper attention to this subject, sufficient vines might be raised among ourscU cs to supersede all dependence for a sup- ply on foreign markets. .V. F. paper. CV?im( in Upper Canada. — The New York AlSion contains a map of the Peninsula which lies 'between l.^kos Erie and Ontario, presentinsf a view of the sever- al routes proposed for the Welland Canal. A compa- ny for (lie construction of this canal, was incorporated in Upper Canada last winter, with a capital of 150,000 dollars. Of this stock $50,000 have beentaUen in Can- ada, 50,000 in New York, and tho remaining- 59,000 are rL-scrved to be subscribed in Canada. It is propos- ed to carry the canal either from the town of Niagara on lake Ontario, or from the Twelve Mile Creek, on the same lake, to a navIo;able part of tho river Chippe- wa. The distance by one route is 18 1-2 miles, the fnll 2:>2 feet, and the expense is estimated at $104,000. 'I'he distance by the Niagara route is a little greater, •and the expense estimated at $20,000 more. Either route will alTord a convenient navigable channel be- tween the two lakes, there being no obstruction to the navigation of (he Niagara river from lake Erie to the mouth of the Chippewa. But it is further proposed, after this canal shall be completed, to make a more di- rect communication v;itli lake Erie by an additional canal, which shall unite the Chippewa river, with Grand rii'er, near its outlet in lake Erie. The ex- pense of this canal is estimated at $30,000. This loute, besides being more direct than through the inoulh of the Chippewa river, it is said will be open three weeks earlier in the Spring, in consequence of ihe great quantity of ice that chokes the outlet of lake Erie, opposite to Buffalo. — Boston Daily Adv. When tho Nation's Guest was In Rnltimorc, a cem- inittee of ladies of the highest resp< cl.iljility aide d in superintending llie preparations for the suniptiiuus din- ner. 'J'he preparation of tAuncninniie was specially confided to the superintcndance of the Misses S. and E. .Merryinan, whose superio*- taste gave promise ot all that art could do ; and having solicited an op|iporl un- ity of seeing this particular portion of the repust as an object of curiosity in the highest branch of the rnlinary ai t, we can safely assure our fair readers, of whom it is our boast to have many, that we never saw, neither had we conceived any thing in tliis way so exquisitely delicate and beautiful. Of this particular article there were four and twenty dishes, one for each slate in the Union representing to the very life in form, size, and colour, oranges, pears, bunches of grapes, peaches, as- paragus, Indian corn, and a variety of other fruits and vegetables ; besides fishes of gold and silver hue, so perfectly represented, that nothing but Ihe knife or the palate could detect the delusion ; altogether it was re- ally the most delicate and beautiful exhibition of this elegant art that has ever been seen in this country — worthy, in a word and in its way, of the occasion. American Farmer. FRUIT TREES, &c. 'm^ Five Black Spots on the Snn^ may be seen with a good spy-glass as the sun rises, or until it is from five to seven degrees above the horizon. — The spots I'orm u curved line at about l-8tli of the Sun's diameter from its centre, in the N. E. quavteT.-C'harhilon Courier. A Remarkable Fad. — The Ale^;andria Herald men- tions that on the passage of Gen. I. A Favettf. to York, an ea^le, the bird of Jove, (lew from the Bluff, about two miles below that town, and hovered over the steam boat Petersburg which the general was on board of. — It followed him to Mount Vernon— and continued Jli/- ing oper Ihe tomb of irai/ioii'/on, to wdiich the gener- al was devoting his soul with the holy feelings of grief. AMES BLOODGOOD&CO. have for sale at their Nursery at KUishiiig, on Long Island, near New York, Fruit and i'.iKst Tiies, Flowering Shrubs & Plants, of Ihe most approved sorts. The l'ro|'rietors of this Nursery attend personally to the inoculation and engrafting of aW their Fruit Treesy and purchasers may rely with confidence, that the 'i'rees they order will jirove genuine. Orders left with Mr Zeckdee Cook, jr. No.44Slate Street, Boston, %viil be transmitted to us, and receive our prompt and particular attention. Catalogues will be delivered, and any information imparted respecting the condition, &c. k.c. that may be required, on appli- cation to him. Sept. 4. rfflHE Subscriber, for a few years past, has been cul- X tivaliug an extensive FKUrP NURSERY. He now has a large assorrment of Peach Trees, budded rom the best Fruit in the country, native an d i(gn, n the best order lor transplanting. By another season he hopes to offer Pear and Cherry Trees of the fiist quality. O. F13KE, Worcester, PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c. [Revised and corrected every Friday. Ha'ili. — From a census taken during the present year, it appears that the population of Hayti consists of 935,353 individuals: the National Guard taken from this population is 113,320 men, and the armed force on active duty which is not numbered in the census, a- mounts to 45,520 men. Patent Corn Shelter. — A Mr Hubbard, of Palmyra, N. Y. has invented a machine for shell Ing corn, by which two men can shell and clean 15 bushels of corn in an hjur, with the utmost ease. Antiquities, — The Etoile says a tree was lately fell- ed in France, containing within its trunk some remains of vessels, &c. which have been recognized as belong- ing to the Samnites, 27G years before the foundation of Rome. Of course the tree must have been something like 3f)00 vears old ! ! Curiosity. — We understand the; Glass Beehive, so much admired at Brighton, is placed in the New-Eng- laad Museum, 7C Court-street. Agricultural Seminary. THE next term of the Literary. Scienlilic, and Prac- tical Institution at Derby, (Con.) will commence on the 2d Wednesday of November, and continue till the last of April. There will be given during this term, a course of Lectures upon Agriculture and Do- mestic Economy. The Lectures are founded upon the principles of Chemistry, which will be fully illustrated by experiments, and such other of the sciences as can be applied, upon personal experience in Agriculture, and the experience of other*, collected from travelling in various parts of the United States, and an extensive course of enquiries from practical men and from books upon practical farming and the other concerns of Com- mon Life. The course will consist of from 75 to 100 Lectures, given in as quick succession as shall appear expedient, at the commencement of the term. The price of this course, independent of the general course of studies in the school, will be 10 Dollars. The price of the gene- ral course of studies is 15 Dollars a term, or 30 Dollars a year. Derby,, October 12, 1824. SUBSCRIBERS to the New England Farmer are requested not to pay any money to Travelling Agents, (particularly in the State of Maine) on account of the paper, as Agents of this description are not au- thorised lo receive jnoney oa our account. Oct, 9. APPLES, best, new, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, pearl do BEANS, while, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, cargo. No 1, new. No 2, new, ! BUTTER, inspect. No. 1 CHEESE, new milk, - kimed milk, - FLAX FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genessee, - - - Piye, best, - - - GRAIN,Rye Corn - - - . - Barley - ... Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort - - HOI'S, No 1, Inspectioii - - LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS - - - - PORK, Bone Middlings - - - navy, mess, Cargo, No 1, - - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover - - - - - WOOL, Merino, full blood, wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - . - do Pulled, T^amb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION jyiARKET. BEF.l', best pieces . - - - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, - "- - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, new, - lump, - • - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - - - - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, new, - - - - CIDER, liquor, new - - - - HAY, acoortUng to quality, - FROM D. C bbl 1 60 ton. 115 120 bush 90 bbl. 8 CO 7 lb. 12 7 0 {! bush oc bbl. 6 bush 50 44 50 30 lb. 11 cask 85 gal. 70 ^on. bbl. 16 00 13 12 25 bush 1 75 6 60 D. C. o 117 .50 I Olt 8 50 •7 2a 6 25 8 4 n 84 23 0» 64 52 31 12 I lb. bush' bbl. ton. 40 45 3. 25 43 35 6 10 14 16 60 55 30 2 01 16 00 17 78 3 25 17 OS 13 60 12 50 7 70 46 50 43 30 52 40 9 1 6 10 S 12 18 20 20 65 60 50 2 6» 20 00 112 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. iWtsccllantrs. FOR THE NEW ENGLAKD FARMER. MORAL REFLECTIONS. Written in a grave yard. I look around — and see the beds Of thousands — whLTe their weary heads In calm forgetfulness repose, Of earth's allurements, joys, and woes. There my proud soul a lesson learns, Man 's formed of dust — to dust returns ; The poor, the mean, the great, the brave, Alike repose within the grave. No proud distinctions here divide Master and servant — side by side ■ Their mouldering bodies lie and rot, By the vain world unknown — forgot. Beauty here fades — the fairest flov/er In splendor bloomed but for an hour ; Youth sinks into the silent tomb, And rests unconscious of its gloom. Bright hopes of future ne'er can save The gayest, loveliest, from the grave ; The pale-faced messenger comes on, Cuts life's frail thread, and — they arc gone. Then think not perfect, lasting bliss. Belongs to such a world as this ; Shake off earth's chains, look up to Heaven, And find it in — " Thy sins forgiven." Horristoxm, (Pa.) MORTIMER. From Blachu-ood^s Magazine. BY-PAST TIME. The sky is blue, the sward is green. The leaf upon the bough is seen. The wind comes from the balmy west, The little songster builds its nest, The bee hums on from flower to flower, Till twilight's dim and pensive hour ; The joyous year arrives ; but when Shall by-past times come back again ? 1 think on childhood's glowing years- How soft, how bright the scene appears ! How calm, how cloudless pass'd away The long, long summer holiday ! I may not muse — 1 must not dream — Too beautiful those visions seem I'or earth and mortal man ; but when Shall by-past times come back again ? I think of sunny eyes so soft, Too deeply felt, enjoy'dtoo oft. When tlirough the blooming fields 1 roved With her, the earliest, dearest loved ; .\round whose form I yet survey. In thought, a bright celestial ray. To present scenes denied ; O when Shall by-past times come back again ! Alas ! the world at distance seen Appear'd all blissful and serene, An Eden, form'd to tempt the foot, With crystal streams, and golden fruit; That world, when tried and trod, is found A rocky v/aste, a thorny ground 1 We then rcvirt to youth ; but when Shall by -past times come back again ? From the Emporium. A true picture, ~jchliout paint! — Journal of a gentlaiian of pleasure. Sunday, 9 o'c/oc/;. — Disnirlied by the bells lintjino for church. Half jiast 9. a^ot up — head- achp,as usual— don't know how I got home last night — dare not ask mv wife, for 1 see she looks melancholy. J^N. B. My coat ami pantaloons appear to have iieen mudily, althoiish I believe my wile hns been emJeavorinsj to clean ihem.] Sick— no appetite. Hall'past 10 o'clock.— Wile and children gone to meeting', urp^ed me to go —but don'l feel com[)osed. Very dry — took some brandy and water sirong. 11. Took an- other tumbler. Flalf (last 11. Not having eat- en any breakfast, drank a little more brandy and water. 12 o'clock. Never have an appetite for dinner without little forcing — took some brandy and water. Half past 12. Dinner — brandy all out — .sent ]\Iary for another bottle. Wife beg- ged me not to send to the shops Sunday. Must have some brandy — can't eat without. Drank only two tumblers at table — then slept till three o'clock, awoke parched with thirst — took some brandy and water. Half past three. Drank an- other tumbler. From 4 to 6, not quite so dry — Drank but two or three times. Evening. Wife assembled the chiUlreii to read the Bible. Didn't like what they read about a drunkard — 1 am glad however, 1 am sober to-day. 7 o'clock. Went out to walk — soon tired — slept in at the sign of ,to rest — good company — sat down and Dr Juhnson^s Marriage. — An equalily of coH- dition between persons about to form matrimo- nial alliances, is often thought to lay a surer foundation for domestic comfort, than those di- versities either in fortune or acquirements, which seem to place the parties greatly in con- trast with each other. It is probable that this idea was present to the mind of both Dr .John- son and Mrs Potter, whom he afterwards marri- ed. At one of their interviews during court- ship, tbe Doctor told her ' that he was of a mean extraction, that he had no money, and that he had an uncle that was hanged ;' to which, by way of reducing herself to an equal- ity with him, she replied, ' that she had no more money than he, and though no relation of hers had been hanged, she had ffty vho dcserv ed lianging.'' drank something, and spent the evening in con versation, and smoking a few cigars. 11. Got home without help, though, from the badness of the pavements, fell twice, and the streets were muddy. Most ashamed my wife should see me. Half past 11. Went to bed. Monday. Awoke at 10 — got up — headache and sick. Took two glasses of brandy to correct the nausea of the stomach — ate nothing. My wife desired I would not go out, and said, kindly, 1 looked too unwell to go abroad. Wanted to see R ; met him at the sign of . After we had been to the polls, took a glass together. More company came in — ail voted for Mr ; offered to treat us — accepted ; treated them in our turn. 9 o'clock. Concluded not to go home (o dinner, called for beef steak. 4 o'clock. — Waiter told me I had had eight glasses of grog — I am sure 1 have drank but si.f. 0. — A quar- rel between R and G . I interfered — Jl great Pun. — When Sir William Curtis re- turned from his voyage to Italy and Spain, he called to pay his respects to Mr Canning, at Gloucester Lodge. Among other questions, Sir William said, " But pray, Mr Canning, what do you say to (he tunnel under the Thames?" — " Say !" replied the Secretary, " Why I say it is (he greatest bore London ever had, and that is saying a great deal.'" — London paper. A few years since Iho Proprietor of Vauxhall Gardens lost his celebrated carver of hams, when he advertised for a new carver in that de- partment of harmless anatomy. One of notori- ety applied, when the worthy Proprietor ask- ed him how many acres he could cover with only one fine ham; upon which he replied, " he did not stand for an acre or tivo, more or less, but could cover the whole of his garden with one ham;" upon which he was instantly hired, and told he was the very fellow for that establishment, and to cut away for the benefit of the concern and mankind at large. Dr Johnson, — Being asked his opinion of the title of a small volume, remarkable for its pom- posity, replied, that it was similar to placing an eishl and forty pounder at the dour of a pig sty. Weariness. — Weariness can snore on the flint when sloth finds the downy pillow hard. Bremen Geese. FOR sale by Thomas Williams, at Noddle's Island, near Boston, 20 large Bremen Geese, which, at 5 months'old, weighed from 15 to 20 lbs each. These Geese were obtained by Mr. Williams of Col. Jaques of Charlestown, Ms. and are of the same breed, of which notice is given in the New England Farmer, vol. iii. p. •15. in an article copied from a Providence paper. — They are recommended in preference to all others by their weight, extra quality and quantity of down, and got knocked down — obliged to be carried home, with my face much bruised. Wife appeared ! feathers (yielding double ;) they are perfectly white, distressed— but came and bathed my wounds, i set much earlier, are more sure of bringing olT a brood, irave me some warm tea. and helped me to bed. ! ^"'^ remarkably hardy, and will weigh wlun fatted dou Waked in the night, and found her crying. Tuesday. Rose at 10. Face sore — one eye verv black — headache still hangs on me — strange nothing will cure it. Wife brought me some coffee, which she said she had made good for me. Could not drink it, till 1 had taken a ble the weight of our common geese." They are like- wise very prolific. Mr. Williams raised, the present season 28 goslings from 3 geese. The original stock of these geese was imported by Ebene/rr Rollins I'sqr. of Boston. Oct. 9. TERMS OF THE FAltMER. 0:5°' Published every Saturday, at Three Dollars 1 c u ! 13 ■ 1 -r i" '"""' ij ' per annum, payable at the end of the vom the time of subsoibing not go out to day. From II to 1, drank four or five glasses. 2. Dined, after taking another forcer — no appetite — can't always force. 3. — Put a patch over my eye, and went out. — Mv wife reminded me of my promise, and I tbnuglit 1 saw the tears in her eyes, although she turned away her face to conceal them. Went to tlie sign of will he entitled to a deduction of KiFTV Cf.nts. ():j=Postage must be paid on all letters to the Editor or Publisher. (*:;|7= No paper will he discontinued (unless at the discretion of the publisher,) until ancar.iges are paid. JOB PRINTING .executed with neatness and despatch, on reasonable ' terms at this Ujlice. ]SEW ENGLAND FARMER. VOL. ill PUBLISHF.l) BY JOHN B. KUj^SEI.L, U0(;F.US' lU'll. DINGS, fCJNCKK.SP STKIJ.I', COSTOX.— THOMAS G. rr.SS|;M)i:N, EDITOR. No. 15. FRIDAY, NOVEMBER .-i. 1824. SlgntuUuvp.l Reports. BERKSMiaE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. Report of the Viexeing Commitlee, 1824 — igricul- liinit Report. In tlie ili^rharge nftlie duties as?iy, to appreciate the Siib- stanlial benctils of tins institntion. Every person acqiiainlcd, even thenretically. with a!^ricnlliir,ii pursuits, will assent to llic (rulh ol' the maxim, "that e\ery farm which is in pood lieart, should be kept so; that every one not in srood heart, should be made so ; jind Ihal vvhiitever is rij^it as (o the farm jjcnofsliy, 18 so as to evcrv (lart of thai farm.""* It lias been a source of much gr.itulalion lo tlie com- mittee, to witness the many instances of its prac- tical operation, so satisfactorily denionslrated hy the tjrnwinj; attention to every part of rural ec- onomy the jirevailinG: spirit of etniilalion fi rthe ncquisitioo of useful know ledge (especially in the rising generation) and the imjiroved quali- ties, and attention to the keeping of live Slock ; as well as by the increase, variety, and excell- ence of the productions, with which it has plea- sed an all bountiful providence to reward the lahouri! of the industrious and skilful liusband- man. The commillee, in their tours through the County, in execution of ihe duties assigned them, have remarked so many instances of good liusbandry, that it would, perhaps, be deemed invidious were they to attempt to particularize : Suffice it, therefore, to observe, that the ellort- our brother farmers, generally, U:\\e made, and are making, is alike honorable to themselves — lo the County, and to the profession. The regulations of the Society liaving made it indispensable that each candidate should fur- nish a detailed statement of his mode of cultiva- tion, the committee forbear any reni.irk in rela- tion to ihe management of crops lo which ibey Mwnrd premiums; as the publication of these statements will afford a more suitable opportun- ity lo compare individual (iractices ; [\^^• results of which, clearly evince the praclicability of "Mr. Madismrs Agricultural Address. raising crops, equal to those even of more favor- 1 ed climates. With these brief remarks, which the commit- tee consider (ill liiat is necessary, on an occasion like the ()resenl, they proceed to report their' award of jiremiums. WINIT^R WHE.\T. First premium, to Solomon Wilcox, of Stockbridge, $8 Srrott.i do. to Levi Goodrich, of Fittsfield, G 'I'hird do. to Daniel Fairchilds, of Stockbridge, 5 Mr Chattield, of Great-Rarrington, present- ed a very tine piece, hut growing on nr-w lavil, it could not enter into competition, conforma- ble to Ihe regid.itioiis. As Winter Wheat lias considerably, and ge- nerally sufTered ihi* year hy r»s^ the commit- tee would suggest the propriety, on a recur- rence of the disease, to cut the grain as soon as its ravages commence, as a mean of pre- serving the crop from greater loss. SUMMER WHEAT. First pretniam. to .lolin Chamberlain, of Dallon, §8 ^'creiid do. to Luciin ReHdin^on, of K iclivnond, 6 'i bird do. to Daniel Stearns, of I'ittsfield, 5 RYE. First premium, lo Dfiniel Fairchilds, of Stock- brid <^0 Second do. to Levi Goodrir>, of rittsfit Id, Third do. to Williain W. \i ard, of PiUsfltld, 4 0.\TS. or a mixed crop of OATS and PEAS, or OATS. PEAS and KYE. First prremiura.to Samuel Ij. f'.c'l.of Pitlsfield, t'6 Second do. to I-'no? Sniilli. of SiwcKliririiir, o It is proper here io remark, that Mr Beal, of Au'lerlilz, (N. Y ) for nuiny years a mem- ber of the Society, was a candidate for the premium on Oats. The committee were u- nanimoi.s in the opinion, that it did not com- port with their duty, (for reasons too obvious to require explanation) to go out of the Coun- ty In esamme crops. Of I his decis:ori, Mr Beal has been duly apprized by the Chair- man. MILLET, either for seed or fodder. First premium, to James Barker, of Lanesbor- ough, $0 Second do. to Zebulon Kirby, of Slockbridge, 5 A», in the oiiinion of the committee, it is in- ere"tina: lo introduce the culture of Millet, and as this is the first attempt of the Society to counlenance experiment', ih^y have been indaced to award Ihese premiums ; although ihe products are not such as may be reasona- bly expected, when we shall have become belter acquainted w'th its cultivation and worth. The committee would briefly re- mark, that from the best information, it re- quires a soil rather drif. than wioij/, and espe- cially a clean tilth ; as its slow crowth in the early stage of its vegetation lends to encour- age weeds. CORN". This crop has had to contend with un vn- proniiiovs season, insects, and earhj and severe frosts. These ca«ualues, however, atlord a striking iib'siration of the truth of tlie max- im heretofore alluded to. Almost invariauh', wherever it is pruclised, the crops are good; where neglected, they are but indifTerent. — Frst prMnicin, (o David Ch3pin, of Richmond, $8 Second do. to Timothy Wainwrigbt, of Great Barringlon, 6 Third do. to John Chatfield, of Great Barrington, ;> PEAS. But one crop having been offered — that being deemed but an " ordinary product" — and raised without any other than common culture, the committee in conformity with the regulations, have not awarded a premium. FLAX. First premium to Edward Plummer, of Richmond, $S Second do. lo Erastus Rowley, of do. f) Best managed FARiM — the residue of a special donation. First premium to William Weller, of Pittsfield, $20 Second do. to Oliver P. Dickinson, of Pittsfield, 15 Together with a diploma to each, as honorary members, agreeable to the 7th article of the Bye-Laws. For this premium, which the Committee con- sider as the most important of any on the Soci- ety's list, and which they confidently hope, will never he abandoned, because it embraces with- in itself " ^o'jd management in every department of husband nj.,''' there v\ere but three farms enter- ed ; on each of which, the Commitlee found so much to ap(vrnvr, so nnich neatness and econ- omy, connected w.th such admirable system, and I'laise-worthy industry and perseverance, that .h.-'v w-orled, that a piece of car. petinar, presented by IMrs Edwards, of Keene, was a tine specimen of domestic manufacture, but not of sufiicient uiillh to entitle it to a pre. mium. U;)on their reconamendation, the execu- tive committee awarded ihcre-lbr a premium of four dollars. The Committee on Linen manufacliiros, Hats and Bonnets, consisting of John G. Mudge,Jolin Miller, Jr. Edward Gustine, Jonathan Rawson and Asa Fullam, awarded To Pegjy Mc'Clure, of Acworth, the first premium of three dollars for the best piece of linen cloth. To i?ally\\ ilson of Acworth, the premium of two dollars for the next best piece. To Selina Parker, of Filiwilliam, the premium of three dollars for the hest grass bonnet. To Abigail Calef, of ( harlestown, the premium of two dollars for the next lieft. To .iilsa Pond, of Keene, a premium of two dollars for the six best straw bonnets. The grass bonnet presented by Miss Parker, was 'rf uncommon tineness and quality. The Committee on Leather consisting of Thomas F. Ames, Levi Blake, Daniel Severance and Peleliah M. Everett, awarded To William and Charles Lanison, of Keenr, Ihe premi- um of two dollars for the two best sides if sole leath- er. Other leather was offered, but none entitled to a premium. The committee considered Ihe sole leather of the Messrs. Lamsons, as good as any they have ever seen manul'aclured in the county. The Society, then, repairing to Ihe hall of Mr Parker, set down to a table, abundantly sup- plied with the products of our own farms; and liere, as well as else-wbere Ihe utmost cheerl'ul- ness and good feeling prevailed. Bij order of Coiniidttcc. — Offtcen of Ihe Sociclyfor the current i/ear — THOMAS C. DREW,ofDiews¥ille, PmiWcn(. Ei.UAii Bblding, of Swanzt'y, 1st. K. President. Isaac Hukbaud, of Clarenionl, 2. V. President. Thomas M. Edwauds, of Keene, Sccretury. Danikl Bradford, of Keene, Treasurer. Martin BuTiKuriF.i.o, of Drewsville, Z/iiroriOH. I Aaron Hodskins of Walpole, James M. Warn- er of Acworth, Ephraim K. Frost of Swanzey, [Elijah Alexander of Winchester, Abijah Wilder Jr. of Keene, David Parker and James Gilchrist of Chitrlestown, Members of the Executive Com- mittee. ROCKINGHAM AGRICULTURAL SOCIETV. On Wednesday last, the annual meeting of Ihe Rockingluini Agricultural Society was holderk at this place, 'J'he following gentlemen weier elected its officers for Ihe ensuing year. Col. Bradbdry Ctllf.v, President, Gen. Samuel M. Richardson, F. President. Hon. IcHABOD Bartlf.t, Cor. Secretary. Col. Pf.tkr Chadwick, Rec. Secretary. Col. John Rogers, Treasurer. DIRECTORS. Hon. Jeremiah .Mason, Col. Jasliua W. Pierce, Gen. Klias Haskell Derby, Hon. John Harcey, Coj/I. A'athctniel Gihnan, Sherburne Blake, Ksii. Levi Lane, Esij. Gen. Benjamin Butler, Hon. John Fohom. •Maj. Nicholas Oilman, Marshal. Capt. Theodore B. Mosf.s, D. Marsha!. It was voted, that the next Annual Meeting o the Society be bolden at Londomlerrv, and that the whole business should in future be transact- ed In one day. — James Tiiom, Esq. was appoint- ed to deliver the next annual address. On Thursday morning, we had the pleasure of witnessing the Cattle Show and Exhibition of Manufactures. We had proposed to give our readers some accouni of both ; but Ihe opinions of the sever.ii Committees are so fully exfiress- ed in their rejiorts on tlie different branches of each, that any larlher comment is rendered use- less. We simply repeal the o|)inion of experi- enced judges in slating, that the exhibition of Cattle was tine ; and that of Sheeji and Swine I'ar belter than usual. At two o'clock, the So- ciety moved in procession lo the dining room, which had been very h,\ndsomely decorated for the occasion, and partook of a dinner provided with uncommon ta'^te and elegance by Mr. Eme- ry. The sale at auction of many of Ihe manu- laclured articles succeeded ; alter which the .'■'ociety witnessed the Ploughing Match, a branch of the exhibition wlilcb is, pcibaps, more at- tractive than any other. The day, notwilh- standing Ihe unfavorable appearance of the morning, proved very tine : and wc believe that the pleasures of the day, lo those most in- terested, were surpassed by those at the ball at Col. Burley's in Ihe evening. — Exeter Gazette. [We have not room this week, for an abstract of the Reports of the dilierent Committees.] Hancock agricultural society. The second annual meeting of the Hancock A'^ricultural Society was holden in this town on Wednesday last. The day was very line, and Ijie novelty of the thing in this part of the Slate attracte,! an immense concourse of spec- tators. We were pleased lo witness the inter- est excited on the occasion, and h' ne it will lead to emulation among our practical husband- men, and to great improvements in agriculture and manufactures. A very appropriate address was made by Geo. Watson, Esq. and the music NEW ENGLAND FAUMEK. J}. w:is "siicli ;»s would h;ive donn linnonr to any part of this Sl;\te. A laiiie Dumbrr of fiirmcrs. niercliiints and professionul gciillomf>n dined to- grlhpr at i\Ir. Slopper's lavorn, ivhcre liie prn- diicl* 'I' the earth were served np in style aiul in plenty. — Hancock Oa:cllc. The following AddiT?? by thr Hon. .Tu.ljrn Jaucoln. Prpsident of the Worcester Asriciilturnl Society, w;\s introiliictory to tlie piil>lic services, fit the Lite anni- vcrsruy Show ami Exhibit i.m. Gentlemen of llie Worcester Co. Jij;. Society— In hehalf of the Officers of this In^^tilution. I have the honour to ofler you llieir most cordial congratulations on the recurrence of this anni- versarv. The circumstances under which we have a-semhled are most auspicious, and, in their connesion, \vith the adviuicemeiit of important and essential interests. ,i(Tord the hii^host gratifi- cation. Within the last year, many resppctalde memhers, from all the departments of society, i have been added to our numbers. Thrnug;h the prudent manajfeincnt nf the Board of Trustees, I anil the vitcilani, faithful, and pprspvering at- J tention of the Treasurer, who, from the orafan- ization of the Society, has c;ratuiloiisly devoted j him^vlf to its pecuniary concerns, the perma-I jient fund, derived almost exclusively from the' admission of mem'ier*, has increased to a sum excoeding 4.000 didlars, well secured and upon j intf'resl. The salutary inlluence o\' ihe Socie- ty ha- been practicuHij illu-lraled in the great , and obvious inipruvemeiit of all the objects to which its attention has heretofore been direct- ed, and Ihe puMic conlidence in its utility has been more fully conciliated and mnnifested. ll was hoped that, on this occasion, we should have been accommodated with a Hall appro-! prialc to our use, and particularly ralculaled for a fair display of the excellent fabrics ofl our skilful and deservin? Manufiirturers, and the j ingenious productions of household industry. — The liberal spirit of the inhabitants of this town had induced to ample arr.'intjemenls for this purpose ; and while they suffer the disap- pointment of delay in our enjoyment of their good intentions, 1 iim assured we shall have op- portunity to feel and to express to theni our ob- Ijo-ationsupon the next anniversary. Gentlemen — Through the instrumentality of this institnlion, a high reputation for indu-lry, good management, and moral virtue has been given to this extensive, JtotirisJiirif^^ and nol)le County. From the tirst our Association has at- tracted much of the public notice and favour. Ou this day, n-e are honoured by the presence ot' a special delegation from the Hampshire, Hampden, and Franklin Agricultural Society, and by Ihe attendance of distinguished genlle- irien representing the feelings and good wishes of other similar institutions, and by numerous respectable strangers We bid them all wel- come to this inlereslingjubilee. We invite Ihem to accompany us in the inspection of the rich specimens of our tlocks and our herds; of the strength and management of our teams ; of Ihe products of the industry and skill of our manu- factories, work-shops, and fire sides. We do this, not hoaslingly, but in the spirit of an hon- est pride, that they are the result of the habits of industry, of persevering labour, and of lion- our.ible competition. We hope, also on this occasion, to give a higher character to our ICx- hiUili«n, by a ropiesontation of the intelligent, hardy, and virtuous population of our County, and by a practical illustration, that the section of the Commonwoallh, which, livun its geo- gra|)h!cal silualion, and its physical resoui-ces, has been designated as the heart, is strong in its moral pulsations, and sound at the cnre, in the sentiments, manners and habits of the people. From the Medical Intelligencer. NOVEMBER. This is the month in which the inhabitants of Old England hang themselves, and those of New England feast on all their most delicious Iruils, and inhale their mildest and most exhilirating atmosphere; and woe ia unto the wight who does not avail himself of this season to throw off the remains of summer sickness, and pre- pare to resist that of the approaching winter. There are, in October and November, none of Ihose rapid changes in the temperature of dif- ferent parts of the day, which are such fruitful sources of dysentery and fever. The tone of the slomacli, which in Se()tember had been so much diminished by the heat of the preceding months as to rcniler indulgence in the luxuries of ihe season d.ingerous, and even exercise in ihe o[ien air critical, is now restored by the fresli breezes from the west, and the agreeable and uniform coolness of the atmosphere. The teniplalions which the season offers to gratify the whims of the a[ipeli!e, are no avenues to disease, and Ihe cleat gbiry of the heavens in- vites to exercise and enjoyments. ;vhich may be liberally partaken wilh advaolago rather Ihan danger. Of all parls of Ihe year, none seems there- fore so well soiled lo scenf^s of mirlli and ii- musemcnt as November, and as such, none is more generallv improved. Families who have spent the summer in Ihecounlry, now return lo enjoy their home and their friends in the city; hundreds of happy swains are made still happi- er husbands ; and the sounds of hilarily and the picture'' of health, meet us in every direction. Since then so many powerful attractions exist within door? as well as without, it becomes our dutv to caution our friends against acquiring a habi^-of passing much of their time in warm rooms thus early in the season. It is an undoubted fact, that those men live longest, who are Ihe last to shut themselves up and put on additional clothing in the autumn, and the last to leave it olT and expose them- selves in the spring. The coldness of Novem- ber is dry and bracing ; it increases the warmth of the body by quickening the circulation, and thus renders an outer garment unnecessary, px- cepi in Ihe evening, or on days that are un- pleasant ; the coldness of the spring is damp and enervating ; it depresses instead of cheer- ing the spirits, renders the circulation languid, and extra clothing indispensable to comfort as well as to health. In Ihe winter, typhus fever is the most com- mon complaint ; its subjects are chiefly those whose habit is debilitated, or whose spirits are deprcs'^ed ; and we have suggested these ideas to our readers — not only with a view to their immediate benefit, but also by way of precau- tion, lest the time for recrniling and enjoying should be atloived lo pass away unimproved, and Ihe chill blasts of winter come and convert their houses into hospitals — their eoervated frames the victims of disease. DR nio;Kr owvs lkctuhe^-. The following are the general subjects of the lectures, and we have only lo express our best wishes for their success, and confidence of their ulility. Architecture ; its origin, history, and character- istics in dilTerent ages and countries. General principles and terms of this art. Account of the order of antitjuo architecture, and of styles of building design. ited as Grecian, Roman, and Go- thic. Painting ; some account of the optical and chemical laws of per-peciive, of light and shade, and o( colouring. I\lodps of painting in water, oil. wax, fresco and distemper. Knsraving ; the [irocess of line engraving, of sti|)pling, of etching, of mezzotinto, of aquatinta. Lithography : its principles and processes. Arts of Writing and Printing. Their history, materials anil processes. The economy of />omps(jc Stniclure ; parlicu- larly with reference to the management of heat, light !Uid ventilation. General considerations relating to fuel, to lire, to smoke, to chimneys, fire-places, stoves, windows anif lamps. Arts of Locomotion ; lads relating to the pro- gressive motion of animals, to wheel carriages, to roads and pavements. Horology ; account of the means employed at diflereiit periods of society for the measurement of time. Manvfacture of Glass, and of Pottery, and Porce- lain ; some account of tlirir materials, processes and prnducis, flislory and description of the St earn- Engine. The above subjorts are intended lo form a course of fil'ieen lectures for ladies and gentle- men, to be delivered on Thursday evening of each week, at 6 o'clock, beginning November lllh, provided the subscription is filled before that time. — The present subscription list is left at Cunimings, Hilliard, & Co's Bookstore. It appears from Mr B'illock''s account, that there are no tloating gardens in Mexico. Those pla'.s, which have been im\)roperIy called by that name, are artificial islands, about ten rods in lenglh and one in breadth. They are separ- ated by ditches 10 or 12 feet wide, and are made by taking the soil from the ditches, and raising the intervening ground about three feet. The gardens thus formed are called chinampas, and are covered with the finest vegetables, fruits, and fiowers. These ditches are connect- ed wilh the canals, whence they are supplied with water. Exercise. — Exercise strengthens the solids, and promotes the circulation of the fluids beyond any thing else within the compass of nature. — Weakness of the nerves, and obstruction of the glands, never tail to accompany a lite that is passed in inactivity. What dreadful efiects pro- ceed from these two causes, it would be tedious to enumerate. There are very few diseases in- cident to mankind which inactivity may not pro- duce ; and where it has once fixed its residence, it is extremely difficult to expel. It is not only of itself a plentiful source of disease, but ivhen become habitual, is generally attended wi h watchfulness, which, likewise, has a perni- cious effect on the health. 116 NEW ENGLAND FAKMER. iWassachusctts Slsncttltural Son'rtg. REPORT NO. III. The Committee "On Cows, Heifers, Sheep, Swine, and imported Slieep,"consistingor!Mess. John Welles, Timothy Walker of Charles- town, and Abner Wheeler of Framingham, Re- fort : That the Cows presented for premium, though several of them fine animals, were not yet in such number, nor some of them of such properties, as, in the opinion ot the Coinmiitee, the country can exhibit. — Somelhin": more seems due to the liberal encouragement oflered by the Society, as well as to that nnqueslionahle state of improvement, which has taken place in our Cattle. Our farmers must recoiled, that upoa their zeal and cooperation in a display of fine animals, the utility, effect, and character of Agricullufal Associations must, in a great de- gree, depend. Their spirit must therelore be relied on, in prospective, that when their aid is needed, they will not hold liack, from fear of disappointment, or any other motive, from what is due to their own reputation, that of Iheir friends and associates, or to the Stale, whoso li- berality and encouragement is generously mipar- ted. From the number of Milch Cows presented, your committee award the several premiums, as follows : To Luke Fisk, Esq. of Waltham, for a fine Native Cow, 8 years old $30 Satisfactory evidence was offered that from this Cow was made twelve pounds of butter per week. To Jacob W. Watson, of Princeton, for his Milch Cow, 6 years old, of native breed $20 Satisfactory evidence was given of her having given over 18 quarts a day; her Calf, from Denton, at her side, in fine flesh and of good promise. One half of the third premiufn to the Rev. Sam'I Ripley, of Waltham, for his Cow, of native stock. $7 50 In the winter season, this Cow afforded an av- erage of nearly seven pounds of butter per week. It was to be regretted, that in a more fa- vorable season, and when her milk was of much greater quantity, from its use in the family, no examination was made. To Isaac Beaiis, of Watertown, for his Native Cow, the other half of the third premium $7 50 This animal was of good appearance, and her excellency as a Milch Cow was well supported. MILCH HEIFERS. To Mark Vose, of Waterlown, for his Heifer, one quarter Cceltbs, the first premium, $15 Her properties for milk were promieing, and her form very good. To J. A. Cunningham, of Dorchester, for his Hei- fer, the second premium $10 The dam of the Bakewell breed — the sire a half blood from Ccelebs. This was a fine ani- mal. For Heifers not having had a calf: I'o Benj. Harrington, of Princeton, for his Heifer, 18 months old, from Holdemess, weighing 1096 lbs. the first premium $12 To David Wait, of Charlestown, for a half blood heifer, from Co^lebs, the second premium 10 To Jacob W. Watson, of Princeton, for his heifer of native stock, 18 months old, the third premi- um, 8 To .lohn Ellis, of Brighton, for his heifer, 1 year old, the dam of native breed, the sire, Holder- ness, the fourth premium, 6 Your committee were particularly gratified with the stock presented for exhibilion only. — That sent to the Society by the iilieralily of Sir Isaac Coffin, as well as that shewn by Mr Heard, Mr Parsons, Major Jaquilh, Mr Fierce and oth- ers, was an interesting addition to the Cattle Show. MERINO SHEEP. Only one flock of Merino Sheej) were presen- ted for exhibition, and your committee have to lament, that this species of animal, which has surmounted prejudice, and is so useful, imjiort- anf, and indispensable to our manutMclures, should be so feebly and in^ulTiciently re[>resent- ed, notwithstanding the exjiensc and public spi- rit with which it has been introduced. 'I'here can be no doubt that the extension of this race will follow, to which our climate jippears well suited. But much of their improvement will depend on such comparisons and general know- ledo-e as is derived from an annual exhibition, and an assemblage of farmers who take an inte- rest in this stock. It would indeed be a source of regret if the liberal premiums offered by the Agricultural Socielv of Massnchuspfts, with the best motives, should fail fo produce sirnngerev- idences of the multiplication and improvement of this race. The committee award the first premium to Joseph Barrett, Esq. of Concord, S-''' Major Barrett [)roduccd a Saxon imported Ewe with his flock, and the latter did not suffer by comparison. For the second premium on sheep there was no claimant. The first premium for a Merino Ram, and the second premium for ditlr., were not awarded. — Tl'.e commiltee thought that tliuse exhibited did not deserve them. SWINE. SoroM.— The committee award the first premi- um tn John H. Loring, of Groton, for his boar', 5 l-i months old $12 Second do. to Si!as Dudley, of Sutton, fcr his boar, 8 months old, 8 Third do. to James Lovell, of Newton, for Iiis Boar, 5 SOWS. The first premium, to S. W. Pomeroy, Esq. $12 The second do. to Luke Kisk, Esq. 8 The third do. to Silas Dudley, 5 FOR PIGS. The first premium to Adam Morse, Half the second do. to Isaac Miles, of Brighton, The other half do. to .\hiel Wheeler, of Concord. Some Pigs sent by Mr Manners, the British Consul, for exhibition only, were very much ad- mired. Your Committee are aware of the desire of the Massachusetts .Agricultinal Society, to pro- mote the interests of Agriculture and Manufact- ures, to which they devote themselves, aird not only their own funds, but those afforded by a lib- eral and enlightened Legislature ; and they trust that the well informed Agriculturists and Manu- facturers of the State, will not fail to second these views. On the whole, a constant improvement is yearly to be seen. But more and betler evid- ence might be afforded, to gratify those who de- light in these proofs of the increasing prosper- ity of Ibe coimtry; and your Committee are persuaded, that to produce this desiralile effect, the public attention will not be appe iled lo in vain. Per order. JOHN WELLES, Chairman. Bngklon. Oct. 21, 1824. REPORT NO. IV. The Committee on Manufactures award — For Broadcloth — the first premium to Slater & Howard, of Dudley, $20 Th« second;to theJBellingliam Cotton and Woollen Manufactory, 15 T.vo specimens of Black Cloth from the Sax- on Factory at Fiamingbam, were offered for ex- hibilion only. It was considered a very beau- tiful spi'cimen of Cloth. For Household Cloth — the first premium to George M. Barrett, of Concord, $12- The second to Oliver .Moore, of West Boylston, 8 'J'here were five entries of Household Cloth, some of which would not discredit a professed manufacturer. For Cassimeres — the first premium to .Slater & Howard, $12 The specimens offered by them were of very uncommon excellence. For double milled Kersey — the 2d premium to Tristram Little, of Newbury, (J;8 For Satinels — -the first premium to Scth Bemis t Co. of Watertown, 8 The second to Trueman Clark & Co. of Walpole, 5 The Satinet presented by John Sampson, of Plymplon, would have been entitled to ihe sec- ond premium, haslantial fabrics and fancy articles, not ohjects of specific preniinni. The committee recommend that the following sums be given as gratuities : To Mary Stearii?, of Waltliarn, for a Coverlet, To Mary U. Wlthiogton, of Dorchester, for a Counterpane, To Jaur- D. Grant, of Wrentham, for an imitation Leghorn Uonnet, To Maria Harlwell, of Shirley, for do. To Hannah Carpenter, of Norton, for a Dunstable Straw Bonnet, To Elizabeth Hapgood, of Marlboro', for a Straw Hat, To l.ucy Ann Howe, of Hopkinton, for Needle Work, To the Misses Wheelers, of Worcester, for a spe- cimen of Artificial Flowers, To Percy Cobb, of New Braintree, for an imita- tion of En^jlish Cassimere Shawls— a new man- ulacture in this country. To a young lady at Brighton, for a specimen of Silk Buttons and Krogs, equal to any ever im- ported, To Naomi Abbot, of Boston, for a Lace Veil, To Charlotte Brown, of Wrentham, for artificial Flowirs, To F.inily Francis, Harriet Josephine and William Jones, and Frederick Augustus Fisk, for speci- mens of Artificial Flowers, $1 each, To Mis! Hannah M. Johnson, for a specimen of Silk Buttons and Frogs, and a Lace Veil, ic. To Klizabelh P. Parsons, of North Yarmouth, for a Leghorn Bonnet, To Mr Battel, of Dover, for a specimen of Whip Lashes, of a very superiour qualily To Prudence Howe Carter, of Leominster, for fine knit Socks, To Triphena Smith, of Lincoln, for fine knit Stock- ings, To Lucy Sprague of Bridgewater, for Worsted knit Stockings To .Miis H. Green, of Lincoln, for a specimen of Cricket Coverings To Hannah Flint, of Lincoln, for Worsted Stock- Kobinson, of Worcester, Elijah Wood, of Con- curd, and Mrs. Fhigtf, were jjood fabrics, and creditable to the makers. A Knit Carpet, made by Eliza'ieth Prescott, of llostoa, IS deserving; of mention, as evidence of vri\ commendal'le inilu'<(ry. Tvvci piece.-i of Bed 7'icking by Samuel Sla- ter, o! Oxford, ^vere equal, it not superiour to i.iiy of similar fabric in use in this country, wbc'iier jmpoi led or domestic. 'j'he Lead I'cncils exhibited by .T. Thorough Si Co. were superiour to any specimens e.xhib- ited in past years. The various itrticles manufactured from the millv weed, the Boots ;\nd Shoes presented by Abel Moore, of Concord, and manv other small parcels of fancy fabrics not before noticed, were very creditable to those who exhibited them, and added much to the respectability of the Show. The committee noticed a beautiful imitation Leghorn Bonnet, by Miss Selina Parker, of ritzwilliam, N. H. sent to enrich the Show. — Also, samples of double gilt and single gilt But- tons, made at Waterbury, in the State of Con- necticut, by A. Beneilick, having every ajipear- ance of the best qualitv of imported buttons. RICH'D SULLIVAN, Chairman, JOHN TAPPAN, E. TUCKiilRMAJV, JOHN LEMIST. REPORT No. V. T'le Committee on Agricultural Experiments, to whom was also commiltrd the inspection of sundry ;irfir.les of iManufacture, for which prem- iums were offered, Pieport : — That live parcels of Chee'T'O, of more than one vear old, anil thir- ty of Worcester, is entitled to the premium of seven dollars, for the next best. Your Com- mittee take this opportunity to observe, tliatthc' common glazed pols, or jars, are by no means the best vessels to be used for this article ; the glazing imparts a delefrious qualify to the but- ter. Mr William Earl, of New Brainfrce, nITercd. specimens of Butter, and Cheese, both of which, are of' good quality — the Cheese, in the opin- ion of your commiltee, the best otTered the present year ; and Mr Earle would have been entitled to the first premium on this article, had it been separately offered for the premium, and had not the rules of the society interdicted the awarding two [)remiiims to the same person for the same article — the Butter and Cheese were made between the 15th day of May and the 1st day of October, from eleven cows, fed exclu- sively en grass — the entire quantify of Cheese being 3797 lbs. ; and of Butter 143 lbs; and said Earl is entitled to the premium of twenty dollars. Five samples of Currant Wine were entered for the society's premium — that offered by Mr John Heath, of Roxbury, is considered the best, and is entitled to the premium of ten dollars — for the next best, Mr. Emerson Fay, of Water- town, is entitled to the premium of five dollars. For the best barrel of Cider, your committee recommend that the first premium of fifteen dollars be granted to Colonel Daniel Leland, of Sherburue, in the county of Middlesex — no ci- der suflicien fly good to be entitled to the first premium offered for this article, having been exhibited. Two Hives well stored with Honey, were entered for the society's premium, by Mr Ebe- nezer Withington, of JDorchester, to whom feen parcels of new Cheese, were offered for the Society's premiums, nil of it from New your committee recommend to be paid ten dol- Brainfree, in the County of Worcester, a lown jars. His method of excluding the bee moth To M. B. and C. L. Scott, of Boston, pupils af Ihe Academy of Misses M. A. & S. Clark, for a beautiful Hearth Rug, To Mary -Manning, of Charlestown, for a hearth Rug, "To Abigail Pomeroy, of Watertown, for a Hearth Hug, To Sarah Robinson, of Newton, for a patch work Carpi:t, To Patty Spaulding, of Natick, for a Hear'h Rug, 2 'J'o Ann Dalrymple. of Marlboro', for Dunstable Straw and Imitation Leghorn Bonnets, 3 Many others are deserving of respectful men- tion for the excellence of the articles of manu- facture exhibited by them. Some of them pro- bably do not expect a gratuity in money, and as res|)ccts all not otherwise noticed, the commit- tee hope that an acknowledgment of their mer- it will be a satisfactory reward. The specimens of Letter Paper and Folio Po^.t exhibited by Andrew J. Allen,* and manu- factured at Leominster, were of excellent qual- Several reams of Foolscap Paper, by Ed- ward Curtis, of Pepperell, were also excellent. The samples of Men's Hats exhibited by J. M. I'eck, of Boston, were in every respect of the best quality. A specimen of Carpeting presented by Mary for several years past, much noted for making and sending excellent Cheese to market — that offered for premium the present year, although apparently well made, yet lor the most part is destitute of that rich and fine flavour necessary to constitute the best cheese for the table ; — an unpleasant taste was perceiveable in some of the cheeses, which perhaps may be attributed to the food of Ihe cows Of the old cheese, that fVom the dairy of Mr Job [{ainger, was considere FATI>TF.7?. 119 be talton lo sow eiirlv enough in the fall fiir the plantsi to come up before the frost sets in." To- wards tho cl(He of the same paragraph, he ob- serves that till" tall sowinaf in EnarlanH is not so elig-ible a« in the United State*, because '• nine times out of ten their seed would come up, and the plants would he destroyed before spring." In one part of his instrnr tions, he incidcates the necessity of the plants " comin:^ up in the fall ;" anil in another part he deprecates their coming Jip l)efore spring, l.'st they should he destroyed by frost. Among the plants enumerated by Mr Col'bett, as proper tor fall sowing, and which it should seem must " come up before the frost sets in," .Tre beets. But every gardener knows that the beet will be destroyed, root and branch, by even a very slight tVost. Calib4_L;es, parsnips, and carrots will bear a trost, and the two last named almost as well as the evergreens of the I'orest. iVIiller's Gardener's Dictionary savs " To cultivate pars- nips for the farmer, sow the seeds in autumn, snan after it is ripe ; by which means the seed will come early tiK; folloiving spring and get strong before the weeds will grow so as to injure tlieni. The young plants never matariallij suffer through the severity nf the season.''^ The same writer states that he cultivated the wild carrot for many years, but never could get the seeds icliich zcerc sown in the spring, lo grow, but that part of the seeds which he sowed in the autumn came up well. The garden carrots, lie says, '• are propagated at two or three dilTij- rent seasons. The first season for sowing the seeds is soon nftcr Christmas.^'' We have known potatoes which were over- looked in gathering the crop, grow the next season, and the produce appeared to be early and aliundniit. But we have never he;irdofthaf root's being jilanled in the fall with a view to an eaily crop. We think it might be well for far- mers and gardeners, especially for those in the vicinity ol large markets, lo make experiments on a small scale, of fall planting of potatoes, cabbages, parsni|)s, carrots, and some otherveg- etables, h Iiich it is desirable and would prove protilable to bring forward early in the season. FOR. THE NEW Kra^.AWD FARMER. BRIGHTON PREMIUMS. List of towns, and amounts of Premiums a- warded in each, at the last Brighton Cattle Show. JVo. of pre.m. Sutton Princeton 4 N. Braiiitree 10 Watcrtown 7 Roxbury 4 Shrewsbury 2 Waltham 4 Concord 4 Brunsw%,Me. 2* Doicliesler 5 Dudley Sherburne Brighton Boston Needham Euckfield,Me. 1* Shirley Maiden Bedford Bellingham W. Boylstoa Charleston E.Brid°;ewater2 HiDgham 1 $122.00 77.0(1 94.00 62.50 65.00 40.50 48.50 38.50 35.1 0 34.00 32.01; 27.00 23.50 22.0 20.00 20.00 16.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 13.00 12.00 11.00 JVo. of prem. Cambridge 1 W. Newbury 1 Springfield, Vt. N'orthampton Xewhuiy \ewton Mendon r^incoln VVrenfham Marlboro' Walpole Dracut Hopkinton Cummington 1 Norton I N. Yarmouth 1 Leominster 1 Worcester 1 Dover 1 Natick 1 Uncertain 2 10.00 10-00 10.00 10.00 8.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 6.00 G.OO 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 4.0O 4.00 S.OO 2.00 2.00 2.00 6.00 Towns having * do not beloi';j lo the slate of Mas- sacbu=i (Is, tint persons residing therein nfi'in d valnablc .•I'^ricultural Implements, and bad premiums awarded lo them. I JOHN PRINCE, Treasurer Mass. Jlgrtcuilural Snciclli. I The Treasurer would be much ntili!;( il to those per- i sons who li.'ive tiad premiums avvarrled, anrl ha\e not yet received lliem, to rail I't Ibe same on hiirt, at Ja- maica Plain, nr at the offire of B. (iiiii.ri, l.s.j. .'■tale st. Boston, and to bear in mind, that afti r C months they will be forfeited. ! In Decemlier the awards of premiump will be pub- lished on Crops and Agricultural Experiments. Roxbuiy, Jfov. 3, l[i24. Large Beet. — Zebedee Cook, Esq. has shoivn ns a Beet of the Mangel Wurtzel kind, raided in Dorchester, which weighed, without the top, 13 lbs. 3 oz. The top wasi'.bout the size of a barrel. The vegetable may be seen at he Eagle Insurance office, State street. esfcncral KntcUtsnicr. The Election. — Keturns from 120 towns in Massa- chusetts give 18,956 votes for the Adams ticket and 36G0 for the opposition. In Portland, .Me 600 votes were given for the Adnms ticket, and 41c for the Craw- ford. The Adams ticket has probably prevailed in New Hampshire. — The Hon. Daniel Welistfer was ebc- teil llepresentative to Congress for Suffolk District, without opposition. In Middlesex according to the la- test accounts which we have obtained, the votes in 16 towns -were for Everett 1529, Keyes 603, with r. few scattering. In Essex South, it is probable that Mr Crowninshield is re-eh-cled. — In New Hampshire lh( re were twelve candidates from whom six were to be cho- sen. We have beard from twelve towns only, which gave Bartlett 1397. Webster 10H3, Miller 1074, Whipple 1051, Henderson r,65, \tkinson 526, l.ivermore 606, Harvey 556, Eastman 371, Mealy 251, Evaus 315, and Brown 300. Greel: Contribution.— 'line .New York Creek Com- mittee has made a further remittance to London for the benefit of the Greeks of $6469 C5, making with the Ibrmer remittance the sum of $38,401 94. .Mineral Tallow has been discovered on the borders of Loch Fyne, in Scotland. It has the color and feel of tallow, melts at lUldeg and boils at JCOdeg Bos- ton Telegraph. Two flat Knfclish Turnips, each weighing 11 lbs, have been raised at Fryeburg, Me. this season. Annual Thanksgiiin^s. — In New-Hampshire, Nov- ember lltb — In .Massachusetts, December 2d. JS'ursery. THE Subscriber, for a few years past, has been cnl. tivatingan extensive FltUlT NURSERY. He now has ,i large assortment of Pr.Acu 1 rees, budded from the best Fruit in the country, native and foreign, in the best order for transplanting. By another seasoa he hopes to offer Pear and Cherry Trees of the first quality. O. FI.SKE, Worcester. PRICES OF COUNTRY PHODCCE, &:c. [Revised and corrected every Friday,] prem's 103 $1005.50 Philadelphia Elfdion. — At the ekction in Pennsyl- vania on Friday last, lor the choice of Presidential F.lec- tors, four distinct lists were supported by the friends of the several candidates. In the city of Philadelphia, the .lackson ticket had 2266 votes, in the county 3480, total 5746. The Adams ticket had in the city 1496 votes, in the county 531, total 2027. — The Crawford ticket had in the city 608, county 542, total 115''. The Clay ticket bad in the city 106 votes, county 91, total 197. Two small districts of the county are not includ- ed in this statement. A plurality we believe is all that is necessary to constitute a choice, hut there appears to be no reason to doubt that the .Tackson ticket will have a large majority over all the rest. Difficullies in the J^orlh West. — We learn that fourteen persons in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company, have been lately killed by the Snake and Beaver Indians, in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains. One of the Ibrts in which a .Mr Hughes, (son of Jas. Hughes, Esq. of Montreal,) was the principal clerk, was attacked, and every person belonging to it destroy- ed. Those acquainted with the trade of that country, look upon these facts as strong proofs of further serious troubles. Canada paper. Colombia. — The- Colombian government has ordered the construction of 50 gun boats, in such ports of the republic as are best provided with the means of build- ing them. The Congress has appropriated the sum of $300,000 for the repair of the fortifications on the coast, and to the construction of such other forts as may be deemed necessary. Great Calf. — We were yesterday shown a Calf, own- ed by Capt. Eliphalet Sampson, of Cornwall, in this County, raised entirely from the milch of one cow, which, when six months old, measured five feet one inch girlb, and weighed seven hundred and twelve pounds. — Vitmonl Paper. APPLES, best, new, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. - . - - BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - cargo, No 1, new, - - "■ No 2, new, - - BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. nev CHEESE, new milk, - - - - skimed milk, - - - FLAX FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genessee, ... Rye, best, ... GRAIN,Rye Corn - - ... Barley - . . - Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort - - HOPS, No 1, InspectioL - - LI. ME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS - - - - PORK, Bone Middlings - - - navy, mess. Cargo, No 1, - - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover . . - . . WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION MARKET. BEE!', best pieces - - - - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, - - - VEAL. MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, lump, best, EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - - - Indian, do. - • - POTATOES, new, - - - CIDER, liquor, new - - - HAY, according to quality, FROM D. C D. C. bbl 1 5C 2 ton. 115 116 00 110 120 00 bush 90 1 00 bbl. 8 00 8 60 7 00 • 25 6 00 6 25 lb. 12 7 8 3 4 8 9 bush 82 84 bbl. 6 26 6 25 3 00 bush 50 £4 44 56 50 30 31 lb. 10 cask 85 1 17 gal. 70 78 ton. 3 25 3 37 bbl. 16 00 17 05 13 13 50 12 25 12 50 hush 1 75 6 7 60 70 40 45 46 50 35 42 25 30 48 52 35 40 lb. 6 9 6 7 6 4 10 2 8 6 12 10 18 18 20 18 20 bush 60 65 55 60 30 50 bbl. ton.' 2 Of 2 50 16 00 20 Oft 120 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ^tsccllaHtrs. FOR THE NEW E^CLAND FARMER. MUSINGS. Where now are all those brightly tinted dreams Which in my youthful moments charmed my soul '! The world seemed then a paradise — and man Its bright inhabitant. Methought that love Reigned every where around, fair as the charms Of nature's spring. Where are they now ? alas ! As the dark clouds of midnight fly before The morning's opening dawn, — so have they fled, Nor " left a wreck behind." False, fir cling charms, Why fly so fast? Oppressed with grief and pain. Weighed down by poverty, I look around. But all are fled. Cease, my sad, throbbing heart, Beat not so wildly. What, though cringing foola. Who when the sun of aflJuence shone forth Resplendent and unclouded, hung around. Are gone where fickle fortune fails to cheer. Why should I mourn? A few, a very few, Months, weeks, or days, will finish out my span, Consign my body to its native dust, And raise my soul above the cares of earth. Beyond the reach of wretched, grovelling souls. * # * * Then let the clouds of sorrow gather black — I^et the rude tempest howl, (he lightnings fly. And the loud thunders roll — I will not shrink; But looking upwards to the Power SrpKEMK, On whom my everlasting hopes are fixed, Will .smile securely at their harmless rage. Xforrislown, (Pa.) MORTIMER. The, Dreamers. — Sir William Johnson, wlio was snperintenrlant of Indian Affairs in Amrrica, pre- Tious (o the Revolution, recpived some lino suits of clothes from England, ricbly lared, nhen Hendrick, king of the five nations of Mohawks, was present. The chief admirnd Ihem much, but did not say anything at lli^ time. In a few days Hendjick called on Sir William, and ac- quainted him that he had had a remarkahle dream. On Sir William's inquiring what it wa=, he told him he had dreamed that he gave him one of those fine suits which he had received from over the great water. Sir William took the hint, and immediately presented him with one of the finest suits. Hendrick highly pleased with this generosity, retired. A short lime after this, Sir William happening to he in company with Hendrick, told him that he also had had a dream. Hendrick being very solicitous to know what it wa:-, Sir William informed him that he had dreamed that he (Hen.lrick) had made him a present of a particular tract of land (the most valuable on the Mohawk, of about 5000 acres ) Hendrick presented him with the land immedi- ately, with the shrewd remark : — " Now, Sir William, I will never dream with yon again ; you dream too hard for me." — The tract thus obtained is called to this day, Jnhnson's Dream- ing Land. =■ Rales for Young Tradcimfn and Apprentices. — Be carelul not to encumber yoursolt with a house of greater rent than the current profits of your business will easily pay. Many young beginners have halfundone themselves by "want of foresighl in this one article, quarter-days are rl.imornus visitants, and their dues must be sliced off from the capital stock, if ibe product does not swell in pro[)ortion to the demand. Therefore, before you attempt the dangerous exjiorimrnl, make the exactost estimate possible, of the expense^ you may incur, and the prospects you have to make balance even ; and rather trade within your compass, than beyond il ; it is easy to en- large your risk, but not to contract il ; — and, once out of your depth, it is a great hazard, it' ever you recover your footing any more. It is a plain, but faithful saying, — Eat your brown bread first : nor is there a belter rule lor a young man's outset in the world. While you continue single, you may live within as narrow bounds as you please ; and it is then you must begin to save, in order to be provided for the more CBlarged expenses of your future family. Besides, a plain, frugal life is then supported most cheprfullv ; it is your own choice, and is to be justified on the best and most honest of principles in the world; and you have nobody's pride to struggle with, or appetites to master, but your own. As you advance in lif? and suc- cess, it will be expected you should give your- self greater indulgence ; and yon may then be allowed lo do it l^ulh reasonably and safely. The facetious Doctor. — In the reign of George II. the see of York falling vacant, his Majesty being at a loss for a fit per-on to a[ipninl lo the exalted situation, asked the opinion of the Rev. Dr Mountain, who had raised himself, by his re- markably facetious temper, from being (he son of a beggar to the see of Durham. Tiie Doctor wittily replied, " Hadst thou faith as a grain of mustard seed, Ihou wouldst say to this ./l/ojiji/om (at Ibe same lime laying his hand on his breast) be removed, and be cast into the sea (see)." — His majesty laughed heartily, and forthwith con- ferred the preferment on the facetious Doctor. Fire. — The f(dlnwing directions are known and practised by manv; but as a single person may do carelessly what the prudence of others can neither prevent nor remedy, it may be as well to give Ihem what circulation we can. 1. Never leave your fire alone for a quarter of :in hour, without securing it by a fender, or taking the andirons from the wood. All know (hat an absence of 15 niiiiulcs is frequently pro- Iracled lo an hour cr e\'en a da}'. 2. Never leave wood, burnt or onburnt, slan ding in the corner when there is a fire ; nor leave wood and chips — much less linen or cofion clothes near (lie fire-place, or on or against a stove over night. 3. A cat should not le left in the bou=e at night. They have oflen, by gelling in (lie a-hes, and having coals slick io them, communicaled fire to the h( use. Dogs have been known to be equally imprudent. 4. A hearth should not be swepi later than two hours belore lied-tlme. 5. No one should carry a light, except in a lanthorn, into the girrel, cellar, or any room where there are loose combustibles; for if par- ents do so, the eldest children may, and of course the youn2:est n-ill. The careful should be care- ful bow ihcy do what the careless would do carelessly. 6. Wood that is raked up, should be well burned or seasoned, lest the air in it should rar- ify and " snap." 7. A candle or lamp should be snuffed before carrying it about the house. 8. Never go to bed, without a pail of water, I an axe, and a candle are where you can find ' Ihem. And lay your clothes in such a manner] that you ran put them cm in the dark. 9. Never give an alarm of fire, unless you be i prelly sure you canm.I put it out wilhoiit further | assistance; for a small fire may be easier extin- gui'bed by one, than by twenty men. 10. Keep the tloors and windoivs shut in a room (hat is burning; and in removing I'urniture, begin nearest the fire, and in the upper part of the housp. 11. Upon all such occasions, he as compo.sed as possible. This kist rule is worth all llie rest. College Jokes. — The late Bishop of Brisl"ol, master of Trinity College, disapproving of the young men of his charge wearing trowsers in ihe looep, Cossack fashion, gave orders that they shorilrl be discontinued, and short breeches worn instead of them. Ujion which a young mnn archly said, " it was rather strange that a bishop should contract Ihe loose habits of Ihe Universitv." Tliermometrical Observations. — A gentleman perceiving a mnn swallowing liquor from a thprmomelei, inquired of a by-slander the rea- son of such a strange proceeding, lo which he replied, "Oh ! he is gelling drunk by degrees.''' Curious Sign. — A periwig maker in London had a sign jiainled in the front of his shop rep- resenting (he rebellious son of David hauging in the oak by the hair of his head, with this whimsical couplet below • — O Absalom ! unhappy sprig ! Thou shouldst have worn a periwig. The following lines were addressed extempo- re lo Gnrrick, the celebrated tragedian, on his leaving England : When Garrick"s steps (he Alps hare trod. Prepared to enter mighty Rome, The Aniphilheatre shall nod, And Hosciiis sluidder in bis tomb. FRUIT TREES, &c, J AMES BLOODGOOD & CO. have for sale at their Nursery at Flushing, on Long Island, near New York, Fruit and Forest Trees, } lowering Shrubs & Plants, of the most a}iproved sorts. The Propriilors of this Nursery attend personally to tlie inoculation and engraflins oi' all Ihi-ir Frvi/ Trees, and purchasers may rely with confidence, that the I Trees they order will prove genuine. Oiders left with Mr ziEnEDEE (_ ook, jr. No. 44 Slate [Street, Boston, will be transmitted to us, and receive our prompt and particular attention. Catalogues will be delivered, and any inlonnation imparted respecting the condition, &c. Hie. that may be required, on appli- cation lo him. Sept. 4. TERMS OF THE FARMER. (tJ^Pi'ljl'^hed every Saturday, at T hri.e Dollars per annum, i^ayahle at thi i i:d of Iheysar— but those who pay within sixty dai/st'rom Ihetimt o! subscribing will be entithd to a di duction of i utv (eats. (ty=Postage must be paid on all letters to Uic Editor or Publisher. ();:5= No paper will be discon(inii(d (unless at the discretion of the publisher,) until arrearages are paid. .1()B PlilNTlNG executed with neatm ss ami ilc'patch, on reasonable terms at this Oiiice. ]NEW ENGLAND FARMER. PUBUSHF.U BY JOHN B. RUSSELL, ROGFRS' RUll ULNGS, CONGRKSS STRKF.T, HOSTONf.— THOMAS G. FF.SSF.NDF.N, F.DnX'lt. VOL 111. FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 12, U524. No. Hi. ©rt'Btnal crommum'cations. TO THE EDITOR OP THK KEW EiMOI.AM) FARMER. ?,n, H.ivina: inailc snme pn(]iiiiiP3 cnncrrn- iii"- the Mast ari iiijnrioiis to tlie St.Gprmain ;uiil SI? Michnel po,Ti-< ivliich iire l>rou!!:til to Boston mnrliot, I submit (he rrsiilt lo your ilispofiil. There is so much resenihl.uice between the op.'ts anil cracks on these j)e;u-s, ami llie spots and cracks on the leaves and bark ofpf-ar trees, that 1 have suspected nil ikese diseases lo be the same. This affection of the bark is what is termed canker. As a further proof of the identity of these diseases, I think it uill be found that the leaves, if not the bark, of Ihe trees bearing the St. Germain and St. Mich'.cl^ pears, have a less heallby appearance than those of other pear trees. Some of the causes of the blasting' of our pears seem to be easterly weather — the sudden changes in the temperature of the atmosphere — extremes of heat and cold. To these ouc:ht, pel haps, to be added, the old r.ge, or. as it is called, the running out, of the fruit. All these causes are known to produce canker. Several circunislanres render it probable, that a temporary remeily. at least, may be found for this deterioration of two of our mosl deli- cious fruits. First. There are certain trees in this neigh QuKRv. — As pomace abounds with acibf pear trees, which had a south and south westerly aspect, quite withered and bronn by the blast, while those leaves on the north- ern and easlern sides of the same trees were little effected, but retained" nearly tlieir mosl fi;ll and vivid verdure. Mr Coxe says, '' That species of blight, which is sometimes called the lire blight. Ire bourhood, on which these fruits have neverLjug,,,!^ jgg,,.„y^ trees in the fullest apparent blasted. This may be owing lo a situation L.j,,^,,^ gJ,^] j,p.,lll,, ,„ a few hours, turnmg the sheltered from easterly wind', or to the soil, or lei^yeg suddenly brown, as if they had passed (as some good judges think they have observed) I t|,po,,g.|, a hot flame, and causing a morbid mat- te the pears being grafted on wildstocl<<. j ter to exude from the pores of the bark, of a SccontH^. It is said to be a fact, that the St. |,i.,r].j-pr^,i„j„p„,; nppearance ; this happens Michael and St. Germain pears cultivated in through the\vhole course of Ihe warm season Boslon, have always been fair. This has been attributed to Ihe protection which the nume- rous buildings and ll'uces afl'ord against Ihe winds. But 1 have lately been told, by a skilful gardener, that the principal, if not the only cause, is not .a sheltered situation, (such as we so often lind ineilectual in Ihe country) but Ihe sea air. Hence 1 have inferred, that salt ap- plied as a manure to pear trees, may be advan- tageous. Tliwdbj. In agreement wilh this conjecture. 1 have since b^en inlormed that Dr. K.obinson, of Newbur\ poit, has ascertained that a com- position ot sea mud, salt, and clay, applied in the form of paint to the trunks, and tlie lower parts of the larg< r branches of bis pear tree^, preserves not rniy Ihe trees, but ihe fruii. from blast. The clay shoubl be merely suffi- cient to render the composition duly adhesive. Before the paint is laid on, the moss, and the loose and decayed bark, are to be scraped o(i The bark which has been thus coaled, i* said to have a remarkably green and lively appearance. It IS likely that our common marsh mud, as il contain" salt, would in this case, be a good sub- stitute lor sea or duck mud. Sir Humphry Davy ascribes canker in tree^ to an alkaline secretion; to neutralize, and thereby remove which, he proposes to ajiply a weak acid, as a lotion, lo the atJected part. — more frequently in weather both hot and moist, affording reason lo believe that it ar;s.-s from the rays of the snu operating on the va- pour, or clouds, floating in Ihe atmosphere, ei ther by concentration or reflection. It gener ally, though not always, is perceived most in confined places : certain kinds, and particularly that most excpiisite of our winter pears, ihe St. Germain, seems peculiarly liable to this specie- of blight. I have in twenty years lost upward' of lilly trees in the fullness of vigour — some- limes in the most open airy situations, and in every kind of soil. From repeated observation of the kinds most liable to this malady, I have been led lo believe, (hat it is somewhat con- nected with a principle which appears lo be considered as a sound one, by the most judicious European writers, when treating of apple trees, that is the long duration of the variety. It i= certain, that natural trees, continually springing up from seed, are seldom attacked by this dis- ease ; and the Seckle pear, generally supposed to be a new variety, is but liitle affecied by il — ot titty bearing trees of this kind, of various ages, I have not lost one entire tree from this cause — this year, for Ihe first time, I have per- ceived the limbs of some of them partially at- fected, and in some instances, several large iiranches have been destroyed. From the great vigour and rapiditj of vegelalion in America, pear trees, ifmurh pruned, are apt to grow too last; this appears to rentier them more liable to the elT'Ct of the lire blight than otherwise they would be — 1 have therefore changed my mode of trimming them imder this impression, confining it very much to suckering, and mere- y forming the tree — our heal and dryness, do not require the growth lo be so open as in Eu- rope." Miller's Gardener's Dictionary says, " There is a sort of blight, which is often destructive to orchards and open plantation", against which we know not a remedy. This is called a fire blast, which in a (e\\ hours has not only de- stroyed the fruit and leaves, but many times |)arls of trees, and sometimes entire trees have been killed by it. " This is supposed to have been effected by volumes of transparent flying vapours, which among the many forms they revolve Into, and may somelimcs approach so near to a hemis- phere or hemicylinder, either in their upper or lower surl'aces, as thereby to make the beams of the sun converge enough to scorch plants or trees they fall upon, in proportion to Ihe great- er or less eonvergency of the sun's rays. " Against this enemy to our fruits there is no guard to our trees, nor any remedy to cure it : but as ibis more frequently happens in close plantati'.ns (where the staoaating vapours from ihe earlh, and the plentil'ul jicrspirations from ihe trees are pent, in lor want of a free air to dissipate and expel them ; which are oil en ob- served in still weather, to ascend in so [denliful a matiper, as lo he sceji by Ihe naked eye, but especially with reflecting telescopes, so as to make aclear am! distinct object become dim and treiiiulous) th;ai in those which aie planted at a greater distance, or are not surrounded with hills or woods; this directs us, in the first planting of kitchen-gardens and orchards, &c. ihal we sliould allow a greater distance between the trees, and to make choice of clear healthy situations, that the air may freely pass betvi eea the trees lo dissipate those vapours before they ire formed into such volumes, whereby Ihe iM( umambient air will be clear, and less sub- j it ,0 injuries ; as also that fruits which are piodiiceil lu this clearer air Will be much better ta-1'dthan tliose that are siirroumled wilh a thick rancid air ; for as fruits are often in a re- spir Off Slate, they consequently, by imbibing a part of these vapours, are rendered crude and ill tasted." In an article written by Dr. Mease, for the Philadelphia edition of \Villicb''s Domestic Encyilopedia, we find the following : — " By ac- cidonl, Idr. Cooper, of New Jersey, discovered some years since, that atiee upon which a num- t.er o! iron l)oo|is and other articles of iron had been huiig, remained free from blight, while all ihe rest siifiVreil severely. Since that year he l,as constantly encircled two or three branches of every tree with an iron hoop, and with uni- form success. As a proof, he pointed out one tree with a withered limb near the top, and ob- served that he had neglected to defend it last year. Philosophers may speculate as to the 122 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. theory of the operation of the iron, and cause of the hlast, but practical men will hecontcnled ■with a knowledge of the important fact, which comes from a man of judgment, and of an ob- serving disposition, who has again and again sat- isfied himself that no deception or accidental circumstance occurred, by reference to which, the preservation of liis liooped trees could be accounted for." We are aware that it is the general opinion, that east winds are the cause of blight in fruit trees. But in addition to the fact:; above stated. th[it pear trees on the sea-coast in Massachusetts /which are generally most exposed to those winds,) suffer less from that disease, than Ihose of the interior parts of the country, we may cite the authority of Dr Anderson and Mr Curtis, eminent British writers, who coincide in opin- ion, that blights in trees are not produced by east winds. Perlia[)s our south-westerly wind" partake m some degree of the siroc or suinicl,i names given to those winds, which in the ea«l- ern continent blow from the Soath, and are often fatal not only to vegetable but to animal life. — Our "bject, however, is not to form theories, but to el.cit inquiry, and we hope that this arti- cle may have a teiidtMicy (o call attentio'i to this interesting subject, I'roni those who may lie liliC- ly to ascerlnin the cause and [)rpscribe a remedy to this disease in our iVuit trees. TO THE BDITOR OF THE NEW EAGLANI) FARJIEn. MACHINE FOR PARING APPLES. Mr Fessf.nden — A few evenings ago, I «enl to a neighbour's house for a social visit. On my arrival, I found the family busily employed, and did not suffer my presence to impede or hinder them in the least about their work, as 1 always like to see people attending to their biisitiess without being oljstrucled by every lit- tle incident or unexpected circumstance that may chance to take jilace. The lather and two of the girls were diligently engaged in paring apples, while the good tnother was equally as diligent in slicing them. i inquired why they did not use a paring machine, as=erling that a person therewith wo.ild pare faster than all of them could with their knives. To my interro- gation, the father replied by saying that he never saw n paring machine, and they had al- ways pared apples in this way, and he did not Ivnow but they could still continue to pare in this way, as well as they had done heretofore. Knowing ihcm to be lolks who adhered pretty tirmly to old rules and maxims, and not much disposed to adopt new methods or modern ini- ptovements, I dismissed the subject, and turned the conversation upon something el«e, conclud- ing it would be in vain to spend any more words with them about the matter. So the good man and his daughters worked very steatlily all the evening, to perforin ivhal one of them with a machine could have performed in one hour. I have no doubt if the ulilily of the Paring Michine was generally known, that every fami- ly whicli makes use of any considtrable quantity of (>areH apples would immedialel) procure one. ^Vllo would hesitate to pay one or two dollars for a machine, that ivilh careliil usage would last twenty year=, and with which one person would accomplish more work in the samo time, Ihan three or iour could perform in the common tvav. BUSHUOD. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ESSEX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. At the annual exhibition of the Essex Agri- cultural Society, at Topsfield, October 26, 1824, the following premiums were awarded : To Col. Jesse Putnam of Danvers, for the manage- ment of his farm, the 1st premium $30 To the " Indian Hill Farm" in West Newbury, under the direction of Mr Nathaniel Pearson, the second premium 25 To Col. Moses Newell of West Newbury, for his ingenious and improved plan of a barn, a gratu- ity of 10 To .lesse Rice of Lynn, for the best bull raised iu the County 20 To William Thurlow of West Newbuiy, for the second best do 10 To Nathaniel Pearson of West Newbury, for the best bull calf 8 To .lohn Torrey of Newbury, for the best milch cow 20 To Perley Tapley of Danvers, for the best pair of , workins: oxen 20 To Joseph Goldsmith of Andover, for the secon# best do t3 To John BiockUbank of Pvowley, for the third best do 10 To William Thurlow of West Newbury, for the best pair of four yrar old steers 15 To Jfsse Putnam of Danvers, for the second best do 10 To do. for the best bear 5 To Moses Newell of West Newbury, for the best breed ins: ^ow 8 To Asa Tapley of Danvers, for the second best do 5 To Moses P.lnck of Danvers, for the best litter of weaned piSTs ^ To Moses NewtU of West Newbury, for the 2d hpst do 5 To do. for the best lot of meriro ewes 10 To Col. Benjamin Peabody of .Middleton, for a sheep w ilh ff-nr lambs, all of tin same a»e and of handsome appearance, a jratuily cf 5 IThis sheep is now eleven years old. and has borne twenty-seven lambs, four at three several times, three at one time, and two at each of the others.] To Perley Taplev of Danvers, for the best per- formance in plouj^hingf. Ist premium 15 To Samuel Scribner of Newbury, fcr ploughing, 4(h premium 6 To Mrs Clarissa Porter of Danvers. for an econom- ical hearth rusr, and 3 handsome bonnet, made from spire jrass, in inii^ation of Leg-horn 3 To Miss ^'arv T'r.rlic'-i' '->f Danvers, for a fine bon- net of the same material 4 To Miss Napcy Tnd roit of Danvei.", for a similar bonnet of superior fineness 5 To Mrs Robert Piper of Newburyport, for an inofe- nious and handsome hearth ru^, the materials of which cost only 50 cents 3 To Miss Betsey Kinsman of Ipswich, for a very tine specimen of yarn, spun by herself from common wool, 340 knots to the pound 3 A large number of fine working cdtle were exhibifed on this occasion. — The Swine were more numerous and superior to anv that we have seen at anv other Show. — Of Milch Cows and heifers, there were not so many as there ought to have been. The improvement I'f the breed of this most valuable animal deserves particular attention and encourasjement. Six cows were in the pens for exhibition only, from the farm of Col. .Tf.ssf. Putnam in Danvers, (hat have yielded milk sufiicient, since the 1st of Hav last, to make 98o lbs ofg-dod butter. & upwards of 1 100 lbs. ofcheese — Of Merino Sheep, there was but one flock, and that of middling quality. — Of Bulls, the show was good. We ought not to omit to notice the very tine bull of the Sand- wich breed, belonging to .Iames H. Dcnca.v, Esq. of Haverhill, which would undoubtedly have obtained the lirst premium, had it not beeu ex- cluded by the rules of the Society, not having been raised in the county, or imported. — The show of articles of Domestic Manufacture was highly creditable to the donieslic industry of the county; a branch of industry that deserves encouragement. — On the whole, the Show was such as to atiord much satisfaction to those who attended ; and evidence of the beneficial influ- ence of the Society. The foregoing is an abstract of the most es- sential parts of the Reports of the several Com- mittees. JOHN \V. PROCTOR, Darners, Oct. 27, 1324. Sec. of Essex- ^ig. Soc. At the annual meeting of the Essex Agricul- tural Society at Topsfield, Oct. 26, 1824, the lollowing gentlemen were elected officers of the Society for the year ensuing, of which they are requested to take notice : — President— Hon. TIMOTHY PICKERING, of Salem. Vice Presidents — Ichabod Ticker, Esq. of Sa- lem, Dr BiNJAMiN Parker, of Bradford, Paue Kfm. Esq. of Newbury, Asa A.ndrews, Esq. of lps« irh. Treasurer — Benjami.n Merrill, Esq. of Salem. Corns, and liec. Sec. — John W. i'ROCTOR, of Danvers. Truitees — Hon. Thomas Stevens, of Beverlv, Hon. Nathaniel Hooper of Marble head, Hon. Bepj.'niin W. Ci iiv\ninshield, of Salem. John Ad.wtis, Esq. of Andover, Mr .\aron Perley, of Boxii'rd, Hon. Holarl Clark, of Andover, Dan- iel Pulnani, Esq. of Danvers, Temple Culler, Esq. of Hamilton, James Gardnei,Esq. ofLvnn, Capt Edmund Barllell, of Newburyport, Col. Daniel .Xdams, of Newbury, Nathan p'ellon, Esq. of Danvers, Capt. Eliphalet Chaplin, of Row ley, James H. Duncan, Esq. of Haverhill, Hon. Da- vid Cummins, of Salem, John Choate, E^q of I(iswix:h, Frederick Howes, Esq. of Salem, Col. Jesse Putnam, of Danvers, Asa T. Newhall, Esq. of Lynnlield, Hon. Benjamin Osgood, of Melhiien, Capt. Stephen .Abbott, of Andover, Mr Enoch 'J'appan, of Newbury, Col. Muses Newell, of West Newbury, Jacob Townc,jun. Esq. of Topsfield. The Hon. Thomas Stevens, Chairman of the Committee ap[)cintcd by the President to lake I into consideration the e.spediency of fixing on (some permanent place for the Annual Eshihi- j tions of the Society, made a Report, the con- sideration of whicli was i)ostponed until the ' """' ■■"""■•1 meeting. JOHN Vi. PROCTOR, Sec. next annual Attest, I SOCIETY OF J.ilDDLESKX HUPB.\NDMEN AND j M.\NUFACTURERS. ' This Society at their annual meeting, in Con- cord, elected the following ofiicers : Col. JOSEPH VALENTINE, President. i RiFUS Hosmer, Esq. 1st \'ice President. ; Ben.tami.\' Di.\, Esq. 2d Vice President. j Nathan Brooks, E'q. Recording SecVy. IC'cd. Daniel Shattfck, Treasurer. ;Dr JosiAH Bartlett, Corres. Secretary. I At an adjourned meeting, the Society chose n I sufficient number of Trustees to manage their funds for the ensuing year. It then appeared, that the Society was in a most flourishing con- lition. Within « few week-^. three hundred and fifty members had been added to the associ- NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ■J2'i ation. The whole number is now nearly seven hundred, and new accessions are almost daily made to this liirp:e number. It gives us great pleasiire to observe so much interest taken in il throughout the whole coun- ty. On the next anniversary, the premiums of- fered will be as great and numerous as those of any county Society in the State. And we have no doubt "the exhiliitions will do proportionate honor to the exertions of the members. Con- cord Gazette. From Dr. Denne''s A'tw England Farmer. PRESERVING CABBAGES. Mr M'Mahon recommends (he following meth- od for preserving cabbages for winter and spring use. Immediately previous to the setting in of hard frost, take up your cabbages iind savoys, observing to do it in a dry day ; turn their tops downward, and let them remain so for a few hours, to drain ofl' any water that may be lodged between their leaves ; then make choice of a \-dj;e of dry earth in a well sheltered warm exposure, and plant them down to their heads therein, close to one another, having previous- Iv taken off some of their loose hanging leaves. Immediately erect over them a low temporary shed, of any kind that will keep them perfectly free from wet, which is to be open at both ends, to admit a current of air in mild dry weather. These ends are to be closed with straw when the weather is very severe In this situation your cabbages will keep in a high state of pres- ervation till spring, for being kept perfectly free from wet, as well as from the action of the sun, the frost will have little or no effect upon them. In such a place the heads may be cut oil as wanted, and if frozen, soak them in spring, well, or pump water, for a few hours previous to their being cooked, which will dissolve the irost and extract any disagreeable taste occasion- ed thereby." Mr M'Mahon prefers this mode of preserving cabbages lo placing them in the ground with the roots upwards, and says that the application of straw immediately round the heads is a bad practice, as the straw will soon become damp and mouldy, and will of course communicate the disorder to the cabbages. Mr Derby of Salem, Mass. states bis mode of preserving cabbages as follows. " 1 have se- lected one of the most airy situations on the farm, spread a few leaves on the ground, to keep them clean, and placed them upside down, close to each other, and shook in among them leaves sufficient to cover them, leaving part of the root projecting out, then threw on just enough sea weed lo prevent the leave.s blowing away." — Mass. Agr. Rep. vol. vii. p. 57. NOVEMBER. Barn Yard. — As this yard is the most favour- able place on the farm, to make manure, the outer parts of it should be so much higher than the middle, that no manure shall be washed out of it by the greatest rains. As many of the barns and out-houses as is practicable, should stand on this yard, that the manure and rubbish which they afford, may be easily conveyed into it. — The yard should be considerably large, to afford suliicietit room (or making manure, and should have several apartments into wUich sheep, calves, &.C. may be put, as occasion rer|uires. — It should be supi)licd with water; lor cattle cannot be driven any distance to water, without much inconvenience, a loss of manure, and of- ten very serious injury to themselves. As soon as the yard is cleareil in the spring, the good far- mer will store it with materials for making ma- nure. If the barn stands on land somewhat descend- ing, let the stable iloor be raised so high from the ground that a cart may be driven un- der il, and trap-doors be made in the floor, into which the manure of the stable may be thrown ; and vastly more will be made, than if the urine were lost, and the dung thrown out to be expo- sed to the sun and rain. Secure your cellars from frost. Fasten loose clapboards, shingles, Sic. Secure a good school- master, a man of learning and good moral prin- ciples.— Better give twenty dollars for a good man, than have a poor one for nothing. Supply your children with books; ami let them know that you respect (heir teacher, and place a high estimate on the privileges (hey enjoy under his instructions, and ihat lliey ivill find you steadfast in maintaining good government at school, as well as in your own family. Be graleful to the God who is crowning the year with his good- ness.— Christian Almanack. From Iht Jlmerican Farmer, SALTED HAY. Mr Editor, — One of your correspondents wants information respecting sailed hay. My cows live on sailed clover in the winter, and thrive better than even on fresh grass in sum- mer. I salt the hay as it is thiown in the bar- rack or mow, at the rate of half a bushel to the ton. I use fine salt, as the coarse or rock sail, ' commonly called packing salt, is wasted by fal-j ling through the interstices of the hay, imlil it [ finally is lost; it does not aflhere so readily as! fine salt, and the expense is in favour of fine salt. My cattle, old and young, horses and cows, i receive a double handful ol fine salt once a week In summer. When 1 feed them wilh fresh clov- er, I invariably sprinkle salt through each ani- mal's mess; this prevents flatulency, which fresh clover alwnys produces. In winter, as my clover is salted, I only give my cows salt once in a fortnight, and then only with change of food. I even sprinkle my corn stalks with it. Animals are excessively fond of it, and I never knew either cow or horse injured by a moderate use of it. Tt is well known, that deer go regu- larly twice a day to the Salt Licks. I have heard that it is not proper to give it to hogs ; I cannot tell why, as they must necessarily got a great deal of salt mixture in the house-swill. I have a great many potatoes, and I wished to give some to my cows, but they did not like them boiled ; I therefore chopped thenj up, sprinkled salt through them, and gave to each cow a half peck, morning and evening. They are very fond of them, and care is taken to let them have plenty of water. Thus you see that 1 give sail to both horses and cows, and am encouraged to continue the practice, by the good health that they all enjoy. When a layer of hay is thrown on the stark, mow, or barrack, my men sprinkle a part of the half bushtl on the layer^ which layer is about one fourth of a ton ; thus each layer has a fourth of a peck of salt. Cayenne pepper is nn article much used at our tables, and we always eat it in fear and trembling, as il is so often adiilteraled. I always raise enough fur my own use. The peppers arc left on Ihc bush until Ihcy arc quite red, and then strung u|) and hung in a clean place until quite dry. They are easily ground or pounded fine enough for use. LUM PUDDING. This is one of the relics of barbarous cook, ery — a compilation of grossness, gastronomic- ally unscientific, and pre-eminently unwhole- some. Sugar, dough, and fat are its basis, and in such proportion that its lighter ingredients have not power to redeem its crudity. — No wonder John Bull is dyspeptic, hy|iochondriac- al, and suicidal, when phim-pmlciing and malt- liqnor occu[)y bis stomach so often. Boiled dough is the food of his youth— solid, stone-like dough ; — and when he grows up, he mollifies his mess wilh sugar and raisins ; scarcely a day passes without a wedge of his favourite dish — plum-pudding; and then he mopes and drinks his ale, until a sufficient portion of the narcotic potion ol his beverage nods him down to sleep. And yet John wonders why he suffers from in- digestion ! Leave ofl plum-[!udding. The French, wlio know belter than we do the science of cookery, laugh at us for jialronizing it. To Remove Warls. — Nitrate of silver (bmar caustic) cures those troublesome excrescences, called VVarls, in an extremely simple and harm- less manner. The method of using it is to dp the end of the caustic in a little water, and to "ub it over the warts. In the course of a few times, by so doing, they will be gone. The mu- riate of ammonia (sal ammoniac) is likewise a very nscful remedj. <■ Out of twenty years practice, says a med'.cal correspondent in Ihe Monthly Magazine, ' 1 never knew the above remedies to fail.' Spots of Ink. — To take them out of linen, lemon juice is sometimes used, but the spots do not wholly disapijear, and a hole follows. — The best and safest method is, to take a candle, melt it, dip the spotted part in the melted tal- low, then put It to the wash, and it will become white and no hole follow. To secure the blossoms of Fruit Trees against destruction by late frosts. — Place around the roots of Ihe trees, banks of snow or ice. The blos- soms will be retarded, and thereby escape the late frosts, which are so destructive to our fruit trees in this climate. Working Oxen. — When oxen refuse to work equally well on either side, or when they pull off against each other, yoke them on the side you wish them to work, and turn them out to feed in that way ; they soon become accustomed to it, and work afterwards on either side aiike. Mammoth Squash. — A squash, weighing one hundred and twt;ay-two pounds, was a few days sinr.e taken from the garden of the Hon. Mr Hubbard, in Windsor, Vl. 124 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. iWassadiusctts SlavicuUural Sorfftj). REPORT NO. VT. The Committee on the Ploughing Match with two pair of Cattle, consisting of John Prince, Chairman, Ichabod Nichols and Francis VVinship Esq. report as follows : That 7 ploughs were duly entered. No. 1. — Freegrace Marble, of Sutton — plough made by Hall, of Sutton, with a wheel, and cat- tle four years old ; ploughman, Holland Marble ; Driver, Freegrace Marble ; turned 3 J furrows, performed in G8 minutes. No. 2. — A. D. Williams, Roxbury— Plough made by Warren, of Dedham, with wheel and cutter — Cattle four years old ; ploughman, E). Parmenter — driver, D. Howe ; turned 30 fur- rows, performed in 60 minutes. No. 3. — S. Williams, Roxbury — plough by Warren, of Dedham, with wheel — cattle four years old ; ploughman, Stedman Williams — driver, Thomas A. Clarke ; turned 32 furrows, performed in 08 mintites. No. 4 — Charles Howard, Hingham — plough by himself, with wheel — cattle eight years old ; ploughman, M. L. Gerry — driver, John Lang- ley ; turned 30 furrows, performed in 5G min- utes. No. 5. — Hawes, of Roxbury — ji'ough by Warren, of Dedham, with wheel and cutter — cattle seven years old; ploughman, L. .'^. Bliss — driver, G. W. Badger ; turned 30 furrows, performed in 57 minutes. No 6. — Silas Dudley, of Sutton — |ilons;h by Warren, of Dedham, with wheel ami cutler — cattle five and six years old ; ploughman, Silas Dudley — driver, S. Marsh, .Tun. ; turned 32 lur- rows, work performed in Gij minutes. No 7. — Stephen Marsh, of Sulton — plough by Hall, of Sntton, with wheels — cittle three years old; ploughman, C. Bforse — driver, H. White; turned 34 furrows, work performed in C2 minutes. The committee on commencing their opera- tions, gave very full anrf explicit directions that the cattle should not be hurried; that the sole object of the committee was to have the work performed in the best possible manner, without regard to lime; and they have great pleasure in stating tlieir opinion, that an ei|ual number ol competitors, on the same space of gionnd (say one quarter of an acre to each plough, in a tough green sward, of at least ten yeare' lea,) has not performed better work in ihis part of the country. They have taken great pains in forming their judgment, and hope the public and the unsuc- cessful competitors will be satisliid with this award : The plough made by Warren, of Dedham,' was afterwards tried by the Society's Dynano- metre, and cut a furrow slice of 12 by 5^^ inch- es, with a draught of 392 lbs. The new casi-iron plough, made by C. How- ard of Hingham, was of very fine form &, work- manship; and it being of cast iron, the same number will always be of the same form ; it cut a furrow slice of 12 by 6;^ inches, with a draught of 392 lbs. The large plough made by Warren of Ded- ham, cut 14 inches by 5}, and required the draught of 5G0 pounds ; this shows the great uncertainty in the form o( -^'ooden mould-boards. They all did fine work, and the sivard was a very tough one. JOHN PRINCE, Chairman. REPORT No. Vin. Brighton Oct. 21, 1824. The Committee appointed to award tlie pre- miums to the best Working Oxen, have attend- ed the duty assigned them, and report as follows, viz : — 20 15 12 To Silas Dudley, tlieii- 1st premium S. Dudley, ploughman, S. Mnrsh, Jr. drivf-r To A. D. Williams, the 2d premiuiu D. Parmenter, ploughman D. llowc, driver. To C. Howard, the 3d prfmium M. L. Geixy, ploughman JohD Langley, driver ^15 8 4 —2 30 -27 3 —n 6 3 11 Ail n'liich is submitted l.y JOHN PRINCE, ICHABOD NICHOLS, FRANCIS WJNSHIP. REPORT NO. VII. The Committee on the Ploughing Match (with one yoke of Oxen), report : That the ground selected was divided into lots of exactly one eighth of an acre each. — The conditions of the work were, that it should be ploughed not less than five inches deep, and the furrow slice to be not more than ten inches wide. Past years having shown that tolerably good ploughing could be accomplished in a compara- tively short space of time, it was now the deter- mination of the Committee, that the excellence and not the rapidity of the work, should be their ciiterion in awarding the premiums, re- garil being also had to the state in which the cattle came from their work, and to (heir gene- ral ap|>earance. — They therefore allowed forty minutes for the performance of the task. Sixteen teams started for the premiu.Tis, all, except one, with a driver. The Committee have great pleasure in slating that they have never at any Match witnessed so much good ploughing, the cattle so good, or under such complete management. The ploughs, general- l>, were excellent, particularly one made al Hingham. They feel bound to give the ploughmen and drivers great credit for their attention to their instructions in not hurrying their work. The first lot was finished in twenty live minutes, and the last within fortv do. They have awarded to Aaron D. Williams, of Roxbury, the first premium of fifteen dollars ; to Lewis B. Barber, the ploughman, eight dol- lars, and to the same as driver, having no other driver, four dollars. To Silas Dudley, of Sullon, the second prem- ium of ten dollars ; to the same as ploughman, five dollars; and to Joseph Dudley as driver, three dollars. To Samuel Sibley, of Sutton, the third prem- ium of six dollars; to the same as ploughman three dollars: and to Palmer Sibley as driver, two dollars. They regret that they had not a fourth premium to award to G. M. Barrett, of Concord, as they were much pleased with his work; — and they cannot conclude without re- marking thai in the opinion of your Committee they all deserve great credit. E. HERSEY DERBY, PAUL KENT, ) Committee PAUL UPTON, Brighton, Oct. 21, 1824. 1st prejiiium to Royal T. Marble, of Sutton, for his Cattle 4 years old 405 2d premium to Silas Dutllr)', of Sutton, for his Cat- tie 5 years old 3d premium to James Robbins, of WatertowD, for his steers, 3 years old 4th premium to John Rigclow, of Sherburne, for his Cattle 5 years old 5th premium to Asa Cummings, of Sutton, for his Cattle 4 years old A large number of the Cattle had been en- gaged in the Ploughing Match in the morning, and yet on trial of strength appeared as if be- ginning their day's work. The number of en- tries exceeded those of last year, and the cattle were considered as decidedly superior, aflordin"- some evidence that attention to Oxen, for farm labour, so strongly recommended by the Com- mittee last year, has not been neglected. The Committee, although they awarded a premintn to Mr Robbins' steers, three years old, conside- red cattle at that age as loo young for hard la- bour and a trial of strength w hich may prove injurious. The Cattle of Mr Stephen Marsh, of Sutton, three years old, were considered as verv fine, and if not loo early put to hard labor, will prove superior cattle. The Committee nolicetl with [doasure the Cattle of Luke Fisk, Esq. of Wallham. They were well trained, and in backing the load, equal if not superior to any. The cattle of Mr Hathaway, ficrn Marblehead, were considered good on llie draft, but not so quick in Iheir movements as some others per- haps in a day's laboiir at hard work, they mio-ht have excelled. As premiums have been offered j for working oxen since the eslablishinent of the Cattle Show, the Committee were of opinion, that in future. Cattle under 4 years old should bo excluded from an entry, unless a difference is made in the weight to be drawn, and their trial proportioned to their age. All v,hich is sulimitled by GORHAM PARSONS, SILAS GATES, ELIJAH PERRY, DANIEL TENNY. \ BERKSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. Report on Ilaniifacturcs. — The committee ap- pointed to award Premiums on articles of Do- mestic Manufacture, exhiiiiled agreeably lo the regulations of the Berkshire Agricultural Soci- ety, October Cth, 1824, .submk the following Report : — To Mrs Gideon Nicholson, of Hinsdale, for the best piece of Woollen Fulled Cloth JJO To Miss Olive Ming, of do. for Qd bestjdo. 1'. To Mrs Levi Hinsdale, of do. for 3d be«t do. C To Mrs Wealthy Goodrich, of Pittsfield, for 4th best do. 5 To Hiss Elvira Tracy, of Richmond, for the best piece of Coloured Tlannel c To Mrs Wealthy Goodrich, of Pitlsfitld, for 2d best do. 7 To Mrs Dorothy C-Id, of Pittsfield, fer the best piece of White Flaimcl fi To iVIiss Mary HaVer, of do. for?d best do. 5 To .Mrs Lucri;tia Reese, of West StockhriOge, for the best six pair of Lambs' Wool Hose 4 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 125 To Mrs lnd those patriotic citizens who presented a variety of siipcrh ar- ticles for exiiibilion only, to pass them unnoliced. The gratification which they experienced dur- ing their examinations will not permit lliem so to do. A nuniher of other pieces of Woollen Cloth were presented for premiums, of excel- lent stock, and well manufactured. Tiic whole, indeed, were of such superiour quality, that it was very diliicuit for the committee to distin- guish; and they were not unfrequently nearly equally dividend in their opinions upon the arti- cles before them. Where all have made such noble eflorts, they should, unquestionably, re- ceive our highest commendation. The same attention, it is hoped, will be paid to tiie manu- facture of this article for a succeeding e.i;hibi- tion. The committee examined, with much sntis- factjon, several pieces of blue and black iJi'ond- cloths and Cassimeres, and a piece of striped ver, the 'following occurrence, "which lately ''""I .vet ; where, if grain is to be the " circulat- ing mediimi" between farmers and mechanics, we shall not be obliged to load an ox team to Vermont Spectator. Th e took place on a farm at the bead of ibis conn tsv, will testify. A haughty dunrril ii:g Will be enlitlrd to a di duction ol Kiktv Cents. 0::5=rostagi; must be paid on all letters to the Editor or Publisher. INEW ENGLAND FARMER. PUBLISHED IJV JOHN \i. llUSSt]Lh, ItOGERS' LiUlhUUNGP, ('ONGRKSS Si'UK.CT, ISOSTOX.-nTHOM.AS G. FnSSENDF.N, KUITOR. VOL. III. 'SSKI FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 1824. No. 17. ®rtstnulverizfd. ami well pre- pared with rotten manure aud leached ashes." situation should be such as to admit of a free circulation of air, and open to the sun. The soil, neither very wet nor very dry, should be free from stones, and a place where fruit trees have net lately grown. The seeds planted in straight aiTd parallel rnwo, three or three and a half feel apart, and about two inches deep. — They should be sown thickly, and if they come up too near together, they should be thinned out so as to stand about G inches apart in the rows. Mr Cose says, "During the first season, the young trees are to be kept- free from weeds, and cultivated with the hoe : ihey will be fit for tran«rJjn!iug in the t'oHowiog spring; or, as sometimes may be more convenient, in the au- tumn, after the tall of the leaf. If natural fruit lie the object of the cultivator, attention should be paid to the selection of seedling plants, which have the leaves large and thick, for such are most likely to produce a good variety of fruit. Where a species has been ameliorated by cullivation, (says Professor Davy) the seeds it afi'ords, other circumstances being similar, produce more perfect and vigorous plants; and in this way, the great improvements in the production of our fruits seem to have been ef- fected." The same observing writer also re- marks, " that the seeds of plants exalted by cultivation, always furnish large and improved varieties, but the flavour and even colour ot the fruit, seems to be a matter of accident : thus a hundred seeds of the Golden Pippin will always produce fine large leaved apple trees, bearmgf fruit of a considerable size ; but the taste and colour of the apples from each will be differ- ent, and none will be the same in kind as those of the pippin itself: some will be sweet, some sour, some bitter, some mawkish, some aroma- tic, some yellow, some green, some red and some streaked; all the apple.s, however, wdl be much more perfect than those from the seeds of the crab, which produce trees all of the s.ime kind, and all bearing sour and diminutive fruji." Mr Samuel Preston, of Stockport, Penn. in a communication, published in the New England Farmer, vol. i ['age 121, says, " I raised in my garden from the seeds of one favourite apple, ten trees, that after being transplanted in my orchard grew to bear fruit. Not one of them 130 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. resembled their mother npple, and no Iwc were like each other. Seven of them produceii very small sour apples, some white, some yellow, some early, others late. These seven trees I marked for grafting. Of the other three, the largest and most thrifty tree produced an excel- lent, pleasant, long, striped apple of good size, Tery mellow and juicy in autumn, neither sweet nor sour. The next largest tree produced a red, sweet apple, about the shape and size of the flat pippin, and will keep in winter near as •well. The other, the smallest tree of the ten, which grew the longest before it produced, bore large, yellow, flat, sweet apples, that weigh about one pound, and fall off in due time for drying or making cider. " I have estimated such parts of my orchard as have been planted with trees without graft- ing, to average about three good and valuable tinds of apples from every ten trees. I disap- prove of grafting the trees when small in the nursery, as we may cut ofl better fruit than we insert, and perhaps destroy some better and larger kinds than are yet known." Mr Co.XE advises when trees are removed from the seed bed into the nursery to plant them in rows about 4 feet asunder, and about 12 or 18 inches apart in the rows "• In four years," he observes, " from the time of planting in the nursery, in a good soil, with good cultivation, the trees will have attained the height of I'rom 7 to 8 teet ; those of vigorous kinds will he tal- ler, and will be fit for transplanting into the or- chard. The cultivation ol a nursery is cflectcd by ploughing and harrowing", each operation twice or thrice in the season, with ploughs and harrows of a small size, with a single hoise : — the earth is tirst thrown from the trees, and then towards them, and the ground is also worked with a hoe between the trees to destroy the weeds; the more the earth is stirred, and the clearer the ground is kept, the twister the trees will grow in every stage oflheir progress, from the seedling to the full grown tree. " In pruning trees in the nursery, care should sbe used not to run them up too high ; this weak- ens the stems, and throws the growth too much into the branches, which must be thinned be- fore their removal, at the risk ofchecking their growth — as frequently the consequence of the great size of the head, will be an irremediable curve in the stem, while in the nursery. "Great attention is required to keep the roots free from suckers, as neglect on this point will produce in the tree a disposition to gene- rate suckers, which will continue through the subsecjuent stages of its growth, when removed into the orchanl. In taking up the trees from the nursery, no care should be spared to pre- serve the roots uniojured and of a large size; in the early years of my practice in the planting of orchards, I frequently lost trees of fine and vigorous growtii, from the injury sustained for the want of care in digging them up, or, as it sometimes happened, in grubbing them up, with the loss of more than half their roots. To per- sons desirous of possessing large trees, 1 would recommend a mode which I have adopted to considerable extent with great success, of trans- planting them from the nursery to nn interme- diate plantation in the garden or field, and there cultivating them for two or three years at about iburfeet apart, (danting a hill of potatoes with manure in the space between every four trees, and paying attention during the whole time to the formation of the stems and l)ranches. This mode will be found to improve the growtli of the roots, extending and strengthening the feeding shoots, and increasing a rapid and vigorous growth when transplanted a sec- ond time into the orchard : the product of pota- toes will repay the expense of manuring and cultivation four fold." Great care is necessary in taking up trees for transplanting. A writer for one of the first numbers of the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository says — " Dig a circle round the tree you would remove, and loosen, with a pick, the ground near the stem, so as to get up unhurt, a spreading root, and its lateral shoots. The tap-rout should he fairlij cut off" with a mattock. " By hacking, and wringing, and twisting the trees in transplanting, they suffer an injury which often makes them sicken and die, and it they should not, keeps them some years droop- ing without gaining any growth. Mr Biicknal, an English writer, says — "in taking up the trees trom the nursery, the roots should he pre- served of the full length, if possible; the sur- face earth should be removed, and the running roots carefully traced and raised. If they must be cut, let it be done with a sharp instrument, and not hacked with a dull spade. The tap root, or that which penetrates straight down, may he shortened to the length of about one foot, and all broken or bruised parts should be removed. The small matted fibres should be cut off, as they are apt to moulder and decay, and pre- vent new ones from shooting. The remaining side roots shoul'ii services at the meeting-house were com- mennd by singing, after which a fervent Prav- er "iS offered up by Rev. Mr Tucker. The choirtben jierformed the set piece. Lord of all po'eci, iill • $10 Uriali Bradley, of I anesliorough, 2d best do. ,1 Nathaniel Kairfifld, of Pittsfiekl, 3d best do. . C, Arvia Willor, of TjringhKni, 4th best do. A OlivPr P. Dickinson, ot I'itlsfield, for the best yoke of VVoikirij Oxen, | 10 "\VilIi,am Ward, of Tittsfielrt, 2d brst do. 1 . C Aarou Roberts, of Dalton, 3d best do. \ C Levi Goodrich, of Pittsfield, 4th best do. 4 John Gardner, of Hancock, for the best yoke jif Fat Oxen I 10 Levi Hinsdale, of Hinsdale, 2d best do. I ii Henry C. Brown, of Pittsfield, for the best t Cows tVilliam Weller, of Pittsfield, for 2d best No other Cows were exhibited, whichjin the opinion of the Committee, were of si cient merit to entitle the owner to a pren» um. Lester FiUey of Otis, for the best 3 year old Steers 10 William Ward, of Pittsfield, 2d best do. !) Aaron Roberts, of Dalton, 3d do. 6 Levi Goodrich, of Pittsfield, for the best yoke of two year old Steers " Lester Filley, of Otis, 2d best do. 6 Henry Williams, of Lanesborough, 3d do. 4 Henry C. Brown, of Pittsfield, for the best pair of two year old Heifers C Thomas Warner, of do. 2d best do. 4 Samuel D. Colt, of Pittsfield, best Merino Ram C Samuel M. McKay, of do. 2d best do. 6 .tonathan Allen, do. 3d do. 4 Thomas B. Strong-, do. for the best S merino Ewes 8 Jouathan Allen, do. 2d best do. 6 Samuel U. Colt, do. 3d do. 4 James B. Ward, do. for the best half score of Fat Weathers 6 David Campbell, do. for the two fattest and best Swine ' 6 Jona. Y. Clark, do. 2d best, do. 4 Erastus Fiowley, of Richmond, for the best Boar 6 Robbins D. Pierson, of Richmond, 2d do. 4 Richard Cooman, of Pittsfield, for the best breed- ing Sow, with litter of Vigs not weaned 5 John Frink, of Stockbridge, for the best Stud, 10 Henry W. Dwight, of Stockbridge, for the best Stock of Cattle 18 Tiie Committee were pleased to notice a loam of about thirty yoke of fine Oxen, from Stockbridge, although not offered for premiums — evincing on the part of the owners, a hi^'h degree of honorable and patriotic enthusiasm. They would also notice an uncommonly large Steer, e.^hibited by Mr Lemuel Pomeroy. Al- so, a fine Calf, belonging to Doctor Berry, of Storkbrid'.je. TIk! Committee cannot but remark the small progress which has been made in the improve- ment of the breed of Horses within the Couuty. The causes, they think, are an unwillingness to pay a liberal price for the use of the best and most peitect animals — also, the prevalence of a Canailian 'tiisle, which fancies that large legs, ncrk, head and ears, are necessary to constitute strength and perfection in the noblest and most beaiitilul of atiim;ils. The Committee have observed, with great snlislaction, the rapid improvement which is ma- king ill the breed of Cjttle. and particularly the line appearanre of the Oxen exhibited — whilst their appearance is fine, they show that they are strong to labour. Indeed our Farmers appear to be convinced, that kind treatment and good fodder is better for them than hard usage, hard fare, and the cruel applications of the whip. — The Committee regret the limited state of their funds, as manv animals were exhibited, the own- ets of which richly deserve reward and honora- ble mention. THO. B. STRONG, Chainiiaji nf the Committee. REPORT ON THE rLOUGHIXO MATCHES. ON OXEN — The committee decide as fol- lows : Premium JVo. 1, of JIO, to Lucius Rcddington of Rich- mond. .Vo. 2, of $8, to Edward Plummer, of Rich- mond. JVo. 3, of $ti, to Levi Goodrich, of Pittsfield. JVo. 4, of $5, to Curtis Powell, of do. ON HORSES— The Committee decide as follows: — Premium JYo 1, of $9, to Loring Barnum, of Stock- bridge. .Vu. 2, of $6, to Abraham Bow, of Pittsfield. The Committee will hereafter make and pub- lish a detailed report of all the Ploughing, on Ploughs, and on Oxen, embracing all the objects of the Society's notice on Ihese subjects. By order of the Committee. THOMAS GOLD, Chuirmnn. Long Life. — He who know.s not what it is to labor, knows not what it is to enjoy. The feli- city of human life depends on the regular prose- cution of some laudable purpose or object, which keeps awake and enlivens all our powers. Our happiness consists in the pursuit, much more than in the attainment, of any temporal good. — Rest is agreeable ; but it is only fiom preceding labors that rest requires its true relish. When the mind is suffered to remain in continued in- action, all its powers dwcay. It soon languishes and sickens ; and the pleasures which it propo- sed to obtain from rest, end in tediousness and insipidity. To this, let that miserable set of men bear witness, who, afler spendmg great part of their lite in active industry, have retired to what they fancied was to he a pleasing enjoy- ment of themselves, in wealthy inactivity and profound repose. — Where they expected to find an elysium, they have found nothing but a dreary and comfortless waste. Their days have dragged on with uniform languor ; with the me- lancholy remembrance often returning, of the cheerful hours tliey passed, when they were en- gaged in the honest business and labors of the world. [Blair. FACTS AND OBSERVATIONS f^Brfculturt mH JBomrstic iSroncmy, [PREPAREB FOR THE N. E. FARMER.] IITRTS AN'D BRriSF.S IN THE WITHERS. Horses are very apt to be hurt or wrung in the withers, by the biting of other horses, or by unfit saddles, especially when the bows are too wide ; for by that means they bruise the flesh against the spines of the recond and third ver- tebras of the back, whicli form that prominence which rises above their shoulders. When the swelling is moderate, the usual method is to wash the part with salt and water, or to apply horse dung, or salt and black soap mixed to- gether, which very often succeeds. Any res- tringent charge, as bole and vinegar with whites of eggs, has the same effect ; as also the whites of eggs beat up into a foam with a piece of al- um. This is very much recommended. " Sometimes the hair is rubbed off, and the part becomes galled, in which case nothing is preferable to the rectified spirit of wine or brandy, which ought to be used often, covering the part with a ilaxen cloth dipped in bees- wax, and a little oil melted together, to keep the dirt from it, and defend it from the air." QUINCE TREES. {t is easy to propngate quince trees by suck- ers, layers or cuttings, but they require a moist soil. The cuttings should be i)lante(l early in autumn. The trees require very little prun- ing; the principal thing is, to keep the stems clear of suckers, and thin the branches where they cross each other. Upright luxuriant shoots in the top should also be taken out, that the trees may not have too much wood, which is bad for all sorts of fruit trees. Quince troes are highly esteemed as stocks on which pears may with great advantage be grafted or budded. This operation greatly im- proves the taste and flavour of those pears, which arrive at maturity in the summer and autumn ; hut it is by no means proper for win- ter fruit, which is thus rendered hard and sto- ny. This fruit is generally boiled and eaten with sugar, in which form it may also be use- fully employed in cases of dysentery. Five gallons of the juice of quinces, mixed with 25 pounds of sugar, and fermented, make a deli- cious wine. — Domestic Encyclopedia. [Qniuce Trees should be planted at a good distance from apple and pear trees, lest the farina should mix, and the fruits degenerate. — Editor.] FISH, USED AS A MANtJRE. All the parts of fish— shell fish and all other — are excellent manures. They may be used, either salted or fresh ; salted fish are generally considered the best. The ofials offish, and fish that are spoilt for eating, may be converted to this use ; but they are most useful when used as an ingredient in compost. They are so strong a manure, that it has been said one single ale- wife will answer as well as a shovel-full of the best dung, in producing Indian corn. But they cause land to fexert itself so much, that it will be apt to grow poor, unless care be taken to pre- vent it. 132 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. From Rees'' Cydoptdia. WOOL. [Continued from page 100.] The weight of the fleece is an object offjreat importance to the grower. It is generally sup- posed by the English wool-dealers, that an in- crease of weight implies an increase of coarse- ness; indeed the words coarse and heavy are considered by them as synonymous, but this is not absolutely the case ; a fleece grown upon the same animal may be increased in weight, either by the fibres becoming coarser, or by their being grown longer, or by a greater num- ber of fibres being grown on the same skin. — To the wool-grower it can never answer to in- crease the weight of the fleece on small, fine- wooled sheep, by growing the wool coarser; if this be the object, the long-wooled breeds of sheep are to be preferred. He may produce wool somewhat longer by increasing the quan- tity of food ; but it generally loses somewhat of its fineness, and is less suitable for the clolh trade. He may, however, increase the weight considerably by selecting such breeds as grow the wool close on the skin, and are thickly cov- ered with wool over every part of the budy. — Id this respect the Merino sheep have greatly the advantage over any of the breeds of Eng- lish sheep ; many of them yielding from three to four pounds of pure wool, whilst the first English fleeces rarely exceed two pounds, and would lose one fourth of this weight when brought to a pure state by scouring. It has been doubted whether all sheep's wool, when clean, possesses the same specific gravity ; but admit- ting therft may be some variation in the wool from different piles, we conceive that it is too moderate to deserve the attention of the wool- grower or manut'acturer. The filaments of fine wool beiug so minute, it requires an eye habituated by long experi- ence, to appreciate the relative fineness of two piles, which may differ in value as much as 25; percent. Even those who have been long! practised in such examinafion find it difficult to form, immediately, a correct opinion of the [ fineness, if they are removed for a few weeks ' from the opportunity of viewing wool. It is not surprising then that the wool-grower, whoi only directs his attention to the siibject during one part of the year, should often be unable to judge whether his wool has improved or not since the preceding summer. On this account it would be highly desirable that some easy and j correct mode of admeasurement by the micro- meter could be invented, which might enable the observer to decide this with certainty. Mr Daubenton employed a graduated scale, adapt- ing it to the eye piece of a comijound micro- scope ; but his method does not admit of accura- cy. Mr Luccock made use of a more simple in- strument, which we have seen ; it consisted of R lens about half an inch in focal length, ad- justed to a graduated scale. On this scale a number of fibres were stretched and compress- ed by a slider and screw into a given .space; the filaments covering this space were then coimted by the aid of the lens, ami a number of admeasurements being taken of the same sort, the mean of the whole was supposed to give the correct diameter of the filament, in this method, however, some of the filaments must unavoidably overlap part of the others, on which account a greater number will be seen in a giv- en space than there would be were the whole diameter of each fibre visible. The error from this may be stated at one-fifth. Thus Mr Luccock makes the best English wool to mea- sure the fourteen hundredth part of an inch, which is finer than the best Spanish as measur- ed by Dr Parry by a more accurate but more laborious method. According to Mr Luccock, a sample of moderately fine Spanish wool reach- ed to the sixteen-hundredth part of an inch ; according to Dr Parry, the very best Spanish wool is not smaller than the fourteen-hundredth part of an inch. With the above deduction of one fifih, which we believe to be a near afipioximation to cor- rectness, the diameter of the fibres of the best English wool, as assorted in the usual method, will Le nearly as follows: Paris of an Inch. Prime - - - 1-1 120th Choice - - - l-102-!ih Sui)er - - - l-92Slh Head - - - 1-SOOth Downrights - - I-740lh Seconds - - - l-610lh Abb - - - l-530lh Fine livery (variable) l-4C0lh The method of measurement adopted by Mr Luccock might be sufliciently correct with the deduction of one-fit^th, were the instrument al- ways used by the same |)erson,anda similar de- gree of pressure given in each experiment; but as this is required, it becomes uncertain in its results, and inadequate to practical purposes. Dr Parry's method of measurement is effect- ed by an instrument similar in principle to the lam|) micrometer of Dr Herschel, of which an account is published in the Pbilo.ropbiral Transactions for 1732. An object of a known diameter being placed in the focus of a com- pound microscope, and strongly illuminated, a piece of white paper is placed hor:zont:illy at some distance beneath it ; then, looking through the microscope with one eye, and keeping the other steadily open, you will see the object ap- parently projected on the paper, which is to be measured while viewing it with a pair of com- passes. Divide the length of the image so mea- sured with the known diameter of the object, which will give the magnifying power, the mi- croscope. This being found, place the object you wish to measure in the focu=, and project- ing its imiige on the paper as before, measure it with the compasses, and divi mg to eat them one by one, the deslrnction lie occasions is scarcely In be conceived. " When its time of'chnnjre apiiroacbei, it con- tracts its body within its donble cnverinff, and there chancres into the nvmph slate ; whence, after a pri'Ver time, it comes forth in the form of a moth, with granulated horns, and a crooked proboscis. " The Bees know their enemv in this new form, and destroy all the moths iboy can meet Ttith. They are seldom so lortiinate, however, as to kill the »vhole race as soon as produced; and, if only one escape, it is able to lay a found- ation orre\eiis:e Cor the death of its Brethren. " .\11 the flies of the moth kining insect, upon the hive, may be effectually prevented. His method is to suspend the hive, by a cord fastened in the top, and have the pi. ink forming the floor moveable up and down. During cold weather, the plank is brought up close to the rim, to keep Ihe Bees sufficiently warm ; but on the approach of Spring, or when the weather has become suitably moderated, the plank is let down about four inches, and kept in that situa- tion during the warm or growing season. At (larlicular cold sjiells, during the first of the Spring, or latter end of the Fall, the floor, no doubt, ought to be raised up, until the return of warmer weather; but it should only be ke|)t in this position while the comfort of the Bees re- quires it. Communicalcd for /he Jlmerican Farmer. PHILADKLrUlA SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING AGRICULTURE. Staled .1ifC/(no-, Si pi ember 19. The following Communications were made : 1. On some of Ihe Diseases of Sheep, by Dr S. L. Howell, of New Jersey. The diseas- es occurred in a large flock of merinos, chiefly imported. With the exception of worms in the frontal sinuses of the head, and the sore in the claws of the feet, the complaints proceeded from too full feeding on Indian com during win- ter. Many ewes lost their Iambs from this cause. Ample experience has confirmed the theory of Dr H. Breeding ewes ouaiht not to be allowed to grow too fat ; and even store sheep intended to be kept over winter, should be at- tended to in that respect during the summer; fnr, if permitted to grow very fat by feeding on rich pasture, and afterwards to fall away during winter, their health often suffers, and the qual- ity of the wool invariably deteriorates. These effects may be prevented by extra food during winter, but this is attended with expense and trouble. The great object in sheep-breeding should be to keep the flock in as equal condi- tion as possible, but not fat, all the year round : in the grass season, by confining them to a short bite; and during the winter, by a steady and measured allowance of Indian corn as often as circumstances require, in addition to good soft hay. The sore in the feet was confined to those sheep that had been kept on wet pastures. It was easily cured by washing the part with soap and water, and then applying sturgeon's oil to it. In the head of one ewe that died during the winter, from lambing, twenty w orms were found, of d.fferent sizes. These worms certainly are produced by a well known fly, and yet Dr H. (bund m !he head of a lamb that died the latter end of March, then one month old, a species of worm, and in the usual place. 2. Mr J. Vanderkamp sent some remarks of the late Mr Faul Busti on the cultivatioD of the white mulberry tree ; and also his journal of the progress of the silk worm, from the vivifi- calion of Ihe egg, to the formation of ihe co- coons; accompanied by a neat model of a silk reel imported from France. 'i. Mr VVm. Short sent specimens of cocoons and sewing silk from Hamilton county, State of Oliio. The worms had been fed on the leaves of the common native mulberry. He stated that he had been informed, that tJie raising of the silk was attended to with zeal in the north east part of Ohio, and that the sewing silk made there served as a substitute for coin, being bar- tered for the articles wanted by the farmers, who are attentive to this useful branch of do- mestic employment. 4. Three volumes of Memoirs were receiv- ed from the Royal Society of Agriculture at Paris, for the years 1822 and 1823. The pre- ceding volumes are in the library of the Socie- ty- The Minister (or the department of the Inle- riour, Mons. Corbiere, annually opens a public meeting of the Society by a discourse on some subject connected with its pursuits. The vol- umes contain among many useful papers on oth- er subjects, several on the diseases of domestic animals, and the application of water from springs, rivers, and wells, to land: numerous engravings are given, to illustrate the modes ot" irrigation proposed, and actually in operation in different parts of France. 5. Dr Ghirardi, of Florence, who attended the meeting of the Society, presented the third volume of the Transactions of the Imperial Academy of .Vgriculture and Economy of that city. Many of the papers are ofa local nature, but there are some of general import on ma- nures,— on insects that infest wheat, and on reg- ulating the courses of rivers, and their applica- tion to the purposes of irrigation. 6. Count Von Hazzi, on the part of the Eco- nomical Society at Munich in Bavaria, sent three volumes of the Weekly Journal publish- ed by that association. They embrace every subject connected with agriculture and domes- tic economy, and the papers are accompanied by cuts and lithographic engravings, when ne- cessary for illustration. The preceding volumes were received some time since. MANAGEMENT OF PIGS. The importance of the following experiment with respect to the treatment of hogs, copied from a late London newspaper, has mduced a member of the Society for promoting Agricult- ure, to request that it maybe published in this [laper, for the attentioa of our Americatt farmers. "The following experiment was lately made bv a gentleman of Norfolk. Six pigs of the Norfolk breed, and of nearly equal weight, were put to keeping at the same time, and treated the same as to food and litter for about seven weeks. Three of them were left to shift for themselves as to cleanliness; the other three were kept as clean as possible by a man employ- ed for the purpose, with a currycomb and brush. The last consumed in seven weeks fewer peag by Jive hishels, than the other three, yet they weighed more when killed by too stone and four pounds, upon an average, or six stone twelve pounds upon the whole." 134 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 1824. Improvement in Fire Places. — The following is from the pen of a Gentleman, to whom the world is indebted for many important improve- ments in philosophy and mechanics. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Nov. II, 1824. Restdt of an Experiment to malce the Chimney of a rery close room carry off the Smoke, by admitting tlic external air tlirough a heutal passage. The back and jambs of the fire place are of stone, between which and the brick walls, a !»pace is left, (covered at the lop) for air to cir- culate and enter the room heated ; for this pur- pose a circular hole was made of an inch diam- eter at each side, one being near the hearth, and the other as high as the top of the open fire place. In this state the cold air of the room was received in the lower aperture, and passed into the room through the upper; the current of air being barely perceptible. The room was incommoded with smoke at all times when a fire was burning, except when external air was ad- mitted by opening a door or window a small distance. — A remedy for this evil has now been sought, by cutting a passage through the brick w all behind tfie stone back opposite the fire, for admitting the e-^iternal air into the space before mentioned, and the following result is produced by thus ajiplying this long known principle. A strong current of heated air is constantly entering the room, the temperature of which depends on the quantity of fire at the lime. On the 3d, 4th, and 61b of the present month, the temperature was noted hourly, from a Ihermnni- eter placed close to the aperture, and though bnt a moderate fire was kept, the heat of the air was such as to reach 133° at times, and to give an average of 101, while the strength of the current is generally so great as instantly to ex- tinguish a lighted lamp held at the place of its admission. — The passage cut through the brick wall is about two inches square, and the incon- venience of smoke in the room is almost entire- ly removed. tion by officers chosen by the students. — Offen- ders are tried by a regular court, have an o])- portunity of making a fair defence, and cannol be punished, till found guilty by a jury of their peers. A leger account is opened with each student, by an officer called the Dook-kceper, in which all delinquences are entered to his debit, while he receives credit for successfully discharging his duties, and for any extra labour of a useful kind, which he may be inclined to perform. These "accounts are balanced weekly, and if they are in favour of any individual, he is entitled to various privileges, and ex- empted from laborious duties ; but if against him, he is disqualified from holding certain of- fices, subjected to the loss of other privileges, and to the performance of laborious duties, or liable to admonition, &c. " The Trustees are inclmed to expect much from this system. The students possess a knowledge of each other's character, which in- sfructers cannot always obtain, but which is very necessary tor forming just decisions. — The meetings of the general committee, and, the. liver annually a course of lectures on all such subjects, as are of the highest interest to the farmer. " Believing that a course of studies may be devised, which ivould be appropriate, and of great utility to such as are designed for mer- cantile pursuits, and that such a course would properly come within our design, we shall en- deavour to devise one, which may be pursued independently of the usual course, or in connex- ion with it. In such a course, we should pro- pose a more extended study of Geography, in- cluding a description of the natural products of different states, their arts, their trade and their policy; the subject of Exchange ; the onllines of Political Fxonomy, and a full and minute coe.rse of Book-keeping, with particu- lar attention to Penmanshiji. " We hope we need sav no more in defence of Ihe usefulness ofoiir design. The saying of Agesilaus, that " youth should learn that, which will I'O cf most use to them when they become men,'' mu-1 approve itself to every understand- ing. A mechanick or a farmer must have an education before he can successfully practise his Garpiner Lvcel'm. By the kindness of a I friend, we have received a pamphlet containing ! a "Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Gardiner Lyceum, with an Address to the Pub- lic, October, 1824." Wo have repeatedly tak- en such notice of this Institution as we thought was merited by Ihe novelty and utility of the jilan, and the course of studies pursued, and i would refer our readers who may feel an inter- est in the Seminary to our second volume, pages 172, 1G2, and 371. We will, however, add some further particulars respecting it, extract- ed from the pamphlet before us. " The system of discipline, adojited by the Trustees, places a large share of the govern- ment of the institution, in the hands of the students. It is repulilican in ils spirit. A general committee is elected tivice each term, by 'he stuilenls, in which one of the instructors usually presides, and by which all the laws are enacted. They are carried into execu- trial of offences, will afford excr-lient opportu-ji nilies for quickening the perceptions of the i ar', and I'e may, slowly and inipeifeirilj, acquire students, for leading them to discriminate ac- 1 th;-; educaiion liy bis own experience, or more cuiMtely, strengthening their judgment, and r.qiidly fiom bou'v-;, which recoro the experience giving Ihem the power of expressing their of o hers, and which have red I'-.cd the results of tl:oi!ghls with ease and correctness. The laws lh:it experieace into a scifntific form. We hope being made by the studen's. will be thoroiigb-l th't the iinne is nt>t far dibtani, uhen il shall be ly understood, and ihe consciou«nes-i, that they | as cinmirn for fi.'inois arid artists, to prepare are governed by regulations of their rivn, wli thtiiieUes fo'' (heir iia^'iness <:y a suitable and prevent all tear of oppression. The confidence which this system repnse.s in the student, h;:-- Ihe effect of eh-^vatirig his character. The exercise, which he has in seil'-government, is favourable to a proper self-government in fu- ture life, and the p;irt, vvhicli lie acts in this small community, evidently prepare him to discharge his duty, as a citizen of a free re- public. " This system of discipline is not orig'nal wilh us. It has already been for several years in optiration in a large school in England, and we are happy in being able to state, thai our expectations in reference to it, do not res! upon speculations only, but also upon the very great experiment, as it has been tried in that school. "The insufficiency of our funds has prevent- ed the em|)loyment of more than one instruc- ter till wilhin a few months, when the in- creasing labours and necessities of the insti- tution, rendered another indispensihle. " The present term has commenced under thfi mill ediicdtiin. a>^ for lawyers and physi- ciaiii. Such ".ii , t'uration would not only lay a foundation lor rbeir i^nccess, but raise Ihe char- acter of their employments, from mere mechan- ic;il laiionr to scientific pursuits, and give them Ibn) credit which (heir usefulness merits. — Ag- ri 'ultural schools have fur some time been estab- li'hed in continental Europe, and, in some of the larger cities in Great Britain, Mechanical Insti- tutes have been established. In these Institutes, instruction has been given only bj- lectures. This mode alone, although useful, cannot give the mechanic the accurate knowledge he may ac(|iiire by other means. A demonstration ia mechanics cannot be understood at a lecture, especially by one who has no acquaintance with mathematics, neither can such an one read the most valuable books. For this reason the di- rectors of the institution at Edinburgh, are connecting recitations in the mechanics, &c. with their lectures, and so far as we have learned are adopting a course similar to the one we pursue. To come to our own country, we favourable au=[iices. In the number of the class see, in several of the larger states a dispasition recciilly entered, our most sanguine expecta- tions have been surpassed. But wilh the increase ol numbers, our labours increase, and when in atblilion to the three classes at present in the institution, four winter classes shall be admitted and Ihe chemical lectures commenced, a third to provide means for the education of farmers and mechanics. The subject has interested many gentlemen of the first character, and Ihe increasing intelligence of our country, with the growing importance of our agriculture and our manufactures, will soon make the necessities instructor will be obviously necessary. The i of such an education apparent to every one." Trustees have been so fortunate as to secure ' Ihe services of a gentleman, who is already dis- tinguished for his attainments in Natural History and is uncommonly well qualified to be an in- structer in Agriculture, and the branches of science connected vvith it. It is their hope, if they can obtain the means, to make him a permanent inslrucler, and to place under his charge the course of instruction in Agriculture, Machine for Parino Aitles. We have been requested to insert a paragraph in our paper requesting information whether any of Ihe machines for paring apples, adverted to by a correspondent in a communication published in our last, page 122, can be obtained in iioston or its vicinity. We would thank any genlleman who will leave information at this office, slating which has been already menlioned, and to de- where and of whom they may be obtained. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 13^ Cffrncral KntrUfflCHcr. SVanlicckel. — We are liappy to hear tliat the btisi- ncss of Nantucket, which was somewhat cUiiiessed a few months since, has revived, ard again bids fair to reward the labors aiul hazards of the entrrpriziiis; Peo- ple of that Island. Five or six shijis have recently sailed on whaling voyages, and abont as many more are fitting. Slant Coal — For several weeks the Lehigh Compa- ny have delivered at the rate of 100 tons of Coal every day ; yet so great is the demand, that it is seven days after the order before the Coal can be delivered. Upwards of fonr thonsand tons have been brought to niaiket this season from the Lehigh, yet there is not much now in the yards for sale. Persons v.ho want Coal will do well to apply properly. Phil. Demo. Press. NEW YORK, NOV. 10. — We Understand that the Banks in this city have come to the unanimous determina- tion to cross all Counterl'eit Notes that may be offer- ed to them in payment or on deposit. This measure ■was evidently called for by the great number of spu- rious notes in circulation, most of which, when thrown out by the Banks, are returned and again put in cir- culation. Ttttscope. — The great refracting Telescope made | by Professor f'rauenhofer for the Observatory of the I'russiau University at Dorpat, is now placed in St. Savior's church at Munich. This immense instru- ment exceeds, both in length and diameter the great reflecting telescope of Hc-rschel. Its length is 160 Paris inches, and its diameter 10. FRANCE AND HAYTI. 'Strange as the measure may seem, the London Courier strongly intitnates that an expt diliou has ac- tually sailed from France for the reconquest of Hayti. In confirmation of such a belief, the following letter is adduced, which is declared to have been written by a member of the Chamljer of Deputies, who had access to ministerial communications; " Soon after the dismissal of the Ilaytien commis- sioners, sent to France to negociate the acknowledg- ment of St. Domingo as an indepindent state, orders were given by the French irovernment to prepare an expedition against that island. Four thousand men, forming part of it, were ordered to Brest, and there : embarked on the ';i8th August. The expedition then j set sail to join admiral Duperre oif Martinique, where i an additional number of troops, collected for several j months past, were to be taken on board, and the ' whole to proceed to St. Domingo. On arriving off the Island, it was not intended to Undertake any thing decisive in the first instance, which the smallness of the forces would not admit of, but to get possession of some strong places on the healthiest part of the coast, throw up additional fortifi- cations, and then enter into negociations with some of, the chiefs, many of whom are still attached to France. Should these fail, then strong reinforcements would be sent from France, and hostilities commence, w hilst the fleet would establish the strictest blockade befor& tlie principal ports of thclsland. Communication ri*specting this armament was, it is added, made several months ago to the British Cabi- utt, which, acting. upon the principle that every na- tion has an undoubted right to attempt to recover he' .. olonies, started no objection. The journey of a cer- tain Lord (II by,) to Paris, some months ago, it is (ven said was not altogether unconnected with this object. Spain, claiming part of Tlispanolia, it is confidently asserted, will act in concert with France, and probably extend her views to the Gulf of Mexico. — Courier. Virginia Election. — The counties in Virginia which have been beard from, give to Mr. Crawford 5354 votes, .Adams 211o, and Jackson 1Gj5. Pinnsyhania Eleclion. — In the counties from which intelligence has been received, the Jackson ticket has '.'n/j99 votes, the Adams 6001, the Crawford 3749, ■uid the Clay 1432. .Vtw York Eleclion. — We learn, by the Alb,any mail of last evenmg, that the rnllowing electors are chosen :u that state ;— Adams g6— Clay 7— Crawford 3. FOURTH OF JULY, 1826! In a neat little paper called the Detroit Gazette, the question is asked, when will Michigan be adniitled into the American confederation .-' This qiie.stion is answered as a matter of every day occurrence in the same paper— on the 41h of July, 1826. On tliat day, continues the editor, half a century of our National Independence will have been completed, and on that day Michigan and .Arkansas will be added to the ori- g:inal thirteen Stat.es, and the number will then have lieen doubled. That this is no ideal speculation ap- pears from other facts recorded in the same paper. To show the facility of communication in that coun- try, wool has been sent 1080 miles, going and coming, to be carded in the establishment rtcenlly erected in that city by Messrs. KIdred and French. In another department of the same paper, we were delighted to behold an advertisement by a committee appointed by the patrons of the University of Michigan, announcing the choice of a President, and that every thing was in readiness for the reception of students. The songs of the American muses will now be heard on the bor- ders of our Lakes. We will fin'ther add on an occa- sion so interesting as the completion of the first half century of our national independence, that the fourth of July, 1826, should be commemorated as a general jubilee throughout the United States. It should be a solemn, stately, grand and magnificent celebration — a day devoted to all the joyous feelings of the human heart. Bait. Amer. Auclion Duties The Auction duties paid by auc- tioneers in this city, for the quarter ending Sept. 30th, were as Ibllows : Coolldge, Poor and Head, $2640,11 — W hitwcll. Bond k. Co. 1 174,88— T. K. Jones 4: Co. 442,66— J. Peabody & Co, 343,15- J. L. Cunning- ham, 289,64— J. Fairfield, 248.29— G. G. Channing, 160,66— J. Tyler, 154,37- F.' E. ^\'hite, 133,4-1-^ Slenhen Brown, 105,48— G. L. Deblois, 91,93— Hale & Cross, 78,02— F. V\ ilbv, 67,72— T. M. Caker, 37 77 -L. Blake, 35,05— D. Ilersey, 24,10— J. A. Bacon 19,24— C. Hayward, 16,45—^1. Smith, 12,91— J. Bourgoin, 8,56— F. Stratton, 6,00— D. Durill, 4,85. Total, 6076,48. THINGS IN GENERAL. A shoemaker's shop was destroyed by fire in Saugus on Friday night last, and t\to brothers, by the name of Catts, owners of the shop, were burned to death. — In Millcreek township. Pa. Nov. 1, the house of a black woman took fire in her absence, and was consumed together with two of her chddren. — .An attempt has been made in Kentucky; to murder Dr. J. B. Hopson, his horse having been shot under him about eight miles Irom Hopkinsville. — Mr. William Smith, a na- tive of Germany, but a peaceable and good mechanic of Lexington, Kentucky, (being a white-smith by trade,) was struck with a brick bat on the head on Saturday evening, Oct. 16, and died the next day. — On the 13th inst. a drayman was killed at Philadel- phia, in attempting to stop a horse which had taken fright. A wife and sis children are left to mourn his untimely exit. — A woman was burned to death a few days since in Albany, in consequence of having fallen into the fire when in a state of intoxication ! — A dwel- ling-house, owned and occupied by Capt. Jonas Par- ker, jr. was burned in Reading, on the 10th instant, about 7 o'clock. Bremen Geese. FOR sale by Thomas Williams, at Noddle's Island, near Boston, 20 large Bbeme.^ Geese, which, at 5 months old, weighed from 15 to 20 lbs each. These Geese were obtaini d by Mr. Williams of Col. Jaques of Charlestown, Ms. and are of the same breed, of which notice is given in the New England Farmer, vol. iii. p. 45. in an article copied from a Providence paper. — They are recommended in preference to all-others by their weight, extra quality and quantity of down, and feathers (yielding double ;) they are perfectly white, set much earlier, are more sure of bringing off a brood, are remarkably hardy, and will weigh when fatted dou- ble the weight of our common geesp." They are like- wise very prolific. Mr. Williams raised, the present season 28 goslings from 3 geese. The original stock of these geese was imported by Ebenezer Rollins Esqr. of Boston. Oct. 9. j JYcio Establishment. THE subscriber respectfully informs the public, that he has taken the factory of Capt. A. Stearns, in I ^Vest Cambridge, wht re he intends carrying on the I Clothier's BusiJiess, generally : — .\lso, I-a.lies' and Gentlemen's garments of every dtscription colour* d and cleansed, and furnitures glaztd; Crapes and Silks of various colours dyed and finished in the best man- ner, at short notice, and as cheap as at any other place. If'ocl Curding. — At the tame place Meiino and Common Wool carded by Capt. Stearns. CYRUS FARRAR. Vest Cambridge, Oct. 18, 1824. ri"^HE Agricultural Establishment is removed from A No. 20 Merchants Row to No. 5, north side of the Olil Market, up stairs, where is for sale, a general as- sortment of the most approveel Farming Implements, together with Willis's improved Straw Cutter and Blinel Fastenings. Sept. 25. THE Subscriber, for a few years past, has been cul- tivating an extensive FRUIT NURSERY. He now has a large assortment of I'EAtn Trees, budded from the best Fruit in the country, native and foreign, in the best order for transplanting. By another season he hopes to offer Pear and Cherry Trees of the first quality. O. FISKE, Worcester. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c. [Revised and corrected every Friday.] APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. - - - - BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - cargo, No 1, new, - - ." No 2, new, - - BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, - - - - skimisd milk, - - - FLAX - - FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genessee, - - - Rye, best, - - . GRAIN,Rye Corn - - - - - Barley - . - - Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS . - - - PORK, Bone Middlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION MARKET. BEEF, best pieces - - - ■ PORK, fresh, best pieces, - , " whole hogs, - - • VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, lump, best, - • - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - - - - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, new, - - - - CIDER, liquor, new . - - - HAY, according to quality, • FROM TO D. C D. C. bbl 1 50 2 ton. 115 117 118 00 bush 95 1 00 bbl. 8 bO 8 50 7 Ot 1 25 6 OU 6 25 lb. 12 7 8 I 4 8 9 bush 75 84 bbl. 6 25 6 37 6 50 2 87 bush 50 54 44 56 50 31 lb. 10 10 11 cask 1 10 1 20 gal. 70 78 ton. 3 75 bbl. 16 00 17 05 13 13 60 12 25 12 50 bush 60 70 40 45 45 50 35 42 25 30 48 52 35 40 lb. 6 8 6 7 5 6 4 10 2 8 5 10 10 18 18 18 20 bush 65 70 60 65 30 50 bbl. 2 Oi 2 50 ton. 16 00 20 00 136 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. fjatscrllanirs. [The following beautiful lines are from the Pensacola Floridian. The first is from the pen of a geiitlemaa in Florida; the second from that of a lady in Balti- more.] — STANZAS. My life is like the summer rose, That opens to the morning sky ; But ere the shades of evening close, Is scattered on the ground to die ; Yet on the rose's humble bed The sweetest dews of night are shed, As if she wept such waste to see, But none shall weep a tear for me. My life is like the autumn leaf, That trembles in the moon's pale ray ; Its hold is frail, its date is brief. Restless, and soon to pass away 1 Yet ere that leaf shall fall and fade, The parent tree shall mourn its shade. The winds bewail the leafless tree. But none shall breathe a sigh for me. My life is like the prints which feet Have left on tempest^s desert straiid ; Soon as the rising tide shall beat, All trace will vanish from the sand ; Yet, as if grieving to efface. All vestige of the human race, On that lone shore loud mourns the sea. But none, alas, shall mourn for me I ANSWER. The dews of night may fall from heaven. Upon the withered rose's bed, .\nd tears of fond regret be given. To mourn the virtues of the dead; Yet morning suns the dews will dry, And tears will fade from sorrow's eye, Affection's pangs be lulled to sleep, And even love Corget to weep. The tree may mourn its fallen leaf, And auturan winds bewail its doom. And friends may heave the sijh of grief O'er those wh) sleep within the tomb ; Yet soon will spring renew the flowers. And time will bring more smiling hours ; In friendship's heart all grief will die, And even love forget to sigh. The sea may on the desert shore Lament each trace it tears away, I'he lonely heart its grief may pour O'er cherish'd friendship's fast decay ; Yet when all trace is lost and gone, The waves dance bright and gaily on ; Thus soon atfcction's bonds are torn, And even love forgets to mourn ! VALLE CRUCIS. BY ROSCOE. Vale of the Cross ! The shepherds tell 'Tis sweet within thy woods to dwell, For there are sainted shadows seen. That frequent haunt the dewy green ; By wandering winds the dirge is sung, The convent bell by spirits rung; And matin hymn and vesper prayer Break softly on the tranquil air. Vale of the Cross ! the shepherds tell 'Tis sweet within thy woods to dwell. For peace has there her sainted throne, And pleasures to the world unknown, The murmur of the distant rills, The sabbath silence of the hills, ^nd all the quiet that is given V'ithout the golden gales of heaven. ■ The Serpents in the Toy:cr. — The public, we believe, are nnl generally auare of the exist- ence in fhe Royal Menngerie at tlie Tower of a very fine collection of that species of snake called the Boa Constrictor. We were induced to attend there on Montlay last, for the purpose of l)eing wiliipss to the mode in wliich these animals receive their sustenance, ami to discover how far the description given by various au- thors of their m.ioner of disposing of their prey tallies with what might actually occur untier our own observation. The animal selrcled by the keeper for the purpose was the largest there, and measured, we believe, 10 feet in length, and 7 inches in diameter in its thickest part. — Previous to receiving its prey, it appeared very lively, and jjeered about ivilh its head in all directions, occasioning its body to assume those beautit'ul cur\ationsof which the snake species are so capable. On perceiving the ap- proach of the keeper witli the rabbit destined for its meal, it \iillidrew all appearance of vig- our and motion ; but the moment the rabbit was placed in the cage, it seized its head with so astonishingly rapid a motion, that the eye could not keep pace with it, and by a simulta- neous action of its body, it compressed its folds so tightly round that of the rabbit as to crush every bone that was within its grasp. This ra- pid change was nervous to behold, and a vivid imagination could not but picture to itself the feartui scene of crushing and struggling which the seizure of such an animal as a rleer or an ox would create by a larger animal of this spe- cies. That such scenes have occurred, and have likewise been \vitnessed, we doubt not ; but until we witnessed the convulsive but inef- fectual struggle ol tiie unlbrtunate rabbit in the ravenous and gnarleil grasp of the serpent on this occasion, our conception readied no farther than ilie common belief ailached lo the rel-itinn of the tremendous powers of this species oi snake. To enable the snake to gorge his pr'^\ with the greater facilit_i, he wa- removed into the court-yar I, when the glitlenng of the sun beams upon his purple scales added much to the interest and beauty 01 the spectacle Wiien ihc rabbit was motionless, the snake gradually loos- ened his folds, still retaining hi? hold by the head; and having tully ascertained the death of his victim, he (procteded to stretch the body of the rabbit, which iie very curiously performed, in ilrawing il by the head through a ring form- ed from the fold* of his body ; tliis he repealed until the whole was a m.i«s. Alier lubricating (he head very much, but no olher part, he pro- ceeded to swallow the rabbit, which action he accelerated l)y pushing it down his throat against his own body, and liy a strong retraction and re- expansion of the muscles which lay at the back of the head; by degrees the animal disappear- ed, until nothing more was visible than a long lump in the snake's throat, which it impelleci forward by the action of the muscles, until it reached the middle of its body, where it remain- ed. Such is the mode of this animal's taking sus- tenance; and if we compare this account with various other writers, and particularly with that given by Dr IMacleod of the Alceste, we shall find them differ in nowise, except in the circum- stance of this snake's omitting to lubricate the whole of the body of its prey, which iiowevcr, may have arisen from the diminutive size of the object on which it is led ; for the ease with which the ralibit was gorged, was so great as to lead us to imagine (hat a dog, thrice the size, would experience very little dilliculty in ob- taining a temporary residence in this serpent's maw. There is also in this menagerie, the most beautiful specimen of that harmless reptile, the Harlequin snake, that was ever seen in this country, the variety and brilliancy of whose ci'lours are such as to excite the highes{ admi- ration in the visitors. This is a native of Cey- lon, and has been much admired for its beauty and vivacity. — London paper. .ycilinnal Prejicdics. — Not many years ao-o. u gentleman, bitely from Scotland, called on iSir at his seat near Boston, for whom he had some letters. While walking in his garden, a- bounding in excellent Iruit, (he lader observed ibat show him what he would, his guest insisted he had seen " muckle better in Scotland."' Dc- tormmed, however, (o surprise him, he private- ly ordered his servani to tie some gourds on a tall pear tree, whilst they were at dinner. When the cloth was removed, '• Now, sir," said Mr. "• 1 think I c.in show you something you never saw in Scotland," and taking him (o the Ir&e, he a«ked the astonished Scotchman what he thought of that. " In troih, sar," quoth he, '• Ihey are varra fine piers, indeed; but I think I have seen full a« large in the duke of Argyle's gardens, though I must confess tliat they hud na unite sic lana nacks.'''' .fVe.gro ll'it. — Some lew years ago, a gentle- man crossed liie Potomac eastward, below Bbul- cnsburg, being destined (or that place. Comin"- lo the main mad, he turned lo the right instead of the left. Having travelled about a mile, he overtook a bl.ick niao, and inquired whether he was on the "igiii road to Bladensbiirg. " Yesse, massa," was the answer, "you are on the right road to Bladensburg, but you must turn your liorse'.s head t' olher way, or you will never :: il^. This monster not only " Inrkelh in dar! nc.ss," hut " waslPlh at noon d.iy." lie rcse..i bios Vira^il's monsi(;r — On comnicncemont day, ivr separated. Mel My in\'''iciale hahils increased, and with cniigialod to a distant p.ul of the state of New : diinliin"; 1 soon fonnd, g'encraily, connected, its Yorii, am! cngiiged in tlie practice of the law. io.vom companion — (;ajuv(j. You »vi!l now cer- 1 heard nothinu: of him after that, until a few tainly con^•iiier mn on tlie high road to niin days since, when lie called on me. No longer, i My [irojrrtss on this road was rapid; I fo«p however, thai sprightly, all-cheering con\panion ; I'onnd myself, wiihont fi'iends, withont fortune* : In; was formerly. In the language of /Eneas, I and without repnialinn. When a man cncoun- might have exclaimer mattcis of the law," ivc should nr,t omit tything ikuc. The contest ususlly ended, by his sportinL-ly alluding to my puritanical, or as he waspieased to call if, my .Vethodistical principles. *■ I ;haiig*! the name, and th;; story will apply to th'.e. t A huge, horrid, and sliapdcss monster, deprived of .sislit. gestures, jiislicad had a peculiar propensity of inclining toward t!:e right, when be would be- -•peak attention ; and bis right hand obliquely extended vvheWie would enlbrce an arsument. liy these peculiarities he was' at last identilied, " I am not surprised," said he, '' at the riilli- culty you cs|ierieiico in recollecting me. I feel that 1 am altered, in i'acl compleleiy changed." lie subsequently gave me the follo»viiig sketch of his life. '• You well remember on our parting at the University, you mildlj' cautioned me against in- diilgiiig in the fine arts, and as you lermed them the elegant accomplishments. You feared they >nuid lead nic gently urpose, from univers;il debility. These are, however, tolerable evils, compar- ed with the horrid sensations that an inteioper- ate man experiences through the night. After steeping, nay seething every faculty ihrough the d.iy, the slightest noise is alarming, — and the all id'vv of danger terrific. Imaginiilion creates a thoir-.irid frightt'ii! forms, and iaucy decorates them horribly. 1 awake fatigued, nay exhausted. 138 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Not only the " grasshopper is a burden," even select a very nice spot of ground, and spare no. a feather is oppressive. Yea, the kind caress of pains in properly airan^inj it for the reception Hiy sweet little child is an Hprculean task to re- nf the seed. "But when shall it he sown?" ciprocate. This reminds me of what I had for- | Some elderly people say " in the old of the o-ot to mention, — that dnrinir my mad career re- moon, that they may bottom well." This item course was ham plenl'fnlly ma- nured and sown down with onion*, and the re- sult precisely the sa-r.e as that mentioned. The man, however, still perspveied, and anotlu'r year produced him, perhaps, one onion to twenty scullions. A third year, and nearly one half were tolerably handsome, but rather large top. He can now (after a lajise of eight or nine year*) rear fair onions with as much ease as potatoes. The best time to sow the seed, like all otii er, is when the earth has received a goodly degree of warmth. The ground should lie made as level as it possibly can be, and cleared of all inrumbr.ince*.. There is little danger of making it loo hard, as a pressure of the earth will have a tendency to prevent the on- ion lakin? t"0 much root downwards. I have no objection to sowing in hills or drills — they will grow well either way. After Ihe seed is sown and covered to the depth oi" an inch, lake a piece of board two feel lonnr, fisten it to the shoe of the font, and stamp the hills or drills perfectly level ; thi< will press the moist earth upon the seed and cause it to vegetate surer and quicker. After the seed is up (which is generally in a fortnight) nothing is to he done till the weeds makp their appearance, unless Ihe flies make depredations, in which case, ashes are lo he sprinkled on sparingly, for in this lender slate ol" the plant, loo much alkali would prove a destroyer. Of late 1 find that Ihe black ani is a foe, for it cuts Ihe lop olT close lo the surface. But neither are so dangerous as the wire wor.m, for it destroys the root and the jilanl perislus. By weeding them in season two points are gained. The first is the saving of h;ilf the la- bour; and the second, the plants will not be so likely lo come up wilh the weeds. Carp should be taken not to hill Ihem at all, r.iliier take away the earth from the roots, as the nearer Ihpy grow to the surface, the fairer onions they will be. If any are inclined lo run deep in the earth, ihey should '

om seed which I have furnished, several plants of (his valuable article. I anticipate the most favorable result to our common country from these little beginnings." This collection of the seeds has been forward- ed to the Horticultural Society, that it may be ascertained by experiment, whether this Louisi- ana Tea is the same with the Chinese Tea. jY. Y. Statesman. WoKOERFDt, Ox. — The wonderful ox, bred and fed by Sir William Maxwell of Monteith, on his lands in Galloway, was slaughtered at Ayr, last week. This animal was extraordinary in many respects. He exceeded almost every beast of the kind lately raised in Scotland, not only in bulk, but surpassed them likewise in symmetry oi form and beauty of skin. Indeed, he was consi- dered so singular, that he was carried through the kingdom in a caravan, exhibited as a public spectacle, and was well known to the world by the name of " fat Charlie." He was the prod- uce of a bull of the far-famed Tees-water kind, and of a cow of the equally famous Collingham breed, and was about eight years old when brought to the shambles. The four quarters weighed 1680 lb. The tallow weighed 113 10. and the hide 120 lb. and exclusive of the offal the beast weighed 2013 lb. Through the rib the thickness measured 9^ inches, and the fat down the back ■i- and the back bone 5. — Eng. paper. Great Growth. — On the farm of Mr Amos Whittemore in West-Cambridge, were gathered this season, l^om one twig of a pear tree, meas- uring 18 inches in length, twenty-nine pears, which weighed eighteen pounds. To make the Teeth White. — A mixture of hon- ey with the purest charcoal will prove an ad- mirable cleanser. 140 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Sin ^titsvtsa To the Hartford Couuty Agricultural Society, delivered at their Annual Exhibition, October 6, 18=24. By the Rev. Thomas Robbi.vs, a member of theSociety. Mr President and Gentlemen of the ^gricult. SacUli/— Through the good Proviilence of God, we are preserved to the rolurn of this pleasing an- niversary. Your Society has risen from small beginnings and its origin is still recent ; yet, during the period of six years and an half, since its commencement, it has been favored with the merciful smiles of Heaven. After the conclusion of our last «ar, in 1815. the general pressure of debt on all classes of people, and the great fall of price on all do- mestic products, led prudent and rellecting peo- ple to devise the means of relieving themselves and the community from the weight of their burdens. The only means which appeared ad- equate to this object, in addition to a diminution of ordinary expenses and economy in Hvnig, was an increase of personal and domestic lalior. No branch of business, in ^vl1ich any considera- ble portion of the community could engag;e, ■jvas deemed more siisceplilde of improvement than Agriculture. U'ith lhi«, the ordinary and most valuable mannfictur 'S, « ho«e mate'ials are the product of soil, and the lal'our ofuhich is chiefly of the domostjc kind, are necessarily connected. It was thus seen to be the dnly of every philanthropist, of every patriot, to di- rect his exertions and inlluence to the encour- agement of agriculture. It readily occurred to the minds ofdiscerning men, that the agriculture of our Stale, though not inferiour io that of the neisrhboring stales, It is an inherent part and no flattering part | than other employments, and it has many more of the New England character, to be fond of ! relaxations. Vv'e are greatly i)leased with the new things. And, whatever mav be said to the ^ establishment and prosperity of extensive Man- contrary,°it is an undoubted truth that no peo-j ufaclories in our country. They will probably pie on earth are less confined to the niann?ri and usages oftiieir ancestors, — although no peo- ple can look to a more honorable ancestry than we. For the contirmation of this sentiment, ook at iho original inhabitants of Virginia, of increase our wealth and po[)ulation, but they they will not elevate the chiracter of oiir citi- zens. Labourers in a manufactory must work twelve or fourteen hours, at the option of their em|'l(iyer, every day. under the inspection of 1 - New York, of Pennsylvania, at the people of; an overseer, and, being unacquainted with other Great Britain, and "all civilized countries.— business, the employer will bx their wages— When, therefore, it is said of our farmers, that i We often see a man in his Held, and observe, they are slow to adopt changes in their proles. |" You are busily employed." Too often he re- sion. it is a testimony to their prudence and j plies, " 1 am obliged to labour." Not a good ' reply ! As if there were some not oliliged to labour. Who has a iierniissmn to spend his day without laborious diligence ? Not one. Our gre;it I',\.in)|ile, the only perfect |iatlcrn of the human character, was always laborious, " He went about doing good," and says, "1 must good sense. At the same lime, the jirogress ol events, the changes of society, the discoveries of science, and the results of experience, will suggest improvements, in the various pursuits oflife. which it is the part of wisdom to con- sider and adojit. This is true of agriculture, ,,..,„ not less than of the mechanic arts, and the pro- work wnile it is day. fessi(!ns of science. And, if we may ju.lge Irom the united sentiment of all who are most cotni)e- tent to form an opinion, and from a multitude ol facts, it is true of the agriculture of this State. Thus, great and usci'ul improvements may, and ought to be ma.cullies — let any person try Ihe effect of intense application for a few hours: he will soon find bow much his body is fatigued thereby, although lie has not stirred from the chafr he sat on. Those who are candidates for heallb must be as circumspect in the task they set their mind, as in the exercise tin \ give to their bo- dy. The grand secret seems to he to crntrive that the exercise of the body ami that of (he niiud may serve as rel.'xalions to each other. 0\ er exerlion and anxiety of mind disliiibs di- gestion inlimlely more tli'an any f.itiarue of the body. The brain demands a much more abun- dant supply of the animal spirits than is lecpn'r- ed for the excitement of mere legs an I nrmsj. Those who possess anil employ the powers 01 the muid ni's!, si-bb m attain t. 5'reat asre ; (see " Brnuaud de I'Hygiene des Gens de Lel- tres, Paris," 8vo. 1819";) ihp envy their iaients excite, the disappointment they oi'ien meet with in their fxpectalions of receiving Ihe utmost attention and respect, which the world has sel- dom the gratitude to pay Ihein while they live, keep them in a per[ietn;il stale of irritation and disquiet, which frets thcin prematurely lo their graves. To rest a whole day after fitigue of either body or mind, is occasionally extremely benefi- cial. j\ll-liealineyond de-^crip lion, and when mowed, it tills the air with the most delicious and odoril'eruus perfume." It has been asserted by some that Sainfoin is liable to be winter killed. But Mr. Robhins, of Fennsylvania, an able and experienced agricul- turist, says that this [dant is as hardy as red clover, and as little liable to be winter killed ; for the winter ot 1822, which killed so much red clover, dithedral of Modena, inclosed in an iron cage. The offer ot the gold chain seemed a prodigious bribe, lint there aie many artists in London, wlio could make a very few ounces of gold answer the purpose ; as n single grain can be hammer- ed until it is the thirty thousandtli part of a lino in thii'kness, and will cover fifty square Indies; and £arb square incli may be divided into two hundred strips, reaching more than one-eighth part of a mile. The Bolognese were jirobably aware of the ductility of tiiis metal, and were not lo be duped into such a bargain. Franhtin^s mode of lending Money. — I send you herewith a bill for ten louis d'ors. 1 do not pretend to give much. — 1 only lend it (o you.— VNlien you shall return lo your coun'ry,yrm can- not tail of getting into some business thai will in lime enable you lo pay all your debts. In that case, when you meet another honest man in sim- ilar distress, you must pay me by lending this money to him, enjoining him to discharge the debt by a like operation, when he shall be able and shall meet ividi such anoilier opportunely. i hope it may thus go through m my hands bei'ore it meets with a knave to stop its progress. This is a trick of mine for doing a gooii deal with a little money. I am not rich enough to afford much in good works, and so am obliged lo be cunning and make the most of a liule. Mr fnctednn being one day at TaltersallV, when Soett, who happened to be- there loo, ask- ed him if he was come there to buy liorses ? " Ye?," said Inclcdon, " but what are you come here (or ? Do you think, Dicky, you could tell the difference between a horse and an ass ?" "Oh yes," said Suetl, " if you were among a th.'csmd horses 1 should know you immedi- atelv." A Receipt for producing pleasant dreams, — 1. A good conscience. 2. Good heallii. 3. A free- dom trom evil passions, such as envy, malice, and covetousness. 4. Out of debt. 5. A constant attention to business. I ' ! Tlie Fire-Side. — Home must if possible be I rendered pleasant lo its master ; and a wife should ever strive lo appear amiable in the I eyes of her husband. A man should come lo his own fire side as a weary bird lo ils nest, not as a captive to his pri=on. % FRUIT TREES, &c. TAMES BKOODGOOD&CO. have for sale at Iheir Nursery at riufhing, en Long Island, near -■--•' ^'S'S>'S^o» New York, Fruit and Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs Sz rianls, of the most approved sorts. The Froprietors of this Nursery attend personally (o the inoculation and engrafting of «// Iheir Fni'l Trees, and purchasers may itly with confidence, that the Trees they order will prove genuine. Orders left with Mr /?EBEnEK Cook, jr. No. 4-1 State Street, Bosfbn, will be transmitted to us, and receive our prompt and-particular attention. (Catalogues will he delivered, and any information imparted respecting the condition, &:c. k.e. that may be required, on appli- cation to him. Sept. 4. TFilMS OF THE F.'.r.A.Cr.. O:^'- Published every Saturday, at Thrkf. Doli.ahs I per annum, payable at the end of the year — tut tl-.ose ' who pay within sirlt/ dai/s from tl.e time of subsciibingf will In- entilUd lo a d' iluction of 1 nrv ( ^.^Ts. I (t^l'ostage must bo paid on all letters lo the Editor 1 or Publisher. INEW ENGLAND FARMER. PUBI VOL. III. L13IIEU BY JOHN B. RUSiSEl.L, ROGERS' BUlLDhNGS. CONGRKSS STREET, BOSTOi^.— THOMAS Q. Fi:SSF.NDF.N-, EOlTQfR. No. loT FRIDAY, DECEMBER 3, 1824. ©riflinal CTomniumtnttonx THE COMMITTEE'S i;iC4)ort on iF.irms in E*srv. j The Truster? of lbs Esses A<^ricultiiriil So- the I Tlie fixTin of Mr Jacob Pfuifv, in Newbury, I under tbc liireclion ot bis son, Mr Putnam Per- { i.F.v, contains about lOO ncres, and is well r.ul- atlonlion nearly as much valuable manure can be made from the urine as from the dung of (he cattle. For more particular information on tivalod. The mode adopted by bim of (lrniiiin';<= i ,„,„ ,i,an at the to(.— sav about fourteen inches best cullivaled firm«, romi>rehepi!m;,' H'^i-em j .^^ ,1^^ bottom and «even inches at the top.— every branch ol husbandry, would tend '?'"■ | Ducbes of this kind mav be made with a ditcb- lruroicmcnts — \he great obioct ol *|>e , j^,,, ,.,,;,,. .|^, PQ„,ir„r.|p,! for the purpose, ftistilution— more eflrclually than promn.ms tor ^^^-^^^l^j^^ .^ ihe form of the luiife used for Dk.nJa.min PARKEr,, of Bradford, Aaro.v Pf.p.i.fv, of Boxiord, Danif.l Adams, of Newliury, Na-_ Iha.mel Ff.i.tok, jr. and John \V. PiiorTOn, ot Danvers. And it being; su|iposed that much Xisel'ul information might be oldained by the in- spection of other farins, tlian tboj^c wl>icli had been entered iHr premiums, the Trustees ac- cordintjly aslvised the Committee to make such Jnspcclions, and diiecled that tlicir expenses should be jiaid from the funds of the Society. Hence the Report of tlie Committee will beex- temled beyond the immediate object of their appointtnent. In Ihe month of September last, the Commit- lee vis:ted most of ibe towns in the County,! and examined particularly such farms as they were invited to by the proprietors. They | would have been pleased to have made their visits more extensive, but did not feel lliem- selves at liberty to intrude upon gentlrraen without an invitation. The whole nimibe* ol farms that they visited is about twenty. Only two ol" these were regularly entered lor pre- miums. U|>on the examination that they have had opportunity to make, of the stale ot agri- culture in this Coiinty, they saw much lo ad- mire, and some things to censure. Willi niiuiy of our farmers a spirit of improvement seems . lo have taken root, and bids fair lo flourisii and yield an abundant harvest. There are others who till their lands as their falliers have done before them, — and seem not lo k> ow that any other method is practicable. Tbey (xMinil hedges of berry bearing bushes to grow aio\uHi their fields, as if for the gratification of llieir children; — their wet meadoivs to lie unjiroduc- tive, for want of draining; — their swine to range the roads, lo ihe annoyance of the pub- lic, wliere they gather a little Ibod and waste their rich manure ; — and they plant from year to year (as had been done from generation to generation) in the same grounds; — partly, per- haps, from habil, nnd partly bscause their cul- tivation is easier than others that have always remained unbroken by the plough. But these errc'ieous practices are fast disappearing, and n spirit of enterprise and imnrovomciit is taking their place. This interest will be best exemplitied by h statement of a few of the most prominent features that arre«icd our at- tention in the farms that we visited ; mention- ing those that are peculiar to each, and passing by those that are common to all. The several faims will be noticed iu the order they were vioittd. ol.str'.ictions in the way of mowing and rak- ing as wider ditches. They answer oven a belter ]>uriiese in draining, for the toj) being narrow, it is lesf liable to be filled up liy loose stibslances, floating U|)on the marshes. In a \erv si'.ort time the sides approach so near each other, ns to alVord no obstruction whatever to tiie ordinary labour upon the land; and the ditches may he crossed iiy teams with perfect sal'etv. By a little additional labour the top sod may be taken out in such form, as to be placed back, like I lie key stone to an arch ; and ttiis conipletely i)rotects the ditch from being tilled up, and leaves Ihe surlace of the marsh . ulire. In this way natural bridges may be ronslrucled in every pari, wh(;re it is necessa- ry lo [>ass ; or the whole ditch may be covere Letters of Agricola," written by John Young, Esq. of Nova Scotia, and to that valuable paper, the New England Farmer, which ought to be in the hands of rxtery farmer. The firm of Capt. Paul Kent, situate on Kent's Island, (so called) in Newbury, contains about 250 acres. Capt. Kent has paid consider- able atlentiihich before yieliled grass of a poor qualify, anil the low [daces where Ihe water was apt fo ^el- l|p, ly means of covered drains, has been very successful and is deserving of imitation. It is done by digging a tiench 3 or 4 feet in de[>fh and about the same in width, through the centre nf the low land, and filling in small stones (cast in by tilting up the loaded cart) from his stnb- liles and adjoining land*, then covering the stones with the earth taken tiorn Ihe ditch. 'I'his forms a permanent and effectual drain for many rods of land on each side of the ilifch, and does not injure Ihe ai)pearance of the field in Ihe least or leave any part of it unproductive. It serves also as a convenient deposit for the small stones, a great abundince of which were to be found on this I'arm. ^Vhere they are less [denliful, the ditches may be narrower. There are many a- cres jirodiicing the best of hay on this farm, that have been rindered ca[)alde Ihereof, entirely !iv the use of thc.'e drains. The cold, moist bmU thus improved have gentle slopes; so that the superfluous water sinking into the covered drains is freely carried away. ']'he fine stock of Cows on this farm, is one of its [irinci[ial ornaments. It shortS that great advantages may he derivcft I'rom attending fo the breed of cattle, and takiii,' care to raise only those which are of good p,ir- enfage. There are fifteen in number, of one and the same breed, and which bear a striking" resemblance to each other. Their excellence is lcsten);ill. It hnf< liceii neiirly doubled in eachsiic- ■cessivc }'ear, since tiiat time. It now produces 70 tons of hay in a season. Tliere arc kept upon it 40 head of cattle, 25 sheep, and 0 swine. Jl yields bread stutT aMi(lity of growth, | well worthy of cultivation. No growth is more under jiidicious management, these pau[iers will , licauty of appearance, and complete adaptation I rapid, and none more in demand or of greater cause no other expense to the town, than the 1 to the end in vieiv. It is an American plant, and value when arrived at maturity. It may be interest of the money paid tor the farm. Simi- native of New Eng'iand. I doubled whether an acre of land can be made to lar establishments, calculated on a plan for the j Among the cattle on this farm, we noticed the I vieU more in the course of 25 or 30 years, with- out the application of any manure, than by plant- ing it with locust trees. On a fair computation, the number of serviceable posts that might be obtained in this time would be from three to six hundred, worth from 50 cents to ^1 each. The increase of feed and surplus wood would fully pay the labour of cultivation ; so that the proceeds of the timber would be the profits of the land. An objection to the cultivation of the locust- tree is oflen l^.rough.t from the fact that they are sometimes destroyed by ivorms. This is true ; but the ravages of this insect are found to be greatest, where the trees are few and scattered. In the grove on this farm, which extends over a number of acres, and in the other groves in the vicinitv, hut very few of the trees are at alt paupers to earn their own support, are in sue-, hull lately presented to the State Socielv, bv cessful operation in the towns of Salem and j .\a,nir;ii Collin. We were informed by Mr Derby Danvers.— This-is a project worthy of the at- 1 ,h;,i ihe Trustees of the Slate Society have per- lention of every town burdened with a tax tori mined this animal to be in this county the pres- the support of paupers. Reason and justice re- J pm ^,e;,r, for the jmrpose of aiding 'in the im- ipiire, that those who throw themselves on the provement of our breed of cattle. \le is a very chanty of the public, as a consequence ol thcif, line animal, of the most celebrated English breed. own i.lleu«'ss and vices, should bo compelled toi There can be no iloubt that all those, who pay labour for their support. I attention to the i-aising of cattle would find their The farms of Messrs Davw Gray, Tiwthv i advantage in availingthemselves of this op[ior- OsGOCD, and .Toitn Apams, situate in Andover, ! (unity. Tlie trilling charge paid for the use of were visited by the Committee. Each of them ; ,i,e nnimal, (which «e understtuid lo be only g3, exhibited many indrcations ot goo.', husbandry ;: i,,,,) ,vhich will be refunded, if not successful, 1 but nothing that particularly distinguishes them from farms that are well managed in olhtr pla- ces. Mr Gray has paid much altentinu to the will be more than ten tunes gained by the value of his offspring at two months old. His calves, we undersland, at this age, have been sold at cultivation of fruit. Wo were parlicul.u ly pleas- j t\om 30 to goO each ; and the farmer who con- , ed to see that valu-.-.blc species, the Baldwin I suits his own interest, cannot find any better ' '"J'Ted by worms. This objection is by no means apple, so abundantly and successfully cultivated, rule, by which to estimate the v.ilue of his prod- When the quality ot this apple, the hardihood | ucts, than by the inices (hey will command ofthetree=, their vigorous growth, and 'heir ((jg m;,i[^gl. certainly to bear, are taken into consideration, this will be found one of the most valuable spe^ cies for engrafting, that we have in the county The farms of Messrs B. Pickman and E. II sullicient lo authorize the neglect of their culti- vation. It certainly is of the highest importance to the farmers of Essex, to inquire how they can improve their pastures, or rather how thej can save them from ruin ; for it must be obvious to all, that as at present managed, Ihey are con- The farms of Messrs D.«.niel Putmak, Andrew NrcuoLS, NATHANrEi. Eelton, Moses Preston, , . - , - ,and Johnson Proctor, situate in Danvers, were|stantly growing worse, and many of them have Derby, situate in Salam, were visited by the | each visited by the Committee. Thev afford { already become of very little value. Ifbyplant- Comm.ttee. Here are some of the best culti-^ many indications of good husbandry and success- 1 ing them with trees, by ploughing, by applying vated lands in the county, and many exempliS-] ful cultivation. The lands are of' good quality, I plaister as has been done with good snccess on ,nd their management much superior to that of i the farm of Mr Uarllett, or in any other way, cations of agricultural improvements. \Vc pre- 1 and sumo there is no farm in the county that yield a greater quantity of hay than the Pickman farm. Its orchards are also very flourishing and pro- ductive.— On Mr Derby's farm is a much larger quantity of root crops than were seen elsewhere. There were 7 acres of English turnips, ! acres of beets and mangel wurtzel, '2 acres of cabba- ges, and several other acres of different kinds of roots that were planted by way of experi- ment. Mr Derby has practised the, cultivation of crops of this kind for several years; and states that his lands yield him a much larger produce in this way, than Ihey would in any other, in proportion to the labour and expense of cultivation. His fields appeared in the finest farms in general in the county, | BIr Daniel Putnam's mode of making manurei is one of the best that we have seen. Its pecu- liar advantages are, — tiie permitting of his swine to run in the barn cellar, where the dung and urine of his cattle are iloposiled, and whero he has conveniences lor throwing in such substan- ces as are collected on the farm, for making riiannre ; and the covering of the same to pre- vent evaporation. In this melhod, the quantitv is easily lioubled and the quality much improved. The atlenl;ou of the Commillee was (lra_wn to a cider house and mill of a new and improved construction on the farm of Mr Proctor, situated on the southern side of a hill, and contains two they can bo reclaimed, it surely is worthy of the experiment. order and promised an abundant harvest con-f3ior,«s, in the upper one of which, the apples sidenng now nnlavourftble the season had been' ■ . ' . . ... . '• in that vicinitv, bv reason of the drought, lie are deposited, and the grinding is perlorme* " The Indian Hill Farm,'" So called, in West Newbury, under the dir< c-ion of Mr Bi-.njamin Poor, and carried on by Mr- Nathaniel Pearson, and Col. Jesse Putjjam's farm in Danvers, were the only farms that were regularly entered for the Society's premiums. Each of these farrss was aitentively examined by the Committee, in June and September ; and as soon as may be practicable, they expect to receive from the occupants, a minute and accurate statement of their produce for the present and the last year. "The Indian Hill Farm" consists of about 100 acres of excellent land, principally situate on and about a large hill, from which it derives its name. Until within 5 or 6 years, but little la- informed the Committee that in rdonuhi.'? hisi "" ''^"^'' "^^' i"''''' ""'' """^'^ apparatus forj^^^r has been applied to it, and consequently niorme.i ine .^ommiute,in,u in j.ionuni.g.iiis^caipl'iling the process are situated. Adjoiniog ,,,„ imnrovemeat* that were wi nessed, have wnds, he uses bi;t one pair of oxen ton ploughji ' o i j o|!lje improvemet^w tnai were tyiiucaicu, ««.«* 148 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. been made within this time. Large quantities of maoure have been carried upon it,anil the land is now in a highly improved state. The most striking improvement on the fiirm, is the con- verting of 6 or 8 acres of low and unproductive wel meadow land, into the best of English mow- ing. This was done simply by ditchinjf, plough- ing, and the application of manure. The orch- ards will not bear a comparison with those on many farms in the county. The crops promise fair the present season, — particularly a field of mangel wurlzel, of about one acre, which will be very productive. To pass from the (ields to the buildings, and to a view of the order and regularity in the system, of labour on Ibis farm, — here the Committee can speak with praise unqualified. The motto exhibited at the entrance of the barn, viz. — " A place for every thing, and every thing in its place, is the rule of this farm,'''' was well exemplified in every apartment. The arrangement of the tools and Hiiplerocnts of hus- bandry; the conveniences for the accommoda- tion of the cattle, — for storing the pmduce, — and for keeping and feeding the swine, are de- serving of entire approbation. The Committee feel no hesitation in saying thTt most, even of our good farmers, would find their time well spent in taking a few lessons on these subjects at- this place. They are such lessons as would be serviceable to us all,— from the gentleman who farms for his amusement, to the laborious husbandman, who earns his daily bread by the Sweat of his brow. Col. Jesse Putnam's farm is situate in the North Parish of Danvers, and contains about 100 acres. It is the same to which the second premium of this Society was awarded in 1822. A part of it is land of a good quality ; the great- er part is not of good quality ; and some of it is naturally very poor. These are circumstances that deserve to be noticed, for they are embar- rassments in the way of successful cultivation. that the proprietor of a fertile soil has not to en- counter, and knows but poorly how to estimate. The man who by skill and industry surmounts these obstacles, St causes the produce of his lands to rise to an equality with the products of other lands naturally fertile, deserves well of his country. He literally " makes two blades of grass to grow, where but one grew before." The orchards on this farm merit particular attention. There are from 1500 to 2000 trees of grafted fruit in a bearing condition. Much of the iVuit is of good quality. The thrifty and lively appearance of the trees is to be allribut- cd in a great degree to the attention they have received. Many of them are planted on a bar- ren soil, that, at first view, would seem wholly insufficient for their Jiip|)ort. The wet meadow lands on this fnrm that have been converted into |)rodiiclive English mowing grounds, by means of ditching and the applica- tion of sand Si manure, are line specimens of the (ulvantages of this kind-of labour, and aflbrd good samples for imitation to proprietors of similar kinds of land. The increase of crop, in a very «hort time, pays for all the extra labour ; and there remain-; to the proprietor a permanently fertile field of the liighest value. The mauagoment of the dairy on this farm is •qually praiseworfliy, as the cultivation of the lands. The ((uantity of butter made from the RiMk of seven cows, since the 20th of May, in "he present year, was not leas than 200 pounds ; together with 1100 lbs. of cheese, a part of it of good quality. This gives, on an average, G lbs. of butter a week to a cow. It also affords to the Trustees satisfactory proof of the pro|)riety of their limitation of the premiums on butter to the produce of 7 pounds per week to a cow. For had four of the bett of these cows been selected for the purpose, no doubt this quantity would have been obtained. The mode of making manure, (which is very similar to that practised by Mr I). Putnam be- fore mentioned) ; tlie plan of recrnitiiig the pas- ture lands, by occasionally ploughing the same; the manner of keeping anlctciv covered. The time oc- cupied in ;iliiu^hin2: a quarter of an acre was fitty-one minutes, without !iny l'ati!»ije to the catlli' or ploughman ; allhouo;h the stepping- of the cattle was much quicker than is observable in plough-teams generally. The ground ploughed was free from stones or graveh The Committee regret that the competitors were oidv three in number : they would have been gratified to have seen objects for all the (our premiums authorized to be given. They a- ward one of them — the smallest, being 6 dol- lars— to S.\MLF.L ScRiBNKR, of Bytield — in New- bury. His plough was well formed ; but his oxen were deficient in their movements tor want of better training. The Committee were mr.ch influenced in awardir? the latter premium, in the hope that : it may tend to encourage farmers to come for- ward in considerable nurebers, at the next ploughing match with improved ploughs and well trained oxeti. Bi/ the Committee, T. PICKERING, Chairman. Topsfittd, October 26, 1821. FACTS AND OBSKRV AXIOMS IN fl0rttttltuvr ants Bomrsttc 5SronomB. MANUEL WURTZtL. It is slated by a late writer in the Farmer's Journal, an agricultural paper, printed in Lon- don, that Mangel Wurlzel roots should not be fed out lo cattle (ill about February. " Mr Coke grew them some years ago, and liis ser- vants not knoiving their qualities, fed the slock with them in autumn with all they could eat ; the consequence «vas that they were seized ivith a paialytical disorder, but the greater part, if not all, recovered by changing their I'ood." The tops, however, produce no' bad ef- fect, and are an excellent food for cattle in au- tumn. The same writer observes, in substance, that the cultivation of this valuable root is increas- ing in Norfolk, Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, North- amptonshire, ud other places in England, and it is in a fair way to supersede the lurnip hus- bandry. — PRIDE AND PREJIDICE. A correspond -•nt of the Fanner's Journal, in an article dated Surrey, England, 1824, says, "some attempts have been made to introduce • he common swing plough, drawn by two hor- ses, but the native ploughmen are so obstinate that they will not be taught the use of it; and, strange as it may appear in such uncouth be- ings, their objections arc founded in pride. — " Why is it, my good fellow," said I to one of them the other day, " Ih.at you like the old plough so much better than the new ? The new plough, you see, stirs the ground full as deep, and does its work as well as the other, in every r<"spect." His answer was, — '• Why, you see, Sir, I likes lo have four horses before me, they looks so grand." The masters, I am .•!orry lo say, are, in this respect, mucli like their men. It is difficult to prevail upon them *vea lo try the experiment, although they Lave in (he neighbourhood, daily opportunities of seeing good efl'ects from (he use of ploughs, drawn by two horses only. " Were these ploughs substituted, in part for the old ploughs, the saving to the former would be considerable. Where he now keeps four horses, one man, and one boy, two horses and one man would do. Upon each plough kept, the saving could be little short of j£70 a year, a sum equal to the rent of a small farm." BROWSE. CatUe will readily eat young sprouts, twigs of trees, and bushes at all times of the year, un- less when the snow is so deep that they cannot wander in pursuit of it. Late in the autumn and earl}' in the spring, mnch hay may be saved by turning out cattle to browse, in lands where there are few or no fruit trees. In the former part of summer, when the young shoots are in the most tender state, some cattle will even grow fat upon browse. Salt hay is found to give cattle an extraordinary appetite for this kind of food. — MEASLES IN SWINE. Swine, when affected with this disease, have their eyes red and inflamed ; the skin rises in pimples, and runs into scabs. To cure them of this disease, — take half a spoonful of spirit of hartshorn, and two ounces of bole armoniac, mix it with meal and wafer, and give it to them in the morning, when they are very hungry. Re- peat the dose every day, till they are cured, which will be in four or five days. MOLES. The late Hon. Jacob Rush, of Philadelphia, was of opioion, from some experiments, that dried cod-fish, cut into small pieces, and put into the earth, will drive away moles from gar- dens. Take a sWall round stick of about one inch in diameter, sharpened at the point, and perforate the ground in the roads of the moles ; drop in a small piece of fish, and cover the hole with a lump of dirt, and your gardens will soon be rid of these mischievous animals. CONVULSIONS. When convulsions occur in children, they are best relieved by a warm bath, about 92 or 94° Fahrenheit, which operates by its anti-spasmo- dic power, and by determining (he blood to (he surface. Should this fail, blood should be abstracted either by leeches, cupping, or by opening the jugular vein, blisters should be applied to the extremities, and an ice-cap to the head. There is nothing more powerful, however, in shortening paroxysms, than cold alFusion of the face and head. The purple colour of the face, in cases of convulsion, is occasioned by spasm of the mus- cles of respiration, which retards the passage of the blood through the lungs; this symptom may bs removed !.y inhalation of ammoniacal gas. — Medical Intelbgcncer. A French wnter recommends the use of po- tatoes three-fourths boiled, as a substitute for .">ap. We can assure our readers, from long personal experience, that boiled potatoes cleanse the hands as thoroughly and easily as comnion soap ; they (irevent the chops in the winter season, and keep the skin soft and healthy, — iiid.. NEW CANAL. A correspondent of (he Worcester Yeoman points out the following as a practicable route for the Canal from Boston to Albany. " The whole line of this canal would be from Boston by the Middlesex Canal to Concord riv- er, then up the Nashua branch through Lan- caster, to the ponds at its source, which afe near the large ponds at (he source of Miller's river lo the Connecticut, and then by Deer- field river and the Hoosack (o (he Hudson. " I hope it is possible (o lead a canal thro' the western part of Massacbusettts over the Green Mountains ; but whether that be possi- ble or not, 1 am quite sure one may be led from (he Cpnneclicut river to the Middlesex canal. 1 submit to my fellow citizens whether the matter is not of sufficient importance to engage the public attention, and to demand an investigation at the public expense. The western part of Massachusetts and the " river towns," have a great interest in this work, if it be practicable. I hope their representatives will call for an examination. It will cost less than the salary of a single judge for one yearj and though the object should be relinquished on examination, still much information will be obtained, valuable to the public. And if the work be pronounced practicable, Massachuselts, prosperous as she is, will vastly increase her wealth, population and resources." SCIENTIFIC ITEMS. ^ German Exjilanaiion of the Deluge. — M.Chabrier,, a corresponding; member of the society of the Friend* of Nature at Fraukfort, has published a memoir to prove that the deluge was occasioned by the fall of the seas of another planet upon ours ; and that the terrestrial matter of that broken up world falliog on our globe foroied our mountains, &c. In answer ta the objection that Moses has not alluded to this ex- planation of the formation of our mountains, he sup-. poses " the patriarch Kin» shut up in the ark witU his family, where, as may be well imagined, he had work enough on his hands and was so fully employed, that he had no time to observe this important event, and the weather was so terrible, that he could not learn what was passing out of doors." 1 The prospectus circulated relative to Freycinet'g Voyage rouud the World, states that the Atlas of Zoology will contain prints of 254 animals or pieces of anatomy, among; which, 3:23 are new species, com- prehending 15 new genuses ; and the remainder be- long to species little known, or not yet engraved. The text will, besides, contain descriptions of 80 nevf species of which there are no drawings, so that the whole number of new animals brought into notice by this voyage, amounts to three hundred and seven 1 The Molusca and Polypus are also represented as forming a very valuable collection ; and much praise is given to the Botanical department. The Kingston, (Jam.) Barbadian says, " the cele* bratecl pedestrian traveller, Captain J. D. Cochrane, R. If. arrived in the Packet (the Frolic.) This en- terprizing gentleman, wliose thirst 'for useful knowl- edge is insatiable, has travelled on foot through a great part of Asiatic Russia — a route, we understand, of more than 3000 miles. Bent upon further discove- ries, this indefatigable pedestrian is now on his way to South America, inteniling to explore the yet un- travelled part of that wonderful country, and to as- cend those prodigious mountains, the Andes. Many of our friends recollect this gentleman, when very young, a midshipman, when his uncle, Admiral Coch- rane, commanded the naval force on this gtaticn. J^2 'will, we ari sure, desire him succe«<." 150 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, DECEMBER 3, Iti24. 0:5=Our iriends ia Newburyport and its viciuity are informed that Mr Ebenezer Stedmabt, Bookseller, of Newburyport, has been appointed Agent for the New England Farmer, and is authorized to receive subscription?, moneys, &c. on our account. 0:5= We are again under the necessity of cautioning our friends in Maine, agfiinst paying any moneys to trav- elling agents. JV» ;>eriore M7io(fi'e?' is authorized to receive moneys on our account, except M.S.JirDKiNS Esq. of Castine, — H, Little, Esq. ofBucksport, — L. Jarvis, Esq. of Ellsworth. — and A. Bctterfif.i.d, Esq. of Machias. (A certain Mr Jlnws is nol an authorized agent.) If, after these repeated notices, subscribers pay pretended agents, they do it at the risk of being called upon again for payment by the publisher. jF.irmrr's €alrnU.tr. It is quite time to be on the look out for cold weather, as it will assuredly make you a visita- tion about this time, as (lie almanac-makers phrase it. We apprehend that what is called the Indian summer is near a close. Gener.il Bo- reas is reviewing; his airy force.', and has already issued orders for a general attack on the North- ern States. You will, therefore, barricade your buildings against the intrusions of tbat person- age, and his retinue, and secure good winter quarters for yourself, your family and domestics, Hot forgetting your cattle, sheep, sivine, and poultry. Your cellars, and other repositories of provisions for man and beast, should, you know, be rendered proof against frost by bank- ing them up with earth, chip manure, or what is still better, spent tan. Next to a scolding wife, and a smoking chimney, a freezing cellar is to be deprecated. Indeed, we are not pre- pared to assert that the last is not the greatest evil of the three. And now, while we are speaking of cellars, we will mention a mode of obviating the dangers arising from the sudden, or frequent breathing of the damp and vitiated air often generated in cellars, which sometimes creates fevers, without their cause being sus- pected. Open a channel of communication be- tween your cellar and the principal chimney of your house, and where there are more cellais than one, make a communication between them, by means of an opening over or near the doors and neiit the ceiling, three feet long, and one foot deep. Parallel iron bars may be placed in the openings. By this means tlia cellar may he continually ventilated, so as to expel the damp and noxious vapours, which are usually collect- ed in thctn ; while the draught of the chimnc}' is in a considerable degree promoted.* We should imagine that a tin or sheet iron tube leading fiom a cellar, and entering the chimney at a considerable distance above the * See Willirh's Domeslio En'^ynlnpeili;!, Art,. Cellar. fire-place, might form a convenient channel of communication, and keep a cellar alivays venli- lati'd. And we see no reason why bed rooms and other apartments may not be ventilated by similar means, provided that the end of the tube which projects into the apartment to be venti- lated, be closed with a perforated plate, which will admit air, and exclude any sp.uks from the chimney. A contrivance of this nature would answer a valuable purpose, even when there was no fire in the chimney, though its operation would, in that case, be less effective. You will likewise turn your attention to your stalls, stables, racks, &c. for your cattle. Your stables should be enclosed in such n manner as to defend the beasts from wmcis and storms ; bul should not be too warm, lest it make them ten- der, and liable to be (lisordered when exposed to the weather. " Slables for horses, (says Judge Peters of Pennsylvania) should not be too close. Diseases are generated by confined air ; — and horses kept too warm cannot safely encounter cold and wet " Col. Poweli, of the same state, a very scientific as well as practical agricullur- ist, says, '• It is scarcely possible in this state, where the changes of climate are sudden and severe, to guard I'arm stock from sufTeriiig, when they are made warm throughout the night, and necessarily left exposed to '.he pelting of storms during part of the day. i am convinced that milch cows, and very young calves, require pro- tection from cold. All other cattle, if guarded from wet, and currents of wind, feed with more appetite, digest with more case, work \vith more vigour, and encounter accidental exposure with less danger of harm, than if they be confined within thick stone walls, inhaling an impure at- mosphere, iVom which by the instinct of nature, if not thwarted by the ill-judged contrivance ot man, they would lly."* Col. Powell however, in this pas.^age, adverted to the barns of Penn- sylvania, which the German population of that stale usually build wilh stone, the walls very thick, and the buildings " as tight as a bottle." Our New F.ngU-.nd barns have generally cracks and air holes enough, (and some to spare) to serve all the puriioses of ventilation. It is well enough, hosvevei for our culiivators to recollect that ourcattle and horses will breathe with more convenience and advantage in fresh than in foul air, and that they can overdo the business of mak- ing their cattle comfortable in cold weather. — In case a great many cattle are housed in the same bnilding, and if it is apprehended that the air is liable to be vitiated by their breath, efflu- via, &,c. a few small augur holes bored in oppo- site sides, a liitle higher than the heads of the animals, will promote the circulation of air, anil not admit snow or rain in such quantities as to be injurious. You will likewise bear in mind that light is of Same importance to yeur doiricslic animal?, especially to horses ; and Dr Deane directs that some of the windows of stabiles be made of "lass. It is also important to adopt proper methods foe preserving liquid manure, the stale of your an- imals, &iC. by methods suggested by your own ingenuity, or by such as are described in our 1st vol. [lages 44 and 219. The Report of the Committee of the Essex Ji^-- ricuhurul Society, appointed to examine the farms for which premiums were claimed, &c. which we have given in this day's paper, will he found highly worthy the attention of every cultivator. It gives a [irecedent, which we hope will be imitated by Agricultural .Societies generally, and contains important information relative to the manner in which similar exami- nations may be well performed and correctly described. Reviews of this kind not vJ.y open new inlets for the acquisition of knowledge ia husbandry, but form very powerful incentives to improvement in every branch of rural econ- omy. By such means eslablished errors may be exposed and avoided, ar'l improved modes of cultivation, sanctioned by successful experi- ments, introduced wilh a fair prospect of their general adoption. Culiivators, anticip.iling the inspection of well qualified judges, will be ac- tuated by the strongest motives to excel in their occupations. Every farmer will i'eel that not only the eyes of his neighbours, but the atten- tion of an enlightened community is fixed on Inm and his operations; and conscious that not only wealth but repulalion will reward his skill and industry, he will rightly appreciate the im- portance of his vocation, and exert every facul- ty of mind and body to " act well the part where honour lies." * So*, fnrlhpr, N. 11 Farmer, vol. ii. page 141. TO THE EDITOR OF THE IVEW ENGLAND FARMER. Worcester, J\"ov. 29, 1824. Dear Sib, — You may probably recollect that in a late discus-ion in your paper, on the supe- rior value of (lie Bediord or English breed of Hogs, 1 stated my belief that 1 should be able from my ou'n stock to corroborate the evidence I had adduced in their favour. On the l.jth inst. I sold to a gentleman in Ihis town tor Bos- ton market, two o( this clear breed, — one weigh- ing at 2 years old 551 lbs. the other 447 lbs; — This last was the mother of the Ibrmer, and of one fattened by Maj. Burt last year, which weighed at the satrie age 573 ib's. These Hogs were particularly commended at our late Cattle Show. From the certificate of 'my man, who tended them, it appears that Ihey j were not fed willi a vie<» to t':it(ening tbcm, un- til the first week in Seplemlier. By moderate kecpino;, they were then in high order. They were led IVom tlip field .so long as the corn was soft. After uhicb they bad cq'cal parls of corn aniit in the contest the set- tlers sustained some los^ ; ytt they succeeded in preser- ving their ground, and keeping the savages at a respec- table distance. Good Example. — .i Mrs Pills, a Methodist lady who "lately div:d in Virginia, left her slaves free, ujjon condi- tion of their going to Africa, and has directed her ad- ministrator to furnish the nece.ssary means to defray all the expenses of their transportation. Lafiiyetle. — The General has arrived at Washington city, from his Virginia lour, accompanied by Mr Bar- bour of the U.S. Senate ; and dined with tlie President in conip.iny with the principal officers of the govern- ment, the mayor of the city, and other guests. On "Wednesday morning he departed for Baltimore. The General purposes visiting South Carolin.i in the course of the ensuing wiater. He attended the Baltimore Cat- tle '^how on the 25th nil. ; and will probably remain in Washington city during the month of December. Kinlutl:;/. — The receipts into the Plate Treasury of Kentucky dining the last year are found lo be insntTi- cient to meet the expenses by the sum of about 3o,000 dollars. Cnielli/. — Mr Flournoy, of Georgia, has been pre- sented for cruelt}' to seven slaves, overworking them and Kfusing them proper food and clothing. Tiiey all died and then, it is said, were refused the riles of sep- ulture. .4 Cntlon Gin, nrar New Orleans, was lately consu- med bv fne, occasioned by friction of (he machinery. Loss, i 10,000. I^ouisianrt. — The cultivation of sugar in Louisiana, (he season just past, has produced 40.000 hogsheads of 'hat article, which at a valuation of $7.5 a hogshead, is worth j;3.0n0,000. The next article of importance, the j Cotlon Plant, has produced the present year, a crop valued at nearly 'I;2,0UO,0()0. Such already is tlie pro- ductiveness of a State, but very imperfectly settled, the population now not averaging over three persons to a square mile. It requires indeed no great effort of the imagination lo anticipate the future grandeur of this section of our Republic, J\' England the information which was published hi the first \n|ume of the admirable Annuls of Botany, by Konlg and Sims. Mr Vargas slates Ihat the Ar- rrcacha is one amongst the most usrtui of Ihe vegetables of that part of America. It belongs to the order of U/nbellifcra', and its habit resem- bles an Apiviii (thus bearing some analogy to the Celcri/ and Parsley of Europe,) and it is in some parts of the country called Apia. lis stalk generally divides from the upper paft of the root in several stems, thick'y beset with large orbicular leaves, gashed into several si- nuses, and supported by large tubular leaf-slalk^=, exceeding a goose quill in thickness. The roots immediately divide into four or live branches, and each of these, if the soil be light and tlie weather favourable, will grow to Ihe size, and very nearly the shape of a large cow's horn. This root yields a food which is prepared in the kitchens in the same manner as potatoes, li is extremely grateful to the pal- ate, more close than mealy ; it is so lender that it requires litlle cooking and so easy of diges- tion, that it is the common practice in the country to give it to convali«cents ani.iAr» per annum, payable at the tnd of Ihe year — but tbo.^e who pay wilV.iu sixli^ dni/s from the time of snbsrribiiig will he entitled to a deiUielinn of 1 irTV Ck.mts. (t/-Poslage must be paid on all letter! to the Editer or Publisher. JOD PRINTING executed with neatness and (!e!-)>atch, on reasonable t- rnis at Ibis Oflice. JNEW ENGLAND FARMER. VOL. IH PUBLISHED BY JOHN B. RUSSELL, ROGERS' BUILDINGS, CONGRESS STREET, BOSTON.— THOMAS G. FESSENDEN, EIMTo'r. "^ FR I DA y7 DECEMBER 10, 1824. lie ilivollings ; in flie oreclion of spacious and jiorniiinent mnnufiictoiies in every branch of Ihe arts; in Ihe general appearance of tlic connliy, " ^rccn wi(li ll>e dew of heaven," and rejoicing in ihe labour of its iuhabilants ; and in tiie smiles of contcndnent that are fo gener- ally spread upon the countenances of a grate- occtinatinn of all olhe"rs best filled to promote 1 1'"' I";"!'.'''- No"- "^^^ "e travel beyond the his health, by alternate re?t and labour; to pre- 1 'J'^'™;'";«''"' our own County to witness the serve his virlne, by withdrawing him from lhe|';'P"' "hedding new light upon this science. And irj the present period of peace, the comparatively small de- mand she has for our products is the jest evi- dence that the agricultural exertions o' Europe are not made in vain. Every part of that in- leiesting continent (if we except the psninsula) is now probably making greater advances in ev- ery branch of local improvement ihar at any former period. Do we not also sec the beneficial results of ' domestic industry in every part of our own belov- ed oalion? We witness it in the uaexamjled im- provement of our public canals, bridj;es and ways; in the facilities for transportation to the most remote parts of the land ; in the superior taste displayed m our public edifices ani domos- .\t this sober season of the declining yea^*, when our inordinate passions fade vvilli the fail- • iig leaf — w'if.n our envies, our little jealousies, and local prejudices should all be buried in an overwhelming tide of thaiikfulnesg to the Giver of ail Good, for the many favours so bountifully showered down upon our land — who does not feel his patriotism revived ? Who does not feel encouraged to renewed and more vigorous ex- ertions in the great work of encouraging do- mestic industry ? But let us. Fellow Citizens, recollect that for our advanlages we are not indebted to any pe- culiar excellence of soil or climate. A large proportion of the globe, tar behind lis in im- provement, is more highly favoured in these particulars than our native home. No : there are, under Divine Pro\idence, certain moral causes, unr enlightened Instilvlions, that have given to our land a s[)lendour that Nature de- nied it. Without these, barrenness and pover- ty would have still reigned in silent desolation over these fields, Ih it have so recently been re- claimed from the wilderness. It is these causes. Citizens of the County of Worcester, that have given to so many of your sons Iheir opulence and their elevated rank in this and many of our sister States. It is these, that enable so many of you to see "distinguished talent and high public trust resting where your names rest." And while reviewing the progress of our County in Husbandry and the Arts, and with each returning year finding more abundant cau- ses for exulting ia our success, is not this anni versary a proper se.ison to enquire whether a correspondent advance has been made ia those No. 20. greater objects that are equally under our con- Iroul, and which are the causes of these bles- sings ? With our increased population," and the means of doing good, have we done more to- wards the education of our children and youth? flave we been more liberal in Ihe support of our public and private Schools? Are our So- cial Libraries increased ? Have School Books j and co])ies of Ihe Holy Scriptures been placed in the hands of our destitute neighbours? Are I Ihe institutions of Ihe Lord's day, those Schools 'for children of a larger <^ron'th, been better j supported and more generally attended? Are jour municipal concerns free from embarrass- ment, and under jiroper regulation ? Is the slandard of /)i(&/(c moruls more elevated? 1 know that, t'rom many of our towns, these ques- tions would receive favourable responses; but if negligence any where exists, it peculiarly behooves the possessors of the soil to see that a remedy is provided. The character of your towns is determined by these things: your own respectability and hapjiiness and that of your children depend ufion ihem. The (enure of our lands is allodial: we ourselves hold Iheyee- siniple, and arc accountable to no liege lord. — But not so the institutions of our fathers: of them we are in the fine of Iransmission — we are barely tenants for If c,7iud posterity will hold us iinpeac.'iable for i<:aslc. or for alicnalion. The system of furnishing public instruction to the whole population, by a tax upon the es- tates, has been practiced liere for two centuries, and has been fdhiwed by Ihe most happy re- sults. Il ].« t:",sidere'' bv our most distinguish- ed statesmen as "a wise and liberal system of police, by which property and life and the peace of society are best secured." It renders unnecessary those more violent and expensive methods to which other governments have been compelled to resort, to restrain the licentious passions of their subjects. Notwithstanding the great increase oi" our numbers, and the varied employnipnfs that they are constantly pursuing, it is compiMfilively rare that the penal code is called to exert itself upon one of our native citizens. Who is more interested in a continu- ance of this state of things than the landhold- ers of New England, where ihe meanest labour- er is tar from being a slave, and to whose integ- rity and moral principle and intelligence we are often obliged to trust? A degree of mental cul- tivation is essential to the happiness of a Far- mer, as well as a security for his rights. His occupation is furnishing him with constant op- portunities to reflect upon the dignify of his moral nature. The smiles and the frowns of Providence affect his interests immediately, without the intervention of second causes. Ev- ery object around him leads to the most sub- lime and interesting contemplations; and if pur- sued with proper feelings, must lead to the most beneficial effects fo his character. Let our literary institutions decay, (as appears to he the wish of modern innovators) and but a few generations will pass before our descendants from the Hesperian gardens of the West will- look in vaio for the Deal School-Houses, for tbe 154 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Temples of Religion, and for tlie decent Grave- Yard? of (heir ancestora. The traveller may indeed (ind a bloated popiilatioS— he m;iy find fields of rank luxuriance — ho may hear the noise of the Mechanic, and see the husy stir of com- merce ; l)ut it will he a ' barren splendour.'' a ^ sichty greatness,^ a '■Jlorid vigour,'' betokening; disease, decay and death. Instead of the pres- ent ha!)py dislribntion of property, he »vill find the lands and the wealth engrossed by a lew su- percilious lordlings, lookin? down upon the la- bouring Farmer and the Mechanic as an inferi- or racp of beings. Instead of the Church-going hell, summoning him to the house of prayer, he will find the Sabbath hailed as a day of luxuri- ous festivity, of noisy mirlh, and of vulgar dissi- pation. Instead of the general diBusion of learn- ing, he will find a chosen few approj)riating to themselves all the valued treasures of science ; but their knowledge will he loo lofty or too re- fined fo pass current among the people, and ig- norance and darkness will overspread the land. Instead of domestic security, the traveller will find those homes, where once was enjoyed " un- disiurbed sleep within unbarred doors," beset by pscisemeu and gens d''armes by day, anosed, hit il our encomiums u[)on Husbandry, »ve in- tend to derogate any thing from the iuiporlai'.ce of Manufacturing. JInst of the handicraft trades are essentially connected wilh Ihe cullivalion ol the earth ; and without these facilities ou;- la- bours would lie almost in vain. \Vhen Iherelore we speak of Agriculture, we wish lo be undt-r- slood as including all those branches of domestic manufacture by which the cultivation of Ihe earth is jiromoted. Without the use of iron, for instance, the fields of -Massachusetts would yield but a meagre harvest. Nor would we be limit- ed lo this view of the subject. No real friend (0 New-England, no wise uiao, that has watched her progress, that has compared her situation with that of the wealthiest countries of Europe, but must admit (hat the time is approaching when she must be an extensive manufacturing district. Circumstances beyond our control, have rendered it necessary Ihat some of the streams of our surplus capdlal should be turned into this channel. By a judicious management, this wealth will not be lost to us : it will become absorbed in Ihe soil — it will be prevented from flowing to too great a distance — and thus it may diffuse a more general fertility. In the present languishing stale of commerce, this probably is the only mode by which we can retain our sur- plus population and our resources among our- selves. Time and circumstances will probably accomplish all that the most sanguine "friend to domestic industry" can desire. The contro- versy that basso long agitated the community upon this subject, is merely upon the degree of encouragement that is proper to be given to this branch of employment. To adjust the jarring interests of Commerce and .Manufactures, seems to have been, of late, a great part of the business of the Grand Coun- cil of our nation. That tliey should he encour- aged and protected, the enlightened Farmer does not object. But may not the inquiry be permitted, why the encouragement of .Igricul- ture should so seldom be a topic of discussion ? When the Imposts and Excises fail to replenish Ihe treasury, we hear much of the productive nature of a Land-Tax, and the cerlainly and ease wilh which it may be collected ! When an army is to be raised, there is a never failing resource of recruits among Ihe hardy Yeoman- ry of our country ! It ia true, the details of this interest occupy but a small space in our lumi- nous Treasury reports : it is scarcely seen amid llic bustle of the wharf and the war«"-house. — Nor does it atlracl the gaze of the traveller like the motions of a steam-engine, Ihe buzz of an army of spindles, or the clatter of a host of power looms : its progress is gradual and silenl, as the growth of its products. But Agriculture is the life-blood of (his nation: it clothes and it feeds our ten millions of inhabitants: it forms more than three-lourlhs of our domestic ex- ports, and more than half of all the oj;[iorts of our extensive commerce : it is the solid Tus- can base that su|)porls the august fabric of civ- il society. Without it, labour would languish for employment — Trade and the Arts for male- rials of workmanship and articles of exchange lated. The volatility of a trading capital may be likened lo the element upon which it is gen- erally earned. Unstalde as the ocean, il ifows and it ebbs at every tide. — while Ihe stock earn- ed by improvements upon the land is as perma- nent as the soil from whence it is derived, fix- ed as our native hills, and as durable as the masses of granite upon which they rest. The onlinary events of war, of peace, of changes in Ihe policy of governments, most generally affect the sources of commercial pro- fit, and often leave them completely dried u|) ; but that wealth uhich results from ferlilizin'' the national domain, cannot be materially affect- ed, only by those lasting depredalions that de- vastate whole provinces. As a practical illus- Iralion of these principles, revert fi)r a moment lo Ihe map of the world ; and firsi, behold E- gypt, that celebraled granary of the East, from times of patriarchal antiquity, when the Hus- banilmen of Canaan zcciit down to buy corn. Who does not recognize Ihe period to which we allude, thai recollects the taelve brethren at the Egyptian court? No one can forget .the narrative that is associated with his earliest re- collections, and which he finds as instructive to him as a parent as il was interesting lo him as a chdd. Egypt, throiiirh the long line of her Ph.iraohs and her Ptolemies, ihe succession of her Mamelukes, her Beys, and her Pachas, for a period of more than forty cenliiric^, by Ao-ricul- ti;ro alone, has been enabled to furnish bread to her neighbours; and, it is said, is now about entering into competition wilh this distant re- gion in supplying the European market wilh our most important staple, the article Cotton. .■\nd thu.s, nolwitbslanding the exactions and op- pressions of Ihe worst government, is blessed ivilh resources as redundant as her Nile, and as imperishable as her pyramids. Look now at Spain, fallen, degraded Spain : once the [lossessor of both the Indies, and the coiitioller of their wcalih — once rich in enler- jirizing commerce with iier own colonies and the whole world. With the spices of the East and Gold of the West, she commanded the trade of Europe. " Proud swellM bcr tides ivitli loads of frcijhted ore, •Ind shouUnj folly liail'd them from her shore." But every galleon thatentered her port brought wilh il Ihe seeds of weakness and decay. ller kings Here furnished wilh the means ofengaging in the most destructive wars. Her nobles were dazzleJ with the glare of boundless wealth. - — the massy Doric column and the ornameulal The na'ional industry lost its elasticity. Wrlh the Corinthian capital would tiimble into ruins, ami expulsion of Ihe Jews and the Moors at -least a serve only to desolate what Ihey now supjiorl j million Dl'her most thriving mechanics and hus- anil embellish. | bandmen were lost forever. The most op- The solid and durable character of Ihe cj'{- pressive and unequal tax uiion every sale o{ tal stock added to any section of a country by Husbandry, aflords a striking contrast to the transitory and lluctualing nature of that acquir- ed by the pursuits of Trade. A Merchant, it has often been observed, is a citizen of liic-zaorld, and not necessarily an inhabitant of any partic- ular nation : his forlune* is literally atloal, and he may change it with every shifting breeze. Not so wilh the Husbandman: his capital is an- nexed to Ihe soil he inhabits, and becomes iden- tified wilh its dearest interests. If, from caprice or disalTeclion, he changes Iiis domicil, Ihe fruitj of his toil, his induslry and his enler|)rize remain, to form an integral part of the capital stock of the the districts where it was accumu- cerlain commodities has destroyed her internal trade and her manufactures. And what must be the slate of Agriculture under a system that allows tie privileged orders lo drive their flocks of thousinds through different provinces for the benefit cf pasturage, prostrating in their course alike Ihe crops as well as Ihe fences of the un- fortunate tenantry. Her local situation and phy-_ sical ad'anlages ore probably superiour lo those* of any other nation; hut, deluded by the glare ofcoQinercial wealth, she has pursued, for cen- luries, n |)olicy that has palsied her .Manufac- tures and blasted her Husbandry. Her manu- factures of iron, of steel, and of tin, now furnish employaient to thousands of English labourers. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 1,0.') And our own native hills at tliis moment exult 1 in llie clioir.ppt of her flocks. Crushed beneatii the most abject snpor^tilion. this once sjnllanl j nation now lies, cowled and homled, extended , nppn her own /'-'sfio-id/. a htimlde tributary to: France, realizinj: the gigantic idea of Louis j XIV, when his grandson ascenih'd her abject , throne, '' Tkrre arc no loii'^er PijrcnccsV The j Int'lj barriers erected by nature, to defend her j imbecility from tlie inroads of Cialliclc armies, j have faded and passed away before the touch of Gallick corruption. Where are tlie seventy-two I'ansc ioivns that in the thirteenth century burst tlie iron bands of feudal tyranny, am! formed that pnwcrlnl confed- eracy that lor so Innn- ;) iinie enj;rossed the com- mercial wealth of Europe ? Most of their names are blotted from the registers of manMnd, and the places where many of them stood cannot now be pointed out to the inquiring traveller. Bui Flanders, on the frontiers of the most war- like kingdom, and '.he scene of their greatest de- v;«s:alions, by her Jomcslic itidustry vises superi- or to every adversity. The armies of Austria and France have often laid waste her provinces, and robbed her of every thing but her .Agricul- tural and her Manufacturing riches. With these resources, she continues among the most opulent and populous of the continental nations. But we need not recur to the liistory of other countries or other times. There is scarcely a part of the world that excmplilics the truth of our position more forcibly than the interior of l\ew-England. Every obstacle is here yielding to the all-subduing power of human industry. — The most dreary morasses, the most rugged de- clivities are annually submitting to thediligence of our Farmers ; and our tumbling cataracts are held in durance by the perseverance of our eii- terprizing Manufacturers. If in political econ- omy one prmc-iple is belter established than any other, it is this, — that coiintnj is the richest and the most indepcnihiit, a.-hosc ciuftosjincnt of cap- ital and labour furnishes the incans of support- in" the arealcsl population at the least expense. ■\N°ith this principle in view, can any doubt the policy of encouraging the objects of this Society ? Come, then, Fellow-Citizens! Falriots ! ye who are connected to our soil by the ties of an- cestry, of fortune, or of home — ye who rever- ence New-England as the land of your birth, and identify with her hills and her valleys the places of your earliest associations — ye who con- template her advancement with delight — come and devote a portion of your time and your tal- ents to the cultivation of her soil, in imjiroving her husbandry, in dissipating the mists of vulgar prejudices that time and superstition and ignor- ance have hung around this art. Nt longer suffer the mortification of seeing the most enter- prizing ol your sons annually calling for die por- tion of goods that may fall to their share, jom- in" themselves to citizens of far countries, and if not -wasting their sidjstance, at least a[propri- , atin" the fruits of your toil in regions lir fVom the institutions and sepulchres of their filhers. * Ye men of affluence ! come and bestow a por- tion of your wealth in improving the face of that earth, from whence your treasures were deri>- ed. If managed with the same discretion l!iat marks the direction of your ordinary concern", you viill not find it an unprotitable investment. It will be placing a part of your (iropert/ w iiere ordinary changes cannot corrupt it, and where the hands of violence cannot plunder it. It is a mistaken idea that farming under any ciicum- stances is an unprofitable pursuit. Wiihout dis- cussing the subject, |)ermit me to inquire, from whence is derived the annual support of our population in a style ofe\|>ense (ami for which we oucrht to blush) snperiour to that of any other [icoplo upon the globe? Whence the enormous sums that are annually expended in education and charity ? Whence our roads, our bridges, onr halls of justice, our temples of worship, and that splendid galaxy of edifices for pu!>lic instruction that marks our land? — All that founded them, — all that supports them, — springs from the soil. Cut, besides the pecuni- ary profit and the security to yourselves and posterity, you will realize from fiirming a thou- sand delightful anlici[>ations and ten thousand henrlfell recollections. You will awaken in the labourer the sjiirit of industry, and. encourage him with the hope ol'independence. You will al- have the satisfaction of contributing that no- blest of all charities, that does not merely re- lieve poverty, but which prevents it. And ye men of piety and devotion ! ye who minister as well as ye who »vorsliip at the altar of our common faiih — come, and lend your aid to that pursuit that was imposed on man in his innocence, and which ha never abandoned until the earth was filleil with violence. Do not your visions of the future destinies of our nation mingle themselves with the glories of the whole earth, at the latter days, when the moral renovation of the human character shall be ac- companied by a like imjirovement in the phys- ical creation? That glorious period, "fore- told by prophets, and by poets sung," we be- lieve "must be perfected by the more general prevalence of Christianity, and by permitting it to intluence men in their social rel.itions as well as in their individual capacities. But may it not be induced by cultivating those domes- tic virtues and employments whose tendency is to soften the asperities of men, and unile them in brotherly love — those occupations that will cause the weapons of human destruction to be converted into implements of husbandry, that nations may learn war no more ' Who can contemplate without emotions the period, when the great human family shall be scattered over the whole earth, dzvelling in quiet resting places, sitting each under his oxan vine and fig- tree, wthout any to molest ? " Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain brous.ht loii\ — The tinlderness and the solitary place shall be glad, and the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose .'" as the introduction of this noble First Mover — which is at all times and places at c inmand, enabling the Mannlaclurer to locale his Estab- lishment in the most advantageous place, which is frequently of more importance than the whole expense of the power, but which has been, in this country, too much ovcrlookeil. The use of this power musi, of necessity, call forth (he efforts of genius for its perfection — but even now it is able surcessfiilly to compete with some of our Water Privileges. We wish success to all (hose who prefer bringing poiver to their convenioacc, to accom- modating themselves to a power. From the Boston Palladium. STEAM POV/ER. We were much gratified in viewing the ope- ration of a Steam Engine (lately erected at the Rope Walks of the Boston Cordage Company on the Neck) in laying a Cable of the largest size — which I'ully demonstr:ilcd the am[)leness of the jiower, and facility with which that power can be controuled. Much credit is certainly due the Proprieiors for their perseverance in thus accomplishing and proving the utility of Sleam Power as applying to their works — they having, as we undi:istand, been unsuccessful in a former attempt. Nothing is so well calculated to exalt the character of our Manufacturing Establishments TO PREVENT AND DESTROY THE MEPIIITISM OF PLASTERED WALLS. Wherever a number of people are assembled, either in health or sickness, the walls become insensibly impregnated with infections exhala- tions. Currents of air, when admitted, sweep and clearse the atmosphere, but do not carry away the miasmata concealed in the porosity of the "wail", which retain the infectious humidity of the perspiraiion of bodies, gradually condens- ing on their surface. Quicklime may be substi- tuTed to destroy such mephitism of walls, and also to prevent the evil. The most infected tans and sieves lose their smell, when mixed vvilh the whiting or size of lime. Lime enters white- washing, and may become the principal sub- stance of it, bv substituting it for Spanish white. When made the principal ingredient of white- washing, it will prevent walls from being im- pregnated with infectious miasmata. The addi- tion of milk and oil are requisite, for lime has no adhesion on walls, nor can a body or substance be given to the layer. The slightest rubbing with a |ienci' brush will rub it off, and leave the wall naked. Tho cheesy part of the milk, with the addition of oil, which makes a soapy body with lime, form, after the evaporation ot the humidity, a dense coherent layer, orsortof varnished plaster, which overcomes the porosi- ty of stone, plaster, brick, and wood. This wash has another advantage,— that of checking the nitrification of walls, which the painting of them in water colours, has a tendency to accelerate. Yorkshifc Anecdote.— h Lancashire man and a Yorkshire man, disputing about the superiority of their respective soils, the former said that the grass grew so fast in his country, that il you turned a horse into a new-mown meadow at ni"'ht,you would not see \\U foot-locks next mor- ning. "That (replied the latter,) does not_ at all equal the rapidity of vegetation in Yorkshire, for were you to try the experiment tliere, it is not probable that you would see the horse next morning. For r.iT.NS ANB Scalds. Mr Cleghorn, a brew- er in Edinburgh, has treated burns and scalds with success, by applying, in the first place, vin- egar, until the pain abates; secondly, an emolli- ent poultice ; and thirdly, as soon as any secret- ion of matter or watery fluid appears, by cover- in"' the sore with powdered chalk. To REMOVE CniLLBLAiNS. Take an ounce of white copjieras, dissidved in a quart of water, aud occasionally apply it to the affected parts. This will ultimately remove the most obstinate blains. N. B. This application must be used b"fore they break, other\;ise it will do injury. ^ J56 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ©rtstiwl Ctommuntcattons. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NBW ENGLAND FAIIJIER. VELOCITY OF MILLS, &c. Mr Fessenpen. — I have observed in jjour p;ip- «r, page 99, some remarks, copir,fl from anolher paper, respecting mills doing more work in (he night than in the day time, witli the same gtiage of water. 1 have had upwards of thirty years' experience with Grist and Saw ftlills, und paid every attention thereto, that a person of my capacity and circumstances could do. 1 know it to be an indisputable fact, and no ahcrraticn of funcif. The question is, how are we to account for the cause by any discoveries yet made in the laws of nature ? From my numerous observa- tions, I have been fully satisfied that (he moon- light or darkness has no agency or eftect there- in,— that there is at limes a materiil ilifTerence in this increased night-power of water-mills, of from 5 to 10 or 1.5 per cent, yet dial difference is not governed by the light of the full, or dark of the new moon. It has generally been admitted that the spec- ific gravity of water occasions the velocity, and is all the power by which it acts upon mills. — This led me to conclude that the nis:ht being colder than the day, the water condensed, and had more specitick gravity. Yet from all the experiments that have been made, of the spec- ific gravity of water, — of different do2;rees of warmth and cold which could be chana'ed by the atmosphere of day and nighl, — the ditference is too small to be oerceived in the operations of a mill. Our learned authors have written abundance on the properties of water, yet none appear to have been fully acquainted iherertith, hut sev- eral simple facts seem to contradict their adopt- ed theories. For instance, in the dry part of fsummer, a man may carry on his shoulder a dry log that would float him across a river, — lay that log under water all winter, and it will absorb so much water more (ban its bulk, that it will sink like a stone. The wood occupies some part of the bulk, and divested of the water would float. If it did not absorb more than the same bulk of tlie surrounding water, it would not sink. 1 wish to see these mysteries fully investigated in your ^iseful paper. As water is a component part of the human body, the subject is very interesting, and it would be well to understand all its mo- tions as correctly as we do those of the heaven- Iv bodies. SAMUEL PRESTON. ' Stockport, {Pa.) JVov. 13, 1C21. ass. We like to have our lands so poor that we must plant 30 acres for a hundred bushels of corn, as this keeps us industiious; and as tor agricultural books and newspapers, we view them as Mahometans would a bible. We like to have so little (odder that we may deal it with the same precision that a Doctor would a dose of ipecacuanha ; and in order to do (his, we must (as the old negro said of the grain,) have two cattle to one hay. We like to give our cattle a stout bundle of straw in the morning, and leave them to work out (heir own salvadon wi(h fear and trembling, — aj'e, trembling, owing to the weakness of their nerves. But we do not like to hear our good pastor preach from (he pas- sage, " the merciful man is merciful to his beast.''^ We like to have our cider such, that it will soon sour, else we should drink too much. We like to turn olT our dullest yoimg men (o college, and consign (hem to charity, otherwise we should be (roubled wi(h idiots. Lastly, we like to see young ladies well helled and boarded, as this gives (hem a sys(ematical appearance, and makes them look as slender as bean poles, as nea( as nine pin*, and as delicate as guinea-pigs. Hartford, Con. Dec. I. Hagl.\ Col.\. TOR THE NEW ENCiLAND FAK3IER. WH.IT MYSELF AND NEIGHBORS LIKE TO SEE. We like to se<3 six or eight hogs running about the streets, threatening every one who hajipens to step out of the kitchen. This shows us (o be jio coward^. We like to have our farms so large ihat wc cannot keep our fences more than (hree rails high, which allows our cattle, by jiimi>ing x>T rather crawlirg, to have a frequent change of feed ; whereas, if our (once ivas liigh, our cattle might be neglected. We like to have our cattle homely, because our fathers said they would fatten liellcr and give more milk than handsome ones. We like to see our barn yards HS free from manure as our parlours, and wish to know 110 more about compost, than Balaam's MANURING GRASS LAND WITH COMPOST. Although the following article, abridged from the Loudon Farmer^s Journal, developed no new principles, it contains some ideas which may, perhaps, be of use to some of our readers. We have often inveighed against the practice of manuring grass ground with unmixed manure from the barn jard ; but the manner of mixing it with earths described below, may be new to some, though we have observed something sim- ilar on the borders of the fields of our most suc- cessful farmers. — [Ed. N. E. Farmer. " The manure 1 use for grass ground is a mix- lure of dung from the farm-yard, and mould from the headlands, all of which were much higher than the rest of Ihe Geld. This compost is an excellent dressing for an old meadow [mowing lot] as well as one recendy made ; and i will here (ake (he lilierly o( s(a(ing Ihe method ol" preparing it. l\Lany years ago, a friend advised me to manure wilh this compost, in preference to dung alone, with a view to save expenses and extend improvement. His taller is now before me, and I cannot do belter (ban to use his own words. — ' 1 commence (he work belbre Christ- mas, by ploughing the headland fourteen feel in width, as deep as a plough will fairly take it. In this stale it remains for five or six weeks. 1 then cart from Ihe barn-yard as much dung as I can spare, and place it upon tw» third parts of the width of the land, ploughed in an even and equal manner. All the mould which remains uncovereil, is then turned ujion the dung. In this state it remains for five or si.x weeks or more. The next process is turning over and mixing the dung and mould well together, to which great attention should be paid. The manure, thus prepared, will become lit for use in Ihe nionlli of July, when it should be put upon the nn.ad- ow or pasture land, at Ihe rate ol' twenty carl- loads per acre, the grass being first fed off as close as sheep will take it ; or if mown, Ihe manure sho\ild be applied immeditttcty after carting the hay. By this method, meadows and pastures may be greatly improved, as an abun- dance of new herbage is produced by the com- post, and that of the first quality. Care must always be taken to leave a sufficiency of the compost upon Ihe head land to mend it, and to sow proper grass seeds thereon. ' 1 am much inclined to lielieve Ihat the com- po-^t here recommended, would be as effectual in forcing a broad cast turnip crop, as dung from Ihe farm-yard, heaped according to the common mode of husbaiidry. Farmers are apt to cart out llie dung intended for the turnip field, into a heap so large, that the inside is often burnt, and Ihe outside so dried, Ihat the original quantity is reduced full one third. The compost pre\ ents this waste. 1 tried it four years ago, nn a field of seven acres, and it answered well. The tur- nips were very good; so was the succeeding crop of barley.' " From Jlectwi^s Culinary Chemialry. - 9t METHOD OF PREPARING BACON, HAMS AND HUNG BEEF. Meat, when salted, is sometimes dried, when it ge(s (he name of bacon, ham, or hung beef. The drying of salt meat is effected either by hanging it in a dry or well aired place, or by exposing it at (he same (ime (o wood smoke, (vliich gives it a peculiar flavour, much admir- ed in Westphalia hams and Hamburg beef, and also (ends to preserve it, by (he an(iseptic ac- tion of the pyrolignic acid. AVhen meat is to be hung, it need not be so highly salted. The method of preparing bacon is peculiar (0 cer(ain dis(ric(s. The following is the meth- od of making bacon in Hampshire and Somer- setshire : — The season for killing hogs fof bacon is be- tween October and iMarch. The articles to be sailed are sprinkled over wilh b.iy-salt, and put fi)r twenty-ibur hours in Ihe salting trough, to allow the adhering blood to drain away. Alter this tlipy take thrm out, wipe them very dry, and throw away (he draining. They then take some fresh bay salt and beating it well in a frv- ing pan, rub the meat very well with it, r"e- peatina; this every day for lour days, lurning the sides every other day. If the hog be very large, they keep the sides in brine, turning them occasionally for thi'ea weeks; alter which tliey take them out, and let them be thoroughly dried in the usu;;i manner. SMOKE-DRYING, OR CURING OF BACOX, HAMS, AMD BEEF, AS PRACTISED IN WESTPHALIA. The custom of fumigating hams wilh wood smoke is of very ancient da(e ; it was well known :o the Romans, and Horace mentions it. '' Fiunu.'!(u cum ptJe pernre.'''* Several places on the Continent are famous for the delicacy and flavour of their hams: — Westj)halia, however, is at Ihe head of the list. The method of curing bacon and hams in , Westphalia (in Germany) is as follows: — F"am- ilies thit kill one or more hogs a year, which is a connmon practice in jirivaie houses, have a closet in the garret, joining to the chimney, made tglit, to retain smoke, in which ibey hang their hams, and bacon to dry ; and out ol the effect of the fire, they may be gradually driad bj' the lycod smoke, and nut by beat. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 137 TliP smoke of the Cne\ !■« convpyod into tlif closet liv a liolfi in the chimnpy, near the floor. atid a (ilacf i-* nrulo fur an iron stopper to he thrust into the lumiei of the chininc}', to (orcc the smoke thiough the hole into tl\e closet. — The smoke is carried oil' asjain by another hole in the funnel of the chimney, above the saiil stopper, almost at the ceilin;.r, "here it escapes. The upper hole must not be too bier, becausi the closet most be always full of smoke, anil that from wood tires. Or tlie bacon and hams are simply placed in the vicinity of an open lire place, where wood is burned, so as to be exposed to the smoke of the wood. From a Delaware jmper. CHARCOAL. — Be on your guard! This article is now so much employed for cooking, and warming rooms, that it has become necessary to caution those who are ignorant of its properties, against the improper use of it. — Charcoal contains carbonic acid gas, commonly known by the name of lixed air, which ivhen ta- Iten into the lungs in a pure state, will instantly destroy the life of the person who inhales it. — It possesses the same qualities with that, which, in closed wells is called foul air, and has been experienced, by many persons, to be injurious to health, and destructive to animal life. — The charcoal gas is, however, more dangerous than the loul air of wells, because it is nearly pure, while the latter is mixed with moisture and di- luted by atmospheric air. We know that many persons have lost their lives by the foul air of wells, but the gas or air evolved from btirning charcoal is more deleterious to animal life, and therefore most carefully to be avoided. A sin- gle inhalation of pure charcoal gas would de- stroy more speedily, than a bullet shot througli the heart, the life of the person who bVoathed it. — We have seen records of the loss of lives in consequence of a pan of coals being placed under the beii, or in the chamber where the un- fortunate persons slept. Let every one be guard- €d against the dangers of this gas. Never employ charcoal for w:irming a room except 11.3 furnace lor burning it be placed in an open chimney, where the gas may freely es- cape, without mixing with the air of the room. ■Several mournfid instances of the loss of human life, have lately occurred, through ignorance of the dangerous and poisonous nature of the char- coal gas, or from inattention to the free escape of the air by a chimney. If any person he desi- rous to prove the truth of my assertions, and as- certain the noxious qualily of the charcoal gas, let him fix a cap of sheet iron over a furnace of burning charcoal, and have a pipe to conve}' the gas into a glass jar, then throw a mouse into the collected air — the little creature will make a single leap, fall lifeless to the bottom of the jar, •and there remain without the slightest motion — so completely and speedily is animal life destroy- ed by carbonic acid, or charcoal gas. CHEMICUS. To prevent the Tooth-Jlche. — Rub well the teeth and gums with a hard tooth-brush, using the flour of sulphur as a tooth-poivder every night on going to bed — and if it is done after dinner it will be best ; this is an excellent pre- servative to ttie teeth, and void of any uoplea- saut sniell. Vice Presidents. BKISTOI. COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. The annual meeting of the Aa:ricultural Soci- ety of the rounly of iiristol was holden at Taun- ton, on Tuesday, the 'Jijth ot Oclobcr. A great 'oncourse of people ivere assembled, notwith- standing the inclemency of the weather. The IMoughing Match took place early in the morning, and was conducted with much skill iiid activity, exhibiting to great advantage the [irnuess both of the drivers and oxen, and the excellence of the ploughs. The Society then met at the Town House, and proceeded from thence to the Meeting. House, and after the usual exercises, in which the music was excellent, an appropriate and el- oquent prayer was made by the the Rev. Pitt CiARKr'i of Norton. The address was pronounc- ed by the Hon. James L. Hodgf.s. It was replete with scientific knowledge, and with many orig- inal and torcible remarks, both practical and theoretical. The Society dined together at Atwood's, where they found the substantial excellencies of a Fariner'^s Dinner^ elegantly decorated by the skill of the cook. After dinner, they retired to their room in the Town House, and proceeded to business, by choosing the following officers: — Hoo. SAMUEL CROCKER, President. Rev. Pitt Clarke, ■j Rev. Otis Thompson, Hon. Oliver Starkweather Thomas Almy, Esq, ^ Horatio Leonard, Esq. Recording Secretary. Hon. James L. Hodges, Corresponding Secretary. Dea. Peter Thacher, Treasurer. Hon. Francis Baylies, J Committee Hon. James L. Hodges, \ of David G. W. Cobb, Esq. ) Publications. Roland Howard, Esq. ^ Lemuel May, Esq. f Committee of Mr Jesse Smith, I Agriculture. Sheflel Weaver, Esq. * George W. Peck, Esq, ~| George W. Walker, Esq. j Committee Hon. Sylvester Brownell, J- on Mr Dan Wilraarth, jr. | Domestic Animals William Reed, Esq. J Commiltet on Working Animals. Joseph E. Read, Esq. — Nathaniel Wheeler, Esq. Hon. Solomon Pratt — Mr Jonathan Bliss — Mr Henry Washburn. Committee on Working Callle and on Ploughing. Mr Jacob Dean— Mr Abijah Reed— Mr^E. Hall. The Committee on Agriculture awarded the follow- ' ing premiums. To Bernard Alger, for the best lot of cheese $4 J.'imts Bliss 2d. Esq. tor nest best do 3 Several other lots of cheese were exhibited, which were all of an excellent quality. To Othniel Gilmore, for the best tub of butter $5 Jacob Dean, for next best 3 Other butter was offered well deserving of encouragement ; but (as the funds of the Soci- ety would not justify an offer of more than two premiums.) no more could be awarded, although [full proof was exhibited to the Committee, of the meritorious exertions of individuals. [To Dan Wilmarth, Jr. of Taunton, for the best .crop of Indian coru raised ou one acre and four rods of land, being 140 bushels, 28 quarts, and 1 pint J8 Oliver Ames, of Easton, for the best cropof Iiay (htrdsgra.ss and fiiicto|i) raised ou 145 rods of land— weight, CI cwl. 1 qr. 23 lbs. C Mr Phanuel liishoii, of Seekonk, presented a winter squash of the crooked neck species, which grew in his garden on Seekonk Plain, and weighed 31 1-2 pounds. Ruta baga turnips, of great size, and young apple trees of line growth, were presenters highly deserving the notice of the public. To John P. Dennis, of Taunton, the Committee a%varded the first premium for ploughing;, be- ing $6 Asahel Eddy, of do. 2d do 4 Henry Crane, do. 3d do 2 The quantity of land ploughed was one-eighth of an acre, and the time in which it was done averaged about sixteen minutes. To II. & T. Crane, of Taunton, for the best crop of potatoes on half an acre, being 150 1-2 bush- els ; there being no evidence of extra exertion, and there being no competition, the Committee awarded $3 Deacon Lysander Makepeace, of Norton, cer- tified that he raised during the present year, 265 bushels of wheat from one acre of land. Jabcz Bullock, of Seekonk, produced rye of the second growth, sown on the 3d of August last, nearly ripe. This exhibition h;vs afforded satisfactory evid- ence of the Agricultural power and capacity of the County of Bristol. If from Seekonk plain a squash of more than 30 lbs. weight can be obtain- ed— if Taunton will produce Indian Corn more than one hundred and forty bushels to the acre, a growth which we believe has no paralell in the United States, certainly not in New-England — if the Swanzey and Somerset necks can produce beef of the quality and fatness of that exhibited by Capt. Reed, and Mr Blade— if more than three tons of hay can be produced on less than aa acre of land in Easton, the hope is not unreason- able that in some future day this County may be as much distinguished for its Agricultural excel- lence, as it now is for the enierprize of itssea- men, and the skill of its manufacturers. ■ FRANCIS BAYLIES, || D. G. W. COBB. Taunton, JVov. 17, 1824. To clean Tliread Lace or Veils.— Fasten the lace in a frame, or stretch it in any way tight; take a light brush, which dip into a lather made with curd, soap, and water, and brush it over first with the lather, and afterwards with cold spring water ; let it be dried whilst it is stretch- ed : when dry, place it between two pieces o£ dry paper, and pass a warm iron over it Loss of Ti»ne.— Should the greatest part of people sit down, and draw up a particular account of their time, what a shameful bill it would be ! So much extraordinary for eating, and sleeping, beyond what nature requires; so much in revelling and wantonness ; so much fur the recovery of last night's iotemperancei so much in whist parties, plays, and balls; 99 much in paying and receiving formal and im- pertinent visits, in idle and foolish prating, in censuring and reviling ourneighbours ; so much in dressing our bodies, and talking of fasbionsj and 60 much wasted and lost in doing nothing. 158 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, DECEMBER 10, 1821. The Agricultural Reader. A small book has been recently publishefl hy Richardson &. Lord, u'ilh the following title : — " The Agricultural Reader, printed for the benefit of schools. By Daniel Adams, M. D." — To this book are prefixed the following recom- mendations from gentlemen who are eminent as scientific and practical agriculturists. " I have taken a cursory vieiv of the Agricul- tural Reader, by Mr Daniel Adams. Ilssubjects are, in my opinion, judiciously selected, and treated in a manner which gives much useful information to the farmer. The book is design- ed for the use of schools, and it appears to be well calculated for their benefit. The various, iuleresting, and entertaining matter, which it contains, cannot fail to command Ihe attention of pupils, who have been accustomed to the labors of a farm, or expect to obtain a livelihood by the occupation of husbandry. " The most important knowledge is that which is practical ; and that is not the least important, which qualifies one to obtain from the soil not only the necessaries but the comforts of life. — As the principal part of the rising generation in all the inland towns of this country will prose cute the business of husbandry, it is necessary that they should be early acquainted with the principles of the art. This will give (hem a relish for a farmer's life, and inspire them with ambition to excel in their occupation. The A"- ticultural Reader is well adapted to profluce this effect ; and 1 heartily recommend it for the use of schools. Humphrey Moore. Milford, Oct. 23, KU. "Mr Adams — I have examined, with as much attention as the shorine.ss of the lime and the avocations of I)usiness would permit, the first 236 pages of your .-Igricullural Reader. Judging from the part thus examined, I have no hesita- tion in saying, that I think Ihe work is calculat- ed to be eminently usefid to the agiicultural, and consequently to every other clas-! of the community ; that it should be read and under- stood by every farmer; and that no scholar, or young man who intends to devote bis time or , attention to agriculture, should consider his ed- tication complete without a thorough knowledge of its contents. Yours, &,c. T. BROWN." Francisloun, A'ov. 1, 1824. The following extract from the preface will develop the plan of the work, and render its utility obvious : " 'Tis education forms the cnmmon mind, Just as the twij is bent, the tree 's inclined. " The abiive couplet has been frequently quot- ed, and if the sentiment it inculcates lie admitted as true, we need never expect the agricultural to become a reading community, particularly as it respects subjects rcbiting to their occiipat'ion, until the study nf agricuhiirc, in some shape or form, shall be introduced into our cunimon schools, and the minds of youlh shall (here first be '■'■ iacb'icd'' to agricultural inquiries and pur- suits. And, indeed, why should not this be done ? There is lime enough for it :n cvorv scIiomI ■_' lor as youth must be allowed time and provided with books for learning to read., by making these inquiries the subjects of their reading les.ions, the two operations of learning, to read, and learning to think, on these subjects, may be prosecuted and going on together, without additional ex- pense, either of time or money.*' The plan of the author, in developing Ihe all important, but too much neglected science of husbandr}', embraces '• the definition of words" and the "interrogative system of teaching." — He commences with '.he " explanation ol terms," such as " Broad-Cast Husbandry, Drill Husband- ry, Convertible Husbandry, Trench Ploughing, Florizontal Ploughing, Indigenous Plants, Exotic Plants," S:c. and includes such chemical terms as are made use of in modern books on agricul ture, and which it is necessary to understand, in order to comprehend the meaning of the auth- or. Then follotv lessons, under the titles, — cutting away from each to receive them, where they are secured by small iron bolts with nuts and screws, — and the door is done, with less la- bour than that of making common doors; while the mould turned out of wood to cast by, the caslinirs themselves and drilling the holes thro' the centre (which is better than lo cast them with Ibe holes) together, cost me but seventy-six cents, whereas the smiths would charge mo three dollars for good sufficient hinges for hanging two doors. A race-way is next to be made in wliich the door may run, which must be iii,«/;?c of the posts, those beinar outwardly when exposed to the weather. If a girth for the support of scaf- folding be screwed into the post on that side to which the door is to be moved, an inner post will be necessary to remove the girth, the door runnin? between the two posts, in a groove cut in the floor about three fourths of an inch deep, and wide enough to secure the bottom of the door without pinching. If an old iron hoop be nailed down in the bottom of this groove, it "Agriculture, — Systematic Agriculture, — Soil, j will facilitate Ihe running of the door. Purposes of Ihe Soil in the growth of Plants, — On loosening and pulverising the soil, — the food of plants, — manure — gypsum — rotation nf crops — On the culture of Maize or Indian Corn," &.c. At the close of the work is given a " gloss- ary," consisting of words, which it is supposed that young readers will not comprehend Ihe meaning of without explanation. Many of the words, however, are in common use, are to be (ound in common dictionaries, and are almost as common, and as comnnonly understood as a;r, in Ihe English language. Rut if Ihe author has erred, in this particular, his error has been on the safe side. Perspicuity is the soul of a work intended for the use of Ihe rising generation ; and it is belter to introduce superfluous defini- tions, than to use words which convey no defi- nite meaning to the young slndent. On Ihe whole, we heartily, and cheerfully re- commend this work. It will be of use not only lo school boys, but to adults, who are said by the poet to be "children of a larger growth." It will have a decided tendency to give that bi- as lo the mind of the rising generation, which will ensure the greatest good to the greatest number, and place the pillars of national great- ness on the firm basis of individual prosperity. The advantages of a door constructed in this way, properly made, and having entire freedom of motion, are, 1st — a saving of time in open- in;j and shutting. — while a man can walk across Ibe barn floor being sufficient for either purpose ; 2dly — the ease with which Ibis is done, a child of ten years old being sufficient for the opera- tion : 3dly — and especially, its perfect security from high winds by which it is never moved, nor obstructed by motion when moved by hand. Add to all these, it is not subject lo those disor- ders common lo other doors, such as wagging, and starting off the hinges. The entrance into the barn floor, in this case, may be a moderate- ly inclined plane, without any sudden rise or jog. as in other cases, so that a load may be backed in with a good yoke of oxen, well train- ed, about as readily n^drawn in, which is some- times matter of no small accommodation. Slioulil these considerations, in your ojiinion, entitle Ibis lo a place in your useful paper, you are at liberty lo insert it ; otherwise you will give it leave to lie under Ihi; table. DANIEL ADAMS. AInnt Vernon, (.V. //.) 1824. FARMER SUMMARY OF NEWS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW E.\(IAHD FARMER. NEW CONSTRUCTION OF E.1RN DOORS. Dear Sin — lu repairing my barn lately, which is in a very bleak situation, instead of two doors swinging on hinges and secured by a cross-bar. in the usual form, I close Ihe entrance into m\ barn floor by one entire door, moved on cast iron lniiid!('s.\ro form the door, the boards are halved ancNfoined together by four wooden cleats or bo.uds. one flush wilh'ilie top, anoth- er Ibi-h with the bottom, and the other two in tlie inteniieiiiale space at equal distances. Two cast iron trundles, six inches in tliameter, and three fourths of an inch in thickness are let in ,it bollo;ii, belneen the door and the cleat. Inltrnnt Inijiruve.mKnls. — I he Canarlisns are niakin°- f:reat exertions to prevent the trade ofthe l^ppi r Prov- ince from being- drawn to New York, by the laie canal. They are about to make a canal fjom lake l>ietolake Ontario— and lo rentier the St Lawrence navigable, so that a boat can s^o from MonLt-eal to Kingston in a week. — The New Yorkers, however, are not idle, but have projected a canal from the St Lawrence to Lake Champlain. The survej' has been made for a canal across from Lake Champlain to the St l>awrence, and it has been found practicable. Distance 113 miles. This would be a further inducement for a Rail Way from Eurlin^ton to Boston — or a straight Turnpike. Fatal ^icadcnl. As two young mtn were atlempling to cruss the Niagara river, from Canada, w ith a load of tiler and apples, they were swept by the current over the fallsj The Creek Tndians, hi-ing informed that the Vnited Statrs Commissioners were to vifit lh( ni, to oltain a lurlher cession of land, have resolved not to part with any more. They say their population has increased, that Manufactur' 5 and Asricnllnse are flourishing among them, and that thtir limits have become narrow. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 159 Roads. —The Quarterly Review says " it is a pre- railcDg opinion in laigland, that a d, a>l fiat road tires a h"orsc°niucTi more than ocra-ioual inequalities; lh( change in the speed, and also in the position ol the mus- cles, is supposed to be advantageous to the animal." Another English writer says the curved form of roads ia found iaaJequatt! to ohtain the end proposed, and that roads are now laid flat, carriages driving indill'er ently over every part. Phe same writer says a weight suspended on springs may be drawn over a road aboun ding in small obstacles, much easier th;.n the same weight can be drawn in a vehicle without springs, and reco°ramends the application of springs to the heaviest ■wagons. Lectures. — VVe are informed that the Cumminglon Society of husbandmen and manufacturers have employ- ed Ur Ebenezer Emmons, of Chester, to give a course i of lectures on geology, mineralogy, and chemistry, so j far as they are connected with agriculture. Ur E. com- menced his lectures on the Ib'th inst. and will give two | on Wednesday and two on 'i'huisday of each week un- til concludtd. A course of hctures of this kind must be eminently useful, and we cannot but applaud (he | zeal manisfe'sted by our Curamington brethren to pro- mote the cause of agriculture and manufactures — to' connect science with practice. Tunnels. — The English are connecting the rivers Thames and Medway by neans of a canal and lunn?!. The tunnel is rut through a bill for a distance of up ■wards of two miles, and is 22 feet wide, 24 feet high from the surface of tlie water to the top of the arch, -with a towing path 5 feet wide. 1 his is said to be the largest tunnel in the world, but not the longest. On the" canal that unites the Tba^nes and Severn, there is a tunnel more than two and a half miles in length, Ifj feet in width, and 250 feet below the highest part of the hill. Hog:.— On the QQi\ ult. Mr ■\^'m. Dickinson, of Hat. field, liiUed a hog a little short of one year and five months old, which weighed— after hanging 18 hours— 624 pounds. Seventy tracts of land, consisting of from 5 to 10,000 acres, were sold at Huntingdon, Carroll co. Tennessee, for taxes, at 43 cents per liundrtd acres! The ladies of Otsego co. N.Y. have formed an estab- lishment at that place for the manufacture and sale of American Leghorn?. The Boat Building business is carried on extensively in the flourishing interior towns of Wjlfctham & Cum- berland. Upwards of 500 boats from those two towns are annually sold in Boston. Al Alexandria (V?..) on the 15th inst. the stage full Presidential Election. — The votes for President and \'icc President have been received from 13 States, and are as follows : President ; — Adams CI — Jackson 41 — Crawford 31 —Clay 4. I^'icc Pre.tidenI ; — Calhoun 119 — Macon 24 — Jack- son 10 — Stanford 7. VVe intend to give a full table of the votes next week. The Persian war has actually been renewed, which the Turks were wholly unprepared for. This unlocked for occurrence, ronnt cted with the revolts in Syria, has so multiplied the difficulties of the Ottomans, that the ovcrtlirow of the throiu- of the Sultau is looked to as an event at no great distance. Letters from Spain give the most frightful picture of the state of that country. At Valencia and f lordova there had been serious disturhanct s, and it is even said (hat many Fri nch soldiers had been arrested and Imprisoned i>y the royalist volunteer^. A new Spanish loan has been contracted for at Paris, amounting to two hundred millions of francs. It appears from tbe Liverpool Price Current, that bftween the Cth and the I5lh of October, both days inclusive, there were sold 13050 bags of cotton, ira ported from the United States. It is computed that no more than one family of 2000 in London, make their own bread. The total amount of foreign loans raised in England since 1 1'22, exclusive of the rtcentheavy loan to Mex- ico, is 47,815,000 pounds sterling. The distemper prevails to a great extent among hor- ses in England. Many of the turf horses are at this time afflicted with it, and Sir Thomas Stanley's Ces trian Colt, which won at the late races at Litchfield and Shrewsbury, died. Major Henry has discovered a passage through (he Rocky mountains, by which loaded wagons can reach the waters of the Columbia River. The route lies south of the one explored by Lewis and Clarke, and is inhab- ited by Indians friendly to us. A newspaper entitled Le Conserrateur Imperiale., printed at St. Petershurgb, the capital of Russia, has been received at Boston. It is in French, and is said to be the first ever seen from that part of the world. Jl Convenient .Article. — An engraver in New-York has invented a pencH which sharpens it-self, and is se- cured from being broken while in the pocket. When the had is put into the case, there is no further trouble, till it is eniirely used up. An elephant in a state of petrefaction, has been found in excavating the earth near the walls of the have been one of those belonging to Hannibal's ar- my ; geologists consider it an antedeluvian. The bones of an ox were found at the same time, and the excavations are continued ■with the hope of finding something more. RICHARDSON & LORD, have just published, a newand valuable Reading Book, designed for the use of Schools, entitled the ..Agricultural Reader — By DANiEf. Adams, M. D. author of the Scholars' Arith- metic, School Geography, fcc. of passengers, was precipitated down a precipice of 20 I city o( Lyons, (France.)- Some amateurs of ancient to 25 feet, and was dashed to pieces ; all the passengers history have attempted to show that the animal may Tvere more or less injured, but none dangerously. Becsicax. — A correspondent of a New York paper states, that fraud is often practised by venders of Bees- ■wax, composed of tallcftv, Indian meal, izc. The Agricultural Society of Maryland has offered premiums for essays on the use of the mule, the use of oxen, and on the culture of the vine, and for the great- est weight of clean flax. Quantities of Ames's Springfield paper have been ad- vantageously sljipped to Canton and Calcutta. Two pieces of premium broadcloth from Mr Taylor's Factory, Dutchess County, were sold at N'ew York last ■week for $14,50 per yard. Thus is domestic industry liberally encouraged. It is our manufacturers which prevent specie from being scarce in the country. Last week an old woman named Legge, was bop- ■ picking in Mr Leer's garden, near Peters field, with her three daughters, whose united ages amounted to 335 years, viz. the mother 105, the eldest daughter o5, sec- ond 80, and the youngest 65. It happened that the old ■^•oman felt herself obliged to chastise the child of 65 for idleness, remarking that she {eared that she would turn out unsteady through life. It is not the least re- markable circumstance that the old woman has seen even jeueratioas.^iiuer/iooi paper. For sale at this office, a few pounds of Mangel Wurt- sel and Ruta Baga Seed, raised by John Prince, Esq. Roxbury. A''cw Establishment. THE subscriber respectfully informs the public, that he has taken the factory of Capt. A. Stearns, in West Cambridge, where he intends carrying on the Clothier^i Business, generally : — Also, Ladies' and Gentlemen's garments of every description coloured and cleansed, and furnitures glazed ; Crapes and Silks of various colours dyed and finished in the best man- ner, at shoirt notice, and as cheap as at any other place. Wool Carding. — At the same place Merino and Commoa Wool carded by Capt. Steams. CYRUS FARRAR. FRUIT TREES, &c. 'l¥fJir. AMES BLOODGOon & CO. have for sale at their Nursery at Flushing, on Long Island, near Sr^ New York, Fruit and Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs & Plants, of the most approved sorts. The Proprietors of this Nursery attend personally to the inoculation and engrafting o{ all their Fruit Trees, and purchasers may rely with confidence, that the Trees the)' order will prove genuine. Orders left with Mr Zebf.uee Cook, jr. No. 44 State Street, Boston, will be transmitted to us, and receive our prompt and particular attention. Catalogues will be delivered, and any information imparted respectipg the condition, &c. Sic. that may be required, on appli- cation to him. Sept. 4. NATHANIEL DEARBORN has removed from No. 33, to 64, Market-street, up stairs — where he res- pectfully solicits a continuance of public favor. Cards of every dcicriijtion engraved and printed — Door Plates and Stencil Plates furnished — Engravings on Wood — eals, &c. executed to order. October 22. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODCCE, &ic. (Revised and corrected every t'riday.] APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. - - - - BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - cargo. No 1, new, - - "• No 2, new, - - BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, - - - - skimed milk, - - . FLAX FLAX SEED - FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genessee, - - - Rye, best, . - - GRAL\,Rye Corn - - - . - Barley - - . - Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, Bone Middlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover ----- WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Fulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISIOJ^ MARKET. BEEF, best pieces - - - - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " ■whole hogs, - - - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, lump, best, - . - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - . - - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, new, - - - - CIDER, liquor, new - - - - HAY, according to quality, - FROM TO D. C. D. C. bbl 1 50 2 ton. lie 118 00 118 00 120 00 bush 95 1 00 bbl. 8 HO 8 25 7 00 ' 25 6 00 6 25 lb. 12 7 8 3 4 8 9 bush 75 84 bbl. 6 25 6 37 6 50 2 76 3 00 bush 60 54 48 56 50 32 lb. 10 11 8 10 cask 1 10 1 20 gal. 70 78 ton. 5 00 bbl. 16 00 17 00 13 50 14 00 13 00 13 50 bash 60 70 40 45 45 50 35 42 25 30 48 52 35 40 lb. 6 8 6 ■7 5 6 3 8 2 7 5 9 10 18 15 20 17 20 bush 65 70 60 65 2f' 50 bbl. 2 0 2 50 ton. 16 01 20 00 \G0 NEW .ENGLAND FARMER. iWfscrllantcs. (t5=The following Stanzas, altered from Dr Watts, pre- ceded an excellent Address delivered by Wm. M. Barton, Esq. at a meeting of the Agricultural Soci- ety of the Valley, held in Winchester, Virginia, the I6th day of November 1824. The Address has been received, and will be published as soon as we can make room for it in oar columns. Where nothing dwelt but beasts of prey, Or men as fierce and wild as they ; There do the oppress'd and poor repair. And build them towns and cities there. They sow their fields ; and trees they plant. Whose yearly fruit supplies their want ; Their race grows up from fruitful stocks — Their wealth increases with their flocks. Our thankful hearts, with joyful sense, Admire the works of Providence : Oh ! may an impious tong." no more Insult the God whom we adore. How few with gratitude record These gracious dealings of the Lord I But wise observers still shall find, The Lord is holy, just and kind. From the Trenlon Emporium. LOOK OUT AHEAD. The seaman on i. dangerous sea, Loo/i's out ahead — and wise is he — But there is no less necessity for looliins: out ahead on the l.nnd than on the sea. We are all embarked on a voyage — all have lo pass llirongli a variety of dangers — have misfortunes of vari- ous kinds lo avoid — and this requires, 8:tnerally, only the constant exercise of the gifts of prudence and fore.'iight which we naturally possess. I say we must keep these faculties in exercise, for a great deal more than half the ills we suffer are the offspring of our imprudence and indolence, not of uncontrollable misfortunes. By looking out ahead, I simply mean, acting with a prudent reference to coming time — mak- ing all necessary provision for the future — and leaving as Utile as possible to the mere chance of what is called luck! For there are those wlio do none of these things. Who learn nol the lesson of the ani, to lay up, while the sun shines, stores for a wintry day — and glean not from the busy bee the wisdom to provide a plen- tiful home against the days when the season for making this provision shall be past. The world is full of misery, but not more full of misery thun of folly. It well becomes the youth who is setting out in life, surrounded by a circle of gay companions, and often tempicd to the place of revelry and dissipation — to look out ahead — to remember what is said most truly of the poorer of habit- to reflect on the consequences of an irregular life — to look to the precipice to which it leads — to call before his mind those ghostly monitors which have passed in poverty, in contempt, in sorrow, to a hopeless end, the victims ot intem- perance or crime— to pause — to ponder— lo re- eolve alight. Nor leas does it become him who has jusl set his foot upon the active stage of business, hav- ing arrived at manhood, (o look out ahead ! He has a character for industry, and punctuatitv, and honesty, to estaldish, which n-o of vital im- portance In his future welfare, lie has also to establish those rules for the management of his business by which, probably, he will fall or rise, for a careless method of transacting these mat- ters, once allowed, and, ten to one, things gtow worse and worse— the evil is increased instead of being remedied. The girls and boys, too, who get into the old fashioned notion that Ihey must get inarricd, as their fathers and mothers did, ought by all means io—look out ahead.— The times especi- ally call for it now,,though in ail limes it is ne- cessary. Out young gentlemen are sometimes I dissipated— our young ladies sometimes eslrav-j aganl,and too much given to pride and indolence; these should all be bachelois and old maids ; they would only he a torment lo their partners if liiey sot them. Care should be taken lo ayJid these. ^Then there should be a unison of feel- ing, a conformity of taste, a suitableness of lem- pe^r, and an aftection founded on merit; olher- xnse there can be no happiness in marriage— For, as sailh Peter Pindar — O, Matrimony ! thou art like to Jeremiah's figs ! Tlje good ivere very goad, the bad too sour to give the pigs! In fine— It becomes all men_ to— Zoo^ ou' ahead! The man whose polar star is flmA/fion, should so temporize his thirst for glory, as that disappoint take him not unawares, and bring not sorrow with it. The politician should bcivare that to present passion he sacrifice not his own and his counlrv's interests. The professional man should look lorwanl to the day of his retire- ment, and see that h". carries a good conscience there. The mechanic shnuul look to it, that he pave thepalhuav of his future pilgrimasje, not only with a competence, but with an honoura- ble character and a good report, The Farmer should beware of the spirit of speculation ; vow hostility for ever against mortgages, and while markets are dull — content himself with doing moderately well. These are the only safeguards of the future. Oliver Oakwood. E.TCfuisiteness in rnling and elocution. — Account of a dinner ffiven to the Duke of Norfolk, &c. the Lords, Knigb.'s. and Gentry of the County, by the. Mayor of Norwich, (Eng.) A. D. 15G1 : English, I heartily thank you, Maister Mayor, and so do we all ; answer, boys, answer ! your beer is pleasant and potent, and will soon catch us by the caput and stop our manners. And so huzza for the Queen's Majesty's Grace, and all her bonny brow"d dames of Honour ! Huzza ! for ?daster Mayor and our good Dame Mayor- ess! His Noble Grace, there he is, God save him. and all his jolly company ! To all our friends round the County, who have a penny in their purse, and an English heart in their bod- ies, to keep out Spanish Dons and Papists, with- their fagots lo burn our whiskers ! Shove it about, cock up your caps, handle your jugs, and Huzza ! for Maister Mayor and his brethren their Wurshijis ! Jlgricuhitre. — The task of working improve- ment on the earth, is much more delightful to an undebauched mind, than all the vain glory which can be acquired by ravaging it by the most uninterrujited career of conquests. [ IVashington. The importance of Punctuality. — Method is the very hinge of business; and there is no melliod without punctuality. Punctuality is im- portant, because it subserves the peace and good temper of a family: Ihe want of it not only infringes on necessary duty, but sometimes excludes this duly. The calmness of mmd which it produces, is another advantage of punctuality; a disorderly man is always in a hun V ; he has no time to speak to you, be- cause he is going elsewhere ; and when he gets there, he is too late for his business ; or he must hurrv away to another before he can fin- ish i(. Punctuality gives weight to character. " Such a man has made an appointment. Then 1 know he will keep it." And this generates punctuality in you; for, like other virtues, it propagates itself. Servants and children must be punctTial where their leader is so. Appoint- ments, imb'ed, become debts. I owe you punc- tuality, if I have an appointment with you; — and have no right to throw away your time, if I do my own. !i stone of beef, at Mil to the stone 4 2 collars of brawn 1 4 8 pints of butter 1 6 Fore quarter of leal 0 10 Hind quarter of do 1 0 Ltg of mutton 0 L> Loin of mutton Sc shou' "1 0 der of veal Six plovers 1 0 8 partridges 2 0 8 rabbits T 0 2 guineapigs 1 0 4 couple of hens o 0 34 eggs 1 0 2 hasheis of flour 1 6 White bread 0 4 18 loaves bread 0 3 loaves brown do. 0 1 bbl. beer 2 1 bbl. small beer 1 qr. of wood Nntm»gs, macCj cinnamon, itc. 4 lbs. barberries Fruit and almonds 0 16 oranges 0 2 galls, wliitc wine 2 1 quart of sack 0 1 quart malmsey 0 1 quart of custard 0 1 qt. of muscadine 0 The Invc of Gold. — An old gentleman by the , name ol Gould having married a very young I wife, wrote a poetical epistle to a friend to in- ' form of it, and concluded it thus : — " So you see, my dear sir, thorg-h I'm eighty years old, A girl of eighteen is in love with — old Gould.'''' To which his friend replied — " A girl of eighteen may love Gold, it is true ; Hut believe me, dear sir, it is Gold without C/."' The Inquest. — A hint to clever men employed on such occasions — " Poor Peter Pike is drowned, and ncighbouVs say The jury mean lo sU on him to-day ; Know'ft thou for what .'" says Tom. — Quoth Ned, " N» doubt 'Tis merely done lo srpteetc the valfr out.'''' £1 18 1 .\rter ample justice had been done lo the above bill of fare, one John Martyn made the follow- ing speech : " Maister Mayor of Norwich, and it please your Worship, you hnve feasted us like a King. God bless the Q,ueen"s grace. W^e have fed plentifully, anc' now whilom I can speak plain TERMS OF THE FARMER. 0:5= Published every Saturday, at Tbrke Doi.t.AK* per aunnm, payable at Ihe end of the year — but those who pay "within sirtij days from llie time of subscribing^ will be entitled lo a dediu lion of Fiftv (,'i;ms. ():;5=Postage must be paid on all letters to the Editor or Publisher. I 1):^ iNo paper will be discontinued (unless at the ! discretion of the publisher,) until arreajagcs are faid. JNEW ENGLAND FARMER. PUBLISHED BY JOHN B. RUSSELL, ROUKRS' ISUII.DIXGS, CONGRESS STREET, BOSTON.— THOMAS G. FESSEMIEM, EDiTOR. VOL. III. FRIDAY, DECEMBER 17, 1824. No. 21. 9[flr(ruktural ^nniTjtvsara. MR BA;iTON\S ADDRESS. The following is cxtracfrd from an (xccllont Address, Jclivercd to the Agricultural Society of the VaJli'y, Ill-Id in Winchester, (^'a.) on the 16th of November 1804, by AVm. M. Barto.v, Esq. Vice President of ihe Society. We regret that want of room compils us to omit some parts of this Address. The parts omitted, however, are ci'itfiy of a local nature, and proper [losilinn iirnonrj tliose numerous employ- . '•But ive do not recommcr!'.! Ats substance and dis- .""•■'>"• f" '^"^ ^Y"'"'] '""'".»"'' '•«"«<^ '," "'<■ sipate ils value. Var.eiy may be " the .«.ieo I "''^•"" "' f'e earth, and nourished by Us boon of lite 1 they afe the only class of society which, both by liabil and by interest, is indissolubly bound to the soil. The merchant is constrained by the love of gain lo push his enterprises into foreign climes; and, by the very nature of his business to change his field of exertion every ilay. The artist having no permanent interest independent of his trade, when business grows dull in one spot, has nolhing to do but shoulder his few portable implements, and seek some more firopitious siluation. The professional man, u ho carries Irs f.irlune in his head, and who is not necess.irily tied down to one spot by (he unwieldy incumbrances of houses and lands, is readily templed lo change his situation, to yield (o the seduclion of novelty, and to follow j wherever " honour calls or inierest leads the le," and a change ol" occupation no contributes much (o o'.r iwmedia!*^ ;^i!J:ivtn¥.;( ; b\it 1 take this trulh to be well establfshed, hoi only by the constitution of man, but by the more pracl.cal and m^ire convincing evidence hIucIi the world is e\ery day prcsenling^hat no man can in (he long run succce.l, wi3|pt devoting (he powers of h s 'uind to some settled, vvclUk^- fined, and determined object. This principle onc^^ admitted, it becomes us, as far as it is lot; to our own pleasure and discrel'on. to select in early lite that trade or profession, to which, after due reflection, we believe we can fondl) ntlach and devote ourselves through fo'isequent years. Or if circuraslances have wilhholden from us the power of making this selection, and our lot has been unchangeably fixed, our firsr endeavour ought to be lo reconcile ourselves fo it, by studying ils advantages, regardless ol its evils — by reflecting on the condition of oth- ers infinitely worse — by contemplating t:ie fair- er portions of the picture, avoiding its more offensive features, — and by such other means as our own reason and philos.i(d)y may suggest. — ■\Vhen we have brought ourselves lo this deter mination, — that some particular employment i^ henceforth to occupy our time and comniaii-1 our talents exclusively, and that the tenor oi our lives is now inevitably fixed, — we will then, for the first lime, assume the task with readi and willing hands, and prosecute it with vigou; and alacrity. ***** '•' In contemplating agriculture as one of those extensive provinces nn wbir;i a nation's ener^-i' is exerle I, and from which a nation's revenue is gathered; and altempiing to assign to it i(s dottl 1 i '-^ — ileriving fiom its cidtivation all the comforts - I v.liirh make life desirable, and all (he luxuries which enhance ils enjoyments, — feels for the •=oil a sort of filial attachment — looks upon it as bis own rightful jind peculiar inheritance, and holds himself especially bound to defend it with his blood and with his treasure. It is the yeo- man whose frame is fashioned for the labours of husbandry, and invigorated by his habitual en- durance. »vho in the hour of trial can raise in his country's defence the most athletic and e(li- cienl arm. Indeed, from very obvious princi- ides, the familiar contemplation of rural scene- ry— the comfort and pnd'usion which usually sur- round the farmer's dwelling — the habit of sit- 'i:'g unmolested under his own vine and I;g tree --and the whole tissue of endearing lies which bind us lo present good,— inspire a love of lib- erty, and an aversion to servilude, which have in every age and country opposed the most for- midable barrier to the encroachmcnts'of tyranny and o|)prpss:on. " Without lielracting from the merit of other |irofessions, or vvishing to undervalue their in- iinence on the public weal, it may be said with perfect propriely, that Agriculture is the remote md primary source from which the whole wealth of the nation immediately or indirectly springs. The province of the mechanic is to take the raw material furnished to his hands, and lo so alter and mndily its form as to render it better lilted for the use of man. The business of the I'.irmer is to create these materials, — to extend the magic wand of en!er[irise and skill ovei the face of Ihe earth — and to summon into being, 'resh from the bosom of nature, all (hose choice I'ruils aiul rich blessings which supply Ihe want, and minister lo the corafbrt of (he human race. has been unjustly regarded as a plodding and la- borious occupation; retp.iiring for its successful [iroseculion nclhing more than sound health, and vigori>u3 limbs, and animal activity. We pres- ent it to you as an extensive field for scientific investigation. Nature works by certain and unchangeable laws. The growth of a plant,-*- its fastidious selection of a genial soil — the man- ner in \vliich it derives nutriinent from Ihe air through ihe nied.ium of ils leaves, or from Ihe earth by !l.e agency of iis roots — Ihe multitude of changes which it undergoes from ils embryo state 10 ils mnlurily, — not only furnish subjects of curious research and ingenious speculation, but, if properly examined, evince that there is some priii'Aplt in the matter — some universal law by whicli these various phenomena are pro- duced and regulated. In li'.e discovery of this law, and the differenl forms in which it ojierates, consists the science of our ]irol('Ssion. The pru- dent agririillnrisf, before he commits his seed to an untried soil, or bestows much l.ihor on ils cul- tivation, will e.xaniine (he condition and qu.ilities of the yroniid he tilts, with (he character and habiis of the plant hd wishes to rear, and thence determine the adaptation of Ihe one to (he growth of (ho other; and indeed the accurate analysis of soils, and (he developement of (hose projierdes which adap( (hem to (he producdon of p.irticular plants, form the grand mystery ot' skillul and sag.icious husbandry. If, for example, in (lie examinadon of the soil we discover ingre- dients, which, from a similar pr- cess, we ascer- tain belong (o the coniposiiion of some plant, and (o that peculiarly, we may rationally infer that such soil is eslremely well adap(ed (o the [irodacdon of such plant ; and where the analy- sis has been properly coiidiicled, (he inferencs is gener.illy sustained l>y aclual cxperimen(. — Where the soil is compounded of various ingre- dietils, and yet it is desirable (o cui(iva(e some [lardciilir plant, we endeavor by extraneous means to supiiress (hose superfluous qualKies which dono( contribute to its growth, and more I'ully to develope those whicli exert a mn.e pro- pitious inflaeiire. A corrcspondt uce of he soil and [dant is the end in view, and ihe mode of at- taining it will depend on circumstances. If the plant is given, and we are at Lberty lo select a Soil at pleasure, our choice will naturally fall on that spot of land where Ihe ingredients of the plant are known to [irodominate. If', on the oth- er hand, the soil is given, and our judgment if limited to the selection ol a plant, it is wise to distinguish that (other things being equal) to which the soil is most congenial. It, finally, the soil and plant are both fixed and delermipale, our skill may be exercised in dierishing, by for- eign application, those properties oi' the soil wliich are best calculated lor the generation of (he plant. 162 NEW ENGLAND FAKMEH. Next to an abunJnnt provision for domestic wants, the greatest desideratum to the farmer is a convenient market, to which the surplus pro- ducts of his labor m^iy be transported with facil- ity, and disposed of for a fair equivalent. A very small proportion of our annual crops is re- quired for family consumption ; the residue must either be disposed of by sale or barter, or tve lose the inducement to raise it. The limited demand I'or flour, corn, and other products of the field, during the last two or three yeare, ha? not only occasioned an immense depreciation of lan- ded property, but, in many parts of the country, has, to a most alarming extent, palsied the hand of industry, and allayed the ardor of enterprize. It is then an inquiry of no little interest to the friends of husbandry — how can a more ready and commodious market be provided fir our crops? Without attempting to sugp^est any new measures of policy, 1 shall detain you for a mo- ment, while I hastily review one or two of that multitude of plans wiiich the wisdom of some, and the folly of others, have [iroposed to remove the distresses of the times. It has been thought, and 1 conceive very justly, that the encourage- ment of domestic maiiuficture-, by increasing the number of conKUUiors, would occasion a cor- responding increase in the home demand for our produce. An immense population located among us, eng.iged in employments dilTercnt from our own, and compelled, from the very cir- camstances of their case, to purchase their pro- visions from us, or to exchange for our grain, &c., such manuiactured commodities as we may require, would afford us a safe and accessible market. The foreign demand can but inade- quately supply the phice of this domestic mark- et. A considerable |>art of our crops is loo bulky and unwieldy for transportation ; and, in- dependent of this diflTiculty, much is of loo per- ishable a nature to be sent from home. The ma- nufacturer will take them off your hands. You can furnish him with the raw material, and you can pay for its manufacture with your corn, hay, oats, butter, cheese, and other minor articles, thus sparing your staple, the wheat crop, from the encroachment of ordinary expences, and lea- ving it clear and whole for more important [lur- poses. Notso if you rely upon the British ma- nufacturer. You send the raw material to him, •nd you must send along with it as much flour as will pay all costs of a double transportation (to Europe and back again) — of converting the rough article which you furnish, into the fine goods which you receive in return; and, in ad- dition to this, you must pay whatever, in the share of profit, the original artist and the numer- ous salesmen through whose hands it must pass before it can reach you, think proper to exact. But, until the manufacturing establishments in our immediate neighborhood become suffi- ciently numerous and extensive to furnish a de- mand lor our [iroduce equal to the supply, it is necessary to look elsewhere for a market for the surplus. To (Tur rich and populous commercial cities on the seaboard, the inhabitants of the in- terior are compelled to resort, in order to find a purchaser and a price for their commodities. — The city of Baltimore, the cities in the district of Columbia, and the town of Fredericksi)urg, are now, and from their location will probably continue to be, the principal marts to which the redundant productions of this part of V^irginia will be convcved tor sale. How tofacilitate the means of transportation, and to bring those mar- kets nearer to our doors, is a subject worthy of attentive investigation. Next to money the most important facilities of commercial intercourse, are turnpike roads, navigable rivers, and artifi- cial canals. To descant upon the incalculable benefits, private and national, which flow through these mighty channels, would be more than superfluous. They are felt, and acknowl- edged, and proclaimed all over the world. The means of free and easy and unrestrained commu- nication among the various [lortions of the same country, either for the pur[]Oses of commer- cial traffic, or of friendly intercourse, creates an unity of interest, a sympathy of feeling, and a harmony of sentiment, which not only contri- butes to the wealth and coml'ort of a people, but cements the social compact — suppresses sectional hopes, fears and jealousies — augments the moral and intellectual resources of a nation, by encouraging a constant and familiar intima- cy among the wise and good — and finally, con- duces to its physical power anil political great- ness, by presorting it from civil broils and in- testine commotions. Those countries in Eu- rope which are eminently distinguished for denseness of population — for social and literary refinement — or for aflliience or commercial en- ter[irizp, — are, without exception, bountifully supplied by nature with deep navigable sireams intersecting their territories, or furnished by art with the kindred blessings of smooth turn- pike roads, or well constructed canals. With- out her ditches, Holland, instead of exhibiting rich and verdant plains, studded with neat farm houses and beautiful villasfes, or large and mag- nificent cities teeming with an active and indus- trious population, would have been to this day a waste and uninhabitable morass. " To her turnpike roads and similar conven- iences, England owes not only a considerable ! part of her opulence, — but she owes what is | equally valuable, — many of those moral and i lileiary institutions, and much of that refined and liberal feeling which adorns and does hon- our to her national character. In America too, where the progress of internal improvement has been slow and tedious, their advantages are abundantly manifest. To her grand canal. New York is chiefly indebted for her acknowledged supremacy in the union; and b^' the projection and execution of that stupendous work, CLIN- TON has enrolled himself among the greatest benefactors of mankind. To the mere passage of a good road through it« territory, the coun- try intersected by the great western turnpike may fairly ascribe that unparalleled prosperity which is marked by the grneral appearance of improvement, and by tliose numerous towns and villages -.vhich, within a few years, have risen, as if by enchantment, on its borders. * * * * * " But until the public spirit of our people, and the wisdom of our legislators, have assign- ed their proper rank to American manulactures — or have improved and ornamented this coun- try with canals and turnpikes, it becomes us to resort to other expedients to promote our pros- perity. The most eficctual antidotes to hard times and pecuniary embarrassments, are indus- try and diligence in the prosecution of our bu- siness, and a proper measure of economy in the use of what these have acquired for us. The creative and wonder working power of indus- try, is frequently manifested in that sure and steadl'ast advancement which we occasionally observe conducting some poor and obscure in- dividual from indigence and wretchedness, to ease and affluence. The salutary effects of do- mestic economy, and the never failing bane of dissatisfaction and extravagance, are plainly il- lustrated when the frugal tenant of the cottao-e exchanges his humble abode for the gorgeous palace of his former landlord. But while we acknowledge the^e as sound speculative truths, I fear too few of us are disposed to lest their virtues experimentally. Though we have it from sacred authority, " Ihat the hand of the diligent maketh rich" — that " he that gathereth by labour shall increase" — that " a man addict- ed to sloth will have his fields all grown over with thorns, and nettles shall cover Ihe face thereof, and the stone walls will be broken down," — yet how few among us either hear or heed this prophetic admonition. We go on in our courses of idleness, seduced by some delu- sive hope, OF by the have of present ease, with- out adopting a single measure necessary to re- alize the one or to confirm the other. And here let me ren\ark, that industry does not con- sist in mere bodily labour. We may devote ourselves to the drudgery of farming, anch ply our daily work with unremitted diligence; yet, without mental attention and management — without a judicious and systematical arrange- ment of our various duties, — our utmost efforts will be useless and un|)rotilable. Economy, Ion, admits Ihe same latitude of mean.ng. We may lie strict economists in saving what we have, hut we must be more — we must be economists in time, by taking advantage of every moment ns.it flies, and by assigning to each hour some specific task. We must be economists in labour, by its proper division and distribution. Where we have slaves or hirelings, we must give the light >vork, to the weak— the heavy to the strong: remembering always this excellent maxim, " never postpone until to-morrow, what ought to be done to day." Those who have fostered these precepts, and applied them to practice, can attest their efficacy by the wealth and comfort, tind haj>piness which invariably surround them. Providence seems to smile up- on theii^laudable exertions; Ihe grateful soil, pleased with the flattering attention of the in- dustrious tiller, bountifully yields its increase ; nature hails with joy the sincere worshipper as he approaches lier shrine, and sends him forth laden with the richest fruits of her munificence. In concluding this branch of the subject, 1 will appeal to that portion of the community whose admonition can never be imparled without ef- fect, and whose example, 1 am sure, can be still more beneficially exerted. The evils by which our country has for several years been rendered desolate, are intestine and domestic, and the remedy must be applied at home. To the matrons of the lands, to whom is specially allotted the direction of household matters, and to their fair daughters, who are, and of right ought to be, " rulers in Israel," we look for physicians to administer the nostrum, and to ef- fect the cure. We call upon them to furnish examples of industry and economy to their fam- ilies and friends, and both by precept and by practice, to reform the principles and amend the habits of those whose conduct nature has NEW ElVGLAND farm eh. 1C3 given them the |)ovver of controlling:. If they are wives, I suspect they will find tlie husband willing to come into iiny measure liy which their wishes may bo {rratilicd, Rnd his interest promoted. If they are mothers, it is their duty and privilege "to bring up their children in the »vay they should go, so that in old ago tliey may not depart from it."' Timf- will aflord them a rich reward in the prosperi- ty of industrious sons, and in the ripened gra- ces of accnm)ilished daughters. And if they hold neither of the responsible stations of pa- rent or wife, but am just venturing on the stage of life, they should be reminded that Ihcij, too, have their influence, and that it ought to be employed in the great work of regenerating the land. Where is the man so dead to every just, and natural, and honouralde feeling, who would barter the res|)ect and approbation of the fair, for the idle pomp and sjdendour of wealth, and the transitory charms of folly and dissipation? In thus correcting the errours of the ruder sex, the benefit is reciprocal. They not only render man better and happier by teaching him lessons of industry and economy, nnd by effecting his moral renovation, but are themselves imjiroved by llie proces? of in- struction, and lifted for the serious anil impor- tant duties of after life. The prudent man in search of a wile, seeks her not in the retinue of wealth, or among the votaries of pleasure. He looks for her in the shades of solitude, in the exercise of domestic virtue?, juid in the display of those amiable and useful accomplish- ments wliich enliven retirer:»2nt, and which " beautify and embellish the narrow but charm- ing circle of family delights." ***** " It will be recollected, gentlemen, th?? Tvhen 1 had the honour of addressing von, twelve months since, I ilirerted your altention to a subject of great practical importance to farmers, — 1 mean the improvement of lands by the application of manures. I then advised you to make experiments at least, and in this way to ascertain the expediency of turning un- der green crops, as an auxiliary to the litter of your larm yards. In this country, it is imprac- ticable to pursue any rotation of our principal crops, that will improve your lands, support your families, and insure yon a reasonable pro- tit, without great attention to the article of ma- nures. By uniting green crops with your barn yard and fossil manures, you will be enabled to return to the soil as much fertilizing matter as is annually withdrawn from it ; and by pursuing the system recommended by oar best farmers, of always having twice as much of your lands in grass as in wheat, you not only prevent them /rom deteriorating, but you insure them certain and positive improvement. Let me here re- commend to you the renewed npplic.ition of plas- ter paris to your lands. I am aware that many of you who formerly reposed the most im|)licit confidence in its virtues, and ajiplied it exten- sively, have lately abandoned its use altogeth- er, under the impression that it was either in- juring your lands, or at best had become useless and inoperative. Rest assured vou do it great injustice. Admit that plaster has from its im- proper application been the means of im- poverishing our lands; this is no argument against its proper and reasonable use. You Kiay as well refuse to employ iron implements mj upon your farms, because weapons of war aro made with the same material; you may as well object to the most salutary medicine, because somebody has been injured by incautiously tak- ing a double dose ; nay, you may upon the same priticiple, reject the very aliment of life — your ordinary meat and driidc — because gluttony and intemperance have slain their thousands, hy the excessive use of plaster, your lands were suddenly stimulated ; and all their energies be ing called into action at once, their produce was immense beyond all former example. The vegetable matter that has been accumulating for years, was by some peculiar property in the plaster extracted from the baser soil, ami con- verted into living plants. This, though an ad- mirable process, was of limited duration. The solo virtue of the plaster consisting in this, — iis effect upon dormant vegetable matter, — as soon as this i».atter became exhausted, the plas- ter, having no suliject to operate upon, of course became inert and worthless. Return to vour land some portion of the plaster food, ei- ther in the shape of green crops or barn yani manures, and 1 venture to predict you will re- store to plaster iis primitive virtues. I sp?ak coniidently, because I speak from experience. 1 have this year received from the use of plas- ter as decided a benefit as I ever witnessed in life. " We now come to the more particular men- tion of barn-yaid manures. Under this head jnay be arranged the litter from your stables — the straw from your barns, and the corn-stalks and other provender from your fields. The most experienced farmers differ materially as to the proper time for applying this species of manure. One will tell you that vegetalde matter should be spread upon your soil in its perfectly dry stale; — another that it should be partially fer- mented before it is applied;— and a third, that it should pass through all the states of decompo- sition in your stercoraries before it is fit for use. The latter doctrine is supported by many of the Pfnnsylvania farmers, whose opinions on this snbj'ect are entitled to great consideration. — The two first are principally entertained by Vir- ginia cultivators. You must not infer, from this difference of opmion, that either party is in er ror. The system which certain peculiarities of soil and climate rany recimrnend in one coun- try, may be very exce(itionalde in another; and indeed it frequently happens, that upon different parts of the same farm it is jirudent to apply manure in different stages of its decomposition. If your land be cold, adhesive and ungrateful, it is advisable to apply it in its perfectly dry state ; for by its fermentation, that degree of warmth in which the soil is deficient will be supplied — its tenacity will be de,?troyed by its mechanical influence — and it will be rendered generous and productive. But if your lands be sufficiently porous, and only so far unproductive as arises from the absence of fertilizing matter, which is certainly the case with a large pro()or- tion of our lands, I would advise the applica- tion of manure alter it had undergone a partial decomposition in your barn yards. After all, there can be no established or universal stand- ard on this subject: your judgment must dictate the proper course to pursue under the various circumstances that may exist. '^ 1 shall this day, however, present to the Soci- ety, at its private meeting, a letter from one of its honorary member.^,— the late John Taylor, of Caroline, on the subject of vegetable man- ures, from which 1 am well assured some valu- able information may be gathered. And here I am rcniiiided that some tribute is due to the memory uf tliat great and good man, who not only bore so conspicuous a part in the councils of the n;ition, but wa; equally distinguished for his literary and scientific attainments — for his unwearied and successful devotion to agriculture, — for his nffeclionale and amiable heart, and his gentle and couciliating deportment — and for his rigid adherence to that whole series of duties which attach to the humble relations of private life. He now sleeps in the bosom of the earth, which, while living, he so fondly cherished, and so diligently cultivated. Perhaps no gorgeous monumental [lile, or labored epitaph,' denotes to the passing traveller that here is the tomb of moral excellence or of political greatness. Per- haps the clods of his own vallc}' rest unbrokeri upon his remains, and he boasts no other monu- ment than the simple sod — ihej'armer^s sod — placed and nurtured by the pious hand of grati- tude and ad'eclion i!|)on the humble giave of de- parted worth. With us, however, as members of the same association, and co-workers with him in the great cause of agricultural improve- ment, he claims a lasting and grateful remeoa- bra'vce. With his precepts and practice before us, it becomes us to follow, though at humble distance, bis illustrious footsteps. We should learn from his exam|)le that the pursuits of sci- ence, and even the ignoble employments of hus- bandry, are not wholly irreconcileabie with de- voted patriotism and public usefulness — that thdse modern days, with all their reprobacy, are not loo degenerate to prod\ice another and an- other Cincionatus, who, like him of old, would desert the plough lor the senate, and, the emerf gency over, descend again to the drudgery of the field. Let us contemplate this admirable moc -1 — meditate upon its many excellencies — ai. I earnestly resolve to " go and do likewise." IMPORTANT DISCOVERY. We are informed that Dr O'Neil, of Comber, has discovered a chemical process by which hog's-lard can be converted into an article for dipping and moulding candles, superior to Rus- sian tallow, without any additional expense. — When prepared according to his plan, it is equal to white wax or spermacetti. The candles made of it burn with a sujjerior light, resembling io flame the purest gas. They are altogether void of the offensive smell and greasy touch of other, candles, and, when burning in the closest apart- ment, have no smell, and emit no smoke. They burn by many minutes longer than any other can- dle of the same weight, and with a change of process only in preparing, they can be either of a beautiful golden yellow, or of a snow-white color, which the effects of light or time cannot alter. — JV. Y. paper. COPPER UTENSILS. A source of danger from the nse of culinary vessels of copper, by Sir H. Davy, viz. — that weak solutions of common salt, such as are daily made by adding a little salt to boiling vegeta- bles and other eatables in our kitchens, act strongly upon copper, although strong ones do not affect it. 164 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. APPENDIX TO DR. IIOSACk's address TO THE HOnTICULTURiL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. Letter from Samuel L. Mitchet.l to David Hosack, M. D. oil the improvement of Orchards, Apples, and Cider. Xew York, Sept. 3, 1 824. My Dfar Sir— Since tlie ;i;i|)lc,as iin nrticle for furnishin.^ a vinous liquor, Ik\3 been referred to me for consideration, I give yon willi pleasure my opinion as lecturer on liolany and vegelaLle physiology to the Horticultural Society. The tree affording this fruit, and the agreealde drink the latter yields by fermentation, have long ex- ercised the industry and skill of man. ."Vnd in the convenient soils of the middle latitudes, many proprietors have considered their culture as matter of high moment. Nor is this an object of surprise. The apple tree, in my judgment, produces some of the best fruit in the world. i\Iany varieties gratify the sight by their diversity of figure, size, and Col- our ; others satisfy the smell, by their fragrance, of a delicious quality ; while yet others again recreate the palate with their exqtiisite tlavor. The expressed juice is well known in one of its fermenting stages as cider, and in another as 'jinegar. If there is any room for wonder in the case, it is that more stress has not been laid upon the cnlture of the apple, especially in our part of .North America. It seems to me, that the re- gion between James River and the Kaalskill Blountains, including New Jersey and all the southern district of New York, is peculiarly favourable to orchards of this kind. The trees thrive well ; are long-lived ; bear the heat, cold, and vicissitudes of the weather; run into endless varieties, which varieties are perpetu- ally on the increase ; and they bear grafting and inoculation to admiration. And still, ivith so many good qualifies, the apple has not risen so high in public estimation as it deserves. There are two obvious reasons for the neglect it has experienced. One cause, at least among those who speak the English language, is connected with the j name it bears. The word cider does not convey to the mind, the idea of a -wine or vinous liquor. However excellent it may be, it is consumed merely as cider ; and is not exalted to the rank and dignity of wine. The German tongue is more happy in this respect ; for it denominates cider by the name of .ipfel ti'cin, or apple wine. And if we could establish from "• mains" — the Latin name for the apple tree — or "malum," an apple, such a title as malic wine, instead of cider, I am conlident its character and credit would be increased. The other cause is the preference given to the grape and its produce. The vine, which jjrnduces this fruit, has, like the apple, branch- ed into numberless varieties, and proved itself capable of cultivation aver most countries of Southern, and some of Middle Europe. The vine has steadily (here kejil pace with improve- ment and civilization. The more common forms of the fermented drink procured from its fruit have been deemed necessary to life ; while the more exquisite modifications are classed among the most precious luxuries. It has also gained, and deservedly, the consideration due to a val- nable and important medicine. In addition to the intrinsic worth of this product, which may be called "grape wine," — or — " wine of the gra|)e," — our manners, habits, and customs so much resemble those of the people from whom we have descended, that we can hardly be friendly or sociable without it. Attempts were, soon after the settlement of certain colonies, made to render this country independent of all others, by rearing and dres- sing the vine. Yet the project, though urged by its advocates early in the seventeenth centu- ry, at least two hundred years ago, has hitherto been carried but partially into execution. This has probably arisen fiom the great ease with which wine has been imported from foreign ports and places; and from the rcadmess with which our bread-stuff*, fisii, and other kinds of food, are exchanged lor this sort of drink. I am satisfied, from long and extensive ob- servation, that our country, south of the latitude of 41°, or perhaps a little more, will sustain the grape-vine. The fruit produced in the county uf Now York is abundant and delicious. The liquor prepared by Mr LegauiC, from his vineyard near Philadelphia, proves the vine to afford good fruit. The hke favourable report has been made of the Swiss settlement nt Vevay, under John James Dufpur and his associates. — .\nd more recently, Thomas Worlhingfon, Esq. has produced for our tasting an elesfant wine, partaking of the qualities uniting claret to bur- gundy, from his own plantation in Ohio. The publication promised by William Lee, Esq. a gentleman well acquainted with the cultivation of the vine, and especiall}' in the tracts watered by the liver Garonne in France, may be expect- ed to contain the reost correct and recent in- formation on the subject. But it is not to exotic vines only that we may look. Our indigenous species and varieties jiromise something valuable by culture. The sruppervong of North Carolina, from the place where the river Roanoke em])ties into the Sotmd, is already known and approved. The luxuriance of the plants in Alabama may be understood bj Mr N. BicknelTs letter, of a late dale, from Clarkesville. "The grape vines grow to an enormous size, and rise to the tops of the tallest j season, pines. I have seen them as large as my thigh, i 4. The separation of the select apples from all unripe ones, and from all acerb varieties. 5. The removal of ail dirt and heterogeDOus matters. greatest amount of enjoyment to those who do the work. The beast and his master are mt)ie plenlifully fed. The abundance which passes from the field into the barn or granary, shows itself in the number and fatness of the animals, in the excellent condition of buildings & fences, in the comforts and even elegancies of the man- sion, and in the income and credit of the own- er. This association of a grazing and l>read- stutV culture with the maximum of enjoyment for a free and republican people, is almost in- delible in my mind. Every additional acre thus improved is an additional evidence of prosperi- ty, in my sense of the word ; and every acre taken rrom this culture, and turned to some- thing else, even to the culture of the vine, mav be considered as withdrawn from the more interesting business of yielding food and its ac- companiments. The planting of the apple-tree is not liable to this remark. It is consistent with the full exercise of the plough and the hoe, the scythe and the flail, the mill and the tannery. The manifold uses of this fruit are universally kninvn. How, nevertheless, can I forbear to mention the Swaar apple, of Poughkeepsie, (lie S|)ilZL'nbergh, of Kingston, and the Pippins, of Neivtown? New Jersey has become famous for the cider of A'crcarh. \'irginia is proud of her Hushes'' crab. New York dwells with sat- isf.iction upon the praises of Paincs'' red streak : and our fclloiv citizen, William Cumberland, has been specially occupied for a considerable time in practical trials to bring cider to that de- gree of purity ;'nd excellence, entitling it to the appellation of apple tt'i'iie. 1 really wish, that farmers would (urn their tlinughls more seriously to the apple, and its vinous products. The points more immediately worthy of ob- iservalion, are, among others, the following: 1. The selection of the best fruit for making the particular ciders. 2. The rearing of a suflicient number of trees, to proimce a good vintage. 3. The securing thereby the ripening of the apples, at the same tinu, and at the proper ten ("ect from (he ground. In the account I read a few days since of the progress of the vine- cultivation in Pennsylvania, it is staled that cut- tings are planted, which bear a few grapes the third year. I was conversing with a gentleman here on the subject, who informed ine, that learning a graft would t.-»ke on the vine, hedu; G. Attention to the clean and inodorous condi- tion of the casks and vessels. 7. Proper attention to (he process of fermen- tation, that it be checked by sulfihureous fumes, uj) some vines in the woods, set them out, and ■ or by cool vaults before it goes too far. grafted them ; and that one of them produced j 8. The construction of cellars or recesses two bunches (he first year, and bore abundantly I along side hills or slopes, for- keeping and ri- the second. There is a native kind here, of'pening the liquor. delicious flavour, having a tartness sufficient to 9. Due attention to fining, racking, decanting, prevent cloying the appetite. The bunches arc and precaution requisite for rendering it as very long, and 3G f grapes were counled on one [complete as i(s na(ure will admit, of tbem.''l wish it conid be ascertained whether I Whenever the state of society shall arrive, grapes take the graft," k.c. "nd 1 h<~,pe it is not very remote, when (he ap- 1 consider it perfectly [iracticable for rcine ofiV^e sUaU receive that cnlture and management the !(ni/>f,— both of the foreign and domesdck I of which it is suscepdble, (here will be pro slocks — (o be produced in the proper soils ami clirna(e of the United States, whenever our ag- ricultural citizens shall turn their attention that way. If I should hesita'.e or object (olhis mode of improving land, it would be upon odier ground. 1 have ever considered a counlry a- 1 bounding in grass and grain, as affording the luced among ourselves liquors or drinks far su- periour to (he grea(et part of' the impor(ed wines, and approaching, with care and ar(, the virtues of (he most liiglily esteemed and fash- ionable of them all. 1 avail myself of this opportunity to congrat- islute you on the good already done hy the amm- NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 165 ber^, and the pro?pcct of an ciilargenipnt as well as a continuance of their useful labours: and I conclude my communicalion by a ronen- ed assurance of tnv g'ood feeling and liisli I'c- gard. "SAMUEL L. MITCHILL. Extract from some observations on the Domestic Wines of the U. S.bij the lute Dr Rush. « It is to be lamented that the grape is not yet suflicienlly cultivated in our country, to af- ford wine for our citizens; but many excellent sutistitules mav be made for if, IVom the native fruits of all the states. If two barrels of cider, fresh from the press, are boiled into one, and afterwards fermented, and kept for two or throe years in a diy cellar, it affords a liquor, which, according to the quality of the apple from which the cider is made, has the taste of Mala- ga or Rhenish wine. It affords, when mixed with water, a most agreeable drink in summer. 1 have taken tie liberty of calling it Pomona Wink. There is another method of making a pleasant wine from the apple, by adding four and twenty gallons of new cider to three gal- lons of syrup made from the expressed juice of sweet apples. When thoroughly fermented, and ke[it for a few years, it becomes tit for use. The blackberry of our fields, and the raspber- ry and currant of our gardens, aflord likewise an agreeable and wholesome wine, when press- ed, and mixed with certain proportions of su- gar and water, and a little spirit, to counteract the disposition to an excessive fermentation. — It is no objection to these cheap and home made wines, that tliey are unfit for use till they are two or three years old. The foreign wines in common use in our country, require not only a much longer time to bring them to perl'ec- tion, but to prevent their being disagreeable €veu to the taste." From tke Boston Medical Lilclligcnccr. DECEMBER. This, as well as November, is a merry month withal, and better befitting a poet, perhaps, to sing its praises, than ourselves. Here, in New England, the first day almost of the month is a day of Thanksgiving and Praise to the Great .Author of good, for the abundance of the sea- son in every thing which promotes comfort and happiness. Family connections usually assem- ble on this day, and whilst they fare sumptuous- ly on roast turkeys and plum puddings, they carry joy in their faces and gratitude in their hearts — a joy which the sympathy of those to whom we are most closely attached lends great- ly to enhance — a gratitude which the solemni- ties of the day and the fruitfulness of the sea- eon, unite to impress deeply on the mind. But the ofTeringG of jiraise for the blessings of the season are scarcely ended, when the recurrence of the anniversary of the landing of our Pil- grim Fathers at Plymouth, calls forth even stronger emotions — it calls us to reflect on their characters, and thus affords us a moral lesson, —it calls to our minds the motives which led to their pilgrimage, and thus teaches us to appre- ciate the blessings of liberty — it places in our view the result of their hardships, and thus ex-, cites our admiration, and awakens feelings of gratitude for that tranquility and freedom which have made our lives so peaceful and happy, and ■our country so great and powerful. But with December come not only tributes of gratitude for the bounties of the sea«on and (he Idrssings of our lives, but also for the prospect of never ending felicity ; for ihe merry peals of the Christmas Udls invite us to rcilcctions, which though solemn and impressive, excite sn the heart a thrill ofexlacy that is evinced, in every christian country, by rejoicings and festivities; thus is the month of which we treat full of events calculated to call forth our finest feelings and most agreeable reflections — both lo excite, to enliven, and lo improve iis. Our readers have been already apprised of the influence exerted by the afl'ections of the mind on the strength and vigour of the body ; and might thence suppose that the excitement produced by the celebration in the same month of the nativity of our saviour and the landing of the Pilgrims, (ti'o events which are decidedly the most important that have occurred since the creation, would be an eifeclual barrier to the inroads of disease. They must recollect, however, that too great joy leads almost invari- ably to excesses and imprudent indulgences, and tlvat the associations connected with the return of. these anniversaries, are frequently such as lo open anew the wounds of hearts that have been lacerated, and to excite recollections which frequently overpower the enfeebled f^rame of (he aged or the invalid. We have uniformly remarked that Decem- ber has a long list of deaths, and often jiroves fatal to a large proportion of those w ho are ad- vanced in years. Diseases are also parlicnlar- ly prevalent among children, who are apt to overload their stomachs with cake, pies, and plum puddings, three most dire ofleuders in these days, producing not only diarrhoeas and pneumonic fevers in Utile children, but dyspep- sia, gout, apoplexy, and all Ihe diseases of re- pletion in great ones. All complaints which re- sult from loo rich, too stimulating, or too abun- dant a diet, are more numerous at this season than at any other, and this catalogue of mala- dies would be much shortened if the distinction were, on these days, to drink better wines than usual, rather than to empty more bottles. Visceral obstructions are frequent at the ap- proach of winter, and should be counteracted by a cooling regimen ; ripe fruits, and acidulat- ed liquids may be used with freedom, but a dry diet should be carefully avoided. ^ — Colds at Ihis season usually terminate in hing fevers, and ty- phus commences its inroads ; the clothing, therefore, should be warm, and every kind of exposure most strictly guarded against ; for in spite of all its festivities, December is a dan- gerous month — its coldness, though generally agreeable, is frequently damp and penetrating ; and its dinners, routs, and hilarily — those arch enemies of blue devils and potent sliorteners of ihe human visage — often lead lo worse diseases than they can cure, to more melancholy thoughts than they can dissipate. F/om the Conntclicui Couranl. rYROLfG.NEOUS ACID. As this substance has in some degree excited iho public attention, and as it appears to he one of those things which may add to the comforts and conveniences of life, the writer having had some acquaintance with the subject, is induced to offer the following observation? This ;icid has been been usually produced liy the distillaliun of wood in iron retorts. When thus produced it has a strong pungent taste, and in colour resembling French brandy. In this state it contains tar in Ihe proi)ortion of about one-eighth part, and also, besides the tar, it contains another suuslance extremely bitier. These impurities, by a cerlain jirocess, may be entirely removed, and Ihe aciil, unless it be stained with some extranenoua substance, will be colourless almost as water, and not unplea- sant to the tasle. In this state it is suitable to be applied lo meat. After being thus jiuriCed, it consists of acetic acid, or vinegar, combined with a peculiar essential oil. It is to be regret- ted that this article has been offered to the pub- lic in its impure state, that is, combined with the tar, &c. When used in this state, it necessarily communicates to the meat something of its strong unpleasant taste. I made experiments the last year with ihc purified acid which were entirely satisfactory. It is cerlain that hams, Sic. cuied in this way may be rendered equal it not superiour in flavour to those smoked in the ordinary way; saving entirely the sooty outside, and saving also some expense and trouble. The fiict that smoke is composed in part of Pyrolig- neous Acid, shows why it is so offensive to the eyes. This substance is highly antiseptic. In June last, I look a piece of fresh veal weigh- •ing about six pounds, and simply brushed it over with purified acid. It remained hung np in an out house all summer without any signs of putrefaction. Goshen, Litchfeld Co. Dec. 1824. From a London Paper. VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS. It is remarkable that this country does not produce one useful vegetable which it can call its own ; we have imported every thing of the kind, from the luxurious Pine, down to the hum- ble Potatoe. The following list of the earth's productions, with the countries from which they originally came, may perhaps be new and in- teresting to such of our readers as have not considered the subject : — Rye and Wheat were first imported from Tartary and Siberia, where they are yet indigenous ; Barley and Oats, un- known ; but certainly not in Britain, because we are obliged to cultivate them ; Asparagus was first imported from Asia; Cresses from Crete; Cauliflowers from Cyprus ; Chervil from Italy; Cabbage and Lettuce from Holland ; Fen- nel from the Canary Islands ; Garlick from the East ; Gourds from Astrachan ; Horse-radish from China ; Kidney-beans from the East In- dies ; Lentil from France ; Potatoe from Brazil ; Kice from Ethiopia ; Shalot from Sibera ; To- bacco from America ; Sugar was originally brought from India, by the introduction of the plant Saccharui/i officiarum. — " Arabia," says Pliny, " produces Saccaron, but the best is in India. It is a honey collected from the reeds; a sort of white gum, brittle between the teeth ; the largest pieces do not exceed the size of a hazel nut, and are only used in medicine." Su- gar was first made from these reeds in Egypt; from thence the plant was carried into Sicily, which, in the 121h century, supplied many parts of Europe wilh that commodity, and from thence, at a period unknown, it was probably brought into Spain by the Moors. From Spaie 16G NteW ENGLAND FARMER. it was planted in the Canary Islands, and in tlie Madeiras by the Portupruese. This happened about the year 1500. Aftenvaids the reed was carried to St. Domingo, and to \h6 Island of Hispaniola; about the year 1623, into the Dra- zils. Sugar was then a most expensive luxury, and used only in feasts, or for medical purposes. Nor are we less indebted to olher and more distant countries for our finest flowers. The Jessamin came from the East Indies; the Tu- lip from Cappadocia ; llie Daffodil from Italy ; the Lilly from Syria ; the Tube Rose from Ja- va and Ceylon ; the Carnation and Pink from Italy — to which may be added (he Elder Tree, imported from Persia; and many others might be mentioned. PULMONARY CONSUMrXION. In the incipient, and, indeed, in more advanc- ed stages of this unhappy complaint, the inhal- ing of the fumes arising from the burning of a composition, the basis of which is supposed (o be common tar, has been of singular utility. A ricuUure, any more than in the other useful arts, without free experiments, yet, perhaps, nothing has a greater tendency to bring Experimental Agriculture into disrepute, than too great a readiness to recommend new systems, and new productions. _ . The authorities in favour of the Saint Fom are numerous, and weighty ; but a little atten- tion to its history will satisfy our cultivators, that its culture should be attempted with great caution. On the shallow, gravelly soils of cer- tain parts of France, it is said to have been em- inently successful, and at different periods, and during short intervals, it has had some reputation in England. It seems never to have been a favourite plant with the Dutch and Flemish planters, though it has been cultivated in France and Italy, with more or less success. Still, even in France, the Dutch orbroad leaved clover has been generally preferred, and, after that, the lucerne. I have never been able to perceive in what respects the Saint Foin could have the preference over clover or lucerne, in climates in which these latter plants would thrive well. and woody as those of clover, and its leaves do not so readily fall off in drying. 1 have thought it a duty to state these facts. Roxbury, Dec. 1, 1821. A FARMER. Mr Timewell, of Poole, Dorsetshire, has em- I'^eonlv reason assigned is, that having along ployed it with extraordinary success ; the 7;io- ■' - ... . . ii,._„:i- di(s operatuU he thus explains — " The first symp- toms of this horrid disease arc generally ac- companied by an irritating cough, which arises 'Vom the excoriations aggravated by the cough, gradually degenerated into open and destructive ulcers, whereas the fumigation coming in imme- diate contact with these excoriations, or, per- hapBi small ulcers, it heals them, the cough ceases, the patient gains strength, and ultimate- ly recovers." PRESERVATION OF FISH, kC. For ensuring the sweetness of fish conveyed by land carriage, the belly of the tish should be opened, and the internal parts sprinkled with powdered charcoal. The same material will restore even putrescent water to a state ot perfect freshness. The inhabitants of Cadiz, who are necessitated to keep in tanks the wa- ter for culmary uses, were fir-t indebted to our informant, during the late Peninsula war, for the tbregning simple yet efficacious remedy ol an evil which they had long endured. Buckthorn Hedges. — A friend of the Editor wishes for information relative to the culture of shrub cnlled Buck Thorn [Rhnmniis, L.) for the purpose of forming hedges. He would like- wise be glad to purchase some of the seeds, roots, or layers proper for planting, if they can be re- comended as being of the right species, and of a suitable quality for the use above mentioned, and can be accompanied with directions relative to the best mode of their culture. Any commu- nication on this subject for the A'ew England Farmer, from any gentleman who has a practical acquaintance with the cultivation of this shrub maybe serviceable to the public, and would much oblige the Editor. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FP..IDAY, DECEMBER. 17, 1824. St Foin Grass. The following article will be read with interest and profit, as well for the n-eneral principles it contains, as on account of the sjiecific iuformation it communicates res- pecting the cultivation of Sainfoin. ■ro THE EDITOR OF THK NEW E.VGI.AND FARMER. Dear Sir, — I have read your article on San- foin or St Foin grass, in your paper of the 26th of November, imd although you have not com- mitted yourself by any expression of your own opinions, yet your readers may be led to attempt the cultivation of this grass on the credit of the authorities cited by you. While nothing can be more fatal to the progress of Agriculture, than a blind prejudice against everything which IS now, — while it is dcmunstrable, that no con- siderable advanCom<*nt can be expected in Ag- tap-root, it is enabled to penetrate gravelly soils, and to sustain its growth in times of drought, when clover and lucerne would perish. This quality, if it really possesses it, would render it very valuable in New England, where we have so large a proportion of soils of this description ; but my own experiments, and those of some highly respected friends, not in one year only, but at different and distant periods within the last thirty years, have led me to believe that the St Foin is too tender a grass for our climate. I distinctly recollect experiments as to this plant, made by my friends, in the latter part of the last century, and the plants were so generally killed by the severs frosts of our w in- ters, that the culture was abandoned. 1 have made two experiments at different periods in gravelly soils and in rich garden mould, and I found, in one case, nearly half, and in the other, the whole of the plants destroyed by the first winter's frost. 1 suffered the surviving plants to stand, and in two or three years they totally disappeared. I think theretbre that our farmers should be informed of these facts, lest thev should make experiments on too large a scale — ex|)erience great disappointments, and be in- duced from that cause, to feel an undue degree of distrust, as to all new experiments. I do not impute the least blame to you, for stating what had been the success of farmers in other coun- tties and o(/(cr states, in the cultivation of this plant, and I must commend the laudable spirit of the intelligent Gentleman, who introduced a quantity of this seed for trial, but I would re- commend a cautious and moderate course of ex- periments. It is possible that in some soils, and in certain sheltered spots, it may fully succeed, though 1 am constrained to say, that from my observation of the plant, I cannot believe that it will ever become as valuable as the red clov- er, for rich or even sandy soils, or as the white clover, for light, gravelly ones, intended for pastures. I am inclined to believe, that the lucerne might prove a very valuable addition to the number of our cultivated grasses. It is much more hardy — indeed, it seems to me to be as hardy as clover. Its foliage is much more abundant than that of St Foin, Ihoutrh less so than that of clover. Its stfilks are not -o coarse African Gourd, or Hercules' Club. Mr Dan- iel Jones of (his city has left in the office of (he vVeti) Enr^land Farmer a singular vegetable pro- duction with the foregoing appellation. In its form it resembles a large hollow club 3 feet 4 inches long, and 17 inches circumference in the largest part. The shell resembles that of (he common gourd, but i( appears to be thicker and firmer. It will hold one gallon and an half of water. FARMER SUMMARY OF NEWS. CONGP..ES.S.— The National Legislature commenced its session dn the 6th, and a quorum was formed. On the 7th the President's Message was received. This important and satisfactory document commences with a brief recapitulation of the circumstances which evince the national and individual prosperity of the United States, and expressions of reverence and th.iukfulness to the Almighty Power, from whose bounty these bles- sings are derived. A viewofour foreign relations is then presented, which is luminous and satisfactory. The President informs us that a negotiation is contemplated for obtaining indemnity from France for spoliations on our commerce during her revolution. The trade be- tween the United States and the British dominions in Europe, he informs, is put on terms of perfect reciproc- ity. With the West Indies negotiations are still pend- in?, with a prospect of a favourable result. A propo- sitiou has been made to England, to declare all vessels engaged in the Slave Trade out of the protection of their respective governments. A treaty has been con- cluded with Russia respecting the claims of that power on the North West coast of this continent. He states that there is reason to believe that the independence of the Brazils will shortly be recognized by Portugal. The Message gives a very favourable view of our finances. It states that on the 1st of January 18l7the public debt amounted to $ 123,491 ,965. 16, and has been redv:ced since then $07,446,911.78. lL,?dvises that a provision be made and tendered to Gen. Lafayette, which shall correspond with the sentiments and be worthy of the character of the American people. It recommends sonip new arrang'mcnts iviUi ngard (e NEW ENGLAND FARMEtt. 16> the Supreme Court of the United States, that the Judg- es may be exempted from every other duty than those which are incident to that high trust,— That the Indians residing; within our limits be removed to a tract ol country between the United States and Mexico, under a territorial government established by Congress. The President closes with expressing his gratitude for the public confidence and generous support which he has received, and observes, — " From the present j-rosperous and happy slate, I derive a gratification which I cannot express. That these blessings may be perpetuated, will be the object of my unceasing pray- ers to the Supreme Uuler of the Universe." A joint committee from both houses was appointed for adopting a mode of receiving Gen. Lafayette, who was subsequently introduced into the Senate Room, and in- vited by the president to take a seat prepared for him on the right of the chair. Presidential Ehclion. — The votes of the Electoral Colleges, so far as has been received, is stated bdow. The whole number of votes is 20 1 — necessary to a chnire 131. Mr Calhoun, it will be seen, is elected \ ice President. ^ihiins Jackson Crawford Ciai/. 6 New England states 51 00 00 00 New York 2G 1 5 •1 Maryland 3 7 1 00 Delaware 1 00 2 00 Pennsylvania 00 2a 00 0(1 New Jersey 00 8 00 (10 Virginia 00 00 24 00 North Carolina 00 15 00 00 Ohio 00 00 00 It) 81 59 32 20 f-^iee President. Calhoun Sanford Jackson Mticon 6 New England states 41 00 9 1 blank New York 29 7 00 00 Maryland 10 00 1 00 Delaware 1 00 00 Clay 2 Pennsylvania •^s 00 00 00 New Jersey 8 00 00 00 Virginia 00 00 00 24 North Carolina 15 00 00 00 Ohio 00 It) 00 00 132 23 10 24 Boat Race. — A race between a boat belonging to the ■Whitehall Boatmen, of New York, called the ^^mcri- can S(ar, and a boat belonjiug to the British Frigate Hussar, called the £)ar/, took place on the 9th inst. which was won by the Americans. The purse run for, was 52000. The number of spectators present, was es- timated to be about 50,000. The distance run was about 4 miles ; the race was accomplished in 22 min- utes, and the Star came out about a quarter of a mile or two minutes ahead. The American oarsmen lifted their oars 46 times, and the British 39 times a minute. The whole thing was conducted with great good na- ture, and the crew of the Hussar's launch cheered the victors manfully. Domestic Industry. — The annual Fair of the New- York Mechanic and Scientific Institution look place at the Arsenal on Friday of last week. From 11 till 3 o'- clock, fhe large building appropriated to the exhlbitlo* was crowded with spectators, intent upon an examina- tion of the articles offered for premiums. The display was rich and various, furnishing the most conclusive ev- idence of the ingenuity, skill, and industry of our coun- trymen, snd of the perfection at which the useful arts hare arrived on this side of the Atlantic. It was the remark of good judges, that within the last year most of the articles particularly the cloths, have improved fifty per cent. The display in this de- partment was extensive and unusually fine, embracing specimens from nearly every manufactory in this State, and from various parts of the United States, as far east as Massachusetts, and as far west as Ohio. Gentlemen who are familiar wi'h the work-shops of Europe, infor- med us, that some of these cloths were not surpassed in texture, colour, and finish, by any they had seen in oth- er couutrieS. — JS'. Y- Slatisinan. fVliile Fish, &c. — Between four and five thousand barrels of excellent White Fish, have been taken this season, at the Gtosse Isle fisheries alone. Tiny are worth $6 per barrel. — These fish arc very delicious food, and are found in great abundance. The huge and delieiiuis fish, called Miisktcnonjay, is frequently taken in the nets with the White fish, on which it feeds with great voracity. — They weigh from 10 to 50, and sometimes 70 pounds; but the largest caught this season, measured 4 leet 4 inches, and weigh- ed 47 pounds. — On opening it, three White fish, one measuring 22 inches, were found within it ; and one weighing 4o pounds has been presented to Col. Smvtii, of this city, who intends to have its head and skin, together with a fine while fish, preserved, and present- ed to one of the Museums on the Atlantic board, — De- troit Gaulle. Mr Harding. — .K letter from Glasgow, mentions, that our countryman, Mr Harding, had visited that city, had greatly improved in his art, and that there was no ques- tion of his success. — We can add, on tlie information of a gentleman who travelled with Mr H. in Scotland and Ireland, that he every where received the highest pat- ronage ; — that he passed some time professionally, at the residence of Mr Coke, the great Norfolk Agricultu- rist, and also at the seat of the Uuke of Hamilton, in Scotland ; — that his time was conlinnally occupied, wherever he resided ; and that his charge is twenty guineas a portrait. Militia of Pennsi/lvania. — The late military returns of Pennsylvania, state its militia at 158,512 rank and file. -The volunteer corps are 34 troops of cavalry, 39 companies of artillery, 2So companies of Infantry, and 120 companies of riflemen. Total, twenty-three thou- sand seven hundrecl and thirty-eight voluntary soldiers. ^Jgrkiill ural Sew i n a ny. fT^HF, next ttrni of the Literary, Scientific, and Prac- J. tical Institution at Derby, (Con.) will commence on the 2d Wednesday of >iovember, and continue till the last of April. There will be given -during this term, a course of Lectures upon Agiitulture and Do- mestic Economy. 'J he Lectures are tbunded upon the principles of Chemistjy, which will be fully illustrated by experiments, and such other of the sciences as can bo applied, upon personal txperience in Agriculture, and the experience of others, collected from travelling in various parts of the United States, and an extensive course of enquiries from practical men and from books upon practical farming and the other concerns of Com- mon Life. The course will consist of from 75 to 100 Lectures, given in as quick succession as shall appear expedient, at the commencement of the term. Tlie price of this course, independent of the general course of studies in the school, will be 10 Dollars. The price of the gene- ral course of studies is 15 Dollars a term, or 30 Dollars a year. Dciby, October 12, 1824. ATHA.MEL DEARBORN has removed from No. 33, to 64, Market-street, up stairs— where he res- pectfully solicits a continuance of public favor. Cards of every description engraved and printed — Door Plates and Stencil Plates furnished — Engravings on Wood — seals, &c. 'executed to order. October 22. Stiperioritji of American Salt. — The Boston Pallad- ium says, '* Salt is superior for preserving fish and meats, in proportion to its weight. We understand Liverpool salt weighs about 50 lbs. a bushel, and Massachusetts salt about 70." JVtu) Invention. — A hatter of Glasgow has invented a new species of water proof hats, obviatijig some of the most formidable objections which attached to the old plan. The disagreeable weight of the old water- proof hats is not felt in those manufactured by Mr Gib- son. The fabric is made of splits of whale-bone, about the thickness of a hay straw, thinly woven together. — The brim is made either of pasteboard or whalebone, woven alternately with woolen yarn. The top and sides are covered with cotton cloth, water-proofed in the usual manner. Upon the top of this, the cloth, with the exteriour silk upon it, is cemented as usu- al. Such is the elacticity of these hats, that although you place them under a weight sufficient to crush the two sides together, they resume their original shape whenever the pressure is removed. Leather Sheathing. — The schooner Eliza, belong- ing to Messrs. Barker & Co. of New York, returned from a voyage of six months on the 21st ult. It will be recollected that this is the first vessel sheathed with leather, and it is believed that the experiment has an- swered the most sanguine expectations of the friends of domestic industry. A pump has been invented at Baltimore, which is said to work almost of itself, and to raise the water to any given height. The expense of making is small, and the plan simple. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c. [Revised and corrected every Friday.] Cotton Yarn has been spun of the fineness of 350 hanks weighing only one pound. Each hank would measure 140 yards, which multiplied by 350, will give 294,000 yards, or 162 miles and a fraction. For sale at this office, a few pounds o{ Mangel Wurt- sel and Ruici £('£0, iSeed, raised by John Pnucc, Esq. Rosbury. APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. - - - - BEANS, while, BEEF, mess, ,200 lbs. new, - cargo. No 1, new, - - " No 2, new, - - BUTTF.e,, inspect. No. 1. new CHEESE, new milk, - - - - skimed milk, ... FLAX FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Gencssee, - - . Rye, best, . . - GRAIN,Rye . - . - . Corn . . ... Barley . . . - Oats - - . . - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS retails at POP>.K, Bone Middlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover - . . . - WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION MARKET. BEEl'', best pieces - - . - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, . - - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, lump, best, . . - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - - - . Indian, do. . . - - POTATOES, new, - - - - CIDER, liquor, new - . . . HAY, aecordins to (juality, - FKOM TO U. C D. C. bbl 1 5C 2 ton. 115 117 00 118 OC 120 00 bush 95 I 00 bbl. 8 5U 9 00 7 00 7 25 6 00 6 25 Ih. 12 7 8 0 ti 4 9 bush 73 84 bbl. 6 6 37 6 50 2 75 3 00 busli 50 54 48 56 50 32 lb. 10 n 8 10 cask 1 10 1 20 gal. 70 78 ton. 5 00 bbl. 16 00 17 00 13 50 14 00 13 00 13 50 bush 60 70 40 45 45 50 35 42 25 30 48 52 35 40 lb. 6 8 G 7 5 6 3 8 2 7 8 10 12 16 16 20 17 20 bush 65 70 60 65 20 50 bbl. 2 0( 2 50 tou. 16 OC 20 00 168 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. . JWiscrU.inifs. ODE TO NEW ENGLAND. B1 PERCIVAL. Hail to the land whereon we tread ! Our fondest boast ; The sepulchre of mighty dead, The truest hearts that ever bled. Who sleep on Glory's brightest bed, A fearless host : No slave is here — our unchaia'd feet Walk freely, ^.s the waves that beat Our coast. 6ur fathers cross'd the ocean's wave To seek this shore ; They left behind the coward slave To welter in his living grave ; — With hearts unbent, and spirits brave, They sternly bore Such toils, as meaner souls had quell'd ; But souls like these, such toils imjieird To soar. Hail to the morn, when first they stood On Blinker's height. And, fearless, stt- mm'd th' invading flood, And wrote our dearest rights in blood. And mow'd in ranks the hireling brood, In desperate fight I O ! 'twas a proud, exullirg day. For even onr fallen fortunes lay In light. There is no other land like thee, No dearer shore ; Thou art the shelter of the free ; The home, the port of Liberty, 'J'hou hast been, and shalt ever be, Till time is o'er. Kre I forget to think upon My land, shall mother curse the son She bore. Thou art the firm, unshaken rock, On which we rest ; And, rising from thy hardy stock, Thy sons the tyrant's frown shall mock, And Slavery's galling chairs unlock, And free th' oppressed : All, who the wreath of Freedom twine, Beneath the shadow of their vine Are blest. We love thy rude and rocky shore, And here we stand — Let foreign navies hasten o'er, And on our heads their fury pour. And peal their cannon's loudest roar, And storm our land ; They still shall find, our lives are given To die for home ; — and leant on Heaven, Our hand. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARjIEn. Dear Sir, — Having Intoly read in your t^.Tper a very affectinof account of a ppr-;on lificrallv educated, who (ell a victim to intemperance, i send you an account of another person, the au- tlitnticity of wliich may be stibslanlially relied on. Permit me to introduce the person to whom 1 request your attention, by the name of W . He formerly resided in a town in the western part of this Slate. Here he marriod a young lady who lived in the same town. Ho soon per- ceived he made too free use of ardent spirits. Believing lie could not succeed in his business, which was that of a physician, unless he re- linquiii«hed the practice, be removed into a neii^liboiiring Slate, where he was a strana;er. There he obtained binincss, and was so success- ful, that, in the course of a few years, he was iible to piiichase a faroi, and so much other properly as placed him in easy circuiiistances.l .^bout fifteen years after his removal, he re- turned to his cup with eagerness. Upon this, his employers forsook hitn, one after another. His property diminished — his debts increased — one writ followed another, till at length he was so reduced, as rendered him unable to provide for his family, and to clothe them comfortably. One day, sitting in his house, he looked at his wife, and was deeply affected at her a|)pearance. He said to himself, — What has bronght me to this ? — I cannot bear it — It is rum — I'll never take a drop again — But 1 have drank so long, if I give it up immediately, 1 shall die. — Then 1 will die. From this time be relinquished the use of ar- dent spirits. For a few days he experienced pain in different parts cf bis body. Notwilh- slanding, he adhered to his resolution. Alter a short time, his appetite for food returned, and gradually increased. His countenance cbanircd, and he gave more and more evidence of a ref- ormation. One and another of bis former pa- tients employed him. His business increased, 'in the course of a few years he recovered a part of his foriner property, and became a use- ful and respecta'ile man. From 'he above account, it appears it is not an impossible thinu for an intem;)Krate person to reform, — that the besl. if not on'ii mclhoil such a person can adopt, is to relinijuish the use of ardent spirits entirclij. Tlinugh some addicted to intemperance, may suppose their repiftation 2;one, and that it is loo late to reform, — in this they greatly err. He who abandons the prac- tice of intemperance, honours himself; and, if he conducts himself with propriety in other respects, will enjoy the approbation and regard of ibe wisest and most respectable part of the community. Dec. 15, 1824. virtues are handed hown to posterity on taxed marble ; and he is then gathered to his fathers i — to be taxed no more. — Edinburgh Review. Charles the second in a gay moment, asked Rochester to write his Epitaph ; which he did immediately, as follows ; Here lies the mutton-eating King, Whose word no man relied on; Who never said a foolish thing. Nor ever did a wise one. Charles, who could always relish a joke, on being shewn this epitaph, wrote the following comment upon it : If death ctnild speak, the King would say. In justice to his crown. His acis they were the Minister's, ♦ His words they were his own ! American' Propensity to Glonj. — We can in''orm the American u lial are the inevitaide consequen- ces of being too fond of glory : Ta\es upon every article lliat enters into the mouth, or covers the back or is placed under the foot: taxes upon every thing which is pleasant to see, hear, feel, smell or taste; taxes upon warmth, light or lo- comotion; taxes on everything on the earth, and the water under the earth, on every thino- that comes trom abroad, or is grown at home ; taxes on the raw material ; taxes on every frE«h value that is added to it by the industry of man ; taxes on the cause which pampers man's appe- tite, and the drug that restores him to health ; on the ermine which decor.ites the judge, and the rope that hangs the criminal ; on the poor man's salt, and the rich man's spice ; on the lirass nails of the coffin, and the ribbons of the bride ; at bed or board, couchant or levant, we must pay ; The school boy whips his faxed top, the beardless youth manages his taxed horse, with a taxed bridle on a taxed road; and the dying Englishman, pouring his medicine which has paid 7 per cent into a spoon that has paid 15 per cent, flings himself back u()on his chintz-bed, which has paid '22 per cent, makes his will on an eight pound stamp, and expires in the arms of an ajiothecary, who has paid a li- cense of an hundred pounds for the privilege of putting him to death. His whole property is then immediately taxed from two to nineteen per cent. IJesiJes the probate, large fees are dcmiiiided for burying liiiii in tlie chancel; his A gentleman, well known for his pirsimoni- ous habits, having billiled himself on his acquain- tances in Edinburgh during the royal visit, vvaa talking to a friend, on his return, of the great ex- pense ol' living; " how much now do you sup- pose I sipent in Edinbursh ?" I do not know, re- plii d bis friend, I should siqiposc about 9. fort- night. ^ T!ic Doubtful Frank. — Sometime ago a Mem- ber nf Parliament, well known in the convivial circle's, applied to the Post Office to know why some of his (ranks had been charged. The answer was, " We did not believe them to be yours. the band writing is not the same." *' Why, there is a litlle difference, 1 i(ranl, but the real trull) IS, I had made rather/rce with the bottle, when 1 wrote them !" "Then, Sir, will >ou be SO good in future as to \\u{e drunk, when yoa frank \n that stale." — London, Courier. A lady >vlio had just been three days married, perceiving her husband enter, stole secretly be- hind him and eave him a kiss. The husband was angry, and said she had offended against de- cency. Pardon me, exclaimed she, 1 did not know it was vou ! FRUIT TREES, &c JAMES BLOODGOODtCO. have for sale at their Nursery at Flushing, on Long Island, near New York, Fruit and Forest Trees, Flowering Fhrubs & Plants, of the most approved sorts. The Proprietors of this Xursery attend personally to the inoculation and engraftin? of «(/ Ihtir Fruit Trees, and purchasers may r< ly with confidence, that the I'rec-s they order will prove genuine. Orders left with iMfZebedee Cook, jr. No. 44 State Street, Boston, will be transmitted lo us, and receive our prompt and particular attention. Catalogues will 1h' delivered, and any information imparled respecting (he condition, kc. &c. that may be required, on appli- cation to him. Sept. 4. TERMS OF THE FAR.MER. 0:^ Published every Saturday, at Three Dollars ;t the end of the year — but those who pay within sixty doi/s from t!ic time of subscribing will be entitled to a di duction of IiKTV Cents. fit^Postage must be paid on all letters to the Editor or Publisher. G*t!7~ »^o pajier will be discontinued (unless at the discretion of the publisher,) until arrearages arc paid. QlJ^New subscribers can be accommodated with the preceding numbers of the current Toli;me. ]NEW ENGLAND PARMEB:. PUBLISHED BY JOHN B. RUSSELL, ROGIT.P' BUlLDiro premiums be inscribed, " By the Agricallural Socitty, through the hands of La- rAYETTE." And let them be handed down from generation to generation, to bp cherished still more and more, till the time shall arrive, which God forever postpone, that the American Farm- er shall cease to sing at the tail of his plough, of Liberty and Lafayette. After the delivery of the Premiums, the Farmers on the ground, at the invitation of the Editor of Ihe American Farmer, formed them- selves into two lines, through which the General passed, shaking each one by the hand, and then he was invited to a seat at the head of the table, on the right hand of the President of the Soci- ety, supported by the Mayor and Doctor Kent on his right ; — on the lel't of the President, sat the Orator of the day, Governor Barbour, of Virginia, Col. Emory, and other practical far- mers of distinction, whose presence gave coun- tenance and encouragement to the view^ of our association. It was a source of regret, that Col. Powell, the Coresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, who had on this, as on previous oocasions, favoured us with his com- pany and his judgment, was compelled by other engagements, to leave vacant Ihe conspicuous seat which had been assigned him. After a substantial farmer's diuner, the follow- ing toasts were drank : Otir Coiinlri/ — A store-hoiise to wlilcli the world may resort for the seeds of republican institutions, national independence, and private virtue. Our Counlry^s Father — His first care was jiven to his country's safety — his second to its cultivation. Our Countri/''s Friend — The Nation's Gii»st — Like Washington and C'incinnatus, he beat his sword into a plough-share, when it was no longer wanted for the defence of libci ty— u;//i t/iirleen cluers .' Whereupon Gen. Lafayette rose, and said^ — that in his double capacity of an .American pat- riot and practical farmer, he had the most affec- tionate aclvuoivledgements to proffer for the honours and gratifications conferred Ihis day on him. He begged leave to propose the follow- ing toast : The Seed of American Liberty, transplanted on the other Shore, oppressed, not destroyed, tiy every sort of European Weed — may it rise again vigorous, and pure, and cover the soil of both Hemispheres. • Tlic President of the United States — He has done a 2;ood day's work. — The flock which he has tended has increased and multiplied, and its condition is his pride and his reward. The Plough, the Loom, and the Ship — All indispen- sible for prosperity ; — the first for existence. Roads and Canals — Which increase the products of industry, by bringing the farm, the workshop, and the wharf, nearer together. Household Manufactures — The National Savinys' Bank, where all the scraps of industry are colletttd and turned to account. Tlie Ox — Most useful in life, at the smallest cost— which he repays at his death. The Coif— The best emblem of abundance, wliich she contributes most to create. The Slieep — Which supplies our best clothing-, while he is prtpaiing our best food. The Farmer of La Grange — Let the gratitude of Ihe sons of his fellow labourers in the field of our revohi- lion, secure to him a rich harvest of reuovvn from the seed then sown. The Principhs of Free, Government — The liglit gleams through the night of Slavery, and will increase to perfect day. fKornan— Heaven's best gift here below— the far- mer's toils, like the dangers of the soldier and the statesman's cares, are sweetened by her smile, and re- warded by her affection. VOLUNTEERS. By Gen. La Fayette— TAe Maryland Farmers .- The plough-share, into which their sword, after the revolu- tion, had been turned, became again in the last war, a victorious sword. Gov Barbour next rose, and after a few ap- propriate remarks, delivered in his own impres- sive manner, thanking the Society for their kind intentions, and declaring the peculiar pleasure which he always feels in the company of those who, like himself, rely for their support exclu- sively on the cultivation of the soil, gave The Agricultural Society of Maryland — May its lib- eral example be an object of universal imitation. By the Orator of the day — Brother Jonathan'^a three Daughters, Agricullure,Manufucturts, and Commerce : Lei not the first born, who nursed her younger sisters, and feeds the whole family, be neglected by their father. By the Editor of the American Farmer — T/ie Ladies V'hu sent ttieir beauUful Manufactures to our Kxfuhi' lion: Of such It may be said, as of the virtuous wo- man in holy writ, " she looketh well to the ways of her household ; and eateth not the bread of idleness."' By James Howard — Our distinguished agricultural guest : Our country has richly profited by his practical knowledge of the drill system. By G. W. La Fayette — The favourite motto of A- Dicrican and French farmers — Liberty. - By W. C. Somerville — Our Goternmenf : May she .:eep the beams of our ploughs, the beams of our ship». and the b(^am3 of our looms in motion; never forget- ting that ploughs, ships, and looms, are like the sun, which, when shorn of his beams, sheds "disastrous twilight'' on a nation. By an officer of the Society — Col. J. H. Powel, ■whose excellent knowledge, like his excellent stock, is diffused through the country for the improvement of its best interests. By Mr Chubb, of Richmond — Our mother Earth — Like fair woman, the source of our greatest joys, if treated with atttution and tenderness. By H. V. Somerville — Agriculture: The favourite pursuit of Washingtcn and I^a Faytttc, who like Reg- ulus of old, preferred the cultivation of their farms to the command of armies. By U. Schrofder — Liberty, genuine rational liherfy : May the universe become its temple, and the heart of every man its altar. By Isaac Munroe — The Presidential Ploughing Match : Le t the best ploughman have Ihe premium. By J. S. Williams — The products of the seeds which our guest assisted to sow in our revolution, they have well repaid his labours. By Bobert Riddle — J] gricuUure, ancient and honour- able : Productive of peace, independence and plenty its pursuits are alike innocent, useful and happy. By W. F. Redding — The Foreigners who, in '7C, helped our Fathers to beat and drive off the mischiev- ous Bull, that broke into our national inclosures, to gore our people, and eat up their corn. Friendf in 7ietrf, »re fritnds i7irf£trf. By the Society — Wr Coke, nf Hulkham : The friend of farmers, the friend of Americans, and the friend of mankind. By E. H. Cummings— jT/ic Maryland Agricultural So- f ,f/^_pritrons ol Ihe noble art ; that rrjclces rather in creating, than di^troying, the comforts of life. The memory of Cot. John Taylor, of Virginia, the great American " Arator." NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 171 15y J. S. Skinner — Gen. Van Ransellr.ar : His heart loads aud his moana freely follow, "in the ways of pub- lic usefulness. The following wa? offsrrd as the parting toast by Pr Grafton Duval, of Frederick — Speed l/ie I'lough. The company then separnled vvitli a e;encral sentiment of g:ralirication and good wishes for the success of tiie Society. From the American Farmer. ON THF. F.rriC.VCV OF CERTAIN STEEPS, TO PRESERVE WHEAT FRO.M THE FLY AND SMUT. r«i7;f.v Totrn, (J»/rf.) Ju!;/ 5, 1824. Mr Skinner, — Some time provioiia (o last fall seeding time, 1 read in a newspaper (I think it was not in the American Farnior) an account, slating witk preat conliHoiice, that tiie eggs of tiie Hefsian fl_v were deposilod in tlie grains of uheat, whilst in the e.-r. — that they could he liiere distinguished with a mirrnscnpe, &ic. and that the application of quiciv lime to the seed wheat would eiTecfually destroy them. This statement was corroborated by a gentleman from I Germany, who assured mo that the practice was common there, and that it had the desired effect. The thing seemed reasonahle, and I set about the proof, I assure you, with great confidence of success. I steeped my wheat, not in mere water, hut in water in which rich hog manure had been mixed for a considerable time — I then slacked the lime completely, and whilst yet tol- erably warm, mixed the wet wheal and it to- gether, by frequent turnings on the floor. Yon may therefore perceive that I not only calculat- ed on destroying the eggs of the fly, hut on stim- ulating the wheat to a quick and vigorous growth, by the «id of the hog manure. 1 com- menced sowing on the 11th of October, and fin- ished in all that month, about 82 bushels in 7 different lots ; you will observe it was late — of course the grain made but little progress till the Spring. About the Istof May, 1 thought it look- ed well, but shortly after, 1 perceived a change for the worse ; this led to an investigation, when it appeared that the enemy had made an allack, and was fast prevailing — in fact, not one of the 7 lots escaped, though in different fields, and 1 never experienced or witnessed so much damage from the depredations of the fly. You are "to observe, that in most of those different lots, I sowed a small portion of the seed without lim- ing, but could not discover, that in any instance they had respected my prohibition by lime. I feel a reluctance in writing for public in- spection, and 1 believe F should have been so far remiss in my duty to the puhlick, as to have withheld this information, had 1 not seen in your paper. No. 11 of the current volume, a state- ment dated at Albany, May 15lh, signed J. Buel, who seems satisfied that liming wheat has the effect of comfdetely protecting the crop from the tly. Do not conceive, Mr Skinner, that I question Mr Boel's veracity; my object is to shew, that in all cases, the same cause will not produce the same effect, and I truly regret that the result of my experiment was not as favourable as those made by Mr BiELand his friends; perhaps they had a belter' method of applying the lime to the wheat. 1 have slated my practice ; if it was injudicious, I shall be thankful for such inform- ation as will put me in the right way. C. BIRNIE. [The above letter was placed in the hands of Mr Buel himself, and independently of his con- nexion with the case in question, it could not be in better hands. It was returned by him, with the following remarks:] Mr Ski.nner, — The result of the experiment of Mr Birnie, in liming wheat as a preventive of the ravages of the Hessian fly, whose commu- nication to you I have attentively read, seems to render questionable a fact, which I thought well established, and from which I anticipated great public benefit. My conclusions were formed, not so much from critical and personal observation, as iVnm the corroborative testimony of gentlemen of more practical knowledge ; and their opinions appeared to he confirmed by the result of my practice. Except in two instances, I have al- ways steeped my seed wheat in a pickle made with salt, and dried it previous to sowing, with slacked lime ; and, except in the two instances where the steep and lime were omitted, I have never suffered by the insect, nor from smut. In the first case noted, falling short of steeped seed to sow my land prepared for winter wheat, I fin- ished with dry seed. From the seed steeped, 1 did not see a smutty head ; while from the dry seed, about one-tenth was smutty. In the other instance, the crop was spring-wheat, which was sown without being steeped or limed. The fly appeared in it early in June. I sowed 2 bushels of slacked lime, while the dew »vas on the grain, on one acre, and left the residue to its fate. The limed part gave a good crop, while the residue was but half a crop. With these facts before me, a communication in the Farmer first led me to believe that the tiy is propagated in wheal fields, by the eggs of the insect being sown with the grain, and that im- pregnating the grain with quick lime would de- stroy these ovae The observations of Geo. B. Evertson, Esq. of Ponghkeepsie, who watched the insect through all its changes — who suffered greatly from its ravages — and who got rid of the evil by stooping in pickle and liming, tended to strengthen that belief — and the experiments ot Col. Armstrong, and others, finally cnufirmed it. Whether the hog manure employed by Mr Birnie in his steep, rendered the lime inopera- tive ; whether salt is the real antidote, or whe- ther the insect was propagated upon some other plant growing in his fields, which may afford it a habitation and food, 1 am unable to decide. — And although 1 attach full credit to his state- ment, I must retain my former opinion, as to the efficacy of lime, or salt, until Ihe weight of tes- timony preponderates the other way. At all events, reiterated experiments will show its truth or its fallacy. And its importance to wheat growers ind'vjces me to hope that they will be mnde. Yours, truly, J. BUEL. Fine Arts. — An extract of a letter from a gentle- man in Boston to his correspondent in New-York, says, " .'Vlston has sold his picture of Elijah to one of the members of Parliajient who are fravellinj in this coinitry, for $1300. Something extraordinary this for English amateurs to buy American painting's to carry to London. It goes to England in the spring. His great picture of Bc/jATjrsnr'j fcas<, on which he has been some years employed, will be exhibited next month. A". Y. Ev. Post. 1)11 TERENT KI^'DS ()(•' EXERCISi:. Exercise may bo diviilod into two kind!=, viz. the active and the passive. Of the former kind are walking, running, leaping, riding, swimming, &c. Of Ihe latter are riding in a carriage, &,c. The more active kinds of exercise are best adapted In youth, to those of a middle age, and particularly to the corpulent, and those whose evacuations sire not in due proportion to Ihe quantity of food and drink. The passive kinds of exercise, on Ike contrary, arc better suited to infants, to persotis advanced far in years, to Ihe delicate and weak, and especially the asth- matic and consumptive. For preserving health there is no kind of ex- ercise more pro[ier than wallcing,^^ it gives the most general action to the muscles of the body, but for valetudinarians, riihng on horseback is preferable. It is almost incredible how much Ihe constitution may be strengthened by this exercise, when continued for a considerable time ; not so much in the fashionable way of a morning ride, but of making long journeys, in which there is the farther advantage of a per- petual change of aip. Many people reduced to a state of great weakness, have, by this means, acquired a degree of vigour and health, which all the medical prescriptions in the world could not otherwise have procured. But, it is of im- portance, in travelling for health, that one should not employ his mind in deep reflections, but en- joy Ihe company of an agreeable com[)anion, and gratify his sight with the prospect of the va- rious objects around him. In this exercise, as well as in every other, we ought always to be- gin gently, and to finish gradually, never ab- ruptly. general RVIMS FOn PRESERVING LIFE AND HEALTH. 1. Rise early, and never sit up late. 2. Wash the whole body every morning with cold water, by means of a large sponge, and rub It dry with a rough towel, or scrub the whole body for ten or fit'leen minutes with flesh brushes. 3 Drink water generally, and aToid escess of spirits, wine, and fermented liquois. 4. Keep the body open by Ihe free use of the syringe, and remove superiour obstruolions by aperient pills. 5. Sleep in a room which has free access to open air. G. Keep Ihe head cool by washing it wheo necessarv, with cold water, and abate feverish and inflammatory symptoms when they arise, by persevering stillness. 7. Correct symptoms of plethora and indiges- tion by eating and drinking less per diem for a few days. 8. Never eat a hearty supper, especially of animal food ; and drink wine, spirits, and beer, if these are necessary, only after dinner. TO GLEAN GLASS VESSELS. Roll up in small pieces some whifed-browa or blotting-paper ; then wet and soap the same j put them into the vessel with a little luke-warm water ; shake them well for a few minutes ; — rinse the glass with clean water, and it will be as bright and clear as when new from the shops. 172 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ©rtginnl CtommM nirattons. TO THE EDITOR OF THE 5EW ENGLAND FARMER. QUERIES. Mr Fessexden, — One of the advantages of Agricultural and Scientitic Journals, is the me- dium tlicy afford to maUe iiU|uiries of experienc- ed and observing men, which can be answered through the same channels, and thus save much unprofitable experiment, and injudicinus expen- diture, to the inexperienced. In foreign journ- als of a poimlar form, I perceive thai queries are very frequently inserted, which gfnerally elicit answers from correspondents who take pleasure in enligiilening their fellow-cnizens. 1 herewith forward you two questions, for in- sertion in your valuable paper, in the hope that they may meet attention from some of your friends, who have had greater advantages and more experience in farming than myself. Yours, with much respect, — Agricola. HEDGE. The plantations, in Cuba, are said to be sur- rounded by Li/uc-l ledges, which are squared on the top, and present a beautiful appiiarance besides being a compact and secure fence. — Can any of yonr correspondents inform me what description of Lin>e-tree is referred to ? — and if it is to be found in this country ? — or can grow in our fields? — GROVE. 1 have a grove of several acres, covered with large Oaks, with no underbrush, but a short teed of grass. The grove is nearly in a stale of na- ture, the surface uneven, and containing many stumps. — It is my wish to clear out 'the stumps, fill up the holes, and have a grass sward, in or- der to form a permanent grove ; and 1 shall be obliged lo any of your intelligent correspond- ents, to inform me through the medium of your paper, of the most economical mode oi' proced- ure. MACHINE FOR RAISING STUMPS. 'ilie following^ communication was procured for the American Farmer, by Mr Prince, of Roxbury, in reply to a query on that subject. Meredith (X H.) A'or. 18, 1824. John Pwnge, Esq. Dear Sir, — I cheerfully comply with your request for a description of the machine for raising st\imps, as used in this vicinity. The only one in my immediate neiglibourhood was constructed for Daniel .\Tery, Esq. of Guilford. It consists of three wheels; two on an axle B.j between the naves, 12 feet in diameter. The third is framed into the axle cue foot from the nave, and is 8 feet in diameter. The axle fs about 12 inches in diameter, and has at the cen- tre, a strong staple with a hook appending to it. — To this hook one end of the chain is hung, while the other is put aliout the trunk or root (jf the stump to be raised, as its size shall deter- n)ine. The chain that wraps the slump should he large and of good iron. The one here in use weighs about one pound to an inch, and the TOJce is nearly, or quilc one inch in diameter. — Notwithstanding this size, it has often been liroken. The power oi the machine is put in operation by miifung a chain of a email size last on the centre wheel, and to this apply your strength. One yoke of oxen is enough to work the machine, and on plain land it is usually mov- ed by men. Four hands are necessary to its operation, and this is sufficient to fake up an acre in three or four days, depending on the abundance or scarcity of stumjiS. The land on which this machine has been us- ed, is plain and rather sandy, therefore, the trees rooted downward rather than spread off broadly. On clayey ground, the roots extend much further abroad, and an axle of this length would not be long enough to work with con- venience. Another improvement I think might be made, by making the outside wheels fourteen instead of twelve feet, and the inner one ten instead of eight feet. The axle should be at least fifteen inches in diameter, and of the best wood. The boxes inside should be twelve inches; as I have noticed while this machine was in operation, and much power became ne- cessary, that the axle sprung considerably, tho' of the best white oak. The inner wheel is constructed by two shafts passing through the centre of the axle at right angles, with two inch plank framed into these shafts, or arms, and on each side plank, an inch and a half board, to keep the chain about the wheel in its [iroper place. Inch and a half m diameter, or perhaps inch and a quarter cordage would answer the pnrpo-e, probably more con- veniently than small chain ; but of this the con- structor can judge. The naves and spokes are white oak, the ft>l- lops yelloiv pine. It will be understood that tiie lirafl-chain, or the one that passes roimd the centre wheel, is to pass under it, as to this the oxen are to be applied. Stumps of 12 inches' diameter are raised with great ease, and the machine is considered, b> those who have used it, a simple, but valuable invention. This is not Ihe only machine which has been invented .•ind used for the purpose of extracting st\imps. There is one in use by a ?.Ir Larbour, in this county, which operates by a lever ; but I saw it for a few minutes only, and am not able to give any descrijjfion of it. I think the one I have described the best, however, that I have seen. You, Sir, are at liberty to make any use of this that you think proper ; and, if you are in doubt on any part of the description, point it cut, and 1 will endeavour to remove it. I am, Sir, as alwav, Yours, fee. STEPHEN C. LYFORD. STERCORARY. Tlie tliird volume of the Memoirs of the Philadelphia Agricultural Society, page 222, contains an account of a Stercorary, erected by Mr Qcincy, of Massachu- setts, from which the following is extracted : The area of my Stercorary is 90 feet by 40, the cellar is in the shallowest part 8 feet deep, in its deepest 12, and in the well, if I mistake not, 15. It is open nearly the whole length of one of its short sides, and one half of the long, viz. at the north and west, besides large open- logs at the east. There is always 4 or 5 feel atmosphere above the top of the manure, and between it and the barn floor, — and a constant current selling one way or another. This gives the advantage of a free circulating air, which in general, in such cases is not oblainted. The great difficulty I have had to encounter arises from the necessity of an equal irrigation of the Tc-hole heap ; a difficulty which must attend all permanently covered Stercoraries. For the water turned upon the heap through spouts runs in currents, and is not equally sprinkled over a heaj) like rain, which is nature's process in this business. To obviate this difficulty I have constructed a very simple machine which an- swers perfectly. The stone piers which sup- port the beams of the barn, divide the cellar lenglhwise into three equal copartmenls. I have a box of six inches deep, four feet wide, and about thirteen feet long, which runs by means of wheels, upon a sort of wooden rail way, made by strips of planks and fixed about a foot tVom the floor of the barn ; this is perfo- rated with suitable holes. A permanent spout extends through the middle of the cellar, and a moveable spout extends from this to the per- forated box — regular openings are made in the permanent s[iout, which may be closed at will, it is also closed at the end. By these means, the bos is filled from the reservoir and pump, and each part successively irrigated perfectly and with great ease. A man by two days' la- bour can irrigate my whole cellar, and if effect- uallv done, thrice in a season is sufficient. Tho following humorous exhibition of the faults of some farmers, as it respects the econo- my of their barn yards and stercoraries, is ex- tracted from " An Address to the Massachusetts .\grlcullural Society, by Hon. .losiah Quincy. As we proceeil lo the farm, we will slop one moment at the barn yard. We shall say noth- ing concerning the arrangements of the barn. — They nuist include comfort, convenience, pro- le clion for his stock, his hay, his fodder, or they are little or nothing. We go thither for the pur[)Ose only of looking at what the learned call the stercorary, but which farmers know by the name of the manure heap. What is its stale? How is it located ? Sometimes we see ihe barn yard on the top of a hill, with two or three fine rocks in the centre; so that whatev- er is carried or left there, is sure of being chiefly exhaled by the sun, or washed away by the rain. Sometimes it is to be seen in the hollow of some valley, into which all the neigh- bouring buildings precipitate their >vaters. — Of consequence all its contents are drowned, or water soaked, or what is worse, there having been no care about the bottom of the recepta- cle, its wealth goes off in the under strata, to enrich possibly the antipodes. Now all this is to the last degree wasteful, absurd, and impoverishing. Too much cannot be said to expose the loss and injury which the farmer thus sustains. Let the farmer want whatever else he pleases. But let no man call himself a farmer, who suffers himself to want a receptacle for his manure, water-tight at the bottom, and covered over at the top, so that below nothing shall be lost by drainage, and above, nothing shall he carried away by evapo- ration. Let every farmer, wanting such pro- tection for his manure, besssured that he loses bv the sun and rain, ten fold as much as will pay ail his taxes, slate, town, and national, every year. Let not Ihe size of his manure heap be any objection. If it be great, he loses the more, andean afford the expense belter. If it be small, this is the best way to make it become greater. Besides, what is the expense? What NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 173 is wanted ? An excavation, two or three fret deep, well claypii, paved, and ' dulling:,' as it is called, ol" an area from 6 to 30 feet square, ac- cording to the q\ianlity ol" the manure ; over head n roof made of rough boards, anil refuse timber, if he pleases. From the Reperlcry of ^irls. IMPnOVFMENT IN BREWING ALE, BEF.R, &c. The steam which arises from the boiling cop- per, or any other vessel employed for the pur- pose, is strongly impregnated with the essential oil, in which the flavor of hops consists, and in- stead of being allowed to escape and evaporate, as is done in the present mode of brewing, is preserved and condensed. The oil and wnler together are returned into the worts when boil- ed, or the oil, after being sejiaraled from the water, along which it had been exhahd, is re- turned into the worts after they are boUed ; and the watery part, which, after the oil is sepaial- j ed, still continues impregnated with the aromat- ic tastt and bitter of the hop, is retsrued iii'.o i the next copper or boiling-vesseb; and so jn, | from one copper or boiling-vessel into another. ' By which jirocess a considerable part of the hop and flavour, which is lest in the ordmary mode of brewing, is preserved ; the flavour of the li- quor is improved by the preservation of the finer parts of the aromatic oil ; and the ale and beer are better secured from any tendencv to acidity or putrefaction, and therefore must bo j fitter for home consumption, and exportation. However, neither the principle nor the execu- tion of this invention depend en the particular way or means by which the steam is condensed and the essential oil is jireserved, which may be etl'ected either m a still, or in any copper or boiler of any kind, having a winding-pipe simi- lar or the same as a worm to a still, or a straight pipe laid in cold water, or carried through any cooling body or medium, and, in short, in any of the various ways in which steam evaporated from a boiling vessel may be condensed. From the Annals of Sporling. SPINNING M.\TCH. In our records of animal exertion, of what kind soever, we have always hailed with most delight those which conduce to some use- ful purpose ; or evince, in the performance the greatest portion of mind : and in this light we view the following account of a trial of skill and industry made by the other sex : — At Gahvay, on Whit-Wednesday, in the gar- dens at West-House, the seat of the Port Col- lector, there was a trial of skill in the art of spinning by several young women ; and premi- ums, consisting of a new wheel, a handsome gown, a reel, &c. were to be given to the most deserving. About thirty competitors staried, each seated under a tree in the shrubbery, and dressed in her holiday clothes. By a signal bell, they commenced their work nt two o'ch ok, each being previously furnished with an exact half pound of flax, which she was to convert into the greatest quantity of good and well- spun yarn in the shortest space of time, and most aearly equal in grist, &c. to a pattern of two hanks of yarn exhibited to them before starting. The result of the contest was, that Kitty O'Neil, a native of Newry, bat of late a resident in fialway, got the first premium, hav- ing spun her full hall-pound hank nearest to the pattern, in four hours and 13 minutes. The next best spun 8 1-2 cuts in the above time, and the others followed in a near progression. GAS LIGHTS. It is now certain that the Gas Light Company in New York will be able to furnish a supply of gas caily in January. Besides having laid about G miles of pipes in the principal streets, the ap- paratus at the manufactory is in that advanced state which gives an assurance that light will be furnished at the period mentioned. A tank and gasometer have been completed, which will contain ten thousand barrels, or 300,000 gallons, and every other part of the establishment is on a similar extensive scale. Upwards of 300 dwelling houses, stores, &lc. have engaged the light; among which is the Chatham Garden Theatre; all of which it is calculated will be supplied in the month of January. We also learn that the Trustees of the Alerchants' Ex- change have decided on illuminating that build- ing with gas, and that they are to place a splen- did light on the top of the cupola, sufficiently large to serve as a beacon to vessels coming m- to that port. Castle Garden, likewise, is to be titled up against its opening in the spring. Rlr Stephenson, the engineer, has taken a sur- vey of the country between Nantwich and New- castle, with the design of ascertaining the best line for a branch rail-road, from Birmingham to Liverpool. The object to which his attention was more particularly directed, was to discover the most practicable passage over the hills about Ape Dale, which, by their continuity and eleva- tion, oppose the chief obstacle to the execution of the plan. Should the projectors of this great work succeed in obtaining an Act of Parliament, they propose to convey heavy goods between Liverpool nnd the Potteries, at the rate of eight miles an hour, and half the present cost of canal carriage. now TO MAKE SPRUCE WINE. For this, which is only a superiour sort of white spruce beer, proceed as follows : — to every gallon of water take a pound and a half of honey, and half a pound of fine starch. The starch, however, previously to its being blend- ed with the honey, liquor, or syrup, must be reduced to a transparent jelly, by boiling il with a part of the water purposely preserved ; a quarter ol a pound of essence of spruce may be used to five gallons of water — and the same method may be pursued in working, fining, and bottling, as directed for the white spruce beer. Spruce is a wholesome and pleasant drink to those who are used to it, and persons soon become habituated to it ; it contains a vast quantity of fix- eii air,which is extremely bracing,and the use of this liquor is particularly to be recommended to such as are troubled with scorbutic humours, or have the gravel. It is chiefly used ia the sum- mer months. — QUINCE WINE Is said to be serviceable in the cure of asthma. A gentleman of Horsham, (Eng.) was complete- ly cured of an asthmatic complaint by the use of this wine. TRE.MMl^XT OF FUOST BITTEN PARTS. By exposure lo extreme cold, the fingers, ears, toe«, &c. are frozen. If, in such cases, artificial heat be too suddenly applied, mortifi- cation will ensue, and the frost bitten parts will spontaneously se])arate. Hence they ought to be thawed, either by rnbbing them-with snow, or immersing them in cold water, and afler- terwards applying warmth in the most careful and gradual manner; by which they will soon be restored to their usual tone and activity. — Indeed, (a popular writer justly observes) the great secret, or art of restoring suspended an- imation, consists in nicely adjusting the natural and artificial stimuli to the exact tone of the ir- ritable fibre. — Boston Medical Intelligencer. MEDICAL VIRTUES OF TAMARINDS. The nature of this fruit is very like that of prunes, but is more acid, and enters as an use- ful ingredient into the lenitive electuary. It it found of the highest use in the sore throat, as a powerful cleanser ; and, [lut into boiling wa- ter, until moderately cold, it is a salubrious drink to persons parched under the heat of fe- ver, and in the lowest stage of putrid fever. — lb, INTENSE COLD. Where the circulation and breathing are sus- pended from exposure to cold, instead of carry- ing the body to the fire, or even into a warm room, it should at first be removed to an apart- ment without any fire. The clothes should be immediately taken off, and the whole body well rubbed with snow or cold water. When this has been continued for ten or fifteen minutes, we may restore the temperature of the body slowly, by using water made gradually warmer than the first, by repeated small additions of hot water to it. — lb. HOW TO MAKE BROWN SPRUBE BEER. Pour eight gallons of cold water into a bar- rel, and then boiling eight gallons more, put that into it also; to this add twelve pounds of molasses with about half a pound of the essence of spruce, and, on its getting a little cooler, half a pint of good yeast. The whole being well stirred, or cooled in the barrel, must be left with the bung out for two or three days ; — after which the liquor may be immediately bot- tled, corked up, and packed in saw dust or sand, when it will be ripe, and fit to drink in a fort- night. Remember that it should be dravrn off into quart stone bottles and wired. FOR THE TOOTH ACHE. Camphor and opium held in the mouth ;— wet a bit of lint, or cotton with oil of cloves and apply it to the tooth ; a blister behind the ear ; a pepper corn bruised with hot bran- dy, and applied with a linen rag; grated gin- ger and the white of an egg, made into a plaster and applied to the cheek. Scarify the gums, if swoln, with a lancet. TO TAKE MILEEW OUT OF LIWEN. Take soap and rub it well ; then scrape some fine chalk, and rub that also in the linen ; lay it on the grass; as it dries wet it a little, and it wili come out at twice wetting. 174 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, DECEMBER 24, 1824. *^* We shall soon have the pleasure of presenting to our readers, the Address of the Hon. Mr Hodges be- fore the Bristol Agricultural Society — the communi- cations of "Good Old Times"— " Worcester County" — &c. We should be glad to hear from our Corres- pondents oftener. iFarmcv's (iffalcnliar. If your ground is not too much frozen, you may find this as good a time as the year afl'ords for transplanting fruit trees, according to direc- tions already given in pages 130, 138, of the present rolume of the New Enghind Farmer. If you wish to set out either fruit trees, .«hrubs, or forest trees, especially in a light soil, you may find this to be the season to lake opportuni- ty by the foretop. There is tjothing in which a cultivator is more liable to err than in being in too much of a hurry in planling trees. If you stick your plants into the ground with the roots cramped, broken, the earth about them as hard as granitei, and no proper provision for the extension of the roots, you doom them to de- atruction, and incur a loss of time, labour, and the use of your soil, which will prove alike ruinous to your property and to your reputation as an agriculturist. We have already given ample directions relative to planting trees in pa- ges above referrd to. You will plep^e to adopt such of those directionsasm.iy appearreasonablc, and make as many imprvemenls upon them as you can elicit from your own observations and eKperience on the subject. There is one fact, however, relative to planting trees, which may be of importance, and which we do not remem- ber to have touched upon, or alluded to in the course of our editorial labours. If you take up young trees for transplanting, when the srround about the roots is so far frozen as to o give tenacity to the whole mass, they will be s'lre to live; and if the soil is proporly pre- pared for their reception, and is of a suita- ble quality, they can hardly fail to flourish. — In this way the arrangement of the particles of earth about the roots of the trees is not altered, and the trees hardly feel the alteration conse- quent on their removal. This is almost the on- ly method by which evergreens can be trans- planted with success. Mr Coxe says, " in whatever season an orch- ard may be planted, too much attention cannot be given to extend the roots in every direction; — to cut off all wounded parts, and more especial- ly not lo plant too deep ; this I believe to be the common errour of inexperienced planters ; as a general rule, I would recommend that the tree be placed in the orchard with about three inches of earth over the upper tier of roots which will make it about two inches deeper than it stood in the nursery; that the tree after being partially covered should be well shaken, to admit the finer particles of the earth among the fibrous roots, and that it be well settled, by treading the earth around it — with these pre- cautions I have never found the necessity of stakes. The tops of young trees should never be shortened, lest it should produce a growth of suckers : I would recommend in preference that they be thinned, if found too heavy ; if the trees have been long in the ground, and the roots become shrivelled at the time of planting, the labour of pouring a pailful of wa- ter round each tree, will be amply repaid by the success it will ensure in their growth." Look to vour bee-hivf.s. An English writer says, it is the principle of many persons, but it is founded on erroneous ideas, that Bees ought to be kept warm during the winter, and the " gude wives" of the country bestow particu- lar pains in seeking out from their old hoards all the bits of old blankets and flannel, where- with to decorate the hives, and keep the " poor insects"' warm, during the inclemency of win- ter: this is all very humane and good hearted, and I will grant the validity of the mode of management, when the hive has a superabun dance of food ; but as in case of deprivation, that portion only is left in the hive, which on a proper calculation ought to serve lor its sup- port, it cannot, as far as my experience extends, be kept too cold. As an instance of the truth of this opinion, I will mention a particular exper- iment, which I made on two hives of equal weight; one 1 placed in a green house, subject to a moderate temperature ; the other I left ex- posed to all the influence of the weather; the former 1 enveloped in blankets — to the latter I gave no covering at all, excepting what was necessary to protect it from the etTect of snow : i weighed these two hives regularly every month, and in the month of February I found that the hive which had been kept warm, had consumed eight pounds of food more than the hive which had been exposed to all the inclem- ency of the season. It must, however, be al- lowed that the hive which had been so kindly nursed, swarmed ten days sooner than that which bad been fully exposed; no objection, therefore, can exist to the keeping of a hive warm, provided a certainty exists of a supera- bundance of food being in store ; but to a poor hive it is only intreasing the evil, and hasten- ing its destruction. We are told that the bee flourishes in Siberia, and lhro\ighoul Russia where the winters are much longer and colder than in our climate. A Swedish officer, who accompanied the French Academicians who went out to measure the length of a degree at the Pole, states that " in those countries contiguous to the Pole, there are three months continual night in the winter and the cold is so intense that spirits of wine will freeze in the thermometer; when the door of a room is opened the exteriour air converts the vapour immediately into snow. In summer there are three months perpetual day, and we I were so annoyed with bees and flies of all kinds that we were obliged to burn green wood to oc- casion a smoke to drive them away." It has been remarked that the light of the snow, in a clear d.iy, often invites bees abroad, and a chill causes them to light on the snow, where they all perish. It is, therefore, best in winter, and as long as the snow lies on the ground in the spring, to close the mouth of the hive with gauze or some other material, which will conline the bees, without excluding the air. The bees should never be molested or disturb- ed in cold weather, and the snow should never be suffered to rest on the hive. Frovi the JV". E. Farmer's .Umanad: DECEMBER. You have now, I trust, nearly or q-ile com- pleted the heavy and im|)ortant »vork of the season, and have leisure to enjoy the fruits of your labours. But still there is no enjoyment of idleness, and when your hands are not em- ployed, yotu mind should be diligent in some useful pursuit. If your hou.^e is vvelf furnished your barn and granary well filled, and your (arm well storked, still if your mind is a blank, and yourtiead a vacuum, you are in truth afSicted with the very worst kind of poverty, viz. pov- erty of intellect. Let not these long evenings pass without mental improvement. Such valu- ble books as I>rDeane's JVew England Farmer The Farmer's Assistant, Farmer's Guide, Dr Thacher's Orchardist, &.c. &,c. ought not lo rot upon the bookseller's shelves. Have you sub- scribed for the New Engla.nd Farmer? Ifyoa have not you cannot do it too soon for your own mterest. Send your children to school. If you do not intend they shall be drudges you will do all in your power to prevent their being dimcM. FARMER SUMMARY OF NEWS. CONGRESS. SenAtk. — Dec. 14. After referring the President's Message to the proper Committees, a petition from Mis- souri on the subject of trade and inleicourse with the internal provinces of Mexico, was referred to the Com- mittfe on Indian Affairs. The Committee on Finance was instructed to inquire into the expediency of providing for the more eifectual protection of the revenue of the frontier of the United States. A number of other motions for referring dif- |< rent subjects to different Committees were carried, which will be noticed when such subjects are decid- ed oil. l)i c. IS. So much of the President's Message as re- lates to the provision of Gen. La layette, was referred to a select Committee. HnrSF.. — Dec. 10. A petition was presented from \ew York praying the House to take some steps for tlie prevention of piracy. In pursuance of previous arrangements, at 1 o'clock Gen. La Fayette entered (he House, and was aJdres*- NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 175 ed by i\Ir Clay, Uie Speaker, in a very eloquent and impressive manner, to which Gen. La Kayclte made a very appropriate and feeling reply. Dec. 13. On motion of Mr Little, a select Commit tee WU3 appointed on the subject of lievolutionary Pensions. Resolutions were also offered on the sub- ject of Public Lands, Post Offices, Light Houses, for authorizing the State of Ohio to sell certain tracts of land ; for increasing the navy, [which was negatived ;] more elTettually to punish certain crimes. The bill to authorize an issue of ammunition fur the use of the pupils of Partridge's Academy was objected to, and ordered to lie on the table. Dtc. 14. Three Mess.igcs were received from the President ; one relating to the expenditures of the Pub- lic Buildings and their progress ; another on the sale t)f Public Lots in Washington ; and a third on lands located under the Virginia Military Land Warrants, lying in Ohio. Mr Wright, of Ohio, otTered a resolution, which was adopted, to instruct the Committee on the Judiciary to inquire into tlie expediency of providing by law that any judicial or other civil officer of the United States, who shall be engaged in fighting a duel, ire. should foifeit his olfice, and be forever rendered inca- pable of holding any office under the government. — Kesolutions were offered relative to the Treaty with the Cherokee Indians in 1S04 — for making Hudson and Troy, in New Vork, and Bowdoinhani, in Maine, and Eastport, in Ohio, ports of delivery — for instructing the Post Office Committee on the expediency of erecting Post routes in \'irginia, Florida, and Maryland, &c. Dec. 16. The Speaker laid before the House a com- munication from the Treasury Department, stating the amount and periods at wHich the bonds for duties on imports in the year 182'2 became payable. The reso- lution of Mr Forsyth relative to the Treaty with the Cherokees passed. A resolution on the subject of Du- ties on Canal Boats was referred to the Co.mmittee of Commerce. Dec. 19. .4 bill to authorize the Secretary 'of the Treasury to adopt a new hydrometer was read a third time, and passed, and sent to the Senate for concur- rence. The Committee on Post Offices and Post Roa(l»«'a« instructed to inquire into the expediency of establish- ing a post route in Newhampshire from .\ndover to Conway. Mr Wickliffe, of Kentucky, offered a resolution that the appointment of Electors by the several states, of President and Vice President, shall be made on the same day throughout the United States. Soulli. America. — A sanguinary action was fought be- tween the Spaniards and Colombian army near Trusil- lo on the 17th of September. Both Bolivar and Can- tcrac commanded in person. In the midst of the bat- tle one of tb.e battallions of the Colombians deserted to the enemy. The space thus left open was taken ad- yantage of by the Spanish Cavalry, who iniLnediately charged, and made dreadful havoc amongst the Colom- bians. But Bolivar rallied them and made good his retreat. He had three horses killed under him and was wounded by two balls without losing his sang fioid. Canterac is likewise said to have been wounded severely,. It is thought tliat this battle will not prove decisive, but that Bolivar will soon be able to take the field again. Gen. Miller, an English officer, and Gen. Cordova were killed in the battle. Sleam Boat Dimsler.— The Stram boat Riflleman was lately destroyed by taking fire from her furnace, when within five miles of Cahawba, Alabama, and was run ashore, and the crew and passengers were saved, but the books of the boat, and the letter bag, supposed to contain valuable remittances, were burnt with the boat and cargo. Veterinary Operation.— A correspondent of the Wor- cester Spy state" that in the month of May last, a cow belonging to a farmer of Templeton, was choked with a -.aw polatoe ; and that after all the usual means of relief had been found un.ivailing, Mr Partridge, a med jcal student, made au incision about 6 inches in !en»ih through the skin and nuiscles, till be came to the wea- sand (windpipe) into which he made a sufficient open- irg to extract the potatoe with ease. '1 he wound was thin nicely closed by sewing, and the whole secured by lint and bandage, and in a few weeks the cow was completely recovered. Not more than four ounces of blond were lost during the operation. Extraordinary Pear Tree. —Hertfordshire in England isfiimons for apples, pears, cider and perry. The Ency- clopedia says there is a pear tree growing in the parish of Holm Lacy, which has more than once filled fifteen hogsheads in a year with liquor, 'the branches of this tree becoming long and heavy, their ends fell to the ground, where they took root, each branch becoming as it were a new tree, and in its turn producing others, in the same way. This tree covers nearly half an acre of ground. The produce of the pear orchards in this county is one third more than the produce of the apple orch- ards.— Hampshire Gazelle. Grain.— k short time since, 14,000 barrels of flour, and more than 100,000 bushels of grain, lately arrived in this city from the South in one day. Scioto Valley.— An Ohio paper states that 30,000 acres of corn might be seen growing, last autumn, between Columbus and Piketon, on the alluvial lands which border on Scioto river ; and that the corn will yield 60 bushels to the acre, making 1,800,000 bushels, the rais- ing and harvesting of which did not cost 10 cents per bushel. The paper does not inform us what the corn will sell for, but another account states that in some parts of Ohio, thirteen bushels of corn are exchanged for a pound of tea. Tte soil of the Scioto valley is de- scribed as being " a rich sandy loam, interspersed with pebbles, which form an inexhaustible bed of manure!" *^* Those of our subscribers who are indebted for the New England Farmer for more than one year, are respectively requested to make payment as soon as con- venient. We are aware that these small matters are often neglected thro' forgetfulness ; but though small, yet collectively they are the only means of our sup- port. W^e trust our friends will not consider this request amiss, when they consider that our paper, deriving no support from advertisements, depends wholly upon the prompt payment of subscribers. Our friends in the interior of Massachusetts are re- minded that an opportunity for remitting money by the members of the Legislature, will occur in January. WANTED, as an Apprentice to the Printing busi- ness, a smart, active lad, of good education and and habits. Apply at this office. NOS. 1 and 26 of Vol. ii of the N. E. Farmer, are much wanted to complete a file for a Gentleman in New Bedford. Any person having a copy of either, will much oblige us by forwarding it to this office. For sale at this office, a few pounds of Mangel Wurt- sei and Rula Baga Seed, raised by John Prince, Esq. Pvoxbury. Jl: mcrican Wi ne. DYER'S supcriour Red and White Groseille (or Currant) Wine, is for sale, wholesale or retail, for the present, at 65, Broad-Street, by E. COPELAND, Jr. Price per keg of 6 gallons, delivered at any part of the city, 87 1-2 cents per gallon, including keg and sending home, for the Red; — and $1,50 per gallon for the White. The extensive sale of this valuable ar- ticle of Domestic Industry is its best recommendation. TIlc following notice of this Wine is extiacledfrom the (^Saltni) Essex Register, " We have been politely favoured with a sample of the Groseille Wine, made by the Messrs. Dyers, of Providence, R. I. and have no hesitation in pronounc- ing it superiourto much of the imported Wine, and a beverage oi' uncommon richness of flavour and colour. It is said to be very v/holesome ; and we cannot doubt that it will take the place of the foreign Wines at our social parties," &c. , Dec. 24. Bremen Cccttc. FOR sale by Thomas Williums, at Noddle's Island, near Boston, 20 large Brkmkn Gef.se, which, at 5 months'old, weighed from 15 to 20 lbs each. These Geese were obtained by Mr. W iUiams of Col. Jaques of Charlestown, Ms. and arc of the same breed, of which notice isgiven in the New i'.ngland Farmer, vol. iii. p. 45. in an article copied from a Providence paper. — They are recommended in preference to all others by their weight, extra quality and quantity of down, and feathers (yielding double ;) they arc perfectly white, set much earlier, are more sure of bringing off a brood, are remarkably hardy, and will weigh when fatted dou- ble the weight of our common geese." They are like- wise very prolific. Mr. Williams raised, the present season 28 goslings from 3 geese. The original stock of these geese was imported by Ebenezer Rollins Esqr. of Boston. Oct. 9. RICHARDSON & LORD, have just published, a new and valuable Reading Book, designed for the use of Schools, entitled the Agncullural Reader — By Daniel Adams, M. D. author of the Scholars' Arilh- , metic, School Geography, k.c. JOB PRINTING executed with neatness and despatch, on reasonable terms at this Otfice. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &:c. [Revised and corrected every Friday.] APPLES, best, » ASHES, pot, Ist sort, - - - ptarl do. - - - - BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - cargo. No 1, new, - - " No 2, new, - - BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, - . - . skimed milk, - . . FLAX FLAX SEED ---,-. FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genessee, - - - Rye, best, . - . GRAIN,Rye Corn - - . . - Barley - . - - Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, Bone Middlings, aew, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover . - . . . WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION MARKET. BEEl'', best pieces - . . - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, . - - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, lump, best, - . - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - - . - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, new, - - - - CIDER, liquor, new - - - - HAY, according to quality, - FROM TO U. C. D. C. bbl 2 00 2 75 ton. 115 117 00 117 00 120 CO bush 95 1 00 bbl. 8 95 8 60 7 00 1 25 6 00 6 25 lb. 12 7 8 3 4 8 9 bush 75 84 bbl. 6 6 37 6 50 2 75 3 00 bush 50 54 53 56 50 32 lb. 10 11 8 10 cask 1 10 1 20 gal. 70 78 ton. 5 00 bbl. 16 00 17 00 13 50 14 00 13 00 13 60 bush 60 70 40 45 45 50 35 42 25 30 48 52 35 40 lb. e 8 6 7 5 6 3 8 2 7 8 10 12 16 15 20 20 bush 65 70 60 65 20 50 bbl. 2 5( 3 00 t»n. 16 OC 20 00 176 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. i«(fscellautfs. The following; beautiful Hymn, written for the occasion, by the Rev. Mr Pierfost, of Boston, was sung at the Dedication of the Independent Congregational Church in Salem, on the 7th instAnt. O Thou ! to whom, in ancient timo, The lyre of Hebrew bards was strung:, Whom kings adored in songs sublime, And prophets praised with glowing tdngiie. Not now, on Zion's height alone. Thy favoured worshipper may dwell, Nor where, at sultry noon, the Son Sat, weary, by the Patriarch's well. From every place below the skies, The grateful song, the fervent prayer — The incense of the heart — may rise To Heaven, and find acceptance there. In this, Thy house, whose doors we now. For social worship first unfold. To Thee, the suppliant throng shall bow, While circling years on years are rolled. To Thee", shall Age, with snowy hair, And Strength and Beauty, bend the knee, And Childhood lisp, with reverent air, Its praises and its prayers to Thee. O Thou to whom, in ancient time, The lyre of prophet bards was strung. To Thee, at last, in every clime Shall temples rise, and prr.ise be sung. When neighbours dwell togeliier in peace, visit in friendship, converse for usefii! improve- ment, or harmless amusement, take part in each other's prosperity and adversity, concur in the government of their families, are candid to excuse and careful to conceal each other's trivial or accidental failings ; studious to reform real and dangerous faults ; when nil abide in their calling, and quietly perform their own bu- siness, and meddle not with the temporal con- cerns of others, a blessing will attend their de- signs. Their intercourse will be easy, pleasing and virtuous: and a foundhtion will be laid for the happiness of succeeding generations. But if each is bound up within himself, and looks with unfeeling indiflerence on all around him, or beholds hisinferiour with contempt, and his superiour with envy; — if every meeting is filled with impertinent and angry controversy, and every visit employed in tattling and backbiting ; —if neighbour defames neighbour, and each watches for advantage against the other; — if an acquaintance receives you with feigned smiles of pleasure and friendly greetings, but debases your character when your back is turn- ed ; — if every brother will endeavour to sup- plant, and every neighbour will walk in slan- ders, one had better tlee to the solitary moun- tains, and dwell ajone in the earth. The Death Watch. — Among ilie poptilir super- stitions which the illumination of modern times has not been able to obliterate, the dread of the Death Watch may be considered as one of the most predominant, and still continues to dis-l turb the habitations of rural iranquiHty wiiii ' absurd apprehensions. It is chiefly in the ad- vanced stage of spring that this little animal commences its sounds, which is no other than the call or signal by which the male and female are led to each other, and which may be con- sidered as analogous to the call of birds ; — though not owing to the voice of the insect, but to its beating on any hard substance with the shield or fore part of its head, llie pre- vailing number of distinct strokes which it beats is from seven to nine or eleven, which ve- ry circumstance may still add in some degree to the ominous character which it bears among the vulgar. These sounds or beats are given in pretty quick succession, are repeated at un- certain intervals, and in old houses, where the insects are numerous, may be heard at almost every hour of the day — especially if the weath- er be warm. The insect is of a colour so nearly resembling that of decayed wood, that it may for a cnngiderable lime elude the search of the inquirer. It is about a quarter of an inch in length, and is moderately thick in pro- portion ; and the wing shells arc marked with numerous irregular variegations, of a lighter or grayer colour than the ground colour. Japanese Prayers. — In Japan it is believed (hat the mountains are temples where their de- ities dwell — and it is deemed impious to pass one of them ivithout offering towards its sum- mit a prayer to the supposed divinity which in- habits it. To obviate, however, the delay and troulde which this would occasion on a journey, they have posts erected opposite each mountain, on which is a plate containing the prayer en- graved in it, and which the traveller turns round whenever he passes it, thus satisfying his conscience. How many christians make their prayers to consist in a formal ceremony even as absurd as this ; and such have surely no bet- ter reason to expect an answer, than the poor Japanese who^thus worships, without light to di- rect him to a purer, richer fountain of salva- tion.— Trenton Emporium. The C'ameleon. — To the camelccn has been attributed the singular faculty of changing the colour of their skin, according to the substance on which they are placed, and of subsisting up- on air. The belief has arisen from the extra- ordinary size of their lungs, which they are capable of distending with air to such an enor^ mnus extent, as to fill nearly their whole body and render their skin somewhat transparent. — - Hence they were said to feed ujion air. In this state of distension and semi-transparency, the skin becomes easily affected by every change in the circuhnlion; and consequently a change of colour is produced by the varying wants and passions of the animal, which influence botli the quantity of respiration and the tint of the blood. [Smellic^s Philosophy of J\'atural History. Evaporation. — The ocean loses many millions of gallons of water hourly by evaporation. The Mediterancan alone is said to lose more by evaporation, than it receives from the Nile, the Tilior, the Rhone, the Po, and all the other rivers that fall into it. This water is conveyed in the form of vapours or clouds, by the winds to every part of the continents — these it fer- tatises in the form of rain, and afterwards sup- plies the rivers which flow again into the sea. This is one of those continued circulations whereby <;// matter is made to subserve -oarious purposes, which have been devised by the Cre- ator, for the promotion of His beneficent designs. The bounteous sun Lifib- the light clonds sublime, and spreads them thin Fletcy and white, o'er all surrounding Heaven. The London Shopkeeper. — IVothing in the opin- ion of a London shopkeeper, conduces more to- wards establishing his credit, than to have his shop decorated with the ensigns of royalt3', and to be able to acquaint the jiublic that be enjoys the [irolection of his majesty, or one of (he prin- ces. Thus you may see near Leicester Square a species of quack's shop very elegantly fitted up, the proprietor of which styles himself " Privi- leged bug-destroyer to their majesties !" On the ne\v road you pass by a house with an advertise- ment, inscribed in very legible characters over the gate-way, announcing that a " Vender of »sses' milk to their royal highnesses the duke and dulchess of York, resides here !" — A short time ago, a strange conceit was en- tertained by a man, who manufactures wooden legs with much dexteril}', nnd who has placed before his shoj) in the Strand, an enormous sample of his art, as a symbol of his profession, which was no other than to apply for the title of " Blanufac'urcr of wooden legs to his roy;x\ highness the iirince of Wales !" It may easily be conceived, however, that a prince who has the finest legs in the world, could not compiv wilii this ridiculous request. \_h\)rri^ner's Opinion of England. Dr Darwin informs us, that the reason why the bosom of a beautiful female is an object of such peculiar delight, arises hence : — that all our first pleasurable sensations of warmth, sus- tenance, and repose, are derived from this in- teresting source. This theoiy had a fair run, until some one happened to reply, that all who were brought up by /iond, had derived their first pleasurable sensations from a very different source, and yet no one of all these had ever been known to evince any very rapturous or amatory emotions at the sight of a wooden spoon ! FRUIT TREES, Lc. AMES BLOODOOOD & CO. have for sale at their Nursery at Flushing, on Long Island, near New York, Fruit and Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs & Plant?, of the mojt approved sorts. j The Proprietors of this Nursery attend personally to I the inoculation and engraftinsr of «// Ihfir Frvil Trees, and purchasers may rely with confidence, that the j Trees they order will prove genuine. Orders left with Mr Zebedee Cook, jr. No. 44 State Street, Boston, will be transmitted to us, and receive our prompt and particular attention. Catalogues will be delivered, and any information imparted respecting (he condition, kc. tc. that may be required, on appli- cation to him. Pept. 4. TEIIMS OF THE FAR-MER. Q:^- Published every Saturday, at Three T'fu.i.ARS per annum, payable at the end of the year— but tho^e who pay within .tirly (!ii,:/s from the time of subscribing will he entitled lo a'drduction of rnrv Cent.s. 0::5=-Postage nuirt be paid on all letters to the Editor ov Publistifi. ]NEW ENGLAND FARM HjMXrn PUBLISHED r.y JOHN B. RUSSFXL. ROGERS' BUH.DIN'GS. CONGRESS S'l'REET. f.OSTOX.— THOMAS G. EES.>E,M)EN, ElJl'IOR. VOL. III. FRIDAY, DECEMBER :}l. 1!!24. No. 2.3. atarCcultwval anniiirrsari?. MR HODGES' ADDRF.SS BEFORE THE BRISTOL ACMCl'I.TVnAL hOlTIKTT. Mr HoDUES not haviti"^ consented to publish his Ad- rtrcss before the Bihlol County Ai:Ticultural Santti/, in October, in a pamphlet, lias acceded to th* re- quest of the CommilteP of the Socitty, who waii'd upon him, that a portion of it might b« published through the columns of a newspaper. — hutfjoin- ed are some extracts from the Address : " That most ancient of all arts iinil the mother ot'all olheis,can never be disregnrdeH by anv peo- ple who have lanJs i'or oillivation, biinds to bi- boiir, anil months to be tilled. And those nations that place Affricullure high in the scale of hon- ourable em[)lo)'ment, are themselves exaltedfin weallh, popnlation, and refinement nf 7iian)itrs. For it IS a. great mistake that I be latter qualifv does not naturally comport with the adaptation of human power and skill to the purposes and business of production from the earth. What gave Egypt pre-eniinence among- thf nations ol her oarljj age? Surely not more her commerce than her wide spread agriculture. The Asint- ic nations emerging from the pastoral stale, rose to power and some even to a proud grandeur, bv the skillul use of the chmisy plough and iio'e of their original husbandry. China, de- tached by her most sacred laws from other peo- ])le, embraces a wealth, population and power that may defy comparison with any European country; while each revolving vear vvilnes**-;' the homage of the millions ofthst singular peo- ple, in the person of their Emperour, before the bountiful shrine of that art which Pagans may be permitted to deify, and which Christians ought to revere. "Within the last half century, Europe has given more scientific and practical attention to agriculture than formerly, and the stalisticks of this eventful period shew how great have been the Tesulting benefits. The commerce and ag- riculture of the Flemish provinces rose and fell together. In England, in the reitrn of Cromwell, came forth the healthful spirit of agriculture, cherished by Plattes, bv Harllib, by the sublime Milton, and the people general- ly of the Commonwealth, until its fruits are witnessed by all the nations; inn commerce unrivalled, manufactures for the supply of all climes and tastes, a weallh that fills the" coffers of the world in peace, and has afforded the means of protection or destruction to many nations in war. The incalculable weallh and towering greatness of England owe their origin to Agriculture and the arts it naturally produc- ed. These arts and their attendant benefits will ever be produced in all countries, where agriculture has the honours of popular favour and the benevolent regards of government. Our own country presents an interesting the- atre over which the eye of sgricnltural science and the hand ofskilfui labour may pass thronsh almost all the varieties nf climate, soil — and both natural and artific.al condilion. From tlie climate of the bread ./'uit and oran^-f, to that whence may be brought forth the hardy escu-l Icnts, and nutricious grasses, we take a range that embraces such a capacity of diversitied : culture as well as production, as should com- mand all thai science can teach or physical en- ergy can ap|.iv for its full developemeut. The statesmHn, the political philosopher, looking forward through the crowded vista of the fu- ture, will see the importance, the incalculable benefit of that wise direction of his power \vhich shall aid the hotintiful efforts of nature to sustain the rapidly forth-coming millions of (Veemen who must draw subsistence from the liosom of our teeming land. His example, like that of Cincinnatus, should prove that all the pomp of political life or the circumstance of glorious war cannot overcome his affections for the peaceful occujtalions and holy inflnftnces of husbandry, as without it legislation has but an '' airy haliilalion," and all the splendours of the battle field beam but for a moment, and then are lost amilete ; in others only partial. In our market ue had always a tolerable supply. On the north east side of the coualy, not a living tree could be seen ; and on the south east side, they shared the same fate. East of the Monongahela, in Fayette County, you could not have found a peach tree in a day's ride. It was quite a com- mon thing to send our friends in Uniontown, parcels of peaches by the stage. I recollect about twelve years ago, to have paid a visit to a friend, who lives in a very fine settlement, on the east branch of the Ohio River, above Wheeling, called " Short Creek." On my way there, about ten miles from home, I bogan to notice the peach tree presenting a sickly ap- pearance ; and, in one mile farther west, not a living tree was to be found. The dry, dead skeletons presented a most dismal aspect; and particularly so to a lover of the delicious l'rnit. On Biy arrival at the residence of my friend, I found his orchard presented the same desolate appearance. He staled to me, that three years before that time, almost every farm in his neigh- bourhood, furnished abundance of delightful peaches, and that then, on the east side of the river, he did not believe a living tree could be found within six miles of his farm. But what was very remarkable, directly across the river, on the Ohio side, the peach tree was doing well. He observed that it was well worth a day's ride, to get on the top of one of their high hills, where the eye could take in at the same time, the country on both sides of llie river, when the peach was in full bloom. On the Ohio side, the prospect was cheering and delightful ; — whilst on the Virginia side, it was much more sombre. The irregular line formed by the river could be distinctly traced as far as the eye could reach. — I cannot state the exact time the peach began to fail with us, but recollect it was five or si.x years after I had heard of its failure in Jersey and in the eastern pnrt of this State. 1 observe for the Inst three or four years, when proper care is taken, they are again doing well. — I have over twenty trees still bearing, plant- ed twenty-six years ago. The fruit is small, but well flavoured. I have found by experi- ence, that as soon as an old tree begins to show symptoms of decay, it is best to cul it oft' near the ground. P^ine strong slioots, almost uniform- ly come from the old slump, or from its roots. These shoots mostly bear the second year. I am not prepared to sav whether they will be as durable as trees raised from thckStone; being only about three years, since I first made the experiment. We know that chesnut and some other kinds of forest trees, answer well when- raised in this way. R. Fro?)i Ike Genius of Liberly. CULTURE OF THF, PE.^CII TREE Published by order of the Agricultural Society of Fayette County. The subscriber having bestovved much of his time and attention to the cultivation and pre- servation of fruit trees, and willing to djfl'use any knowledge he may possess on the subject, submits, for the benefit of the puldic at large, the following results of many experiments. He has found, after adopting various modes iu rearing the peach tree, that none succeeded so well as the following: — In the fall of the year, I bury the peach stones (from which 1 design to raise trees) in a hole uniler 6 or 8 inches of earth, to remain there until the lol- lowing spring, when I take them up, and after cracking the stone carefully, so as not to injure the kernel, (the most of which will be found swollen and ready to sprout) and which 1 then plant in a trench 8 or 10 inches apart, where they are suffered to remain until the plant has acquired a growth of 3 or 4 inches in height, when 1 tr»ns()lant them to the place designed for my peach orchard, placing small stones about the plants to preserve them from being injured by cattle, &c. It is unnecessary to be more explicit on this part of the subject — eve- ry farmer is acquainted with the mode of rear- ing, which is com()aralively trifling, compared with the preserving of this valuable and deli- cious fruit tree. Few have turned their atten- tion to it, and of the few, the smallest number have succeeded ; perhaps none have succeeded fully in preserving the peach tree from decay for any length of time. I have, however, pre- vented the destruction of my trees for several successive seasons, and am entirely convinced of the eflicacy of my plan in destroying an in- sect, which, of all other things, 1 believe most pernicious to the tree. It is a fact, of which peihaps few farmers are aware, that (he ()each tree receives its death by an insect of the fly kind, which annually deposites its eggs in the bark of the root of the tree, sometimes at or near the surface of the ground, but most gener- ally under the surface. The egg is deposited by making a small perforation — these are some- times numerous, and from the circumstance of a gum issuing out of the wounded pnrls, ther is no doubt it materially injures the healt without pruning, and am decidedly against using the pruning hook at all. The reasons in favour I of this plan are obvious. 1 suffer the tree to grow as nature pleases, and it will then assume a shape well calculated to witbsland the shock of storms, and to bear its fruit without props. — In pursuing an opposite plan, by cutting olf the first branches that appear, a long body is form- ed and the tree ultimately divides into two or three main branches, which, when loaded with fruit, or during high winds, are apt to split asun- der, and the death of the tree €nsues. It is true, 1 have found it necessary sometimes to prop my trees, but in suft'ering their growth to be natural, they never acquire a great height, and liirin a peculiar shape, which is given them by nature, the load is so equally distributed, that the necessary [iropping is easily done. Ill addition to what I have already stated, it may not be improper to arid, that an intelligent farmer inl'ormed, that merely to heap the earth about the root of the tree in the fall of the y F.allows. On some soils | anil under some circumstances, they are un- doubtedly necessary; whil-t on others, they cause not Only the loss of one crop, bjt a need- less expense of labor. Judicious rolalinns, ade- quate manuring, the culture of corn, peas, and rape, (the former, of an early kind, to bo cut U[i when seared, and removed from the land to rip- en and cure in stacks — and the latter to be fed to sheep) or the ploughing in of green crops, it is believed, wc ild be more advantageous than the present general practice. Fifthly, on Wi.vter Meslix. Experience hav- ing demoostriited that this crop is subject to less casualties than either species ofgrain w hen sown separate, the Committee would recommend that it be introduced into the list of [remiums. Whilst we had an abundance of fresh and fer- tile soil, it was the interest of the farmer to spread his labour over as great a surface as pos- sible; consequently, the study and practice of the true principles of agriculture were neglected, until nectssily awakened us to the need of a re- I'orm. To this cause we are principally indebted for the numberless patriotic Societies spread abroad through every section of our happy country, for the purpose of collecting and diffusing ngricult- I ural information. And it is gratifying (r specially I to those who afforded ihem counlenarice and support in their infancy) to perceive that the object is pursued with a zeal and intelligence, which characterizes the efforts of a selfgov- erned people, whatever may be the objects to which they are directed. THOMAS MELVILLE, jr. Chairman. Pittsfidd, October 5, 1824. 2Jftottc=SEslanU Sorfctg FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF DO.MESTIC INDUSTRY. The Committee on Agricultural Products res- pecifully submit the following REPORT : James Rhodes, Esq. of Warwick, is entitled to Hie Society's premium of Ten Dollars, on a crop of Indian Corn, amounting lo 1 17 bushels 7 and a half quarts, produced on one acre of ground. The soil on which this crop grewi<; a Ftro.^g loam, which'had remained in sward six or seven years. It ivas ploughed on the 2t)lh of May, and planted on the 22d, in rows three feet apart, running north and south. The corn was dropped in n furrow, about eight inches apart, and six inches apart, lengthwise of the furrow. About 28 loads of compost manure, mixed with slablc- dung, were used — one half of this being plough- ed in, and the other placed in the furrow. — Tliiily barrels of Menhaden fish were ploughed into the middle of Ihe rows on the 2 Jth of June. The crop received no other ploughing, and was hoed only twice. The eitpense of cultivation, [)lacing half Ihe value of the manure to thegrow- ing crop, was $27.70. Thomas Fry, Esq. of East Greenwich, is en- tilled to the Society's premium of Ten Dollars, on a crop of Potatoes, grown on an acre of ground, and amounting lo 419 bushels. This acre is part of the four acres which pro- duced the premium corn crop of last year. The ground was ploughed about the middle of May, and then furrowed two and a half feet apart. — The potatoes, which were the long red, or River La Plate, were cut, and one piece placed at 15 to 18 inches ajiart in the furrow. Fit'teen loads ol manure were [uit on the potatoes, and they were then covered with earth. They were hoed only once, and were dug the last of Octo- ber. The expense of cultivation, placing half Ihe value of the manure to Ihe growing crop, was gH 98. A communication has been received from Mr Nathaniel Cook, of Cumberland, addressed to the standing Committee. It is presumed, that the letter was intended for the Commiltee on agricultural products, and that it has some reference to the premium offered by Ihe Socie- ty, to the person who shall, by actual exjjeri- menl, prove the Lest season, and modes of lay- ing down land lo grass; whether spring, sum- mer, or fall seedmg, be preferable ; and with, or wilhoul grain, on different soils. Mr Cook observes, that from long experience, he is able to decide, that Ihe best time lor lay- j ing land down to grass, is as early in the spring I as the ground will do to plough. Ho says, j " last spring, I sowed a piece of sjiring rye, and . hay-seed, about Ihe 1st of April, and about the 20th, 1 sowed Ihe land adjoining to barley. — ! The hay-seed look much best on that sown lirst, so much so, that a plain difference is to be seen, through the whole length of the line, about 2U rods." PJe expresses an opinion, that if hay seed he sown in the fall, the winter is apt to kill the grass, especially on poor land. He states from observation, that iiay-secd sown alone will take better than with grain, but still conceives, that where the land is capable of producing a good crop of grain, it is most pro- fitable, to connect the crops. Your Committee consider the Society indebted to Mr Cook, for the information contained in his letter, but they do not conceive, that a single, and possibly an accidental experiment, on one point, can enti- tle him to the premium. Your Committee would here remark, that it is understood, that fall seeding, is getting into favour, with some of the most eminent farmers, in the vicinity of Boston ; and they would re- commend, that satisfactory experiments, in that mode of seeding, should be made in this State. The experiments in the culture of millet, havej rather !r\crea!ed the favourable impression, of last year, ll is hoped that experiments in this article, Jioth a? a seeding and a fodder crop, will be extended. Your Committee slate with re- gret and mortification, that no claims have been offered for [iremiums, on Ihe four acre crop of corn, on carrots, on mangel wurlzol, on exper- iments to ascertain the best modes of raising Indian corn, on barley, or on the introduction of a new species of grass. It is true, that the re- sult of the season, disappointed the hopes, which many had built, on its early [iromise. It is also true, that in the ever varying dispositions of Infinite Wisdom, we are doomed to frequent disappointment. Our seasons will fluctuate, be- tween the productive and unproductive ex- tremes. In many respects, the last season was productive, and if in some articles our expecta- tions were not realized, this does not account for the mortification, which our Society now ex- periences, in the neglect of its premiums. It was hoped, that the small premiums offered by our Society, would excite a generous emulation in the most important pursuit of industry. It is hoped, that the neglect of this interesting In- stitution, is in some degree accidental. In comparing Ihe present state of agriculture, with lis condition at the date of our last Re- port, we find no cause for giatulation. Our foreign market for produce remains limited, and Ihe last commercial documents which were is- sued by the Treasury Department of the United States, exhibit a diminishing export. The na- tions of Europe, with exceptions rather unim- portant to commerce, are in a state of Peace; ' and every friend of humanity, must wish, that'' Ihey may so remain. The rate of wages, con- linnes too high, for the rate of produce. A good hand, hiied at eight dollars per rnojilh, and sub- sisted, as a laborious man ought to be, will in most cases, find it difficult, to return his em- ployer, Ihe value of his wages and subsistence. We cannot censure our brethren, who have sold us their exhausted land, at a high price, and have transplanted themselves to the fertile re- gions of Ihe West, there to purchase estates comparatively for a song. In the adversity of our particular pursuit, we are not however, left without consolation. We enjoy, as a nation, the paramount blessings of Heaven, Peace, ' Plenty, and Liberty. SAMUEL KING. For the Committee, Pawtuxet, Dec. 15, 1824. EFFECTS OF BURNING CHARCOAL. Ursula Delage, a seamstress, at the house of a lady in Bordeaux, a short time since. The mistress of Ihe house had caused a bath to be prepared, but from some circumstances was pre- vented taking it. The seamstress expressed a desire to make use of it, which she easily ob- tained. She shut herself up in the room, where every thing was ready. She drew the water from the cylinder which served to heat it ; but the vapours of the coal, which absorbed the atmospheric air, soon produced their sad ef- fect. The poor woman probably had "not strength to call, for when they went into the room, she was found in the bath, drowned. — A simple opening of the neck was sufficient to prove that death took place rather from the ef- fect of ihe air, than from the water 180 IS'EW ENGLAND FARMER. ©rigtitcil CEontmttiitratfons. TO THii EDITOR OF THE 5KW ENGLAND FAKMER. LIME. Mr Fessenden, — I recollect in your Address a few years since, before the Society of Middlesex Husbandmen and Manufacturers* you said a con- siderable upon the " dry subject of lime," which however, you so moistened with your wit and hutnour, as to render it interesting and useful. Much has been written, and yet the siihjpct is not exhausted. There are two points of view, •in which time is a very important and valuable article, to say nothing about it as a manure. — First, as a medicine. Secondly, as a promoter of health, by decomposing substances which generate an unwholesome atmosphere, and ren- dering the air in confined places, as cellars and vaults, salubrious. As a medicine for diseases, to which the hu- man race is subject, a description of its virtues belongs to the faculty ; I shall only advert to its efncRcy in a particular case, which may alTord a useful IWnt for appl^'ing it in other cases. I know not what has been written and published, or whether anything, upon this subject ; but the lamentable want of farriers in most country towns, who have a competent knowledge of the diseases of cattle, sheep, and horses, and skill to apply proper remedies, makes it a duly of all to communicate the knowledge and skill they may have acquired by observation, reading, or ex- perience. I shall relate a simple fact. My horse, which I highly value for his good (jualities as a family and farrti horse, has boen afflicted with a cough for three years, which for the first and second years, troubled him only while at hay. It went otf on turning him to pas- lure in the Spring. But the last year it contin- ued through the Summer, and increased to such a degree, that I became apprehensive of fatal consequances. Mentioning it In a neighbour, he informed me that he had heard of lime-water 's being given, ami with good affect. As this is so unsavoury a beverage, that no animal will drink it, unless compelled by extreme Ihirst, 1 adopted the fol- lowing method. 1 put a tea-cup full of air-slack- ed lime into half a pail of rye bran, wet it, and stirred it up, and gave it to my hopse once each day. In a week his cough abated, and in a fort- night was entirely gone, and has never returned. The horse in his worst state seldom ccughed on the road, and not often in the stable, except in the morning, when he had severe turns of it. His lungs appeared clogged and loaded, like an a.ithmatic or consumptive person, when he first wakes in the morning. I feel under great obli- gations to my neighbour for his useful hint, and communicate it for the benefit of others. The otlier use of lime, which 1 would recom- mend as a means of clarifying the air in close rooms, cellars, vaults, &.c. I conceive to bo ol groat importance to health, cleanliness, and comfort. CelUirs, where vegetables, cider, pickles, soap, meal, and milk are kept, should he often white-washed, — at least once a year. In such cellars, deleteriou* gases are formed, which communicate to the rooms a disagreeable smell, and not unfrequently infection and disease to the inhabitants of the house. Very little at- tention has been paid to this subject. As to vaults and privies, a small quantity of quick-lime, say a peck once a month, thrown into them, would decompose the stercorarious matter, destroy every otTensive smell, and render those places of occasional resort, which are too often offensive even to loathing, sweet as the parlor and health- ful as the mall or rural walk. A hint, Mr Edi- tor, from your pen to the Board of Health, might be of essential use towards the health and cleanliness of your great city. The subject may not be unworthy the attention of your active and eneraretic Mavor. A. Chelmsford, Dec. 29, 1824. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Mr Fessbnden, — Your interesting paper is not only a sruide to the successful cultivation of but lands ; it is also a watchman over the moral in- terests of the agriculturist. One very bad habit amoncj farmers begins to call forth deserved reprobation. It begins to descend the hill, and 1 cannot refuse to join my neighbours in giving it a kick. I have \ou'r been distressed at the universal habit of drinking rum. Often do we see it slyly creeping upon the industrious and useful citizen, until, at length, he is overcome by it ; and think- ing to leave otT as he began, by degrees, he lenafthens out a miserable existence. When all men tamper with this insidious but certain enemy, none can tell whether his best friends are safe. l^Ten, as amiable in their fami- lies, lovely to their friends, estimable in society ; men ;;? firm in their purposes, steady in their habits, and as hostile to intemperance as our best friends are, have, in one town and anotlier, slowly sunk with sorrow and shame and under the beastly habit of intoxication. Beastln ! No. The temperate brute creation, if they could speak, would quickly repel the implied charge, r^^ever an animal, besides man, led the life, or Jicd the death, of the unhappy sensualist. The Indians, once settling the terms of pence with their too powerl'ul white neighbours, stip- ulating for a certain quantity of rum, — called it ".the milk of the Great Spirit;" and sought it with corresponding earnestness. Are there not some among us, who hold it in like estimation? Some, who spcretly Entertain the Indians' idea, who assemble often to drink, — but never to boze down their souls and all that is within tliem, — be- fore the Great Spirit of the Universe 1 Are there not some who retire to drink in their clos- et, but never to commune there with their Maker ? Tfiis habif is common and most dangerous to young men and youth. Speaking upon this sub- ject not long since with one of my younger neighbours, he said, " when a boy I first ran in the field, and carried the men their toddj' ; they loved to have me drink with them, hut I would not. At length, 1 began to tarry with them at a boy's task, and observed that their drink made them very pleasant and uncereinonions ; it called t'orth songs in its praise, and reiterated exjires- sions of delight in its sensations. Coaxed by some kind word, such as the boys have worked well this forenoon; they ought to have a little toropelled by steam; three-fourths, at least, ol' the power required in (he usual way of sawing, j is saved by Mr Kendall's machine, which at the i same time makes much smoother and belter I boards.' About 100,000 feet have already been i niiide, thouKb Capt. Kendall is not [ircpared to i make a business of sawing, till several impoitant I appendages are annexed to the machine. Cir- ' cular saws have long been in use, yet the pecu- liar construction of this Saw and other parts of the machine, and its application to heavy lim- ber, are »vell worthy of a patent. The ardour in which he engaged and the skill and ingenuity with which he has persevered in this new and useful invention, are woiihy of commendation, and his ciimplete success will perpetuate his fame and augment his usefulness. — Hall, paper. CHANGE OF AIR. I r)r Darwin, one day at Nottingham, assem- ' bled a large crowd round him, and standing on [a tub, thus addressed them: — "Men of Notting- ham, listen to me. Yon are ingenious and in- Idustrious mechanics. By your industry, life's I comforts are procured for yourselves and fami- lies. If you lo^e your health, the power of being industrious will forsake yon. That you know ; but you do not know, that to breathe fresh and changed air constantly is not less necessary to [)reserve health, than sobriety itself Air be- comes unwholesome in a few hours, if the wia- 'dowsare shut. Open those of your sleeping- ! rooms whenever you quit them to go to your warkshopp. Keep the windows of your work- shops open, whenever the weather is not in- supportably cold. 1 have no interest in giving you this advice. Remember what 1, who am your countryman, and a physician, tell you. If ynu would not bring infection and disctisc iipoo yourselves, and to your wives and little ones, change the air you breathe,— change it many times a day, by opening your windows." NEW ENGT.AND FARMER. i»r From llic Chriilian Obtcrcei. PREDICTION'S OF THE WEATHER. Dr Adam Clarke has lately communicated tn the pulilicsome meteorological observation?, in which he remarks, — " From mv earliest child- hood I was bred uji on a little farm, and as 1 found that much of our success dejiended on a proper knovvledge and management of the weather, 1 was led !o study it ever since I was ei^ht years of age." In this science, he states (liat he has attained extraordinary success ; as the result of which he advocates the AVeather Tabic attributed to Dr llerschel, but which the son of that gentleman has recently disclaimed on the part of his late father. Dr Clarke says that (he accuracy of this table is truly amazing; and that if Dr Herschel had lived for no other pur- pose than to construct it, posterity would have reason to bless his memory. Some of our read- ers may perhaps thank us lor inserting this ta- ble^ as arranged by Dr Clarke. WEATHER TABLE. If the New Moon, the First Quarter, the Full Mood, or the Last Quarter, happens between i\/ij • 1 i J I Summer. ( Winter. Miani"ht aud j r . )ir jr , i .i "A iM )'^*"' < Hard Frost, unless the ~ ' ' ( (wind be S. or W. n J < ^ Cold, with frequent ) c , c. 2 and 4 •' , \ ^ > bnow aud Stormy. ( showers, ^ ' " ' ~ " ' Rain. Storm)'. 4 and 6 | Rain. ti and 8 | Wind and Rain. 8 i 10 j Changeable. 10 & 12 I Frequent Showers. JN'oon. 12 & 2 I Very rainy. 2 & 4 I Changeable 4 & 6 I Fair. „ H, „ ^Tair, if wind N.W " ^^ J Rainy, if S. or S, a & 10 I Ditto 10 A- .Midnight I Fair tCold Rain, if wind W. I Snow, if the wind is E. I Cold and high wild. I Snow or Rain. I Fair aud Mild. I Fair. -* tV. i Fair & Frost if N or NE W. I Rn or snow if S. or SW Ditto Fair aud Frosty. Hence the nearer the time of the Moon's en- trance at Full, Change, and Quarters, is to mid- night, (that is, within two hours before and after midnight) the more fair the weather is in Sum- mer : but the nearer to noon, the less fair. Also the Moon's entrance at Full, Change, and Quar- ters, during six of the afternoon hours, via. from I to 10, may be followed by fair weather; but this is mostly dependent on the wind. The Moon's entrance in all the hours after midnight, except the two first, is unfavourable to fair weather. The like nearly may be observed in the winter. From the M'tw Bedford Mercury. , ROADS. Mr Editor — The following description of a raachine for levelling roads, taken from the Springfield Journal, may be interesting to some of your readers. The superintending commit- tee on highways have had it In contemplation to introduce this machine upon the roads, and 1 have no doubt that out country roads may be quickly and economically repaired in this way. 1 have seen it in full operation between Prince- ton and New Brunswick, and I find it is in high repute. •' Having witnessed lately a very simple ma- chine in operation for filling up ruts and smooth- ing roads, 1 have a desire that it may be brought into general use, where the ground is favoura- ble. It consists of a plank about a foot wide and eight feet long — one edge made sharp anil covered with sheet iron.— The handles, like those of a plough, are fastened upon the under or back side at equal dislances from the centre. A chain is fa.atened on the front or forward sur- face at equal distances from the centre, by which the machine ig drawn by a horse or by cattle. The lower edge of the under or back side is bevelled. When the object is to fill the ruts, the draft chain is locked to the machine at s-uch unequal distances from the centre, as In ijive the proper angle between the machine and rut to be tilled ; and when the road is to he smoothed merely, the draft chain is hooked in the centre of the raachine chain, and Ihen the machine moves square. In the former opera- tion, the horse passes just on the inner side of the rut to be tilled; and the end of the plank, outside of the rut, moves perhaps two feet for- ward of the other end. By means of this, the loose dirt is drawn into the rut and the road made rery smooth. On sandy or loose ground, where ruls are soon made, a man and a boy may do at least five miles a day. Ruts retain the \»ater with wliich they are filled, and in heavy showers a current is made from them — deep gallies are thus worn, and the surveyor has a large job to do. — With this machine passing over the roads once a month, or fortnight, where there is much travelling, especially with' heavily loaded teams, great expense would be saved — the roads kept smooth — and the travel- lers' progress greatly expedited." From the Medical Intelligencer. ON THE SLEEP OF INFANTS. In laving a child to sleep, he should be laid upon the right side oftener than upon the left; but twice in the twenty-four hours at least, he should be changed to the left side. Laying him on his back when he is awake is enough of that posture, in which alone he can move his legs and arms will) freedom. Place Ihe cradle so that the light may come equally on both eyes, which will save him fron) a custom of squinting. Infants cannot sleep too long; and it is a fa- vourable symptom, when they enjoy a calm and long continued rest, of which they should by no means be deprived, as this is the greatest support granted to them by nature. A child lives comparatively much faster than an adult ; its blood flows more rapidly ; and every stimu- lus operates more powerfully. Sleep promotes a more calm and uniform circulation of the blood, and it facilitates assimilation of the nu- (riment received. The horizontal posture, likewise, is the most favourable to the growth and bodily development of the infant. Sleep ought to be in proportion to the age of Ihe infant. This salutary refreshment should fill up the greater part of a chilli's existence. — A continued watchfulness of twenty-four hours would prove destructive. After Ihe age of six months, the periods of sleep, as well as all oth- er animal functions, may in some degree be regulated ; yel, even Ihen, a child should be suffered to sleep the whole night, and sereral hours both in the morning and afternoon. Moth- ers and nurses should endeavour to accustom infants, from the time of their birth, to sleep in the night, preferrable to the day, and for this purpose they ought to remove all external im- pressions which may disturb t^eir rest, such »s noise, light, he. ; bu! i?[)ecially not to obey ev- ery call for taking them up, and giving them food at improper times. After Ihe second year of their age, they will not instinctively require to sleep in the forenoon, though after dinner it may be continued till the third and fourth year of life, if the child shows a particular inclination to repose; because till Ihat age, thfi full half of its time may be allotted to sleep. — From Ihat period, however, it ought !o be shorleneil for Ihe space of one hour with eve- ry succeeding year; so that a child of seven years old may sleep about eight, and not ex- ceeding nine hours : this proportion may be continued to Ihe age of adolescence, and even manhood. !=!^=^ To the Editor of the Bconomiit. PLATED DOGS. Sib, — Of all the plated things with which the unwary are deceived, there is none more extra- ordinary than that which forms the title of my letter. A short lime ago my attention was at- tracted to some beautiful small white poodle dogs, in a cage, at Charing Cross, and aftersome chaffering betwixt seller and myself, I became the purchaser of one for twelve shillings. In a few days I observed symptoms of uneasiness in the animal, when all of a sudden 1 observed a brown nose just under the white one, and with a little assistance, out walked as dingy, ill-look- ing a cur as ever breathed. The poodle's skin had been curiously fastened on the animal's body, and / xi-as bit. T. ROGERS. METHOD OF IMtTATING MAHOGANY. Any piece of coarse grained vvood may be made so nearly to resemble mahogany, in the I texture, density and polish, as to deceive the ! most accurate judges. First, plane the sur- I face perfectly smooth; rub it with a solution of I nitrous acid; then mix together an ounce and a i half of dragon's blood, dissolved in an ounce and a half of spirits of wine, and one third of that quantity of carbonate of soda ; filter it, and lay it on the wood with a soft brush. Repeat it again when dry. When the polish becomes less brilliant than at first, it may be restored by the use of a little cold drawn linseed oil. KITTREDGE S BO.NE OINTMENT. The following (says the Medical Intelligenc- er) has been handed us as the receipt for mak- ing the Unguentum Compositum — commonly called Kittredge's Bone Ointment : — Take of night-shade, plantain, mallows, hemlock, hen- bane, melilot, elder-leaves, camomile and John's wort — these, fresh gathered, are to be bruised in a mortar, and simmered in lard and neat's foot Oil, or fresh butter, till the herbs become crisp. NEW VEGETABLE. The Editor of the Darien (Geo.) paper, say« — '-Mr Reuben King last week very politely presented us with a " Mineral Potatoe .'"' Ery- ihriiia Erectii, or Cherokee Root ; the first, it is presumed, ever found in this part of Georgia, it weighed seven pounds, two and a half ounces; it appears to be a species of the Sweet Potatoe, but has rather a bitter taste ; hogs eat of it with avidity. It is probable that, if cultivated, it would be a valuable article of provision for fattening hogs. 182 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. PRESERVATION OF GRAIN. M. le Comte Dejean, concluding that an es- sential condition for the preservation of giain in quantities, was to prevent air and moisture from having access, has made some experiments with this object in viev^, and with the best res- ults. In 1819 he constructed wooden cases, lin- ed with lead, and which, when filled with grain, properly dried, were closed hermetically. At the end of three years, the cases were opened, and the grain found in the most perfect state. — M. SaJnte Fare Bontemps, who diretted the ei- periments, reported on them in March, 1824, and from his calculations, it appears that the ex- pense of a leaden lining to a case capable of holding 33,000 wine gallons, would be at most 4,500 francs, and that of a case to contain 264,- 190 wine gallons, about 18,000 francs. As the grain suffers no loss whilst in the case, requires no laborious attention, the interest of the capit- al required, would be amply compensated by the advantages of the process. We do not doubt, but that in many circumstances, these cases lin- ed with lead, will be found preferable to Maga- zines constructed in the earth ; the preservation of the grain, will assuredly be more certain. — M. Dejean's Magazines appear, therefore, to be a very important acquisition to agriculture. Ann. de Chimie xxvi. 104. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, DECEMBER 31, 1824. TO MAKE SPRUCE BEER. .Take a sufficient quantity of spruce boughs ; boilthemin waterabout half an hour, or till the outward skin or rind peels off; strain the liquor, and stir in at the rale of two quarts -of molasses to half a barrel. Work it with beer grounds or emptyings, or rather with yeast. EPILEPSY. A Physician of Triebel, near Soraii, has dis- covered that the root of the common wormwood is an efficacious medicine in Epilepsy, ye re- commends gathering this plant in autumn, dry- ing it in the shade without being washed, and not pulverizing it till it is wanted for use. It should be administered in the form of powder as soon as signs of the approach of the fit are manifested. To an adult it may be given in a dose I'rom fifty to seventy grains, in a warm liq- uid. After the patient has taken the medicine, he should go to bed and cover himself well up. and not remove from it till the perspiration has ceased. Trench races. The horse races for the Arrondissement took r-iace at Paris, in the Champ de Mars, when a prize of 1200 francs was won by a horse called the Young Snalo. A prize of 900 francs was won by a mare called La Mignone, belonging to Potior, the actor. She went three times round the Champ de Mars in nine minutes ten seconds. There are two or three very odd names of hor- s-ep, which we suspect to be Parisian variations trom the English. There are, for instance, the Streatlamlod and the Yoiinh Dio. The first may be meant for the Sireatharn Lad. The Younh Dio we are almost afraid to guess »l. li not Owhyhee or Tambuctoo, if m-ij possibly be GallO'English for the Young Jew. iFarmcr's clalenTjar. Foddering Cattle. We have heretofore gone pretty much at length into this subject, in our paper vol. ii. page 129. We shall therefore give nothing more than brief hints, which we hope may serve to remind agriculturists of what they were not ignorant before. It is recommend- ed not to begin to fodder with your poorest ma- terials. Cold weather will increase the appetite of your cattle, and they will eat food in the depth of winter, which they would reject at its com- mencement. They will likewise at any time eat materials, when cut with a Straw-Culter, which they would reject when whole. Corn- stalks and the stalks of clover, if cut fine, will be eaten by your cattle, when they would reject them, if left at their full length. A farmer who wishes to make the most of his means might al- most as well live without an axe or a hoe, as without a slravv-cutler. Even if he intends his stcaw merely for litter and manure, he will do well to cut it. Improved machines for that pur- pose may be had at the Agricultural Repository, No. 5 Market square, Boston, and at other places which we cannot at present specify. A little salt or brine mixed with straw and other mate- rials, which cattle might not otherwise eat so readily, will promote the health and increase the appetite of the animals. We do not pretend to say what should be the exact quantity of salt which should be allowed to each animal weekly, but we guess that their own appetite will form a tolerable criterion for judging. Give them some cut straw, or other food which has been moistened with brine or salt water, and at the same lime let them have access to fresh food of the same quality, and we have no doubt but the animal will prefer that quantity of each which will prove best for them. Mr Cooper, in the Domestic Encyclopedia, assures us (hat " a quar- ter of an ounce of salt per day to sheep, and an ounce per day to cows and oxen, is an allowance ample enough." We assert nothing, however, on this subject derived from our own experience, but are of opinion that cattle oflen suffer in win- ter as well as in summer, for Ihe want of this useful and almost indispensable article. Mr Bordley states that " about sixty years ago he learnt from u country farrier, that once or twice a week giving salt to horses effectually secures them against botts." Since that period he has experienced the good effects of this man- agement ; and adds thjit, during twenty years' residence on his farm at Wye, in Maryland, he always kept upwards of tifty horses on the banks of a rivet, containing snlt-u-ater, and never met wi;h afingle instance of that disease. Cattle which run out during winter should have a shelter and a rack under it to hold their fodder. This will not only promote the comfort of the animals, but will be the means of pre- serving their manure from being dissipated by rains, or its strength exhausted by the sun. Care should be taken not to confine cows when near calving, and sheep near the time of yean- ing. They should have separate apartments, and be well attended to. The fodder which cattle leave in the barn, they will eat abroad in the open air, especially if it be laid on the snow. FARMER SUMMARY OF NEWS. CONGRESS. Senate. DEC. 20. Mr Haynes of South Carolina- reported 1 bill for granting to Gen. La Fayttte two liundred thousand dollars, in 6 per cent stock, in com- pensation for his services and expenditures during the American |Revolution ; likewise au entire Township of Land. This bill was opposed by Mr Macon of N. C. .Mr Brown of Ohio, and Mr Noble of Indiana. These gentlemen acknowledged the merit and virtues of the subject of the bill, but objected 'o the shape in which it was introduced. It was eloquently defended by Mr Hayot!, was read a third time and passed. Yeas 37. iS'ays 7. DEC. 2L The Military Committee was instructed to inquire into the expediency of limiling the number of Cadets at the Military Academy at West Point to the numljer of Memtjers in the House of Representa- tives: and that the number to be admitted from eacii State and Territory respectively shall be the same as that of the Representatives to which such State or Ter- ritory shall be entitled, and that the brother of no per- son educated at the .Academy shall be admitted so long as there are other applicants. HoDSE. DEC. 17. The Committee on Indian Af- fairs was instructed to inquire into the'expediency of or- ganizing all the Territory of the U. S. lying west of the State of Missouri and Territories of Arkansas and Mich- igan into a separate Territory to he occupied exclus- ively by Indians, and of authorizing the President of the U S. to adopt measures for colonizing the Indians. DEC. 20. The ll»use in Committee discussed the bill to authorize the occupation of Columbia or OregoB river. The blanks were filled with $50,000 and the bill reported to the House. A memorial from Massachusetts remonstrating against the election of John Bailey, returned a repre- s( litative from Norfolk District was referred to theCom. of Elections. DEC. 22. Mr Randolph from the Com. on the services and sacrifices of Gen. La Fayette reported a bill,.whicli was a transcript of the one passed in the Senate, which was read twice and ordered to lie on the table. The hill, after debate, was read a thiid time and passed. — Yeas 1C6. Nays 26. . DEC. 23. The Speaker laid before the House a let- ter from A. Schcffer, of Paris, stating that a full length portrait of Lafayette, presented by him, was sent by the ship Cadmus, -which he prayed miglit be accepted for the Hall of Representatives. Tht Committee of Elections made a Report that John Bailey o) Mass. Henry Olin, from Vermont, Geo. Wolf, and Alexander Thompson, from Penn. are entitled to scats It the iiouse. NEW KNr,LiND FARRIER. las Mr Archer laiJ od the table a resolution for explain- in" the character and object of the visit of the naval olKcer of the United states comaianding in the West Indies, to the town of Faxgardo, in the island of I'orto Rico, in November last. The bill for the occupation of Oregon River was pas- sed, Ayei 116, Nays 57. Senate.— DEC. 23. A resolution was passed, re- questing the President to communicate to the Senate the number of merchant vessels belonging to the citi zens of the United States, with their names, owners, &€. which have been captured or plundered b« pirates, iic. which was carried. The Senate concurred nem. con. in passing a bill from the House, in favour of Gen. Lafayette. A bill for pledging the Public Lands of the United States, as a fund for Education was ordered, to lie on the table. Abstract of Reports. — The whole number of men enlisted to recruit the army, for the year ending 30th ] September, 1823, was 2,558. The aggregate strength of our little army, by the la- 1 test return, was 5,779. The aggregate permitted by law, if the ranks were full, is but 6,183. The Quartermaster Gtneral and Commissary Gent r- al's Departments appear to have b»fcn admirably mana gcd, and, as to the Paymaster's Department, the head of it says, in his report, that he is confidt-nt, that the whole of the troops are now paid to the first of Septem- ber, and a considerable portion to Ihe first of .November, and that the Paymasters '.will render vouchers before the close of the year, wkich will fully account for all sums advanced to them within the three first quarters. The annual expense of medical stores for the airny, it appears by th? Surgeon General's Report, has rot heen more than 32 50 per man. The deaths in the army in the two first quarters of the year were but 53, and 13 of them were from consumption. The expense of the National Armory, in Springfield, iMs. for the year 1823, was 186,824 dollars ; that of the Armory at Harpf-r's Kerry, Vir. was 194,808 dollars. tn the year 1823. fifteen thousand stand of arm} T"eTt distributed amongst the militia of the several States and Territories, under the act of 1808, " for aiming and equipping the whole body o( the militia." The number of Revolutionary Pensioners is 13,034, that of invalid Pensioners, 3,736, and that of half-pay in lieu of bounty land, 202. Of the first class there di- ed, in the three first quarters of 1824, 441 ; of the sec- ond class, 73; of the 3d class, none. The annual amount of Pensions to the first class, is $1,327,316, to the second, 298,000, to the 3d, $9,876. The number of Military Bounty Land Warrants issu- ed, up to the 22d of Nov. 1824, is 26,761, covering 4, 475,632 acres of land. ed considerable injury, but^t-ifling to what might have been expected from the circumstances in which he was placed. Svffoenlion. — A Mrs Mair, of Niagara, is said to have lately fallen a. victim to an act of carelessness or igno- rance, in placing in her bed-room a pan nf live coals, and then lying down to sleep. This ought to serve as a warning against a too prevalent practice. The great Canadian lumber ship Columbus arrived at Deal, and was to be towed to DeptforJ by steam- boats, there to be unloaded. The Baltimore papers state that the agent of the government of .Mexico has contracted with two ship- wrights in that city for the building of two frigates. Tlie following was received at Charleston from Bel- fast, Ireland, on the 10th inst. :— 169 tons of salt, 93 kilts, and 2037 hampers of potatoes, 130 pieces of cot- ton bagging, and 60 packages of wearing apparel. It is reported that another American is about to en- ter on the literary course already lo creditably pursu- ed by Brown and Cooper. Like the latter of these gentlemen, his attention, it is said, will be confined to the embellishment of American history, and the il- lustration of native manners. We are sorry to state that all hopes in regard to get- ting the coal arks to Philadelphia this season are at an end. The officers and engineers have been faithful and persevering in their duty ; but it is hard to contend with nature. Mr Fauntleroy, the English banker, who had been detected in forging to a large amount, has been tried at the Old Bailey, and condemned to be executed. Pyrnlipnecus Acid. — We state, for the information of our friends in the country, who are desIrcHis of trying the experiment of curing bacon with this acid instead of smoke, that it is for sale at J.Kidder's, No. 70 Court street. — at S. Kidder's Charlestown, — at Providence — at Goshen, Con. — and several other places. Its prop- erties are described at pages 36 and 165 of the present volume of the New England Farmer. A Commillee on Agriculture has been raised in both houses of the Maryland Legislature. JVarrow E«j;»e.— Mr John Ellis, of .Mercer, Me. a Celebrated hunter, recently had a dangerous encounter with a large Moose, near Moose River. When discov- ered the animal took to the river, and the hunter to the canoe, and started in pursuit of him. Having approach. ed within six or eight rods, he fired, and the ball tak- ing effect the moose made for the shore. Mr E. having reloadad his gun, proceeded in search of him. The moose was soon come up with, and rather unexpect- edly. Mr Ellis having approached within twenty or thirty feet of the enraged anjual before he discovered him— He instantly fired ; but being somewhat agitated by suddenly finding himself- so near the moose, missfld his object, the ball entering a small tree which interve- ned between them ; whereupon the moose immediately made at him with desperate fury, taking him between his horns, one of which entered his clothes near the waistband of the pantaloons in front and passed out near his chin, and the other at the small of bis back raking the skin in its course. While in this dangerous and critical situation, the moose made four or five bounds 'With him, clearing a rod or more at a leap, when his clothes giving away, he fell to the ?round. The moose passed over him without striking him, and after going alt^-ea or twenty rods fell and expired, Mr EUia receiv- In an account taken from the French papers of the Volcanoes at present in existence, it is stated that with the exception of two in the central part of Asia, not one is more than fifty leagues from the sea ; whence it is inferred, that water acts an important part in Volcanic eruptions. The following general summary is worth quoting : — J^umber of Active Volcanoes. On the CoDlinent. In the Islands. Europe, 1 11 .\frica, 6 America, 58 3 Asia, S 25 Ootania, 52 Middlesex .^gricuUm-al Societif. THE Trustees of lhi-~Socitly of Middle^tx I'Susbaiii) ■ man k Manufacturers, will hold their Annus"! Meeting at Wakefield's Hotel, in Concord, on TUE'-' ' DAY, the fourth d.ay of Jann;iry nnt at Sidney, New Holland, the embalm- ed head of a New-Zealand Chief, has sent it to the Museum of South-Carolina, in Chalmers- street. This is a very stranafe production, the si^ht of which is calculated to excite wonder | and admiration. The whole face is tatoocd in a manner that may he called hnth frightful and heautifiil, and the countenance is in a stale of the most perfect preservation. The hair of the head is Ions:, thick, and bushy, inclining (o deep brown. The teeth are uncommonly even, sharp, and ^ood, and the wliole sitsemble, in «hoil, luoUs the cannibal :i;;tl the sr.iKi^c in the highest degree. The preserving art of the New Zealanders, from this grand specimen, throws the embalming of the Egyptians into contempt. An Egyptian Mummy, at best, is hut a death-like, wilhered form. The preserv- ed head of the New-Zealand Chief, is com- plete in its features, and death has made no al- teration on it. We understand this curious and wonderful production is the gift of a young sur- geon. It w;\s tirst sent by way of Rio de Janei- ro, from thence to New York, and on to Charles- ton. It was with consideriible difficulty the spe- cimen could be obtained, as the natives of the Island are particularly jealous regarding their Morals or burial places. The head will be kept in the box in wh.ich it made its long jour- ney, and will be exhibited to visitors of the Museum, gratis. A large specimen of Cloth of New Zealand, jilso came in the same bos. We also understand that the Grumpus Whale, twenty feet in length and sixteen feet in cir- cumference, preserved on Sullivan's Island in August 1823, liflving undergone lately a very subtile and exfiensive process, has been also placed in our ?tluseum. A full description of the Tatooed Head of the New-Zealand Chief, from the pen of a gen- tleman of learning and science, will appear in a few days. This is following the example of the Savans or learned men of F^urope, ivho, when they receive any thing wonderful from abroad, immediately publish it to the whole civilized world. — Charleston Courier. Lords and Ladies. — The Peerage of England has doubled within the Inst forty yearvS. In 1782, there were hut 187 Peers — now there are 371 ! Some of the^e were born Lords — others made so by the King's creative power. What a number of Ladies there must be! — N. B. The Lady is made by the Lord. What a number too of Lordlings! ! That independent and inspired bard, Robert Burns, once sung in the language of truth : — A prince can make a belted knight, A marquis, duke, and a' that : But an honest man 's nboon hi'; might, Gude faith, he mauna fa' that ! And in the same poet's elegy on Capt. Mat- thew Henderson, " a gentleman who held the patent for his honours immediately from Al- mighty God," we find the same spirit of inde- [lendence. Snorer.i. — The celebrated Dr South, one of the chaplains of Charles II. preachirig on a cer- tain day before court, which was composed of the most profligate and dissipated men in the nation, perceived in the middle of his discourse, that sleep had gradually taken possession of his hearers. The doctor immediately stopped short, and chansfing his tone of voice, culled out to Lord Lauderdale three limes. His lordship standing up, " Mv lord," .said South, with great compos- ure, " I am «orry to interrupt your re|)ose, but I must beg of you, that you will not snore quite so loud, lest you awaken his majesty !" Epigram. Says Tom, as he told a queer story in st.cit To .Ned, whose credulity could not o'erlaap it, ' I'll give you my word ' — but his friend cut him short. Jlffecting Anecdote.— \ miller going to his mill (o get some meal to bring home, borrowed a bag of one of his neighbors The poor miller was some Fiow or other knocked into the water by one of the wheels, and the bag with him."_ He was drowned, and when the melancholy in- telligence was brought home to his wife, ' Lord ?' said the good womnn, ' uhat a fuss there'll be "otu about that ba".' FRUIT TREES, &c. J .AMES nLOODGOOD&CO. have for sale at their Nursery at Flushing, on Long Island, near New York, Fruit and Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs & Plants, of the most approved sorts. The Proprietors of this Nursery attend personally to the inoculation and engrafting of nH their Fruit Trtej and purchasers may rely with confidence, that the Trets they order will prove genuine. Orders left with .MrZKBEDF.E Cook, jr. No. 44 State Street, Boston, will be transmitted to u«, and receive our prompt and particular attention. Catalogues will ht delivered, and any information imparted respecting the condition, i!b:c. i:c. that may be required, on appli- cation to him. Sept. 4. American Wine. YER'S superiour Red and White Grofeilte'^or Currant) Wine, is for sale, wholesale or retail, for the present, at 65, Broad-Strett, by E. COFELAND, ix. Price per keg of 6 gallons, deli-, --^A at any part of the city, 87 1-2 cents per gallon, '.eluding keg and sending home, for the Red ;— iud $1,60 per gallot. for the White. The extensive ja^t of this valu.iblo ar- 'Icle of Domestic Industry is its best recommendation. The fulloteing notice of this JVine is extractid/rom the {Salem) Essex Megisltr. " We have been politely favoured with a sample of (he Groseille IVine, made by the Messrs. Uyers, of Providence, K. I. and have no tiesitation in pronounc- ing it superiour to much of the imported Wine, and a beverage of uncommon richness of flavour and colour , It is said to be very wholesome ; and we cannot doubt that it will take the place of the foreign Wines at our social parties," &c. Dec. 24. THE Subscriber, for a few vearspast, has been cul- tivating an extensive FRUIT NURSERY. He now has a large assortment of Peach Trees, budded from the best Fruit in the country, native and foreign, in the best order for transplanting. By another season he liopes to offer Pear and Cherbt Trees of the first quality. O. FISICE, Worcester. W.\N'rEL>, as an Apprentice to the Printing busi- ness, a smart, active lad, of good edncation and habits. Apply at this office. "VTOS. 1 and £6 of Vol. ii of the N. E. Farmer, are -L^ much wanted to complete a file for a Gentleman in New Bedford. Any person having a copy of either, will much oblige us by ("orwarding it to this office. For sale at this office, a few pounds of -t/an^c/ Wurt- set. Sugar Beet and Rula Baga Seed, raised by John Prince, Esq. Roxbury. TERMS OF THE FARMER. Or5= Published every Saturday, at Three Dollani per annum, payable at the end of the year — but tTio^e who pay within .^ixty dtrys from th( time of subscribing will be entitled to a deduction of Fitrv Ck.«ts. (fj^Postage must be paid on all letters to the Editor or Publisher. 0:;^= No paper will be discontinued (unless at the discretion of the publisher,) until arrearages are paid (t5="»w subscribers can tic accommodated with the 'Tou'i: give me your word— you had far better keep it.' \ preceding numbers ol the current volume. ]NEW ENGLAND FARMER. PUnLISIir.D CY JOHN' I5. UUSgELI^. P.OOKr.S- r,l'Il.lM:.OS, CO\G1U.ps STUF.KT, boston.— THOMAS a. KKSSr.AUEN. i:iM'l(H^ VOL. in. From TranHiutiuns ofihe Socul;/ of Arts, FILTERING MACHINE. This machine, the invention of Dr Traill, of Liverpool, (Eng.) is conMdercd ex(reniel)' useful for its simple roethoil of consi ruction. The ciotleil lines A iiml B iire divi.sion!! in the cnsk, perforated ivilli hole?, and between them is a bed of rougli snnd or peiibles, through which the water filtfis itself, until it comes m the space C, from u hence a passage or i>ipe J) conveys to the cock. By this means a large qnantity of water may he jiiirified in a sjiort time, and much belter llinn it will he by the common Filtering Ma- ■:hinc. ©rtfitwal tComwuntcations. VI) THK liDITOR OF THE NEW EXGI.AND F.ARMER. Mrlkuen, (Mass.) Jan. 1, J £55. I\Ir Fessenden, — If the following remarks are thought worthy a place in your valuable paper, 1 shall feel gratified at their insertion. . A Gentleman of this town, a i'ew days ago, favoured me with the loan of the New England Farmer, from its commencement to the present time, as he had an idea that I should be gratifi- ed with the perusal of Mr Prf.ston's observa- tions on mills, &c. ; but more particularly be- cause he thought Mr Preston had a method of casting interest (vol. ii. p. 83) by Tables similar to some I accidentally discovered about eight- een months ago, and which 1 have pro.secuted ever since. I have now about 120 Tables com- pleted (each consisting of 9 proportional loga- rithms, with a suitable index.) Among them is one just like the Table mentioned bv Mr Pres- ton.* The top line runs thus, 0.002739726 f- and is found by dividing tmity by 36,"j. The same will answer for reducing days to the deci- mal of a year, i should be happy in i'urnishing a few tables as specimens, which 1 think will prove very useful to mechanics and others. 1 should be much pleased to see Mr Preston's new science of Semi-Geometry illustrated by diagrams. From what has been said on this subject, I am inclined to think favourably of it. H this is acceptable, perhaps I may at a iulure lime make some observations on that subject. * See New England Farmer, vol. ii. page 83. FIJI DAY. JANUARY 7, 182:)? 1 think Mr Pri'.ston could strengthen his ar- gument, (vol. iii. page 1.50) that water-wheels have a gaeater velocity in the night, by intro- ducing well conducted experiments. There seerns to be a hidden cause, that might well employ the genius of a philosopher, if he were certain of the (act, that it is no "aberration of fancy." On the same page Mr P. says, — " a man can c;irry a dry log of wood that will float him across a river ; let the same log lay under water ail winter, and it will sink like a stone ; — that wood is lighter than water and must have ab- sorbed more than its own bulk of that fluid,'' &.C. As tills seemed rather paradoxical to me, fur w ood to absorb more than its own bulk of wat- er, merely by being surrounded by that fluid for a time, I determined on trying the following experiments; and 1 shall not ilecm my time ill- spent, if ihey prove as satisfactory to your read- ers asthe}' have been to me. Experimtnt 1. I boiled a piece of white pine in water, in order to expel the air by expan- simi, as I was pretty sure from experiments with the air-[)ump, that it was the air which wood contains that makes it ap[iearso light and gives Ijuovaiicy to it on water. However. after it re- mained in boiling water several minutes, 1 found it (lid not sink much more than half its thickness below the surface ofc^ild water, so 1 abandoned it. 1 then took a piece of dry red oak, :! inch wide and J inch thick, cut off Cne pieces 1 inch long each ; one of them 1 boiled as above, and found it sunk deeper than a dry piece, but did not succeed in sinking it. I next placed the boiled piece of oak with two dry pieces in a vessel of water, under the receiver of an air- ;)ump, and in a few minutes was enabled to ex- tract air enough to sink the piece that had been boiled; the other two remained obstinate, and when I look the pressure of Ihe atmosphere from the surface of the water again, I found that the piece which had sunk would rise to ihe surface, an evidence that air was still within it ; howev- er, it was not long before the other two follow- ed the same example and descended lo tiie bot- tom, which is a sufficient proof to me that wood of this kind at least, if not of many others, is heavier than water when part of the air is re- moved, and water takes up its place. The 4th piece of wood I placed under cold water, to see how long it would be before it would sink, it being pressed a little below the surface, and left free to fall ; it has been in that situation more than a week, and does not seem inclined to sink. The 5th piece 1 disposed of as follows, think- ing that some person might wish to try the ex- periments, who had not access to an air-pump, and Knowing that a more perfect vacuum could be formed by the condensation of steam, I took a 2 ounce glass phial, put in as much hot water as would cover the piece of wood, which I had divided into four parts. I immersed the phial in a vessel of boiling water, mouth upwards, and when 1 found the steam rising, the jihial was corked, and quickly turned cork downwards into a tumbler, half tilled with hot water, which prevented the air from getting into the phial. No. 24. When the steam condensed, as the cork was not air-tiglil, the phial was soon half filled from the. tumbler, by the pressure of the titmo^phere. I repeated this two or three times, and left it to cool, ivhen in about an hour one of the pieces had sunk to the boltom, and 3 remained at the surface. I let it stand, and in two hours from that l^mc all four pieces of wood went to the bottom. I kavp been thus parllcular, for the instruction of such as have not the opportunity of attending lectures, but have an inclination to try such exjieriments. With due respect lo all friends of science, Yours, iruly, T. CLAXTON Civil Engineer. P. S. Since writing the above, it has occurred lo me that the pieces of wood I had made use of, lifid the grain in tlie direction of their length, that it was more difficult to extract the air, on account of what is called capillary attraction. I therefore tried (bin pieces cut acrosi- the grain, and soon found all kinds of wood to sink direct- ly, (rotten wood and cork excepted). TO THK f^DlTDB. OF THE NEW E.VGT.AND FARMER. Sniilbjield, (il. /.) Jan. 2, 1825. .Mr Fessenden, — More than thirty years ago, I had a belief that lo [>asture good grass land was not the best mode of farming ; but had no data on which to found my belief But, on a small degree of reflection from year to year, my fiith'iticreased, and more particularly after I h'd .hr pleasure of readingsomo authors on the sut'ject. I say the pleasure, for a pleasure it was, and a pleasur<' it is, tor 1 read all that comes in my way, notwithstanding all the complaints a- gainst book-farming. By this time my faith and works are nearly hand in hand. 1 think I have a small degree of experience to found my belief on, that where the land is proper for grass, and Ibe farm rather small, it is not the best mode to pasture mitch ; because, by mowing your grass and feeding it out to your slock green, or partly so, just as reason shall dictate, you will keep a larger stock, over and above the expense, and much increase your manure. This is founded on experience. Working oxen and horses, more jiarticularly, should have but little to do with pastures. How often have I seen a boy sent off ibr a horse in the month of June, perhaps half a mile, to a pasture of 25 or 30 acres, part wood land — two or three (more or less) men waiting for Ihe boy and horse to plough out the corn ! The boy returns, and cannot find the horse. This seems not to be the best mode of farming. I should advise to let the horse stand in the barn when not in use. Let there be a good coat of sand, loam, or turf under his feet. When this is properly mixed with the stale and manure, take it away and coat it anew. There will soon be no lack of hay, and ihe horse will always be ready tor work. This is proved by experience. Whoever intends to be a good farmer, must attend closely to his business — not overlook little things, and say. This is not worth saving, and That is not worthy of notice. Let J'featness and Economy be the motto. I have often seen my brother farmers take several steps to pick up a 186 NE,VV ENGLAND FAHMEK. [Jan. 7, potatoe or small nub of corn, and at the same \ of June 1 824, 1 plonglied a small p\ccd of green- lime take no notice of a large dropping of cow 'sward, rather light, harrowed it wilh a short- manure near his kitchen door. It is a great and ^ toothed harrow, sowed one peck of oats, the instructive command, — and let nothing be lost." Of late years, since the words soiling of cattle have been so familiar, I had a particular wish to know how late in the season it would answer to sow barley and oats, and particularly millet. 1 read several authors on the subject, but none seemed to exactly come up to the point. I wrote to the I-ditor of the New Enirlanil Farmer on the subject of Millet, who very politely <>ave me some valuable information, and advised me, as 1 understood him, to find out myself, and commu- nicate it to others.* Accordingly, near the last About the 20th of July, 1 took off a piece of Spring rye, rather more than an acre, the laud of a sandy kind, and in pretty good heart. I Pick up the fragments, remainder with flat lurni|is, harrowed again, and | ploughed in the stubble as soon as was conven- rolled it with a large roller — and then gave it a, lent, anres- sionswUich the gastric juice makes on the nerves of the stomach when it is empty: and the combi- 1 nation of testaceous powders wilh it tends lo cor- j rect the secretion that is supposed lobe the; chief agent in digestion, and which i( not acid, [ is always attended by acidity. Cerlaiu at least it is, that their operation is bolh grateful and sal- utary ; for we lind that the iniiabitants of the East Indies mix them wilh the betel nuts lo the chewing of which they are universally and im- moderaTely addicted. Perhaps such ahsorbenis mav be usefully applied, bolh to divide ihe doses ami to moderate the virulence of the tobacco; for, in the internal exhibition of this plant, much caution is required, as it produces sickness, ver- tigo, cold clammy sweats, :md a train of olher formidable symi>toms, when taken in too large a quantity. wilh Ihe aiil of a lever, which is in the hand ol a jierson in front steering, he has not often lo-])ut bis feet to the Ireddles." CLIMATE OF GEORGIA. The Savannah Republican of I4h ull. mentions thai trees ol' every description in that vicinitv were pulling forlli their buds, Ihe peach tree is m full bloom, and that ripe mulberries were seen in the market on that morning. Wo understand Mr Horace Coli..4MOre of Pem- broke, Mass. killed on the IGlh ult. two Hogs, eighteen month'; old, whose united weight a- rnounted lo 1201 pounds, viz. largest G55, and Ihe smallest ulti pounds. '^ From the -Vtio York Slalcsman. RENSSELAER SCHOOL. The Hon. Stepitcn Van Rensselaer, with his characteristic liberality and benevolence, has MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS. One of the Professors at West Point, lias calculated that the annual diminution ot' expense in transport- ation between the Ltikes ami the Ocean, consequent to the construction of our Canals, amounts to the savin» of the value of '274.400 days' work of raeD, with 2,088,400 days' work of horses. .Such has been the failure in th'e potatoe crops near London, that the venders say they will be sold during (he winter at a halfpenny each. M. Salvertp, a Prussian chemist, has made a black pigment from hemp-seed oil, which far exceeds any black hcretol'ore knowu. It has been used in printing-iuk and on tanned leather. Messrs. Gamier & Co. of Paris, have invented a wash for preservation of marble, which efTectnaily secures its purity and solidity, and it is calculated to become a cheap substitute for paper hangings and paint. The colour is a beautiful white. Wool — A Vermont writer calculates that by attention and encouragement to the ^rowing: and manufacture of ivool in that state, its exports might be carried to $14,- 000,000. The manufacture of cotton goods in Eiif'Iand in 1S23 ^^merican Wine. DYER^S superiour Red and W'l.ite CrostiUt (or Currant) IVint, is for sale, wholesale or retail, tor the present, at 65, Broad-Street, by E. COPI.I.ANd' Jr. Price per Keg ol 6 gallons, delivered at any part of the city, ti7 l-ii cents per gallon, inchuling keg and sending home, for the Red; — and jjl,.')0 per gallon for the While. The extensile sale of this valuat'lc ar- ticle off)omestic Industry is its best recommendation. Tht foUov.bi^ notice of this JVine is extracted from the {ftaltm) Essex Register. " We have been politely favoured with a sadiple of the Oroseitle Wine., made by the Messrs. layers, ol Providence, R. I. and have no hesitation in pronounc- ing it superiour to much of the imported Wine, and a beverage of uncommon richness of flavour and colour It is said to be ver.y wholesome ; and we cannot doubt that it will take the place of the foreign Wines at our social parties," &:c. Dec. 24. CAIN meditating the murder of Abel This splen- did picture is to be seen at Doggett's, Market st. JOB PRINTING executed wilh neatness and despatch, on reasonable terms at this Office. lately established an Institution at Ihe norlh,end amounted to $243,000,000 and employed 500,000 fam- of the city of Troy, for the purpose ofinslrucling persons In the Application of Science to (he com- mon purposes of Life. Tiie Rev Dr. Hlalchford of Lansinburgh, has been appointed President; Amos Eaton, of Troy, professor ofchemislry and experimental philosophy, and lecturer on geo- logv, land-surveying, and the laws regilating totvn-oflicers and jurors; and Lewis C. Beck, of Albany, professor of mineralogy, bolany and zoology, and lecturer on the social duties, pe- culiar to farmers and mechanics. A suitable ap- paratus, librarv, readin*-room, and other appur- tenances will be provided. The sludenls will be required lo give experiments in turn, in order to familiarize themselves with the app.iratus and the principles derived from books. 'The first term will commence January next, and continue fifteen weeks. There can be no doubt, that this will become a useful institution, reflecting the highest credit upon its generous founder. In an English house o£ correction each prisoner em- PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, fcc. [Revised and corrected every Friday.] APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, ist Eoit, . - . pearl do. - . - - BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - caigo. No 1, new, - - " No 2, new, - » BUTTER, inspect. No. I. new, CHEESE, new milk, . . - - -skimed milk, ... FLAX FLAX BEEO FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Gtncssee, . - - Rye, best, - - - GRAIN,Rye Corn - - - - - Barley - . - - Oats - ployed on the tread-mill works at the rate of CGOOfeet HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - NEW INVENTION-. Mr M'Donald, of Sunderland, Eng. has invent- ed a ■' self-moving machine," for travelling on roads, which has carried 7 persons. " It is pro- pelled by means of treddles ; — a man sits behind, working the same, and there is a fly wheel ope- rating upon two cog wheels, which operate upon n square axle. The man behind has little labor, as, from the velocity of the fly wheel, together in ascent per day. A destructive fire broke out in Edinburgh on the loth of November, in High street, and extended to Parlia- ment Close. Four hundred families were burnt out, and a vast amount of property was destroyed. The expense of the funeral of the late King ofFraDcc was nearly 400,000 dollars. The Legislature of South Carolina has appropriated §13,000 to defray the expense of the visit of Gcu. La Fayette to the capital of that State. A resolution authorizing Governor Troup to meet Gen. La Fayette in Savannah, and to draw on the State Treasury for any amount of funds he may deem j necessary for his proper entertainment, while in the State, has passed the Legislature of Georgia. Similar resolutions have passed the Legislature of Kentucky and Missouri. The annual commencement of the Vermont Acade- my of Medicine, look place on Wednesday the loth ult. when 40 studeijts took the degree of M. D. The government of the Netherlands has extended iti conquests over the remaining part of the_^island of Bor- neo, comprehending all the rich gold and diamond mines on it. The Burmese war continues. A considerable body of Burmese marched into Cochao. The British sent more troops to Chittagong. The British gained several vic- tories near Rangoon. HOPS, No 1, Inspection LIME, .'.-.- OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PL.USTER PARIS retailsat PORK, Bone Middlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover - - - - - WOOL, Merino, fullblood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, Ist sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION- MARKET. BEEP', hest pieces . - - . PORK, fresb, best pieces, - . " 'whole hogs, - - - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, ...... BUTTER, keg k tub, lump, best, - . - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - - - - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, new, . - - - CIDER, liquor, new . - - - PIAY, according to quality. FROM TO 0. C. D. C. bbl 2 0( 2 25 ton. 115 117 00 117 OC 120 00 busl. 9i I 00 bbl. 9 £0 7 25 7 £0 C 00 6 25 lb. K 1 8 4 !. 9 bush 7.S 84 bbl. 5 87 6 37 6 50 2 75 S 00 bush 60 64 53 56 50 32 lb. 10 11 9 11 cask 1 10 1 20 gal. 70 78 ton. 4 50 4 75 bbl. 16 00 17 00 13 50 14 00 13 00 13 50 bush 60 70 40 45 45 50 35 42 25 30 48 52 35 40 lU 6 8 6 7 5 6 3 8 4 7 6 10 12 16 15 20 20 22 bush 65 70 60 65 20 50 hhl. 2 50 3 00 ton. 16 00 90 00 l88 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Jan. 7, 0^ We feel much obliged to the Gentleman who for- warded us the following ; and should esteem it a par- ticular favour, if he would regularly furnish us in future with the proceedings of this Society. PHILADELPHIA SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING AGRICULTURE. DECEMBER 2\.~Slntcd ^Jeetinsx—Dr U^ki-e., Vice Prtsiiltnt, in Ihe Cliair. The following commnjiicntions were read, I. On the advantages to Farmers of cultivat- ing the Italian MuUierry tree, by Joseph Coop- er, late of Neiv Jersey. The particular qualities of the tree noliceil, are 1. As a shade : the leaves put out as soon as ne- cessary for that purpose : the tree forms a hand- some top, makes no litter as it dr(5p:3 few leaves until frost, when they suddeidy fall. 2. The trees produce agreeable fruit in great abundance, which is also wholesome and natritive to swine and poultry, and so grateful to birds, that they will do little injury to cher- ries or other fruit, while they can obtam enough of mulberries. 3. The timber is excellent for boats or shi ps, posts or stakes for fencing, or fuel, and rapid in its growth. In these respects it agrees witli the white flowering locust; they are the only two trees which form exceptions to the general rule of durability in timber being confmed to trees of slow growth. 4. The leaves are known to be the most proper food for silk worms ; the raising of which will deserve attention as our popul.ition increas- es. 5. The roots do net sucker, and the leaves when they fall are greedily eaten by horses, cal- ' tie and sheep. The trees may be propagated by seed, or cut- tings, by engrafting or inoculation. The information as to the two last mentioned modes, will be very acceptable to to our fellow citizens in Ohio, in a part of which State, it was formerly mentioned, tlio cultivation of silk is zealously attended to. By these modes of prop- agation, the tree may be widely and speedily dif- fused. II. Directions for paying proper attention to a swarm of bees, when made artificially, by Da- vid Souder, of Cumberland Co. Pa. Ample directions are given by this experien- ced bee-masier, for managing the difficult oper- ation of " planting colonies;" but they are too Song for insertion in this brief notice. Jlr S. first made us acquainted with the excellent little tract on bees, of the Rev. Mr Christ, of Khron- berg, Germany, hy publishing an English trans- lation of it. The box hives recommended by that author, are much preferred to any others, lor economy and convenience. A set has been m the possession of the Society for several years. —No article brought to market sells more rap- idly, or pays better than bees-wax, owing to the demand for oxporUition to South Ameiica and Mexico, which will be likely to continue. III. Wr Vans read a letter addressed to him, on the excellent elTecIs of more than common attention to cattle, paiiicniarly in currying cows, in the increase of their milk, when joined to regular feeding, wilh a portion of juicy food du- ring winter. By Thomas Wistar, Jmi. of Mont- gomery Co. Fa. —The facts detailed left no doubt, as to the excellent condition, produce, and good appearance of the cattle in question, being the result of the treatment described. IV. Dr Mease cominunicalod an account of the successful raising of bees in the heart of Philadelphia during three years. The experi- ment commenced in 1821 with bees in two box- es made upon the plan of Mr Christ : these were I placed in a small garden attached to a house in] Fifth street above High street. In the summer of 1824, they had increased to seven stacks, the stacks being composed of six or seven boxes, and each box 11 by 7 inches: one box weighed 54 pounds, when filled. — Two stacks were a full load for two men. In .\ugust last it was found that the destructive enemy, Ihe Miller-Moth, had completely taken possession of three stacks, and filled the boxes with their webs, to the ut- ter discomfiture of the bees, which had aban- doned Ihe hives. The proprietor despairing of being able to prevent the future depredations of Ihe insects, then sold off his slock ; but it is to be lioped that he will renew the experiment next year, and either use a diffoi'ent Inrm of hive, or try some of the various expedients, said to be found clTectual in preventing the depredations of the Miller-Moth. - The Society will thank- fully receive any communication on this interest- ing subject. [The following communication was made to the Soci- ety at a preceding meeting :] A letter to Dr Mease from Mr Appleton, U. S. Consul at Leghorn, announcing his having sent to the Society, by way of Boston, a bag contain- ing Bologna hemp-seed, and Cremona flax-seed ; the former is twice the length and strenglh of Ihe Russian hemp, and moreover is f:ir and white. It sells at Leghorn for two thirds more per pound than the Russian. The Cremona fiax sells invariably for double of all other (lax known. Instructions were said to be forwarded wilh the seeds, for Ihe cultivation of both plants. Seeds of Cauliflower, Broccoli, and of Naples Fennel seed, were also sent. The Caulifloivers seen by Mr A. at Naples, would fill a [leck-roea- sure, even when stripi)ed of leaves. I'he Broc- coli is very delicious. The Fennel grows to the size of the largest celery, and is eaten at dessert with saII : it is highly fragrant and agree- able, and leaves on the plate a refreshing and odoriferous balm, while it invigorates Ihe stom- ach and digestive organs. From Rets'' Ci/clopedia. W O O L. [Continued from page I3i.] Long Wool, or Combing Wool, being prepar- ed for spinning by a process entirely different from that of short or clothing wool, and Ihe pie- ces made from it being finished in a very diiler- ent manner, the qualities mosi required in this kind of wool are length and soundness of the sta- ple, without which the fleece is unsuiled for the comb. The fineness of the hair is a secondary quality, required only in certain kinds of goods. The wool-comb is an instrument of simple con- struction, consisting of a wooden handle, wilh a transverse piece or head, in which are inserted three rows of long steel teeth. The wool, which is lo be combed after being clean scoured, dried, and oiled, is first drawn upon these teelh wilh Ihe hand, until the comb is suflicienlly load- ed, ll is then placed on f|io knee of the com- ber, and another comb of a similar kind is drawn through it, and the operation is repeated till all the hairs or fibres are combed smooth in one di- rection. This operation requires considerable strength, hut Ihe comb being previously heated, and the wool thoroughly oiled, facilitates the process. When completed the combed wool is drawn off vvilh the fingers, forming what is call-- ed a stiver ; the shorter part of Ihe wool sticks in the teeth of the comb, and is called the noyt : this is sold to the clothiers. From Ihe above description, it is evident that if the staple of the wool be not sound, the great- er part of it will be broken by the process of combing, and form noyls. The staple fliust also have a sufficient degree of length for the combs to operate ujion it. Length and soundness of the staple are therefore the most essential and characteristic qualities of combing wools. Long wools maybe classed into two kinds : first, those suited for Ihe manufacture of hard yarn for \vorsted pieces ; and second, those suit- ed for the manufacture of soft yarn and for ho- siery. The former requires a greater length of staple Ihan the latter. The first may therefore be called long combing wool, and the latlershort combing wool. Between these there are giada- tions of wool, which may be applied lo either purpose. Long comliing wool should have the staple from six inches to eight, ten or twelve in length. Before the recent improvements in spinning by machinery, a very great length of staple was considered as an excellence in long combing wools ; and on this account the hog-wool, or first fleeces from sheep which had not been shorn when iambs, was niore valuable than Ihe wether wool from Ihe same flock, and bore a higher prxe than Ihe former, by at least fifteen per cent. Since that time the wether wool has risen in value on account of the evenness of the sla- [ile, each lock being nearly equally thick at both ends; but the staple of hog-wool is [loinled, or what may be lechnic.illy called spiry. Eight inches, if the wool be sound, may be regarded as a very proper length for heavy conibing- wools. I'be longer slapied wool was lormerl^ workei! by itself, and used for the fine spun-yarn, or mixed in small quantities wilh the wether wool to improve the spinning. It is found that an equal lenglh of staple contributes to the even- ness of the thread when Sjniu by machinery, and a very great lenglh of staple is rather injurious Ihan olherwise in the process of machine-spin- ning. To Ihe wool-grower, however, it must always be desirable to increase Ihe length of his heavy combing fleeces, as he thereby mate- rially increases the weight; and wc have not yel learned that the price has ever been reduc- ed on this account; for if the wool be too long for some branches of the worsted manufacture, there are olhers, in which it may be worked with advantage. The length of the staple may be increased by a plentiful supply of nutritious t'ood. The same efl'ect may bo produced by lotting the woo! re- main a longer time on the sheep before it is shorn. We have seen a staple of Lincolnshire woiil, which was twenty indies in lenglh : it li.ul grown two years withoul shearing. This, iimvever, would be unallended ivith anyailvan- tage to the grower. The more frequently sheep are shorn, provided Ihe wool issuflicienlly long, the greater will be the weight grown in a given 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 169 time on the same animal ; for, from observa- tions ive have maJe, wc are satisfied that wool is grown more rapidly immediately alter the sheep are shorn than at any other time. Length of slaple in wool ilopenils primarily on the breed, but may be more affected liy culture than many other qualities of the fleece. The soundness of the staple may be easily judj^ed of by pulling both ends of it with the lingers with considera- ble force. In weak or unsouml wool the staple easily breaks in one or more parts, and on obser- ving it, it will be seen that the tibres are much thinner in the part which breaks. This is oc- casioned either by a deficient supply ot food, by disease, or by inclement seasons, which cause a stoppage in the growth of the fleece. This goes on to a greater or less degree. In some instan- ces the stoppage has been so entire that the up- per part of the staple is nearly separated from the lower, and is only connected with it by a few tilaments ; in such cases, the stoppage has con- tinued for a considerable time, and the bottom part of the stnple may be considered as a new fleece protrud.ng the old one from the skin. Connected with the soundness of the wool, there is another property required : this is, that the staple be free and open, or that the fibres shall not be matted or felted together, an effect which takes place frequently when the wool is unsound. It is in fact, a natural felting of the woo! on the back of the animal, when by any cause it has ceased to grow. Sometimes the lower part of the fleece next the skin wiJI be so completely matted as to form a substance nearly as hard as a bat. and will hold to the skin by a lew hairs only. Those are called cotted fleeces ; all approach to this state is peculiarly injurious to combing wools. The wool-buyers generally throw out the cotted and unsound ileeces, when thev pack the wool from the grower, and buy them at a very reduced price. The softness of combing wool, though of less importance than in clothing wool, yel enhances its value, as it is I'ound ihat such wool makes a closer and softer thread, and in every process of the manufacture ('p.ishes more kindly. Combing wools grown on light, calcareous soils, are deficient in this res- pect. A copious supply of the yolk is necessary ' to the healthy condition of the fleece ; and as ihis in many flocks is nearly equal to the weight of the wool, the fleeces contain from G to 8 lbs. more of it before (hey are washed, for in the unwashed state, tliej often weigh 18 pounds in many long-woolcd flocks in England. The wliilenejs of the fleece is of less impor- s.ince in the long combing than in clothing wool, , provided it be free from gray hairs. The lat- i ter circumstance does not frequently occur in combing-wools. There is iiowever a peculiar colour communicateil by the soil, which is some- times so deep as to injure the wool for particu- lar uses, and what is of naore importance, there is a dingy brown colour given to (he fleece by impoverished keeping, or by disease, which is I called a -jainter slain ; it is a sure indication that Ihe wool is not in a thoroughly sound state, and such fleeces are carefully thrown out by (he wool-sorter, being only suited for those goods, which are to be dyed dark colours. The fineness of heavy combing wool is of less -importance than the other qualities. In every fleece of this kind there will be a certain por- 1 tion of short clothing-wool on the shanks, the belly, the throat and the buttocks. The cloth- ing-wool from such fleeces is not often divided into more than two or three low sorts, and the combing-wool is seldom thrown into more than four sorts, that is two sorts of the hog-wool, and two sorts of the weather wool, of which three fourths, if the fleece he good, will form the best sort in each. There is however, n fine long combing-wool which is required for bombazines and the tiner kinds of wors(ed goods; this is most frequently selected from (he longer parts of clothing fleec- es and admits a division into four or live sorts, the finest being equal in hair to that of the head or super in clothing wool ; whereas the best sort of the common heavy combing wool seldom ran- ges higher in point of firmness than the coars- est sort of clothing-wool above the breech locks ; viz. the low abb and the livery. [^To be conlinued.] NEW CLAPBOARD MACHINE. Messrs: Pray & Benjamin, of Livermore, (Me.) says the Gardiner Chronicle, have now in successful operation an improved, rotary, sec- tional-tooth, circular saw Clapboard Machine. — The improvement, which is made upon East- man's machine of a similar description, consists chiefly in (he manner of setting the saw for the (hickness of the clap-boards. The manufactur- ers of this kind of luniher have considered it a desideratum in their business, to have an index to guide the saw in setting, that it should not be liable to derangement, and thereby occasion a difference of thickness in boards sawed from the same log, or in parts of the same board. Messrs. Pray &, Benjamin have accomplished (his object by subs(i(u(ing, ins(ead of the common index, a wheel, to which the log to be sawed is confined by means of a dog driven through it ; the wheel, turning but once in sawing out a log, is moved by a screw, whose threads mesh with the cogs of the wheel. Upon the same shaft with the screw, is a wheel, whoso cogs, meshing with cogs of a bed-piece upon which the log strikes when a board is sawed through, turn the screw, wheel and log. There is a known proportion between these several parts of (he machine, and between the diameter of the log and the distance between the cogs of the bed-piece ; which bed- piece is changed (o correspond to the difference of diameters in Ihe logs to be sawed ; conse- quently the space is known through which the wheel turns, and the thickness of the clapboard invariably determined. We understand these ingenious and scientific mechanics have ob(ain- ed a patent lor their improvement. SAUER-KR.\UT. The following directions for making it, are given by Dr Willjcb. In Pennsylvania it is a very fashionable dish among the Germans, and when prepared with nea(ness, is highly palata- ble, especially when eaten with salt pork. The soundest and most solid cabbages are se- lected, cut very small, put into a barrel in layers, about a hand high, over each of which is strew- ed a handful of salt and caraway seeds : in (his manner, the layers are closely rammed down, one upon another, till the barrel is full, when a loose cover is put over it and pressed down with a heavy weight. After standing for some time, the mass begins to ferment ; and as soon as it subsides, Ihe head is fitted into the barrel, whicji is then finally closed, and its con(en(s preserved for use. A('(er being once opened, (he kraut must be carefully compressed with a loose cov- er, and fresh salt and water every time substitu- ted tor tha( which is become foul, floa(s on the top, and should be removed. As this preparation has been found of considerable efficacy as an an- (iscorbu(ic, in long sea voyages, particularly (hose round (he (vorld, performed by the late Captain Cook, it deserves to be more generally known in this country (Eng.) : and though its flavour is far from being agreeable to those who taste it for the first time, yet we are con- vinced from experience, that it will soon be re- lished, even by delicate ladies, whose reason is superior to prejudico or custom. We could not recommend a more an(isep(ic and wholesome dish, especially if it be managed with care and strict attention to cleanliness. From the Medical Intelligencer, APPETITE. Though appetite for food be the most certain indication that nature requires a supply, yet when irregular, it ought never to be indulged be- yond a moderate extent. By slow eating, the stomach suffers a very gradual distention, and (he food has sufficient time to be duly prepared by mastication, or chewing in the mouth ; and he who observes this simple rule will feel himself satisfied, only alter he has received a due pro- portion of aliment; whilst he who swallows his food too quickly, and before it is perfectly chew- ed, will be apt lo imagine he has eaten enough when the unmas(icated provisions merely press on (he sides of the stomach ; the consequence is (ha( hunger will soon return. Those who take more exercise in winter than in summer, can also digest more food. But as individuals, leading a sedentary life, usually suf- fer in winter from a bad state of digestion, owing (o a want of exercise, (hey ought in this season to be more sparing of aliment. CHEMICAI. COMFOSITION OF FERTtLE SOILS. Fertile soils always consist of certain propor- tions of aluminous and calcareous earths in a finely divided state, and of vegetable or animal ma((er. The quandty of calcareous earths is very va- rious, and in some cases very small ; a very fer- tile corn soil from East Lothian afforded eleven parts in a hundred of calcareous earth, and twenty-five of siliceous sand: it however afford- ed some indications of a small quantity of phos- phate of lime, by which its fertility might be in some degree caused, as this substance is found in wheat, oats and barley. It also contained nine parts of animal or vegetable matter. An equally productive soil from Somersetshire, on the contrary, containing eight ninths of calcare- ous earth to one ninth of silicious sand, held above five parts in the hundred of vegetable and animal matter, and had no phosphate of lime. In general bulbous roots require a more san- dy soil than grasses, and less attractive of mois- ture ; plants and trees whose roots are hard and fibrous, will thrive best in a soil moderately dry, which does not contain too much aninial matter. 190 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Jan. 7, NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, JANUARY 7, 1825. On cultivating the Grape Vine in JVew England. We have frequently been requested, by fiiends and correspondents, to furnish information on this subject. But, entertaining doubts relative to the profit, if not to the practicability of that kind of culture, in our climate, ■we were apprehensive that articles relating to it, might have a tendency to mislead, and induce cultivators to turn their time, attention, and capital to an clject, in, which their hopes might not be realized. The follow ing communication, however, emanating, apparently, from a very respectable source, in which the writer seems so confident of success in this kind of culture, as to wish that " a number of our enterprising farmers will plant vineyards," we thought had paramount claims to attention. AVe were therefore induced to submit the communication to the Hon. Mr LowEi.r,, who, we knew was in possession of both practical and scienti/jc inform" ation on this topic ; with a request that he would fav- our us with his sentiments. Mr Lowell has been so good as to furnish us, and to_benefit the public, with the very able article which immediately follows the commu- nication to which we have alluded, which communica- tion is as follows. TO THK EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FAP.iMEJl. Mr Fessenden — There is a disposilion in some of your readers, to commence the culture ofthe grape in vineyards. No doubt a country pro- ducing wild grajjes plentifully will pay the lab- ourer well for cultivating them. Where is the native rye? The native barley? We have none. Corn is a native ; but we are no more confident of r crop of corn, than of rye or barley. Grapes are as certain as either of lliem. Gen. HuMFiiREvs, of Connecticut, the dislinsfuished agriculturist who introduced the Merino sheep among us, has left it on record, as his belief, iliat jYew England farmers could make more gal- lons of'i'inc than of cidir, from the same tand. I hope a number of our enterprising farmers will plant vineyards the ensuing year. Numbers will strengthen each other in tlie new work, both with learning and experience. The native grape is to lie relied on. If better, can bo had, or a particular kind of native proves best, it is most easy to engral't or enlarge the vineyard. The natives are .nccommodaled to the climate, and will, 1 trust, do great honour to the vine dresser. Please inform, when convenient, 5Ir Editor, — What is the best soil and site for a vineyard ? — When is the proper lime to cut and plant the slips. WORCESTER COUNTY. Mr LoTii'cWs Remarks on the above. Thomas G. Fessenden, Esq. Kditnr of the. JVew Engltmii Farmer.^ ?iR, — You have requested my opinion as to an article sent to you from Worcester County, rel- ative to the culture ofthe Grape in vinevards, that is, as I understand the writer, the cultiva- tion ofthe grape in M.issachuTietls, for the pur- pose of making wine. 1 respect your corres- jiondeut's zeal, but 1 t'eel so deep an interest in i the success of all fitiricultural experiments in this | Slate, that 1 should consider it a misfortune, ifl yoiujiaper. deservedlv jiopuiar, because, To gen- 1 eral, its articles are sound and judicious, and have contributed and I hope will continue to con- tribute much to the advancement of agricultural knowledge and imjirovement, should advance opinions, or encourage any course of agricultu- ral industry which must ultimately fail. The culture of the vine extensively for the purpose of making wine in any of the New- England states, 1 consider imprudent, and in the present state of our knowledge and experience, unwise. So far as my experience (and it has been long continued) goes, all the varieties ofthe grape, from which any good wines are made, niH not stand our frosts. In some favourable winters. they will survive, but even in the sheltered gardens of Boston they often perish, at le.ast to the ground, and the shoots afterwards become so weak as to require one or two years to restore their vigour and fertility. Our usual course is to lay them down and cover them with earth. This labour, though considerable, is not how- ever so great as to discourage the culture. But there are other dangers, and much more serious I ones. The grapes which make good wines are natives of much better climates than our own — of climates in which the summers arc much longer than those of the New England states. The grape in the south of France pushes out its foliage in March or the beginning of April. — With us it seldom starts till the 16th of May. and in some seasons not till the last of that month. Frosts usually injure our grapes by the 15th of October, and in some seasons by the 1st of that month ; and they are not ripe till that time. In the wine countries, llie grapes are not injured before the 1st of November, though many of the grapes are ripe enouyh for the vintage by the 20th of September. '^Ph'is the wino coun- tries have l"rom ."lO to 7j days' longer season. There is another difference equally unfavonra- ble to our cultivation ofthe s:rape. Our seasons are much more variable. Though some days ure as hot, others are extremely cold,— though the thermometer is as high at noon, yet its ilc- pression during the night is much greater than in the natural countries of the finer grapes. From this cause, these tender grapes are subject to various diseases, particularly to nhafis called blight. This in sheltered gardens, under the eye and care of experienced gardeners, is check- ed or cured by various applications, and by the modern practice of girdling; but it is feared that these laborious and careful expedients could not be applied to vineyard culture, and with or- dinary skill. I apprehend further, that could we ripen the Champagne grape, or even those of Burgundy and Bourdeaux. the wine made from srra[ies grown here would not be as good as that of those countries. There is not, I apprehend, enough of sugar or saicharine matter in grapes raised in Massachusetts, to make a strong bodied wine. Still less could we hope to raise the grapes which make the favourite wines which are im- ported into the United Slates, such as those of Spain, and Portugal, and their colonies. It may be objected, that our climate is as fa- vourable as (hat of the banks of the Rhine, and that we might hope to equal the Rhenish wines, Those of us who have been condemned to the pimishmant of drinking those wines, (for it is the only beverage in the countries through which that river flows,) would never consent to exchange our own cider and perry for them' Even the best of old Hock would not suit our tastes. If is not generally known here that there arc no wines made near Paris which would be thought of any value by vs. But our experimental and enterprizing friends infer, that because we have grapes grovvin" in our oH'n woods, we can successlidiy raise vine- yards and make our own wines. Let them be- gin by an experiment upon our own black and while grapes, with their lough skins, their acid and d(y pulp, their peculiarly unpleasant fla- vour, when the skin is hard pressed, andif thev can succeed in jiroducing one or two gallons cf wine, which will please the taste of connoisseurs, or even acquire a prelerence to ucll manufac- tured cider, let them then cautiously proceed with their experiments. It may be said, however, that the grape has been cultivated with some success in X'evay on the Ohio, and that in Virginia and Maryland it seems to be making some progress ; but we should not forget that thej have green peas on their tables, six weeks before tee can produce them on ours, and wc must pause, therefore, he- lore we attempt to follow them in this experi^ mcnt. We are too apt to forget that though we are one nation, and all our country is called Aorlh America, yet that we embrace every va- riety of climate, and that we must not consider the rules and practices of the Southern States applicable to our own favoured portion — favor- ed not by long seasons, and hot suns, and warm nights, but favoured by a climate, which keeps our fields green, our nerves and muscles stron"' r.iul vigorous, and a soil, which, refusing spon- liineous productions without great labour and skill, compels us to lie industrious, and in the end, makes us as a people, richer and more powerful. It wouli! be indeed a subject of o-reat regret, if, disdaining the real blessings which we enjoy, we should strive to attain those which the goodness and wisdom of Providence has withhold from us. We should be very cau- tious as to the adojition of any measures, which should have a londency to throw an air of ru/i- cule upon experimental and scientific agricul- ture. The prejudices which we are obliged to encounter in introducing sound and judicious but iictu modes of culture are sufliciently strono- without exciting additional ones by a too hasty adoption or recommendation of new tiicories or neza project?. Those who may be disposed to admit the force and truth ofthe foregoing remarks, may be still inclined to aSk whether we cannot natural- ize, or (to use a Southern phrase,) acclimate with us, the grapes recently introduced from the Southern States, natives of America. There are several of these in Mr Prince's catalogue of grapes. The answer I shall make is, that we have as yet no evidence, that these native Southern grapes are capable of producing toler- able wine. There is no objection to the culti- vation of them for the table. We ha\e doubts whether even these will stand the severity of our winters — we knoiv that some of ihem riHl not, and even, if they should endure our frosts, ive have no sound reason to believe that a grape «liich is sweet in latitude 3o, will prove so when grown in latitude 42. We have however more serious objections (o the culture of the grape in our jiarl cf the country. It requires great skill as to its man- 182:).] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 191 rtwement, and much labour in the course of its rronth. There are two modes of cultivation, in Europe. One, the Italian, in which trees are planted, over which the grapes are suf- fered to run at pleasure. This is suited on- ly to very hot ciimate.s, and requires tlie extra expence ot' planting the trees to support the vines. The other is the French or Swiss method, in which the vines are planted in rows and sup- ported by stakes about 5 or G feet high, in which mode of culture the vineyards resemble at a distance, one of our ticlds of Indian corn. The labour and expen=e of cutting and re- placing these stakes to support the vines— the art and skill exercised in trimming the vines — occupy a great portion of the lime of the la- bourers. This is done in a very considerable degree by females ; and in countries in which the price of the labour of males does not ex- ceed 25 or 30 cents per day, the price of fe- male labour would be so low as to render this enltivalion practicable. But in our country we should hope the day to be far distant, in which we shall be compelled to condemn out females io field labour — to trim the suckers of the vine, and to carry the trim- minn-s in baskets, on their heads, out of the vineyards. This would suppose an entire chan<^e in the moral character and habits of onr ueoide, which 1 should deem little adapted to our tree institutions. I deduce the following inference from this staicmciit, (which is founded on my personal knowledge, and the evidence of my own sen- ses,) that though the vine culture may succeed in those parts of our country which have the misfortune to be cultivated by slaves, it may be adapted to our own section of the country in. which, though many of us are ;7cor, we are alt free in which, we can tind better employment fot" our mothers and daughters than to send them into the fields — in which, we consider that sex as our solace, and companions, as the instructors of our children, and are ready to fore- go the profits, which we may derive from ct ilil! the same, which leads him to the con- templa'ion and worship of Na.ture's God, and cherishes every nohlo and generous sentiment. Ho derives his subsistence immediately from his own exertions ; his mind is directed to a great variety of ofiorations, instead of being coniined to one or two : and where, as in our happy country, he cultivates his own soil, reaping for himsoll' all that he sows, and enjoying all the Irulls of his own industry, care, and foresight, instead of toiling tor a bare subsistence, to pro- mote the wealth and supply the luxury of an- other, he feels a proud and lofty spirit of in- (lo[iendence, which elevates him in the scale of boiii?, and tils him to fulfil with dignilv ;;nd ef- fect his high (lulies, as one of the members and supporters of our free and happy govern- mc>iif. And yet this pur.-uit, noble and ennobling as it is — (his pursuit which is not less conducive to the dignity ami haj»|)iness of man, than ne- ccsary lor hi" sub>istcnce, which occupies four fifths of this and every other well constituted cu.mmunity, h.is every where received less pub- lic atleiiticn, countenance and support, than any other brancii of indiislry. Those who are en- g.iged in it have generally been lel't to grope their way in (he dark ; to overcome obstacles by their individual eti'orts ; to find out errors by the experience of their injurious effecls; — and to rely for their correction, as well as for the discovery and introduction of improvements, on single, divided and unassisted exertions. Among tho^eneral means of improving ag- riculliire ift wliich i must cor.tine myself, [icr- mil me first to call your attention to the selec- tion of soils and situations. Every man's expe- rience must have informed him, that almost ev- ery [iroduclion ol the earth will succeed better in some soils than in. others equally fertile, ivhich in their turn are belter adapted to the jrowlh of some other [dant. And where the soil is in all rosprcis the same, the situation a? regards the snn and the wind, and the greater or less elevation of the ground, will render one spot much less f.ivourable to some plants than to others. 'No furmer, indeed, in the present stale of our country, can adapt his cultivation perfecliy to the situation of his ground*, and the nature of his soil. Until towns and villages in- crease to such an extent, as to afford a ready and advantaijcous mirket for every product of the soil, where each cuilivalor may dispose conven- iently of the crop which he may find it best (o raise, and purchase those articles to ^^hich his own lands are not so well adapted, he must cm- brace in his own cultivation almost every prod- uct which his consumption requires, however ill-suited it maybe to the nature of his farm. — But still much maybe done, by careful attention to this subject. Two neighbours, who have farms of differt*nt soils and exposures, may often exchanije products with each other, so as io en- able both to cultivate to greater advantage. — The same farm frequently contains a variety of soils and exposures, a strict attention to which will enable the farmer to adapt his crops to his ground if not perl'ectly, at least to a very great and beneficial extent. To this end it behoves him, not only to study well the nature and quali- ties of his ovvii lands, but to make himself thor- oughly acffpiainted by e-iperiment<:, reading, and i observation, with the nature of dilferent crops, I and the manner in which each is aiTecled by the qualities of (he soil, and the situation of the 'ground. This is a fiiud.imental point iu agricul- tural science, to which the practical farmer can- not pay too much attention. Next to this comes the proper rotation of crops, so as to adapt each to the actual condition of the land. It is well krioivn that almost every soil possesses in but a limited degree, the ingre- dients which (it it for the nourishment of those plants'lo wliich il is best suited. These ingred- ients are exh.iusled by use, to a greater or less extent, and leave the land after a crop much less fit fbrit than belbre. But this land may, and al- most always does contain, in a greater or less de- gree in proportion to its fertility, the ingredients suifBtde for the production of some other plant, which the previous crop has not affected at all, or but slightly. That other plant then should succeed the lirst, and constitute the second crop in the rotation. So of a third and a fourth, and sometimes of a fifth and a sixth; in the course of which the land, by a careful attention to ma- nuring, becomes again replenished with the ia- grcdient" suited to the first and other crops in the rotation. Thus it is .always employed in producing tliat crop, with the proper ingredients of which it is mo«t pleiitil'ully supplied ; while it isc'it.-itantly recruiting its stock 'd ingredients ior olfi; rs,..ind ail its productive j ewers are jer- pelually turned to the best ;*ccounl, and perpet- ually renovated . But the most skilful selection of soils and sit- • nations, with the sti iciest attention to the rotation of crops, will be unavailing, unless we are care- ful to return (o the earth those ingredients, fit- ted to the nurture of her various productions, which aie used up and exhausted in the act of producing. — -Without tliis care her productive powers are soon exhausted, and fields once fruit- liil become barren wastes. In giving her this constant sup])ly, in thus perpetually renewing her perpetually wasting powers, consists the great skill of the farmer. This is the most in- dispensable object of his unremitted attention. The two great agents in its accomplishment are irrii^cii'ioii, and manuring. But few farms are so situated as to possess, in a high degree, the advantages of irrigation. — They are, however, much more general than is commonly supposed. The smallest rill, the fee- blest sjiring branch, is capable of being turned to some account ; of being made to contribute something to the fertility of some portion of the soil. The manner in which streams may be con- ducted over the lands, so as to produce the great- est effect, if I understood it in detail, could not be explained within the compass of an address like this. It is a subject of very considerable ex- tent, and of some intricacy ; but it depends greatly on experience, and much may be done by regular attention, with very small means. I can state, from my own experience, that a small stream by the simple expedient of damming it 194 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Jan. 14, up, so as lo raise it out of its bed, and lead it by a trench along the hill side, ivill in a few years convert a barren Bedgey old field, into a most productive meadow. And where streams do not pxisl, much maybe done by luniin!:; currents ol' iiin water over the fields, and efj>ecialiy over grass lauds. They always carry with [hem more or les? of fertili/.- ing mailer. Tiie wash o!' roads is particularly Talualde, in this way. I can here again S[)calc from mv own experience, of the benelicial ef- fects oi these practices. I have on my own faim a small piece of grass land, originally very bar- ren, which lias been rendered higlily productive by turning over it the wash of a road. The fine particles of earth carried down by the rain, from such places, appear to be extremely fertilizing, especially for grasses. To dam up small streams and gullies, so as to collect the fine earth which (he rain brings down them, is also a very cheap and henelicial prac- tice, of v;hich 1 can attest the advantages. The matter thus collected is a ve.'-y fertilizing man- ure ; and they who have not witnessed it may find a difliculty in believing, how large a tpjan- tily may be collected with very little labour, in favourable silualjons ; which are much more nu- merous and easily I'ounsl than will readilv be sup- posed, by those who have not attended jiaiticii- iarly to the subject. Hardly any farm is with- out them. On the benefits of manure it vvould be super- fluous to dilate. They are acknowleilgetl by all ; but all have not attended to the best meth- ods of making it. To tiiis all important object a good barn-yard is indispensable. It should al- ways, where practic;ible, be formed on sloping ground, witii the barn stables and cow-houses on the highest part ; so that all the wash and drain- ings may be collected and preserved. It should be surrounded, if possible, by a stone or brick wall, especially on the lowest side, where all the manure may lie formed into heaps, ami may re- ceive the washings and drainin:,'s from the sta- ble and yard. Where sloping grotmd cannot be found, or conveniently use'd, it will be highly ad- vantageous 10 dig out the yard, so as to create a slope from eveiy side towards the centre. — To increase the quantity of manure, the yard should be kept constantly covered during the winter with leaves, Avhich a very little labour will collect from the woods, at times wlien iiardly any thing else can be done. To these should be added all the olial vveeds, and litter of ihe farm. The best barn-yard, however, without [denty of stock, will produce but a scanty su[;ply of ma- .nure ; and in this point ol view, as well as in se- veral others, ttic lireeding of stock, and es[>eci- ally of cattle, is one of the most important ob- jects of a farmer's attention. To prosecute it successfully a seleclioa of the best breed.--, in the tirst jilacc, is ir.ilispensal)le. In relation to some ijther animaU, this is universally under-tood and admittou. jNo man expects lo raise a fine horse, without alliMMling to the blood, ligure and size of the sire and dam. Their qualities are also acknowleilged to tie of importance. But far the greater pari of firmers act as if they believed, that 10 raising cattle the breed is of no moment. T.ike, however, we know will produce its like, in the animal as well as in the vegetable king- dom; and we might as well expect to proi'uce tjac wheal from inferior seed, or Gne apples from grafts of an inferior tree, as line cattle from a bad stock. In selecting the stock from which we shall breed, much attention is due to the qualities and properties of the dilTerent races, as well as to the mode of profit which we have in view. Is it our object lo raise and fatten beef for the market? We should choose a race which fattens easil}', has small bones, and comes soon to matu- ritj. — These- properties are far more valuable Ihan mere size : f^or it will generally if not uni- versallv be found, that very large animals con- sume a great quantity of Ibod, and require high- er kee[)ing, and more time to come to perfection. The point to be arrived at is the greato>! quan- titv of ilcsh, with the smallest quantity of food. In this respect there is known lo be a great dif- ference between diiTerenl races of callle ; and, consequently, that tlie largest and most showy are not always the most valuable. If your object be to raise oxen (or labour, (hat breed is lo be preferred which, with size enough for strength, can be kept in good condition with the smallest qiianli(y of I'ood, requires the least care, is cajiable of the quickest motion, and lives the longest. In all the.se parliculars a great dif- ference is to be found, between difTeront breeds. If _your attention be directed lo a dairy, and lo the breeding of milch cows, you mu-t look not onlv (o the quantity but lo Hi? quality of the milk, to Ihe hardiness and healthiness of the ani- mal, to her appetite, and lo the kindness with ivhich she feeds. Some races are remarkable for one, and so.Tie for another of these qualitie« ; and that is to bo preferred in which the great- est number of ihem arc-united, in the highest degiec. When you have cho-cn your race, and furnish- ed yourself with a stock (o breed (Vom, another most important selection is to be made. The llnesl calves are to be sin-i^!ed nut, annually, for raising: those which give Ihe strongest indica- tion-', by their form, size and general appearance iif the oualilies which you desire. By constant attention tpara(us lor prejiariuf- their food ; which will enable every farmer lo supjiqn a much grealer immber, and coiisequenl- ly to encroase greally iho quantilv of lijs man- ure, :ind Ihe profi;.! ot' his farm. The first pro- cess in preparing their food, is to cut it vcrv tine ; for wliich F.astnian's cylindrical cutting knife is, by far, the most powerful and efficacious instru- ment that ' have seen. Tliere is a smaller one. made and sokl, and I believe invented, bv Rob- ert Sinclair, which cost* much less, and will I apprehend be found sufficient for a small farm. By means of these instrumenls, and espccialh. the tirst, not only hay and straw may be cut lo any desirable fineness, and wilh great rapidity, but corn blades husks and lops, ;md even ihe lower stalks of corn, if cut down and cured in the green- est stale, which is consistent wilh the ripening of the grain. All these sub«lances become ex- cellent food by steaming, wilh Ihe mixture of n little corn meal or shorts, for working oxen and milch cows. The apparatus for steaming is very easily procured and fixt up ; and although it costs some money, 1 am quite satisfied liy my own experience, that on a farm which maintains' fil'iy bead of callle, it will \y.\y i"or itself in two years, if nol in one, by Ihe encreased quanlily of nutiimeni which il produces, from the same sub- •■tances. — Indeed it converts many into excellent food, which in their nalural state cattle, unless very hungry, will nut eat. To carry tfiis impoitanl branch of husbandry, the breeding of cattle, lo its highest perfection, and lo render Ihe barn-yard and manure system the most efiicacious, I am fully convinced that Ihe cattle, except the milch-cows, should be kejit in Ihe yard as much as possible, at all seasons. For milk, or rather lor luiller, grazing seen)s to be indispensable ; cither bcca'ise there is sjuie- i 182:).] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 195 n,n, a vcrv S..H n,»n,i.y of !:,n.l will ^''PP'v ' r- |- ^^^ "t".!::' ''S^ ^"^.';:^^ food Cur large sIdcI:. (Tu lie coiulniUit nr.rl H'f(/.-.) in'"lhe "rass fresh cropped by the cow herself ; orbecanse her health and secretions are promo- -tedbv the exercise which she lakes, in collect- ing her food, rerhaps both causes unite Bu lor every other pnrpose, I have no doubt that t is far best to keep the animal always "n the Jard, when ^-reen food can be procured. Much less \and wUl in this way support a given number ot „,im,,ls— This I have fully proved by my own experience. It has been proved by many others. 'i'lp lind too is more prodiiclive wlien it IS un- ,, ^.... uodden Uut the proat advantage of the M'Mem j Car.ner, in winter, is his slock, l-irst then look to Fromlhe A'. E. Farmer's Almanack. JANUARY. ^ V'vriruKiire is one of the most important and 1 ^''"f " ■3 . J- . ,: 1 :„ l..~d n-U oOf apples, which he ale. The l.-vi r r.-tiirned im- mediately, and pat on the form ri" ;i typhus. — Purgatives were given every day ; but live or six passed over before (he apple was entirely expelled, and every piece was found so enlirely undigested, that il appeared jn^t as when hrst -■'S' ■-.--- ,. , ; T. ,^| Some amendment look place, but alier the honorable branches ol nnl.onal induslry . ^ '"■••« Ij^ibilion of a very lilUe br<,lh, the symptoms can therefore be no bur ground ot complamt .f , ex ,i„hled op, and in a f.rh.ighl from we devote a few columns to its interests, r-epje^^ „ . Ij^.^^^ ^^^^^ -ubject that requires the greatest alienlion of the eaiM.L, luc i , ilPs in the very superior quantity ot manu.e. i your cows. If you intend that Ihey shall give a hichit enahles-.heVarmer'.o accumulate, from i,,/,, of milk, even in cold -rather and be as he sue qnanlitv of stock, la grazing, the far \jUshy in .he spring as a rosy-gdled landlady, who Ireater „arl is diopt in the tiehls, scattcre- . , which is so well known, an.l so highly extolled Ibem^eUes (o dealh it is (heir fault, not your'. | |gr ,i,e cure of wounds, bruises, &ic. Takenentfi If vou have bu( few roots to spare give youran- J Cpo, .,„(! r,,,seed oil each one gill— white and red im"als but few at a (ime, but let them have a lend each one quarter of a pound— gum myrrh small quandtv every dav. i,nd camphor, each half an ounce— yellow wax, halfanounce— rosin, three ounces— alcohol, one ounce. Boil the ncnt's-font oil till it has done spnrkling, s(irringi( nl the same time— then adi FIlACr..\NCK OF riOWKRS Il has been s(ated lliat the fragrance of flowers II has Dcenslaietl UKU uiu n,.ii...i...>. u, ......V... ,,,,„. ,v,, ,.5, ....-■.„ -■ elirrino- i depends „pon the volatile oils ihey contain ; an.1 U,e linseed o,^ > -J^e w e -^^Jj^;;^ S^ Th°s is not a solilarv case. Dr Arm-Strong savs, that he has scon many cases of relapse in fever, and some of dealh, from ealmg ap[des, 01 the pulp of oranges, or very often from broth. The licalment of convalescents after lever requires much care and some skill. At one ot (he Irish hospitals ihe physicians make il n rule rvcd I nee ai iiu; (.'"'.".... •v •• ^.' . ■ ' ; to let the palieots ask for food for a w holo week The s.tpply of gr.en food, during the season (except sqtiire Overhaule^m,) you wi.l give your |^^^^ ^,;^^, .^ j,^^,,„ „.;,!, ;,, when cal le require it, is the great difficulty ot n.ilch cows roots, noOT^ ROOlb. Potatoes arc ; h s svs'em This is not the place for entering verv good, carrots still belter, and mangel-wurt- ; deta'^ on the subject ; but I may .horlly re- zel super-superb. Lay them on the barn-floor, k tl i if a supplv c.nnot he Ibund for ibel.nd cut them wilh a sharp spade into pieces as whole season, the Vv.Mem may still be usefully Une as a tiddle-stick,and then ifyour callle choke ;,dopted for a part ; and that there are various prothiclions well adapted to our soil and climate, though not as vet in' general u=e, which will ena- ble every farmer to keep his stock in the barn- vard, during a great part of the season. Among these lucern and millet are Ihe most uselul.— j T^he first may be cut much earlier than clover, I and much more frcquenlly. It grows best in dry land-, sloping moderately 10 the southward ; and should bo sown broad cast in the spring. 1 he hind should be well prei.ared by n cleaning crop, such as potatoes or turnips, and should he as tree •IS possible from grass and weeds. A good, hut not a very rich soil, is necessary. The best manure for this plant is a top dressing of spent ''" Millet also requires land well cleaned and pre- pared, as free as possible from weeds, and in o-ood heart. It comes very quickly, and may con- sequently be cut early. By sowing a part ol it h,le,a late supjily of green feed, when clover 13 o-one, may be easily secured. ° For the same purpose I would strongly recom- mend pumpkins, which may frequently be pro- duced in great abundance, in the fields of Indian corn, without at all interfering wilh the corn crop, or exhausting the land. They make an excellent and mosl palatable food lor caltle in autumn, when all the green crops have failed, and it is slill (00 early to put the stock on win- ter food. Turnips are very ustiul for the same nurpose, though much inferior to jiumpkins.— They can be kept longer, however, and are a diflerence in the process ot maKing inera ""o , cut ou me stems ,v,u. -•— -• ;■■;;•■.■"• surer "op. There are other plants which are l.vead ; but the flour from hard wheat will imbibe ; of llns_ plan are-hrsi t''" 'he pla lu s pi frequentli and advantageously used, for feeding j, retain more water in making into bread ; and ,,ee Irom earth ; ^^J' ^""-i'^' ^JJ^^ ^ ■^ r , ■^ . , _:"_ .u„ on „n,t nu.l ..,:ii .^..co„„„nilvnrn,lMrp more weiffhtofbread.isnrout acain and expedite the coliecuc till il tiegins to rise— then add the redlead,anc boil it till the colour changes ; let it cool and adc Ihe olher ingredients, dropping in the alcoho gradually till it is cooled, and completed.- .lice/ I nlclit licence r. O.X THP. TRES[:RV.VriON OF CVEEAGF.. If the raising of vegetables is an object to \.h< firmer, their preservation will be found no les =0 1 ;im convinced, from a partial experimeni . .. that Ihe following mode of keeping cabbages wil Camphor is used lo preserve the collections ol ^^^ ^^^^^, xk^M. Afler they are gathered, an naUiialists. The wood.- tlial contain aroniatick ^ , ,■ ,v,„;,. ior,co lp;ives and stalks, ih; these oils, by their constant evaporation, sur round the flower with a kind of odorous atmos- phere; which, at the same time Iha? it entices larger insects, mav probably preserve the parts of fructification from ibo ravages of Ihe smaller ones. Volatile oils or odorous substances seem 1 particularly destructive to these minute insects j and animaicniffi which koA\ on the substance of| vegetables : thousands of aphides may be usual-; ly seen in the stalk and leaves of the rose ; but lione of them are ever observed on the jlou'er. ,. , freed from their loose leaves and stalks, ihf oils are remarked for their indestructibility, and ^^^^j^.^^^ remains but the sound part o^t the heai for their exemption from the attacks of insects ; " - • <> -<- 1 — Ibis is particularly the case with the cedar, rose wood, and cypress. The gates of Constantino- ple, which were made of this last wood, stood entire from the time of Constantine, their found- er, to that of Pope Eugene IV. a period of 1 100 years. — Sir Humphry Davy- head (hem up in a tight cask. By thus exclm in" them from the air, they may he kept for Ion" lime Those intended for the longest kee] ing^sho.ild be put into small casks, as they wi soon spoil when exposed to the air. MUSHROOMS. The flour of hard wheat is undoubtedly snpe- Instead of pnlling up Mushrooms by (he rod riortolbat made from soft: and (here is no | it has been recommended (rom experience diflerence in the process of making thera into', cut off the stems wilh scissors. Ihe advanlag Vequenlly and advantageously used, for feeding 1 fc retain more water m malung inio tjrea. ; aiu, ,ree irom ear.., """'---"".V-- ' eoiiection" ,n Te birn-vard, duriu- the summer and au- will consequently produce more weight of bread. 1 sprout again and expedite the collecUon lumn • but \ confine mv^elf lo these, because I U is the practice here, and which 1 am persuad- j ,i,em. . ' . . ■ ■.'!_ .1 1 ik;„1^ fVipm „.j il ..,^,.1,1 he^ !i,lvi«p:ildp lo adout. to make am best acquainted with them, and think them on the whole the most useful, and the most ea- sily cultivated. For the winter food of cattle, roots are of grer' importance, and especially beets, parsnips and carrots. They may all be advantageously cultivated with the plough. They are easily kept during the winter. They are well suited to cur climate, and to a great variety of our soils. Callle eat (hem with avidity ; and their iiroduct, when |>roperly cultivated, is so great, ed it would be adviseahle to adopt, to make bread with flour of hard and soft wheat, which, by being mixed, will make the bread much bet- ter.—jDot';/- Fatal Relapse in Scarlet Fever, in consequence of eating l-wo raw apples. A very likely boy was treated for an exceed- ingly severe attack of scarlet fever. He speedily he'camc convalescent under the use of full purg- atives ; and he continued in an excellent slate POMATUM. Take marrow of any animal's bones, and af straining it, perfume it v\ilh sweet scented ( Russian°or Antique, and it is fit for use. It said to have the powerof quickening.the grow of the hair, perhaps by communicating a softn to the skin ; and opening the pores about 1 roots of Ihe hair. 19G ^■EW ENGLAND FARMER. [Jan. 14, 212?3fccistcv ^gn'cultural Soctcty. REPORTS. COMMITTEE ON MILCH COWS AND FAT CATTLB. Oliver Fiske, of Worcester, Chairman — Jacob C'o- nant, of Sterling— Henry rcr.niman, of New Brain- tree — Dexter Fay, of Soiilhboroiijh — Royal Keith, of Grafton. — Tiie Coramitlee on F;it Oxen jinrf Milch Cows have perlormed the very difficult duty iis-igned them, with Iheir best skill iindjud2;ment, as np- plied to view of the .inimnls ofl'ered lor their inspection, and to the evidence furnished them of their res[)eclive merits. Ao^ricullurisls must be aware that the most careful examinalion of an animal may be deceptive, and the best informa- tion prove incoi reel. This remark applies to Blilch Cows more forcibly than to any other an- imal offered for premium. The smallest and most ordinary lookins^ cow in the farm-yard is often the most valnaldc of the flock for a dairy. She also may be the best in the pens without attracting particular notice, while one of large size, and commanding points and proporlioris, of not half her value, may be preferred. The testimony at the pens is seldom the best evi- dence the nature of the case admits: not be- cause the owner is an interested witness, and prone, like every body else, to fancy liis own possessions Ihe best ; but from the circumstance that Ihe dairy is managed by the other partner of the firm, and that he has not been conversant with the amount and quality of milk which any cow furnishes. He is satislied if she is called a good cow ; and probably brings lier to the Show, relying more on her fine appearance than on her intrinsic worth. These difficulties are inherent to the duties of the Committee. — A worse impediment was in severid cases en- countered. From the inattention of the owner. the Committee could learn oulv his nime, and ihe age of his cow, iVom the ticket furnished ibr the pen. This preliminary the Committee iiave deemed it important to make, that those who may think they could have decided better may, at least, be led to doubt whether more competent judges would have come to a more correct decision. On the other branch of (heir services, the subject of Fat 0.\en, the Committee liad an ea- sier task. The question of the fattest was not impoitant, as it applied only to two belonging to one owner. By a rule of the Society no person can obtain one premium for the best, and another lor the next best of the same arti- cle. The premium for the fattest ov, the Com- mittee must confess, was not adjudged to the owner with leferenco to Ihe best and cheapest mode of fattening, and in testimony of his hav- ing produced good beef in a prolitable manner, as a guide and stimulus ibr others ; but as in part reiHunerntion for the great trouble and ex- pense he must have incurred in giving attrac- tion and credit to the Show, and in further de- monstration to the world l!ie capacity of our native breed of cattle to become enormously fat and i/ninenscly lar-ge. As an article of food, the Committee are of opinion that the beef by the hundred weight was belter a year ago, and that the owner, carefully noting the items of ex- pense, will find by the result that, as an article of profit, it was also better at thai time. There is a point in the fattening of beef cat- tle, beyond which, whether i'or consumption or protil, an useli^ss ex[)ense comm.°nces. This point the Committee believe to be when ihe fat is so interspersed with the lean as to render the flesh what is termed marbled. The juices, from this admixture, are then the mosi agreea- bly bl'eiided, and the meat in its highest excel- lence. The produclion in weight after this pe- riod is forced talloxa, that can be made and pur- chased at comparativel}' a much cheaper rate ll is to be hoped, however, that liberal pur- chasers will award lo the spirited owner a pre mium price for his beef; and that the extra ex- pense may be so parcelled out in the market, as to be averaged upon the public-s[iiriled con- sumers. The Fat Oxen submitted to the view of the Committee were but four in number ; two own- ed l)y Col. Selh Wyman, of Shrewsbury, one by Stephen V/illiams, Esq. of Northboro,' and one by John \V. Hubbard, Esq. of Worcester. The pair offered by Col. Wyman were the filtcst that Ihe Committee have ever seen ex- hibited. They awarded to Col. Selh Wyman the tirst premium, of 15 dollars, for his redox — to John W. Hubbard the second premium, of 10 dollars, for his grass-fed ox. Mr Williams's Steer, from Denton, was un- commonly large and well pro[)orlioned, and exhibited Ihe excellent points in this superiour breed. He is unquestionably destined at an- other season to command the first rank in the pens. His failure in obtaining the second pre- mium was not on account of his being less val- uable in any particular than his competitor; but frctn the consideration that Ihe latter acquired his flesh in one season, af.^r having been work- ed down in a series of hard labour. Nineteen Cows were ofl'ered for premium, and all, except one, of our native breed. They generally h.id the ap[>earance.of exiraordinary value, and all gave evidence ofintrinsic worlli. Their exhibition affordcil additional proof that our own slock of cows needs no other im- provement than can be obtained by a careful selection and a judicious altention to Ihe Ori.n-in and management of her (irogeny. In determining the premiums on cows, Ihe Committee were governed l)y a consideration of her age — the quantity and quality of the milk — llie expense of her keeping — how early her milk fails — and how long she is unproduc- tive. From these tests, so far as they could be known, Ihey formed their opinion. When a cow has arrived at her prime, every succeed- ing year more and more diminislics her value. If a cow at four years old in ail essentia! qtiali- lies is equal toone of eight years old, she will, most probably, at that age be superiour. Her increase in value is an annual profit lo the owner, ntiile Ihe other is yearly declining. — Hence, iit that age, she is deserving of liigher consideration as a milch cow. The quantity and quality of the milch, although, perhaps, not peculiar to any age, is an essential inquiry. It is a rare occurrence if a cow greatly excels in I both ; for it seems lo be a fact, predicated up- on the hnvs of nature, that as the quantity in- creases, its quality must be diminished. The propensity to drying early is an important de- fect, but more easily corrected in a young cow. Every farmer Icnows (lie difference in cows as ! well as in the rest of his slock, with respect to their productiveness on the same keejdng. A disposition lo do well on ordinary fare is a pe- culiar good trail in a cow, especially for such families as have not the means ofkeeping more than one, and (hat one indifferently. From these premises (he Committee adjudg. ed to Nathaniel Stowell, of Worcester, the first premium of 15 dollars— to Nathaniel Paine, of Worcester, the second premium of 10 dollars*-^to Benjamin F. Farnsworlh, of Wor- cester, the third premiram, of 8 dollars. To this conclusion the Committee could not arrive without great deliberation and hesitancy. The essential poinis in many of (he cows were so nearly balanced, (ha( another set of judges might in each case have decided differently without any impeachment of their judgment. Among the unsuccessful cows particularly no- ticed for jirominent good qualities was Col. Mis- ter's of Ncw-Brainlree, and Col. Bush's, of Boylsfon : they were of Ihe first class, but not represented as uncommon in the duration of their productiveness. Col. Watson's, of Prince- ton, was large and one of Ihe best formed cows exhibited ; but from her habitual propensity (o flesh, and Ihe circumstance that she had gener- ally raised her calves,- (two of wliich were pre- sent to attest her value,) sufficient evidence was not afforded of her superiour excellence for the dairy. Mr Horalio G. Henshaw's, of Worcester, was a formidable rival to Mr Earns- worlh's, and in the judgmenl of the Commillee was but a very little inferiour. Capt. Harring- ton's, of Princeton, Mr Rainger"s and MrEarl'l, of New Braintree, at any former Show would have taken a commanding sland. Mr Elisha Sumner's, of Rutland, had a sufficient voucher in a niiMe calf by her side that she is a first rate breeder ; but as she had always reared her calves, no judgment could be formed of lier value as a milch cow. Mr Newell's, of New- Braintree, had every apj)earance of havin"- been a first rate cow, but her age (10 years) had es- sentially diminished lier value. Olhers, not particularly recollected, in most of iheir es- senlial qualities did credit to (heir judicious owners ; and (he Committee regret that the restriction of premiums prevented their select- ing a much larger number of excellent cows as objects of a more flattering and substantial no- lice. Cows for cxhibilion only, were offered by Ward N. Boylston, Esq. and the Hon. Judge Lin- coln, gentlemen who have ever manifosled a deep and ardent interest in the reputation and prosperity of Ihe Society. Mr Boylslon's (wo uncommonly large and beaTitiful cows have heretolbre given celebrily to our Shows. The co(vs exhibited by Judge Lincoln, the proo-eni' of Denton, in their younger state, have repeat- edly attracted altentiort at the pens. In their present station as cows, they amply confirm their early promise, and unequivocally demon- strate the value of this justly celebrated breed In behalf of the Committee, O. FISKE, Chairman. Worcester, Oct. 13, 1C24. * The second premium v.as awarded lo Judg-e Paine, under the impression that he was owner of " three cows kept together." 'this not being the fact, the premium cannot be receired. 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER, 197 COMMITTEE ON IVORKINli OXEN. John W. Hubbard, of Worcester, Chairman — Rufus Barton, of Millbury — Asa Ciimmings, jr. of Sutton — William Foster, of Southbridge— William Kagcr, of Northboroiigh. — The Commiltee on W'orkinpr Oxen h:\vc attend- ed to the duty assigned to them. It is saying a great deal in praise of the show of working Oxen exhibited to day, to say that it has equalled that of any preceding year. And if this Couilly lias never before exhibited a finer show of work- ing Oxen, your Commiltee do not know where they should look for one superior to it. We be- lieve we might look in vain even to the coun- try of John Bull himself— the country of improv- ed short horns and improved long horns — of the Herefords and the Teeswaters — the Alder- neys and the Vigeloes — the country where 1000 guineas are given for a Bull, and 500 for a Heiter. In proceeding (o remark particularly on the .several pairs submitted to their adjudication, the Committee cannot but notice one serious diffic- ulty they were obliged to encounter, in making up their opinions : this is, the very imperfect and unsatisfactory nature of the trial to which the oxen are subjected. The draft of a heavy load on a cart for a short distance, up hill, afl'ords very uncertain evidence of the real value and power of the animals. Some are naturally much more slow in their gait, and laborious in their manner of drawing, than others; though at the same time they may be capable of performing more work than those which step oft, for a few minutes, more handsomel}'. Some \vill perl'orm admirably for a short time, but would fail under continued hard service. In some, the great vig- our and activity thoy display may be the effect of high keeping and little service; and this would not appear to the judges. Above all, some are much more iiilimidated by the moving crowd about thetn than others, and I'rom this cause they may be prevented from showing their usual power and docility. We can all see, also,, that there is a great dittercncc in the skill of the dri- vers. A judicious, intelligent farmer would ^vant to know a great deal more respecting a pair of oxen which he was about to pnichase, than he could learn I'rom such a trial as we witness. — He would wish to be satisfied whether they would work hard, day after day, and jet hold their life and flesh, eat and drink well, and fill themselves readily — whether they were true and ready at all times and in all places — and whether they were in reality, in all important properties, as well as to aj)pcarance, well match- ed. But from such data as we were I'urnished with, we were obliged to form our opinions ;- and we submit the result, relying on the can- dour of the competitors. Seventeen pairs of oxen were entered for drawing ; bv.t from various circumstances, eleven pairs only were subjected to the trial. A very beautiful jiair was withdrawn from the com- petition by Mr Asa Cummings, jr. of Sutton, on account of his having been selected as one ol the judges in This department. The perform- ance of these oxen at the ploughing match shew- ed that the competitors for the premiunis on working oxen are much indebted to the delicacy of Mr Cummings in withholding thera from the trial. The Committee were decidedly of opinion that where old and young cattle are brought in- to competition, if the younger animals perform as well or nearly as well as the older, they are entitled to the preference. This opinion oper- ated to exclude from the premiums nearly one hiilf of the oxen brought to the trial ; and of these some were very large, stalely, noble, and valuable cattle. Of this description, Stephen Marsh, of Sutton, brought to the trial a (inir, G and 7 years old. Messrs. Ward &. Kice, of Wor- cester, brought into the comj)etilion a pnir, 8 years old: these were of great size, fine propor- tion, and extraordinary power ; and, considering their capacity for beef as well as for work, were probably worth more money than any other pair on the field — but much hard service had dimin- ished their activity and vigour. The pair own- ed by Henry Bullard, of Holden, 3 years old, though sturdy and excellent in the dralt, were not well made, nor very well trained : they were better calculated for use than for show — for pro- fit than for pride ; though the Committee believe | that smoother and handsomer cattle are more easily kept, and though they may not be capable of doing more work, are much more easily and cheaply converted into beef. The 7 years oKI cattle of Seth Wyman, of Shrewsbury, were an elegant, large, vrell-matched pair, and under ex- cellent discipline : tliey performed tlie service to which they were subjected with great ease and vigour : they were in every resjiect credita- ble to the distinguished I'armer who owns them, and who has exhibited them at two of our prev- ious Shows. On one of these former occasions, they obtained the second premium as working cattle, and could not, therefore, according to the rules of the Society, obtain any except tlie first, litis year : they had thus but one chance where all the others had four. Seth Hastings, of Men- don, also sent to the trial a pair of old oxen, which added to the agricultural credit of the dis- tinguished citizen who is their owner. Of the younger cattle which entered the llsis, two j)airs were 1, and tour (lairs 5 years old. — Those of Silas Dudley, of Sutton, were 5 — rath- er small, but well made and well trained, and ex- hibited remarkable power for their weight. — Those of Royal T. Marble, of SuKon, were 4 years old only — in every respect beautiful and valuable cattle — smooth and tight built ; and, considering their age and size, of astonishing muscle and power. Those of Asa Rice, of Wor- cester, 5 years old, were quite small and lighl, and not remarkably snug and thick-mealed ; but their vigour and activity fir exceeded the expec- tations the Commiltee had forniod from their ap- pearance. Mr Rice has been for several years a competitor in this department of our Shows, and has this year, as well as before, proved him- self a formidable rival of the Sutton disciplinar- ians. Lulher Whiling, of Sutton, brought for- ward a p.-yr of 4 years old. They were remark- ably large and heavy of their age ; and it was in consequence of thus early attaining a very large size, as the Commitlee supposed, that they were rather slow, and drew laboriously : but they backed the load admirably, heller than any oth- ers on the field. Samuel Sibley, of Sutlon, brought to the trial, a pair 5 years old — rather unpromising in their appearance — light in pro- portion to their height and bones; but the Com- mittee were agreeably d sappointed in the vig- our and promptness with which they drew the heavy load on ihe cart, consisting of two tons, gross : but Ihey were not sufliciciitly broad, close and well made to he either handsome or profita- ble. The last pair subjected to the trial were those of Sumner Cole, of Sulton. These were 5 vears old, and combined all tlie excellencies of form, power and discipline for which Sutton oxen are so justly celebrated. They appeared and performed rather better than any others sub- milted to our adjuilication ; and nothing preven- lod their oolaiuing the first premium but the fact that the pair belonging to Mr Marble were very nearly equal to them, and a year younger. On Ihe whole, therefbre, the Committee re- commend to the Society to give the 1st premium, of §]5, to Royal T. Marble. 2d do. of gl'i, to Sumner Cole. 3d do. of $10, to Silas Dudley. 4th do. of $5, to Luther Whiting. On behalf of the Committee, ■ JOHN W. HUBBARD, Cliairman. LEECHES. Few practitioners in this part of the country are aware of the immense utility of the appli- cation of leeches in cases of local congestion and inflammation. In our cities they are used much more frequently than in the country ; and that our brethren who are not acquainted with the facilities afforded in practice by these animals, may judge of Ihe estimation in which they are held among us, we would inform them that our neighbour paid the apothecary Ihirty-six dollars for the leeches alone which were used in his family the past year. The cause of the inircquency of iheir use in Ihe country is, we apprehend, the difficulty which attends ihe application of them. The part to which they are atlaciicd should first be thorough- ly washed with warm water and meal, unfit the matter of perspiration or the efiiuvia of any med- icated liquid, is entirely removed. It should then be wiped dry, and bathed for a few moments in warm milk and water, and then rubbed with a small fresh piece of raw beef; a dozen punctures should next be made with a lancet, just deep enough to draw blood, and the phial which con- tains Ihe animals in pure water, should be pre- sented. By holding it a few moments to the skin, they will be found to attach themselves readily, and much time and trouble be saved, which must inevitably be wasted jf the ordinary method is pursued. When ihe Seech falls ofThe should be immediately put into a tumbler, in which is a large spoonful of water and no more, made into a brine by the additon of a lea-spoonful of salt. After he has disgorged himself, remove him into clear and fresh water. Into the same tumbler containing the blood and brine, put every leech as he falls off. Put them into a bottle, and change the water twice a week, and they may be kept a long time. EFFECT OF HOT WATER IN REVIVING FLOWERS. In Thomson's Annals of Philosophy, it is said, that if flowers which have been 24 hours out of water, and are decayed, are plunged into hot water, as the water gradually cools, they become again quite fresh. This fact, while many dis- credit it, has long been familiar to those who live in the vicinity of hot springs ; and who have remarked, that decayed flowers, plunged into the waters of the springs, become again fresh and beautiful. 198 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Jan. U, NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, JANUARY 14, 1825. jFarmrv's (FnlcnTiar. Feeding Cattle, &c. — Perhaps there is no part of husbandry uhich requires more skill and at- tention, than feeding cattle and other domestic animals. It is important (hat your store cattle, as well as those intended tor the butcher, should be maintained in a progressive state of improve- ment. Whether the progress besloiv or quick, they should always advance. If the animals re- main stationary, you lose time anil the interest of what they are worth. If your cattle are suffered to lose flesh, there is a direct loss of property. " Duly apportioning the stock to the quantity of food, and regular feeding, are the life and soul of cattle-keeping. Oft-times you ^vill see store-pigs running about a man's yard, which are alternately in liigli condition, and as thin as grey-hounds; he ought to recollect when- ever he suffers them to lose flesh, he has thrown away the greater jiart of ihe jirovision which was the cause of their improvement. " Regularity of feeding is of the ulmost con- sequence, indeed of more than any unpractised person can conceive. Three limes a day, pre- cisely at a certain hour, ought to be the regular observance; anil cattle, particularly if corn-fed, require their till of water. The easy, conlenl- od, and improving dis[)osition of the callle, and small waste of provender, allendiint on this reg- ularity, is a source of constant sntisfaclion to the superintending proprietor. " The golden rule respecting quanlily, is--as much as a beast can eat with a vigorous appe- ite ; all beyond that important criterion is so much lost to the jiroprielor; and not improbably in impediment to the thrill of the animal. Here is the foundation of a grand argument for Ihe removal of that which the animal leaves, that it may not remain to be contaminated by his breath, !o disgust him, and to pall his appetite. I're- canlions are necessary, that a suthcienf quantity •.■\i Ibod of the original standard of goodness to carry the stock through, be provided or procu- rable ; lor 1 would advise no leeder to trust to a certain vague notion, that fattening cattle may be safely and advantageously reduced from rirli to indifferent or even poor keeping. Frequently any change is disadvantageous ; but if any, it ■^urely ought to be progressive in goodness of rbe food. There is often, perhaps generally, a considerable saving in the provision, as the ani- mals advance in fatness; but this relates chi<;l]v to those who load themselves with internal lal. 'ioiae \vill devour nearly the same from iirst to last. " Cattle's licking or rubbing themselves lias been formerly held a bad sign ; on the contrary, there can he no doubt of its being an incontest- able proof of their thriving: the former notion seems to have originated from the damage they somotinies receive by the quantity of hair and dirt collected by the tongue IVom their hides, and which may form hair-balls in the stomach, of dangerous consequence. Hence the use ot' currying o.Nen. which are confined from going out in the cold air; of keeping thf'm perfectly clean, and their hides open, like ili-.i^e of horses in good condition. Oxen fel in the yard, and cows, rnay he wiped clean without danger ol taking cold."* Care should be taken that your cattle are well littered. This will not merely keep them dry and warm, but, in case you have not other con- veniences for the purpose, the litter, especially if it be of cul straw, will absorb the stale ; and thus you at once make your cattle comfortable and increase your manure. Nothing can be said in favour of the practice of some farmers, of suffering their cattle to lie in beds of their own manure, made into a kind of mortar, which ad- heres to their hind quarters, and envelopsthem • in an unseemly, unsightl}', uncleaidy and unco;;)- , forlable crusi, as thick and almost as hard as the I shell of a tortoise. This may be prevented, in j pari, by constructing yourstalls or stables in such 1 a inaimer that the floor may descend a little \ backwards, so that ihe stale may drain oil; and I be conducted hy proper grooves or channels to ; proper receptacles, as has been heretolbre di- rected in our observations on liquid manure. Straw is not a proper food for milch cows. — Good hay, with the assistance of roots, will keep them well in milk during the winter, or till within six or eight weeks of their calving. " Of roots, the preference, in respect to nutrition, is to be given to the parsnip, carrot, mangel wurt- zcl, and potatoe. Good hay alone will make good butter, although from such dry [irnvender j the quantity will be extremely small ; the hay I being mixed with straw, will in exact proportion 1 to the quantity of straw ithout a steam-boil- er, especially if he feeils his cattle as well as swine, with grain or roots. This steam-boiler may be cheajdy made by setting a Jteltle bold- i ing about 10 or 12 gallons, in a furnace of brick or stone, and over this a hogshead, with one head taken out. and the other bored lull of holes, which is set so close that the steam of the ket- tle, when boiling, can only rise through the holes, and thence ascend among the articles to ' be steamed in the hogshead and pass oil" at the I top. In this way a hogshead full of roots will be cooked at a very little expense. The ket- tle should be so closed as to prevent any st;^ani from passing off, hut through the bottom of the hogshead, and of course a pipe or tube should be set on one side, through which, with the aid of a funnel, the water may be poured into the kettle as occasion may require. When the wa- ter is poured in, the tube should be stopped with a jilug made lor that purpose. When grain is steamed, it will be necessary to cover the bottom of the hogshead with a cloth to pre- vent the grain from running through tlie holes. ■ P.y e>.perinients made in Pennsylvania it was found that Indian corn and potatoes for fattening swine, would go one thinl further steamed or boiled than when used raw ; and Cnglish writers on agriculture agree in opinion that root.';, es- pecially potatoes, will afford much more nour- ishment it boiled or baked than when given with- out such preparations. * I-awrcrc^ on Neat Cattle. + Ibid. F.rTalum.—Kn importam eirour occurs in the com- ;irji.icalion of Mr Lowri.r. on the subject of cultivat- ing; the gpi ape vine, in our last paper, paje 191, about the middle of the 1st column. The passage alluded to is printed as follows :— " though the vine culture may succeed in those parts of the countrj- which have tho misfortune to be cultivated by slaves, it may he adapt- ed to our own country," &c. It should have been, " it m.iy not he adapted, "'Jtc. The omission of the wordnoC conveys a meaning directly opposite to the intention o\ the writer. Jllassachuscfts Leu-hlatun. The Legislature of this State convened on the Olh inst. Tile ujual proceedings were adoptci!, which we have not room to give in detail. On the 0th inst. the Governor's Message was delivered. Iij this his Excel- lency coiigratiilatei'. his coustitutnt? on the general and indiviJual prosperity which pervades the nation— the " frank and lucid exposition of our National concerns by the I'resident of the United States in his late iSTes- sage" — the acquisition of the Floridas — the enterprize and activity of our citizens, and the consequent accu- mulation of wealth, which enables them to furnish all necessary loans to the government, without having re- course to foreigners— the folly of monopolies and re- strictions, as exemplified by their abandonment by Great Britain. He recommends attention to the sub- ject of internal improvements— to the causes which hive delayed the cutting of a Canal from Buzzard's to Darnstable Day— to cutting a Canal through Cape Cod — ti the Middlesex Canal — to iniiling the waters of N'arraganset Bay with those of Massachusi tts Bay, by Taunton and Weymouth rivers — to connecting by Ca- nnls the waters of Connecticut with those of .Mcrrijnac rivir — suggests the expediency of appointing or of au- thorizing the employment cf a civil euginccr to make surveys', &c. relative to such routes as the Legislature may designate. Me adverts to the proposed monument at Bunker's Hill, as worthy of the care of the patriot and statesman — recommends a revision of our Mili- lia System. Me speaks of the reception of Gen. La Fayette ; and transmit? an account of the dishursments made under the Resolve of the I'Jth of June last. — States that a balance of cash remained in the Treasury on the 1st of January, 1025, amounting to $20,579,68. JVational Legislature. Se.v.^tk. — JAM. 3. Mr Smith, from the joint Com- mittee appointed to wait on Gen. .La Fayette with a copy of the act concerning him, reported an Address to him and his answer. In the address it is remarked that " principles that have marked your character will not permit you to oppose any otijection to the dis- charge of so much of the national obligation to you a; admits of it." In reply Gen. La Fayette states, " however proud t am of every sort of obligation re- ceived from the people of the United States and theii Representatives in Congress, the large extent of Ihii benefaction might have created in my mind feelings ol hesitation, not iucansistent, I hope, with those of tht most grateful reverence. But the so very kind resolu- tions of both Houses, delivered by you, gentlemen, in terms of equal kindness, precludes all other sentiment! exc(pt those of the lively and profound gratitude ol • which, in respectfully accepting the muni(icei:t favoiu', 1 have the honour to beg you will be the organs." 182,'3.] NEW ENGLAND BARMER. 199 The anniirxl report of the Treasury Department was received, and 3000 copies ordered to be printed. The bill on the subject of impri.-onment for debt wa? discussed, but nothing decisive concluded on. J.\N. 4. The Co.Timittee on the subject of the West Point Military .\cadcmy reported that it was not ne- cessary to make any alterations in the Institution. The engrossed bill on the subject of imprisonment for debt was erdercd to lie on the table and be printed. HocsE.— JAN. 3. A list of Patents issued in 1824> ■was presented and laid on the table. A report cf the Chief Knginecr, relating to the re- pair of Plymouth Beach was laid on the table and or- dered to be printed. A bill authorizing the payment of interest due tolhe- State of Virginia, reported by the Committee of Claims, was read twice. Seven resolutions respecting the establishment of new post roads were respectively agreed to. The report of the Committee on the communication of Gen. La Fayette was ordered to be entered on the Journals. [Sse proceedings of the Senate.} Mr Livingston gave notice Chat he should bring the subject of the increase of the Military Establishment at West Point, before the House next wteek. J.\N. 4. A resolution was adopted calling for in- formation respecting the violation of our mutual rights in ports of South America. Mr Livingston''s motion respecting the establishment of a preparatory Naval School, similar to that at West Point, for the army, was negatived. A proposed amendment of the Constitution relative to the choice of electors of President, was referred to a Committee of the Whole. J.\N. 5. The President was requested to furnish in- formation wilh regard to the proceedings and docu- ments of the Court Martial in the rase of Lieut. Weji- ver &;c. The o'ject was to asceitaln how our offi- cers had conducted themselves in the Pacific, iii:c. JAN. 6. On motion of Mr Webster Mie House took up the bill on the subject of crimes on the high seas and places under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States. Mr W. moved sundry amendments, which were agreed to. A Message was received from the Presidi nt of the United Slates inviting a scrutiny into all matleis of ac- count and claims between his country and himself. — This Message was laid on the table and ordered to be printed. A Writer in (he National Inlelligeocer rrconimends that Congress sho'.ild e.xpress their wishes for the con- struction of a Canal across the Isthmus of Darien, by passing a resnlution to subscribe for stock, a:id anti- cipates the following .-iclvantages from the plan : that it might form the haMsofa lasting peace with Mexico, lessen the necessity of a navy to protect our commerce round South .America, and promote the Agriculture, wealth, and population of our republic. Kxtraordinarj/ Freshet. — The Cheraw papers mention that the river Pee Dt,-e, in South Carolina, rose on the 19th uit. 45 feet above its ordinary height, owing, it is supposed, to the melting ofthe snow on tlie mountains. Some damage was sustained by the planters in stork. The amount of tolls received from the New- York Canals during the past season is estimated at $350,000; and the value ofthe produce brought to Albany during the same time, by the Canal, at nearly $3,000,000. The lead mines of the United States, leased to indi viduals, produced, from October 1823 to July 1824, 139,644 pounds of lead, of which 17,222 pounds be- long to the United States, on account of rents. It is de- posited at St. Louis. The Frit-nds i:i North-Carolina have diterminf d to send all the coloured persons under their cure, 700 in number, to Hayti. The nundier of deaths in Salem, during the past year was 234, of which 15 died abroad ; in Portsmouth 135. in Newburyport 104, in Concord 18, and Poston 1297. .Kn exhibition of American manufactures is to he held in Washington in February next, in the rotunda of the Capitol, and rooms arc also provided in the Capitol, whire goods may be deposited prior to the day of ex- hibition. Medical School in Boston. — The number of st'-.dents altonding the Medical Lectures of Harvard University in Hoston, this winter, amounts to one hundred and twenly-eifht. Of these, 82 are from Mass. — 11 iVom Maine — 13 from N. If. — 2 from Virginia — 1 from South Carolina — 5 from Con. — 3 from N. Y. — 1 from Mary- land— 1 from Georgia, and 3 from Nova Scotia. The lectures are given daily at the Massachusetts Medical College, and the students are admitted gratuitously to the medical and surgical practice of the Hospital. — Within the two last years the number of students has increased more than one half. Bunker Hill Monument. — Subscriptions continue to be received for this great object. Brishton has sub- scribed $40o 00 ; Chelsea, 69 12 ; Cohasset, 1G5 14 ; East Su.lburv, 55 43; Hadley, 55 00; Hingham, 178 25; Hubbardston, 75 50; Manchester, f)4 00 ;^ Marblehead, 203 02; Quincv, 356 15; Scitualc. 209 85 ; Wenham, 22 25 ; Pupils of the Latin School in this city. 420 00. The Treasurer attends at the Suflblk Bank every day from 12 to 1 o'clock. President Monroe. — The Senate of this Common- wealth have passed resolutions testifying their appro- bation ofthe services of James Monroe, President of the United States. Dinner lo La Fa;/eltc. — .\ splcndirl dinner was given to Gen. La Fayette by the Members of Congress, on New Vear''3 Day. The President, and the principal civil and military officers of the govtrnment, were among the-guests. There is a ?Mp ofthe line and a frigate on the stocks at present in Philadelphia. These vessels are building on a plan which, we learn, has been lately adopted in the British Navy Board, i'he sterns are made round, and planked in a similar manner to the bow=, which adds greatly to the strength of the ship, and gives her a decided advantage in battle over ships with a squared stern. The ship#f the line now building will be the largest vesscd of war in the world. She will be rated at 120 guns, but it is supposed will mount 150. .1 great dai/'^s work. — On the 2d inst. Q. Kingsley, a blacksmith, 'in Northampton. Mass. with a hand to blow and strike, made two hundred and four horse shoes in eleven hours and forty minutes. h'thotomy. — The operation of removing a stone from the bladder. w:,s successfully performed on the 9th inst. in Norridgewock, Me. by Dr Bates of that town — and a man, who has for many months been in constant misery, is in a fair way to be restored to health aud usefulness. Earthquake. — A severe shock of an Farthquake was felt at Santiago dc (Jhili on the morning of the 29th of August. So great was the convulsion ofthe earth that the houses rocked considerably. At \'alparaiso some buihlings were thrown down. The town of Copiopo is reported to have been entirely destroyed — only two families saved. Moscow, though containing a population of 250,000 souls, is said to stand upon more ground than any city in F.urope ; almost every Palace or Nobleman's house laving a garden, and all wooden buildings being de- tached from fear of fire. An English Gentleman informs us, that be has recently arrived in this country from St. Helena, that the house in which the E.\-Emperor of France was im- prisoned has been converted into a barn ; and that in the room in which he breathed his last, there is now a machine erected for threshing core "5('c transit glo- ria mundi "' The French government derives an annual revenue of nearly lour millions of 'franks from the Public Coach Establishment. Nearly 3000 persons leave Paris every day in the week. JVew Establishment. THE subscriber respectfully informs the public, that he has taken the factory of Capt. A. Stearns, in \Ve5t Cambridge, where he intends carrying on the Clothier''i Business., i;encraUtj : — Also, Ladies' and (Jentlemen's garments of every description coloured and cleansed, and furnitures glazed ; Crapes and Silks of various colours dyed and finished in the best man- ner, at short notice, and as chtap as at any other place. M'ool Carding. — At the same place Merino and Common Wool carded by Capt. Stearns. CYRUS FARRAU. THE Subscriber, for a few years past, hasbeen cul- tivating an extensive FRUIT NURSERY. He now has a large assortment of Peach Trees, budded from the best Fruit in the country, native and foreio-n, in the best ordi r for transplanting. By another season he hopes to offer pEAa and Cherry Trees of the firU quality. O. FISKE, Worcester. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, k.c. [Revised and corrected every F riday.] rROM TO U. C. D. C. APPLES, best, bbl 2 00 2 25 ASHES, pot, 1st scit, - - - Ion. 115 117 00 pearl do. - . . - 117 00 120 00 BEANS, -while, bush 96 1 00 BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - bbl. 9 50 cargo, No 1, new, - - 7 25 7 id " No 2, new, - - 6 00 6 25 BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, lb. 12 CHEESE, new milk, ... - 7 8 skimed milk, - - . 3 4 FLAX [ 9 FLAX SEED bush 75 84 FLOUR, B.aItimore, Howard St bbl. 5 87 Genessee, . - - 6 37 6 50 Bye, best, - - - 2 75 3 00 GRAIN,Rye bush 60 64 Corn - - - - . 53 56 Barley - - . - 50 Oats - - . - - 32 HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - lb. 10 11 HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - 9 U LIME, cask 1 10 1 20 OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern gal. 70 78 PLAISTER PARIS retails at ton. 4 50 4 75 PORK, Bone Middlings, new, bbl. 16 00 17 00 navy, mess, do. 13 50 14 00 Cargo, No 1, do. - - 13 00 13 50 SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - bush Clover - - . . . WOOL, Merino, fullblood,wash 60 70 do do unwashed 40 45 do 3-4 washed 45 50 do 1-2 do 35 42 Native - - - do 25 30 Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort 48 52 do Spinning, 1st sort 35 40 PROVISIO.y MARKET. BEEP', best pieces - - - - lb. 6 8 PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . 6 i " whole hogs, - - - 5 6 VEAL, 3 8 MUTTON, 4 7 POULTRY, 6 10 BUTTER, keg & tub. 12 16 lump, best, - . - 15 20 EGGS, 20 22 MEAL, Rye, retail, - - - - bush 65 70 Indian, do. - . - - 60 65 POTATOES, new, - - - - 20 20 5 CIDER, liquor, new - - - - bbl. 2 50 3 00 HAY, accordiBg to quality, - ton. 16 00 3 00 200 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Jan. 14, ilWtisccnanifB. From B!acktoood''s Maqaztne. SONG. The soothing shades ol gloaming With gladsome heart I see, When by the streamlet roaming To meet, my love, with thee. O ! then each flowVet closing Seems fairer than by day : It tells, by its reposing, Thou wilt not long delay. Each bird, its vesper singing, Delights my listening ear, It tells (he hour is bringing My fairest angel here. Methinks more brightly beaming, The stars look from above. Each, like a fond eye, gleaming With joy, to see my love. O ! come then, love, nor linger, For day has gone to rest. And night, with dewy iinger, The woods in gray has dressM ; The moon has sought the fountain, Thy shadowy form to see, And the cloudlet on the mountain A curtain spreads for thee. ing the habit of early rising. They are, we understand, to assemble on certain days at an early hour in the morning, to regale themselves Burns, the poet, was never in Greenock but once, and that was when about (o take passage to the West Indies. On that occasion, however. with a walk before breakfast ; and the plan is; his satirical spirit gave hirlh to one causlir, re also said to include the project of taking a pub-| mark which is too good to be lost. Having gone Flight of Birds. — It has been objeclod to the migration of birds, that it is impossible tliey should support themselves so long upon (he wing, or exist so long iviihout food, as (hey must prob- ably do in performing such long Jouineys ns migration supposes. " But these dirticallies,'" says Dr. Fleming, " vanish allogelher when we attend to ilia rapidity of the flight of birds. The rapidity with which a hawk and many other birds occasionally fly, is probatdy not less (ban at the rate of 160 miles an hour. M.ijor Cart- wright, on the coast of Labrador, I'ound by re- peated observations, that the llight of an eider duck was at the rale of 90 miles an hour. Sir George Capley computes the rate of flight, even of the common crow, at nearly "b miles an hour ; and Spallanzani found that of the swallow com- pleted abou^ 92 miles. A falcon, which belong- ed to Henry IV. of France, escaped from Fon- tainbleau, and in CI hours was Ibund at Malta. a distance of IoTjO miles ; a velocity ucarlv equal to 57 miles an hour, sup|iosini,' the falcon to have been u[)on the wing the whole time. But as such birds never fly by night, and allowing the day to be at tiie longest, his flight was per- haps equal to 7.5 miles an hour. But if we even restrict the migratory flight of birds to the rate of 50 miles an hour, liovv easily can they per- form their most extensive migrations! And we know in the case of woodcocks, and perhaps all other migrating birds, that they in general take advantage of a fair wind with wliicli to perform their flights. This breeze perhaps aids them at the rate of 30 or 40 miles an hour. — Smcllic. The Earli/ Club. — An association has been re- cently forined by a few gentlemen of Monlreal, tending lo promote a practice certainly harmless as far as regards others, and beneficial as regards themselves, being for (lie pur[)ose of cncourag lie breakfast occasionally at some place a short distance from the town. We fear this is too good a proposal to be carried into operation by many. They ate in general too fond of their beds to leave them. It is but f.iir however to say that the attempt deserves praise, and slill more so, if success attend it. Early rising has been always considered as conducive to hea'th; a walk before breakfast gives to the mind a stimulus which prepares it well for (he dulies of business through the day. Early rising tends to prevent that pernicious habit of late siding at night which has exactly (he contrary effect both on the health of the body and mind. This plan has another advantage lo recommend it — no excess occurs at a bre.ikfast, hence it will be exempt from those instances of di'^sjpalion which' too frequently attend associations of young men, and may even have the effect of preserving its members from falling into such habits at night. We recommend as their motto, the old maxim, Early to bed, ear'y to ri=e — ■ The way to be healthy, -vealthy, and wise. The Peasantnj of Franc: are extremely igno- rant. Whole villages maybe foimd, where not more (ban (hreeor four cm read. Even in the immediate vicinily of Paris, and within the echoes of the legi-lative debates, there ate town? in which not three newspapers are taken, and (hose nol by persons who actually belong to the people. The eloquent pleas ("or liberty are of no effect, for (boy are not heard by the mass of the nation. Hence no general political spirit exists, except when the popularity of individual' is concerned, or as (he (axes of (he State aflecl private interest, and national attention can hard- ly be directed to refined questions on the man- lown to the harbour to view the ship which he had destined to carry him from his native shores, he arrived just as a gentleman, going on board on the same errand, had the misibrlune (o stum- ble and fall into the water between the ship's side and the quay. By the intrepidity' and ex- ertions of a seaman, who instantly plunged in alter him, he was saved from drowning, and brought on board with no othar injury save a sound ducking. The rescue, however, demand- ed a signal display of his liberality towards his preserver, and turning round, he, ivith no sinaU ostentation, tendered him the sum of sixpence, as the reward of his courage and humauily. — The byestanders v.'ere astonished, and inveighed loudly against such unpaialleied meanness. Burns alone remained silent, but when pressed to give his opinion of the act — " Why (said he) the gen- tleman is surelj' the best judge of the vcluc o*' his oun life." igement of the elections and the tVee expression of opinion. Sn great is the poptlar ignorance, that the most liberal politicians have never ad- vocated any very wide ex(ension of (he elecdve franchise, believing it to be first necessary lo educate the nation. — North American Rcvicjs. Industry. — Man must have occupatinn or be miserable. Toil is the price of sleep and appe- tite, of health and enjoyment. The very ne- cessity whi'h overcomes our natural sloth is a blessing. The world does not contain a briar or a (horn (hat divine mercy could have spared. We are happier with (bes(erility which we can overcome by industry, (han we could have been with spontaneous plenty and unbounded profu- sion. The body and (he mind are improved by (he toil that fatigues them ; that toil is a thousand limes rewarded by the pleasure w hich it bestows. Its enjoyments are peculiar, no wealth can pur- chase them, no honour can v-. in them, no indo- lence can taste them. They flow only from the exertions which they repay. Serenity. — .\ military officer being at sea, in a dreadful slorm, his lady, who was sitting near him, and filled wilh alarm for (he sal'e(y of the vessel, was so surprised at his composure and serenity, that she cried out, " My dear, are you nol afraid ? How is it possible jou can be so calm in such a storm?" He arose from a chair lashed lo the deck, and supporting himself by a pillar oi a bed-place, he drew his sword, and pointing it to the breast of his wife, he exclaimed, "Are you not afraid?" She instantly replied, " No, certainly not." " \Vhy ?" said (be officer. — '• Because," rejoined his lady, " I know the sword is in (he hand of my husband, and he loves me too well to burt mc." " Then (said he) re- member I know in whom 1 have believed, and that He holds the winds in his fist, and the waters in the hollow of his hands." Jlmericcui Wine, DYER'S supcriour Red and White Groscille (or Currant) If'inc, is for sale, wholesale or retail, lor the present, at G.i, Broad- Street, by E. COPELAND, Jr. Price per keg o( 6 gallons, delivered at any part of the city, !J7 l-^'cents per gallon, including keg and sending home, for the lltd ; — .and $1,50 per gallon for the White. The txtensive sale of this valuable ar- ticle of Domestic Industry is its best recommendation. ThefoUou-ing notice of Ihi.t Ji'ine is extracted from the {Stilem) Esae.r Register. " We have been politely favoured with a sample of the Groseille H'lne^ made by the .Messrs. Dyers, of Providence, R. I. and ha'^c no hesitation in pronounc- ing it superiour to much ol the imported Wine, and a beverage of uncommon richness of flavour and colour. It is said to be very wholesome ; and we cannot doubt that it will take the place of the foreign \\ iin-s at our social parties," i:c. Dec. 24. When a young man has acquired a love of reading and of course a relish for intellectual pleasures, he has one of the best preservatives against dissipation. A fondness for low company, and nni«y in(empera(e pleasures, is generally the consequence of ignorrnce and want of taste. TER.M5 OP THE KARMEU. (j^ Published every Saturday, at Three Dci.r.APS per annum, payable at the end of the year — b,ut those who pay within sixty tlniisl'iom the time of subscribing will be entitled to a deduction of Kii-ty Cents. {):j=-Postage must be paid on all letters to the Editor or Publisher. 0:5= No paper will be discontinued (^unless at the discretion of the publisher,) until arrearages are paid. 0:^New suhsci ibers can be accommodr,ted wilh the preceding numbers of the curiTnt voUirae. JNEW ENGLAND FARMER. PUBI.TSHF.D BY JOHN B. RUSSELL, ROGKRP' i;UII.Pl.\GS. CONG«r:<^S STRIT.T, HOSTON.— THOMAS G. FKS$F,N'1)F.N, KDlTOf. VOL. 111. FKIDAY, JANUARY 21. 182.5. No. 2G. ©n'simtl Communications. FOB THE KKW ENCl.A.VD yARJlFJl. Diirchesler, {Mass.) Jan. n, 182'.. IMPROVED OX-YOKE. Front and Eiid vicru of the Block Yoke. Scale of three-fourths ot an in. ii to a loot. "^o. 1. represents a block of Elm or other ^suilaMe wood, on uhinh is the furui of the yolip "■and-{>osition ot'thp bow«, as inserted in the bed and ti|)S. The lenafih I'rom a to 6 4 feet 2 /inches. Tlip depth tVom i to c 9 inches, and from e to /" 10 inches. A 1? liie end of (lie hlocl<, in which is seen the cross section of the lip on the neck. No. 2. is the top of the block, shonin.j th • im of ilie lips, position of ilse bow-ii-..lps, tit'- ets, Sic. Distance between bows frbm centre to centre 2 t'eet — between how-holes 8.7 -nches; the rivets pa-s through the lied of the yoke into a plate on the under sidr, thereby preventing lilting and splittinsf. Tlie Report of liie Committee of the Mnssn- chusetls Agricultural Society on the subjei-t ol Agricultural Implements and Inventions, at the l;ist anniversary of that Society, contains the following notice of the above improvement. •■ .\n improvement on the O.f-Yoke was en- tered by John Mkars, of Dorchester, Mass. with certiticales of its being used and approved by piaclical i'armers. The improvement consists in a better adaptation of the form of the yoke to the neck of the beast, giving it a greater bearing by a sort of lip, on the back of the yoke, which can only work one way ; — and also a greater extension of the bed and tips of the yoke, so as to receive the bow info a bearing of six inches instead of two, as in common yokes. — Although the alteration is very simple, yet in ;he opinion of your Committee, it is very im- jiortanl, considering it the incumbent duly of every farmer to consult the ease and conven- ience of this useful animal in performing it.^ work. The Committee therefore recommend a premium of j55." . TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. AMERICAN BUCKTHORN. Foiler, (il. /.) January 13, 1825. Mr Fessenden, — In your valuable paper of Dec. 17th, is mentioned the wish of a friend, '•for information relative lo the culture of the shriib called Buckthorn, {R/utmmis, L.) for the purpose of forn)ing hejges." This de-ire was excited, no doubt, by that part of the excellent Report of ',1)6 Committee on Farms in Essej, which stales, that " Mr Derby has cultivated a most beautiful hedge of buckthorn, which prom- ises to lie a valuable article for fences," &c. — Probably the buckthorn mentioned by the Com- mittee, is the American species of Hippopliitc, Seo-Iinckihcrn. There are only two species of Hipjiophae known to botanists ; I]. RhainnoiJcs, of Europe ; and H. Cmiademis of this country. Tde first is said to be a native of sandy banks .in 1 marshes near the sea, in various parts of Europe, from the south of France to Finland ; and Linnseus remarks that in sunny sandy situa- tions it is planted for hedges. The celebrated J/imarck also observes, that it is a thorny shrub, very branchy, and when cultivated rises to 12 iir 15 feet in heii;-ht. Its leaves, of a silvery ivhito beneath, give it a singular and agreeable air. lis long thorns render it proper to make good enclosures ; and its branches cut and dried have the same advanlage, for they continue many yeiirs un'dera\'ed. The Ilipp.-iphae Canadensis I have not seen, but from it-:* descrrption it muf^t be very similar to the European species, and equally suilalde for hedges. New York is the only locality menlionediu Miihlen'iurg's Catalogue ; l.'Ul, tVom is specific name, we may safely conclude Ihese .:>'■.••? [loriherM states .ire rrfr'tlly iu b. me. [hn- I'italio.) I am induced fnsuj'pose this Sca-buck- I'lcrn is th'^ elegnnt shrub mentioned bv the Commlllee. — frnni lhcir«aving, " it is an Amer- ican plant, and native of New En2:iand." Their able Report evinces such scienlilick .Tcciiracy, that I presume they were correcfiu this par- ticular also.. The Rhamnus calhariiciis Buckthorn is an ex- otic ; (in some places it seems to be naturalized ) lis beriies have each about four seeds. The berries of Sea Bncktiiorn haxg each only one seed. Should a berry or tivo remain on or about the he ]ge at Mr Derby's farm, it may easily be ascertained to which genus it belongs. Joining you in ardent wishes to promote the great interests of Agriculture, ! am Respectlully youis, SOLOMON DROWN. P.S. M'Mahon mentions Sea buckthorn among shrubs which may be propagatail by cuttings in the Spring. Probably he had the European species in his garden, for both species are noted in his calalogu" of hardy deciduous trees and shrubs. Should the hedge at Mr Derby's farm not prove 16 be of sea buckthorn, still this shrub may merit attention, — being a maritime plant, proper for hedges in sandy lands bordering on the sea. S. D. TO TRE EDITOR OF TI.'E NEW ENGLAND FARMER. SWEET AND SOUR APPLE. Weslborough, (Mass.) Jan. 17, 1825. Mr Fes3enden, — In Thacher's American Or- chardist, page 22, is an account of a very singu- lar apple, communiculed by the Rev. P. Whit" ney to the American Academy of Arl.s and Sci" etices. Alter giving Mr Whitney's description of the apple, the writer ob.serves, " (he above singular phenomenon may now be solved, since it 13 ascertained that the nowcr.i may be im- pregnated by (he pollen tVom other trees, and fruit of varioi-.s quallilies is thus obtained. The tree descr-ihed by llie Rev. Gentleman, stooit altftost in the middle of a large orchard. Will it be rieemod an exlravagaut conjecture, that this tree had acquired a peculiar attachment, or attractive power, by which this curious kind of fecundity was effected ?'' 1 think it would be " an extravagant conjecture ;" and 1 will state why. The Doctor appears not to be informed that there are trees producing fruit of the same des- cription, HOW in the country. 1 have one com- pletely answering Mr Whitney's description. — I oblaineil my scions of one DeSne, Esq. of Upton, about thirly years ago. He informed me that he obtained his from the Cape, as he expressed it, of,some (? the sample of Mr Peters. It is formed by art, ' and each half of every sweet and sour apole is imiformly s.yv(:et or sour. Mv Peters' specimen! on the contrary are interspersed or dotted with sweet and sour portions through the whole ap- ]de. Mr Coxe, however, in his Treatise nn of the Society — and determined to subscribe for them if necessary. Yours, AGR1C0L.\ [by ti!e editor.] We are ever happy to coiit ribute whatever may be in our power to promote the circulation of a work so valuuble as the Massacl; and with pleasure com The number of Bulls which your Committee have examined for premium is thirteen— of the most improved breeds of imported animals and of the best breeds of our native slock.— Those of the imported breeds are sufficiently ad- vanced in years, and are accompanied by a suf- ficient number of the same kinds of stock to show their great value in the breeding of cat- tle ; and it is found that generally the greater number of fine animals are from those breeds though there are some excepiions honourable lo the early breeds of our country. The Committee have awarded the first pre- mium, of p5, to Col. Jonas Ball, of Southboro,' for his three year old Bull, from Denton. He has more good points than are often found in any animal, and he is sufficiently advanced in years to have arrived to his permanent growth and shape. They have awarded the second premium, of glO, to Bezaleel Taft, jr. Esq. for his two year old Bull, of a fine native stock, from which so many good cattle have been pro- uced in the town of Sullon. Four other Bulls claimed the particular attention of your Com- mittee. That of Mr Zephaniah Brown, of Cliarlton, which took the first premium last year, as a calf, and that of Mr Benjamin Har- rington, which took the second premium last year; but they both have the appearance of. having been too much forced the last year lo upport their relative standing, though they have many good points. That of Mr Daniel u=etts.\gr^^muralReVs:t7^y7^V""'*^'^''^''''""^^^ "' ^°°''' '^'"'0"t ■monicate the information re-'!;f "PP^^ance of having a premature growth. . , , J . rr, r, ■. ■ , \ >- ''6*s three are from Ho derness, and arc rare- qiiested by our correspondent. The Repository s pub- i „ ii j u r , ■'"u iic i ,ire- , , ,, ,, „, ,. Jill M nn^. f^ ".ly equalled by any of our naive sock. The bshed by Mess. Wells and l-iUy, No. 9S Court street, ' r„ii V- ^1,. n^,.i . ■ i i ,/ , t, . ,» . . , , ,., 'ifiuHoi Mr boylsfon, IS a large and hue y made Boston. It appears m semi-annual numbers, which are onimnl hn( is nni L n-.,^^ :„ -„„ .y"ii To Mr Amos Merriani, of I'rincelnn, is award- ed the first premium, of ^,J), for Yearling Steers; and to Col Jonas Dall, of Soiithboroiigh, llie sec- ond premium, ot' p., for the next best. But two 3 year old Heifers uero o!>red for premium, and your Committee did not think ei- ther of them oVsuch superior qualify as to mer- it a premium. Several were for exhibition merely — which were wortiiy of premiHmsJijd they been offered for that purpose. For 2 three year old lieil'ers, the Committee award the first premium, of gG, to Mr Henry Sprague, of Spencer ; and the second, of jj5&) (" Mr L\ilher Whiting, of Sutton. To Mr Benjamin Harrington, of Princeton, they award the first (iremium, of |p.j, for the liest Yearling Heifer; and to Col. Jacob W. Watson, of I'rinceton, the second premium, of ^4, for the next best. For file best Heifer Calf, they award the first premium, of *f!j, to Col. Watson ; and the sec- ond, of g!, to Mr Harrington. bracing so many olijecls, ought to occupy a con- siderable portion of the time which is necessar- ily devoted to the examination. Under these cir- cui!is!iuices,'they I'cg leave to suggest the propri- ety, at our future Shows, of dividing the labours between two or rpoie Coiiunittees. It is believ- ed that justice would be more likely to be done, and m;iny tine animals offered for exhibition, which under the present arrangement escape the notice of a Committee, would receive that attention which tlioy are entitled to, and which owners expect. REJOICE NEWTOiST, per order. BUTTER. Some writers inveigh against the use of but- ter as universally pernicious ; but they might with equal reason condemn all vegetable oils, which t'orm a sonsiderable part of diet in the southern climates, and seem to have been bene- ficially intended by nature for that porpose. — Butler, like every other oily substance, has doubtless a relaxing qualify, and if long retained in the stomach, is liable to become rancid ; but, if eaten in moderation, it will not produce those effects. It is, however, improper in bilious con- stitutions. The worst consequence (iroduccd by A Xeio Tiling. — \ wrldr in the Kcntiicliy ArgU' reccomnittidf tliat instead of tninpihing, tuirpublick rt^ads be coven rl with a roof from town to town, sim- ilar to the ror'l of a ropewalU, which he thinks could be done chiaper than turitpiking, and be kept in re-- pail- at a very moderate expense. Allien Bradford. Ffq. late Secrttsry of State, pvopofes to publish aa adJitioiial volume of his History of Mas- sachusetts. It !3 said, that Ccm. Porter in case of acquittal by the Court of Ktiquiry, is to be sent out to Columbia ri- ver in the Guerrlerc. The legislature of Virginia adjourned, on the 3d in- stant," there being no business before it." THK Subscriber, for a lew years past, has been cul- tivating an extensive FHl'lT NURSKP^Y. He now has « large assortment of Peach Treks, budded from the best t-ruit in the country, native and foreign, ill the best order for transplanting. By another seasou he hopes to offer Pear and Cherry Trees of the first quality. O. FISKE, Worcester. JOB PRLNTING executed with neatness and despatch, on reasonable terms at tliis Ofilce. The Committee cannot, in justice, leave the j butter, when eaten with bread is, that if obstructs sulijects ol their inquiries without some notice the discharge of the saliva in the act of mastica- of those animals offered only for exhibition, and [ fion or chewing; liy which means the food is which fall within those classes particularly con- j not so easily digested. To obviate tliis eflecf, it fided to thein. would lie a commendable practice at breakfast, The stock which Mr Williams lias introduced ' first to eat some dry bread, and chew it well, fill into the County always claims the first altentifln. I the salivary glands were exhausted, and afler- Although the progenitor of the race, wiiich has; wards to eat it with butter. By these means taken the head of our pens, and stood foremost such a quantity of ."ialiva might be carried into in the Show from the first, has this d:i^ loft his Hb« stomach, as would be sufficient for the jiur- place for others, yet his numerous descendants' pose ot digestion have well supported his reputation. The three .MUSHf.OOMS. Instead oi polling up Mii'hronms by the roots a friend recommends froin experience, to cut off the stems with scissors. The advantages of this year old Heifer descended from him, ov\nrd by Mr William*, presents all the best points found in a good milker, and which are calculated for the best stock of cattle, either for the plough or Ihe stall. Others of the same race, which j plan are — first, that the plant is picked free from ore too numerous to particularize, show,' that j earth; and secondly, fb.at it will sprout again, taking them all in all, no better stock has ever j and expedite the coilection of them. been found in this or any other country. One uimj»i. , „ . ..w trait in Ibis stock proves their incalculable val- ^ uc— which is. that the older they are, the bet- ^^".V'-T;,^ l*:'"" '™"^ ,=^ coloured person in Hayti, , ' ,■ 1 J "1, I »ives the following account ol a mihlary parade at Port ter they are proportioned, and the more per-j^^p,.;^^^^ " There were only 12.010out last Sabbath. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c, i [Revised and corrected every Friday.] feet their shape. Judge Lincoln's Heifers of this breed show conclusively their value as milkers; and his other animals, exhibited this day, bear as unequivocal testimony to their worth for the stall. The Bull of Mr Hubbard, also, is a sufficient voucher for their size and shape. Your Committee would not do justice to their own feelings should they omit the stock of Mr Boylston, though only a part of it falls within Ihe classes assigned to them. The Committee know not the origin of his stock; but this they know, that so long as he shall continue to add to the interests of our Show, as he ever has done, by producing such stock, they shall ever be proud to acknowledge him as a Worcester farmer. Your Committee represent, that so great a number of animals is assigned for their examin- ation, and the time allowed them so short, that it is nearly impossible to satisfy themselves in awarding premiums ; and they have little time to notice those offered for exhibition. The mere manual labour of drawing up a report em- The whole standing arnry at this port is <19,000. They are handsomely equipped. 'Phere were cavalry, in- fantry, and aitillery, with very handsome brass pieces. They were from 2 to G o'clock coming on the ground- it 9'clock President Boyercamc, escoiied by his horse- guard. He rode round the square and gave orders to his officers, and then came off the ground bowing to ev- ery one as he passed, with his cap in his hand. When the President and General Inginal rode by the Ameri- cans, they bowed very politely and smiled." A Rf.volulionnry Heroine. — A petition isbefore~the legislatui-e of Pennsylvania from Phosbt Anderson The petitioner states that she isninety three years old ; that she accompanied her husband, who, at an early period, enlisted in the continental army, and continued throughout the whole war, and was present and par- ticipated in most of the conspicuous actions of that eventful period ; tliat, among other novel employments for a lady, she assisted i« picking up ball" thrown from the enemy's cannon, in order that, to use her own ex- pression, " the enemy might get as good as he sent." She states that she has been the mother of twenty three children, all of whom were dead. A bill has passed the Kentucky Legislature declar- ing it felony to take a dead body from the grave, with- out the consent of friends. APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. - - - - BEANS, white, IJJ.EF, mess, i;00 lbs. new, - cargo, iNo 1, new, - - "■ No 2, new, - - BITTTFR, inspect. No. 1. new, j CHEESE, nrw milk, - - - - ' »k\ined milk, - - - FLAX FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genessee, . . - Rye, best, ... GRAIN,Rye Corn - - ... Barley - . . - Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, Is't sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME. OIL, Linseed, Phil. andNorJhern PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, Bone lliddlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover ..... WOOL, Merino, full blood,waph do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PnOFISIOJf MARKET. BEEF, best pieces . . - - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " -whole hogs, - - - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, lump, best, - . - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, .... Indian, do. - » - - POTATOES, .... CIDER, liqupr, " : ' " HAY, according to quality, - from TO D. C. D. C. bbl 2 00 2 25 on. 115 117 00 117 00 120 00 bush bbl. 1 00 n 50 1 05 7 25 7 60 6 00 6 25 lb. 1.1 7 8 <> 4 f 9 bush 76 84 bbl. 5 62 5 75 6 37 6 50 2 75 3 00 bush 60 64 53 54 50 35 lb. 10 11 9 11 cask 1 10 1 20 gal. 70 78 ton. 4 50 4 75 bbl. 14 00 15 00 13 50 14 00 12 75 13 00 bush CO 70 40 45 45 50 35 42 25 30 48 52 35 40 lb. 6 8 6 7 5 6 3 8 4 7 6 10 12 16 15 20 18 20 bush 65 70 60 65 20 20 5 bbl. 2 50 3 00 ton. 16 0( 3 00 204 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Jan. 21, GEN. HARPER'S ADDRESS. [Concluded from page 195. Next after the breeding of cattle, and close- ly connected with it, in the list of improve- ments in husbaudry, comes (he cnltiv.ilion of grass crops. They enter essentially into every good rotation. They improve /the soil, while thev supply abundance of food for domestic an- imals; thus introducing plenty on the farm, while they add constantly to its fertility, by the quantity of manure which they enable the i'armer to collect. To perceive their benefi- cial effect, you need only look at a district of country, or even a sinjle farm, where a proper attention is paid to the' culture of grasses, and compare it vrith another where they are neg- lected. In one you will find smiling plenty, with her lap full of good things : houses and enclosures in repair, stock in good condition, the family and domestics well fed, lodged, audi clothed. For the picture of the other, which will not be so pleasing, 1 refer _vQn to a planta- tion or a farm, where tobacco or wheat are the great objects of attention, to the exclusion of grass. The difference will he striking, but it is founded in nature. The products of the grass cultivation are constantly accumulated on the soil, and constantly augment the prodiictive capita! of the cultivator; while those of the other system, are almost wholly collected into his pocket, and merely supply the means of bis daily expenditure. They disappear in the con- sumption, and leave little behind them (o reno- vate the soil, to augment or repair the build- ings and other improvements, or to increase in any manner the productive poweri of the fes- tablishment. Some years ago, 1 erected several buildings at my farm near Baltimore, for which a!i the lumber was hauled from the city. I had a team of four good New England oxen. They work- ed in a wagon which often went to town for lumber, with the horse teams, consislms- of five good horses each, which were employed for the same business. My four oxen went and return- ed as soon, and brought as heavy a load, as any of the live horse teams. This they dnl, not on-j ly in the spring and autumn, but in the middle j of summer. And there is no doubt that if they i had been carefully bred in this state, from a good stock, and well trained, they would have | performed still better : for it cannot be suppos- ed that their northern constitutions were as well ailnptcd to the heat of our summeis, as those of cattle bred among us. The next to which 1 would ask your atten- tion is the substitution of mutton for jiork, as an article of food. Of all animals, next to the cow, the sheep is the most useful to man; and in one most important particular, his utility is far greater than hers. His fleece furnishes a most esscnti.il part of our clothing and furniture ; and enters largely into our household manufac- tures, which form the true basis of the m.inu- facturing system, and stand next to good hiis- bandry, among tlie means of promoting individ- va virtue, public prosperity, and national as well as individual iti'lepoiidenco. This most useful animal is more easily raised and kept thau the hog, is far less mischievous and de- .structive, and his flesh is at least equally iiulii- tious, while it is much moie wholesome. Hab- it I know has wedded us strongly to pork, as the chief article of food ; but this habit was formed when the circumstances of the country were wholly difTerent, and we ought now to la- bour for its correction. The early state of the country, when the population was extremely thin, and nine tenths of the land were covered by forests, in which swine found abundant sub- sistence, while sheep could not be fed except in very small numbers, and it was still more dif- ficult to protect them from beasts of prey, the preference was naturally, and indeed necessari- ly, given to the hog. VV'ool, loo, was then of little value or importance, because so great a portion of the labour of the community was di- rected to the cultivation of tob.icco, for exporta- tion, and of Indian corn, that ver3' little indeed was left for household maflufaclures ; and es- tablishments for manufacturing, were wholly unknown. Now every thing has changed, and the habit of giving the preference to this de- structive and troublesome animal, over one of the most useful which our all bountiful Creator has bestowed upon us, ought to change too. — The change, indeed, like all tliose which alTecl national customs and h:vbits, must be progressive and slow ; but every lai'mer may do something towards prorsioting it, and by the united and stea- dy endeavours of all, it Ir.ay be much sooner and more easily effected, than would at fitst view appear practicable. In-our endeavours to sub- stitute sheep for hogs, as in those for improving the breed of cattle, great attention ought to be paiil to the selection of the best stocks. Some races of sheep, as in the case of all other ani- mals, are far superior to others, in the qualities which render them valuable. Some excel iii the quality of their wool, some in the quantity ; some in their size, and some in their disposition to fatten. Some are much more hardy, and some ea'iier to raise and keep than otlrers. These ditTeront qualities fit them for the different [uir- poses, which each breeder may have in view. But as the use of them for common food, and of ! their wool for common clothing, is the object which 1 wish most to press on your attention, I | consider that breed as the best fur our purposes, | which in a given time and with a given quantity 1 of feed, is found to produce (he heaviest carcns- 1 es and trie heaviest fleeces. . i None of the breeds, however, will be profila ble, without care and attention, good keeping i and good management. They require shelter i no less than cattle, and perhaps even more; al-j though it should be calculated to keep them dry | and clean, rather than to keep them warm, fori which nature has most abundantly provided. — i Nor ought less attention to bo paid to their food, [ both in winter and in summer. Dry pastures, are indispensable, and enclosures for their pro-, tection. The details for feeding them, during the season when pastures fail, i forbear to touch. : For them 1 rel'er yon again to the publication which 1 have already had occasion to mention, and which, as a source of useful information on agricultural subjects, I cannot mention too olten, or too earnestly recommend. The comforts of the farmer, and of course his genera! prosperity, \vill be very much increased by atlL-ntion to some other objects, which, al- though of less importance than these, are highly deserving of his care. Among them I will briefly notice dairies, ice houses, fruit trees, and vines. The labor and expense of constructing a con- venient dairy and ice house, are very inconsider- able ; and hardly'any farm is destitute of a toler- ably good situation for both. The advantages to bo derived from them are not, I apprehend, suffi- ciently considered. How large a portion of the food of every family might consist of milk, and the articles made from it! Without a dairy, for which every spring affords a situation, and a few logs will furnish the materials, they can neither be made well nor pieserved tor use. And yet how many farms, and large ones too, where much labour is at the disposal of the owner, do we see without this convenience ? How much food is daily lost for want of it. Ice houses are still more rare, and yet their constrnction is as easy, and their benefits hardly interior. A hole dug in the earth, a pen of logs built in it, and covered with a roof of straw, make a very good ice house, perhaps the best. 1 have two on my farm ; one built in this manner, by my oun people, and the other expensively of stone. The former is much the best. Filling an ice house is supposed to be, and generally is, the great difliculty. Here, again, my experience may be of some use. My two ice houses are fil- led from a very small pond, made by damming up a stream of inconsiderable size. Almost any spring is large enough for this purpose; and where it is inconvenient to make a dam, on ac- count of the shape of the ground, a pond of suffi- cient demen^ions is very easily dug, into which the water m,'y be turned before the frosts com- mence. It freezes very readily in this manner, and a much smaller surface will siippl}' an ice iivuso, '!i,r,i would be readily believed without Residos the comforts of an icehouse, its direct J^enefils in preserving fresh provisions, and keep ing milk and butter in its best stale (hiring the hottest weather, will soon repay the expense of making and filling it ; and the cost of an ice pond will soon be re-imbursed, by the washings from the adjacent lands which it will annually collect, and which make an excellent lop dressing tor almost every kind of crop. Among fruits the apple is by far the most use- ful ; and being the best adapted to our soil and climate, is the most easily raised. They who h;ive leisure and means for attending to objects of mere enjoyment, will cultivate other frnits, and especially the peach and the pear. Cut ev- ery farmer ought to plant a good apple orchard, as an object of profit. The trees are easily rais- ed or obtained, ihey thrive well with moderate care, and if planted far enough apart, they do not impede the cultivation of the land. Some care they must have, but it requires very little'- time or labour. When they have grown beyond the reach of cattle, they do not prevent the find from being u^ed as pastures, by which they aie benefitted, as well as by its frequent cultivation in grain, jiotatoes, or other cleaning crops. When we recollect the variety of modes in which the apple is used, the length of time for which it may ho preserved, after all other fruits have failed, the number of wholesome and pala- table disl'.es into which it enters, and the healthy and pleasant beverage ^vhich its juice supplies, we may well be surprised thai so many farms should be found without an ap[de orchard, or even a few trees to furnish fruit for the table. Its last proporty, that of supplying us with an agreeable and wholesome beverage, which by proper altenlion, might be substituted for ardent 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMED?. 1205 sjjirils, the great curse of the land, recommend it to our patriotism as well as our prudence and our ecnnomv, and ought to induce every friend of reliction and virtue, lo unite in promoting its general cultivation. Among the more general, but not the least effi- cacious means of promoting agriculture, I would earnestly call your attention to the sulistitution of oxen for horses, in every kind of agricultural labour. It is well known that an ox does not cost half as much as a horse ; that he is ke[)t at less than half the expense ; that he is less liable to disease and longer lived ;* and, that when he becomes unlit for work, he makes excellent beef; his tallow, his hide, and even his horns Loofs and hair, being all useful. It is known that from the steailiness and quietness of his motion, he is better adapted to almost every kind of ag- ricultural labour than the horse. Ail this is well known ; and yet the effect of it on the whole conditron of tlie agricultural community, and, in- deed of the country in general, has I believe been very iillle considered. Suppose that iu Maryland ten thousand horses are kept for ag- ricultural lahour, and that at the proper age for work, they cost eighty dollars each, to those who purcliase or breed them. This is a mere con- jecture, but probably it is not far from the truth. They will amount to eight hundred thousand dollars. Suppose their place to be supplied by an equal nnniber of oxen, at forty dollars eacli, which is a very high price. They will cost four hundred thousand dollars, and there will be a clear saving of four hundred thousand dollars to the agriculiural interest. But as there must be some horses on every f;irnB,bccau'=e there arc some uses for which pv- en are not fit ; suppose that instead of ten thou- sand farn) horses in the slate, there should be only three thousand; the places of the remain- ing seven thousand being supplied by seven thousand oxen, at half price. The saving would then be geSO,000 in the first cost. Suppose these horses to cost annually ^50 each for keeping, shoeing, and replaci-ng those that die. The amount will be ;^350,000 annu- ally ; and if, as I apprehend must be admitted, the OS cost only half as much, the annual saving by subslituling oxen for horses will be Jjil 75,000. It we adil the value of a good beef for every ox that becomes ton old for work, the annual sav- ing will lie raised to nearly or quite two hundred thousand dollars. It is, 1 believe, a commrii opinion in th is part of the United Slates, that oxen are not adapted to so warm a climate as ours, and that they are so much slower in their movement than horses, as to be far less til for many purposes of draft, liut these opinions I bciieve to be in a great de- gree erroneous. Much depends on the breed of I he ox, and on his training. Some breeds, like Fome of the horse, sustain heat far better than otliers. It should be our care lo procure those that sustain it best. If the training of the ox be commenced early, and skilfully conducted, he may be accustomed to a step nearly as quick as that of the horse ; and where the draft is heavy, his superior steadiness gives him a deciosed in the open air during the following night, that its temperature may be re- duced as much as possible. The heat retained, even by so cold a substance, although always less than 32°, is a quantity not to be neglected by those who would enjoy the luxuries ice af- ford-; in the midst of summer. If one mass when deposited, is at 1", and another at 3U°, ^vllen the air shall have received an additional warmth, the forn er will begin to dissolve, while the lat- ter will remain unchanged. The atmosphere must have communicated 31"^ ol heat to the last nii'ss before it will waste. " If blocks are sawed or cut square, they may be more conveniently packed than in any other shape. The larger ihey may be, the better ihev will be preserved. When a stratum of large pieces has been placed upon the floor, the crevices should be carelully filled with pounded and small pieces, to render the whole compact. It is proper to avoid breaking the masses, tor no skill can render the tVagments as close as they were in their former union. When separated, the air conies between, tilling the small cavities, and soon occasions the mcU>ug of the surfaces. crevices between the edges and the lining of the- walls should be closed, to exclude the air Water may be thrown upon the cakes till all arc frozen solid. Al"ler the first layer is adjusted, a second is to be [daced over it, the last covered with straw ; and thus the whole is filled. " It is said to be proper that the doors of Ice- houses should be left open durin? the clear cold weather, and closed in the damp and moist. " In the preservation of ice there need not be much expense. It is said, that large masses placed upon a bed of charcoal and covered with straw, will remain in a common cellar, almost through the summer. " The process is more tedious in description than in execution; and the building may appear more formidable on pap<>r, than when actually erected on the earth. The mode of operatioii and conslruction is explained in the foregoing article in a geni'ral manner. The ingenuity of each person will suggest improvements, and make such alterations as will adapt the pian to iiis own situation and purpo.ses." Among other articles to enclose ice, chaff has been recommend.' d, and is said to be used for that purpose in Italy. The last edition of Wil- lich's Domestic Encyclopaedia gives the follow- ing ilireciions lor making " A Fortabk he House. — A well-framed wood- en box 6 feet by 3 feet. Another wooden box, 2 inches longer every way. Put the smaller into the larger, surrounded by charcoal dust at the bottom and on the sides ; a cover to fit close ; a hole at one corner to let out any water of melt- ed ice ; with a cork or plug. At the first frost put in two inches of water; add toil during the winter, till it be iVozen solid — cover it — throw a tdanket over the top — and put it under a shed so as to be screened from the sun." In putting down ice, if the weather be very cold (as it ought to be for that business) it may be well to pour on cold water from a watering pot, as fast as it will freeze, so as to render the whole one solid comjiact mass. It is important that the ice house should have a dry situation, as moist air will waste the ice as fast as hot air a drain. This may be conveniently made when ;' the declivity is considerable. Its mouth should! The moi>;Iure from above drips down upon the be narrow and small, and it has been recom- lower layers, and as the water is warmer than mended that a spout be inserted, descending to the ice, the work of decay goes on increasing, its extremity, where it should be somewhat ' and disappoints the hojres ol the owner. The Encouragemcfii nf JigricuUurt m jV. Carolina. The North Carolina State Gazette of the 11th Inst, informs that the Legislature of that state has continued in force certain parts of the act for t'le Promotion of Agriculture and Domestic Manufactures, with a provision that such coun- ties as have not yet formed Agricultural Socie- ties may yet have an opportunity of doing so, and entitle themselves to the bounty of the Leg- i>lature. It likewise states that complete sets of that valuable agricultural work, the American Farmer, published at Baltimore, by Mr Skinner, are to be furnished to Societies at the expense of the State, — together with a large and a small plough of some approved consliuction, as spe- cimens,— some seed wheat of the choicest quality, — and a quantity of such grass seeds as are best calculated for cultivation in the Southern States. It is hoped and anticipated, that the New- England Slates will not sutler their Southern brethren to surpass them in liberality and exer- tions to promote the interests of Agriculture.-^ The old adage that '■'■ knowledge is jwuear in mind that he is bound to keep on Ifie right side of Ihe middle of the travelled path. The neglect of this rule subjects the offending individual to all the damages which may arise from accidents occa- sioned by his being on the wrong side of the road. Another provision of the law, and one of which it may be useful at this time to remind the reader, re- quires every sleigh to be furnished with bells, and im- poses a fine upon every one who drives a horse in a sleigh or sled without bells. — This provision of the law is too often disregarded. The books opened at New York for subscriptions to the stock of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Com- pany, with a capital of $1,500,000 were filled at a lit- tle past 2 o'clock, same day. From the Baltimore American Farmer, We stop the press to announce, with deep heartfelt regret, the death of Gen. ROBERT G. HARPER. Much association with him, lately, as the most active member of our Agricultural Society, had served to make us better acquainted with his personal qualities ; thus uniting, to great respect for his talents and iutegf- rity as a public man, the sincere personal regard, in- spired by his courtesy, generosity, and good feelings as a gentleman. It was but yesterday that in the Circuit court he displayed the unimpaired powers of a vigorous mind, rich in the stores of learning, acquired by the best education and the best industry ; thus passing to the gates of death, as it were, in the recent footsteps of an illustrious compeer. He now lies a spiritless corpse in the house which was but yesterday the seat ofelegant hospitality, and domestic happiness, a mournful illustration of the uncertainty of human hap- piness. " Fate wings with every wish the afflictive dart, Each gift of nature, and each gift of art ; With fatal heat, impetuous courage glows ; With fatal sweetness, elocution flows I Impeachment stops the speaker's powerful breatjj,. And restless fire precipitates on death." 208 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Jan. 21, JiltsccUanfrs. A THOUGHT ON DEATH. By Mrs BarbAcld— ffnV/en oil her eighlielh year. When life in opening biuls is swett, And golden hones the spi it greet, And youth prepares his joys to meet, Alas ! how hard it is to die ! When scarce is seized some borrowed prize, And duties press ; and tender ties Forbid the soul from earth to rise, How awful then it is to die ! When one by one those ties are torn. And friend from friend is snatched forlorn, And man is left alone to mourn, Ah 1 then how easy 'tis to die '. When trembling limbs refuse their weight. And films, slow gathering, dim the sight, And clo'ids obscure the mental light, 'Tis nature's precious boon to die. When faith is strong and conscience clear, And words of peace the spirit cheer. And visioned glories half appear, 'Tis joy, 'tis triumph then to die I sary, invites liim to follow his example. Nolyon hear this mollo in your mind constantly, — Japanese gentleman can decline such an invila-|" PEascvERE." tion ; for if he docs not instantly phinsre the knife into his own bowel?, he is dishonoured for life. 5^=^ John Wilkes was once asked by a Roman Cath- olic gentleman in a warmdisjuite about relio;inn, "Where was your religion before Luther?"- Did you wash your face this morning?" inquir- ed the facetious alderman. "I did. Sir." Then, pray where was your face before it was wash- ed ?" -=^= A tailor in Cork-street, London, has prophesi- ed the end of the ivorld in two years. — " He has an eye, (said a wag,) to a general mourning. [selected for the n. e. farmer.] Our Actions. — The only things in which we can be said to have any property, nrp our actions. Our thoughts may be had, yet produce no pois- on ; they may be good, yet produce no fruit. Our riches may be taken from us by misfortune, our reputation by malice, our spirits by calumny, our health by disease, and our friends by death. But our actions must follow us beyond the grave ; with respect to them alone, we cannot say that we shall carry nothing with us when we die, neither that we shall go naked out of the world. The Greek hero, Canaris.—Cannris is one of | Qur actions must clothe us with an immortality the most remarkable men of modern times ; and loathsome or glorious ; these are the only litle- siot only what he has done against the enemy, but dcds, of which we cannot be disinherited ; they for the moral lesson which he has set to his ^^jn h;,ye their full weight in the balance of e- countrymen, is deserving of that immorlalily | tppnity^ „hen every thing else is nothing ; and , their value will be coiitirnied or established by Modesty. — Nothing bestows so much beauty on a wom.iu as modesty. This is a maxim laid down liy Ovid himself, the greatest master in the art of love. He observes upon it, that Venus pleases most, when she ap[iears in a figure with- drawing herself iVom the eye of the beholder. It is very probable that he had in his thoughts the statue of the Venus de Wedicis, where she is represented in such a shy, retiring posture, and covers her bosom with her hands. In short, modesty gives the maid greater beauty, than, even the bloom of youth ; it besto\vs on the wife the dignity of a matrftn ; and reinstates the wid- ow in her virginity. Diffidence may check resolution, and obstruct l)eriorniance ; but compensates its embarrass- ments by more important advantages. It con- cilialcs the proud, and sol'lens the severe ; averts &T)\\ from excellence, and censure from mis- carriage. He that embarks in the voyage of life, will always wish to advance rather by the impulse of the wind, than the stroke of the oar ; and many founder in the passage while they lie waiting for the gale. Best precept of the Koran. — Shew mercy ; do good to all ; and dispute not with the ignorant. Trtie friendship is like sound heallh,— vaine of it is seldom known until it be lost. the those two sure destroyers things, — Time and Death. of all other earthly which will be his reward. Canaria haslieen cal led by some foreign journals an Admiral. He has never accepted that rank, from a notion, !?en- erally very foreign to those to vvhoin promotion is oftered, viz. that he is not fit for it. Having Words frequently flow from the tongue which burned two Turkish Commanders in cbief, and give offence when none was intended. It is defeated a third, he is, as he was before, a Cap- 1 therefore best to put the best possible construc- tain. Among a people who have, like more ad- j tion on every thing which is said to us or about vanced and better established states, their full us. And even where observations are intended shnre of intrigue and rapacity, Jie has offered a j to wound our feelings, it is commonly best not to constant example of disinterestedness ; in other j betray emotion, or appear to he hurt. It was words, he has proposed to himself, as an end, ! vvetl observed iiy a (ihilosopher, whom an imper- to save his country, and not to rob it. In going | tinent follow was trying to provoke, " It requires in his fire hoat against the Captain pacha's a man of more consequence than you possess to ship in the canal of Scio, he was, as he informed make me angry." the English Commander, who saw him at Psara, Happiest Hours. — Perhaps there is scarcely a nmn, who has once experienced tlie gonaice liTlight.s of virtuous love, however great his in- tellectual pleasures may have been, that does not lookback to that period as the sunny spot in his whole life, where his imagination loves most to bask — which he recollects and contemplates with the fondest regret--and which he would most wish to live over again. American IVine. YER'S superiour Red and White Groseille (or Currant) ii hit, is for sale, wholesale or retail, lor the present, at 65, Broad-Street, by F.. CO^LLA^U, .Ir. Price per keg ol 6 gallons, delivered at any part of becalmed in sight of two Turkish corvettes. His sailors were afraid that they should be ob- served and massacred, and became mutinous. «' What would you have," he cried, " if you are afraid, throw yourselves into the sea, and swim to Psara; tor myself I shall remain. " Let no calm frighten you," he continued, " it will detain she. enemies' vessels as well as our own. At ten o'clock we shall have wind." At half past nine the night breeze sprung np, and at mid- night the Captain Pacha was on fire. When he was seen «t Psara by the Captain to whom we have alluded, his wife was employed, with other Greek women,' in making ball cartridges ; but though poor, he has steadily refused pecuniary rewards, as well as superior commands. Duelling. — The manner in Japan is singular, but quite as rational as an afipeal to the sword or pistol. When two "men of honor" quarrel in that country, the parly who conceives himself injured, rips up hia own estrails with a large knife, and prcsenti0g the instrument to his adver- the city, 87 1-2 cents per gallon, including keg and Cheerfulness in Religion. — Cheerfulness, even i sending home, for the fied; — and $1,5U per gallon to gaiety, is consonant with every species of virtue, and practice of religion. I think it only inconsistent with impiety or vice. " The ways of heaven are pleasantness." We adore, we praise, we thank our Almighty Father in hymns, in songs, jn anthems, and those set to music too. Let " O he joyful,''^ be the Christian's anthem; and leave the sad Indian to meant the devil with tears and screeches. MacUvi's advice to his son. — I have often told you that every man must be the maker or marrcr of his own fortune. I repeat the doctrine ; he who depends upon incessant industry and integ- rity, depends upon patrons of the noblest and most exalted kind ; they are the creatures of fortune and fame, the founders o? families, and never can disappoint or desert you. They con- trol all human dealings, and turn evtn vicissi- tudes of an tinfortunate tendency to a contrary nature. You have genius, you have learning, you have industry at times, but you want perse- verance ; without it you can do nothing. I bid for the While. The extensive sale of this valuable ar- ticle of Domestic Industry is its best recon.niindatiou. The folloivirtg notice of this Wine is extracted from the {Saltni) Essex Register. " We have been politely favoured with a sample of the Groseille fVine, made by the Messrs. Dyers, of Providence, IX. I. and liave no hesitation in pronounc- ing it superiour to much of the imported W ine, and a everagc of on com mon richnefs of flavour and colour. It is said to be very wholesome ; .ind we cannot doubt that it will take the place of the foreign W ines at our social parties," &c. ' Dec. 24. TERIWS OF THE FAKMEIJ. (t5=rublished every iraturday, at TnBFE DoM.Ar.s per annum, payable at the end of the year— but those who pay within sjxiy rfo.i/-' from the time of subsciibiiig will be entitled to a d. duction of Firrv Cjkmts. QrJ-Postage must be paid on all letters to the Editor or Publisher. 0:5- No paper wMl be discontinued, (unless at the iscretion of the publisher,) until arrearages arc paid O^-j" New subscribers can be accommodated with the f receding numbers. VOL. in JNEW ENGLAND FARMER. PUBLISHKT) nv .TOllN B. KUSSKLL, ROGKllS' BUH.DING.S CONGKKSS STRKKT, BOSTON.— TflOM AS G. KF.S?KNDKN, JuTlTOK? No. 27. ©lignral Commum'cntioiis. RUT.A BAG A. A liighly valued corrc,s[)onilont, residing; in All);inv, alter Slating that lie li;ul met wilh some disa|)|)oinlment in an altempl lo cnllivate the Jlan^el Wurtzel in conscijuence of the seeds' coming u|i badlv, snys ; " 'I'lie Kuli Baga, however, is enhanced in ray estiuialion, as n)y_ experience in cultivating it increases. It is imil'orinly a sure anti iibund- ant crop. 1 have raised it Ihisyear, I'or the lliird time, as a second crop, after Clover. I applied 50 lo:u!s of manure to t«o and an half acres, ni- ter the clover was taken of!', spread it, plonglied and harrowed the ground, ;ind drilled in (he seed. Tiiecrop was Letivecn 1 Sand 1 100 liush- els, and the whole expense, including the whoie charge for manure, less than two cents and a hall a hushel. They are more easily cultivated than Mangel Wurtzel, occupy llie ground a shorter time, are more easily preserved, and l;eep long- er. I shall hcgin lo feed them out early in Jlarch, and calculate to keep seven cows, ;ind a yoke of oxen on thoin, with an acre of Lucerne, till the middle or last of July, wiliiout the aid of pasture. Thus the product of three ami a half acres will enable me to to conveit 10 or £0 acres- of pasture to meadow ; the hay from which will form no inconsiderable item in the market- al4e produce of my farm.'' roa THE Kr.iv Exci-iuD farmer. SUPERSTITION. " THE TWELVE DAYS OF CimiSTMAS." Worcester County, Jan. G, 1825. Yesterday was one of the last of the twelve, ant) according (o the vulgar estimate, of a day for every month of the year in their order, 1825 is to be a most delightful year. On the fourth day of Christmas there were signs of coming snow. I was engaged in a job of work thai snow would interrupt. One of my neighbours, well read in books and tolerably well practised in the vvorld, meeting me, ! sa- luted him as usual; and added in a lone of half inquiry, " we are going to have some snow." 1 was surprised, and put to silence by the confi- dent manner in which he asserted the contrary ; and was put in doubt of his calm senses by his gratuitous assertion, " we are not to have much snow this winter." It is hard conversing with a man that knows very much more than we do or can know ; and being totally blanked by his assurance and my own ignorance of the storms to come, I dropped the subject. Coming into the wood-lot, some day-labourers soon joined me, io urge forward the work. One said, " This is April ; it will surely be a pleasant month." I paid no attention to bin). AVhile I played a stout scythe among the ■brush in front of the choppers, and made a clear space for the falling trees, 1 mused upon the events of the morning. " My neio-hbour," thought I, "says boldly," there will be very little snoxj this winter because Christmas and the fol- FRIDAY. JANUARY 28. 1825. lowing days were uncommonly fair and mild for the season: and my fellow labourer's observa- tion of the day and the month, has a tendency lo persuade himself and impress youth, that there is some propriety in noticing these linys." Men that know not wliat eNe ^ talk about, sometimes introduce the indicalin#s of the wea- ther for the coming year by llie twelve days of Chrislma.s, merely to (ill up the time, and to say a pleasant thing. The ignorant and lh<' youn? are puzzled, and many of tliein receive the matter for truth. Of (he same idle and extravagant character is another common saying wilh some, that " the last Friday in a monlh governs (he weather of the month following." The folly of these s.ay- iiigs is apparent to every reader : but children and those who do not read coQStilule a large portion of the community, and lo tiiem the fol- ly is not apparent,— they give some*, heed to the sayinffs. I have snlTered by listening in childhood to old wometi's fables. — '-To this day," savs a Iriend, " I hardly look upon the new moon, for the tirst time, wilhout feeling a peculiar emo- tion of pleasure at linding it over my right, or of doubt at finding it over my left." All do nol retain (lie impressions of childhood alike. — Then, however, impressions arc deepest, and the utmost care should he taken (o make (hem best — to pull all weeds from (he fruitful soil — not scatter tha seeds of Ihem with a thoughtless hand. B. provement of the science of Agriculture verv much in esleem. Wilh sentiments of respect, thine, &c. .lOIlN M. KAIGHxT^ TO THE EDiroR OF THE KP.W ENGLAND FARMER. MACHINE FOR RAISING WATljJR. Vellow Collagt, {Pa.) Ist month ^j, 1S25. Rr.spccTED Friend,— >hi the New England Farm- er for i\ugust 21, 1821, (here is a communica- (ion signed II. requesting information on "the subject of raising water for irrigation, and olher economical purposes, by a wind-mill or a pump set in motion by wind, — the advanlsges and dis- advantages attending that mode of raising water, the manner of making, and adapting, — and (he expense of the machinery for that purpose." — This request, I believe, has not ye( been com- plied wi(h. I would iherefore propose for Ihy consideration, whether it would not be a suita- ble time to again solicit of the patrons of the Farmer, such information on the subject as any of (hem may be in possession of; for there are many farms that are not accommodated wi(h a stream of water running (hrough them, and have suffered much loss for the want of an easy power to raise water for stock and other purposes of a domestic nature, as in such situations it is gene- rally a considerable depth to the springs, and if a pump is put in a well, it is so laborious a bu- siness to get water, that in some instances il amounts to almost a prohibition, unless il can be done by machinery of a simple construclion. — If thee is \0 possession of the information re- quested, and will give it publicity, thee will confer a favour on at least one of the subscribers to the New England Farmer, who has the im- TO THE flinoR OF TriE NEW E.\Gl.AMri FARMER . Mrddlrscr, Jan. IC, 1C25. Mr Fr.ssi:.M)EN, — I have been much pleased wilh the Address of Gen. Hahteii, of Maryland, and the Reports of the Committees of (he Wor. cester Agriculliiral Society, lately published in yonr paper, and beg leave to make a few re. marks, suggested by them, and by some other articles in your paper. The Committee have found (ba( further cir cnmspeclinn is necessary as lo Ihg appearance of cattle presented for premiums. In some in- stances a want of discipline was observed in (he working cattle ; (his ever ought to be noticed by the Committee as a culpable neglect in the farmer, and for this neglect, he ought to be neg- lected by (he Commidee. The ox can be as easily disciplined as the horse or the camel. — As respects cows, it is right (o require certifi- cates of (heir quality and keeping. The regulation at" the feelaced at Iho out- let of this pump for Ihe accoinmodatioii of teiirns and cairiage horses, which are constantly [>assing and rejiassing. This trough or dish is iiewed out of a hard solid rock, being about four Ibet in length, three in breadth, and eighteen inches in depth, holding ncarlv one hundr."d givKons of water. 1 his watering pot is regularly shaped and neatly ^vorked ; and, should no unloreseen accident bofal if, will last for many ;,o-e<; This is a valuable improvement, yet it is t°uf one a- mong mjiny others, which characterize the noble spirit and enterprize of Mr Beama'w. Since looking over this (arm and witnessine the many improvements which have been made thereon, ami its present state of cultivation 1 have Tellected much on the miserable situation of the vast number of farms in New Eno-land the sight of which would be enough to s'icken the man of lasleand improvement,— but which are capable of being raised fo a eondition of the highest order by the hand of industry and enter- prise. It seems to me that if many of our slovenly home-bred farmers wfere to make an excur-ioa abroad, and take a view of some of the well cultivated farms which are here and there to be met uilh, they would not only be disponed to relinquish and abandon many of their heredii ,rv notions and practices, but they would blush and be ashamed on account of the ignorance and prejudice which in so great a degree predomi- nafcs over Ihem. They would no lono-er think so lightly of, nor so much abhor and "conteoin scienlilic and systematic husbandry. They woiild not think so lighlly of Agricultural association^ and condemn Catlle Shows as useless and inju- i;ious lo the eommunily ; nor would they mani- te:A such determined opposition to the introduc- tion cf new aud valuable breeds of animals and the various improvements which are so fast pro- gressing in our country at Che present day. Tliere arc undoubtedly many among us who cdild theybe brought fo their senses, and the' right use of their reason respecting these tilings, would face about and pursue a different course! They would at once discover the necessity of understanding the (heory as well as the practicft of husbandry, in order fo be proficient in the business. They would no longer ridicule and set at nought all that is written on the subject, as of no worth ; but on the other hand they would avail themselves of the advantages fo be derived from reading and study. I'hey would subscribe lor the New Enoland Far-meh, and |)eruse its pages with candour and atlenfion,— learnin;i- therefrom how lo raise better caffle and hogs together with larger crops of grass and grain ;' and in this way not only benefit themselves, but ' Ihe community at large. \\\ LEECH-WORM BAROMETER. The following changes have been observed in this animal before any particular alteration of the weather : 1. When the leech lies motionless at the boltom of the phial, and is frequently in a spiral form, the weither in summer, nifl he serene anil beautiful ; the same denotes clear frosty weather in winter. 2. If if creeps up to the top of its lodging, it will rain within twenly-four hours in summer, and snow in winter. 3. "When the leech gallops through its limp- id habitation with swiftness, it denotes wind, anil seldom rests until it blows hard. ■1. When thu leech lodges aluiost constantly out of the water, and discovers uncommon un- easines.", violent fhroos and convulsive-like mo- tion?, a storm of thunder and rain uil! succetd. / 102;-).] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 211 As mnny curious renders may be induced to make further oliaervations on this inject, ivo have subjoined the mode of inaluiip;' the leech wealhar iclass, and directions for keeping liiem, hut would sussesi llie })rniiricl_v ofsiihslitiilino: hydrant I'nr the spring ival.-r recommended in (he directions. Put a few loeche3 info an eiglit ounce piiial, two thirds full of spring v.-atcr, with some line sand or moss at the holtom. As the leeches have no oilier evacuation hut ihroush the pnres of the skin, which pa-ses from them in perspira- ble matter and adheres 10 the hod}' in the state perspiration; but if drank too strong, it affects '.lie nerves, occasions watchfulness, and tremor of the hands; though in some phlegmatic consli- lutions it is apt to produce sleep. Indeed, it is to persons of thai iiabit that coflee is well accom- moilated; for to people of a thin and dry habit of body it seems to be injurious. Turkey coffee isgreally pref.;riihle in flavour to that of the West Indies. Drank, only in the quantity of one dish, al'ter dinner to promote digestion, it answers hesf \vilhout cither sugar or milk ; but if taken at oth- er limes, it should liavc both : or in [ilaco of the Iter rather cream, which not only improves the of slime, which if not timely removed prevents j beverage, liut lends to mjtigafc Iheen'ect of cof- thesG evacuations and causes the deatli of the | lee u]Jon ihe nerves. vorm ; the use of the sand or moss is that it | _____^___ may rub the slime olT its body, which afterwards floats in the water. Over the lop of the phial tie n piece of bladder picked full of holes to ad- mit the air. • 'I'lie wafer must be changed once a week, or ot'teuer in the summer; sometimes it is necessary when there is B great change of temperature iietwecn the wafer and that contained in Ihe j phial, only to put half or tivo thirds of fresh to TH1NU.S IN GENERAL. Western Bovndary of Ihe U S. The National Iii- telligHncer of Wednesday last contains a Report from Itie Secretary of State, wliich announces tlie fart that the Western Boundary, established by our Treaty with ■Spain, has been recognized by the government of .Mex- ico as the true boundary between the United States and Mexico. I'orlijjcalinns. — The bill before Consrress on Fortifi- bove mentioned shouhl be very carefully taken, as anv injury they may sustain, prevents the na- tural influence of the weather upon them, and will consequently defeat the experiment. Domestic Encyclopedia, the Other. Leeches should be kej)! m n cool j nations, appropriates $802,972 to this ohject ; of whi... situation in summer, and a rather warm one in \ $G(i,000 ia for that at Urentoii's point, II. i. and $.52, winter. | ^''-i ^°^ '''^ preservation of islands in Boston harbour, The leecnes lobe used for the purpose a- necessary to the security of the place. Jewelry to the amount of $263,667 was imported into the United States in the year ending Sept. 1823. ^'Ipitles are worth from one to four dollars per bushel in London, Potatoes from 3'2 to 35 cents per bushel Cabbages from 22 to 55 cents a piece. " Ge.verai, Laiavette. We learn, from Washing- ..,..„..„„ „^ n^.i..,-...^ ,-r-,=, t°n letters, tliat General Lafayette v;ill be present JIETIIOD OF ROASTI.NG EEI.S. , .u l ■ r .u /-■ c. t ., o i 7111 at the laying of the Corner Stone of tlie l'unl■'''. about 'I milts from the city, consistirg of ti'j ac"'' of as good land as any in the county of Miildlejes. 't. is under good improvement, and may be made at ;m- use of Schools, eutilled the jlgrtcultural Reader — Ry Daniel Adams, M. I), author of the Scholars' Arith- metic, School Geography, &c. rrilllC Subscriber, for a few years past, has been cul- J. tivaling an extensive FRUIT NURSERY. He now has n large assortment of Peach Trees, budded from the btst Fruit in the country, native and foreign, in the best order for transplanting. By another season he hopes to ofl'er Pear and Cherry Trees of the first quality. O. FI^KF, IFoTcester. PRICES OF COUNTKY PKOLO'CE, &c. [Revised ami corrected every Friday.] APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - ptart do. - - - . BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, ' - cargo. No 1, new, - - '• No 2, new, - - BUTTER, inspect. No. I. new CHEESE, new milk, - - - . skimed milk, - - - FLAX FLAX SEEfJ FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Gencssce, - - - Rye, best, ... GRAIN,Ry'e Corn - • - - : - Barley - ... Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARU, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, A'o 1, Inspection - - LIME, ...... OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, Bone Middlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, ^- Clover ..... WOOL, Merino, full blood, wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - . - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION MARKET. BEE}', best pieces - - - - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " -whole hogs, - - . VEAL, MUTTON, ...... POULTRY^ BUTTER, Ijeg & tub, lump, best, - . » EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - . . - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, . . . ; CIDER, liquor, .... HAY, according to quality. FRoai TO 1). C. D. C. bbl 2 00 2 25 ton. 115 117 00 117 Ot 120 00 bueli 1 00 1 05 t-bl. 9 50 7 00 7 50 6 00 6 25 lb. 14 / 8 ,; 4 9 10 bust. 76 84 bbl. 5 5 50 6 00 6 12 2 76 3 00 bush 60 ,64 53 54 50 35 lb. 10 IT 9 11 cask 1 25 1 33 gal. 70 78 ton. 4 50 4 75 bbl. 14 00 15 00 13 50 14 00 12 75 13 00 bush 60 70 40 45 45 50 35 42 25 30 48 52 35 40 lb. 6 8 6 7 5 6 3 « 4 ? 6 10 12 16 15 20 18 20 bush 65 70 60 65 20 20 6 bbl. 2 5(1 3 00 ton.' 16 00 3 00 9 1 ^> At 1 .^ NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Jan. 28, REPORT No. X. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. The Committee on Agricultural Experiments submit fertile consideration of the Board of Trustees the following in addition to tluir Re- port dated 21 at day of October last, to wit: That Mr. Austin Bryant, of Cunmiington, in the couiuy of Hampsliiie, s entitled to the so- ciety's premium of twenty dollars, for having raised the rjrcatest ciuantity of spring wheat, be- ing thirty-four bushels and twenty- five quarts, on one acre. Mr. Bryant's description of iiis cul- ture is as follows. " The lot on which the wheal grew is a gravelly loam, situated on an east- ern declivity, and containing by estimation one acre and a half. In September, 182C, it was broken up; previous to that time it was in a ■worn out state, producing but little hay. In the spring of 1823 it was ploughed twice, manured \yith 44 cartloads of manure, and planted with Indian corn, the crop was rather ordinary, not exceeding 50 bushels. In April of t!ie pre- sent year the laid was again ploughed, har- rowed, and cross ploughed. Previous to the last ploughing seven loads of barn manu.c were spread on about sixty rods of ground. On the remainder of the piece I spread twelve loads of leached ashes, and harrowed them in on the surface. On the 30th of April I sowed three bushels of wheat ; the wheat before sow- ing was washed in clear water, and rolled in lime ; after sowing, the ground ■was harrowed twice, and rolled. About the first of September I employed a surveyor to measure and slake off an acre, being the part manured with ashes, the part on which was spread the barn manure being much inferior in quality. The acre was reaped and threshed by itself. When measured the produce was found to be thii ty-four bushels and twenty-five quarts ; the wheat was harvest- ed on the 2d and od of September. Its weight is 61 pounds and an half to the bushel. The expense of cultivation was seventeen dollars and fifty cents." That Messrs. Tristram and Henry Little, of Newbury, in the county of Essex, are entitled to the society's premium of twenty dollars, for having raised the greatest crop of millet, on one acre, cut and cured for hay, being 2 tons, 15 cwt. 1 qr. and 20 lbs. " We look the first piece of land that presented, which was that de- scribed in No. 1. Vol. C. page 29, of ihe Mas- sachusetts Agricultural Repository in May, 1824. There were about three: cords of manure spread and plouglied in. We would here re- mark that the said manure v/as on the lot pre- vious to ihe millet crop being thought of, which was a coarse kind fit for a potatoe crop, which did little or no good, and ot course was lost in part. After once ploughing and har- r-jwiug, the seed was sowtd the 4tli of Mav, t>iree pecks on the acre, which was harrowed in and afterwaids it was rolled. It came up immtdialeiy.'but i»i consequence of the drought, or some other cause, the growlli was very slow. The weeds came up and outgrew the grain, and early in July there was little else but weeds to be seen ; wc then mowed it all down, and left it to its fate, supposing the crop about lost ; but in a few days the millet started, and grew surptisingly, and was in a few days the hand- somest crop we had then growing ; it was mow- ed the 24th of Sepleiuber, and housed October 2d, and weighed." Messrs. Tristram and Hen- ly Little arc also entitled to the premium of twenty dollars, for having raised the greatest quantity of mangel wurtzel, being 83 tons, 10 cwt. and 14 lbs. on one acre. " The soil is a clay loam: in 1823, about three fourths of the same was sowed with onions, and manured with about eight cords of compost manure'to the acre ; but it produced Jan ordinary crop of 400 bushels to the acre. The other quarter was sowed with wheat without any manure, which mildewed, and of course was small. In the fallagc 29, of the Massacliusetis Agricultural Repository ; began (o harvest them the first ol November, and finished about the 10th or 12(h ; and there were 874 bushels, equal to 783 bush- els to tlie acre ; (he expense of labour about 22 or 23 days' work." Messrs Tristram and Henry Liltle are also entitled (o (he. Society's premium of tliirly dol- lais, for having raised the greatest quanti(y of \ egetables (grain, peas, and beans excepted) tor winter consumption on their own farm; the produce from 10 acres of lilhige land is as fol- lows, (o wit : 230 bushels of Indian corn, 10 bushels of barley, 12 Ions of English hay, 2 3-4 tons of millet, 400 bushels of potatoes, 1500 bushels of beets and mangel wurlzcl. 920 bushels of turnips, 150 bushels of onions, (which were sold) about two tons of cabbages and squashes, together wilh a variety of escu- lents, common to fiirms in general. The slock on ihe farm usually consists of4 oxen. 10 cows 25 sheep, one horse, and about 6 swine. As to (he value ot roots for feeding stock, there is a variely of opinions; but from a number of years' experience, we think them a valuable addition and highly worth cultivating, compar- ing them with English hay; and we know of no better standard. In our opinion three tons of mangel wurtzel, or potatoes, of (he two we value the mangel wurtzel the highest, are equal to one ton of hay for feeding slock gen- erally ; but for milch cows we think two tons of equal value ;— for feeding of store sivine, man- gel wiirlzel is the only root that we know of, which we can cultivate and feed to profit, six bushels of raw mangel wuitzel, we think equal to one bushel of Indian corn. In feeding swme. we make corn the standard. The value oi' English turnips for stock, excepting for milch cows, we think but little short of jiolaloes ; but roots generally, in our opinion, are worth 10 per cent, more for fattening cattle, or sheep, com- pared with hay, than they are for winter con- sumption, except for cows that give milk. As to the expense of cultivating roots fur feeding stock, we know of no material dilTerence from our former statement in the Massachusetts Ag- ricultural Repository, No. 1, Vol. VII. page 51. for a crop of turnips; the mangel wurtzel can be cultivated as cheap. As to the best mode of preserving them, we have tried di- vers ways, by pitting them, by putting them into ihe barn and covering them ivilh hay ; and by putting them into tin cellar ; the last mode we think the best." iVIesbrs. T & H. Liltle have made the following communication on the subject of planting Indian corn in hills, and in rows :— " In May 1824, the land was ploughed plane, (as is our phrase,} for the cul- ture of Indian corn. We think much pioughiijg before planting is not so necessary, as frequent stirring the soil after the grain is up and grow- ing ; the piece contained two acres; one acre was planted in hills, 3 by 3 1-2 feet apart : the other part was jilanted in double rows, two rows 9 inches apart : then a space for the plough of 30 inches. The plougiiing and plant- ing were done as nigh together as was cor- venicnt, which was between the lOih and 20ili of May; the seed was of one kind of the eight- rowed yellow corn, from three to five stalks were suffered to stand in each liill, and iu the rows the stalks were from six to nine inches apart. The manure was alike, a compost, five cords were put in ibe holes in the hiit part, and ten cords were put in the other, in the following maner: — Furrows ivere opened about three feet apart, and the manure put in those furrows, and the corn dropped each side of the manure in those furrows, and covered ivith a hoc. The lot was four timeb hoed, and the suckers ■were all destroyed on the row part. The stalks were topped the middle of Septem- ber, and about thai time the appearsncc ol that which was planted in rows was so unpromising, (for it was not then out of the milk, and the fear of an early frost,) we commenced ciaiing it up and giving the corn to the swine, which \\ c con- tinued cutting occasionally until we had cut nearly cnc half ; but the unusual traimih of the 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 2l3 autumn caused oui feuis to be ijioundlcss. Be- tween the 20ih ofOctobtr and 1st of November, tlie crop wa? ! .uvcsted andhuskcd, and the weigh; IVoni that planted in the hills was 7750 Jbs.net lo the acre, und irom the lialf acre plant- ed in rows 4389 lbs. net. There was no per- ceptible difference in the crop between that which was cut early and that part weiijhed, as to quantity; 70 Ids. of ears made one bushel of corn after it was shelled at the time of har- vesting. There was no material difl'ercnce as to the expense of cultivating the above acre in hills from our statement in No. I, Vol. VII. of the Massachusetts Agricultural Rejiositoiy ; that which was planted in rows was double of that in hills from the planting to the husking ; and we suppose it will be so in shelling, in con- sequence of the smallness of the ears. The stalks or stover we value from the part in hills equal to one and a half tons of hay; that part in rows, to two tons. Nov. ].5ih, one bushel of ears ivas weighed; the weight of which was thirty-five pounds twelve ounces." That Mr. Leonard Hill, of East Bridgewa- ter,is entitled to the Society's premium of twen- ty dollars, for having raised the greatest quanti- ty of potatoes, being 688 1-2 bushels, on one a- cre. " In the month of May last I ploughed a piece of moist stubble ground, of a deep soil, where I had raised a good crop of Indian corn the year before; I also cross-ploughed and fur- rowed it, making the furrows two feet eight inches apart. I then filled up the furrows with 60 loads of coarse manure, which I took from under my linters, where my cattle were kept in the winter, and which was full half straw and hay. Upon this manure in tlie furrows, I planted 38 bi.sheis of the common long red potatoe, culling the largest into two or more pieces, and placing them about 12 inches ai)art, v.-hich I covered with a hoe. After they were well up I ploughed and hoed them, each three times. In October they were dug and measur- ed, and the amount of potatoes produced on the piece which contained one acre and no more, was 688 1-2 bushels, as will appear by the cer- tificate of the measurer. The expense of cul- tivating the above acre of land, digging and gathering llie crop, &c. exclusive of manure, was twenty-two dcllars and seventy-eight cts." That Colonel John Wil-on, of Deerfield, in the county of Franklin, is eniitled to llie Soci- ety's premium of twenty dollars, for having rais- ed ihe greatest quantity of Ruta Baga, being 608 bus'-.els on one acre. " In the spring of 1823, after my clover had got up to be good feed 1 ploughed it in, after a tew days harrowed it well. About the 15th of June I furrowed it in rows three feet wide, put twenty loads of barn yard manure to an acre in the furrows, and cov- ered it pretty deep. I tlien wilh a hand roller 16 inches diameter, with three spurs in its cir- cumference at 16 inches asunder, passed along the ridges to mark the hills for Ruta Baga ; the spurs in the roller were about three inclies long and shaped like a Farrier's phlemes ; after this the seed was dropped, and covered by the Iiand, the ground being very drv at the time of [>laiuing, and continuing so for several weeks. Very little of the seed came up short of four weeks, and much of it never vegetated at all, so that from two acres I had but about 300 bushels. In hoeing this piece I of furrowed land I found a joint harrow very convenient, for it would suit itself to il-.c surface of the ground. I would here mention that in harrowing corn I have noticed a great de- fect in tlie work of the common harrow at the 2d and 3d hocings, as the outside hindermost teeth tear away the hills, and probalily injure ihc roots, at the same lime leaving the middle of the row untouched. In April last I plougU- edthe same land on which I had RutaBaga last year, and on a part of which I raised the crop now reported. After the Avccds began to show themselves, I harrowed it to destroy ihcm. On the first of June I manured, plough- ed, and sowed a strip of the same land broad- cast, with Ruta Baga seed, for the purpose of transplanting. After the plants were large enough to take up, which was about the first of July, I put on SO^Ioads of manuie to an a- cre, and ploughed it in, after which I went over it with abrushharrow to smooth the sur- face. The manure was of different kinds, some from the barn yard, some from the sheep yard, and some from the hog yard. I found the crop best where the hog manure was spread, where they stood in tlie bed where the seed was sowed and not transplanted. Fiom the little experience I have had, I believe it is best to transplant Ruta Baga for many rea- sons ; they are not liable to be choakcd by. standing too thick in tlie hills before they are pulled out ; they arc less in danger of being destroyed by worms. By ploughing the land just before transplanting there is n.ucli less trouble from weeds ; the st. Ik does not run so high a- ' bove the ground ; the labour is less as it saves the first hoeing which is the worst. I cannot tell how much labour it was to transplant them, being at a convenient distance from my house, it was done at morning and evenings, and in dull weather; but I should think a man could set a quarter of an acre in a day,after the hills were marked, which a rnaii would do in an hour. This was done wilh the hand roller pre- viously mentioned, leaving three feet four inch- es betvveen the rows. They were hoed twice ; Ihe first time a man would hoc a quarter of an p.cre in a day, and the second tinie .'iomelhing' more ; Ihey were ploughed nt both hoeings wilh a horse plough. The first time turned a light furrow from the rows, the second time to] Ihem. On the 0th, lOtb, and nihofNovem-! ber they were harvested, and produced 700 j bushels, equal lo 608 bushels lo the acre ; (hey j were measured in a cart previously measured with apples for that purpose ; (hey being large, I thought that would give fairer measure than the basket. The labour in harve.sling is (ri- fling ; two men and two boys pulled and cut (he lops of 300 bushels in (wo hours and an half, and carted the same lo the cellar (he same day. Two average car( loads of 25 bushels each were selected, and put into a separate cellar, and on the 23il day of November, they were weighed ; the 50 bushels gave 2634 lbs. ; these probably gave less weight than thev would average, as (hey were all large and v.'ould not pack so close. The measuri.ng (he cart, (he harvesting, (he measuring the crop, and the weighing, has all been performed by Cyrus Briggs and DavidFarnsworth. The enlire expense of cultivating (he oneacre and 2-J rods, was forty-seven dollars and fifty cents. Stephen Longley, Esq. of Shirley, in the county of Middlesex, claims the premium of I after being husked five weeks, 59 twenty doUar.s, for having raised the grenteii quantity of Indian Corn, being ] I2 bushels and 21 quarts on an acre, but not producing the cer- tificates made naccssary by the rules of the Trus- tees, your conimiltee arc prevented from award- ing to him the said premium. Mr hoogley's description of his cuUure is as follows:—" In the spring ol 1823, I ploughed (his piece of ground as grass ground, and planted it »vi(li Ir- dian corn, manured it in the hill as usual. I had a common crop, forground managed in that way. In (he spring of 182 1 1 split (he hilis on Ihe same piece of ground two furrows in a row, then s|iread on the same 10 common cart bodies full of manure, a mixture of meadow mud and barn manure. In (he fore part of May 1 ploughed it in, then furrowed out the ground about five or six inches deep, at (he distance of 6 and a half feet ; then sircwed raanure, of (he above descrip- tion, 10 loads on those furrows ; then covered this manure, by lurning a back furrow on each side, which made the last furrow about 24 inch- es distani, in (hose two last furrows. I put twelve carl loads of manure, principally made from Ihe hog yard, with meadow mud and straw for the hills, placing it opposite the intervals in each of those two last rows, thus ,',','■ being 20 inches in those rows, then planted it wilh Brigh- ton corn, nnd put ibiir kernels in each hill. "• In this way I raised 20G baskets of ears, and two of those baskets make one bushel and three quarts, equal to 112 bushels and 21 quarts of shelled corn, to the acre ; and performed with about one third more labour than in hills; the corn weighed lbs. per bushel."'' Colonel Joseph Valentine, of Hopkinton, rais- ed thirty-one bushels and an half of spring wheal ; and Payson Williams, Esq. of Fitchburg, five hundred bushels of potatoes on one acre. — Mr Nathaniel Davenport, of Milton, in a com- rauiiicntion addressed to the Trustees, stales that he raised about (wo Ions of millet on one acre, and (hat he planted in the year 1816, one hund- red apple trees on one acre ; but he has omitted to exhibit the surveyor's cerdficates. For raising the grealest quantity of Barley on an acre, not less than 45 bushels ; for raising the grealest quantity of Rye on an acre, not less than 30 bushels ; for raising the greatest quan- tity of Carrots on an acre, not less than 600 bushels ; (br raising the greatest quantity of com- mon Beets on an acre, not less than 600 bush- els; for raising (he greatest quantity of Parsnips on an acre, not less than 400 bushels ; for rais- ing the greatest quantity of Onions on an acre, not less than 600 bushels ; for raising the great- est quantity of Cabbages on an acre, not less than 25 tons weigh(, free from earth vyhen weighed ; for raising the greatest quantity oi dry Peas on an acre, not less than 30 bushels : for raising the greatest quantity of dry beans on an acre, not less than 30 bushels ; for proof of having produced the grealest quantity of dressed Flax raised on half an acre, not less than 250 lbs ; for giving satisfactory evidence on "Soiling Cat- tle," not less than 6 in number, and through the whole season, together with a particular account of the food given, and how cultivated ; for ma- king (he experiment of turning in green crops as a manure, on a tract not less than one acre, and proving its utility and cheapness, giving a particular account of (he process, and its re- sult; for proving by actual experiment the best 214 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Jan. 28, season and mode of laying down lands lo grasi ; whether Spring, Summer or Fall seeding- be pref- erable, and with or without grain on different soils ; for proving to the sutisfaclion of the Trustees the best mode of rearing, feeding, and fattening neat Cattle ; and proving- to the satis- faction of the Trustees the utility and compara- tive value of the Cobs of Indian corn, when used with or without the grain itself, ground or brok- en— no claims for premiums have been exhibit- ed. For the Committee, THOS. L. WINTHROP, Chairman. Boston, Dec. 15, 1824. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, J.iNUARY 28, ia25. Salem, 2bth January 1825. Thomas G. FesSenden, Esq. Editor of Ihc A'ac F.npiUnd Farmer, My Dear Sir. — Called upon for information relative to the Buckthorn Hedge on my farm, bv the repeated notice of It in your valuable paper of December 17th and also in that of .Tan- uary 21st, I with pleasure furnish you all ihe inlormation in my p )wer respecting it. The plant is the Rhanuivs Calharliais, (Purg- ing Buckthorn) which the latest edition of Mil- er's Gardener's Dicli.>nary describes as follows : <■<■ Rhamnus cathartl'- 1:. (Purging Buckthorn.) Spines terminaling, ft:"''s guaru/td diorcoiis, leaves ovate, stem ere-:, berry four-seeded. 'The purging or cummon buckthorn rises (S'orrcsponticnct. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Fhjmonth, .January 25, 1825. BUCKTHORN HEDGE. Mr Fessenden, — In your valuable repository of Agricultural improvements and intormation, of the 22(1 inst. 1 observed a communication from Professor Drown, of Brown University, on Buckthorn hedge fence. The Professor has reference (o the hedge planted by that very in- telligent agricNlturlst, Gen. Derby, of Salem, as reported by (he Committee on Farms iorethe county of Essex ; and his object appears to be tp ascertain the particular species of llie genus Rhamnits employed by that gentleman. Pro- fessor DR0w.^^ is an accomplished botap-si, and well qualified to dislinguisb the characters ol the species of Rhamjius, being not less than 18 enumerated by authors. From its peculiar pro[i- erties, he is led to suppose that the species em- ployed by Gen. Derby is the Hippoplue, or Sea Buckthorn, but in this supposition he is incorrect. It is the Rliamnus Catharticus, or Spina Cervini, of the Materia Medica, long known in medicine, .IS a syrup made from its ripe berries is used as ;i drastic cathartic. Several trees of this species are in view of •ny windows, one of which has attained to the size of more than 2 feet in circumference, and about IC or 18 I'eet in height. These trees in I'.ultivated ground are le.=s spinous than the Eng- lish or American While Thorn, but their branch- es and twigs are so numerous and closely entwin- ed as to form an impenetrable hedge, as 1 have bcfen assured by an obliging letter from Cen. Derby, with whom Ihe idea first originated. — The Buckthorn bears- a black berry about the size of a dry pea; taken from the tree at this season, (heir juice imparts to white ()aper a pur- ])le colour, and each berry contains, sonic two and others three seeds, instead of tour, as men- tioned by amhors. The tree may be propagated by the seeds or I)y cuttings made from the young twigs ; in either case they should be planted in a nursery of rich soil in Autumn or Spring; the former season is preferred. The particular me- thod of culture and of forming the hedge, we have reason to hope will be aimounccd by the respectable gentleman with whom the experi- ment originated. Yours, very truly, .lA.MES TMACIIER. if was formerly much employed as a hydragogue, from this quantity to (wo ounces : liut it is now falling info disuse, and is rarely prescribed ex- cept in conjunction with other medicines of this cU"s. It is sai ingany opinion, as fo the propriety of flu: direct interference of the government on such a topic, we should say that the example proves that in the o[iinion of the French scientillc and practical men, if is expedient when wood lands are cut, that they should he cut smooth, in order fliaf the new growth might sfart'alfogether, not overshad- ed by other treesofa larger growth. We have no opinion of cuffing down trees in ascatfeiing manner, as they appear to fail, and still less of planting acorns in thinner spots of the t'orest. — The groivth thus produced must remain forev- er feeble. Massachusetts Lcmslat ure. A chain bridge is about to be constructed over the canal of Muica in Russia ; the first of the kind in that country. JVational Legislature. Senate. JAN. 17. A resolution was reported au- thorizing the purchase of Copies of the Journals of the old Congress, from 1774 to 17S3. The bin to abolish imprisonment for debt was taken up, and after debate was negatived Yeas, 20, Nays 23. A bill tojappropriate ifC X'O for the purchase of PeSle's Equestrian Portrait of Washington w as read twice. Messages were received from the President, inclosing reports from the Secretary of Str Priestley was so deeply impress- ed with the power of children to impart plea- sure by their looks and gestures, that he said to a person who asserted in a large company that our Saviour never smiled — "It cannot be true, he mu3t have smiled when little children were brought to receive his blessing." Wars tiave in all ages been a (i.-eadful scourge to mankind. But history exhil> i-^ none so san- guinary and destructive as those engendered by the ever to be deplored French Revolution, par- ticularly those waged by Bonaparte .il'lcr his ac- cession to supreme power. A French writer of eminence calculated the destruction of men in these wars as follows, 1. The war of St. Domingo in 1001, Soldiers and Sailors. 60,000 Whiles of the Island. 50,000 Negroes. 60,000 2. The war with England, from 1802 to 180-1, 200,000 3. The Invasion of Egypt, 60,000 4. The winter campaign of 1805-6 150,000 5. The campaign of Calabria, from 1 805 to 7, 600,000 6. The war of the North, from 180G to 1807, 300,000 7. The war of Spain, from 1 807 to 1813, (French and Allies, English, Spaniards and Portuguese.) 2,100,000 8. The war of Germany and Poland in 1809. 300,000 9. The Campaign of 1813, French and Allies, 500,000 Russians, 300,000 Poles, &c. 200,000 1,000,000 10. The campaign of 1803, 450,000 Making a total of upwards of five millions of the human race ! Prophecy nf Columbus. In one of the letters which Columbus wrote to the King of Spain from his fleet, then lying before Jamaica, he has the following remarkable passage : — "• Tiie wealth that 1 have discovered, will rouse man- kind to pillage and violence, and will revenge the wrongs that I have suflered. The S[ianish natinn itself will, perhaps, suffer one day for the crimes that its malignity, its ingratitude, and its envy, are now committing." Milton's Spsech on the Liberty of the Press. — Methinks 1 see in my mind a noble and puissant nation rousing herself like a strong man after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks — me- thinks I see her as an eagle mewing her mighty youth, and kindling her undazzled eyes at the lull mid-day beam — purging and unsealing her long abused fight at the fountain itself of heaven- ly radiance, while the whole host of timorous k. finttering birds, with those also that love the Iwiligiit, tlutler about ama^^d at what she means ! The Republic. — By altering a part of one line of Jephson's tragedy of " Braganza," we have a round of sentiments which we most heartily wish" were imprssed on (he mind of every American : Live the republic Is here hereditary. 'Tis instinct ; 'Tis principle, religion, vital heat; Old men, to listening son?, witli their last breath, Bequeath it as a dying legacy ; Infants imbibe it at the mother's breast; It circles with their blood, spreads with their frame Us fountain is the heart, fcc. Lord Say, Gibbon's ancestor, was belieaded in 1450, by the Kentish insurgents. Jack C^ide told him " Thou hast most traitorously corrupt- ed the youth of this realm, in erecting u Gram- mar .Sc/ioo/, and whereas before, our fathers had no other books than the score and the tally, thou hast caused printing to be used : an.l contrary to the king, his crown, and dignity, thou hast built a papermill. It will be (iroved to thy face, that ihou hast men about thee who usually talk ofa noun and a verb, and such abominable words as no Christian ear can endure to hear. Our self-love too often makes us unamiable ; but It has sometimes a contrary eilect, and dis- poses us to be particularly agreeable and con- ciliatory. Perhaps this is never so entirely t' — case as when we know the favourable opinion that is entertained of us by those we are desir ous to please, and know it too by means which testify beyond a doubt its fervour and sincerity. A Dutchman coming to town, and inquiring the meaning of many things that appeared strange to him, took particular notice ofa Sign, on which he read as follows : — " Here are hor- ses and chairs to let. Anno Domini, 1799." — "• Well," said he, " if there be horses and chairs enough for 1799 Dominies at one tavern, how many must there be in the whole town ?" American Wine. DYER'S supetiour Red and White Grotcille (or Currant) Wine, is for sale, wholesale or retail, for the present, at fi5, Broad-Strett, by E. COPELAND, Jr. Price per keg ol 6 gallons, delivered at any part of the city, 87 1-2 cents per gallon, including keg and sending home, for the Red; — and $1,50 per gallon for the White. The extensive sale of this valuable ar- ticle of Domestic Industry is its best recommendation. Tlie following notice of this V/ine ia extracted from the {Salem) Essex Register. " We have been politely favoured with a sample of the Grostitle fFme, made hy the Messrs. Dyers, of Providence, R. I. and hare no hesitation in pronounc- iaig it superiour to much of the imported Wine, and aC everage of uncommon richness of flavour and colour. It is said to be very wholesome ; and we cannot doubt that it will take the place of the foreign Wines at our social parties," Si.c. Dec. 24. TERMS OF THE FARMER. 0:5=Publi!hed every Saturday, at TiiRr.F. Doli.abs per annum, payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within sLrty daijs from the time of subscribing will be entitled to a diduction of Fitxv Ck>Ts. Qy^Postage must be paid on all letters to the Editor or Publisher- 0^ No paper will he discontinued, (unless at the discretion of the publisher,) until arrearages are paid. (f^ New subscribers can be accommodated with the preceding numbers. JNEW ENGLAND FARMEll. VOL. II f PUBLISHKD BV JOHN B. RUSSKLL, ROGF.RP' nUll-DINGS, COXGRKSS STRKKT, BOSTON.— THOMAS G. FFSSKNDEN, EDITOR? FRIDAY, FEBRUARyI^ 1825. No. 28. (©rCginal CommimucitfonB. TO THE EDITon 01' THE NElV E.VGI.AND FARMER. Woueslrr Count;/, Jan. 27, 1825. THE VINE IN NEW ENGLAND. Mr Frsskndfa-, — Mucli is due to ihe dislin- "uisheil agricolttirist, wlio has readily '"'"^'' '"'"■ '''""• H^ was subsequently seized j potion of ardent spirit lo our day labourers an.tion. the s.ime excrncinlinsr fainl- ness frotn tlie want of his helo\p(l elnss, tliat lie would experience, on heinn dopriied of liis (Uily bread and meal ; — the cause lieinqf des- perate, so mnsi he llie remedy. Noihing' hut physical force can l>e erteclual in restraining the patient from seif-destnir.tion. We hare recently heiircl of an iii(om[ierate person who voluntarily siirreudei'od himself to the mnijistrales o(' his county lor i(npriscn- iiient, declarin;^ that he had no confidence in his own resoliilion, and requested forcible re- straint. After four weeks' incarceration he came forlii pierfeclly cured. A celehrated Italian physician acquired great fame from his success in the tre;iiment of a nnme; CIS trihe ol' chronic afi"ection=, originat- jng from various species of intemperance. He invarialily confined his patients, and subjected them to an established and uniform regimen.— This, however irksome at first, and apparently intolerable, resulted in the restoration of the unl'ortuna'e sufferer to self-conlidencc, selfgov- ernment, peace of conscience, and usefulness in societ}-. Why, worthy Sir, cannot we enjoy the bene- fit of similar practice ? We have an asylum for the hi-anc. — Who more insane than the sell-murderor ? We have a hospital with charities for the relief of those wiio have no property to support Ihemselves, in case of sickness and distress. — Who can be more distressed than he that has lost all his prop- erty, good name, and every hope of eternal salvation ? We hereby make an api>eal to a compassion- ate public. Let there be some retired spot se- lected, and a few faithful attendants engaged* — Heie let the repentant delinqiieni repair, and be restored to usefulness and to happiness. COWMISERATOR. some degree the improvement of their Flocks, to maintain the high reputation of their IhrJs. The pro'^ent low prices in the markets of all atrricuhnral products, the increasing demand for wool at our manufactories, together with the encouragement and pioteclion afforded our wool growers, by a late Act of Congress impos- ing an additional duly on foreign wool, present sirong inducements to the farmer to turn his at- tention to ibis branch of husbandry. The soil and climale of our County is peculiarly adapt- ed to the rearing of Sheep, and the efforts which have been and are now making, to introduce into our country the best and choicest breed of fine wooled shecii, render it moro% certain that the day is not far distant, when we could be as celebrated for the superiority of our Sheep as we are lor the excellency of onr Cattle. Your Conimitlee, after a careful examination and comfiarison, having regard to the size of the animal, and more particularly the liueness aiul quality of the fleece, have come to the con- clusion and do award the following premiums : For best Merino Ram, to J. Thayer, Uxbriu^r-, 410.00 ' next htst do. (o Isaac Mifls, Worcester, ' 4 best Merino Ewes, to Benj. N. Childs, Worcester, ' next best do. to S. Marsh, Jr. Sutton, ' licst Int mixtd Mevino Blieep, J. Sniitll llulland, ' ' Native Ram, to L. Jrnnison, Slirpwfhiiry, 5.1 ' ' Native Enres, to J. Temple, \V. Boylston, 4.i The Committee avail themselves of this op- portunity to remark, that the tine Saxon Ham, exhibited by the Hon. Judge L;n(;ol\, claimed their particular notice ; and from the general appearance of the animal, and the quality of the fleece, we have no hesitation to say ib^tt this species of sheep merits our particular attention as a valuable addition to our flocks. The same gentleman's lot of Merino Ewes presented I'or exhibition only, were no* inferior to any in the peris, and would have deserved a premium, had any been claimed. Rejoice Newton, Esq. of Worcester, exhibited four mixed Merino Sheep, ivhicli were of a superiorquality ; but the num- ber was not sufficient to entitle them to a pre- mium. JONAS L. SIBLEY, Chairman. Fruit and ForPst .00 10.00 6.00 5.00 00 00 2J2?orccstrr SlgvicuUural St/cirtw. COMMITTEE ON SHEEP. Jonas L. Siblky, of Sutton, Chairman — Joshua W. \ Leland, of Grafton — Moses Kendall, of Barre— Ste- phen Davis, of Oxford — Edward Howard, of Dudley. The Committee on sheep having attended to the duty assigned them, submit the following Report : — That this species of animals, presented for premium, was not in such numbers, and most of them not of such properties as to exhibit a fair sample of the flocks of the County. Though some of them were tine animals, yet a large pro- portion were not of superior quality. It is to be lamented, that this class of animals, so im- portant to onr manufactures, and so profitable to the farmer, when properly managed, should be so feebly represented at our Exhibitions. — The growing spirit of impiovement in agricul- ture, and the honourable emulation which ex- ists among the yeomanry of our County, in the rich display of Neat Stock at our Shows, leads us to fear that our farmer^, content with their superiority in Neat Cattle, have neglected in Puhlic Lands. — The public lands of the United States are surveyed before they are offered for sale, and divided into townships six miles square, which are subdivided into 30 sectious _^one mile square. The lands. are sold in whole, half quarter, and eighlh sections, that is, in parcels of 640, 320, 160, and 80 acres. All sales are to be roadc in cash, and the lowest price is fixed at one dollar and twenty-five cents per ^cre, belovv' which they cannot be disposed of. Due notice is given of the times and places of sale. Salt spiings and lead mines are reserved, and one section of 640 acres, in each township, is given as a fund for the jupport of schools in the township. In each land district, there is a register and receiver of public monies, who receives 500 dollars per annum, and one per cent, on moneys entered by them. There are several surveyors-general, who receive 2000 dol- lars per annum, and their clerks receive from 600 to 800 dollars. In the gemral land office at Wash ington, there is a commissinner with a salary of 3000 dollars, and 27 clerks and assistants, whose aggregate compensation amounts to 22,7'35 dollars a year. l^aud offices are established in Ohio, Indiana, Illi- nois, Michigan, Missouri, Mississippi, Arkansas, Lou- isiana and Alabama. The whole number is 39. In 1823, 653,319 acres 'of public land were sold for 850,173 dollars. Erom Jan. 1, to July 1, ]fi24, 357, I6'T acres were sold for 456,507 dollars. The sales for 1825 are estimated at a million of dollars. ■^% FRUIT TREES, &c. ^- - - X AMES I5EOODGOOD & CO */ have for sale at their Nur- sery at Flushing, on Long Island, near New York, Trees, Flowering Shrubs and Plants, of the most approved sorts. 'J'he Proprietors of this Nursery attend personally to the inoculation and engrafting of (i// //itir Fiuil Trees, and purchasers may rely with confidence, that the Trees they order will prove genuine. Orders left with Mr. ZEnr.DF.F Cook, Jr. No. 44, State Street, Boston, will be transmitted to us, and receive our prompt and particular attention. Cata- logues will be delivered, and any information im- parted respecting the condition, &c. &c. that may be required, on application to him. Persons who intend to procure a supply of trees the ensuingspring. are invited to call on the agent at an caWi/ perf'orf, as their orders will be executed more to their satisfaction than if deferred until the healthiest trees have been selected. Feb. 4. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c. [Revised and corrected every Friday.] APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. - - . - BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - cargo, No 1, new, - - " No 2, new, - - BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, - - - - skimed milk, - - - FLAX t LAX SEE!) FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genessee, . - - Rye, best, . . - GRAIN,Pye - ' - ... Corn - - - - . Barley - . . - Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, Jst sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS retails at POPvK, Bone Middlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover - - - . . WOOL, Merino, full blood, wash do, do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sorr PROriSIC^y MARKET. REEF, best pieces .... PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, ... VEAL, MUTTON, PdULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, lump, best, - . - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - - . . Indian, do. - . - ■ POTATOES, .... CIDER, liquor, - - . . HAY, according to quality, PROM U. C. bbl 2 00 ton. 115 117 00 bush 1 00 bbl. 9 60 7 00 6 00 lb. 14 7 3 9 bush 75 bbl. 5 6 00 2 75 bush 60 48 50 35 lb. 10 9 cask 1 25 gal. 75 ton. 4 50 bbl. 14 00 13 50 12 75 hush 60 40 45 35 25 48 35 lb. e 6 5 3 4 6 12 15 18 bash 65 60 20 bbl. 2 5C ton. 16 OQI TO D. C. 2 25 120 00 120 00 1 05 1 50 6 25 4 10 84 50 12 00 64 50 11 11 1 33 80 4 75 15 00 U 00 13 00 70 45 50 42 30 52 40 « 6 8 t 10 16 20 20 70 65 25 309 3 00 220 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Feb. 4, REMARKS Upon the coal formation of the Susquehannah and Lackawannock, and on the advantages of a water communication between that region and the Hudson, bj J. Griscom, Professor of Chemistry, &c. The absolute importance of a plentiful sup- ply of fuel, not only to health anil domestic comfort, but to the successful prosecution ef al- most every branch o( manufacturins; industry needs not the formality of demonstration. The extraordinary competition which thnBritish na- tion maintains with all the rest of the world, is inseparalily connected with the abundant sup- plies of coal which her minos afi'onl ; and when the period arrives (which doubtless is still very distant) in which this supply shall approximate to its termination, her vast internal resources, the commercial elevation, and the dense popula- tion of that country must experience a reduc- tion, and finally be brought down to the stand- ard which her newly planted forests may be a- ble to sustain. But how striking is the fact, that with her mines of coal, that Island, at ihe distance of 3000 mis. is able to supply llie city of N. Y. with an article so essential to Ihe fuel of its hearths — to supplant the wood of the interior — a material so abundant within less than one hun- dred miles, as to be a nuisance to the lahoror, which it costs him much trouble and labor to destroy. The dearness of fuel at the present time is a serious obstacle to the prosperity of manufactories in various parts of our seaboard, and a heavy tax to the inhabitants of our prin- cipal cities. Every scheme, therefore, which shall open new resources, and at a reasonable expense, for an article so indispensible, cannot tail, it is presumed, to become of higii impor- tance to the public well'are, and lucrative to those who shall embark in it. The mineral riches of the United States are yet but very imperfectly develoj)ed ; yet it is gratifying to know that the coal formation with- in these limits is more extensive than that of any other country at present known. The re- gion of bituminous coal may be considered as occupying a considerable share of that, portion of the United Stales which lies between the head waters of the Ohio, in Pennsylvania, on the north, and the head waters of the Tombig- bee, whichempties into the Gulf of Mexico, on the south ; and from the valley of the Susque- hannah on the east, to the alluvium of Ihe Mis- sissippi on the west. It is not pretended that the coal is diffused over the whole of this vast region; but that it exists in numerous basins within these tvide limits, and some of them ve- ry extensive, especially in the northern parts of Pennsylvania and Ohio, is well known : afford- ing substantial grounds of belief that the sup- ply is inexhaustible, even for any probable in- crease of population, through a long period of future history. Happily the earilern part of this bituminous coal I'ormation is not inaccessible to the large and growing commercial cities and towns in the norfberti and middle stales. En- terprise and industry may easily effect water communications between the Hudson and the Delaware, the Delaware and Susquehannah, and the Susquehannah and the Ohio. But on the eastern side of this bituminous region ex- ists another coal formation of far greater im- portance than the former, to the immediate prosperity of the more populous sections of the to France, Holland, or more particularly to the Union. This is the region of Anthracite coal, countries on the Baltic. occupying an extensive valley, through a con-] hi such an event the shipping interests of the siderable portion of which llows the Susqiie- United Slates would doiibllcss gain by an in- hannnh, and its tributary stream the Lackawan- crease of tonnage more than they would lose nock. This variety of coal is here found in by the cessation of the present limited importa- greater ahundance, and of a finer quality, it is'tinn. believed, than in any other part of the world \Vith respect to the qualities and uses of this yet explored. The length of this remarkable ' coni, a great deal might be said ; but as It is now coal field may betaken at more than 100 miles, [used to a considerable extent in our three lar- commencing at a point near Harrisburg, on the.gcst cities, much detail may not be necessary Susquehannah, and running north-easterly al- most in a straight line to the Lackanaiinock,uot far Irom the borders of Broome county, in the State of New York, and comprehending in its range the highlands at the head of the rivers Schuylkill, Lehigh, and Lackawaxen, which empties into the Delaware. Its breadth may be salcly taken, it is presumed at an average of three mile-, making a surface of 300 fquare miles, or nearly 1000 millions of square 3ards. The thickness of the contiguous beds in sever- al places where the coal has been (vroiiglif, ex- ceeds 30 feet, or 10 yard.s : and it is well known from an example of a section of the whole formation, in places where, b}' the dis- ruption of the waters the various beds are ex- posed, that the thickness of the several worka- ble strata exceeds 15 feel, or filteen yards ; but assuming 10 yards as the medium thickne-s, the whole number of cubic yards within the distance above specified, would be ten thousand millions. The specific gravity of this coal, as 1 have as- certained from several large specimens from Carbondale, is 1.47. This is probably beneath the general average, as the purer portions are lighter than those that are not so — heice it is easily proved by calculation that a cubic yard of this coal weighs rather more than 2200 gross weight — and allowing 200 weight for unavoid- able wa^te, there will be as many tons as cubic yards, namely, ten thousand millions, witiiin the ascertained region, supposing the strat.i to be conlinno'.is throughout. This, however, is not to be imagined, as the region is in several pla- ces broken by ridges of liigh hind, in which it is not known that coal exists; but, sujiposing from this estimate, which I am happy to find is corroborated by the estimates of Jacob Cist, Esq. of Wilksbarre, whose researches into this ' without too great cost. In an experiment which subject have been conducted wilhmuch geolog- 1 1 witnessed in a blacksmith's shop, a bar of iron ical skill and correct observation, we make the; about two inches wide and five eighths thick, Its superioiir cleanliness will not fail to give it one recommendation to all good housewives, and the greater heat which it affords to those who estimate the comforts of a well warmed habitation in Ihe coldest weather. The great- est objections lo it, as a domestic fuel, are the compa» \tive dilTiculty of is-nition, and its burn- ing without much flame. The former of (hose, as experience has amply shown, is well over- come by the use of charcoal or billets of dry wood, tor rlip purpose of kindling: and the in- tense glow which a grate of it afiords, is a pret- ty gooil comjiensation for the blaze of bitumi- nous coal or hickory wood. Its dnrabilitv. dur- ing combustion, saves two thirds of the tiDuble of attendance on fires — and in nurseries .md other places in which a fire throughout the night is needful, nothing can be compared with its safety and facility of management. So sen- sible are the inhabitants of the districts within reach of the mines, of these advantages, that tlicy prefer to use it, altliough their wood costs tlipm nothing. I »vas credibly informed, ivhile at Carbondale, that some of the inhabitants of Montro.=esont thither for coal, though at the dis- tance of thirty miles, and over a very roiio-|i road, and paid for it ) dollar and 50 cents per Ion, in preference to the use of wood delivered at their rtoors at 75 cents per cord ; At Wilks- barre it is the principal I'uel, being used both in parlours and kitchens; and Ihe tires, in ma- ny ^instances, are not allowed to expire throuo-h the winter; lor by the addilioii of fresh coals at going to bnd, the (ire is found in full activity in the morning. Its adaptation to flie purposes of the smith is abundantly acknowledged by its universal em- ployment in [daces where it can be obtained enormous deduction of half, then there will re- main 5000 millions of tons — .t quantity sullicient to supply New York, Philadelphia, and Balti- more, (supposing those cities to contain 80,000 houses, and each house to consume five tons in a year) during a period of 12,500 years ! It appears reasonable, therefore, to infer, from data not unworthy of reliance, that the Wyo- ming and Lackawannock vallies contain a body of coal suthcient to supply all the wants of the eastern and middle sections of the United States, for a period which may be considered as indefi- nite ; and also to Serve the purposes, if need- ful, of an extensive exportation. Should the projected intercourse between the waters of the Hudson, Delaware and Susquehannah be carri- ed iotocomplele effect, and the coal be brought to the Atlantic markets at the price contemplat was brought to a good welding heat in a com- mon coarse forge in less than three minutes ; and a nail rod was sufficiently heated in fifteen seconds; and re-heated for a second hail in 8 seconds. The best of the coal on the Lacka- wannock burns with considerable blaze. In the instances just mentioned in the smith's shop the blaze was 18 inches high, but the light which it emits is inferior to that from bituminous coal. Certificates have been obtained and published of the superior value and economy of this coal, from blacksmiths, brewers, distillers, gun barrel makers, for the purpose of rolling and slitting mills, &c. and there can, I apprehend, be but little doubt that with fire-places and furnaces properly constructed, it can be advantageously employed in all cases in which a strong and itu- rable heat is necessary ; and as it burns without ed, it seems not improbable that the current of j smoke, its peculiar fitness for certain operations Eu'opean intercourse in the article of fuel will be reversed, and that instead of importing coal from England, American coal will be exported is very manifest. Having thus enlarged upon the quantity and quality of this valuable qutive material, it only 1825.] Si:W EXOI.AND FARMER. remains for tnc to tnilcc n feiv icmiirks upon the probable a.lvanl;\;e of I he |)ro|)o«c(l cunal beUvec-n the Hudson ami Delaware anlhorized by Ihe Legislature ollliis stale, which a journey over part of its propoi-ed track has nutuftilly suggested. 01' the cost and CPtimales of the ca- nal, and the improvmcnt of the Laclcawaxen. it would be presumption in me to speak — they were made under the direction of one of the ablest enqjineers of the (Jrand Canal, and are thence entitled to the greatest conlidence. The calculations also which are found in the printed documents relative to the income whicli may be expected from the freight of coal, cannot I apprehend, be easily disputed, more especial- ]y when taken in prospective connexion with the rapid increase of population and mannfacto- ries, anil the consequent demand for so impor- tant an article. But, independently of the prof- its arising from coal, the impression on my mind is, that a canal connecting the rivers Lack- awaxen and Delaware with the Hudson, by one of the routes described in the surveyor's report, cannot fail in the lapse of a few years to become a thoroughfare for agricultural and commercial intercourse to a vast amount. Whoever will take the trouble to examine good maps, will perceive that the improvement of Ihe Delaware above the place of its junction with the propo- sed canal, to the point opposite to the bend of the Susquehannah, will command the trade of Sullivan and Delaware counties in this state, and of Wayne county in Pennsylvania, and that a canal of eight miles in length would there join the Delaware and Susquehannah, and thence affoni a water communication with Otsego, Che- nanango, Broome, Courliandt, Tioga and Steu- ben counties in New York, and Susquehannah, Bradford and Tioga counties in Pennsylvania. It cannot be expected also that many years will elapse before some of the branches of the Sus- quehannah will be connected with the streams which run northivardly into the large lakes of the interior of New-York, and thus open an in- tercourse, by the route in question, with nearly all the southern and middle portions of this great slate. Again, by rendering the Lackawaxen a nav- igable stream, and connecting it with the Lacka- wannock, at the most favorable point, most pro- bably either at Rix's or Cob's Gap, where bran- ches of these streams are known almost to in- terlock, and by continuing the same improve- ments on the Lackawannock to its junction with Susquehannah, the intercourse will at once be- laid open, not only to the whole of the Wyoming valley, but to the great expansion of country watered by both branches of the Susquehannah and their various tributaries. The western branch, it is well known, opens into one of the richest districts of the United States, abound- ing also in bituminous coal of the finest quality. That a water communication will also in due time be established between the western branch of the Susquehannah and the Allegany, and thus open a thorough-fare to the western states, can scarcely admit of a doubt. It is true, that the chain of communication now alluded to between the Hudson and those western regions will have to contend with the competition of the Union Canal between the Susquehannah und Schuyl- kill, now in progress ; but the principles of a fair competition are by no means objectionable, and it cannot but hapficn that peculiar circum- -lancps, such as draft of water, comparative '-'beapiifss of certain kinds of freight, state of the markets, and particular inlerchts, will in- cline the transportation very often to this route in preference to another. It is not known that any great difiicuUies ex- ist in the accomplishment of the various objects contemplated by the Com[)any intended to act under the New York and Pennsylvania laws ; the elevation to be overcome is by no means very formidable ; and that the waters both of the Lackawaxen and Lackawannock are abundantly sufficient for a slackwater navigation, has not, I believe, been questioned. There is much fer- tile land on both of these streams, which wants only the facilities of a market to bring it from a state of undisturbed nature into a speedy and productive cultrvation. That an extension of internal improvments involving future interests of such immense and various importance will be promptly supported by a discerning public, the writer can scarcely permit himself to doubt. — This enterprize seems to present attractions both to the philanthropist and capitalist, in the numerous benetits of extended intercourse and cheapness of fuel ; and in the safety, durability and profits of the investment it will require. New-York, First month 1st. 1825. • 221 From files of Knjtish papers rccc ivcd at tbc office of the New F.njland Farmer. .MACHINE FOR CUTTING GRASS. We have lately seen a model of a machine, invented by a young mechanic of Newport, for moving or cutting of Gr.iss, and to be worked by a horse. The model has been inspected by several gentlemen of mechanical ingenuity who have expressed great confidence in the inven- tion. We learn that the inventor intends apply- ing for a patent tor the machine. — .Xe'svport pa. FISH, though some of them be light and easy of digest- ion, afford less nourishment than vegetables, or the flesh of quadrupeds, and are, of all the anim- al tribes, the most disposed to putrelaclion. — Salt water fish are, in general, the best ; but when salted, though less disposed to potrescency, they become more difficult of digestion. — Whitings and flounders are the most easily digested. Ac- id sauces and pickles, by resisting putrefaction, are a proper addition to fish, both as they retard putrescency, and correct the relaxing tendency of butler, so generally used with this kind of al- ment. — FOWLS. The flesh of birds differs in quality according to the food on which they live. Such as feed upon grain and berries, afford, in general, good nourishment ; if we except geese and ducks, which are hard of digestion, especially the for- mer. A young hen or chicken is tender and delicate food, and extremely well adapted where the digestive powers are weak. But of all tame fowls, the capon is the most nutritious. Pure Water.— The Columbia (S. C.) Water Works, which have not been cleared out for three years, were drawn off on the 1st inst. and only half an inch of sediment found in the bottom. During the above period upwards of 50 millions of gallons of water had been thrown into the reservoir, and distributed through the town. Fire Engine. — Marquis Orcgo has just made at llome a successful trial of a fire engine. By this method the water propelled in mass, and falling in torrents on all Ihe parts on fire, covers them instantly u'ilh so groat a volume of water, that the most impetuous flames are compelled to yield to this species of universal inundation. The experiment was made with great success by the inventor, in the presence of a great num- ber o( sa-catis. It perfectly succeeded, both with relerence to the handiness of the manoeuvre and the rapidity of the result, which did not re- quire more than a few minutes. Cure fr,r blistered Feet. — Ctpt. Cochrane, in his Travels in lluisia, says — " On the last day's march I fell in with one of Napoleon's soldiers. He was a lively and even serviceable compan- ion, for upon complaining of my feet becoming blistered, lie communicated to me as a secret, a mode of cure which 1 have never known to fail. It is simply to rub the feet at going to bed, with spirits mixed with tallow dropped from a lighted candie. On the following morning no blisters will exist. The spirits seem to possess the healing power. — the tallow only serving to keep the skin soft and pliant. The soles of the feet, the ankles and the insteps, should be rubbed . well; and even where no blisters exist, the application may be usefully made as a preven- tive. Salt and water are a good substitute ; and while on this head, L would recommend to foot travellers never, to wear right and left shoes ; it 19 bad economy, and indeed serves to cramp the foot." Silk Worm in Bavaria. — A weekly agricultural paper, published at Munich, (Bavaria) giyes an account of the cultivation of silk in Bavaria, from which it appears, that this branch of in- dustry is pursued with inreasing ardour and with great success, so that there is every reason to expect that silk will become, in a few years, a most important article of national produce. Great Match. — Mr Lipscomb, the equestrian, who last month rode 8 horses 92 miles in four hours and a half, for 200 sovereigns, started at Hyde Park corner early on Saturday morning, the 6th inst. to go 90 miles in 5 hours upon 8 horses. It was a heavy betting match, at 6 to 4 on time. But it was a propitious day for the undertaking. The stakes were 500 sovereigns, and the ground was to be the 64 mile stone oo the Bath road. Mr L. won by a few minutes. Utility of the Hop in Medicine. — A writer ia the English Farmer's Journal says, " Heretofor* Sussex was a very agueish country, and to the full as bad as Esses. It is no longer so ; aa ague is rarely ever heard of among us; [in the county of Sussex] the medical men ascribe this change to the increased bitterness of our beer. Hops have been used in brewing in quantities infinitely beyond what was formerly practised; and when malt has been dear, it may almost be said that they have been sabstituted for that grain : thus what the drinker of beer has lost in strength and exhiliration, he may be pleas- ed to find that be has gained in flavour and in 222 health. It is quite familiar with the poorer classes to use a strong extract of the ho(), lor a cure of internal complaints, instesil of the Peruvian bark, and with great success ; and the tincture of humulus lupulus (the Latin name for the hop) is universally to be found on the shelves of the chemist and apothecary." Suspended Aniinalion. — Elizabeth Cave, an in- teresting young woman, about 19 years of age, who lived in the service of Forrest, Esq. a gentleman residing at Woodford, in conse- quence of getting her t'eet wet, caught a severe cold, which brought on a fever. She was con- fined to her bed several days, when to all ap- pearance she died. The next day she was plac- ed in a coffin, and the intelligence of her sup- posed death conveyed to her mother. From her good couduct while in the service of Mr F. that gentleman had resolved to pay the ex- penses of her funeral, which it was arranged should take place on Sunday se'nnight, a week after her su|)posed death. On that day her mother and several relatives came lo pay the last tribute of respect to her memory, and, pre- vious to the codin being screived down, went to take a " last long lingering look," when one of them observed she had not umlergone the change u=ual on such occasions, and that her face appeared rather flushed. A surgeon was sent for, who ordered her to he ])iaced in a /f warm bath, and applied the remedies usually resorted to to recover persons apparenlly drowned, and which were h.ippily crowned with complete success, as the young woman in a few hours was able to speak, and is now in a fair way of recovery. — Lnndon Farmer's Journal. NFAY ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, F?".BRU.\RY 4, 1825. IMPROVED BREED OF SWINE. We have, heretofore, frequently published state- ments and testimonials in favor of the Breed of Sicine, which the Hon. Oliver Fiske has been so laudp.bly solicitous to introduce and disseminate amonj- our Cultivators, for the advanceme'ut of the agricultural interest, and the benefit of the public* We are hap- py, at this time, to have it in our power to corroborate our former favorable notices of this valuable race of animals by the following observations of the'Honora ble Levi Lincoln, President of the Worcester Agri- cultural Society : and we know of no person, whose opinions are entitled to greater weight, or probably possess greater influence with the N'ew England Kar- aicrs. [communicated for the s. f.. farmer.] Worcester, Jan. 21. 1825. To Hon. Oliver FiSKr, Cor. Sec''!/ of JVorcesler A'^ncultural Svcicly. Dear Sin,, — I have great pleasure in volunta- vily olleriiig myself as your compurgator in the representations, with which you have recently favoured the public,' of the e.^collence of the Bedford breed of Swine. The care and perse- verance wliii'h have marked your altenlion to the prospects jmd value of these animals, and * .See New England Farmer, Vol. i. 107, Vol. ii. C69, Vol. iii. 150, NEW ENGLAND FARMER. the success vfhjch has followed your exertions to introduce them to the favor of pracricoi farm- ers, require at least an arknoivledgemcnt of ob- ligation from all those who hnve been parlicu- Inrly benefited by your liber:\lity, and from no one" more than myself. Thr .leed of Swine has taken the place of a long '•.-■gcd, long-i)o«ed, fiat-sided thriftless race, cal!':i! :>y some the Irish. breed, by others the Ru^'ia. ,> 'ixh would barely pay by theirweight forordinar^ ic^eping, and nev- er for one half the expense of f^^;-ning, if indeed grain would make them fat. 1 f'o not intend to enter into any controversy concerning the com- parative productiveness of llie Bedford breed, and that in other parts of the c unly called the '■'■mixed Bjijicld .,'"'' because nanus are often so iina[]proprialely used, that i( is at least possible, the Swine which possess so many properties in common, may have the same origin, allhough now diflferenily designated. The /lo.si'rire excel- lence of lliose'for which this neighbourhood is indebted to you, is sufficiently well allesled by facts which have been publisheil. As, however, in one of your communxations you referred to me, it may not be improper that I should en- dea\our to justify the reference, by slating the results of personal experience on ihe subject Within a few days past, 1 have had three pigs butchered, from the same lilier, firecisely 7^ months old. Their weights when dressed were 2.30, 23.5, and 2301 lbs. One sold in Boston for 6} rents per lb. ; the others were put up here for family use. The expense of keeping and fattening tbe«e pigs, I am satisfied, was less than with anv other breed 1 have ever raised, and the proportion of bone and ofiT.il lo Ihe valuable parts was surprisingly small. I have 15 olhers more on my farm, part designed for the market in the Spring, and part to be kept over as store swine, and their appearance will furnish ocular satisfaction of the propriety of all which ha-^ been said in favor of the breed. Would it not be useful to Farmers lo be heller informed ol the hislory ol this race, and of Ihe time and manner of their introduction here? With great regard, Your obedient servant, LEVI LINCOLN. Agreeably lo Ihe suggestion in Ihe above let- ter, I have obtained the following accounf of (he introduction of this breed of swine from Ihe lion. T. Pickehinc. He saw them first on a farm of Gen. r.iDGELV, at Hampton, 14 miles from Philadelphia. Gen. R. informed him that they were brought to this country, as a present lo Gen. Washinoton, from the Duke of Bedford, who committed thera to the care of an English farmer by the name of Parkinson. This man look a farm in the neighboiirliood of Baltimore ; but instead ol' sending the swine lo Gen. Wash- ington, Parkinson sold them. Gen. Ridcelv es- teemed them very highly, and sent Col. Picker- i.NG a [>air of them, in a vessel bnimd to Salem. .Mr .IniiN Reed of Roxbury obtained Ihe breed from t.'ol. P.'s stock ; from Mr Reed I obtained the ofl'-pring from separate litters, and transfer- red them ti> Worcester, where, by avoiding the breeding directly in and in, 1 have preserved ihem without ibeir degenerating. The race is most perfect and valuable, when unadulterated, — liut aflords a mcst valuabh^ improvement to our native breed, when judiciously crossed T. G. FiLSSEXDEN, Esq. O. I'lcKE. ADVANTAGES OF KEEPING SWINE. It has heretofore been fashionable among ag- riculturists of eminence lo condemn the prac- tice of keeping swine, as unprofitable, and in some cases, ruinous lo the farmer. Old Eno-- lish writers, among whom were Markham, Mor- timer, Lisle, and some others, enlarge on the d.s. idvanlages of [)ig-keeping, and Ihe author l.isl mentioned gives it as an old and true say- ing that " a sow is enough to ruin a poor man." .Some modern writers likewise advise Ihe sub- stitution of mutton for pork as an article of famii consumption. But the majority both of scientific and practical husbandmen exjiress fa- vourable opinions of the practice of keeping swme at least to a certain extent, and give the folloiving among other facts and arguments to justify such opinions. The sow is \ery prolific, producing more young than any other domesticated animal. — She will bring and wean properly, if well fed and duly attended to, two litters of pigs in a year ; and these may be made fine meat in six (veeks. Pork may be failed more easily than anyolher tjesh, nliich goes lo conslitule Ihe food of mankind, i,s a most substantial article for home consumption, and usually a cash arlicle in market. Dr Deane observes that " the keeping of «wiue is of essential advantage to Ihe husband- man ; because they feed much upon things, which would otherwise be ol no consiilerable service lo him. The roads and commons, in the farming towns of this country, afford swine, excepting in winter, Ihe greatest part of Iheir scanty living. For Ihey feed heartily, not'only on grass, but many sorts of weeds, the to|is and roots of fern, [lirakes] the roots of feveral sorts of aquatic plants, &c. They pick up grain and seeds that are necessarily scattered about the barn and oul-houses, besides eating worms and many kinds of insects. " Besides, the farmer's house afTords many things which conlribiile lo Iheir support, which would otherwise be lost, such as whey, sour skimmed milk, the washing of tubs and dishes, animal and vegetable food that has accidentally got corrupted, decayed and rotten fruit, Ihe of- fal of beasts, fowls and fish, and the grounds of cider, beer, and other liquors." Great profits are sometimes made of swine by persons who live in the neighbourhood of woodlands composed of oak, beach and other Irees which produce nuls, on which these ani- mals will feed and grow fat with iiille or no ex- pense to the owner. In this case, however, it is proper lo feed Ihe swine a few weeks before they are killed en Indian corn or peas, to harden their flesh. The following eulogy on pork is from Law- rence's Treatise on Swine : " The ancients were well aware of Ihe ex- cellence of jiork, bolh fresh and preserved, and were large hog feeders ; insomuch that we read of stocks in Italy and Gaul amounting lo up- wards of a thousand each, ready at one time, and owe of the ancient writers qtiotes one hun- dred as a small herd ofswine. It is not improb- able, that the reputation of Westphalis for the excellence of its cured pork, is derived from a high antiquity. The superior delicacy and luxurious tlavour of young milk ted pork is ac- knowledged, allhough such -a commodity is not iS29.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER 223 to be oblaincil in every part of tlie country. — Pork, of all other (]<>sh meat, is best .id.ipled to curing and preservation wilh sail, ami hits llie further merit ot never cloyinij the appetite ; for it appears that men will stilisist lon2;er upon that diet, williout desire ot" chaii:;e, than upon any oltier tlesh ; in various [iris ol'tlie country the labourers, and even the I irmers themselves, very rarely t.isle, or desire to taste, any other. It is, doubtless, from its solidity, tlic most eco- nomical and the most nutritious food, and I have often admired, not only the contentment with which farm servants, male and female, will eat bacon three or four times a day, and every day, but also at the considerable way a few ()ounds vrillg-o, at a dinner, pretty numerously attended. The superiour solidity of svvine's tJesh is most clearly apparent, by a comparison of the ex- ternal superticies of a fat pig or hog-, with that of a fat sheep or bullock, the dimensions of which latter animals must be so much more ex- tens. ve to equal the welg-ht of the former. — What a difference in measurement and extent, appears to the eye, between a fat bullock of ninety stone, and a fat hog of the same weight I If, on these considerations, pork and bacon must be accounted the strongest nourisliment, and properly adapted to the stomachs of the labori- ous and robust, it is yet generally salubrious, when fattened upon wholesome provision, (by no means always the case) and 1 know of no just reason for banishing pork from the laldo durii.,' the summer season, a plentiful period for milk, which makes the best pork." From the J^Tew Hampshire Patriot. IMPROVED GRIST-MILLS. Among the many useful inventions and im- provements of this enlightened age, " I'icknelPs improved Grist Rlill," for cheapness, sim[dicitv in construction, and utility in ap[>licati()n, is probably on,; the most deserving of public at- tention. Considering the difficulty and expense of ob- taining meal from onr common mills, during a large part of the year, especially in towns re- mote Irom large streams, or good water privil- eges, it is surprising, that no successful attempt has ever been made before to improve the art of making meal and l^our. It is said to be a fact that among the numerous models in the patent office of the United Slates there was not one to improve the grist mill, previous to Bicknell's. His improvm^nt is simply a Cylinder or stone turning over what may be called a bed stone, properly adapted to the Cylinder. And the principle may be applied to any diameter, or length, according to the (lower employed to car- ry the machine. This mill possesses very peculiar advantages. It may be built lor ten oriifty dollars, according to its size or workmanship. It is specially ada|it- ed to making flour ; but grinds corn well, anpreciated, as in China — no where, even among orientals, is the absence ol — we will not say refinement, but — decency on this important point, so disgustingly evident, as among the Chinese. Calamities af Genius. — Homer was a beggar; Plautus turned a mill : Terence was a slave ; Boetius died in gaol ; Paul Borghese had fourteen trades, and yet he starved with them all; Tasso was often distressed for a few shillings ; Bentl- voglio was refused admittance into an hospital he had liimself erected ; Cervantes died of hun- ger ; Camnens, the celebrated writer of the Lu- siad, ended his day.s in an alms house; and Vau- gclas left his body to (he surgeons, to pay his debts as (ir as it would go. In our own country, Bacon lived a life of mennness and distress ; bir Walter Raleigh died on the scaffold; Spencer, the charming Spencer, died forsaken and in want ; and the death of Collins came through neglect first causing mental derangement ; Milton sold his copy-right of Paradise Lost for fifteen pounds, at three payments and finished his days in obscurity; Dryden lived in poverty and dis- tress ; Oti»ay died prematurely, and through hunger; Lee died in the streets; Steele lived a life of perfect warfare with bailiffs ; Goldsmi'h's \'icar of Wakefield was sold for a trifle to save him from the gripe of the law; Fielding lies in the '"uiying ground of the English factory at Lisbon, without a stone lo mark the "spot ; Savage died in prison at Bristol, where he was confined for a debt of eight pounds ; Butler lived in pen- ury, and died poor ; Chatlerton, the child of gen- ius and misfortune, destroyed himself The Tisio Farmers. — Two farmers who were neighbours, had (heir crops of early peas killed by (he frost. One of Ihem came to condole with the other on their misfortune. " Ah !" cried he, " how unfortunate we have been, neighbour ! I have done nothing but fret ever since. But, bless me J you seem to have a fine healthy crop coming up just now ; what are these ?" " These, (said the other) why these are whnl 1 sowed immediately after my loss." '• What coming up already?" cried the fretter. " Yes, while you were fretting, 1 was working !" •' What, and don't you fret when you have a loss?" — " Yes, but I always put it off until I have re- paired the mischief" " Lord, why then you liave no need to fret at all." " True," replied the industrious gardener, "and that's the very reason ; in (ru(h, it is very pleasant to have no longer reason to think of misfortune : and it is astonishing how many might be repaired by a little alacrity and energy." Matrimony. — Tobin,in his Honey Moon, says, " all women are angels before marriage, and that is the reason why husbands so soon wish [ them in heaven afterwards.'' Jlmerican Wine. DYER'S superiour Red and White Grosnlle (or Currant) Wine, is for sale, wholesale or retail, for the present, at 66, Broad-Street, by E. COPELAND, Jr. Price per keg of 6 gallons, delivered at any part of the city, 87 1-2 cents per gallon, including keg and sending home, for the Red; — and $1,50 per gallon for the White. The extensive sale of this valuable ar- ticle of Domestic Industry is its best recommendation. Thefollouing notice of this Wine is extracted from the (Salem) Essex Register. " We have been politely favoured with a sample of the Groseille Wine, made by the Messrs. Dyers, of Providence, R. 1. and have nobesitation in pronounc- ing it superiour to much of the imported Wine, and a everaffe of uncommon richness of flavour and colour. It is said to be rery wholesome ; and we cannot doubt that it will take the place of the foreign Wines at our social parties," kc. Dec. 24. TERMS OF THE FARMER. 0:CrPublished every Saturday, at Tbbee DoLr.jiES per annum, pay.ible at the end of the year— but those who pay within s!.ili/ rtai/s from the time of subscribing will be entitled to a d. duction of i'jffi ( knts. (VJ-Postage must 1 e i aid on all letters to the i dilcr or Publisher. 0^ iNo paper will be discontlnncr. (unless at the discretion of the publisher,) until arri -rages are paid. Q^r- N. w subscribers can be accomm.-.dattd with tht preceding numbers. INEW ENGLAND FAHMER. PUBLISHED BY .lOllN B. KUS'^KLl., UOGKUS' lU'll. DINGS, CONGRCSS STUKKT, BOSTON.— THOMAS G. PKS.SKNDK.N, KIMTOK. VOL. 11 f. FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 11, 182r). No. 29. ©rtgiiVRl (ContmuHicatious. TO THE EDITOK Of THE NEW EXGLiMJ FARMER. PRESERVATION OF MEAT. Mr EKSSfiNLiKN — I belifve sound philosophy nnil a gooil laste cmciir to jirove lliiit meat is most nutritive, wholesomo, ;ind (deiisaiit in its fresh slate. Arv more pjiIi tlian to make it pal- atable, deteriorates it, and (iiminishes its nutri- tive qiiiiiilies. It i« therefore desiralile, espe- cially in country towns u hich have not a mar- ket, to preserve in a fre.^h state as much of our meat as circumstances will allow. During the coldest part of the xvinler it may be kept a considerable time, huna; up frozen in an upper room. But the frequent occurrence of thaws extracts the frost, the juices of the meat r(m out, the outside becomes discoloured and iVowy. For many years I packed my meat in snow. This raetliod answers well in cold weather and even in a moderate thaw. But when a long; continuance of warm weather brings the snow to the tem[)erature of Irerzing' water, and the snow l)cgins to ^iiclt, the I'rost in the meat will be extracted by the snow almost as readily as by water ; the juices of the meat run out into the snoi.-, turn putrid, and the snow in such a state is worse than nothing. A better way is, when the meat is frozen to pack it together in n tight cask or box, and cover the top with sev- eral thicknesses of woolen cloth, to^^', or »,! y light substance that will eifectually e.xclude Ifie warm air. In this state the meat will keep frozen through the warmest seasons of the winter, even to the last of March. But the best way is to pack it down in oats or dry saw dust. These being bad conductors of heat, will exclude the warm air, [ireserve the iVost in the meat, and keep it jierfectly sweet tar into April. Cut straw, dry swingling tow, clean wool, and most other light substan- ces would probably answer about the same pur- pose. brewers and to families, so that it would be cheaper to make beer from the bark than from the essence. TO THE EDITOR OT THE NEW ENGLAKD FARMER. Mr Fessenden — I saw in a late number of the Farmer a recommendation for making beer from the boughs of the black spruce. This 1 practised formerly; but though it made a good beer, I found it had an unpleasant bitter pungent laste that was not in the beer made of the es- sence. Suspecting this to arise from the leaves, 1 tried the bark of the tree and found it made a beer perfectly pleasant, and that could not be distinguished from that made of the best es- sence. The bark may be procured at any season by shaving from the small trees ; but the better way is to procure it by peeling in June. A year's stock may tben be obtained in a very short time. The bark 1 should think might be sent to cur targe towns and to parts of the country where the tree does not grow, and sold to TO THE EDITOH OF TKF. NEW ENGLAND F.4RMEK. PRUNING FRUIT TREES. Mr Ffssenden — \'ery different opinions have prevniled respecting the best season for trim- ming [pruning] apple trees. I believe it to be injurious to trim [prune] them much at any season. Ten years ago I purchased a farm with a large thrifty orchard, admitted to be one of the best in town. It bad never been trimmed. Thinking to improve it, 1 began with a very abundant trimming. A judicious neighbour came along, and observed that I should only hurt my orchard by so close a trimming, and pointed to several orchards which had been much trim- med, and remarked that they were, at an early period, in a state of decay. And ten years ob- servation has [)rovcd to me the truth of the re- mark. Trees that are set at proper distances, so as not to interfere with each other, will not need much trimming, except to cut off a few limbs that cross and shale each other, dead limbs, and limbs that droop by the weight of fruit, so as to render passing under them difficult. If the limbs become in any place too thick, the super- fluous will die. !n that case the limb hardens artii becomes very durable, and when cut off, there is no danger of its rotting and leaving a hole in the trunk. To leave an orchard in this state, I know may look slovenly. But too much trimming is like too much doctoring. It is sure to destroy health, if not life itself But if you trim, let it he in March or April, agreeable to immemorial custom. That trim- ming in summer injures trees, I infer (rom the following facts. In the year 1817, several white oaks stood scattered in a pasture that I now own. The loiver limbs on these were cut off in June, I suppose to prevent too much shade to the pasture. About three years afterwards, when the land came into my possession, 1 had these trees cut down, and found every one ol them in a state of decay from the heart to a narrow ring on the outside, most of which had grown after the trimming. These oaks were from 8 to 12 inches in diameter, and the whole centre of the body was filled with white spots, which indicate an incipient rot, was brittle, and evidently the trees would have become hollou at no very distant period. The same facts I ob- served in some trees of the sugsr maple, thai 1 trimmed myself; and I never observed such effect! in trees that had not been trimmed at this" season. These facts 1 account for in the following way. The cutting off the limbs slops the ascent of the sap, when it is flowing in the greatest abundance, and it lies stagnant in the body at the hottest season of the year, and causes a rot, as stagnant blood in the animal system tends to mortification. These trees were injured in their growth as might be ex|iocled Irom the rotten state of the heart. The external rings, that grew af- ter the trimming, were not as large as thosp that grew before. 1 furthermore conclude that trimming trees in summer is injurious, from the fact that bash- es that are cut, and trees that are felled in Au- gust, are alanost invariably killed, while those that are cut in winter send up a very vigorous growth of young shoots. Cut all the limbs off an apple tree in March, and so far from killing the stum[., you will find, in the proper season, an abundance of new shoots. But perform the the same operation in August, and^ou will find a very different result. Now I believe that af- ter the growth begins in the spring, the season becomes more and more unfavourable for trim- ming, till the vegetation of the tree begins to mature in the tail, which is indicated by the turning of the colour of the leaves from a deep green to a russet. By the editor — It is a matter of great importance to choose the proper time in the year for pruning fruit trees; and, as observed by our correspondent, "very different opinions have prevailed" on this subject. — Dr Thacher remarks in The American Orckardist, pagsB 92, 93, that " In March, tlie sap i.s retained in the roots, and the bark adheres closely to the wood ; consequently, the wounds occasioned by the amputa- tion of br-.uches being exposed to the cold, penetrating winds atMl^frosls, before the circulation of the sap, be- coilie tJl-y, rotten, .tnd canktred, and nfien crack opeci nearly to the main trunk." Ajain, pages 93, 94, "The most proper season for pruning fruit trees, un- questionably is when the sap juice is in active motion toward the extreme branches. In our New England climate, we have the clearest indications that the sap commences its circulation about the 10th of April. From this period to about the last of May, whether the buds are just opening or the blossoms fully expand- ed, the pruning should be accomplished." In Forsyth's Treatise on Fritil Trees, (page 48, Cob- belt's Edition) it is asserted that " the best time to prune a)>ple trees is in the month of April, or in May, after the peaches, nectarines, and cherries are pruned." The Farmer''s Guide says, " In New England the sap commences its circulation about the 10th of April. — From this period to the first of May the pruning should be accomplished. If the work is done much later than this, the bark is apt to peel, which is very injurious."— Col. Pickering has informed us that his "practice has been to prune in the spring, beginning when the buds have scarcely began to swell, and ending before the ex- pansion of the leaves.'''' We have likewise convened with several respectable and intelligent cultivatori, who inform ns that they have found the best time for pruning trees to be when the buds are beginniny to swell, but before the bark is jo, much loosened by the opening spring as to cause it to peel readily. In short, both winter and summer pruning are condemned sefar as our observation has extended, by those who have had the best means of information ; but instead of March and April, they recommend April and May as the proper months for performing the operation. It Sp- 226 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Feb. 11, pears to us very rational to suppose that some activity in the sap, at the time of pruning, would facilitate the healing of the wounds made by the pruning knife ; and that frost, together with the consequent stagnation of the juices of the tree, must have a tendency to cause a degree of rot or gangrene, which cannot but prove in- jurious if not ruinous to the hopes of the orchardist. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FAKMER. QUERY. , Read field, {Me.) Feb. 2, 1826. Mr Fessenden, — Several subscribers to your valuable agricultural paper would be pleased to see a more particular description of the Baldwin Apple, whicli is so highly recommended in the Report on the state of Farms in Essex, page 147. We are wholly unacquainted with it in this part of the country. Perhaps the intelligent gentle- man, who framed that Reporl, can give some information on this subject. D. F. S. BWotccstcr Slgvttultuval .Sonctw. COMMITTEE ON SWINE. \ John Davis, of Worcester, Chairinan — John Gleason, Jr. of Worcester — Charles Brigham, of Grafton. < — The Committee on swine having attended to the service assigned them, submit the following report : They are much gratified in being able to state that they found Ihe exhibition of this kind of animal furnishing strong proofs ot improve- ment. They do not recollect having seen al any former Show so many or so valuable swine. The number of boars found in the pens were seven ; and the Committee have awarded to Capt. l.pwie Eigelow, of Worcester, Ihe fust premium, of g7, for a fine animal rf his, which they understand is of the Bedford breed, des- cended from the stock of Dr. Fiske, and was decidedly superior to any other exhibited. The second preniiuri) the Committee are of opinion (i( awarded at all) should be given for an animal entered by Maj. Samuel Graves, but belonging (o the town of Worcester, and raised tipon the farm on which the poor of the town are supported. As two of the Committee, how- ever, are inhabitants of Worcester, they have declined assigning this premium to the town, and have not awarded it to any other compe- titor, because the third member of the Com- mittee was decidedly in favor of giving it to the town. The Committee found in the peps nine breeding sows, six of which were oH'cred lor premium ; and they have awarded the first premium of gf;, to Messrs. Ward and Rice, of Worcester ; and Ihe second, of gl, to Mr. Na- thaniel Stowell of Worcester. The Committee would here observe, that the duty assigned them was diflicull, because all the animals of this description are superior, and in almost any other competition than that to which they were subjected would have car- ried premiums. Those entered bv Mr. John F. Clark, Mr. Nahum Williugtm," Mr. Clark Whiltemore, and Mr. William Eaton, jun. all of Worcester, particularly attracted the attention of the Committee, either on account of their obvious superiority to most animals of their kind, or on account of the remarkable progeny which surrounded them ; and the Cowmiitee only regretted that they had it not in their pow- er »o award more fully a competition so well sustained. The Committee found several persons com- petitors for the premium of ^4 upon pigs, and they have awarded it to Messrs. Ward and Rice, of Worcester, not however without some doubts as to whose lot the preference should be given. The pigs offered were, without exception, such as the Committee considered as furnishing strong proofs of improvement in the breed of swine. Those of Mr. Dudley, of Sutton, and Mr. Stowell, of Worcester, very justly rendered the claim of Messrs. Ward and Rice to the pre- mium doubtful. These were all Ihe premiums the Committee had it in their power to award; but they cannot pass from this subject without particularly no- ticing the swine otTered for Exhibition only., by the Hon. Oliver Fiske and Stephen Salisbury, Esq. of Worcester. The sow, barrow, and pig belonging to the former gentleman, and the sow and pigs belonging to the latter, did not fail of atlracimg the particular atieniion ot the Committee ; and they take the liberty to ob- serve that they have rarely, if ever, seen so fine an exhibition ofanimals of this kind. Thoseof Dr. Fiske fully sustained the account he ha< given of them in the New England Farmer; and it is some proof of the good qualities of this breed, that the swine of Messrs. Ward and Rice, and Mr. Stowell, as well as Capt. Bigelow's, are from the stock of Dr. Fiske. Sir. Salis- bury's sow and pigs, which are said to be a cross of the same breed, were not excelled by any at the Show. Inasmuch as Ihe second premium for boars is urdispoaed o(, Ihe Committee take the liberty of proposing that it be awarded to Mr. Silas Dudley, of Sutton, for his extraordinary pigs, which v^ere very large and fat, and are said to be of the Grass-breed, so called. The Committee have thus, not without diffi- culty and embarrassment, disposed of the se- veral premiums as a just reward to' the enter- prize, skill, and agricultural attainments oflhose who entered the lists as competitors. Tiiey cannot however close Iheir labors without ex- pressing a wish lliat Ihe attention of farmers may iiereafter be effectually directed to a fur- ther improvement of this kind of animal. Tlic premiums offered are intended to direct public attention (o this branch of agricultural economy ; and if they produce the intended result, it may safely bo said that no money can be much more beneficially expended. Our oivn experience and that of our lathers has long since established the fad thai swine are essential to a good sys- tem of agriculture. The pork is consiilered as almost indispensable lo tlie family of the far- mer, and is a productive source of income in the market. The hams are destined to a con- spicuous place on the tables of the rich — while the sailed meat furnishes a healthy and grateful food to our fishermen and sailors. Though the bog is not formed by his nature or his habits to fill so large a space in our alTections as many otht»r anim:ils ; yet for most of the useful and economical purposes of lite, he is scarcely sur- passed. He is uncommonly hardy — lives at his ease in almost any condition — sleeps, and grows fat upon the oris and ends of the farm. He demands littls else (till the process of fat- tening commences) than the waste of the house and faim. The wash of the dairy is to him an excellent beverage ; while the leaves of beets and turnips, and even weeds themselves, afford him a rich repast. Indeed, his appetite is so well adapted to the consumption of what we have no other means of disposing of, that the poor and the rich keep him as a sort of family companion ; nay, even populous cities permit him to parade their streets, with beaux and belles, believing him to be the hesi oi scavengers, and necessary to the preservation of- health. His industry also in the pen contributes largely, by enriching the fields of his master, lo give to them that beautiful, luxniiant aspect, which delights the beholder, and raises the song of the poet in praise of good cultivation. In so many ways is the hog allied lo us — in so many ivays is he useful, and in so many wavs is he protilable ; and should we neglect to imtirove his condition, we certainly shall fail lo ajpre- ciale his worth. All which is respectfully submitted. JOHN DAVIS. JOHN GLE.\S0N, ir. CHARLES BRIGHAM. - DISCOVERY OF. GALVANISM. The discovery of the effects of electricity on animals, took place from something like an ac- cident. The wife of Galvani, then professor of anatomy in the University of Bologna, being in a declining slate of health, employed as a resto- rative, according lo the custom of Ihe countrv, a soup made offrogs. A number ot these animals, ready skinned lor cooking, were lying (with that negligence common lo French and Italians which allows them to do every thing in every place tiuit is at the moment most expedieniN in the professor's laboratory, near an electrical machine It being probably the intention of Ihe lady lo cooklhem there. While the machine was inac- tion, an allendaat happened lo touch wilh Ihe point of the scalpel the crural nerve of one of the Irogs, that was not far from Ihe prime con- ductor, w hen the limbs were instantly convulsed. This experiment was perl'ormed in the absence of the professor, but was noticed by the lady, who was struck by the appearance, and commu- nicated it to her husband. He repeated iheex- jieriment, varied it in different ways, and per- ceived that Ihe convulsions only took place when a spark was drawn from the prime conductor, while the nerve was at the same time touched with a substance which via a conductor of elec- tricity. ' TItc use of Charcoal in preventing the putre- faction of animal mailer has ol'leu been com- mended, and the application of this interesting properly of charcoal, lo Ihe preservation pf provisions I'or shifts at sea, cannot be loo often insisted upon. We have another pleasing con- firnittlion of this fact in the statement "• that Ihe crews of Ihe two Russian ships which lately s.niled round Ihe world, were extremely heal- thy— during the whole three years of their voy- age, only tvvo men died oflhe crew ofihe J^eva, and Ihe JW'vashada did not lose a single man — not only their fresh water was preserved in charred cask*, but the same precaution was applied to the preservation of Iheir salted pro- visions. The bcefthey carried out with them lasted as pleasantly upon their return, as it did three years before, when first salted," 1025.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 227 Srlccticns Viom files of English pajicr? received at the office of the jS'ew England r'armtT. , Pedeslrianism.- -U:i:ic Crampton, giooni lo Ca()tain Re?c<)tt, i(artcriy on Saturday morning, the 6th Dec. logo 90 miles in five hours upon eight horses. It ivas a heavy liet- ting match, at six to four on time, but it was a propitious day for the undertaking. The stakes were 500 sovereigns, and the ground was to the 64 mile stone on the Bath road, and 28 miles hack, a mile on the London side Reading. The first horse went 12 miles in 38 minutes 14 sec- onds; the second horse did nine miles in 29 minutes 33 seconds; the third horse went to Twyford, Berks, 13 miles in 41 minutes 27 sec- onds; the fourih liorse performed 12 mile's in 37 minutes 29 seconds; the 5th, 13 miles in 41 minutes 57 seconds; the sixth, 8 miles in 28 minutes 14 seconds; the seventh did 13milesin 44 minutes 37 seconds ; the last horse, and the fastest of the eight, had only to perform 10 miles in 33 minutes 29 seconds, and he did it cleverly in 32 minutes, winning by six niiiiutes and the seconds. — Farmer^ Journal. potinds, at (he rate of 88 ton? per Scottish acrc( without the top, 0 lbs. or GO tons per Scottish acre, or 50 tons yer Etiglish acre Three of the largest turnips have been sent to our office, tluy weigh, without the tops 28^ Ihs. and 24 lbs. Glasi^ow Clironicle. Suscdish Turnips. — We lately mentioned Mr. Drnistoun's excellent crop of Swedish turnips, cultivated according to the method ofCobbolt. Ill a field almost adjoining, there is a crop still better, which were raised by Mr VVm. Warnock, in the usual way. The distance between the drills is 28 inches, and the plants are nearly 1 1 inches asunder, or twenty in 18 feet. They were sown on (he 28lh of May, and were thinned with the hoe aUd parted and set up with the plough, according to the ordinary practice. It was meant to leave them 10 inches asunder ; hut this method does not admit of the same ex- actness as transplanting. The Scotch acre woidd therefore, con(ain 26.356 plants, and the En- glish 20,740. The field in question, consisting of about half an acre, was examined on Satur- day, and the average weight of each turnip, with the top, was found to be 4j lbs. at the rate of 50 tons per Scottish acre, or 39 tons 17 cwt. [ler English acre. Without the top the root weighed 3lbs. 10 oz. at the rate of 42„- tons per Scottish acre, or 39j tons per English acre. — This crop i5,lherel'oie, one fourth larger than Mr. Dennistouirs. — Glasgow Chronicle. S.nilhjield Club Cattle 57iot£'. — Some of the prize caltle in the present exhibition at Saddler's Yard, Goswell Street, are estimateil, by good judges, at two hundred and forty, and by others at two hundred and fil'ty stone. [A stone of beef in London is eight pounds, and of course these cattle were estimated by some at 1920, and by others at 2000 pounds, not equal in weight to some of our American oxen.] Several artists are daily employed in taking likenesses of those that are considered the most perfect in all their points. Amongst the useful inventions, the portable corn mill, and the dial weighing ma- chine of Mr Marriott attracted much attention, and were much approveil of. — London Times. Great Crops. — Mr John Ronald, Tltwood, on the estate of Sir John Maxwell, has a field of red-topped turnips, in drills, 28 inches asunder, and the plants, in consequence of deficiencies, at 18 inches distance. They were sown at the beginning of June, and after thinning, were re- peatedly dressed with the plough. The average weight of the turnip, including the top, is 12^ Jl Caution. — The mo«t common mode of cheat- ing, by means of false weights, is to have the balances so constructed, that when both scales are empty they shall both hang even, but at the same time have one arm of the balance longer than the other ; then although the weights used ma}' be just, yet by being put into the scale sus- pended from the short arm, much less than e- qual weight will bring this balance even. The best mode of detecting this deceit is to weigh the articles alternately in both scales, when the difference in the results will be immediately manifest. — Farmer^s Journal. Fromthe Philosepkical Journal. ON BLASTING ROCKS. The principal danger attendant upon bl«sting, does not cor.sist in stemming upon (he charge of powder, but in the subsequent operation of drawing the iron rod, called the pricker, which makes the channel for the priming straw ; for it frequently hap\)ens that the friction of the lowest part of the pricker against the rock fires the powder, and an explosion is produced which places the life of the workman in the utmost danger. To obviate this danger, Mr. Fisher, of Dal- tnn, proposes an im(>rovement, 'which consists in the use of acoyiper rod, or pricker ins'ead of one of iron. Upwards of three years have elapsed since this improvement was adopted in a very extensive work, where accidents were frequent before, and as no accidental explosion has since taken place at the end of stemming, Mr. F. considers the invention as most infalli- ble. Mr. Fisher (binks that the use of sand in blasting is preferable in deep holes ; but that it is more liable to be blown out than stemming. He also considers it as (ho most »dvantageoi:s mode of working in driving levels, and blasting in firm rock, to use strong cliarges of powder, (ha( the stone may be sufficicully broken bv the explosion to he removed without ranch assist- ance from the hammer, the pick, or the lever. The following article suggest.s another im- I'ortant improvement in blasting rocks. Jiccomt of a method of increasing the effects of guvjioii'der ; showing also the neces.nty of certain precautions in loading firearms. From the Jour- nal des Sciences, et des Arts. We have been informed by Mr. Humbold, counsellor of the mines to the king of Prussia, (bat (he efl'ects of gunpowder in mines, &c. have been found to be very much increased by leaving a considerable space between the poiv- der and the wadding. lie also informs us, (hat the person who made this discovery was led lo it by the consideration of a fact well known, but which cannot he too often published • namely, that a musket, fowling-piece, &c. is very apt lo burst, if the wad is not rammed down close to the powder.* Without undertaking to show how far these circumst.-Mices are analagous lo each other, we think it mav not be amiss to mention two other facts of a nature similar to (be above. First, If a bomb or shell is only half filled with gun powder, it breaks into a great number of pieces : whereas, if it is quite filled, it mere- ly separates into two or three jiieces, which are thrown lo a very great distance. Secondly, If a trunk of a tree is charged with giinpowdt'r for the purpose of splitting it, and the tvadding is rammed down very hard upon the powder, in (ba( case, the wadding is only driven out, and the tree remains entire ; but if, instead of jamming the wadding close to the powder, a certain space is lelt between tlicn>, the effects of the [>owder are then such as to tear the tree asunder. * Hence it is otvious, (iiat in loadinjf a screw-barrel pistol, care should be taken that the cavity for the pow- der be entirely filled ^vith it, so as to leave no space between the powder and ball. To Detect .ddulteration in Bread — The follow- ing simple experiment (o ascertain whether bread be made of proper materials, is within the reach of every one : — Heat a knife, and plunge i( into the loaf If the blade, when drawn out, a[)pear bright, and not incrusted with a white, chalky substance, it is a proof (hat it is (ree from some of the pernicious ingredients generally used by bakers in the adulteration of bread. Small Pot. — We have no patience with, and little pity lor any one who, at this period of the world, ii afflicted with small pox. There is no fact more true, or more universally known, than that the simple procesi of vaccination is a sure and unfailing^ preventive of that loathsome and fatal malady. It is as certain as that the sun rises in the morning and sets in the evening, and the external and internal senses must be as depraved lo deny the one as the other. There is no more excuse in our days, for a man's dying of small pox, than for hip deliberatily suffering himself to he frozen to death in this land of wood, coal, and comfort : — the one u a« much suicide-as the other. — Med, Int. A pig but ten months old, raised by Mr Elijah Sweet- land, of Hartford. Con. was killed lately, which, whea dressed, weighed 422 lbs ! 228 s;^5 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Feb. 11, From the Mass. Agricultural Repository for Jan. 1825. JOHN LOWELL, ESQ. PRESIDENT OF THE MASSACHU- SETTS AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. Sir, — In the remarks I heretofore otTered, upon Orchard nnm\ of verjuice, at two or three days' distance, are directed." Mr Lawrence, however says, " I apprehend the verjuice would be more aalely and eftectually bestowed upon the udder tbao j»iternally." Clarke, one of our ve- terinary writers of reputation, relates that a horse was killed by a drink of a pint of vinegar. Monk's " Agricultural Dictionary," an English work of reputation, gives the following recipe for drying cows, which it is intended to fatten, or which have approached so nigh to the time of their calving, that it is thought improper to milk them any longer. " Take an ounce of powdered alum ; boil it in two quarts of milk, till it turns into whey ; then take a large handful of sage, and boil it in the whey till you reduce it to one quart ; rub her udder with a little of it, and give her the rest by way of drink; milk her clean before you give it" to her ; and as you see need requires, repeat it. Draw a little milk from her every second or third day, lest her udder be overcharged." We believe, however, that in this country there has rarely occurred much difficulty in drying a- way the milk of cows. The means which we have frequently known used, have been poor keeping and half milking. " The progress of the cow in her gestation being duly watched, every needful assistance may be administered to her, immediately before, and at the critical moment of parturition. It is the custom in some parts to decrease the quan- tity or quality of keeping a few weeks previous- ly to the cow's calving, witfyhe view of lower- ing her condition, lest her being too full of flesh may be an im|)eili(i.ent to her delivery. 1 am led both by theory and observation to condemn this practice. " Nothing, however, can be more improper than over-latness in the lemale. A judicious breeder will preserve such a medium in this affair, by observing with the females such a reg- imen as will impart to them sufficient nourish- ment without overloading them with fat." In the tirst volume of the New England Far- mer, page 1.57, we publi-hed from Monk's Agri- cultural Dictionary the following passage: " Those cows wliJch give the greatest quanti- tv of mi Ik are most profitable for suckling calves, for rich milk is said net to be so proper food for calves as milk which is less valuable for dairy purposes. Milk which contains a large propor- tion of cream is apt to clog the stomachs of calves; obstruction puis a slop fo their thriving, and sometime* proves fatal. For this reason, calves should be fed with the milk which first comes from the cow, which is not so rich as that which is last drawn." We have had the testi- mony of a very judicious jiractical cultivator to confirm the assertions in the paragrapli almve ntioted, who informs ns that he has ascertained Liy actual and repeated experiment, that those cows which give the poorest milk lor the dairy are the best for suckling calves. " No calf, lamb, or other animal," says Mr. Lisle, " should he caught by the tail, as it strains and inflames the loins and kidneys." The tirst calf of a heifer is said to be best for rearing; and the reason assigned is, that the dam is not reduced by milking her while she is \vith calf Erratum. — In the communication of the lion. Judge Li.NCoLN, ill our last paper, page 222, third line of the first column, for " prospects and value," read " prop- erties and value." JYational Legislature. .SEXATE.— Ja.v. 28. A bill was reported to provide for the seizure and sale of property brought into port in violation of the revenue laws- A memorial was presented on the subject of the a- trocities committed by pirates on the cnast of Cuba. Ja.v. 31. The question being for striking out that ■Section of the bill for the suppression of piracy, which authorizes the blockade of the ports of Cuba, a long- debate ensued. This motion was opposed by Mr Mills, Mr Lloyd, and Mr Barbour, by eloquent speeches of great length, and supported by Mr Van Buren. Feb. ]. The Senate resumed the consideration of the bill for the suppression of piracy, and after debate it was decided to strike out tlie section. — yeas 37, nays 10. Feb. 2. Th is day was occupied principally in atten- tion to private and local business. HOUSE. — Ja.v. 28. An engrossed bill making fur- ther provision for the punishment of certain crimes a- gainstthe United States, was read a third time, passed, and sent to the Senate. The provision in the bill for regulating the Post OiEce, limiting the papers, to be received by printers in ex- change, to fifty, was expunged. Ja.v. 31. k resolution passed, requesting information from the President touching the capture and detention of American fishermen in the hay of Fundy. Feb. 1. This day was occupied in appropriation bills. Feb. 2. A bill from the Senate, providing a compen- sation to the persons directed by the Electors to deliv- er votes for President and Vice President, was reported and ordered to be engrossed. ^ Feb. 3. Mr Clay, the Speaker, requested the at- tention of the House to a note, published in the Na- tional Jntelligencer, by Mr Kremer, a member from Penn. in which he adopted as his own a previous letter, published in another print, containing serious charges against him in regard to the Presidential election. This address, after debate, was entered on the Jsufnal of the House, and a further consideration of the subject postponed until to-morrow. JMassacluiset Is Lcgisla t urc. SENATE.— Feb. 2. The Committee, on the subject of giving notice to the debtor of the?ale of mortgaged estate, made a report that no alteration is necessary in the law providing for the sale of rights in equity to re- deem real estate. A number of bills passed to be engrossed, and some to be enacted. A question relative to striking out a clause in the Amherst College bill, providing that the Government shall not be pledged to grant pecuniary aid to said College, was decided in the negative. — Yeas 10, Nays 21. Fee. 3. A Committee was joined, in concurrence with the House, on the subject of limited copartner- sh?ps. The Senate adjourned at an early hour to attend to the adjourned meeting of the Board of Overseers of Harvard College. ^ Feb. 4. A bill to establish a College in .\mherst, I passed to be engrossed. I A bill concerning costs in criminal actions before Jus- ' tices of the Peace, was read a second lime and com- mitted. I Fjlb. 5. A resolve was passed providing for the Ag- I 1825.J NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 231 ricuUural Societies in Massachusetts, copies New England Farmer. A Coinmittee was appointed to report on the expedi- ency of enlargiug tlie library of the Legislature. Feb. 7. The Senate, after attending to the Message announcing the death of his Kxceilency the Governor, immediately adjourned. P'eb. 8. The Committee on the subject of trials be- fore Justices, made a report, which was acsepted, that no alterations are necessary. The Rev. W'm. B. Sprague, of West Springfield, was chosen to deliver the next Election Sermon. HOUSE.— Feb. 2. A bill in addition to the several acts now in force for the regulation of Mills, was read a second time. A bill making further provision with regard to the support of the poor, was reported as taken into a new draft, and laid on the table. A number of other bills passed to be engrossed. Feb. 3. A bill making further provision for the re- demption of mortgages, camedowa, passed for concur- rence. The bill to prevent fraud in the sale of fire wood, 4c. ■was laid on the table. A bill in addition to an act prescribing the mode of taking depositions, aud administering oaths and affirma- tions, came down, passed for concurrence. A number of bills passed to be enacted, which we have not room to recapitulate. Feb. 4. A bill in addition to an act to prevent fraud in fire wood, &c. was n''gatived. Ordered, That the Committee who shall prepare the Tax Act for the present political year, be directed to make provision therein that sheep, salt works for the of the dcd ; the strength ofthe liquor evaporates through the vacancy between the bung hole and neck ofthe bot- tle ; the liquor likewise : the cask aud hoops are injur- ed by the weather — the staves are opened by the sun and air, and the hoops burst. I will venture to say, that ofthe vinegar made so, a third is lost. To make good vinegar, fill your casks with cider, in- to which no water is put, bung them up with a long bung, with a rag wrapped around it to make it tight — a long bung that you may pull it out without much trouble : set your casks in a garret, when the weather is warm, where there is nothing between them and the sun but the shingles — let your casks be raised so that you can examine them easily when you please, which ought to be once a fortnight, for even here the casks are subject to leak, the hoops to fly, and the liquor to evaporate ; and keep them always full ; — it is well to have three, one ef the best out of which you may draw into bottles ; the second to fill the first with ; the third waste cider to fill up the second with. ' I tried this : twenty years ago a gentleman told me to ])ut a peck of bran in, or six or eight sheets of coarse writing paper ; I put the bran into one, the paper into the other ; both answt fed well. My vinegar is so strong that my family put water to it to make pickles. — When once jou have a course of casks, you may keep it up always by using from the first and filling up. I am confident, with care, six or eight barrels might be made so every summer with the three barrels, only be careful not to use watered cider. About ten years ago my house was burnt, I lost ray vinegar casks ; the next summer I succeeded again in in same manner. — .dm. Fanner. manufacture of sail, machinery in cotton, woolen, aa/i»J''^stin A convention between the United States and Russia was ratified by the .Senate on the 5th ult. By this con- vention the claims ofthe two nations on the north-west coast of America, are amicably adjusted. Lyctiim of Kalural Hislorj/.—Tbe first part of the first volume of the Annals of the Lyceum of Jfatural History of New-York, has been completed, and the first number ofthe second part is in press. The labors of this society are becoming daily more and more inte- linen manufactories, shall be taxed in like manner as other property ; and that the property ofthe President, Professors, Tutors, Librarian and Students of Harvard and Williams Colleges, Ministers, Preceptors and School Masters shall be taxed as in other cases. Feb. ,5. A Committee was appointed to make such provision in the Tax Act, as to remove the questionj arising under the present act in relation to the qualifica- tions of voters. A resolve passed providing that the Members of the House shall be paid out of the public treasury, and the towns represented not held liable for the reimburse- ment of the same. Messrs Russell, Waters, and Brown were appointed a Committee to consider the expediency of appropriating a moderate sum of money to be disbursed as premiums for the best samples of productions in the Mechanic Arts, made by citizens of this Commonwealth, to be awarded at a public exhibition contemplated to be made in July next, under such regulations as the Le- gislature may prescribe. On Mciking Ice-Houses — and Vinegar. — Line your house with stone, because it is almost as cheap as wood and will last an age. Let your house be dug circular, ■wider at top than bottom, say sixteen feet at top, thir- teen at bottom ; a circwlar wall will not cave in, and as it settles will bind the v?all firmer — a dry wall will do. Ice will recede or melt in the summer from stone, brick, or wood ; but when it does, then thrust down ' loose straw between the ice and the wall, and it will melt no more there, provided it is well done : loo: Great Storm. — We have been favoured with a letter from Thomas Parker, Esq. at Amsterdam, to Hon. Mr. Bannister, of this town, giving the particulars of the dreadful devastation, by the flood at St Petersburg. — It adds, " that 5C00 people were drowned in the city, besi'ics a number of prisoners that could not be releas- ed. A village nr^ar the city, called Kmilianacka, was totally destroyed, and COOO people drowned. The mi- litia, tor eight miles round, were employed in picking up and burying the dead — 500 oxen were drowned in the slaughter-houses. The loss of sugar was to the a- mount of from four to five millions of dollars." [J^ewburypart Herald. Death of Governor Kustis. — On the morning of the 6th inst. at 7 o'clock. His Excellency William Ecs- Tis, Governor of this Commonwealth, departed this life at his winter residr-nce in this city, in the seventy- third year of his age, after a short but severe illness of about a week's duration. PREMIU.M White Currant Wine.— \\ hite Currant Wine, which obtained the first premium at Brigh- ton the present season, for sale at No. 166, Washington Street, at 125 cents per Gallon. Feb. n. CALLENUER.& SEAVER.^S. I^ARM FOR SALE, in Cambridge — tor sale, a farm about 4 miles from the city, consisting of 35 acres of as gnod land a? any in the county of ^^.i■ /«■•: "^'ff^.I-a-s da.ly. 1 ht Mraw. Keep the top of your ice always well covered I '^'™' ";-'"' ^"^ '""'"S "'''"^"'^ "'" ""^ ="''lf,^ I ''="- alter warm weather be-ins. i"^'"- ^ ^"'^" >''■*''' "' '■^'' P"'-<^hase money will be re- As to nnegar, of what use is the bottle in the bung- q"''-«dv«°'' *he ■'"i'lue may lie 5 or 10 years hole unless set in the suu .' which I suppose is inten-Lj°'l"';7*^ f ''='"'' '^'^°i^'''''^^^^ "i^'^ '''?'^«'^5^- ^» I change Street, or at this office. %A.\ Jan. 28 FRUIT TREES, &c. JAMES BLOODGOOD & CO. have for sale at their Nur- sery at I'lushing, on Long Island, near ^Jew York, Fruit and Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs and Plants, ofthe most approved sorts. 'I'he Proprietors of this Nursery attend personally to the inoculation and engrafting o( all their Ftnit 'J'rers, and purchasers may rely with confidence, that the Trees they order will prove genuine. Orders left with Mr. Zedkdj'.e Cook, Jr. No. 44, State Street, Boston, 'will be transmitted to us, and receive our prompt and particular attention. Cata- logues will be delivered, and any information im parted respecting the condition, fcc. &c. that may be required, on apjjlication to him. Persons who intend to procure a supply of trees the ensuing spring, are invited to call on the agent at an rar/^pen'orf, as their orders will be executed more to their satisfaction than if deferred until the healthiest trees have been selected. Feb. 4. FOR sale at this Oflice, Ruta Baga, Mangel Wurt- zel, and Sugar Beet seeds, raised this season, by John Prince, Esq. Roxbury. The Ruta Baga seed is from superiour roots, from seed not two years since from Sweden. Feb. 11. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c. APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. - - - - BEAN&, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - cargo. No 1, new, - - " No 2, new, - - BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHEEoEjntw milk, - - - - skimed milk, - - - FLAX FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genessee, _ - - Rye, best, . - - GRAIN,Rye Corn - - ... Barley - ... Oats HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, Bone Middlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No I, do. - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover - . . . - WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION MARKET. BEEF, best pieces - - . - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, - . - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, lump, best, - . - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - . - - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, .... CIDER, liquor, .... HAY, according to q'uality, - FROM TO D. ( . D. C. bbl 2 00 2 25 ton. 108 HO 00 108 00 110 00 bUih 1 00 I 05 bbl. 9 50 7 00 7 50 6 00 6 25 lb. 14 7 8 0 4 9 10 bush 75 84 bbl. 5 75 6 12 6 00 6 25 2 75 3 00 bush 58 62 48 50 50 35 lb. ■ 10 11 9 11 cask 1 25 1 33 gal. 75 80 ton. 4 50 4 75 bbl. 14 00 15 00 13 50 14 00 12 75 13 00 bush 60 70 40 45 45 50 35 42 25 30 48 52 35 40 lb. 6 8 6 7 5 6 3 8 4 7 6 10 12 16 15 2« 18 20 bnsh 65 70 60 65 20 25 bbl. 2 5C S 0« ton. 16 00 20 00 232 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Feb. 11, ittfscellanfcjs. From the Metrical Tales ef Robert Southey. BATTLE OF BLENHEIM. It was a summer evening;. Old Kaspar's work was done, And he before his cottage door, Was sitting in the sun ; And by him sported on the green, His little grandchild, Willhelmiue. She saw her brother Peterkin, Boll something large and round, Which he beside the rivulet In playing there had found ; He came to ask what he had found That was so large, and smooth, and round. Old Kaspar took it from the boy, Who stood expectant by, And then the old man shook his head, And with a natural sigh, 'Tis some poor fellow's skull, said be. Who fell in the great victory. I find them in the garden, for There's many here about ; And often when I go to plough. The ploughshart- turns them out ; For many thousand men, said he. Were slain in the great victory. Now tell us what 'twas all about. Young Peterkin he cries. And little Wilhelmine looks up. With wonder waiting eyes ; Now tell us all about the war. And what they kill'd each other for. It was the English, Kaspar cried, Who put the French to rout ; But what they kill'd each other for, I could not well make out. But every body said, quoth he, That 'twas a famous victory. My father lived at Blenheim then, Yon little stream hard by ; They burnt his dwelling to the ground And he was forc'd to fly ; So with his wife and child he fled, Nor had he where to rest his head. With fire and sword the country round Was wasted far and wide, And many a childing mother then. And new born infant died. But things like that, you know must be At every famous victory. They say it was a shocking sight. After the field was won. For many thousand bodies here, Lay rotting in the sun ; But things like this, you know must be After a famous victory. Great praise the duke of Marlboro' won, And our good prince Eugene, Why 'twas a very wicked thing ! Said little Wilhelmine. Nay— nay— my little girl, quolh he, • It was a famous victory. And every body praised the diUje, Who such a fight did win ; But what good came of it at last ? Quotli little Peterkin. Why that I cannot tell, said he, But 'twas a famous victory. some doubts of their efficacy, expressed by the editor of tb'2 London Globe and Traveller, the editor of !lie Chemist, :> periodical work of merit, publishes the following letter. — A. Y. Advocate. " As you have expressed a doubt as to the power of wire gauze to cool flame, so as to extinguish it when exposed to the strong heat of a large fire, permit me to describe two ex- periments I recently witnessed in the labora- tory of the Royal Institution. It is known, that the heat produced by burning spirit of wine, is much greater than the heat produced by many flames which are much more lumi- nous ; and of course, if we can extinguish a flame of this kind with a small piece of wire gauze, we may extinguish n larger flaii.e, which may be more luminous, but not so in- tensely heated, by means of a larger surface of gauze. Now, a few weeks ago, I saw Mr. Brande place a piece of wire gauze, about six inches square, over the flame of a spirit lamp ; and though the flame played rajiidly on the underside of the gauze, nothing whatever was to be seen above it ; but on bringing a lighted pajier to the upper part of the gauze, (he va- por which passed extinguished through the gauze, was instantly ignited. Thus the gauze completely extinguished the flame, and had the appearance, when the flame was re-liglUed above by the taper, of having cut it in two. On the same occasion, Mr. Brande fixed a piece of camphor, which is a very inflammable mat- ter, on a piece of wire gauze, with the cam- phor on the upper side, over a lamp ; when the camphor smoked, and was gradually wasted away, without ever bursting into flame : on reversing the sides of the gauze, and bringing the camphor into contact with the lamp, it instantly burst info flame, but the flame played wholly on the under svrfacc of the wire gtiaze, and never passed through it. Sir, it was witnessing these experiments which led me lo propose, in the little publication 1 con- duct, wire gauze as a proper substance lo make masks for firemen, and as a valuable addition to the means now in use for the extinction of flame and the putting out of fires. — This pro- perty of wire gauze to coel flame by radiating heat, is quite of modern discovery, and seems not yet to have been put to many of the uses of which it is susceptible. As far as 1 know, its use is confined to the safely lump ; and the further application of it 1 recommended, seems warranted by the ex|>erimenls above detailed. i have the honor to be, sir, your obeiljent servant, The Editor of the Chemist. TUe food which we fancy most, generally sits easiest on the stomach. To affirm that any thing is wholesome, or unwholesome, without considering liie subject in ail Ihe circumsiances lo which it bears rela- tion, and the unaccountable peculiarities of dif- ferent constitutions, is, with submission, talking nonsense. What we have been longest used to, is most likely to agree with us best.' The wbolesomeoess, &.c. of all food depends very much upon tlie quality of it, and the way in which it is cooked. Those who are poor in health, must live as they can ; certainly the less stimulus any of us use, the better, provided it be suQicicnt to prop- erly carry on the circulation. We learn from the best authority, that up- wards of one million eight hundred thousand dollars were coined during the last year at our mint, principally in silver. New dies are about to be cut with a new figure of Liberty, by means of which the appearance of the coin is expected to he much impioved. It is cal- culated that two millions will be coined during the present year. — Phil, paper. Firemen. — Every invention or improvement which can add safety or comfort to firemen, should be brought to notice. In the Post of Ffiday last, there are some observations on the use of wire ^au^c masks for firemen. From Ma.tims of Health — The more luxuriously you live, the more exercise you require. Exercise, to have its full effect, roust be con- tinued till we feel a sensible degree of perspira- tion, which is the panacea for the prevention of corpulence, and should at least once a day proceed to the borders of fatigue, but never beyond them, or we shall be weakened, in- stead of strengthened. Alter exercise take care to get cool gradually — when your heail perspires, rub it, and your face, &c. with a dry cloth. Be content with one dish ; as many dig their grave with ibeir teeth as with the tankard. Drunkenness is destructive, but gluttony de- stroys a hundred to one. Dr Witherspoon — When a distinguished mem- ber of Congress said that we were " not yet rijie for a declaration of independence," this exem- plary patriot answered, " in my judgment, Sir, we are not only ripe, but rotting." When Lord Ellenborough was Attorney Gen- eral, he was listening with some impatience to the judgment of a Learned Judge, afterwards his colleague, who said, " In — v. — , I ruled that," &.C. •' You rule I" said the Attorney General, in a tone of suppressed indignation, loud enough to be heard, however, by many of his brethren at the Bar — "you rule! you were never fit to rule any thing but a copy- book." D^ Jlmerican Wine. YtR'S superiour Red and White GroseiUe (or Currant) fVine, is for sale, wholesale or retail, for the present, at 65, Broad-Street, by E. COPELA^D, Jr. Price per keg of 6 gallons, delivered at any part of tVie city, 87 1-2 cents per gallon, including keg and sending home, for the Red; — and $1,50 per gallon for the White. The extensive sale of this valu.%ble ar- ticle of Domestic Industry is its best recommendation. The following notice of this Wine is extracted from the (5o/em) Essex Register. " We have been politely favoured with a sample of the Groseille }Vine, made by the Messrs. Dyers, of Providence, R. I. and have no hesitation in pronounc- ing it superiour to much of the imported Wine, and a everage of uncomm on richness of flavour and colour, it is said to be very whole some ; and we cannot doubt that it will take the place of the foreign Wines at out s6cial parties," &c. Dec. 24. TERMS OF THE FARMER. ft^Published every Saturday, at Thrfe Doli/jis per annum, payable at Ihr end of the year — but those who pay within sixty diri/s horn the time of subsciibing will be entitled to u deduction of Firxv Cents. Q::j=Postage must be paid on all letters to the Editor or Publisher. 0^ No paper will be discontinued, (unless at the discretion of the publisher,) until arrearages are paid. ]NEW ENGLAND FARMER. PUBLISHED 13Y JOHN B. RUSSELL, UOGEllS' RUIF^DING.S, CONGllESS S'lRKET, liOHTON.— 1"II0MAH G. FF.SSENDEN, EDITOR. VOL. III. FHIDAY, FEBRUARY in, 182.5. No. ?,o. ©n'Qinnl Commuutcatfonft". TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGI.ASD FABHBR. PRUNING TREES. Aorfolk Countij, Feb. 11, 1825. Mr FnsFXNDCN' — In your pajior of this day, I oUerve ;in nrticle on the liist pnjc reliiling to the '■• Priming of Fruit Trccs.^'' Tlic smllior be- n-ins l>v saying- that he hilieves it iiijiirious to Trim them much at any season. U sooms that ten years 02^0 yonrcorrpsponileiit bnnt;hl a farm witii a larije and thrifty orchard, and, thinking to iVnprove it, he hogan uith ivliat he calls '■^avcr;/ (ihundunt trimmiii:^," whirl) he lind'=, after ten vears' oliservation, was injurious to his trees, as his neighlioiir iiad [irf^dicted it noukl be. Hence the writer deems it iinprofier to (irnne, excej"! where branches interfere, &i;. He then g»es on (o say — " but if you trim, lei it be in Marth or April, asjreeable to imincmnrial cuj.'o.vi." 'Ihe author infers that trimming or pruninff trete in summer injures them, snd instances S'uue oakithe the lower limbs of which were cut olf in JJme, which he thinks produces a predisposition in vol, — as he says cutting ofl' the limbs slops the ascent of the saji, and makes it lie stngnajt in I perfectly right as to tiio inexpediency of rank' j pruning. This, at any season, is bad, bvit more i especially in cold weather. ' In frosty weather jit opens so many more wounds to tiie inclem- ency of the season, besides the other evils at- tending it when performed even in May. The i head of a tree is proportioned to tlie strength ! and vigour of its roots, and these are vigorous 1 in proportion to the finality of the soil from ; which they are foil. Some soils will furnish , abundance of nutriment to a pear tree, while | they will supply an apple tree with leeble nour- ] ishnicnt ; and. difierent sorts of pears acquire different degrees of nourishment from the same soil. This prfociplfe is well understood by sfiienliiic farffliers, and leads to a rotation of crops, &c. If a tree, therefore, be placed in n soil which is congenial to its growth, it will soon shovvJ Ihe fact in the sirenglli and vigour of its branches; its roots will furnish a certain quantity of sap, which may be dispersed into three, six, or twen- ty branches; if the greater number be allowed to grow and increase liy their laterals, they will be propotionabFy feeble ; if a portion of them he suppressed, the remaining ones, receiving all the sap that is furnished ihro.igh the root--, will grow proportionably stronger; if so many bo the body of the tree, fcc. and causes rot. I nra'no l-arnier, S;r,-and therefore cann[t be|Cul out that the residue will not consume or supposed to know so much on this subject itilieitake up all the sap furnished, it will be thrown author of the piece on "Pruning Fruit Ttees" : hack on the large branches and body of Ihe docs; but I own sot.ie trees, and occasivier, and leaving Ihe upper l>ranche/, ! should say that this act would accel- leralc the ascent, as there are no longer any lat- eral branches tn.div ert it from its natural course. If you bead a tree down, you check the upward course of the sap, until it linds vent through the tender liark which remains on the body or stem of the tree, and forms new boughs or shoots ; but you do not prevent tlie ascent of the sap by lakin:: away the lower branches, and leaving the upper dry. It is true that if you cut off all the branches from a vigorous apjjle tree, in the spring of the year the sap is returned back on the stock in such quantities that before it caa issue and term new branches so as to consume it, Ihe bark of the tree is forced olT and decays owing to the fermenlalion which takes place, or porhajis from the too rapid formation of the new alburnum. As I have already extended this article muck I'eyond what I had intended to do, 1 shall not notice the seasons or the manner n hich I esteem most suitable for prunmg. Trees, which beat the stone fruits, as these trees are subject to gum, require a different treatment. 1 must now, Sir, ask your jlardor^ for calling on your patience and indulgence, while you read this long and tedious notice of your correspon- dent's remarks on the " Pruning of FruitTrees;" but 1 consider it important that a work like yours, which contains so many excellent remarks and useful hints on the subject «f agriculture, should not propagate erroneous notirns, when it is intended to |prnmo1e correct views of this most important science, as well as that of its twin sister— HORTICULTURE. 234 KEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Feb. 18, TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FAralER. Med~ji>ay, January 25, 1 825. VELOCITY OF BULLS, he. Mr Fessenden — The accelerated velocity of water mills during the nia;ht, apppnrs to be a controverted theory : but we have the united testimony ot" those who have the best means of judg-ing, in favour of such an hypolhesis. 1 no- ticed in yoiir p-iiier, |>atre 99, the olisRrvalinns alluded to lage 156, and like him was inclined to believe it wa? a fact that water nulls did acquire an accelerated motion in the night with "• the same gunge of water." I do not intend to account for this ditTerence, nor am 1 sufficiently conversant with mills to have made nice observations and experiments; yet I would ask if it is not consistent with philosophical prin- ciples, to suppose that some or all of the follow- ing causes may operate to promote such accel- leration: 1. May not the natural evaporation of water, (attracting upwards) during the day over a large surface of water, in some degree retard its mo- tion down stream 1 If so, though the att motion be very small, at night fall, as this absorplion ceases, the attraction ivould not only be taken off, but by a descent of jnoislnre from the humid atmosphere, a source of acceleration to the stream would be produced to the same degree that the absorptive power retarded ; which may be exemplified by taking iVom one scale of a small balance a single grain, and placing it in the other, — a double dili'erence would be produced. 2. May not Ihe diiferent slate of the atmos- phere of the day and night, the air being more rarifled and conserjucnlly lighter in tl;e d.iy time and more dense anil heavy at night, operate by a more heavy pressure at night on ihc .sur- face of water, to give it more power and an ac- celerated velocity through the gateway? 3. May not, as Mr. Pr.rsTON was led to con- clude, the coldness of the night — exceeding that of the day by (he condensation of water which would be thereby produced— give it sufficient additional spccilick gravity to have some efl'ecl in producing the dilference in the velocity of mills during the night, which does really exi.st. If some o/your correspondents, better able than myself to philosophize on this subject, would have the goodness to notice the above inqniries and either contirm or confute Ihe princijiles they suggest, I .should be gratified. than its bulk of water, it must immediately sink. Therefore it must sink before it has absorbed " more than the same bulk of the surrounding water." S. [rem.^rks bv the editor.] It would, we think, be most expedif.nt, before any elaborate theories are founded on the supposed facts, stated by our correspondent, to ascertain hy accurate experiments vifhether such facts exist, and what shape tliey come in. A series of correct trials is needed to show what diflercnce of effect, (if any) is produced by the same head, fall, adjutage or aperture, &c. of water, in tunung macliinery in the night and in the daytime. We are assured, however, that millers, generally, entertain an opinion that water will perform more in grinding, sawing, &c. other things equal, when expend- ed in the night, than if drawn off when the sun is above the horizon. They, therefore, frequently attend to their occupations in dry weatlier in the night, for the sake of economy in the use of water. AVe do not know how- ever, that any experiments have ever been made to determine with precision the dilference between the velocity and the power with which mills move in the night, and in the day time, with the same liead and fall of water. We have consulted a number of treatises on mills, hydrostatics, hydraulics, fluidity, &c. but cannot find that any notice has been taken of tlio supposed in- crease of power and velocity in mill machinery, when moving by night. But in Ferguson's Lectures, there is the following pas.sage. " As all bodies expand with heat and contract with cold in different degrees, the specific gravities of bodies are not the same in summer as in winter. It has been found that a cubic inch of good brandy is 10 grains heavier in winter than in sn.nmer ; same quantity of spirit of nitre 20 grains ; vinegar 6 grains ; and spring icnler 3 grs. Hence it is most profitable to buy spirits: in winter and sell them in summer, since they are al- ways bought and sold by measure. It has been found thatS'J gallons of spirits in winter will make 32 in sum- mer." Now if water is heavier in winter than in sum- mer in consequence of the condensation which takes place from the loss of a portion of its heat, it must, gen- erally, be heavier in the night than in (he day-time, because it becomes a /////c cooler in the night than in tl e weight of the wood in its dry state, exceeds in a given bulk of the solid, the same bulk of the liquid in which it h immersed, the solid will sink. It is wisely ordered that all kinds of wood shall sink in wateV when thor- oughly impregnated with the liquid, otherwise the mouths of all rivers which traverse a woodland country would be blockaded by the dri/l wood brou'-ht down by the current. To Corresp'^g Sec'y of Maasachusclls Agric. Soeitty. SOFT SOAP, I'KDILITCD, AN EXCELLENT CLEANSER OF FRUIT TREES. Easton, [Talbot county) Md. Sir — Among the papers published in the third number of the third volume of the Agri- cultural Journal of the M;i.ssachusetfs Society, th.^re appears a letter written by Richard Peters Esq, upon the suliject of Peach Trees, mention- ing Iheir decline for some years past, and the various I cmedies employed by him for relieving their diseases and preventing their decay. It docs not appear that the Peach Trees i"n the neighbourhood of Boston are subject to the same di'crders ; but as the Society have thought prop- er 0 publish this paper for the benefit of their members and other readers in their districts, it mipt he presumed that the subject of it was coreidered worthy of their attention, and that prtbably the Peach Trees there are also more or less afl'ected by casualties or distempers, which it was their desire to remove or prevent. UnJer this impression, 1 shall proceed to stalo an txpedieiil which has been applied to the im- pro;emont of Fruit Trees in this country, and which may be equally serviceable in other por- tidi'S of the country. The Peach Trees hero appear to be liable to the same disasters tind diseases which are de=- jcribrd by Mr. i'elers, and tlis-y often wither and decay in the same manner. Pear Trees and other fruit trees are also frequently atfected, and sometimes suddenly decay, without (li=. covering the causes of their decline. A gentle- man of this neiglibourhond some years ago, ob- serving the silunlion of his trees, and having- unsuccessfully used many applications, at length day. Eut the question is whether tfiis cause is sufficient [directed their truuks or bodies to be washe to produce twy perceptible effect? Moreover a mill- j and well rubbed with Soft Soap ; and it is not pond full of water might discharge more water through ] eftsy to imagine the early change w liich appear- a given aperture or gate- way in the night time than in j ed in their baik and foliage : the bark became the day, because in the night it receives, — generally smooth and glossy, and seemed sound and bean- speaking, a quantity of water by the falling of dew tif"! I 'mi\ he thought the tree was greatly im- Mr Piii;sT0N observes—" our learned authors into the pond, but during the day the same pond loses ! pi'oved in every respect. I have tried the same, Iiave written abundance on the properties of water, yet none appear to have been fully ac- quainted therewith. For instance, in the drj- part of summer, a man may carry on his shoul- iler a dry log that would float him across a river, /..ay (hat log under water all wintei, ami it will absorb so much water more than its bulk, that it will sink like ;i stone. — If it did not absorl): more than the same bulk of the surroundinu; water, it would not sink." If 1 have a right .tindorslanding of his theory, I am obliged to think he is mistaken in this respect. " A body im- mersed in fluid (-ays Blair) will sink (o Ihc liot- lom, if it be heavier than its bulk nf the fluid." The "dry log that would float him across the river," must of course weigh less than its bulk of water; and, if I am not much mistaken, as Vnon as it has absorbed n sufficient quantity of water to become with its own weight heavier a portiou of its water by evaporation. ' experiment, and with equal advantage to Af.ple With regard to the dilference in the weight of the [ 'I''''^^'''^°'"' Trees and Poach Trees and am atmosphere in the night and the day, it appears to us I'H'S"^''"' ^'^.V have been greatly bencdledb; ,, .,, ■, ij 1 ,•,,; I, ,, . , I this process ; it is used in Ihe .bprina:, and ma\ that it would have wr?/ ii///e, but we are not prepared 1 , ' , ' .• ,, . r . , ,1 , .. ,j i u n- . I .1 f ■ , I be repealed in lollowing years as Ireiiuenliv as to say that it would not have OM!/ effect. In the torrid I ' ^ ■' ' zone the-barometer, we believe, indicates most usually i a considerable increase in the weight (and of course of the tices appear to require it. ■ Mr. Peters declares that ho used soup sml . . ^, , . , without any beneficial elTeCts ; but it is probable tlie density) of the atmosphere in the night time. I.ut .l ., ,i .• /-, .. ; , ,.„u,,„.,„ ,.' .^ . " that Ihe .b(i/( 6o«;j in subslance is more power- m our climate, if we mistake not, the sun'sbeing above (-„, ^„^, „;.„ j,.,;;,,^, „„,g ^,j.^ ,, .n,,'^,-,,,,^ or below the horizon produces very little if any appa, , ■..ill,,.,,, ,l,^ ,„,,, .,^ commonly made, it may more effect on that instrument. It would be easy to write a long treatise on this subject, hut as we before intimated, accurste experiments ought to prrcfde theoiics. W ith regard to a log of wood sinking in water when it is thoroughly soaked, we think there is nothing very my.sterious. Whenever a log of wood or any other per- meable k porous substance has imbibed so much water that the weight of the fluid imbibed in addition to the effectually destroy the worms, bugs, and othei insects which so materia ly injure the Irdcs ; and it is believed to be in consequence of their destruction that the bark and branches are en- abled lo derive so much improvement from the a|)plica(ion of this subslai.ce. 1 am about lo suggest this expedient to Mr. Peters; and if you think it may merit the con- 1025.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 233 sideration of your Society, you are at liberty to place this communication before them. Yours &ic. N. HAMMOND. PERKINS'S STKAM ENGINE. A gentleman lately arrived from England, bas furnirlied us with a description of a steam boat constructed by Mr. Perkins, to exhibit the pow- ers of his engine. lis form is long and narrow, to accomodate it (o the Regent's canal,' where it is kept and frequently worked for exhibition. — : It is 71 feet in length, 7 I'eet in breadth, and- carries 22 tons ; it has an iron paddle at the stern, 7 feet in diameter, with wings 13 inches ()road at the eneraiure was raised to only one half its proper number of atmospheres, it moved at the rate of 6 miles an hour. — A". Y. paper. From the A*. K. Farmcr^s Almanack, FEBRUARY. Keep on sledding wood till you have got a pile just 99 times as big as the Sea Serpent. — There are but few things more vexatious jlhan to be obliged to tackle your team in the hurry pf baying, or harvesting, in order to snake bojoe a green tree top for fuel, which wont aflef nil. burn much belter than an ice islaod. The cul- tivator who suflTtTS summer to come about not having a good store of dry wood under cover, may rank with him whose pork barrel is as empty as the head of a dandy. If you do not in- tend that your wife, daughters, help., fee. should be as cross as a litter of catamounts, and snap at you like, a hemlock back-log, you will split and pile away some elegant billets (not billet- doux) for oven wood. Give your ewes with lamb a few roots, to keep them in good heart ; turnips, at this season, it is said, will injure the lambs. Either keep your stock well, or knock them on the head, sell their hides, and take a cruise to the Ohio country, for the purpose of peddling wooden nutmegs, and other yankee notions. ^-i — SUGAR MAPLE. An improvement has lately been made in the manner of lapping the sugar tree, which I hope will be widely circulated, that it may supercede the barbarous use made of Ihe axe in lapping them ; and in my opinion, it is preferable to boring them. 1 am informed it is used almost exclusively in the stale of Kentucky. — It is this: About one of the small roots of the sugar tree dig a hole large enough to set the vessel in, which is designed to catch the sap : saw off the end of the root, and it is accomplished. It is asserted that the sap will run more freely this way than by any olher way yet discovered. Among the advantages attending this manner of tapping trees, the sap can be sheltered from animals, and from leaves and dirt, by placing a board over the bole. 1 hope fanners generally will make a pro|ier apfdication of this important iroproveracDt. — Am. Farmer. From lite ^merUo.n Farmer, Mr. John Gage, of Union, a few years ago, grafted a pear upon an apple scion in l)is garden. When it grffw up, so as to begin to bear, it bore lor two years, very excellent pears. The third and fourth years it was barren ; but during those years, its leaves, which formerly were those of a pear tree, changed, by degrees, to those of an apple tree. The fifth year, and ever since, it has borne excellent apples. This has been re- lated to me by at least fifty of Ihe most respec- table men on the spot, who personally knew it to be true, so that I have no doubt of its correct- ness. JOB JOHNSTON. FRUrr TREES, &c. To KEEP Bacon — Uartis and Shoulders, pure and s'sseet, and free from skippers and rust — the re- sult of experiment. Having lived in this country upwards of forty years, 1 had tried many ways to preserve Bacon, for having been raised in old Virginia, I am very fond of good bacon and cabbage; hut I need not here repeat the various experiments. Last spring, 1 tried a method which proved effectual ngninst hugs, t^ies, skippers, rust, and rancidity, and now is the time fur olhcrs to satisfy them- selves. It, was as follows: — On taking my meal from \he. pickle, far I fill my lubs (vilh strong brine, as soon as the meat is salted, and sk'.mmed it clean of every particle of filth, and put it away in Ihe tubs again — When the meat was li'ell smoked, being afraid to venture the whole of it, 1 packed away six hams and two shoulders, in Ihe brine again and kept them down with boards and weights. — This brine was quite pure and sweet when I went to salting this fall. The bacon wluch had been thus well smoked, and put hack again in brine and kept, chiefly, uulil Ibis fall, was so good and pure as to attract the notice of all thai ate of il — besides, the flavour being well pre- served, there was no oviside rust lo pare off and Ihrowaway. JEREMIAH KINDALL. JAMF..S BI.OODGOOD&CO. have for sale at their Nur* bery at flushing, on Long Island, "^■S^^f^S^^^fst.. i'e-AT Ntw York, Kniit and Forest Trees, Flowerinj Shrubs and I'huits, of the most approved sorts. The I'roprietors of thi.« iSursery atteiut personally to, thu inoculation and engrafting of aU thfir Fiwt Trees, and purchasers may rely with confidence, that the Trees they order will prove genuine. Orders left with Mr. Zkbkdke Cook, Jr. Ko. 4'1, .State Stret-t, Boston, will be transmitted to us, and receive our prompt and particular attention. Cata- logues will be delivered, and any information ini parted respecting the condition, &c. Sic. that may be required, on application lo him. Persons who intend to procure a supply of trees the ensuing spring, arc invited to call on Ihe agent at an early period, as their orders will be executed more to their satisfaction than if deferred until the healthiest trees have been selected. Feb. 4. FOR sale at this Office. Ruta Baga, Mangel Wurt- zel, and Sugar Beet seeds, raised this season, by John Prince, Ksq. Roxbury. The Ruta Baga seed is from superiour roots, from seed not two years since from Sweden. T*:^'- '1- PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c. Union of Ihe „itlantic and Pacific— There is the fairest prospect of the execution of this most useful canal. During the last summer, tin- iVary Livingston sailed from New-York with a company, who went in her, for the purpose of examining the river St. Juan and the lake Nicaragua, and also of taking the level and exploring the route between the two oceans. The Mexican government has given its sanstion, and has warmly adopted the project ; and the Mary Livingston has sailed from Alvarado for St. Juan, to commence the survey. The execution is committed to Mr. Edmund Blunt, a gentleman of an enter- prising and resolute character, and of scientific ac- quirements ; and it may be rationally hoped from the surveys which he has already made on our own coast, that this important one will not suffer in his hands. An Englishman has counted fourteen hundred sorts of wines made in France. The subterranean passage which is now forming un- der the Thames, will cost only 460.000 francs, a sum hardly sufficient to build a single arch to some of the bridges. Many extraordinary cures of chronic diseases have been lately efiVcted by friction. We have been infor- med that some p^hysicians in London have several " Rubbers" in Ihfir employ, whom they order to pa- tients, as they do Bleeders, when they consider them needed. Gen. Penjaniin Pierce of Hillsborough, N. H. lately assembled at a dinner party, "il of bis revolutionary compeers, VZ of whom were at the battle of Bunker hill. APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. - - - - BEANS, white, BP:F.F, mtss, 200 lbs. new, - cargo. No 1, new, - - " No 2, new, - - CUTTERt inspect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, - - - - skimed milk, - - - FLAX - - FLAX SEED FLOLP^, Baltimore, Howard St Genessee, . - - Rye, best, ... GRAIN,Rye - - - - - Corn - - ... , Barley - . - - Gals - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No ], Inspection - - LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISIT.R PARIS retails at PORK, Bone Middlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover . - - - - WOOL, Merino, full blood,was.h do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION MARKET. BEE!'', best pieces - - - - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " -whole hogs, - - - VEAL, MUTTON, " - POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & ttib, lump, best, - ■ - EGGS, ..-----■ MEAL, Rye, retad, - - - - Indian, do. - . - ■ POTATOES, . . . - CIDER, liquor, . - - - HAY, according to quality, - FROM TO 1). t . D. C. bbl 2 00 2 25 ton. 108 110 00 lOS 00 110 CO lusl. 1 00 1 12 bbl. 9 00 9 50 7 00 7 60 6 00 6 25 lb. 14 1 8 J 4 9 10 bush 75 83 bbl. 5 62 6 00 6 12 6 25 3 50 bu.sb 58 62 48 50 50 .35 lb. 10 11 9 n cask 1 25 1 33 .'al. 75 80 ton. 4 50 4 75 bbl. 14 00 16 59 13 50 14 00 12 75 13 00 bush 60 70 40 45 45 50 35 42 25 30 48 52 35 40 lb. 6 8 6 7 C 8 3 8 4 7 6 10 12 16 16 20 18 20 bush 65 70 60 65 20 25 bbl. 2 5( 3 00 ton. 16 00 I 20 00 236 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Feb. 18, CATTLE SHOW, Eshibition of Manufactures, Ploughing Match, and Public Sale of Animals and Manufacliires, at Brighton, Mass. on Wednesday and Thurs- day, the 19th and 20lh of October, 1825— to commence at 9 A. M. on the first day, and at 10 A. M. on the second day. The Trustees of the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, encouraged by the patronage of the Legislature of this State, intend to ofl'er in Premiums, not only the sum granted by the Government for that pur- , pose, but also the whole amount ol the income of their own funds They, therefore, announce to the public their wish to have a Cattle Show, and Exhibition of Manufactures, &c. &.C. at Brighton, on Wednesday and Thursday, the 19th and 20th of October, 1S25; and they offer the folloiving Premiums ; FOR STOCK. For the best Bull, raised in Massachusetts, atove one year old .... igSO For the uext best, do Jo . . . i?0 For the next best, do do . • • 10 For the best Cull CaK, fioin live to twelve months old . . . . . 16 For the next best, -do do ... 10 For the next best, do do . . . 5 For the best Cow, not less than 3 years old 30 For the next best, do do . . • 20 For the next best, do do . . . 15 For the best Hoiler (having had a calf.) . 15 For the next best, do do . . , 10 For the best Heifer (not having had a calf,) . 1'.; For the next best, do do . . . ]0 For the next best, i^o do . . . 8 For the next best, do do . . • 6 For the best Ox, fitted for slsHg-hter. regard to ne had to, and a particular statement to bo given of, the mode and expense of fatthig . . 25 For the next best, do do ... 20 For the next best, do do . . .10 For the best pair of Working Oxen . 25 For the next best, do do . . -.20 For the next best, do do . . . 15 For the next best, do do ... 12 For the next best, do do . . . C [No oxen will be admitted to trial as workivg ox- en under/our years old.] For the best jMerino Ra'n . . . 15 For the next best, do , . . . 10 "For the best Mcriao Ewes, not less than five in number ..... 20 For the next best, do do do . . )0 For the best Boar, not excceedi.-ig two years old 12 For the next best, do do ■ . . 8 For the next best, do do . . . 5 For the best Sow . . . .12 For the next best, do . . . 8 For the next best, do . . . . 5 For the best Pigs, not less tbati two in number, nor less than four moiilbtf old, nor more than eight 10 For the next beet, do ... 5 None of the above animals will be entitled to premiums, unless liiey are zxhollij bred in the State of Massachusetls. Any of the above Stock, whfn raised and still o;vnedat the lime of the exliibitiou by the per- son »vho raised them, will entitle the cbiiinant to an alloivance of ten per cent, in addition. But sheep, to be entitled to any of th<> above premi- >)ms, must be raised by the person entering tiiem. For the best Ram which ehall be imported into tllis State, .after this advertiseuutit, and hefoie the jOtli day of October next, of the improved llbicestci- bresil of lonj wooled sheep . ^li, or a gold medal of that value, at the option of the importer. For the next best, do do . . 50 For the best Ewe, of the same breed, imported un- der the same terms, and for the like supcriour qualities . . • .60 For the next best, do do . . ' 40 The persons claiming these premiums to en- gage to keep the imported animals within the State. No animal, for which lo any owner one pre- mium shall have been awarded, shall be con- sidered a subject for any future premium of the Society, except it be for an entirely distinct premium, and for qualities difTerent I'rom those for which the former premium was awarded. — Any animal ■a.-hich shall have obtained a preinium as a Milch Heifer shall not afierK-ards be. entered for premium as a Milch Cotu. FOR GRAIN AND VEGETABLE CROPS. To the person who shall raise the great(^5t quantity of Indian Corn on an acre, not less than one hun- dred bushels . . . $20 To the person who shall raise the greatest quantity of Vegetables, (grain, peas, and beans excepted) for winter consumplion, of the stock on his owu farm, and not for sale, in proportion to the size of the farm and stock kept, having regard to the respective vakie of said vegetables as food, statiijs; the expense of raising the same, and the best mode of preserving th'^ same thro' the winter 30 To the person who shall raist the greatestqaantity of Winter Wheat on an acre, not less, tlian 30 bushels . . ,. .20 To the person who shall raise the grtatcsl quantity of Spring Wheat on an acre, not less than thir- ty bushels . . . . 2Q To the person who shall raise the greatest quantity of BarK y on an acre, not less than forty-five l;,ushe]s . . . .20 To the person who shall raise tbe greatest quantity of Rye on an acre, not less than thirty bushels . 20 To the person who shall raise the greutesl crop of Millet on an acre, cut and cured for hay, not less than three tons, the claimant giving evi- dence of the time of sowing, the quantity of seed sown, and the quantity of hay produced 20 To the person whoshall raise the greatest quantity of Carrots on an acre, not less than 600 bushels 20 To the person who shall raise the greatest quantity of Potatoes on an acre, not less than 500 bushels 20 To the person who shall raise the greatest quantity nfcommna Beets on an acre,not less than (100 busli. 20 To the person who shall raise the greatest quantity of Sugar Beets on an acre, not less than 600 bush. 20 To the person who shall raisethe greatest quantity of Parsnips on an acre, not less than 400 bushels 20 To the person who shall raise the greatest quantity of .Mangel AVurtzcl on an acre, not less than ii-x hundred bushels . « .20 To the person who shall raise the greates' quantity of Ruta Baga on an acre, not less than sixhun- bushels . . ■ .; .20 To the person whoshall raise thegreatest quantity of turnips on an acre, not less than 00 bushels 20 To the person -nho shall rai?e thegreatest quantity of Onions on an acre, not less than 600 bushels 20 To the person who shall raise the greatest quantity of Cabbages on an acre, not 'less than twenty- five tons weight, free from earth when weighed 20 To the person who shall raise the greatest quantity of dry Peas on an acre, not less than 30 bushels 20 To the person whoshall raise the greatest quantity of dry Cianson anacre, not less than 30 bushels 20 To the person "who shall give piroof of having pro- duced the largest quantity of dressed Flax, rais- on half an acre, and not less than '250 lbs. 20 To entitle himself to either of the premiums for Grain or Veiretable crops, the person claim- ing, must cultivate a tract of at iea«t one acre in one piece, with the plant or production for which he claims a premium, and must state in person, (accompanied by a certiticafe of the writing, under oath of himself, and one other measurement of the land by some sworn sur- veyor,) the following particulars: 1. The slate and quality of the land, in the spring of 1826. 2. The product and general slate of cultiva- tion and quantity of manure employed on it the year preceding. 3. The quantity of manure used the present season. ■1. The quantity of seed used, and if Potatoes, the sort. .5. The time and manner of sowing, weeding, and harve.?ling the crop, and the amount of the product, ascertained by actual measuremenf, af- ter the whole produce for which a premium is claimed, is harvested, and the entire expense of cultivalinn. 6. In regard to Indian Corn, the entire crop of the acie offered for jiremiurn, if shelled, muit be measured between tiie 15lh,Novenil)er and 1st Docember. It' not shelled, the wiiole must be weighed withm the same dates, and the Tru.'tees hare determined to consider sev- en! i; Jive pounds of corn tijui coi as equivalent to one bushel of shelled corn. A. id in relation to all vegetables, (except PoiHtoes, Onions, and common Turnips,) at lt\>t forty bushels must lie weighed, and ffl;j- six pounds will be considered as equal to one bushel, tree from dirt. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. To the person who shall give satisfactory evidence on " SoilingC.ittle," not less than six in number, aiui through tlie whole season, together with n particular account of the food given, and how cultivated .... $30 To the person who shall make the experiment of turning in green crops as a manure, on a tract ni^ less than one aci'e, and prove its utility and cjjeapness, giving a particular account of the pfbcess and its result . . .2? Tu the person who shall, by actual experiment, i prove the best season and modes of laying down lands to g'ass, whether spring, summer, or fall seeding is ])referab;e, and v.ith or without grain on different soils . .' . Gt* To the person who shall prove to the satisfaction of the Trustees, that his mode of rearing, feeding and fattening neat cattle is best . . 20 To the person who shall prove lo the satisfaction of the Trustees, the utility and compaiative val- ue of the cobs of Indian corn, when used with or without the grain itself, ground or broken 2l> The claim i;nder the two last heads, togeth- er with the evidences of the actual product, must be delivered, free of expense, to I'.enjamin Guild, Esq. in Boston, Assistant Recording Sec- retary of this Society, on or before the first day of Decembernext — the Trustees not intending^ to decide upon claims under the head of .\gri- cultural Experiments, until their meeting iu De- cember. BUTTER, CHEESE, HONEY, CIDER, CUR- RANT WINE. To the person who shall lake up in the season, on his own farm, the greatest quantity of good ho- i.ey, and shall at the same lime exhibit superior skill in the management of Bees. [If there be any thing supposed t« be new in the manage- ment, the same to be communicated in writ- $10 For the best Cheese, not hss than one year old, and not less in quantity than one hundred pounds . - - 10 For the next best, do do - - 5 For the ncit best Clieesc Us.' than one year old 10 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FAR?vIER. ?3t ■For the next best, do do - - S For the best Butter, not less than fifty pounds 'S For the next best, do do - - 10 For the next best, do do - - 7 For the next best, do do - - 5 For the greatest quantity of Butter and Cheese, made bet iveeu llui ir>lh of May, and the 1st of October, from not less than four cows, the quan- tity of Butter and Cheese, and the number of cows to be taken hito consideration, and speci- mens to be exhibited at the Show, of not less than twenty pounds of each, and the mode of feeding^, if any thinsf besides pasture was used 20 For the best specimen of Cider, not less than one barrel, made in 13-24, manufactured by the per- son who shall exhibit the same, and from apples grown on his own fann - - 13 For the second best barrel - - 10 The person obliiining the first premium shall he entitled to a further sum of g5, as a com- pensation for the premitim barrel of cider, which will l>e retained and nsnd at the Show Dinner, in order that he may have the credit of it. [These premUiins will I^e continued in future years. Persons claiming tiiem mn<:t state, in writinaf, their process of making and managing' their cider, and the kind of aj)ples used.] For the best specimen of Currant ■\\'ine, not less than one g;^.llon, exhibilcd by any person who shall have made not less than 30 gallons, in the same season in -whirh that which shall be ex- hibited was made, a statement to be given in writing, of the process of making the same 30 For the next best, do do - - >, 5 FOR INVENTIONS. '' To the person wlio shall use the Drill Plonjli, or Mactiine, and apply it most successfully to the cultivation of any small Grains or Seeds, on a/ scalp not less than one acre - ) £0 To the person who shall invent the best ATachiBe" for pulverising; and grinding Plaster tr; (lie fine- . nesi of twenty-five bushels per ton, and which shall require no more power than a pair of oxen or horse, to turn out two tons per day, and so portable that it can be mo-ved from one farm to anotlier without inconvenience - 30 To the person who shnll produce, at the Show, any other Agricultural Impltment, of his own invention, which shall in the opinion of the Trustees, deserve a reward, a premium not ex- ceeding TwrrJy Dollars^ according to the value of the article exhibited. In all cases, proofs must I;e given of the work done by the Macisine, before it is e:ihibiled ; and ofits havinij been used and approved hy some practical farmer. Persons who have ta- ken out patents for their inventions, are not there!)}' excluded horn claiming any of the above premiums. No claimant will bo entitled to a preaiium unless in the opinion ol'the Committee, the !na- chine or iniplemenl presenled by him shall be superior to any designed for the same use, which shall have -Iieretefore gained a premium. FOR FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES AND HEDGES. For the best plantation of White Oak Trees, not less than one acre, nor fewer than one thousand trees per acre, .to be raised from the acorn, and which trees shall he in the best thriving state on the first of September, IS'27 - 100 For the best plantations of White Ash, Ijarch, and Locust Trees, each of not less than one acre, nor fewer than one thousand trees per acre, to be raised from the seeds, and wl;ich trees shall be in the best thriving state on the first of Sep- tember, 'l!5'i7 . - . 50 ■Tor the best Live Hedge, made either of White or Cnckspur Thorn, planted in 1820, not less than one hundred rods, and which shall be ia the best thriving state in ia27 - 60 For (he best Buckthorn Hedge, not less than one hundred rods, and which shall be -.in the best thriving stale in 1828 - - 50 To the person who shall have planted out on his farm, since the spring of 1816, the greatest num- ber of Apple Trees, not less than one hundred in number, and who shall exhibit to the Trus- tees, at the ?how in 1827, satisfactory evidence of his having managed them with care and skill 50 FOR DOMESTIC MANUF.\CTURES. To the person or corporation who shall produce the best specimen of fine Broadcloth, not less than 1 5-8 yards wide, exclusive of the list, forty yards in quantity, and dyed in the wool 20 For the second best, do do - - 15 For the best superfine Cassimere, not less than 3-4 yard wide, or less than forty yards in quantity 12 For the second best, do do ■ . 8 For the best superfine Sattinet, 3-4 yard wide, not less than fifty yards . . 8 For the second best, do . . 5 FOR HOUSEHOLD MANUFACTURES, For the best ^^'oolen Cloth, 3-4 yard wide, not less than twenty yards in quantity . ]2 For the second best, do do . . 8 For the best donble milled Kersey, 3-4 yard wide, not less than twenty yards in quantity 12 For the second best, do do . . (J For the best Coating, 3-4 yard wide, not less than twenty yards in quantity . . 8 For the second best, do jlo . . 6 i'or the best Flannel, 7-S yard wide, not less than forty-five yards in quantity . 10 Fer the second best, do do . . 7 For the best yard w^ide Carpeting, not less than thirty yards in quantity . . 15 For the second best, do do . . 7 For the best 5-8 yard wide Stair Carpeting, not less than thirty yards in quantity . 10 For the second best, do do . . 7 For the best pair of Blankets, not less than 8-4 wide and 10-4 long . . G For the second best, dodo . , 4 For the best Woolen Knit Hose, not less than 12 pair in number ... 5 For the second best, do do . " . 3 For the best Worsted Hose, not less than 12 pair in rrjmber ... 5 For the second best, do do . . 3 For the best Men's Half Hose, (woolen) not less than 12 pair in number . , 4 For the second best, dodo. . - 2 Foo the best Men's Woolen Gloves, not less than 12 pair iu number . . 5 For the second best, do do . . 3 For the best Linen Diaper, 5-8 yards wide, not less than 30 yards in quantity . . 3 For the second best, do do . . 3 For the best yard wide Diaper, (for table linen) not Uss than 10 yards in quantity . 10 For the second best, do do . . 5 For the best specimen of Sewing SiFif, raised and spun in this State, of good fast colors, not less than one pound ... 5 For the second 1 est, do do . . 3 For the best Linen Cloth, (for shirting orsheeting) one yard wide and twenty-five yards long 8 For the second best, do do . . 4 To the person who shall produce the best speci- men of any C'ittnn fabrics in private families, not less than five pieces . . 20 All of the above manufactures, of which the material is either in whole or in part sheep's wool, must he made of wool of the growth of the United Stales, and manufactured within the State of Massachusetts. And all Manufactures, when presented, must have a private mark, and any puMic or known mark must be com- pletely concealed so as not to be seen, or known by the Committee, nor must the Proprietors be present when they are examined ; in default of either of these requisitions, the articles will not be deemed entitled to consideration or pre- mitim. Animals, or manufactured Articles, may be of- fered for premium at Brighton, notwithstanding they may have Ecceived a premium from a County Agricultural Society. It is understood, that whenever, merely from a want of competition, ;my of the claimants may be considered entitled to the premium, under a literal construction, yet if, in the opinion of the Judges, the object so offered is not de- serving ot any reward, the Judges shall have a right to n?ject such claims. Persons to whom premiums shall be awarded, may, at their op- tion, have an article of Plate, with suitable in^ scriptions, in lieu of money. Premiums will be paid within ten days after they shall be awarded. That in any case in which a pecuniary pre- mium is ofTered, the Trustees may, having regard to the circumstances of the competitor, award either one of the Society's gold or silver medals in lieu of the pecuniary premium an- nexed to the several articles. That if any competitor for any of the So- ciety's premiums shall be discovered to have used any disingenuous measures, by which the objects of the Society have been defeated, such person shall not only forfeit the premium which may have been awarded to him, but be ren- dered incapable of being ever after a competitor for any of the Society's premiums. All premiums not demanded within six months after they shall have been awarded, shall be deemed as having been generously given to aid the funds of the Society. PLOUGHING MATCH. On the second day of the Cattle Show, viz. the !20th day of October, Premiums will be given to the owners and ploughmen of three Ploughs, drawn by two yoke of oxen, and t« the owners and ploughmen of three ploughs drawn by one yoke of oxen, which shall be ad- judged by a competent Committee, to have performed the best ■s:ork, with least expense of labor, n It exceeding hall an acre to each plough. Notice will be given in the public Papers, at least six weeks before said day, that a piece of ground has been provided for twenty ploughs — ten double and ten single teams ; and that entries may be made of the names of the com- petitors until the morning of the 20th. Pre t'erence will be given to those who enter first ; but if, on calling the list at the hour appointed, precisely, those first named do not appear, the next in order will be preferred. There wilJ be two Committees of three persons each, one to be the judges of the ploughing by double teams, the other of the ploughing by single teams — — the latter to have assigned to them a part of the field distinct from that of the double teams. Premiums as follow.s, (being the same fo-r the double and single teams.) First Plough $15-Second Plough $10-Third Plough $g Ploughman . . 8 — Ploughman . . 5 — Ploughman . 3 Driver . . . 4 — Driver . . . 3 — Driver ... 2 In each case, if there be no Driver, both sums to be awarded to the Ploughman. The persons intending to contend for these Prizes, must give notice in writing, to Gorham Parsoxs, Esq. of Brighton. The competitors will also be considered as agreeing to follow such rules and regulations as may be adopted 238 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Feb. 18, by the Committee on the subject. The ploughs to be ready to start at 10 o'clock, A. M. The result of the last Ploughing Matches at Brighton, and the satisfaction expressed by so many of their agricultural brethren, will in- duce the Society to continue these premiums annually, in connexion with the Cattle Show, as an efficacious means of exciting emulation and improvement in the use and construction of the most important instrument of agriculture. The trial of Working Oxen is to take place en the first day at 11 o^clock. Persons intending to offer any species of Stock for premiums, are requested to give no- tice thereof, either by letter (post paid) stating the articles, or (o make personal application to the Secretary of the Show, [Jonathan Winship, Esq.] Brighton, on or before the 18th day of October, in order that he may enter such no- tice or application, so thiit tickets may be ready at 9 o'clock on the 19lh. Ko person will be considered as a competitor, who shall not have given such notice, or made such appli-calion for entry, on or before the lime above specified. All articles of manufactures and invenlions, must be entered and deposited in the Society's Rooms, on Monday, the 17th of October, a"nd will be examined b) the Committees on Tues- day, the 18lh, the day before the Cattle Show ; and no person but the Trustees shall be ad- mitted to examine thetn before the Show. The articles so exhibited must be left till after tlie Show, fnr the satisfaction of the public. The applicants will bo held to a rigid compli- ance ivith this rule relative to entries, as well as to the other rules prescribed. The esaminalion of every Sjifcies of stock, will take place on the 19th, and Ploughing M.itch on the 20th of October. The Truste(>s also propose to have the Sale of Animals and Manufactures, on the first day of the Cattle Show. Besides, such animals as may have been offered for Premiums, any others that are considered by them as possessing tine qual- ities, will be admitted for sale. Sales to com- mence at 12 o'clock precisely. And for all An- imals or Manufactures, that are intendcdifo be sold, notice must be given to the Secretary, be- fore 10 o'clock on the 19th. Auctioneers will be provided by the 'I'rustees. Byorderofthe Trustees, R. SULLIVAN, J. PRINCE, G. PARSONS, E. H. DERBY, 1825. Committee. Ja unary, NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, FKBRUARY 18, 10'25. jFflrmrr's ©nlrnUnv. Ewes, Lamds, &c. It i-; recommended to give ewes with lamb a somewhat more than ordinary quantity of food for a month or six weeks be- fore they are expected to yean. Not enough, however, to make thorn fat, as dangerous con- sequences might attend their being in very high conJitioij at that period. Turnijis are "said to be injurious to pwes with lainK, but may be w^ll | given (hem after they Irive yeaiiod. If yoiirl sheep, whetlierstore sheep or ewes with lami>, have good hay, about a nuart of potatoes a day to each will, it is said, be very beneticial, and an ample allowance. But when the object is to fat ithem, according to a writer in Rees' Cyclope- dia, about a gallon of potatoes a day with a lit- tle hay, will be the proper qunntify ; but this is dependent in part on the size of the animals, and in part on the quality and quantity of the hay, which is allowed them. Potatoes, besides their use as food for sheep, are said to be verj' serviceable as an article of diet, which usually supersedes the necessity of medicine. They have, when given raw, an opening or purgative quality, which is thought to be of use, and an- swer a similar purpose with sheep, which is ef- fected with swine by brimstone anvas quite sufficient, and more than this is not given in Saxony lo the best managed flocks." The same writer says "in the season for drop- ping lambs the utmost care is necessary. The birth is most commonly easy but often slow — Ignorant shepherds are very apt on such occasion to be aiding in the birth, which is always use- less and often very injurious. It often happens, says Mr Grove, that ewe» will not own their lambs, parlii-ularly the Grsl 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 239 Ihey bear ; and in this case I would adrise to Ihe ' sprinkling a little salt on the laral) ; which in- duces the e.ve t'l lick it, after which she will generally allow it !o suclc. If not, the ewe with her lamb shouki be placed in a separate inclo- sure (of which several should be previously prepared) and fed wi!h the most nutrilious fod- der, particularly with noiirishinic liquids, that the udder may be uncomibrlably distended ; and if thi* be not suthcient she must be lied by the legs till the lamb has been once suckled ; after which there will be no further diliiculty." PHYSICAL EDUCATION. The importance of the subject of the Lectures, proposed in Dr Coifin's advertisement, cannot fail to be duly appieciated by those who reflect on the intimate connexion between nsoundminil and a sound hod,j. The great object, and al- most the only object, of modern education ap- pears to be to cultivate the mind, while the bo- dy is neglected. One wouUI think that those whose duty and profession it is to " leach Ihe young idea how to shoot," and elir.it the fruits of excellence from the blossoms of promise, had adopted, with some modilicalion, the senti- ment of the poet, wlio says " The scufs dark cottage, batter'd and decayed. Lets in new light thro' chinks, which lime has made"— or rather, which disease or debility has made. If physical education is neglected by the in- structor, (unless l!ie defect is supplied by the good sense of the pupil, which cannot alvvayJbe anticipated,) intellectual culture not only la'ses its object, but is loo ol'ten the cause and preffide to premature decay, and an early tomb. ,'» '■'Jl J\'utional Lfio-islal lire. SENATE.— Feb. 4. The Presideiit transinitti J 3 Messages: — one relalin» to an act of the Sfate of Vi> ginia ; another transmitting mint operations, [by which it appears that over one million and a half of dollars,- principally in silver, were coined the last year ;] the third transmitting the ratified alterations in the .Treat/ of Peace with Tunis. A motion to strike out the sections in the hill for the suppression of Piracy, which relate to the arming' of merchant vessels, was, after debate, negative I^Yeas !21, Nays 22. Amotion to strike out the secoml sec- tion, which allows the landing of the olncers and crows oa Cuba, in their pursuit of pirates, was also 'negatived — N'ays i3, Yeas 16. OthT motions relative to the same bill were also negatived. Feb. 7. The bill for the suppression of Piracy in the West Indies, was passed, and sent to tlie IJonse. A report of the Committee on Ihe Judiciary unfavour- able to the pelilion of Ebenezcr Oliver and others, praying compensation for losses sustained in the pur- chase of Georgia lands, tzc. was called up. A debote ensued but no question was taken. Feb. 8. A memorial from John Prentiss, staling that he had invented a plan for building walls under water, &c. was read and committed. The report on the subject of the Yazoo lands was re- committed, with instructions to report a bill in favour of the petitioners. Feb. 9. The Legislative business on the order of the day lieing laid over, the Senate, at noon, proceeded to the Hall of the House of Representatives, to assist in opening and counting the votes for President and Vice Pre.sident. Feb. 10. Amendments to Ihe Judiciary bill were considered, and the suhjcct ilefcrred til! the next day. X Messag? fro 11 the House announctd Ihe choice of JohvQdiscy Ahajis fnrPresident of the United Ftates. HOUSE.— Feb. 4. iVIr Webster, fr-.m the Judiciary Committee, reported the bill fro ii the Senate providing for the security of public money in the hands of Clerks of Courts, &c. The House resumed the consideration of the motion of Mr horsythto refer the commuuicalion oftheSjieak- cr to a select Committee. A long and animated de- bate ensued. At length iMr Forsyth's motion was de- cided in the afllrmative — Yeas 125, Nays C!>. Fer. 5. A select Committee was elected to report on the communication of the Speaker. This Commit- tee censisted of Messrs. P. P. Barbour, Webster, ^^Lane, Taylor, Forsyth, Saunders and Hankiti. Frn. 7. K bill was reported, read twice, liz committed, for the preservation and civilization of the hidian tribes within the United States. Kcsolutions were offered for demanding of the Span- ish authorities of Cuba, to take measures for the pim- ishment of pirates, &c. '1 he ftouse, in Committee, resumed the consideration* of the rules to be observed in the election of President. Fkh. 0. The House, in Committee, passed several bills, and referred the bills for the suppression of Pira- cy to a Committee of the Whole. Feb. 9. The Committee on the subject of the communication, from the Speaker, relative to IMr Kre- j mcr's accusations, made a report, including a letter ' Irom Mr K. in which he denied the jurisdiction of the House and Committee, &c. — Ordered to be printed. At noon the Members of the Senate entered the Hall. The certilicates, containing the votes of the States for President and Vice President, were read, by which it appeared that no person h.ad received a majority for President — that Andrew Jackson, John Q. Adams, and William H. Crawford were the three persons who had received the highest number for that office, and the choice devolved on the House of Representatives — that John C. Calhoun, of S. C. having received 182 voles was duly elected Vice President. The Flouse then proceeded to elect the President, and Mr Webster announced that the result was for Jonx Q. AnArrs, 13 — Andrew Jackso:v. 7 — and for War. H. Crawford, ,4 votes. The Speaker then announced that JOHN QUINCY ADAMS was duly elected President. Feb. 10. .Mr Webster, from the Committee appoint- ed for that purpose, reported that Ihe Committee has notified the President of his appointment and that they had received a written answer, which he presented to the House. Massaclmsetts Legislature. SENATE.— Fee. 9. The Senate concurred in the instructions to the Committee on New Trials to report on the expediency of amending or repealing the Usury laws. The report of a Committee, giving leave to the Pro- prietors of Locks and Canals to vend Tickets of a Lot- tery heretofore granted to them was not accepted. Feb. 10. The bill to establish an Agricultural School at Dunimer Academy was called up and com- mil ted to Messrs. Richardson, Gardner and \Virgate. The Committee cii New Trials were discharged from any further consideration of (be subject of Usury. A number of bills parsed to be engrossed, and seve- ral to be enacted, but as they were of a local nature we shall omit theii- titles. Feb. 11. The Senate met agreeably to adjourn- ment; and adjourned to altciid the funeral of his late Excellency Governor EesTis. Feb. 12. A bill to repeal that part of the Inspec- tion Laws which reijnires that beef and pork for ship stores shall be daily inspected was, after debate, de- nied a second reading. Feb. 14.- .4fter passing a number of bills, an order passed requesting the Lieut. Governor to communi- cate any information which he may have received from Ihe Governor orConnecticut respecting the boundary between this ■'^tafe and Connecticut. Feb. 15. A bill to aid the Bunker Hill Monument Association was read twice and referred. It was decided that a resolve from the House pro- viding for thf payment of the Members of Ihe House of Rs'nresentatives out of the l*ublic Treasury ought not to piss. 13 in favor of its passing and 17 against it. A Message from his Honor the Lieut. Governor res- pecting the boundary line on Connecticut was received and committed. A bill to establish a School of Agriculture at Dum- mer Academy passed to be engrossed. HOUSE. — Feb. 9. The Commiltee on the petition praying the patronage of the state for the amendment of an Institution calculated to afford a thorough educa- tion to the laborious classes in the Practical Arts and Sciences, reported in favor of choo.'.iiig Commissioners to propose a system for the establishment of such an institution, &c. The remainder of the day was occupied in attending to the subject of a free bridge to South Boston. Fi;b. 10. I'his day was devoted to private and lo- cal business, including that of the South Boston Bridge. Feb. 12. The bill to establish a College at Amherst was reported with amendments, which were ordered to be printed and assigned for 'I'hursday. After debate the House accepted the Report of the Commiltee for building a bridge to South Boston. Yeas 93, Nays 63. Feb. 14. The Committee on Libraries was instruct- ed to re port on the expediency of granting to the in- corporated Societies in this State one copy each of the Laws and Resolves. The resolve for distributing the New England Far- mer to the Agricultural Societies, after debate, was committed to Messrs. Swell, Coburn, Morse, Stiles, and Bingham. The Gymnasium. THE Subscriber is about to give three Lectures on the following subjects : Isl. Physical Education in connexion with intellec- tual and moral culture, as taught and practised in the recent gymnastic seminaries of Germany, Denmark, Switzerland, Prance, &c. The value of human existence is to be estimated by its capacities lor action and enjoyment ; hence it ought to be the purpose of education to exercise, unfold, and carry forward these capacities to the highest degree of attainable improvement. But this can never be ac- complished so long as the care of the body is left out of the gentral plan of discipline and instruction. All unfortunate individual deprived of locomotive power, might with equal truth be regarded as a perfect hu- man being, as to suppose that any man was ever well educated without physical culture. 2d and 3d. On the means of promoting health and prerentiiig disease. Whatever may be thought of the expediency of attempting to teach parents to cure the ir own diseases and those of their children, there can be no doubt that much practical information relative to the promotion of health, is within their reach and comprehension. 7 he best part of medical science is the prevenllon of sickness — the possession of the means of security in the midst of those deleterious causes and impressions which are constantly acting on the human body ; but this important branch of medicine cannot be effected without the cooperation of those for whom its precepts are formed, — its best resources are exerted. If these dis- coveries shall be found to possess any interest or value for fathrrs, they cannot have less of either for mothers. Thcvare equally adapted and intended lor both. ijoslon. Feb. 10, lti25. J. G. COFFIN. FRUIT TRFES, &o M. PRINCE, Proprietor of the Linnaeau Garden, near New York, offers to the public his usual very extensive collection of Fruit and Orna- mental Trees, Shrubs & Plants, in the selection of which ate about 50,000 Apples, Pears, Peaches, frc. of the largest sizes, suitable for transplanting, all, of which are in the most vigorous and healthy state. From the long continuance of this eslablishment, the Proprietor has the advantage of possessing hearing Irees of nearly all the kinds, and those offered for sale are engrailed (rom fruit bearing trees, thereby affording an absolute certainty of their genuine character. The collections of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and Plants, including above 300 kinds of Roses, — also of Oranges, Lemons, Citrons, Camellias or Japan Roses, &c. arc so well known for their extent, that any remarks would be unnecessary, farther than to refer to the Catalogues, which may be obtained gratis from Mr Joseph Bridge, No. 25Conrt Street, Boston ; and orders through him. TviU receive the most prompt and attentive execution. 24(J NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Feb. 18, iWfscpllanirs. From the JVeio Monthly Magasin: . I love to hear at mournful eve The ploughman's pensive tone, And still be wending on my way When the last note is done. I love to see the misty moon, And cross the gusty hill, And wind the darksome homeward lane- Wben all is hush'd and still. From way thus distant, lone and late, How sweet it is to come. And, leaving all behind so drear, Approach our pleasant home ; While every lowly lattice shines Along the village slreet. Where round the blazing evening fire The cheerful household meet ! And passing by each friendly door, At length we reach our own, — Ind find the smile of kindred love More kind by absence grown. To sit beside the fire, and hear The threatening storm come on, — And think upon the dreary way, And traveller alone. To see the social tea prepared. And hear the kettle's hum, Atid still repeated from each tongue — " How glad we arc you^rt come ."' To sip our tea, to laugh and chat With heartfelt, social mirth, \nd think no spot in all the world Like our own pleasant hearth. The largest Diamond in (he world is the great diamond of Portugal, it was found in Brazil, is vet in il'i rotisli state, and weigiis one tliousand six hundred and eiglity carats. Some persons suppose it to he only colorless topaz. The hir^e iiniloubted diamond belongs to the o-reat tnojnl ; it weighs two hundred and eighty carals. The next, is the Brazilian diamond, be- longing to the liing of Portugal, weighing two hundred and fifteen carats. An oriental diamond, formerly belonging to a Persian Snltan, now in possession of the emperor of Russia, has not (he least flaw or fault, and weighs one hundred and ninety three carats. It was^ bought by Catharine for ninety thousand pounds in cash, and an annuity of four thousand pounds [seventeen thousand seven hundred and sixty dollars.] it is about the size of a large pigeon's head. The next is the celebrated regent diamond, called also the Pitt diamond [after the gentle- man who broug-ht it from India ] It was bought for one hundred ihoutanil pounds and remains io the crown jewels of France. In the crown jewels of France are forty two diamonds worth at a low compulation six mil- lions live hundred thousand dollars. MtcJiluvian hones. — Another assemblage of fossil bones has lately been discovered in Som- ersetshire, England, in a cavern of the limestone rock. The floor to a great depth is covered with sand and mud, through which are dispersed I a large quantity of the bones, horns, and the teeth, of the ox, deer, elk, wolf, &,c. From the i fact that some of tlie bones belong to the great I extinct species of bear, it is considi-red as certain, th;it the animals fell into the cave before the delasre, through an openinH" in the roof which was filled up bv the innndHtion. The cave is some distance below the surface, and has imw no oi)ening, except the one made by the miners. A rich man lived in a hocse between two blacksmiths, and was disturbed by the noise they made. At last they promised to remove on con- dition that he should give them an e.xcellent din- ner, which he readily agreed to do. When the promised feast was ended, be asked thetn wiiither they intended to transfer their domi- ciles. "Why," answered one of lhem,"my com- panion will remove to my house, and I to his." A man was condemned to the gallows — one of his relations having seen him, asked what he had done to deserve that punishment. "As I was'' said he, "[tassing along the highway, 1 saw a small rope on the ground, I thought it might be good for something, and I picked it up and went aivay with it. This is the cause of my misfortune." "What ?" said the kinsman, "hang- ed for taking a rope ? This was surely never seen before." — "It is true," replied the thief, "there was something at the end of it." — Being asked what it was, jie answered : "only two oxen." — Port Fulio. Deception. — A late Calcutta paper contains an anatomical description of a mermaid lately ex- hil)ited there, which proved to be made up of the head and arms of a monkey, with some of the teeth of a porpoise, and the fins of various lishes. Jll lleasoning among cinimals. — There is perhnp^^, no surer criterion of reason than, after having tried one mode of accomplishing a purpose, a- dopling another more likely to succeed. Insects are able to stand this test. A Bee, which Huber tvatched while soldering the angles of a cell with propolis, detached a thread of this material with whish she entered llio cell. Instinct would have faught her to separate it of the ex.ict length required ; hut after applying it to the angle of ! ;he cell, she found it too long, and cut nflTapor-l tion so as to fit it to her purpose. This is a very simple instance ; but one snch fact is as decisive in proof of reason, as a thousand more comjilex, and of such there is no lack. Dr Darwin informs iis, tli;U walking one day in bis garden be perceived a wa'sp upon the gravel -.valk with a large fly nearly as big as itself, which il had caught. Kneeling down he distinctly saw it cut otTlbo head and abilomen, and then tak- ing up with its feet the trunk or miI-iy 1 obsprveil n dwelling on the fiilu ol'llic faco of ;i v:ili);ilile ox. ;inil re<|UP^Icil severiil ppf'^ons (o examine it. Tliev C'llletl it a linl.lf.js!. 1 iiltpr-.vari!.^ reqiiesleil a siir^f 01) to look ;tt it, -.itijl .-iilvi^c mu \v!i;it nio(!(! to ailof't for the roiiof of llic ;\nim;il. He lliowglit n cr.r« could not lie efft^cled cxce[it l>v liiyio^- ojien tlie part and extrncling llio tumour, which 1 consiJcred loo h;iz:ir(ions nn cxjicrimont. A fiirripr, in this vicinity, su|i[)osefl it mig'ht pro- cocci from some (iefeclive teeth ;— I allowed him to e\tr:ic' tiiree, directly under the swell- ino;, :i!id to insert a roivel in it; in a foiv d^ivs it riisch;ir3;ed copiously, anil the anim:il seemed nmcli relieved ; — 1 Haltered myself ho would effect a |. They are often broken as early as at one and two years of age, wilh gentle and patient usage. .•\t this period they are more docile and tracta- ble, and it is thought become more powerful by being sooner accustomed to each other, and to the application of their strength to Iha draft. I believe they may be taught to travel in almost any gail ; certain it is, the rate at which oxen, ililierently broken, will walk with their load, would seem incredible to a peison ignorant of the dilTercnce in the mode of their training. To accustom them to a quick pace, they should at first be driven in the yoke while young, without any, or a very light weight, and never heavily loaded, until they have arrived at full slreno-|h and maturity. A great fault wilh many people is loo much indifference to the construction of the yoke. Almost any shapeless piece of wood, with holes for the insertion of the bows, is made to answer ; but to the ease of the draft, the adaptation of the yoke or bow to the neck of the bullock, and the position of the staple and ring in the yoke, are altogether material. For common use, and particularly for ploughing, 1 have found that yokes were generally too short. Cattle of the largest size require a yuke from 4^^ to 5 feet in length. In ^hort yokes they are apt lo haul as it is termed, that is, draw fro/n 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. each other, and to such a dptfree in some in- stances, as to cro!is tlieir fore lesjs, :inil destroy their power and greatly impede lh(Mr pro^res'. 1 once owneil a pair in:ule totally useless hy this hahit, and af:erward* entirely corrected by the application of a yoke of IS inches more length. A short yoke is necessary only in snon paths, ivherc cattle would olheruise crowd against cacli other, the oj posite (•( hiniliiig, hnt of the same nnischievous ellect. In resjject to what oxen mav he made to do in a short time, or as an experiment upon their strength,! miis! refer j'ou to the results of onr plonghina: matches and trials of strength. \Vith us they are but little used upon the road, except in tlie transportation of heavy loads fur shoit distan- ces in the same toivn, or between neighboring: (owns. One reason why horses are preferred for waggoning on the road, may be, that they can be made to travel qnirker, and that from the construction of the hooi'they are less liable to lameness, than the cloven-Cooled ox, by be- coming foot sore. On the other h.-ind the pa- tient and steady labour of the ox finds no substi- tute in the horse for the service of the farm, and the latter is seldom seen there exce|it in occasional aid of the ox team, or with the light plough between the rows of corn. The value of a yoke of oxen, or a paii' of horses, for use in all the business ofn farm admits of no com- parison. So decided is the preference for the former, that I do not believe a single farmer can be found in this extensive agricultural coun- ty who perlbrms his labour by horses without oxen, while there are /iimJcrrfs, 1 had almost said thuusiinijs, who make no'tother use of hers es in husbandry than to I'urrliw for planting, and plough among their (||rri manner I have never failed of a crop of from 15 to 20 hu-=hels the next season. After reaping, the stubble and grass are turned in ; and the next year the liel,d is well manured from the stable and yanl, and the corn planted in hills, and hoed three time's in the course of the season. The top-stalks are cut after the corn begins to harden and before the frosts of the tall ; and the corn is harvested in October, when perfectly dry and sound. The stalks of corn are, in my estimation, so valuable fodder for cattle, that I cannot but particidarly advise to their careful [ireservation. When cut in the proper state and in good weather, they may he put the sciiiie, or the -next daij, into small bundles, and should be carried immediately un- der sheds, or hung upon rails or poles to cure and dry. Thus secured, they have a delightful flavor, and are eaten by every sj)ecies of stock with the utmost greediness ; and in value I think are equal to their weight of the best hay. The practice of stacking them for a long time in the field is both uhnecessary and wasteful, and can only he pursued by those who are ignorant of their value. Potatoes reqniie much less labour in cultiva tion than Indian corn. They are a liiie, improv- ing and ameliorating crop I'or the soil, leaving it mellow and in cxceUcnt tilth. They are usu- ally cultivated on rough land, with oi' without manure, and hoeil once or at most twice. I think they pay for the expense bestOHcd upon them better than any other root crop. When manure is ap[died, the coarsest, even half-rot- ted straw and litter from the yard, is to be jire- ferred. Potatoes are much used in the fatten- ing of cattle, and boiled and steamed in the makirrg of pork. 1 iu)iformly feed them to all my stock through the winter. Upon the subject of " Dmton^s"' progeny, I should fear to wi'ite to any one, less observing and sanguine than yourself. With nineteen of them, of different grades and ages in my pos- session, 1 can safely say, that my most confident anticipations have been entirely answered. 1 have now seven heifers in railk, four of them 3 yer.rs, and three 2 years old, and for richness and quality and abundance in quantifv, they are not excelled by the very best cows of any ere. of the native slock.. A heifer of three years, with her second calf, has not been dry since she dropped her ia'st, having given four quarts on the morning of her second calving. Next to the Merino sheep, 1 consider the introduction of the short horns, in the blond of Demon, as the richest acquisition to the connlry which ao-ri- cullure has received. For the dairy and the stall 1 speak with the utmost conlidence of their pre-eminence. From my three years old hei- t'ers 1 have calves of the most promising ap- pearance, and greatly excelling any I have be- fore seen. One of the heil'ers gives from 16 to 20 quarts of the richest milk, by the day since calving ; the others little les=, from the circumstance of having been in milk continu- ally for more than a year, but her milk is in no degree inferior in quality. The last season she gave eleven quarts at a milking with 'grass on- ly, and this not unfrequently. They keep as easily as the native stork, and are as hardy. I ■nave this year a three-fouiths heifer calf from a half blood of Denton by Admirnl, the fa- mous bull sent out by Sir Isaac Collin last year to the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, and two others by the celebrated bull " Cwlels,''' on Z>ertroof. His Orchards, which contain a large number of llie finest varieties of Apples, Pears, Peaches, &c. far surpass, in beauty and thrift, every thing of the k'lud, \vhich we noticed, in our ex cursioji. The nest Farm, which came imder our ob- servation, was that of Mr. Moses Goodman, of West-Hartford. This Farm was examined by the Viewing Committee, last year, and wa^ mentioned, in favorable terms, in their oflicia! report. Deacon Goodman is one of the oldest members of our Society, and we hardly know of one, who may, in all things, be more safely followed, by I'armers of small capital. His Farm a'lpears to have been in a train of melio- ration, for more than foi !y years. He has adopted no striking plan of improvement, h inch, ; if it failed, would be ruinous: — his attention has not beea engrossed by any .Civorite scheme, j which would lead to a neglect of the ordinary! concerns of the Farm ; — but by husbanding his time — by judiciously applying his means, ami! by availing himself of the advantages, which, the nature of his grounds presented, he has re- claimed tVom absolute waste, a tract of more than twenty acres, and brought it to a slate of productiveness, which is rarely surpassed. The large farm of Mr Grant, of VVintonbury, was presented for our inspection. Here we witnessed the various operations of Agricul- ture, Horticulture, and several of the Mechan- ic Arls carried on, upon a grand and extensive scale. Notwiflistanding tlio establishment is so large, and the objects ofalfeotion so various, every thing is perfect clock n'or!:. Althouqh the system of farming pursued by Mr Grant, cannot be generally adopted in this country, still we were convinced that it was the best pos- sible system, for one in his situation. It will be recollected that he has the charge of the Pau- pers of the Stale of Connecticut, and also some of the the adjacent towns. These unfortunate men, reduced to a state of dependence, by in- capacity, infirmity, or vice, and destitute, in most cases, of either skill or judgment, would seem incapable of much efficient labour. But, by being kept in a course of temperance, by having their labour judiciously arranged, and divided, and by being under constant superinten- dence, they are enabled to perform, in a work- manlike manner, a great variety, and a great amount of libour — thus contributing both to their own health and comfort, and to the wealth of the Contractor. The Committee regard the situation of Captain Grant, as peculiar; — and we iloubt not, that, with his management, aided as lie is by the skill and enterprize of his son, he will soon render this establishment one, which no citizen can visit without profit. Tlie Farm of Mr Oliver Filley, in the same neighbourhood had been previously vieued by your Committee, in 1820, and 1821 : — and was considered by them, as having high claims for the neatness and arrangement of its buiidings, for the excellence of its fences, and for the ex- tent, which it exhibited, of safe improvement, anil judicious practice. Since that time, the exertions of Mr Filley seem not to have been abrited. His tields afford a striking contrast with those on either side, and. evince, by their ap- pearance, how much may be done, by moderate menns,skilfully applied. It will be recollected, that, as Mr Filley had already received the.fcc- o:iJ premium on'Farois, be was by a by-law of llu^ Society, a competitor only for ihe first. From the examination of the Farm of Mr Jef- FERv O, Phe! rs, of Sirasbury, we received no small share of satisfaction. An astonishing change lias been eflected upon the Farm, in the few years in which it has been in the hands of Mr. Phelps, both in its appearance, and in the a- mount of its production. The leading improve- ments, which came within our observation, ap- pear to have been made at what farmers too frequently call leisure seasons, and with refer- ence both to immediate and future profit. In- deed, Mr Phelps appears to be, emphalicslly. one mho makes the most of every thing. In his farm- ing operations, nothing is wasted, or neglected — every thing is done in its season, ahd every hour is devoted to some employment, which is useful, because profitable. The i>riuciples of strict economy, by which he is guided, seconded by the frugal and enlightened system, which is displayed in the domestic concerns of the family, point out, with an unerring, hand, tlie road to iveulth. The Farm of !\ir Bryan Hooker, of Bristol, presents many marks of good management, and some of successful experiment ; — and, in its sreneral appearance, exhibits additional proof, that nothing but the hand of industry, guided by sound judgment, is necessary, to cause Ihe wilderness to blossom as the rose. Our excursion was a laborious, but still a pleasant and instruclire one. Besides thi-se al- ready mentioned, we noticed several line Farms, exhibiting improvements and experiments, of commanding interest. We believe that the Society is exerting a powerful and beneficial iulluencR, throughout the County ; — (hat pre- 1G25.J NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 245 judices are subsiding ;-ntu! Ihal -.ve mny in- crease "ur exertions, and extend our operalious, with extended utiliiy. By Order, SAMUEL S. STEBr.lNS, Chairman of the Fiewing Commilice. Windsor, Oct. 8, 1024. To Win. B. EwiNC. Ksa. President of the Cumberland County C^^- •'•) Agricultural Society. Sir : A "reat variety of implements of hus- bandry have been invented to aid the husband- man in preparing his ground for the reception of » crop for tillage ; and for various other pur- poses. The prudent farmer, however, in re- o-ard to this as neil as every other l)ranch of his art, must study economy ; he sliould there- fore, not incur any iinnecess;iry expense in buy- ing implements that cannot be prolitably used. The plough, harrow, roller, and hoe, may per- haps be considered the only essential articles necessary to prepare our lands for a crop and for the convenience of tillage. As land cannot be cultivated to any considera- ble extent, or to much advantage wilhout the plough, it is therel"ore considered the chief of all instruments employed in agriculture. In the formation of ploughs there is a great dif- ference ; ditTerent kinds arc used in different states and counties, and by individuals in the same county. The plough drawn by two hor- ses, most generally used amongst u=, having a ] cast-iroo mould-board, with the coulter attached to the point of the share, is, 1 believe, s\i(Iicient ; to answer all purposes in our light soil, and is! as durable and cheap as any otl;er. | It is an opinion too common amongst many ! of our farmers, that the principal use of a har- row is to cover the seed with earth after it is sown ; but I conceive an important branch in the art of farming is, to prepare the ground properly for receiving a crop ; and for this pur- pose, the harrow is an implement of much val- ue, Knd one which cannot be dispensed with. The harrows in common use in this country, are generally made with the teeth too wide apart, and do not break the clods sufficient for producing fine tilth. 1 have the last spason, had a h;uro\v constructed, similar to one which i jshighiy recommended in the New En;:;land Far-i mcr, invented by Mr Abbot of New Hampshire,*! aid iVom experience I can say, it i« better | adapted to our soil than any that I have yet I seen. It is both strong and durable, and from its shape, and the manner in which the teeth nre placed, it is calculated to penetrate deeper into the soil, and cut the ground liner, and is not liable to choke up with weeds, grass or stones, like those in common u'e. It puts the ground in excellent order i"or a crop, by re- ducing it to a^^jie tilth. A small harrow of this kind used in our corn lields would, I lliiuk, be very beneficial. The roller is an implement of husbandry of much value, all hough but little used in this country, which, I tteheve, is chiefly owing to its being found a very unwieldly instrument ; but from experience 1 can sny, that if made o( wood, and rightly constructed, it is a very use- ful and convenient implement. The best plan is that of having two rollers, each about three feel in Icuglii, and both placed in one frame, so as to roll clear clone another. When made ill this way, it is le-'s straining to the frame, i.i easily turned, and can be turned very short, because one-half rolls back, whilst the other moves forward ; it does not tear up the ground in turning, and adapts itself better to the ine- qualities of the ground. Rolling the ground is of great use, it breaks up the clods, and makes our loose soil more compact and solid ; it causes the seeds to vege- tate quicker, by bringing the earlh in close con- tact with them ; it causes the earth to retain its moisture longer ; it is also of great benefit to our grass lands. It should be used after sow- ing most oi'our seeds, especially if the season be dry. Rolling the ground whilst very wet is injurious to vegetation. Among the number of instruments that have been invented to lessen the labors of a faiiner, ! consider the newly-invented revolving liorse- rake as a useful and profitable instrument, be- cause it saves much time and labor, and expe- dites the saving of a crop of hay on the ap- pearance of bad weather. It nn be used on level ground without any ditlicully ; and with a steady horse and careful hand, may be used on uneven ground, and even among stumps, if there be rootn to allow the rake to jpuss be- tween them. It IS a machine well worthy the I attention of many nfour farmers. 1 Another instrument which is useful and pro- fitable to every farmer, is a chaff-cutler. I have lately obtained one of Eastman's patent chafl- culters, and I must coni" ss that, among all my patent purchases, this has given the mo«t satis- faction. It is siaiple and durable ; turns by means of a crank, having two knives placed on a cylinder, and thtse sufficiently strong to cut sticks an inch in diameter without being in- jured. It Is constructed for cutting hay, straw, millet, or cornstalks ; feeds itself, and cuts ofi' ditlerent lengths, at the option of the tender. A man, with a boy to fiul the straw into the box, may cut from seventy-five to eighty bush- els per hour with it. Were it not that the price is a great objection, [fifty-two dollars] I should recommend it in stronger terms to our farmers. But as it is a machine which is portable, by taking off the fiy wheel, which can be readily done, it may be carried in a wagon without sustaining any injury : if three or more neigh- boring I irmers were to join together in the pur- chase of one, I would venture to- predict that the increase of manure made I'rom it, by cut- ting u() all their stalks, hay and straw, would pay all the expenses incurred in one year and satisfy them of its utility ; beside the benefits lerived to their stock from the use of it. i am, sir, yours respectfully, VVM. ELMER. * For a description of Mr. Abbot's Harrow, see New Eiislaad i'anner, vol. 2, page 276. INDIAN RUBBER. This clastic substance, which is used for little else in this country but to takeout the marks of black lead pencils, is used for various pur- poses in South America, being formed into bot- tles, boots, shoes, torches, &.C. Torches made of this substance burn with great splendour.— -Any person may satisfy himself of this by applying a candle to a small piece of rubber. It is said to be superior to leather for shoes, by reason of its j plasticity and im[icnetrability. Some of these 1 shoes have been imported into Philadelphia, and I a [)aj]f.'r of that city advises females tosubstitnte I thorn for the fashionable ladies' shoes now in use. I Indian rubber, called also caowchoxic, is obtain- j ed by the Indians from a tree that grows in Brazil I and other parts of South America. This tree, on being wounded, yields a milky juice, which I becomes thick on exposure to the air. The juice is spread on clay, moulded into the form of bot- tles, sliocs, birds. Sic. in successive layers, until it is sufficiently thick. The exterior is ornamen- ted by various means, and then it is suspended over smoke, which hardens and colours it. The clay is afterwards broken to pieces and taken out. Caoutchouc is used for varnish, and it is said that cloth varnished with the fresh juice is rendered perfectly impervious to water. When this substance is exposed to heat it readily melts, and loses its properties. By boiling it for some time, and then pressing two pieces together, they may be united as closely as if they formed one piece. Several trees which grow in the East Indies, yield ciioutchouc. WALNUTS — an excellent family medicine. Every body eats walnuts ; every body knows how to make a pickle of walnuts ; few, however, know the medicinal virtue of walnuts. Now the fact is, walnuts when prepared secundum arteni, are an excellent opening medicine and alterative : and this is the way to prepare thera. — Get the green walnuts fit for pickling, put them in a stone jar, fill it up with moist sugar, at the pro- portion of about half a pound of sugar to twenty walnuts ; place the jar in a sauce-pan of boiling water for about three hours, taking care the water does uo^ get iu, and keep it simraeringf during the operation. The sugar, when dissolv- ed, should cover the vvalnuts, if it does not, add more. Cover it close, and in six monthsit will be fit for use ; the older it grows the better it is. One walnut is a dose for a child six years old, as a purgative ; and it has this advantage over drugs, that, whilst it is an excellent medicine, it is at the same lime very pleasant to the palate, j and will be esteemed by young folks as a great treat. Who can say as much of salts, jalap, and other doctor's stuff? and in a large family it will abridge the doctor's bill ten pounds in a year. Wash Leather vndcr Waistcoats. — In several instances, the best effects have occurred from wearing washing leather over flannel, as a pre- servative against the consequences of those ex- |)osures to which all men are more or less liable. A waistcoat of this material will, in many cases, supersede the necessity of, and prove a more eft'ective barrier against cold, than a great coat, and often even after the establishment of a rheu- matism which refuses to give way before the most powerful medicine, clothing the parts af- fected with leather, will almost immediately ef- fect an easy cure. SUBSTITUTE FOR CASTOR OIL. M. Hufeland asserts, that by mixing one drop of the oil of Croton with an ounce of syrup of poppy, a preparation is obtained, resembling in a great degree, the Castor oil, and of which one spoonful produces analogous effects. Many suc- cessful experiments have been made with this preparation in the Polyclinic School at fierlin. 246 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, [Feb. 25, NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 1825. iFarmcv'iS Calcntrar.- It is now about the proper season to cut scions for grafting. Dr Deane observes tiiat '• scions, for grafting, should aluays be taken from the most thril^ty trees, not from those, especially, which are old and decaying. The time for cutting them is in February or March, just be- fore the buds begin to swell, and appear fresh, which will be earlier or later, according to the season and climate. They should be taken from the ends of limbs of the former year's groivlh — not from young suckers of an over quick growth — and kept moist in a cellar, willi the lower ends inserted in moist clay, or mud, till the proper time of grafting. In such a posilion they will keep well for two months or more, before grafting." Mr Coxe says " the scions should be of the growth of the preceding year, cut froin i, illhy, bearing trees ; t'lfv sJiould be kept fro::i -lutcr, wliieli, by saturating the sap vessels, ■wovJJ prevent their imiibiitg the sap of the stocks into ze'iich they may be inserted.'''' In Dr Thacher's " .American Orchardist,'''' we have the following observations on the subject. " Scions are directed (o be cut in Marcli, before the buds begin to swell ; ami in order to pre- serve them in good condition for grafting, they must be pl.-iced, with their lower ends in '.he ground, in some dry part of the cellar fill wnnted. But some experienced operators prefer cutting their scions as near the time they are to be em- ployed as may be convenient. Scions sbould always be taken from the extremities of the most Ihril'ty and best bearing trees, and of the last year's growth, except only just enough of the growth of the year before to fix in the earth, to preserve (hern moist till they are us- ed. In the Edinburgh Encyclnpedia it is ad- vised to cut the scions several weeks before the season of grafiiug arrives; (he reason is that experience hath shown, (hat grafting may most successfully be performed, by allowing the stock to have some advan{age over the graft in forwardness of vegetation. It is desirable tliat the sap of the stock should be in a brisk motion at the time of grafting; but by (his time the buds of the scion, if left on the tree, would be equally advanced ; whereas, the sci- ons being gathered early, the buds are kept back, and ready only to swell out, when (he graft is placed on the stock. The selecting of proper scions, the writer observes, is a matter of the greatest importance, if we wish to enjoy the full advantage, wliicli may be derived from grafting. They should be taken, from a healthy tree in full bearing, and from the outer side of the horizontal branches of such a (ree, where the wood ha? freely enjoyed (he benefit of sun and air. If the tree be in a luxuriant state, the grafts are very frequently taken from (he ex- tremide'* of (he bearing branches; but if it be in a debilitated condition, the most healthy shoots in the centre of the tree .should bo enijdoyed. Tlie extremity of the scion should be cut oft', leaving (our or five eyes or buds, as the middle part affords (he best graft." nr Thicher liUewise observes — " I'orhaps citltiv il^r*. in geneial, are not apprized of the fact, that if a scion bo taken from a see'lling tree of one or two years old, it TiiiH retain the r.haracter and undergo the same annual change as (he seed- ting tree itself xvha'ever be the age of the slack into which it is inserted ; and thai it will remain vn- produclive of fruit, unt'd the seedling tree lias ac- quired its proper age and maturity, it is strongly to be suspected (liat nursery men, either from ignorance or indifference, have d.sregardfd (his circums(ance, and imposed upon purchasers trees of this description, by which their just expectations have been disappointed.''' Mr Preston, of Stock|)ort, Penn. gives the following as one of the precepts of a German Orchardist, wjio " had been bred to orcharding'''' in his native country. " Be sure in selecting the grafts [scions for grafting] to cut (hem in such a manner, as to alivays take the buli(c. be- j tvi'ccn the yearns growth, where the wood is curled \ open anil porous, to receive the sap readily from the stock ; and such scions will grow and flour- i ish, when if taken from any other part of ihe I (wig they would not grow." He says, a^o, that I" by stricdy adhering (o (his," and other rules, j which are given at length in (he New I^ngland { Farmer, vol. i. p. 121, '■ I grafted several ap- I pie trees as late as the latter part of Jnne, that tloniished and grew well, and are the besi: of bearing (rees." Dr Thachcr, it will be observed, (as before quoted) recommends taking scions of (he last year's growth, " except only just enough of the year before tofx in the earth, to preserve them moist until they are used ;" but does not ad- vise to set any part of the growth of the year before in the stock. But, [lerhap', (he open and porous (( x(ure of (lie wood at the place of the junction of the grnw(hs of (he two years, might render it aiivisable (o set that part of (he scion in the stock, as suggested by Mr Preston. The porous nature of (hat ]iart of the scion would, perhaps, f,\cili(a(e (ho attraction of sap from the stock, as well as absorb moisture from the earth. On this subject, however, we speak with diffidence; and would ralher suggest it as a hint for experiment, than as a rule for prac- tice. The following are Mr Forsyth's directions relative to this subject. " Grafts or scions should be cut oi'f from the trees before their buds begin (o swell, which is generally (liree weeks or a mon(h before the season for griift- ing ; (lierefore, when (hey are cut off, they should be laid in the ground with the cut down- ward-:, burying them half (heir leng(h, and cov- ering (heir (ops wi(h dry li(ter to prcven( (heir drying ; if a small joint of the former year's wood be cut off with the scion, it will preserve it (he be((er, and when they are grafted this may be cut oil; [Mr F. does not say must be cut \ oflj for at (he same time the scions must be cu( i (o a proper lengdi before they are inserted in j the slocks; hut till then Ihe shoots should re- main of their full lcnp;th, as (hey were (akcn j Irom the iree, which will better preserve (hem ' from shrinking; it' these scions are to be carri- eil a considerable disiance it will be proper to | put their ends into a lump of clay, and to wrap | Ihcm up in moss, which will preserve (hem I fresh foi a mondi or longer ; bu( tho'^e should be cut off from die trees earlier than (hose which are grafted near the place where the trees are growing'." We have been informed that it is a practice with some nursery men to insert scions, for o;rnfting, in potatoes, in order to preserve the principle of vegetable life. We know of no ob- jections to (his mode of proceeding, but should believe it cxpedien( to take (he scions from (he potatoes, and wipe the ends dry, which had been inserted, some hours before they are made use o( lor grafting, lest being saturated with the juice of the po(a(oes, they should not so readily im!ii''e the sap of the stocks. Care should, however, be taken not to permit them to be- come in any degree shrivelled, or the pores closed for the want of a due degree of moisture. JVaiional Legislature. SEN.\TE.— Fee. 11. The Commissioner of Publick Builitings was ordered to take an inventory of the furni- ture of the President's house, wheu most convenient to the I'rssiilent. A petition of Thom.Ts Cooper, praying that a fine paid liy him for a lilitl on John Adams, tnimerly Presi- dent ol the U. S. under the Sedition Law, should be- refundtd, was referred to a select committee. It was voied to continue the appropriation of §28,567 to defray the expense of continuing surveys for Internal rmprovenients. Fr:R. 14. A Message was received from the Presi- dent trriiisinitliiig a report from tlie Secretary of \\'ar, relaiing to internal improvements of the country, be- twei a the Potomac and Ohio Rivers, between the Ohio Rivers and Lal^e Erie, between the Alleghany and Schuylkill Rivers, the Delaware and Rariton, between Buzzard's and Barnstable Bays, and the Narr.agansett Roads and Boston Harbour. This report speaks fa- vonr:ibly of the practicability and ( spediency of the communicalions between Buzzard's and Barnstable Bays, and'Naragansett Reads and Boston Harbour. ^ Fee. 15. The bills for the punishment of Crimes and to amend the Judicial System were discussed, but no deci.^ion liad. Feb. 1G. A bill providing that, after a certain pe- riod, the public ships of War shall be supplied, exclu- sively, with canvass, &c. from American hemp and lias, was read a first ti-me. HOUSE. — Feb. 11. A eommunication was laid be- fore the House, relative to discriminating duties impos- ed on vessels of the U.S. and their cargoes in the Ntlli- erlands. Feb. 14. A Flag, the work of the female orphans of the school of industry in Wnshiugton, was present- ed to the House, with a letter from Mr Barnard, their instructor, and was referred to the Military Committee. The Georgia Militia Claims were debated on, but no decision obtained. A Message was received from the House relating to claims of the citizens of the United States on the gov- trnment of the iXetherlands. The Georgia Militia Claims were discussed and re- jected. Feb. 16. The amendment, which proposes to in- sert $14,000 for new furniture for the President's House, was agreed to ; as was also another to appro- priate $5000 for improving the grounds round the Pres- ident's House. Mr Hamilton moved that the House take up the bill providing (or the Massachusetts Militia Claims, but the House refused to art upon the subject. Feb. 17. X Message was received from the Presi- dent, relative to securing the District of Columliia a- gaiiist contagious diseasi-S from abroad. Likewise an- nther Message transmitting copies of the correspon- dence with the Government of France. Massachiiscl Is Legislature, SENATE. — Fr.n. IC. A Committee was appointed !o inquire if any andi\liat alterations are necessary id esribllshing the " Law of the Road." A resolve passed, authorizing the appointment of commissioners for running the boundary lint between tl\js state and .New lla.npshiie. , 1B25.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 247 ResolrtUons were unanimously passed b itli houses for takmj iiuasures for provcnli » Ji piedalions ou public lauds in Maiue. Resolulious were accepted by both houses, for sup- porting and edu>--.itiu£ Ueaf and Dumb persons at the Asylum at Hartford. A bill making further provision for the division and settlement of the real and personal' estate of persons deceased passed to be engrossed. Resolutions declaring it mcspedient to propose a- menrlments to the constitution for equalizing the repre- sentation in the Senate — for paying the members of the House out of thp public treasury— and respecting oaths and alfn-mations, passed both houses. Feb. 17. A provision to authorize the City Council to erect a free bridge from Wheeler's Point to S. Boston was, after debate, adopted. Feb. 21. The two Houses accepted the report of the Committee on the expediency of tanting shares in Manufacturing Incorporations. The two Houses appointed Commissioners to propose and digest a System for the education of the laboring classes in the practical Arts and Sciences. The bill in aid of the Bunker Hill Monuvitnt Asso- cinlion was recommitted. Feb. 22. Bills passed to be engrossed to aid the Bunker Hill Monument Association; further to pro-;,. , .•„„ ,i,„ „ ., , ., . 1 , .• f 4U cLi-^ ''me to time, the many vide for the government and regulation of the State ' - . . - . •' Prison ; in addition to 'the several acts providing for the laying out of County Roads. HOUSE. — Feb. 16. The Committee on Finance was ordered to report the aunual tax bill for $75,000. The bill in addition to the law prescribing the mode of taking depositions, after much debate, passed to be engrossed. Bill to establish the Easton Lead and Silver Mining Manufacturing Company was engrossed. Feb. 17. The bill for the incorporation of a College iu the town of Amherst, after amendment, passed to a third reading. Feb. 18. The bill to incorporate a College at Amherst passed to be engrossed — Yeas 96 — Nays fiS. Feb. 19. The resolve in favor of distributing. copies of the JVeio England Farmer was referred to the next session of the General Court. ■* The bill to establish a .School of Agriculture at Dum- mer .Academy was ordered to lie on the table. Feb. 21. A number of bills passed to be enacted. .\mong these were to establish a College at Amherst — in addition to an act to regulate the going at large of sheep and rams and he-goats at certain seasons of the year — in addition to an ;,ct prescribing the mode of taking depositions, fcc. — to incorporate the company of the South Boston Flint Works— to incorporate the New- buryport Hosiery Co.— in addition to acts to incorpo- rate the Proprietors of the Charlestown Bleaching— in addition to an act to incorporate the Salem Laboratory Company. *#* Several valuable Communications and other arti- cles are necessarily deferred. The Hon. Lfvi Lincoln, and the Hon. M.^acus Morton have accepted the invitation of the Conven- tions to be candidates for the offices of Governor and Lieut. Governor at the ensuing election. Prize Poem.— The Committee on the Poems offered for Premium, on the occasion of Washington's Birth Night, Feb. 22, 1G25, have voted, unanimously, " That of the produrfions submitted, the Ode entitled " Tri- umphs of Liberty;'' is, in the opinion of the Committee, decidedly the best." It was recited at the Theatre on Tuesday evening, and received with universal ap- plause. It was written by Mr. Ebenezer Bailey, of this city. Exhibilion of Dome slick Manvfaclures al Ihe Seat of Governmcni.— We are authorized to stale, that this e.x- hibifion will open on Monday next the 2l5t inst. All articles intepdcd to be exhibited will be received by Mr. Isaac Clark, at the Capitol, who will attend there daily for that purpose. Persons sending goods Willi mark the initials of their names on the packa-r I Illinois. — Governor Coles, of Illinois, has recommen- ded to the Legislature, the p.iss^igeof a l.-iw to amelio- rate the condition of slaves in that state, and to prevent kidnapping — .i crime which he represents ni havin^ become a regular trade, carried on to a vast extent, to the country bordering on the lower Mississippi, up the Red river, and even to tlie West Indies I Gold continues to be found in North Carolina. A mine has been discovered on the land of a Mr. Barrin- g-er, who, it is said, has already collected gold to the amount of $15,000.— Lumps of gold weighing 3, 4, and one even 27 pounds, are said to have been found. This the editor of the Intelligencer considers very pleasant news, but nut of so much interest to the statesman and patriot as that contained in the following paragraphs: 1. Within twenty miles round the City of Boston, there arc now annually made 40,000 pieces of Flannel, each piece containing 46 yards. [The largest quan- tity of the same article ever imported in any one year, was Tjo.OOO pieces.] 2. .Scarcely a vessel now leaves the port of Baltimore (and wepiesumethis tobe true of other ports)for South American ports, which does not carry, as a part of her cargo, American Manufactures of Cotton to the value of from 10 to 20,000 dollars. ImpoTlant Remarks.— H is distressing to see, from lances of death caused by the clothes of females taking fire. The universal fe- male dress being of cotton, it is almost as combustible as gun powder, and when women and children find their clothes in flames, it too often deprives them of all ' presence of mind, and they fly for relief and for safety, until overpowered by heat, when they fall, and become victims to a most painful calamity. It should be inculcated throughout the country, and enforced upon every female mind, that at the moment when her clothes have caught fire, instead of running for help, she should instantly lie down upon the floor, and if necesary from the progress the flames have made, roll over once or twice ; it would in a great proportion of instances immediately extinguish them. While stan- ding erect, the fire will ascend with great rapidity, just as a sheet of paper held by one corner, and lighted at the bottom, will be consumed in a moment ; but if cot- ton garments are laid horizontally, it will obviously proceed much more slowly, as will also be the case with a sheet of paper laid upon the floor. Running very much increases the flames, by quickning the cur- rent of air. Many lives might be saved by attending to this simple mode of checking and extinguishing fire ; and if parents would instil it into the minds of their children, it might prove, at some time or other, the means of preserving lives extremely dear to them. Fruit and Ornamental Trees, FOR sale, as usual, at the Kenrick Place, near Brighton. The Nurseries have been much enlarged, and contain a variety of Pear Apples, Cherries, Plums, Apricots, &c. Also, the finest variety of budded Peach Trees known in America ; con- sisting of a choice collection of about 40 of ^he most ap- proved kinds in our best gardens, or seen in the markets ; the Peach Trees are from five to eight feet high, and sold at the moderate price of 30 cents each. Of good sized ornamental trees, the flowering Horse Chesnut, flowering Catalpa ; European Mountain Ash ; Weeping Willow ; the Evergreen Silver Fir, and the Larch ; English Walnuts and Butter Nuts, both of wliich are justly admired for their fruit. Currant Bushes of the large prolific red kind, of all sizes, by the dozen, hundred, or thousand, on moderate terms. Also, the black, white, and Champaign do ; red and white Roses ; Lilacs; English Grapes, &c. Orders addressed to JOHN or WILLIAM KENRICK, and sent to the Brighton Post OflSce, or to the OfSce of DANA&FENNO,Brokers, in State-street, Boston, will he duly attended to. N. B. Trees will be packed in clay and mats for ship- ping, and conveyed to Boston when ordered ;but gen- tlemen at a distance should employ some agent to re- ceive and pay for them. On Wednesdays and Saturdays, trees will be de^ jjirtiiiine initials ol tne.r names on the packa-'es with 'i- a ■. "-- ■'•^-- - ™, ' ■■■• "■- -; the word "Exhibilion," and accompany the sam^ wilh I ''""''' V ''"'u'- I "^ ^^,^g« f" conveyance As an invoice. The e,xhibition, it is supposed will contin- T J^f '^SJ""" ^ ,s often lost by ^greatly diminishing tie for a week or Iwo.- is supposed, will contin^ -J\'at. liUel. the roots, if the trees survivCj special care will be taken ibr their preservation. Feb. 25. Fruit and Forest FRUIT TREES, &c. JAMES BLOODGOOI) & CO. have for sale at their Nur- sery at Flushing, on Long Island, near New York, Trees, Flowering Shrubs and Plants, of the most approved sorts. The Proprietors of this Nursery attend personally to the inoculation and engrafting of oi( //mr Fruil Trees., and purchasers may rely with confidence, that the Trees they order will prove genuine. Orders left with Mr. Zebkdef. Cook, Jr. No. 44, State Street, Boston, will be transmitted to us, and receive our prompt and particular attention. Cata- logues will be delivered, and any information im- parted respecting the condition, &c. &c. that may be required, OD application to him. Persons who intend to procure a supply of trees the ensuing spring, are invited to call on the agent at an early period., as their orders will be executed more to their satisfaction than if deferred until the healthiest rees have b een selected. Feb. 4. PREMIUM White Currant Wine.— White Currant Win:', which obtained the first premium at Brigh- ton the present season, for sale at No. 166, Washington Street, at 125 cents per Gallon. Feb. 11. CALLENDER & SEAVERNS. PUICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &t. APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - . - pearl do. - - - - BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - cargo. No 1, new, - - " No 2, new, - - BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHE^E, Dew milk, . - - - skimed milk, - - - FLAX FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genessee, - . - Rye, best, . . - GRAIN,!! ye Corn - - - . - Barley - - - . Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, oil' Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, Bone Middlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No I, do. - - SEEDS, Herd'sGrass, 1823, - Clover - - - - - WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION MARKET. BEEF, best pieces . - - - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, - - - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, lump, best, - . - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, . - - - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, .... CIDER, liquor, .... HAYj according to quality, FROM TO u. c. D. C. bbl 2 25 2 50 ton. 107 108 00 • 107 Ot 108 CO bush 1 05 I 12 bbl. 9 00 9 50 7 00 7 50 6 00 6 25 lb. 14 7 C 3 4 9 10 bush 75 83 bbl. 5 62 5 87 6 12 6 25 3 50 bush 58 62 48 50 50 35 lb. 10 11 9 U cask I 20 1 25 gal. 75 80 ton. 4 50 4 75 bbl. 14 00 16 50 13 50 14 00 13 00 bush 60 TO 40 45 45 60 35 42 25 30 48 55. 35 40 lb. 6 « 6 1 6 3 3 8 4 7 6 10 12 16 15 20 18 20 bush 65 70 60 6E 20 2£- bbl. 2 50 3 00 ton. 16 OQ gO(»' 248 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Fcb.2i itttscrllantcs. 7 . ':,n the Rockingham Gaselle. WINTER. The midnight winds are sounding; loud The storm is gathering; fast ! It floats upon the hurrying cloud, And rides the rising; blast. The slumberer starts from troubled sleep To hear the wintry gales ; The seaman on the threateninj; deep Collects his tattered sails. And now it sweeps o'er earth and main, With fierce and boundless power; And snow-clouds following in its train Send down their icy shower. Oh ! what a wreck of all below The morning su' shall see ; The gloomy winding-sheet of snow Is hung on every tree. How rapidly have passed the hours Since Spring was shining bright, And all its paradise of flowers Were opening to the light. But sadder changes than of years Our mournful thoughts engage ; We think upon the hour of tears When youth gives place to age. might show their regret or extrav.ignnce }>y sculptured marble or alabaster. What is now expended on a cofiin would buy wood (or the pile ; and as (o the perfumes ancirnlly used, their place mieht be supplied by very homely expedients. Instead, also, of the planed wood, and wine to extinguish the flame=, commanded by law among the llomnns, common faggots and water might be sulstiluled." — London jjaper. Burning ihe Dead. — A clever writer in the Oriental Herald has a " PropoMl forhurnintr the dead in England," which he very ingeniously maintains to be a more rational mode than (he present one, of disposing of ourmorlnl remains. Burning, he contends, would get rid of the un- wholesome, disgusting, and superstitious results of public cemeteries, and would substitute a pure, cleanly, tasteful method. The odious as- sociations which burial connecis with death would be avoided, but we should be familiarized with it, and it would lose much of ils ush' (er- rors, by the mild and philosophic aspect which the preservation of ashes in eleeant urns would cause it to assume. Corpses and roltenness gen- erate gloom and (error; but (here is nothing painful in the idea of Ihe "inodorous ashes" to which our friends would be reduced ; and their memory would be preserved by what is in il-^elf beautiful— the art of sculpture. We agree with our friend in the Herald, (hat his propasalmust obtain the suffrages of the tasteful and philp- Sophie, and be opposed only by Ihe undeilakers, sextons, aud resurreclion men,— we should jht- haps add by Ihe clergy. But be prudonllv pro- poses to ward off the opposition of that Jisinler- ested body by providino- for (heir presence at burnings just as now at burials. Besides, he ar- gues, that the melancholy ideas and unwhole- some exhalations, attendant upon church-yards, are adverse to the cheerful piety which should be encouraged by every means" in public wor- ship. "On warm summer days, when the sun darted his rays through the lon^ dim windows of a country church, we have often observed blu- ish steams ascending heavily towards the roof ot the building ; these, mingling with Ihe breath of a numerous congrcgadon, depress the spiri(s.'" Even on the score of economy, too, burnino- would be preferable to burial. "A common urn might be purchased for a few shilliues, and wi(h | such the poor would be content ; while the rich Ingenuity of the Beaver. — Roswell King, jr. Esq. has politely sent us a (e\v specimens of the beaver's ingenuity, perseverance and wonder- ful powers in architecture. These specimens consist of several logs of harxl wood, cut by the Beaver for (he construction of a house ; one of these logs measures two feet in lenglh, girls sis- teen inches, and weighs fourteen pounds ; — (his was one of (lie side logs of Ihe house ; lin- olber of the same girt, is half (he leriglh of the I'ormer and was one of Ihe end logs of (he build- ing; the others are smaller and vvere used as rafters. It is evident from the marks at the ends of them that they have all been cut through with the (eeth ; and cut in a manner so as to lock when laid upon each other, Ihe same as logs formed by hutr.an industry tor the construction oilog houses so often me( wi(h in New York. But where these animals found slrensjlh or how they raised a purchase (o lilt the logs, is a ques- tion that we cannot solve. The house being two slories high, each slory being eigh(een in- ches, mu.'t have cost no little labor to the archi- tects in placing those heavy logs one above the other. r^^;-^ A True A'i7iff.--There is no king comparable to acock. If he marches haughtily and iiercelv in Ihe midst of his people, it is not out of vauily. If the enemy is advancmjr, he does not content himself wi(h issuing an order to his subjects to go and be killed for him, in virtue of hisunfail ing knowledge and resistless jiower ; he goes in person himself, ranges his young troops be- hind him, and tighls to the last gasp. If he con- quers, it is himself who sings the Te Deiim. In his civil domestic life, (here is nolhine sn [gallant, so respectable, and so disinterested. Whether he has, in his royal beak, a grain of corn or a grub worm, he bestows it on Ihe (irsi I of his female subjects that comes within his presence. In short, Solomon in his harera was not to be compared to a cock in a farm-yard. .Marriage ; Voltaire vs. Mallhns. — The more j married men you have, the fewer crimes there will be. Examine the frightful .".olumns of yourj criminal calendars; you will ihere lind a hund- red youths executed, for one father of a family. Marriage renders men more virtuous and morel wise. The lather of a family is not willing to blush before his children; he is afraid to aiaiic shame their inheritance. Witty Reply. — ^In the first division of Poland, in Ihe year 1175, the bishopric of Ermland fell 'to Prussia. The prince bishop, Krasiky, a man I of great learning and wit, soon found hinisell I honoured with the king's highest esteem, and (dined almost every day with his majesty. The I king one day said pleasantly to the bishop, "Be j pleased ivhrn you go to heaven, to take me un- jder your mande." Upon which (he bishop re- plied, " Your majesly was pleased (o curtail so much of my revenues, and in consequence sol much of Ihe lenglh of my cloak, I much fear that 1 should not be able to cover your majesty's feet, and should be detected in the act o( smug- gling contraband goods.'''' FRUIT TREES. &c. WM. PRINCI-:, Proprietor ol the Linnoean Garden, near New York, offers to the public liis usual very extensive collection of Fruit and Orna- mental Trees, Shrubs &: Plants, 'n the selection of which are ibout 50,0IX) Apples, Pears, I'eaches, &c. of Ihe largest ^izes, suitable for transplactin", all of which ai« ni inc most vigorous and healthy stale, h'rom the long continuance of this ostabli?hmtnt Ihe Proprietor h.is the aciT:,ntage of possessiiig biarirg Itccs of nearly all the kinds, and those offered lor sale are en^rafted (tom fruit liearing Ines, thereby nfiVirdiD" an n'o-olute certainty oi their genutne character. 'J'hr colkctians of Ornamental Trees, Srhrubs, and Plants incKiding above tJOO kinds of Uoscs, — also of Oran**es. Lenuins, Citrons, Camellias or .Japan Roses, &c. are so well known for their extent, (h:. I any remarks would be unnecessary, fartlier than to refer to the Catalogues, which may be obtained gratis from Mr .Toir.pH Bridof. No. 25Court Street, Boston ; and orders through him. will receive the most prompt and atten'ive execution. The Gijmnasium. THE Subscriber is about to give three Lectures on the following subjt-cts : 1st. Physical Education In connexion with intellec- ti:al and moral culture, as taught and practised in the ; recent gymnastic seminaries of Germany, Denmark, .Switzerland. France, &c. The value of human existence is to be estimated by its capacities for action and enjoyment ; lience it ought to be the purpose of education to exercise, unfold, and , rrtriy forward these ra])acili>'S to the highest degree of ;\lt:iinablF Improvement. But this can never be ac- complished so long as the care of the body is left out of the general plan of discipline and instruction. An unlortunate individual deprived of locomotive power, might with equal trOth be regarded as a perfect liu- 'i man being, as to suppose that any man was ever well I educated without physical culture. i 2d and 3d. On the means of promoting health and preventing disease. Whatever may be thought of the I expediency of attempting to teach parents to cure their own diseases and those of their children, there can be no doubt that much practical information relative to j the promotion of health, is within their reach and 1 comprehension. I The best part of medical science is the prevention ' of sickness — (he possession of the means of security in the midst of those deleterious causes and impressions which are constantly acting on the human body ; but this important branch of medicine cannot be efTected without the cooperation of those for whom its precepts are Ibrracd, — its best resources are exerted. If these dii coveries shall be found to possess any interest or value for- fathers, they cannot have less of either for mothers. They are equally adapted aod intended for both. Boston, Feb. 18, 18':?5. J. G. COFFIN. , F.VRM FOR SALE, In Cambridge — For sale, a farm about \ mile^ from the city, consist Ing, of 35 acrest of as good land as any in the county of .Middlesex. It is under good improvement, and may be made at small expense to cut from 60 to 78 tons of English hay ; has from 3, to 400 fruit Trees, 10 acres of Meadow land, about a quarter of a mile from the farm. On said farm are 2 dwelling houses, barn, corn-barn, chaise-house, pigery, &c. Saiii farm is on the main road to Lexing- ton and Concord, and one or two stages pass daily. The farm, cattle, and farnrng utensils will be sold at a bar- gain. A small part of Ihe purchase monry will be re- quired, and the residue may lie 5 or 10 yiars. Inquire of Cliandler P.obbins, real estate broker. Ex- change Street, or at this office. t.M Jan. 28 The FARMER is published by J. B.Rvssf.li,, Congress' street, at 52.uO-pvr annum, in advance. I -r ND FARMER. PUBLISHED BY JOHN C. RUSSELL, ROGERS' BUJI.niNGS, CONGRESS STREET, BOSTON.— THOMAS G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR. VOL. I If. FillDAY. MARCH 4, 1825. No. 32. ©n'fliual Commuvurations. - — ■ — «— ■ ~~ TO THK EDITDK OP THE NEW ESGI.AND FARMER. O.N' PRUNING FRUIT TREES. Plymouth, Feb. 15, 1825. V.T FrssENDF.N. — Althoii^'h you have contribot- C(i most honorably to the kr.invledgc ;infl im- jirovement of the culture of fruit trees, yet the subject is not exhiuisted, jind 1 am exceerfiug'ly gratified whenever I can peruse any noivobser- M'tions in the New England Farmf.r. I advance my own senlimenls always wilh difiidence. ex- tliroug-h the'pores ofthe bark and exhalent ves ground; on the surface of tlie stump, I insert- ed, in tlie usual manner, two scions from a se- lect fruit, and applied to the wound an ointment composed of bees" wax and tallow. About four days after, happening' to apply my hand to the trunk ofthe tree, five feet below the engrafted part, I perceived the bark was coaled with bees' xvax, and, on examination, I found the wax had been absorbed by the sap vessels, and in the course of circulation downwards between the alburnum and bark, arcordinij to the theory of the celebraled Mr Kkgiht ; it now exuded (lecling they will receive no greater crodence than they may be found to deserve. A writer in your paper of Feb. 1 !, in offering his opinion on the subject of pruning trees, in seis. It hap[)ened. however, that from some cause, (he lateness of the season probably, the scions failed to unite, and in July, I made two incisions throug'i the bark of the same slump timates an apprehension that the eniployincnt near the top, and placed a bud in each incision of (he pruning knife \vill be atlondcii t>v inju- rious cfTecls. I shall not conlravert his positidn as respects large heallhy branches on full grown trees; (here can be no necessity, generally, for such amputations, and it is more than prolia'nle that evil consecpiences will result from l(>e and secured them, in the usual manner, by ligature. In ton days they both united and sprouted, one of them fourteen inches, and the other four inches, before their growth was checked by the winter's frost. It is obvious, tbereiore, that in (his instance of amputation. practice. Tha( (irvming to a certain ox(en/ Isl the sap was not in a s(a(e of stagnation, but advanlagorus, I have the sirongest conviction ; continued in an active and vigorous condition. but if trees could receive .their necessary and proper disi-,i[dine in the nursery, and in (he few As a proofhow surprisingly nature is capable of accommoda(in2 her economy to adverse circum- fruit trees, when advanced in age, are headed down, every branch is extirpated, and the slumjis left to produce new shoots, which soon l)>--)r fruit. And, as relates (o (he animal econo- tirs( year* of growth, it would supercede the ne-'slances, it may be noticed that not unfrequently cessity of many subsequent amputations. Yolir correspondent complains that having purchased a farm on which was a valuable orchard an^ some oak trees, he was induced (o prune his "•;•- I>le trees, and the oaks having been [)r:ned|my, we have instances of |)ersous surviv ing the before he purchased, they, in his opinion, ex- 1 most extraordinary mu(ila(ions of the body. A liibited signs of disease, which he ascribes tolyoung lad, now in the hospital at New York. the operation, it will seem de.-irable (o know I has recendy been subjected to the formidable at I. ii;it season, and in what manner, tlia tree« I operation of amputation of the lower limb at in (jusslion were subjected to the operation of pruning. I well recollect passing through ;: town, in the county of Esses, in the summer of 18^3, and observed, near the road, an orchard of fine, healthy, young apple trees, (hat appear- ed to be ruined by the very injudicious use of Ibe axe. Every tree having four or five hand- some branches lopped off, leaving shattered stumps, several inches long, projectina from the trunk, and the bark considerably lacerated. 1 was strongly impressed with (he disgusting scene, and regretted the want of judgment in (he stupid proprie(or. Now if your corresiionden('3 pruning art is of the same description, let him animadvert on the evil consequences of the op- eration to his heart's content, and every judi- cious observer w ill unilc with him in execr.ilit;g the prac(ice. Hut he alleges (hat amputation of limbs occasions an obstruction of the ascend- ing saji, which stagnates and induces rottenness of the tree. It is an unquestionable fact, (hat there is a close analogy between animal ani! vegetable pliisiology. We lop olTdie (aiN, ears, and horns of animals wi(h perlcct impunity, and 1 will adduce a circumstance tending, in the most palpable manner, (o demons(rate that (he sap does not, on similar occasions, stagnate, but the salutary process is governed by the same laws in vegetable, as in animal life. In June las(, I sawed off a branch of a tree about four inches in circumference, tea feet from the the hip joint, removing the whole of one quar- ter of (he body, and is recovering. Who will be surprised next to learn that he may bedejirived ofthe other lower quarter with impunity ? With much respect, JAMES THACHER. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FAKMER. TICKS IN SHEEP. "^ West Boylsion, (Mass.) Feb. 20, 182.5. Mr Fessekden — It is a common thing for sheep to be infested with ticks, which frequently prove very troublesome to them, especially in the spring season of the year. But the pain and vexation which they cause the sheep is not the only evil which they occasion ; for the poor animals when grievously annoyed by these ob- noxious vermin arc almost continually combat- ing their assailants, but instead of overcoming the enemy or effecting any thing more than a momentary rcliet from their suffering, they gradually pull out and waste their wool and in this way diminish their fleece to the no small loss ofthe otvner. As great an evil as this may seem to be, the remedy is both simple and ea.sy. Coil a small ; quantity of tobacco, perhaps what grows on one good thrifty stalk wouW be enough for half a dozen sheep, in so much wafer as when it is »uflicienily boiled there shall be two or three I gallons of liquor ; let it become suiTi.ciendy cool, i thei^open the wool along the centre of the neck and back ofthe sheep and with a bunch of tow , or some other spongy substance put on the de- coction until the skin becomes thoroughly moist- ened therevyilh, and in a short time the ticks i will all be tfcstroyed, and the sheep, instead of pulling out anil wasting their wool, by fruit- I less exertions of self-defence, will become easy land contented, .and sufi'er their fleece to remain j to be taken oR by the shears. I lor many years I have taken this method with 1 my sheep, just before the time of their lambing I and have always found it to have (he desired eifect. I very much dislike (he foolish practice of chewing, snufTiug, and smoking the poisonous weed, at least when no better reason can be given lor so doing than fashion or the force of habit ; yet i annually raise a few plants for the. benefit of my sheep, and would recommend to every one who keeps these useful animals to do the same. Yours, &c. A YEOMAN. TO THE F.DITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FAR.MER. CULTURE OF ONIONS. fVcston, Feb. 20, 1825. Mr Fessfkikn — Some time since yourcorres pondeni, Mr Preston, made some queries res- pecting the culture of onions ; in answer to which jou had a reply from Mr Hubhard, of Concord, and anoth.;;-., anonymous, from Frank- lin. J.ltbrrtpjfc nothing essential can be added to those rfifS&ctable communications, yet as the success of a crop of oniori« depends much upoa the niinutioe ofthe process, I will venture to of- fer what experience has taught me on the sub- ject. The best soil for a crop of onions is undoubt- edly a moist black soil, say the ti(test for grass; if wet, let the piece be divided into beds of a convenient width for weeding and hoeing ; let (hem be raised in the middle, and let the paths between (hem be made hollow (o answer for drains; although a moist soil is favourable, wet is not so, by any means ; upon that soil onions will grow to a large size, and they will grow very near to each other, and, as it were, climb one over the other. This kind of soil will sure- ly give the largest crop, if the thing is well managed. A free deep loam will answer very well, and I have also found that I could raise a tolerable crop upon a porous light soil, where in fact I had no expectation of success, and I at- tribute it altogether to the care 1 took to stir I he ground merely on the surface, not more than two inches deep ; in fact, I did not plough nor spade, but after having spread my manure, I merely chop't it in with the hoe, then raked it smooth tor sowing. I must here observe that the onion is not by nature inclined to root deep. You must give it a hard bottom to grow on, and keep your manure on the surface within reach of the roots, then they will grow large, flat, and handsome. The manure that suits best is the richest, and plenty of it. If you sow the same piece several successive years, which is l»y all means adviseable, the crop will grow more a- 250 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [March 4, bundant every season, because the piece will grow richer annually, from the yearly dressings that it will receive, and from the more perfect amalgamation of the manure with the soil, which requires repeated chopping and hoeing before it takes place. I have always sowed onions in drills^ about eighteen inches apart, to give fair play to the hoe. Onions must be sowed as early as possi- ble after the frost is out of the ground ; in this climate if the seed is not in the ground before the first of May, there is but litlle chance of a crop. It must be covered slightly, and stamped well over with the hoe to close it well. I would recommend, as most essential, to sow the seed sparingly. Even the best gardeners are apt to put in too much seed. The consequence is, that the young plants come up so lliick that they run up spiry ami weak ; and ivhen you come to thin them, )ou find great difficulty to pull up so many v»ithout injuring those that you leave ; and the worst injury is what you do to the roots, which you tear and loosen. There- fore, have seed of your own raising, or that you know are fresii, and sow sparingly. Some thinning xeill alzeays be recjuisile, and that, ought to be done as soon as possible alter they are up. It will be of the greatest im|iortance to give a moderate dressing of wood ashes over the young plants, and repeat it several times, whenever a shower is coming. If it is dry weather, then throw the ashes learly in the morning, when the dew is on. This will as- sist them against a great enemy, an insect call- ed, by some gardeners, Gu/i-/)oai)j£c Lice; being not much bigger than a grain of powder, and about the same colour. They often destroy a crop of onions as they come up from the ground. Repeated hoeings will he nee every morning from about the yard to pre»ent its dry- j ing up, and as the washing davs return, 1 have J the soap suds thrown on tlie heap. It is carried I out of the yard in the fdl, and when the spring returns 1 find it to answer extremely well for mv j onion-bed. In Rhode Island I have observed i persons making up heaps of alternate layers of i loam and, / believe, sun-Jish, a flat, oily fii the water, by penetrating the wicks, would make the candles crackle in burning, and there- by render them useless. To purify the tallow still more, it is strained through a coarse horse hair sieve into a tub ; where, after having re- mained three hours it becomes fit for use. When the tallow is very dirty or rancid, an ounce of pearl ash to about 10 lbs of tallow, put into the water wherein the tallow is melted, is of service. Wax Candles are of various kinds and forms : they are made of cotton or flaxen wicks, slioht- ly twisted, and covered with white or coloured j wax. This operation is performed either by the I hand or with a ladle. In order to soficn the wax, it is first worked repeatedly in a deep nar- row cauldron of hot water ; then laken out in . Mnall pieces, and gradually disposed round the I wick, which is fixed on a hook in the wall, be- jgining with the larger end, and diminishing in I proportion as the neck approaches ; to prevent Ihe wax from adhering to the hands, they are riibb d with "i| of olives, lird, or other unctuous j substance. When it is intended to make wax candles with a ladle, the wicks being prepared as above mentioned, a dozen of them are fixed lit equal distances round an iron circle, which is suspended over a tinned copper vessel con- taining melted wax ; a large ladlef'ul of which is poured gently and repeatedly on the tops of the wick, till the candles have acquired a prop- er size, when they are taken down, kept warm, and smoothed upon a walnut-tree table with a long square instrument of box, which is contin- I iially nioislpned with hot water, to prevent the , adhesion of the wax. In other respects this mode of' making wax candles corresponds with that of manul'acturing them with the hand. From the increasng demand and price of wax, various experiments have been tried in order to discover proper substitutes, uliich might pos- sess similar solidity. We are informed by a for- eign journal, that this desirable object has been satisfactorily attained, by melting down an equal quantity of tallow and resin. In order to ascer- tain the truth of this assertion we were induced J to repeat the experiment, but without success;! for, though the two substances incorporated, they had not a sufiicient degiee of cohesion ; and, when moulded into a proper form, the tal- low burned, but the resin dissolved, and sepa- rated from it. Although candles are preferable to lamps, as their light is less injurious both to the eyes and lungs, and as they ilo not produce so great a vol- ume of smoke, yet a clean chamber lamp, which emits as little smoke and smell as possible, is far swperioreven to wax candles ; for, 1. As all candles burn downwards, Ihe eye necessarily becomes more faligued and strained during the latter hours of candle-light ; 2. Because they yield an irregular light, which occasions the ad- ditional trouble of snuffing them ; and lastly, be- cause, if the air be agitated ever so little, or if the candles are made of bad materials, they in 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 251 iiire llie eve t>v their flriring liijht. A commnn caiullp roqiiin s to be snuffed 10 times in an hour. Wicks are better for heina: lirst dipped in wax: inilecd, mould cmdles of tallow, are greatly im- proved liy one lourth of white wax. Bv the result of minute observations, it ap- pears th.Ua pound of common cindles, 12 in the pound, burn 41 hours, 21 minutes; a pound of mould candles, 5 7-8ths in the pound, 42 hours, 39 minutes ; a pound of commnn candles, 8 in the pound, 3 1 hours ; and a pound of mould can- dles. 4 in the pound, :Hi hours, 20 minutes.— Hence mould candles are more economical than common candles, if they remain at rest while burning. Economy in Candles.— \n such candlesticks as are not made to slide, the candles are frequent- ly permitted to burn in the socket to great waste, and to the injury of the candlestick ; this may be prevented by taking out early the short piece of candle, placing it between three common pins stuck in an old cork, and [)utting the cork in the candlestick. A poimd of candles 10 to the pound, will give a greater quantity of light by one fourth, than a pound of G in the [)Ound; be- or more elevated fountains, or water of satura-l Burnint^ Sprin^n. — There are several springs tion, with which the springs are connected, or on tlie farm of Mr Allen lyoomis, in Middlesex, some elastic gases confined in the earth, which K.Y. from which is emitted a giis .ns inflammable by their repellent force may protrude the waters as gunpowder. Mr L. has, by means of pump- to tlic surface. Adjacent high lands naturally logs, conveyed the gas from one of these springs, indicate tlie first csuse, and I may ventnro to say, about twenty rods to his dwellijig, ivhere it an- that there can be no ebullition of water from an swers all the purposes of oil and fuel, for light extended level surface, except from the latter cause. It follows from the foregoing, that boring for water, in order that it may flow above the sur- and heat. lie burns it in cooking stoves as well as others, and so powerful is it, in combustion, that if the doors be shut, it throws the girdles from the top, to obtain vent ; if confined, it would face of the earth, can only be successful in those | burst the strongest stove. Tubes are used for places, where, if it were not for the pressure ofi lighting the different rooms, the superincumbent earth, there would other-] ^^^^^^ wise be springs or fountains; but asthere are few j Food and Physic. — If you have a severe cold places, where the circumstances necessary fori and are very hoarse have some water-gruel pre- the production of s|)rings do exist, there are still 1 pared in the ordinary way ; when nearly ready fewer, where they exist and cannot find an out- slice in two or three good onions; simmer it again twenty minutes; pour it out; put in a lump of butler, with pepper and salt, and eat it (with bread if you are hungry) ; go to bed soon after; the next morning, if you are not quite well, you will be much improved, and willing to try a second dose, which will certainly effect a cure. let ; and here are the only places, where boring could advantageously be emploved, at least in my opinion. J. MANSFIELD, Prof, rtf Philos. MiWy .academy. R.\fL ROADS AND CANALS A comparison has been made of the relative cause the tallow is more perfectly consumed in advantages of railways and canals, in a provincial consequence of a greater surface of wick being exoosed to the air. In large wicks the tallow is not burnt but distilled away. Communicaledfur Ike Jhnerican Farmer. THEORY OF SPRINGS — AND BORING FOR WATER. Mililary Academy, W. Pninl, Jan. 25, 1825. Dear Sir — Jared Mansfield, Esq. Professor of Natural Philosophy, at the Military Academy, has, in compliance with your request, just hand- ed me the enclosed remarks, which you are at lilerty to insert, if you think proper, in the American Farmer. With great regard, I remain your obedient servant, S. THAYER. T^one of the theories of springs, or emana- tions of water from the earth, have, as yet, been supported by an exocriinentum crucis, and on that account, our philosophy of them must be consider- ed as hypothetical. 1 consider the common depth of wells in any country, or region of the earth, as the point of saturation, or where the communi- cated particles of the earth, whether siliceous, or argillaceous, are completely saturated with water ; and where there exist no causes to di- minish the quantum of fluid in ordinary seasons. Near the surface of the earth, evaporation, and the tendency of this fluid, by its weight, to de- scend, necessarily render the parts adjacent to the surface, comparatively dry and unsaturated; insomuch, that no water generally can be obtain- ed by excavation, before you come to the point of complete saturation of the earth, by the wa- ter ; whenever we have arrived at this point, or below it, the water oozes from the earth, from hydrostatic pressure, as from the sides of a vessel in which it is confined, and constitutes what are commonly calleil well«. If ever water is found to emanate from the surface of the earth, or above this general lev- el of the point of saturation, as in the case of springs, it must, on hydrostatic principles, be ow- ing to some peculiar, or local causes, wliich pro- trude the waters above their natural heights in the earth. The causes may either be superiour per. The writer calculates the degree of resistance a carriage or vessel meets with either from friction or the pressure of water, in each of these modes of conveyance. From these cal- culations, it appears that a horse will draw a load 10 limes as great upon a rail-way, and 30 times as groat upon a canal, as he will upon a good road. When the horse moves at the rate of two miles an hour, therefore a canal is the most advantageous mode of conveyance ; but vvhen the speed is increased, the case is very different. With regard to the expense, the writer esti- mates the cost of a railway at three times the cost of a good turnpike road, and thait of a canal about nine or ten times. If railways, therefore, should come into general use, two thirds of the ImportatU Discovery. — Dr Geitner, a skiWal chemist at Schneeberg, in Saxony, has invented a new metallic compound, the qualities of which very much resemble those of silver. It ismall- leable, and is not subject to rust or tarnish. — Candlesticks, spurs, &,c. have already been fa- bricated wth this composition — and it is highly probable this discovery will lead to great alter- ations in the manufacture of goods. To make Seating Wafers. — Take very fine flour, mix it with glairc of eggs, isinglass, and a little yeast; mingle the materials ; beat them well together, make the batter thin with gum water, spread it even on tin plates, and dry it in stoves ; then cut them for use. Fou may expense of transporting commodities would be make them what color you please, by coloring saved, as, though the first cost of the railway is , the paste, say with Pirazil or Vermillion for red, Indigo &.C. for blue, &c. three times that of a road, the same force will move ten limes the weight over it. Railways then, it is obvious, afford prodigious facilities over any other mode of conveyance both as it regards time and expense ; and there is scarce- ly any limit to the rapidity of movement these iron pathivays will enable us to command, or to the improvmenls in trade, commerce, and even ! whatever you have laid it upon. agriculture, which they will allow us to efl'ect. To lake off insianthj a Copy from a print or picture. — Make a water of soap and alum, with which wet a cloth or paper ; lay either on a print or picture and pass it once under the roll- ing press : vou will have a very fine copy of Organic Remains — The Sussex, (Eng.) Adver- tiser Newspaper, gives an account of some re- markable Organic Remains, found in forming the tunnel under the road at Kemp Town, Brighton. These are represented to belong to the elephant and horse, and it is conjectured by the writer are antediluvian. It is also men- tioned that a Mantil has discovered in the iron sand-stone in that neighborhoud, the teeth and bones of a herbilerous reptile of immense size, and resembling in character the Iguana of the new world. We are ralher staggered at seeing it estimated at sixty feet in length — a prodigious lizard ! To Chan Pictures. — Make a lye with clear water and wood ashes ; in this dip a sponge and rub the picture over, and It will cleanse it per- fectly. The same may he done with white nine with the same effect. Dandelions. — This plant makes a pleasant sallad in the Spring, while the leaves are hardly unfolded. It is m\ich used by the French, who eat it with bread and butter. It may be blanched by culture. Horseradish. — One drachm of the fresh-scrap- ed root of this plant, infused with four ounces of water in ariose vessel for two hours, and made into a syrup with double its weight of sugar, is an approved recipe for removing hoarseness. — A tea spoonful of this has often proved suddenly effectual. Onions. — A few fresh walnuts or raw leaves of parsley, eaten immediately after dinner, will speedily removetbat disagreeable taint which al- ways infects the breath after partaking of onions, garlic, or shallots. Hooping Cough. — A plaster of gum galbanum, applied to the chest, cures this complaint. [An English publication. 252 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [March 4, From Rees'' Cyclopedia. WOOL. [Concluded from page 229.] Wool, from other animals besides the sheep, is employed in manufactories, and spun and woven into fabrics of different kinds, eilher un- mixed or mixed with sheep's wool. The goats of Thibet, which grow the fine shawl wool, pro- duce it as a fine down at the bottom of a long, coarse hair, with which the animals are cover- ed.* Many of the common goals, in Europe, grow a similar down, which, by cultivation, migfht become a valuable ariicle of commerce. It is not, however, ascertained whether the shawls and shawl cloth of India are all manufac- tured of goats' wool ; a part appears to be made from sheep's wool, peculiarly soft and fine. The Angora goat grows a hair extremely soft and silky, which is much used in some of the French worsted goods, mixed with silk. Dr Anderson says that the Angora goat will prosper and pre- serve its peculiarities in France and Sweden. The improvement of zvool depends primarily on attention to the breed of sheep ; but there are various circumstances of soil, climate, and food, which are important to be regarded. The experiments, which have been made in various parts of Europe within the last half century, have sufficiently removed the prejudice, that long prevailed, respecting the possibility of growing the finest clothing-wool in almost eve- ry part of the globe where sheep will subsist and thrive. It is difTerest with the long comliing- wools, to grow which in perfection, luxuriant pastures seem absolutely requisite, and these cannot be obtained under a parching sun, nor could the animal subsist in tropical climates, cov- ered with such a load of wool as is grown on our sheep in Lincolnshire. Under such circum- stances an entire change seems to take place in the animal system; the long-wcoled sheep be- come diseased and feverish, and only recover by casting the fleece, which is replaced by a coat of short hair. The rich pastures in Eng- land and the opposite coasts of Flanders, Seem more favourable to the growth of heavy comb- ing fleeces, than any other country in the known world ; and the Leicestershire and Lincolnshire sheep seem every way well suited to these pas- tures, and the prices of the wool obtained at present, are sufficient to secure attention to its cultivation. For the common purpose of the worsted man- ufactures, this wool is so well suited as to leave nothing further to be desired; and it is this kind, which foreign manufacturers are so desir- ous of obtaining from us. In many situations, however, where heavy, long-wooled sheep are introduced, and where the soil is not sufficiently rich to grow it in perfection, it would be possible to grow a fleece, weighing five or six pounds, of very line combing wool by crossing the long vvoolod ewes with the Anglo-Merino rams. The experiments made on tlie tl.TC wooled sheep on a large scale, in different parts of Eu- rope, prove that peculiarities of food and cli- mate have comparatively small influence on the quality uf clothing wool, and that it may be grown equally fine m situations where the sheep are coniiued on dry meat a great part of the * Fo'r further notices of this species of animals, tlie fleece they produce, their introduction into France, Sic. &c. see New England Farmer, volume i. p, 188 — and volume ii. page 22ii. year, as in Saxony, Sweden, and Denmark. It may also be grown in the richest pastures, pro- vided the pastures be overstocked to keep the herbage bare. In Spain no attempts arc made to wash the wool on the sheep's back, but all the fleeces of a pile are regularly sorted, and the different sorts scoured and dried before the wool is pack- ed. But where the quantity of wool, which any one grower possesses is small, as in Eng- land, it would not answer to send for wool-sorters from a distance ; and to wash the wool before it is sorted would so intermingle the fine and coarse locks, as to render the regular sorting extremely difficult and expensive. In Saxony and Sweden the -jvool is washed on the sheep's backs. The following account of the process is described by baron Schultz. The sheep are first washed with one part clear ley, and two parts lukewarm water, and then in another tub with less ley in the water ; after which the sheep are washed, laying them always on their backs, with their heads up, in a tub of clean water ; and, lastly, there is poured on the sheep, when standing on the ground, a sufficient quantity of water, which is as much as possible squeez- ed out of the wool. The sheep are afterwards driven to an unpastured meadow adjoining, and remain there a ilay and a night, or longer, till their wool be diy, which, in fine weather, will be three days. Some [lersons wash their sheep twice, but the wool becomes harder in conse- quence of it, and has a greyer appearance. The practice of greasing the sheep in Scot- land, and the northern countries of England, with a mixture of tar and butter, seems to have been introduced merely to preserve the shee|), and was generally supposed to he injurious to the wool; but Mr Bakewell, in his Treatise on Wool, observes that, "in Northumberland, where the fine wooled sheep have received the benefit of greasing with a mixture in vvhich the proportion of tar was merely sufficient to give it due tenacity, the wool is greatly im[)roved by the process; but the ignorance and selfishness of the wool-huyers, for a long time prevented the acknowledgment of the fact." Many were afraid to purchase the wool on account of its dirty appearance, but its value is now better understood by the Yorkshire merchants, and it is purchased by the manufacturers of coloured cloth in preference to the ungreased wool. — These wools appear to improve in every pro- cess of the manufacture, and yield a cloth of greater value, by twenty or thirty per cent., than the ungreased hard wools, though the lat- ter may be equally fine. But even in North\imbcrland, where the wool is so greatly improved by the practice, its good effects in this respect are not sufliciently known, and the operation is delayed till the approach of winter. To derive the greatest advantage from the ointment, both to the wool and the sheep, it should be applied immediately after shearing, and again on the approach of winter. By the first greasing the wool will be kept soft and moist during the sultry heats of July and August, and the top of the staple will not be- come harsh and discoloured. One acknowledg- ed advantage of greasing immediately after shearing should not be overlooked; it destroys the sheep tick, and has a tendency to prevent cutaneous distempers, and to protect the skifi against the bite of the fly. The manner of preparing the ointment in IVorlhumberland is as follows: — from sixteen to twenty pounds of but- ter are placed over a gentle fire, and melted ; a gallon of tar is then added, and the mixture stirred with a stick until the tar and butter are well combined, and form a soft tenacious oint- ment. Some skill is required in its application, the want of which has prevented the practice from prevailing more generally. If the oint- ment is rubbed on the wool, it collects on the top of the staple, where it detains the loose soil and becomes hard, and is injurious to the wool. 'The proper method is to divide the sta- ple or locks with one hand, and apply the oint- ment with the finger immediately on the skin; it is thus kept constantly soft by the warmth of the animal, and is equally diflused through the fleece. Attention to this circumstance is of the greatest consequence to the success of the practice. The quantity laid on each animal va-^ ries in different districts. In the lighter mode of greasing, one gallon of tar and twenty pounds of butter will be sufficient for fifty sheep, lu Scotland, where greasing is applied merely to preserve the animal from the inclemency of the climate, a much larger portion of tar is us- ed. This would be very injurious to the wool, were it any other but the very coarsest kind. The rays of the summer sun have a tendency to make wool both coarser and harder, and may be seen in the effect produced on sheep that are exposed to it without shelter, immedi- ately after shearing. The top point of the sta- ple, which was grown at that time, is almost al- ways coarser and harder than the bottom of the staple, vvhich has been grown under cover of the ujiper part of the fleece, and consequently more protected from light. An analogous ef- fect is produced on the skins of horses kept in coal mines, which become sleek and soft. These facts might suggest to wool growers, desirous of improving their wool, the advantage of provid- ing shade for their flocks during the sultry heats ' i>f ^mmer. The natural instincts of sheep might teach them the impropriety, not tospeak of the cruelty, ol' keeping their sheep, insnm- [ mer, inclosed in pens, and unsheltered, on a dry I soil, where the animals are almost roasted alive i — a practice not less injurious to the health of the sheep, than to all the best qualities of the wool. Next to a regular supply of food, protec- ; tion from the efl'ects of heat and wet, are ob- jects of the first importance in the management of sheep ; and it may be stated as an undoubted I truth, that whatever contributes to the comfort of the animal, will enable it to fatten on a smaller quantity of food, will tend to preserve it in a healthy state, and will also increase the quanti- ty and im[irove the quality of the wool. Liverpool and Manchester Rail Road. — We are informed that the Shares in this concern are at a hundred guineas premium each, contingent upon the passing of the bill in the next session of Parliament, of which there seems little or no doubt, as it is said that every land-owner on the line has given his consent. ^'Fruit out of Season.'^ — The Darien, (Geo.) Gazette, of 14111 Dec. says, "A Mulberry Tree befiire our door is now yielding ripe fruit, and a friend of ours on the Mopetown plantation, plucked a ripe damson plum from his trees on the 9th inst." 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 253 From the Edinburgh Scotsman. IRON RAIL ROADS, AND THE STEAM COACH. When the steam coach is brought fully into use, practice will teach iis many things respect- ing it, of which theory leaves us ignorant. With the facilities for rapid motion for which it will afforJ, however, we think we are not too san- guine, in expecting to see the present extreme rate of travelling doubled. We shall then be carried at the rate of 100 miles a day, with all the ease we now f njoy in the steam boats, but without the annoyance of sea sickness, or the danger of being burned or drowned. It is impos- sible to anticipate the efTecls of such an extraor- dinary facility of communication, when gener- ally introduced. From Calais to Petersburg, or Constantinople for instance, would be but a jour- ney of 5 days ; and the tour of Europe might be accomplished in a shorter time than our grand- fathers took to travel to London and home again. The Americans with their characteristic ardour for improvements, are now collecting inform ation about railways and locomotive machines in England. And to them these inventions will prove of inestimable value. Some persons doubt for instance, whether it is possible to keep so vast a territory as theirs united under one Gov- ernment. But it is forgotten, that extent of the territory is a bar to political union, only as il renders communications slow and difficult, and that with the rapid and easy menns of intercourse ■which the railway atTords, Neiv York, New Or- leans, and Columliia river, though distant res- pectively from two thousand to three thousand miles, will he politically and morally nearer to one another than London and Edinburgh were a centurj' ago. Free government- in ancient limes were necessarily small, because they depended on union of sentiment, in the mass ofthe people ; and one citizen would not then know the opin- ion of another at thirty miles distance. But the post, the press, and the stage coach, have made it easier to unite tuenty millions of men in a common cause in our days, than it was to unite the tiftieth part of the number in the days of Philip of Macedon. And with the means of com- munication we are likely soon to possess, we think, the one hundred and fifty millions who ^vill inhabit JS'orlh America, next century, will be more completely one people, than the inhabit- ants of France or Britain at this &,\y. It is pleas- ing indeed to think, that at the moment when the gigantic republics of the new world are start- ing into existence, the inventive genius of man is creating new moral and mechanical powers to cement, and bind their vast and distant mem- bers together, and to give the human race the benefits of a more extended and perfect civili- zation. But we ought not to overlook the ad- ditional security which an opulent and highly improved country will in future derive from the facility of its internal means of communication. Were a foreign enemy, fur instance, to invade England, 500 steam wagons could convey 60,- 000 armed men in one d.\y to the point assailed ; and within one week, it would be easy by the Same means, to collect two or three hundred thousand men to one spot, all quite fresh and fit for action. The Legislature of Pennsylvania has ^ranted .in an- nuity of $8000 for tour years to the Pennsyh-ania In- stitution lor the Deaf acd Dumb. APPLB BHEAD. A very light, pleasant bread is tnnde in France by a mixture of apples and flour, in liie propor- tion of one pound ofthe former to two ofthe latter. The usual quantity of yeast is empio} e;l as in making common bread, and is beat with flour and warm pulp of the apples after they have boiled, and the dougli is then considered as set ; it is then put up in a proper vessel, is allowed to rise for eight or twelve hours, ami then baked into long loaves. Very little water is requisite ; none, generally, if the apples are very fresh. Communicated for Ihe ^dmerican Farmer, Bemeily for Sore Eyes. — Dissolve an ounce of salf-petre in a quart of water, with which fill a wine glass and invert over the eyes, .(each) for about a minute every morning. Wash the eyes with the same, weakened with the addition of more water. This is said to cure weak and in- flamed eyes. ! Jinother. — Boil half an ounce ofCammomile flowers in a pint of new milk, and wash the eyes three or four times a daj'. Jinother. — Open the eyes over the steam of boiling spirits of turpentine. To prevent a Lock Jaw — from the foot's hcing pierced with a rusty nail. — Immerse the foot in strong ley of wood ashes, (warm) or apply cloths wetted in the ley to the wounded part. Cement ttsed for Steam Apparatus — given by xMessrs Pearson and Co. Gas-Light makers, of Liverpool : — b cwt. Boreings, 2| lbs. Sal. Ammoniac, 1^ lbs. Sulphur. To every cwt. of Boreings add 8 ounces of Sal. Ammoniac and 4 ounces of Sulphur, making only one cwt. at a time. BUTT;:I1 EXPEDITIOrSLY MADE BY FREEZING MILIC. Sir : By the aid of frost, I find it much easier to convert milk into butter in the winter, than by any process whatever during the summer season. The milk, when taken from the cow, is immediately strained into earthen pans ami set in the coldest part ofthe house ; as soon as the frost begins to operate, a separation takes place ; the cream rises in a thick paste to the top, and leaves the milk without a particle of cream, frozen in the pan. The cream is not so hard but that it can be easily scraped off with a spoon, down to the solid ice ; it is then set aside until a sufficient quantity is collected for churning, when it is warmed just so much, as to thaw the cream sufficiently to put it into the churn ; I have never known it to require more than five minutes to convert such cream into butter, after Ihe churning had commenced. All the hu!ter consumed in my family the last winter, has been m.Tde in this way, and I think I never had finer. I ought to state, that I think this method injurious to the cream for certain purposes ; such, for instance, as vvhipsyllabubs, as my domestics found after the cream was mix- ed with other ingredients, the least agitation brought it into butter. E. HERSEY DERBY. Salem, Mass. May 7, 1 824. Signs of a poor Parmer.— H^ grazes his mow- in? land late in the Spring. Some of his cow« arc much past their prime. He neglects to keep the dung ami ground from the sills of bis build- ings. He sons and plants his land till it is ex- hausted before he thinks of manuring. He keeps too much stock, and many of them are unruly. He has a place for nothing, and nothing in its [ilace. If he wants a gimblet, a chisel, or a ham- mer, he cannot find it. He seldom does any thing in stormy ^veather, or in an evening. You will ol'trn perha|is hoar of his being in the bar-room, talking of hard times. Although he has been on a piece of land twenty years, ask liim for grafted apples, and ho will tell you that he could not raise them, for he never had any luck. Kis in- dolence and carelessness subject him to many accidents. Ho loses cider for want of a hoop • his plough breaks in his hurry to get in his seed in season because it was not housed, and m har- vest time, when he is at work on a distant part of his farm, the hogs break into his garden, for want of a small re[>air in his fence. He always feels in a hurry, yet in his busiest day he will stop and talk till he has wearied your patience. He is seldom neat in his person, and generally late at public worship. His children are late at school, and their books are torn and dirty. He has no enterprise, and is sure to have no money, or if he must have it, makes great sacrifice to get it ; and as he is slack in his payments, and buys altogether on credit, he purchases every thing at a dear rate. You will see the smoke come out of his chimney long after daylight in winter. His horse stable is not daily cleansed, nor his horse curried. Boards, shingles, and clapboards are to be seen off his buildings, month after month, without bein,g replaced, and his windows are full of rags. He feeds his hogs and horses with whole grain. II his lambs die, or the wool comes off his sheep, he does not think it is for want of care or food. He is generally a great borrower, attd seldom returns the thing borrow- ed, lie is a poor husband, a poor father, a poor neighbour, a poor citizen, and a poor christian. Scalds or burns. — A writer in an Ohio paper states that a scald era burn may be rendered al- most harmless by an immediate application of green apple scrapings, in the form of a poultice. The apples should be kept cool and moist by occasional additions of cider. To give lustre to silver. — Dissolve a quantity of alum in water, so as to make a pretty strong brine, which must be skimmed very carefully j add some soap to it and when you wish to use it, dip a piece of linen rag in it, and rub over the plate. ^i .utbslitulefor Bells. — A patent, it is said, has been recently taken out at Washington for an instrument wliich will save three quarters or four fifths of the ex- pence for bells now in common use. It was invented sn Illinois. It is a simple triangular plate of cast steel, hung up by one corner. Three hammers of different sizts an; placed near the centre, which strike the base by means of turning a crank. Sounds are produced every way as loud k. pleasant as from the common belU. The Secretary of the Navy has recommended the construction of two Dry Docks ; one to be located at C'harlestown, (.Mass) and the other at Gosport, (Vir) The probable expense of the construction of both is estimated at about $700,000. 254 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [iMarch 4, L«W it.lJU?J J--JJ-l-i 1 1 'Tm'M NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, MARCH 4, 1825. CATERPILLARS ON APPLE TREES. We have received a communication with the signa- ture " A MarshfitU Farmer;^ relating to the above mentioned insects. The writer states that in order to get rid of them, " I used gunpowder but to no great eflfect. I then tried a match of brimstone on the end of a pole — used quick silver, and rock weed also, as Dr. Deane has recommended, but could not perceive any essential effect from any of these articles."' " But having seen the following method, it struck me at once that it would prove effectual. I resolved to make the experiment. I bored a hole to the centre of a tree, as much affected as any in the orchard, with an half inch augur. I then filled the hole with sul- phur, getting as much in as possible ; and lastly drove in a piece of wood, the size of the hole bored, to pre- vent the sap or sulphur's oozing out, and to my great astonishmeat in less then forty eight hours, I snw my tree rejected by the insects ; not a vestige of a cater- pillar remained. If this easy and effec!u;il remedy should become universal the caterpillar w.i.Ui soon quit our orchards." [remarks ev the editor.] We shonlH be very glad if the remerly pro- posed by our correspondent might prove eflec- tunl. But we fear that it will not answer the purpose anticipated. We acknowledge, that we once had hopes, (though we ever doubled) that it might prove ellicacious ; and have recom- mended making experiments for the purpose of ascertaining the fact. Experiments have been made, and their results published in our paper vol. 2, pages 370 and 377. The article first referred to was written by Dr. Tir.ArHEit, of Plymouth, Ms. Author of the American Orchard- ist, a gentleman whose science and habits of observation have rendered him as competent an arbiter in a case of this kind as could be se- lected. Dr. Thacher not only tried the plan ofinserting sulphur in the body of the tree, with no good effect, but " opened a nest of cater- pillars and filled it with, sulphur^ wrapped a cov- ering of paper round the nest, to confine the insects, and left them completely exposed to the noxious drug for about twenty four hours, when finding them in the enjoyment of perfect health and vigour he subjected them to the fumes of burning sulphur, to which they ilid not yield till scorched by the blaze." The experiment detailed in page 377, vol. 2. of the New England Farmer is scarcely less de- cisive against the beneficial operation of sul- phur, in the mode in which it was applied by '■'■A Marshfidd Farmer''' We, are, therefore, constrained to believe that our correspondent was misleil by appearances. Perhaps, when sulphur was apjdied, the time of the year had arrived in which the insects, having finished their labours tor the season wpre about to leave their habitations. They abandon the trees ol their own accord about the last of June, and if the sulphur is used a day or two before their vnlvntunj departure, one might well suppose that they were driven off by the drug, when, in fact, "they merely followed their own incli- nation and instincts, without lieinu; disturbcil in the least by the nie^ins used for their annoyance. Besides, granting that sulphur, and as above mentioned, should drive caterpillars from fruit trees, unless it should destroy them, ot which there is no probability, the insects might, per- haps, fall on the crops of the t'armer, and cause as much mischief as if they had been suffered to finish their repast on Fruit Trec^. " A Marshfield Farmer" refers to Dr. Deane's New England Farmer, as recommending the use of (luicksihcr, rock weed, &c. for destroy- ing insects on fruit trees. But in the last edi- tion of that work, by Wells and Lilly, Boston, 1822, these supposed remedies are omitted ; and the following paragraph substituted, by a gentleman whose observations have been the result of science and experience, and have ren- dered the edition of Wells and Lilly much su- perior to any prior editions. " We must enter our protest against all pro- jects of boring holes into trees, and filling them with mercurial preparations, or any other sub- stance, as preventatives against the Curcu'io, the Aphis, and as some say, all insects. This is too empyrical, and there is too much non- sense alre.idy in the world to attempt to in- crease it." — Dca>ie^s A'. E. Fanner, page 299. It might not be amiss if further experiments were made with sulphur, used as above by those who have leisure and means to try expe- riments for the benefit of the community. We wish that the question might be put at rest. The name of the person making the experi- ment, and all the circumstances attending it are desirable. In the mean time we will venture Instate our belief that the thumb andJinger^Col. Prkering's brush, a little oil of any kind, or spirits of turpentine are the most iure remedies. We are requested by Mr Stcbbins, Chairman of the Viewing Committee of the Hartford Coun- ty Agricultural Society, to supply an important omission in their Report, in our last paper, p. 2 11, which gives a mistaken view of the sentiments of the Committee. The conclusion of the re- marks on Mr Grant's farm should read as follows : "The Committee regard the situation ofCapt. Grant as peculiar ; and would probably not be justified in placing him upon a level with common farmers. But though his advantages are such, as in our view to remove him from a fair com- petition with others, still he has liis re-s:ard, and that a rich one, arising from the profits of his farm, and the consciousness of contributing so extensively to the interests of agriculture ; and we doubt not," Sic. JS'ational Leo-islature. o Sl'.NATF,.— Feb. 18. .Mr King of New York submit- ted a resolution for the nett proceeds of the sale of pub- lic lands, after a cert.iin period, for the emancipation of slaves, and the removal of free persons of colour t^c. wliich was read and ordered to be printed. A resolu- linn to appropriate 6000 dollars for the purpose of I'ealc's I'icture embracing a portrait of Gen. VVashbig- ton, Laiayittc, Hamilton, &c. was taken up, aud after debate laid on the table. Feb. 21. Amendments to the fortification appropri- ation bill, rpconimending an appropriation of $30,000 for IliP erection of a Fort at Beaufort, N. C. and |50.000 for Forts at Cape Fear, in the same State, were accept- ed—'29 to 11. r'F.B. 2'i. A Message was received from the Presi- dent respecting the Claims of the i^tate of Massachu- setts for services in the late war ; — in which he ob- serves that he is " confirmed iu the opinion that Con- gress should now decide on the Claim, and allow the State such portions thereof as are founded on the prin- ciples laid down in a former Message." This Mes- sage, after some remarks by Mr Webster, was referred to tile Military Committee, 'I'he bill for the preservation and civilization of the Indian Tribes within the United States, was discussed, ordered for a third reading, aud passed the next day. HOUSE— Feb, 18, The President transmitted to the House a report of the Secretary of State "touching the capture and detention of -American fishermen," during the last session. Three thousand copies of the report of the Committee, on the suppression of the African Slave Trade, were ordered to be printed. A hill concerning canal vessels and boats, was dis- cussed, and, after debate, was so amended that the several acts regulating the commerce of the United States, and imposing duties on tonnage, &c. shall not be construed to extend to boats emploj'ed, exclusively, in navigating the canals within the respective .States. Feb. 21. .\ bill directing a discrimination between importations, by citizens of the United States and those on Ibreign account, was discussed, and has since pass- ed the House. The Committee on the Message of the President on his own affairs, made a report, which was laid on the table, aud ordered to be printed. Messrs Gales aud Seaton were elected printers to the House for the 19th Congress. Feb. 23. Statements of the passengers, who arrived in the United States from foreign countries in the year ending Sept. 30, 1824 (total 9,^60;) and also a return of American seamem were communicated by the Sec- retary of State, and ordered to be printed. A communication from the Treasurer of (he U. P. containing the General Account of his office from July 1, 1823, to March 31, 1824, (by which it appeared that the total amount in the Treasury, June 30, 1824, was 4;7,794,129 and 71 cents) was laid on the table. The House, after debate, ordered the bill to be en- grossed, which provided for the payment of interest to the State of Virginia, and negatived an amendment to extend said payment to the several States, JMassadiusdis Legislature. SENATE.— Feb. 23. The Committee on the sub- jrrt of preventing a debtor from disposing of any wood or timber standing on land under attachment, reported that it is inexpedient to make any alteration, which report was accepted. The bill establisliing a free bridge in the city of Bos- i ton, passed to be engrossed, and has since passed both I Houses to be enacted. Fee. 24. Resolutions authorizing the appointment I of Commissioners to make surveys of scitcs lor canals from the Hudson River to the Harbour of Boston, and appropriating $5000 for the purpose, passed both Houses. Feb. 2.5. A resolution was unanimously accepted, that the thanks of the .Senate be presented to the Hon. \ATn.4siEL SiLSBEE, their President, — to which the President expressed his acknowledgment in a reply well adapted to the occasion. Feb. 26. The pay roll of the Senate, for the Scs- ion, amounted to $4123 ;— that of the House to$20,558. .Accepted. Owing to disagreement between the two Houses the annual Tax Act has not passed. HOUSE. — Feb. 24. A resolve passed making the compensation of the I. lent. Governor, so long as he ex- ecutes the duties of Chief Magistrate, (he same as that allowed the Governor. A number of bills, mostly of a private nature, passed to be enacted. Feb. 25, The (hanks of (he House wore presented to the Hon, Wii.i.iam C. Jabvis, for the dignified, able, and impartial manner in which he had discharged the duties of Speaker, — to which the Hon, Speaker returned a pertinent and eloquent reply, .4mong the bills passed to be enacted, were tho«e (o aid the Bunker Hill Monument Association ; in addition to the several acts respecting highways ; in addition to an act imposing duties on s:-le3 at auction ; in addition to acts to rclirve towns from expenses of persons im- prisoned for debt ; in addition to an act for suppressing rogues and vagabonds. 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 255 THINGS IN GENlillAL. J^Ri-igalion of Conjieclkul Rivtr. — A convention o( two hundred and fillccn delejfatcs, fiom a large num- ber of towns in New Hampshire and Vermont, ami from this State and Connecticut, met at Windsor in Vermont, on Wedneseay the 16th nil. and adopteil a variety of measures, with a view to the adoption ol a regular system of operation for the improvement of the navigation of Connecticut river. One ol the ohjects in view is to endeavour to combine the inlensts of all the canals and improvements through the vallfy of the Connecticut, and to invest the property of all in a sin- gle corporation or corporations, to be established under the authority of the several states, upon such principles as shall secure the greater benefit to the public, and a fair remuneration to those concerned. A committef was appointfd to aid such corporation or corporations as may he organized, in procuring such rights and proper- ty as may he udvantageously combined in the propos ed system of improvement. Another committee was ap- pointed to digest a plan of operations, and to apply to the legislatures for charters, and grants of the necessa- ry power and privileges. A memorial to congress was also voted, praying lor aid in a system of improved navigation through the valley of the Connecticut, to lake .Vlemphremagog. Sundry resolutions were adopt- ed, stating the views of the convention, and other com niittees, besides those above mentioned, were appoint- ed, for the purpose of carrying those views into execu- tion. The Practical Arts and Sciences. — Theodore Sedg- ick, Esq. of Stockbridge, Hon. Leonard M. Parker, of Charlestown and .1. Savage, Esq. o! Boston, are appoint- ed by the two Houses, Commissioners to prt-pare and digest a System of Education for the labouring classes in the Practical Arts and Sci.-nces. This is an objf-ct truly valuable, and may produce to the community most important benefits. At an Adams dinner given at Trenton, N. J. the cen- tre of the table was graced with a putnpkinjrie, meas- uring four feet by two ! JVuU! Orleans Sugar — A New Orleans Price Current of the 15th ult. states that it is utterly impracticable to ascertain the quantity of Sugar brought to that market, owing to the numerous arrivals of hogsheads by water and land, delivered at various places in the city, a great portion of which is afterwards put into barrels for city consumption and the adjacent country ; as also the impossibility of obtaining the amount shipped m steam boats from the plantations for the consumption of Mis- sissippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Indiana, Ohio, Kentuc- ky, Missouri. Sic. It is however, understood that there are somewhat over 140 sugar estates in Louisiana, which are expected to realize this season from 29 to 30,000 hhds. sugar, and about 14,000 hhds. molasses. Rapid Setllement of the West. — If the settlement of the West continues to increase during the next fifty years in the ratio it has for the last ten, the shores of the Pacific will then be variegated with our cities, the bays and rivers -whitened with our canvass, and the fields will teem with the yellow sheaf. The longest voyage an American ship will then be able to make, will be from one port of the U. States to another, and both on the same continent. — Bait. Pat. The Burlington, Vermont, paper states, that means have been provided in that place, and a contract made for erecting two wings of a college building, each 75 feet long and three stoiies high. In one of our late French papers we find an account of the destruction of almost a whole family near Bor- deaux by a repast of mushrooms of the poisonous spe- cies. A mother, forty-five years of age, her son of nine years ; two daughters, one of eighteen, the other of twenty-two ; and the father, all died of the elfects of the poison, in the course of a few days, and in extreme suffering. Only a single member of the family recover- ed. What a lessen of caution ! The session of Mexican Congress closed on the 24lh of December. The first constitutional Congress was to be immediately thereafter installed. Considerable excitement seems to exist upon the subject of Congress having declared Mexico a federal city. Bur)nt.'t War. — Late accounts received at Paris fro -1 the Fast Indies, ani)--unce that the war wilh the DurmeKe and English had taken a serious turn, the for- mer having advanced -within a few leagues of Calcutta, which had been deserted by the rich inhabitants in con- sequence of lieing seriously threatened by the enemy, there sef ms to be some truth in this intelligence, ns we observe that a new levy of 4000 troops has been order- ed in England, for the purpose of reinforcing the East Indian army. Tvrkey. — A letter from Parisofthe 6th says, "The correspondent in this city of a respectable Greek house at Marseilles, ha^ received advices from his principals that the Pacha of Eirypt and Sultan have entered into a contract by which the former is to furnish 18000 troops for the ensuing campaign against the Greeks. — The Pacha of Egypt has obtained from the Sultan not only the grant of all that he may conquer in Greece, but also has succeeded in getting- one ofhis nearest re- lations appointed to the highest office in Turkey next to the sovereign, after the death or retirement of the present possessor." Longevily. — On the 13th inst. died in this city, an old negro woman Patience jo/ta^ Nancy Lawrence, sup- posi d to be aged about 140 years. The precise age of this extraordinary creature could never be ascertained exactly, hut from the fact of her acting as nurse to the great grandmother (when a child )of her present owner who died many years since at an abaanced age. She likewise stated that at the time Port Royal was sunk by the great earthquake in 1692, she was then a breast- ed girl. She possessed to the last the use of all her fac- ulties except locomotion, of which she had been depriv- ed many years. — Jamaica paper. Erratum. — In the advertisement upon " 77te Giym- nasimn.," in our two last numbers, the word discoveries should have been discourses. AGRICULTTJRAI. ESTABLISHMENT. Ko. ]0U Slate Street, up stairs, sign of the Golden Plough JR. NEWELL, Proprietor, offers for sale an exten- • sive assortment of Garden and Agricultural Im- plements, viz. HOWARD'S Improved Cast and Wrought Iron Pat- ent Ploughs, with cutters and rollers, and an extra wheel between the mould-board and land side, which facilitatis the run of the plough, and is considered a great improvement. TICE & NIXON'S Improved Patent Cast Iron do. wilh a general assortment of common ploughs. - HOWARD'S Improved Cultivator, an instrument of the first utility for the purpose intended, operating as a Harrow and Scarifier. EEATSON'S Scarifiers and Cultivators. BENNETT'S Broad Cast Machine. WILLIS' Improved Patent Horizontal and Perpen- dicular Straw Cutters ; Safford's, do. with a great va- riety of other Hand Cutting Machines. JAQUITH'S New Invented Corn Sheller, operating wilh a perpendicular cylinder and horizontal wheel, and is a most perfect machine for the purpose. GOODYEAR'S Patent Steel Spring Hay and Ma- nure Forks. BISBEE'S Improved, Warranted, Cast Steel Hoes ME.ARS' Improved Patent Ox Yokes, for which a premium was given at the last Cattle Show at Brighton. WILLIS' Patent \\ indow Blind Springs, which were highly recommended by the Committee on Agricultur- al Implements, and have proved far superiour to any invention of the kind- Garden Hoes, Rakes, Scythes &c. March 4. CASH will be paid at this Office, for any number of copies of the New England Farmer, Vol. jii. No. 31. (last week's.) ^1 '••».£ FRUIT TREES, &c. Fruit JAMES BLOOBGOOD & CO. have for sale at their Nur- sery at Flushing, on Long Island, near New York, Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs and Plants, of the most approved sorts. The Proprietors of this Nursery attend personally to the inoculation and engrailing of aW thctr fiuit Trees, and purchasers may rely with confidence, that the Trees they order will prove genuine. Orders left wilh Mr. Zeukdke Cook, Jr. No. 44, State Street, Boston, will be transmitted to us, and receive our prompt and particular attention. Cata- logues will be delivered, and any information im- parted respecting the condition, &c. &c. that may be required, on application to him. Persons who intend to procure a supply of trees the ensuing spring, are invited to call on the agent at an car/y^eriorf, as their orders will be executed more to their satisfaction than if deferred until the healthiest rees have been selected. Feb. 4. FOR sale at this Office. Rnta Baga, Mangel Wurt- zel, and Sugar Beet seeds, raised this season, by John Prince, Esq. Roxbury. The Ruta Baga seed is from superiour roots, from seed not two years since from Sweden. Feb. 11. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c. APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, pearl do. BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, cargo. No 1, new No 2, new, BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, kimed mil.k, FLAX FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltiaiore, Howard St Genessee, - - . Rye, best, ... GRAIN, Rye Corn - . ... Barley . . . - Oats HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, Bone Middlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd's Grass, . Clover - - . - . WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION MARKET. BEEI', best pieces - - - . PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " . whole hogs, . . - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, lump, best, - . - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, .... Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, ... - CIDER, liquor, .... HAY, according to quality, FROJl TO u. c. D. C. bbl 2 25 2 50 ton. 105 107 00 105 Of 107 00 bush 1 05 1 12 bbl. 9 0(J 9 50 7 25 7 50 6 OO 6 25 lb. 14 7 8 3 4 9 10 bush 90 1 00 bbl. 5 62 5 87 6 12 6 25 3 50 bush 60 62 48 50 50 35 lb. 11 12 9 11 cask 1 20 1 25 gal. 75 80 ton. 4 50 4 75 bbl. 14 00 16 50 13 50 14 00 13 00 14 00 bush 2 00 2 25 60 70 40 45 45 50 37 42 27 35 48 52 40 42 lb. 6 8 6 7 6 8 3 8 4 9 6 10 13 18 15 20 12 16 bush 65 70 60 65 20 25 bbl. 2 75 3 00 ton. 16 00 20 00 256 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [March 4 1 4. iWisrcUnntcs. . FAREWELL TO THE DEAD. EV MBS HEMANS. Come near ! — ere yet the dust .Soil the bright paleness of the settled brow. Look on our brother and embrace him now In still and solemn trust I Come near I once more let kindred lips be pressed On his cold cheeks, then bear him to his rest. Look yet on his young face ! AVhat shall the beauty, from us gone. Leave of its imaj;e, e'en where most it shone, Gladdening its heart and race ? — Dim grows the sembiance, on man's thought impress'd, Come near ! and bear the beautiful to rest. Ye weep, and it is well ! For tears befit earth's partings ! — yesterday Song was upon the lips of this pale clay, And sunshine seem'd to dwell Where'er he moved— the welcome and the bless'd ! — Now gaze and bear the silent to his rest. Look ye on him whose eye Meets your's no more, in sadness or in mirth ! Was he not fair amongst the sons of earth. The beings born to die ? But not where death has power, may love be blessed ! Come near ! and bear the early call'd to rest. How may (he mother's heart Dwell on her son, and dare to hope again ! Tbq spring's rich promise has been given in vain — The lovely must depart ! Is he not gone, our brightest and our best ? — Come near ! and bear ye the belov'd to rest. Look on him ! Is he laid To slumber from the harvest or the chase ? Too still and sad the smile upon his face, Yet that, e'en that must fade I Death will not hold unchang'd his fairest guest- Come near ! and bear the mortal to his rest .' His voice of mirth hath ceas'd Amidst the vineyards ! there is left no place For him whose dust receives your last embrace. At the gay bridal feast ! Earth must take earth to moulder on her breast — Come near ; weep o'er him, bear him to his rt-st. Yet mourn ye not as they ^ ■ Whose spirit's light is quciirh'd— for him the past Is seal'd. ■ He may not fall, he may not cast His brightest hope away ! All is not here of our beloved and blest '. Leave ye the sleeper wilb his God to rest. TWra American Coin. — There is at present in the Academy of Fine Arts, a beantifnl bas-relief executed by order of the United States tnin(, by Mr. Persico, ns the model for a die uhich is a- bout to be sunk, and which uill he used for im- pressing- the next issne of coin. The figure is a head of Liberty ; although it is evidently in the Grecian style of sculpture, still it is observable that the fnce is not Grecian. A head charactereslic of that nation, could not indeed have been satisfactory, it would not he appropriate on the coin of .'Xmerica. The ar- tist, therefore, has shonn not loss judfrmcnt than taste, while in the composition of a head [lurc- ly American, be seems like one of the masters of antiquity in a sister art, to have selected the most beautiful features of the fair of our own country, and blended them 'in one harmonious whole. The character given to this relief is that of firmness and severity — a beautiful idea, and very happily ex|iresscd. The hair is wor- thy of remark, not only from the graceful man- ner in which it is disposed, but because it is fin- ished in that delicate style for which Canova has been so much celebrated--a fine specimen of which may be seen at the Academy, in the statue of Venus by that distinguished artist. — The drapery pleases by its simide neatness, and attracts the attention as possible ; evidently with the view that it may rest on the counte- nance alone. As the coin of a country is thought to indicate, in some measure, the state of (he arts of the time, this disposition, on the part of the gen- tlemen of the mint, to improve it, cannot t'ai I to be regarded by the public with pleasure and satisfaction. The execution of the Die is committed to Mr. Kneass, an Engraver of merit, who it is believed, will render the work worthy of the beautiful model from which it virill be copied. Philanthrophic Wizard. — Buchanan, from his extensive learning, was supposed by many of the illiterate to bo a wizard. An old woman who kept an ale house, consulted him, in hopes that through his ait, he might restore her cus- tom, which was daily decreasing. He accord- ingly gave her the following advice. " Every time, Maggy, (*aid he) go three times round the coppet, and at each round take out a larlle fi 11 of water in the devil's name ; then turn ti)ree times round to the right, and throw in a ladle full of mall, in God's name ; hut be sure always to wear this charm constantly on your breast, and never during your life attempt to opeti it ; if you do, the worst will happen to you." Mag^ gy stnclly tollowed the rules laid down, and her business increased astonishingly. When she died, her friends ventured to open the charm, v.'hich was found to contain the t'ollovviug com- plete couplet ; If Maggy will brew gcod ale, Maggy will have gcod sale. Inns. — The following lines from Shensfone are frequently (bund written on liie windows o.' inns : Whoe'er has travell'd life's dull round. Where'er has various stage has been, Must sigh to think he oft has found His warmest welcome at an inn. A gentleman on a tour to the north, seeing this complimentary inscription on a pane ofglass took out a diamond and wrote underneath : He must have found where'er he's been, While he had cash they'd lake him in ,■ When he had none, he found, no doubt. How gracefully they fco?f'rf hitn oul. FRUIT TREES, &c. .\I. PRI.NXE, Proprietor of the Linnseau Garden, near New York, offers to the public bis usual very extensive collection of Fruit" and Orna- mental Trees, Shrubs ii Plants, in the selection of which are about 50,000 Apples, Pears, Peaches, Szc. of the largest ^izes, suitable for transplanting, all of which are in the most vigorous and healthy state. From the long continuance of this establishment, the Proprietor has the advantage of possessing bearing trees of nearly all the kinds, and those offered for sale are engrafted horn fruit bearing Irtts., thereby affording an absolute certainty of their genuine character. The collections of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and Plants, including above 300 kinds of Roses, — also of Oranges, Lemous, Citrons, Camellias or.lapan Roses, &c. are so well known for their extent, that anj- remarks would be unnecessary, farther than to refer to the Catalogues^ which may be obtained gratis from Mr Joseph Bbidge, iNo. 2jCourt Street, Boston ; and orders through him. will receive the most prompt and attentive execution. Friiit and Ormtmenial Trees, FOPi. sale, as usual, at the Kcnrick Place, near Brighton, (Mass.) The Nurseries have been auich enlarged, and contain a variety of Pears, Apples, Cherries, Plums, Apricots, ic. Also, the finest varit-ly of budded Peach Tribes known in America ; con- sistirgof a choice collection of about 40 of the most ap- prcved liinds in our best gardens, or seen in the markets ; the Peach Trees are from iive to eight feet high, and sold at the moderate price of 30 cents each, of good sized ornamental trees, the flowering Horse Chesnut, ilowpring Catalpa ; European .Mountain Ash ; \^■ec|ling Willow ; the Evergreen Silver Fir, and the Larcii ; English V.'alnuts and Rutter Nuts, both of whirh are justly admired for their fruit. Currant Bu;lres of the large prolific ren kind, of all sizes, by tha dozen, Iiun'^r' ') "■ :'ni'«ar.d. on moderate t^rins. -Also, the black. ■ Chsmpaiga do ; re-l and white Hoses ; 1.;: • Grapes, ^c, < rddrs addressed toJOIl.V c.r '.MLLI.\>i KEMUCK, and sent to the Brighton Post Office, or to the C'tlice of D \ NA & FE:'"N0,I3rokers, in State-street, Boston, will be duly attended to. \. B. Trees will be packed in clay and mats for ship- ping, and convf yed to Poston when ordc re d ; but gen- tlemen at a distance should employ some agent to re- ceive and pay lor them. On Wednesdays and Saturdays, trees will be de- livered in Boston, fiee of charge for conveyance. As one year's growth is often lost by greatly diminishing the roots, if the trees survive, special care will be taken for their preservation. Feb. 25. Mothers, see to you'' Daughters ! A Piiiladel- ' phia physician, in a letter to a lady, on the del- eterious elTect of wearing corsets, has the fol- lowing remarks; "I anticipate the happy peri-; od when the fairest portion of the fair creation i will step fnrth unencumbered with slabs ofwal-! nut, and tiers of whalebone. The constitution' of our females must be excellent, to withstand in any tolerable degree the terrible intlictions of the corset eight long hours every day. No | other animal could survive it. Take liie honest ox and enclose his sides with hoop-poles, put ail oaken piank beneath him, and gird the whole ivith a bed-cord, and demand of him labour. — He would labour indeed, but it would be for breath," FARM FOR SALE, in Cambridge— For sale, a farm about 4 miles from the city, consisting of 35 acres of as good land as any in the county of Jliddlesex. It is under good improvement, and may be made at small expense to cut from 60 to 70 tons of English hay ; has fixim 3, to 400 Fruit Trees, 10 acres of Meadow land, about a quarter of a mile from the farm. On said farm are 2 dwelling houses, barn, corn-barn, chaise-house, pinery, &c. Said farm is on the main road to Lexing- ton and Concord, and one or two stages pass daily. The farm, cattle, and farming utensils will be sold at a bar- gain. A small part of the purchase money will be re- quired, and the residue may lie 5 or 10 years. Inquire of Qiandler Bobbins, real estate broker, Ex- change Street, or at this office. t.\l Jan. 28 ANTEIJ, at this office, a strong, active lad, of abgut IG years of age, as an apprentice to the IMntin? Business. TERMS OF THE FARMER. 3^-Published erery .Saturday, at Thkke Doi.i.aes per annum, payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within si:i:ly days from the time of subscribing will be entitled to a deduction of Futk Cekts. NEW" EI%GLA.^D FARMER. PUBLISHED BY JOHN B. RUSSELL, ROGi^S' BUILDINGS, CONGRESS STREET, BOSTON.— THOMAS VOL. III. FRIDAY, JMARCH 11, 182.-}. rESSENDEN, EDITOR. No. 33. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. FOR THE JfEW ENGLAND FARMER. River to Ne»v Yorl;. Now let us rellect a mo- ment upon the result ot" this operation of re- siiipping, factorage, and wastage at Albany and I\ew York. Labour to cft'ect the same, — boais ilctainej for at least one week lor their returns u'ith iVeiglit, — and extra charges on these re- turns, without, perhaps, liie principal's eye in selecting them. With these views, let some estimate bo made of the whole freight of the [iroduce of the c;mal, from its outlet to tlio great city, together with the return I'reighls to .\lbanv ibr which flata may be obtaineil, ubichilala arc not at my command ; yet if my judgment does not much mislead me, they must amount to far m.orc than the whole of the canal toll. If so CAN.^L FROM ALHANY TO BOSTON. Londondcmj, J\larcfi 1, 1825. IIo.»J. JOSIAH Qul.N'CY, Mayor aftlie Cil;/ nf Boslon. De.\ii Sia — Knowing the lively interest ar»d disposition to action, you have always evinced, when the interest of your City or Slate were in any way concerned, and the means you possess to promote their prosperity, 1 cannot conceive that you will be indiiiercnt to the subject of a Canal from Boston to Albany or Troy, which 1 see no! nnfrequontly mentioned in the public' (lijs circumstance sheivs in an astonishing point nipers. My retirement from the scene of ac- j of view, the strong inducement there is for a on, aflbrds me leisure to digest my thoughts, ,;.jn:i| direct (o Boston. IS'ow reverse this pic- „r.d bring together such observations as I am -nr-e, nnd let it be shown what accommodations able to recall, and which 1 think may be useful ,-;e oiVercd for a can:il cargo to proceed from •0 the Massachusetts srhomo, principally de- Albany or Troy, 170 or ISO miles farther, di- ':vedfrom my view of the great locks from | ..-.ct lo Boston, without unloading or disturbance i.ake Wener to Gothenburg, seen in 1786,— t^ej of cargo, freight, fictoragc, detention, wastage, canal and underground works of the Duke ol 1 1^. and the boat factor doing his own busiiiess, Bedford, e.xplored for nearly one mile in the , |,,o|{jpj, up ijjg ,.g(j,pr, year 1787, and my view of a noble work in the i,;^ boat earning her freiaht backwards and for- year 1310, undertaken and executed hy a sin- wards. Besides, how important to the U. S. gle individual, for the iiurjiose of carrying the j i\-;,,.j, Yard; and is not Boston a more appro- prodnce of three lifty feet furnaces from the j |,|.i„|e place lor the shipment of large cargoes of upper combs of the mountains of South Wale-, j i^tni,;.,. (q Europe, than Albany or iiny port high at Merthyr Fidwell, to Cardiff, a distance ofSO ,,p the North River ? And linally Bo-iOn is much miles, with filty locks, often feet each, making ,,e;,,.er to Trov, than is liie city of New York, live hundred feet drop. This work was e.ecut- j^ ,,^ ^"j^, ,^^^, ,^^ ^,. ^^^^ ^ork will cd by Mr Crawshaw,-who had been a po^rl ,.^^^ ^^,f^^^ ^^ ^^j, ihis undertaknu', as par- backsmith in the vicinity ol London, but bavint . ,, . ,. ,- ,■' in j . •^ ' -^.^ailv taking from her such wpII eainfd expect- ^^tions. But this will not be the ca'^e at all, or the good Inrtune to invent the irons, called irons, with which women now iron their clothes, instead of the old fashioned mode of a healer in an iron box case — was, by the means of a patent for this simple article, enabled to .estab- lish an iron furnace and forge shop, on a centu- ry lease of a bleak and entirely barren territo- ry, of one mile front by two deep. This estab- lishment made steady and rapid progiess lor thirty-five or forty years, when, at the close of life, his wages to colliers, coke-burners, smell- ers, retiners, bar-iron workers, castor?, &.c. amounted lo £40,000 per week, and at his death, which was shortly before my visil, his nephew informed me, he was enabled to dis- tribute £700,000 sterling among his heirs. Now shall it be said that the energy of the rich and enterprising slate of Massachusetts sliall be mis-directed, or tall in the rear of this poor blacksmith on the other side of the water? es- pecially when our sister slate of New Yorkhai- so completely removed the scales from our eyes by not only showing [be modus operandi, but by opening her book of results to our admiring vis- ion ? Wc are indebted to Gov. Clinton's Speech, for his information as to the income of the Canal in its present slate, and its eventual prospects, with liis view of the probable incidental im- j)roven!ents from side-feeders, not yet in opera- tion. But we are much more indebted to him ior his information that the canal boats, (and he might have added arks and rafts) are inadequate ■ 1 contend with the navigatioa of tha North does not hnrmcnii:.! ivith the requirements of the interior ? Your city w?n:.H water, and you mutually re- quire the canal :". r commercial purposes, and as a stimulus tn aarriculture. If the canal can be so laid as to ofTect both, it is of considerable moment. Anotl-.;r want also exists with you, that I believe m.y be satisfied as well as the first, which is, tint the canal should commence near the norlh side of your Mill Dam, so as lo bring the raw produce of the canal to a loca- tion, where it can be wrought into value for the home or foreign markets. Here also your South End W.'iarf and Roxbury, might be as much accommodated in their lumber business from the canal, -.vhether Ihey hold a full basia or not, by a short opening across the neck, re- taining at th^ same time their easter.i inter- course. • Your city will be much benefited, by having a large.supply of water brought close to your doors. Your wharfs, to the norlh, east, and south, will come in direct contact with the ca- nal. Your wr.ter, by pipes, can be conveyed to wilh his own eyes, and j large cisterns at the upper edge ofyourcom- mon, and on the north side of Beacon Hill, so as to supply your whole city, and the proprietors of your Mill Dam receive the extra encourage- ment they need. Thus all parties will be mu- tually accomino.iated. But can all this be effected ? No one can say decisively Ycf, nnlfl accurate surveys are made. Let these surveys be made by different routes. Survey and famine my favourite route to the south of C'ii;',;- 'ps river, skirting the upland sut- ficientlv hJ;.jV;for (he water sujiply to Boston, lo cros.T &^fifi river, where it may be found favourable, at or nenr to Walthnm Pi ifns ; thence to West erf, Sudbury, anrt Stow; thence ui u.^ north of Lancaster to the north branch of the Nashua, in Leominster, to Filchhurg. Here come your locks, and perhaps this point cannot be ridge across Charles river lo your Mill Dam ; and from thence into your city. In this case your canal may keep the high land as far as possible till it drops into the channel near the mouth of Charles river — thus allowing it to vent its produce at nearly 'he lowest Slate of the tide. In this nay your Mill Dam may receive what may be needed by them —Roxbury and the South End at e%ery period of high water. At the same time the stranger if so, it cj'.nnot frustrate your enterprise ; lor her republican cilizons of the interior, (in whose hands is th? controlling power,) can never re- main long blind to the advantage of having the election of two markets tor her produce and supplies, instead of being forcibly restricted to one. And as the State will receive an equivalent Jbr all she may spare to Massachusetts, an en- lightened policy will dictate lo her to aid your undertaking instead of thwarting it. Now the queslion comes — how is this great object to be effected? In the fir^t place, by the exertions of a few patriotic individuals, ■,\< was the case in New York. I know not all iheir names, nor the exact detail ol iheir la- bours lor ten, if not fifteen years, their expen- ces, &.C. &,c. but by their enlightened efforts, and I believe disinterested iiir-jci/s, the .Slate was jit hist induced lo commence their great con- cern, which has had so happy a result. Now the same thing must be partially done to enable the people and Legislature of Massachusetts to risque the undertaking, and you and others have before jouthe example and surveys of our late amiable friend. Gen. Knox, towards the same object. They still exist in the State House, and probably the minutes of his surveys remain there also. With resjiect to the survey of a proposed route, the interest of your city, and that of the interior, should be brought as much into union as possible. And what can your city want, that Iravelling tb^ canal will be interested in passing near our most ancient seat of learning, and ia passing the town of Lexington and Concord^ 258 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [iVIarch 11, that are fast oblnining a name in our political an- nals and are in otiier ways intcroslinjf. I feel that I must yet give my views on this great undertaking farther to the norlh west : and in the first place, yon can draw the Concord wa- ters to you nearly on a level or so as to eflect your object, with more or less drop, by locks at the lower end. You may expect opposition from the Middlesex Canal, as taking- from them what water they may want in a dry time ; this will he idle, for the moment you strike the Nashua, which has water to spare, and is more elevated, their water can be supplied them in return more abundantly, than it had been taken from there. If an attempt is made to go direct to Lancas- ter, Bolton hill intervenes in a manner,! should think, not to he cut through, and all the south looks forbidding. To the north, you will be more on the air line of your canal. It may be found best, to lay an aqueduct bridge over Con- cord river, which must be unqueslionahiy lower than the Nashua river, but I should rather re- gret it, as both the Concord bianches may, at some not far distant period, lieeome important feeders to the canal : it would be an obstruction, to mount by one or two locks into the canal. — The same observation will hold good, as to the Nashua river. When once arrived at Na-hua river, with one two, three or more locks, besides your discharg- ing locks at Boston, you will have to construct at orn?ar Fitchburg. a number of conjoined Jocks, to ascend to your summit level. And here let me press upon you, the importance of hav- ing your locks as much in conjunction as possi- ble, to avoid waste of water, — waste of time to bability furnish a sufficiency of water if dug] building stone, must be unfolded of a nature to tolerably deep, without a recurrence to either be useful to the arts: such i-.s lijne and marble, of the outlets of the ponds ; 3 et these can be j sonp stone, coal, slate, indurated or stone clay, drawn upon if needed. i\Ir Crawshaw and the ^yhile sand for your glass houses, &.c. Besides duke of Bedford were both obliged to dig tor | it should be remembered, that many heavy e.\- their water; the first excavated an immense pen«es incurred by the New York canals" yon cistern, from which the water was raised by a will not be exposed to, or at least not in a like steam engine, to start his boats iVom tlie sum- mit level ; and the duke commenced his ujion a dry parched plain, yielding no water ; he enter- ed at the base of a much more elevated plain, previously ascertamed to be bedded with vast seams of coal, and a suiEciency of water. For some lime, the coal was brought out by horses, at length, water was found in abundance to fur- nish his canal for many miles. At the town of Gardner, your chief ditTiculfy appears to be overcome, tor here, you meet a small arm of Millers river, which ivill probably be found useful, and frona this, you will htive the benefit of this river, until its junction with the Connecticut. Part of Miller's river may prove a canal ready made at your command, but much consideration should be exercised, whether to use it in this way on account of the freshets. I observed, almost all the canals seen by me in England, that happen to follow the course of rivers, assume tVequently the sides otthe ravine formed by the river, occasionally crossing the degree, viz. her immense Dam across the North river, her very costly Aqueduct bridges, and her Black Rock contest for several miles with the hard primitive rock at the upper outlet of her works. The question now occurs — how are the mon- ey means to be brought about, to ciTcct this groat object? Of this you are I'ar better able to judge than I can be ; yet no harm can arise in making the supposition of its cnstino- three millions, though 1 should not be surprised if it does not exceed two millions. It would be ve- ry desireable, that the State should assume the whole, and had not her financial concersis been so indifferently managed ever since I can re- member, and such frauds committed upon her as mu=t take nvich from her courage in n oney concerns, she would most |irobal)lv umlerlake it. [ler citizens would. I think, willingly stibniit to extra taxes to meet the occasion, until they could be relieved by the income. As real es- tate is to be most essentially benefitted by the ^anie to oll.iin a better level or easier digging, canal, would it not be a t'ea-ible fax, to levy two per cent, on all transfers of the s and at time* ascending the high banks, but rarely occupying ih.e river itself. The waters of Miller's river are under your control, to be drawn out where you most need them, a short cut will however probably be made near the mouth of this river through Montague, to straighten your canal, and save distance to each, and have stood in the vale belo.v admirin.- ' i""| '*'''' !' ",'-^"'' 'l^."""' "'," '"'"'^ advantage. ime, to be col- lected by the Registers, and no deed be record- ed until the money is paid. At the same time, those offices need to be made more secure. If the State should demur — what should prevent your city acting boldly ? and will "Congress hold back? and cannot your citizens of capital pro- cure means from abroad, if needed, for lar-^e nniiertakings towards it? pray you not to cast your eyes solely upon the boats with one mast, to the amount oftwenty be brought down to Greenfield across Green riv- your travel,-and a cheaper attendance on your i ^'^^'■''^''^- ?'' P^h^M'^- ''.'Vl'.^e l'^^' to con- locks. With these views, 1 have seen at' Mr I ".""° ""'. *" ^^e mouth o Miller s river, into the Crawshaw'scannI, descending from the summit '*'°'^?^?'"''"- ^ hen look up the Deerlield river u" „, " , ofSouth Wales, fifteen locks conjoined often feel i '° ^^'lelburne, near where it joins ^orlh ,iver, "t'=>t is to come from the West, but recollect — ' " — •' ■- 1 -...^r,.,* !..._. — What an interest your fisheries have in this concern, and dream a little upon the effect to be produced upon your intercourse with your neighbouring towns, the Stale of N. Hampshire, and particularly with the State of .Maine; and imagine for a moment the eflect, through them upon yourselves. It will not, 1 hope, be thought that all the red, 1 am very far from any such idea, and have meant only to offer, freely, what hints my mind sug- gested, as my small contribution towards tlils s:reat undei taking, being my only mite : but in the hnpc that some more able hands will employ themselves in the same way, and place before the public eye better information than 1 have in my power to furnish. If any one hint, I have aflorded, should be fiMuul uselul, or if I should at all stimulate the great work, I shall be amply rewarded. Since writing the above 1 am pleased to see that the Legislature has taken up the subject so far as to order a survey to Connecticut river. But would it not have been better to have car- ried the survey through, allowing that the firs; part only should be immediately undertaken' Without this is partiall ^- .i.iiiy, descending /rom the mountain to m'v j '''' ' 'h's/vould give a straighter line and be the location, one hundred and fif'ty leei below them. I *''•'"» °' probably one or two locks. From this The same plan was observedin Sweden, of con- ^ '" Ciiarlemonf, there appears a i)lenly of water, densing their locks from Lake Wene'r, but i I '^"' *'^'''" 'hence, lam unacquainted with the think, they were deeper, and I beiieve irom fif- S''°""<^ '"■■ 'he upper level, but imagine thai like teen to twenty feet drop^ cut in the solid rock. I "" """" '''»'' P''""'"* in New England, it most Here, if would be \vell to take a variety ot'i P'"'"*'''-^ '^ '''Sh'.V saturated with water, pariicu- { views I have taken can be invariably cor surveys of the summit level, throuo-h the towns'!'"''-^'' ''^'° "'® vicinity of high mountains, as this P'""''cnl^rly without the aid of surveys; 1 of Gardner, Templeton and Gerry to Alhol. Ifl^*" ^e'l •' i' cannot he found in suflicienl quan ' lity, recourse must be had to your nearest sour ces, and I perceive, that in Hawley and Wind sor there are ponds, that probably may be di verted to your assistance. If I upon an accurate survey, it should be found that! you can obtain a level on this summit of several miles through this moist mountain land, you need not fear lacking water without a recur- rence to the Nashua, as it comes out of Ash- burnhampnnd. At any rate, this resource can be held in reserve for your summit level, lo be restored to the mills at Fitchburg after using it; and the town of Gardner is mentioned" in Morse s Gazetteer, as being remarkably suppli- ed with water, and as dischargmg part towards Massachusetts, and part to Connecticut. My object, in passing lo the south ofthe ponds in Ashburnham (believing that the survey of General Knox went through both of them) is to preserve a straighter line to the canal, sev- eral locks of ascent to the pond, and that an equal number of descent on the other side of Ih^ height of land will be economized : also to preserve a much longer line of summit level through moist spongy l;ind, that will in all pro- On your arrival at the town of Adams (wheie are large marble quariies) I should consider all your ditficuUy as surmounted, for from that posi- tion, you have such a command of water, as will enable yon to select the most advantageous descent, to your promised haven of unbounded resources. But is there notmuch within your native state to encourage you, besides what must be visible to every one from a connexion with Connecticut river ? Let it be recollected, that geology teaches us that all the secondary and '.illuvr" undpigiound formations lay regularly in their !"' ll'T' "'"%'' 1'''' '''',''-^' '^T'V''''^,'"'-)' ^"'"' bed. ..r.t.l.in. f.„^ .v,A. iS ';>.\'''T ■'•'")' Z"™'' had junction. And ought there not beds, stretching from the N. N. East lo S. S. also be a commission appointed to muUe es- rll anLV ,?" T ^ "'--""ght nt a ,i^„es, not immediately- within the (.rovince do?bt:7ba,sol T ;"-^'^'-''/".'' ^'"? "be of the surveyor? I most sincerely hope The doubted, that some valuoble materials, besides! ,,,,k ^ay proceed lo a happy close, and that! 1025.] m:\v engi.axd farmer. 259 may not live to see your city moving retro- gnile in comparison with your neighbours at the South. 1 am, Dear Sir, willi much respect, Your lniml>io servant, ELIAS HASKET DERBY. I'O Tim EDITOR OF THE .NEW ENGLAND FAHJIER. Dear ?ir,. — Will you be so oliligina: as to say in ynur next paper, what kind of Potatoes virc the best to plant topjel an erirlij crop ; and where !--uch seed can be obtained ? Your.s rcspcclfnllv, A SUBSCRIBER. [remarks by the editor.] We find it not a very easy matter to give a correct and sati?tactory ansvver to tbi* question. There are numberless varieties of potatoes, and som.e sorts are known by many dift'erenl names by different cultivators, it is likewise a tact, so far as we can learn, that, as a general rule, those polal'jes, which are earliest are the least prndnrlive. Wliat are commonly called Eng- lish Whiles are recon]nieiided in Jlr. Butler's pot forth flowers, which at a short distance re- semble roses. They say loo, that it is very or- namenlal for borders. A liberal portion was sent to the New York HorticuKural Society ; — and given to numerous cultivators and improvers. And dislribiition will continue to be made, until the whole shall be expended. HORTICULTURAL MEDAL. The Horticultural Society of New York, as an e.'[[)ression of their gratitude to Dr. Milchill lor his large donations of seeds, roots, &c. have (iresented him with a silver medal, with the simple inscription " The A'ew York Hurticuttural Society to Dr. S. L. Mitchili:'' Since the union of the County Society and the Slate Society into one poweriul and respectable ^■^t\y^ high expectations have been raised of its future and increasing usefulr.ess. And with the consolidations of so much industry, skill and cap- ital, as the reformed association contains, and the extensive intercourse, held by means of nav- igation, with all the frequented parts of the globe, it is a matter of reasonable calculalion, that every valuable vegetable that it is adapted Farmer's Manual" as a very good variety, i *" °"'- climate or worthy of being reared in and he says " they will ansvver to begin to dig in July." But we learn on inquiry of some of our cultivators, who raise vegetables for Boston market th it there are many sorts of potatoes dilTiTing materially in their qualities, which are known t'V the name of Engli-h Whiles; some green and hot houses, will soon enrich and adorn our soil. Elliott's botanv. Mr. Elliott, of South Carolina, has been en- gaged lor a long time in preparing a work on are early, some late, some yield abundantly, ^°'7>'- ^\e are happy to learn, (rom the last wiio has a Stand No. 2, Old Market. Boston, has [''""' "^^ '^^ subscribers to this work resnie in potatoes, (of which he can spare a few) which ^■«rope— many of them the counlryn.en ol Lin- he calls Early Whites, and recommends them as' "=^"- "^e '>''''er ol flowers. A production which yielding well, ripening early, and being very] ^-'^'"•"'^s ^" '"''di interest abroad cannot lail to good for the table. We should be glad to re- ^O'""™"''' '"ti^rRSt "t home." ceive inlbrmalion from our friends and Corrce- pondeuts on this subject. . t"'^"' °^" ■-"^=J=-'--'^'-'5h papers.] A rail-wav from Edinburgh to Dalkeith, dis- itaman clover seed. ,3j,gg Q ,.^ilg-j,^ i, j^ 5.,i,,^ 1,.,-^j recently been sold Dr Mitchili has just received a specimen of for £35,000 or 15,').400 dollars. A rail-w.iy is Eastern clover seed Irom Naples, which is there called " Semenza di Prate.'''' It is famed as the best food tor cattle — grows luxuriantly and veri' high — and has a gaudy red appearance when in blossom It was sent home by Dr Kissam of the U. S. navy. Com. Creighton, also, has purchas- ed a quantity of it for the Agricultural Society in Rhode Island. The bag which contained the seeds, on being about to be made from Edinburgh to Glasgow. It is 1 fact not much known, (hat the eel is singularly alTected by high winds. This is well known to the inhabitants of Linlithgow, who have an excellent opportunity of ohserving the habits of that animal, in the loch adjiilning the town. The stream which flows out o( that loch at the ivest end, passes through a sluice, and opened, was found te conlain the seed in the hull ; falls into an artificial stone reservoir, from h hich or cup, or in other words not threshed out or 1 it escapes by a number of holes in the sides and cleaned. The calyx is so characteristic of the ! bottom. These holes are too small to let eels family of Trifolium, to which the clover belongs, | of a common size pass, and hence this reservoir that it is fortunate it had accompanied the seed, answers the purposes of an eel trap or cruive. The botanist learns from it that the species be- 1 The M,, however, are rarely found in it in longs to the sectii^n of the genus di-nominafed /«- 1 calm weather; but when strong winds blow, gopoda, or bare-footed, on account of its villous I especially from the west, these tenants of wa- or hairy covering. The Trifoliion prntcnsc, or ter seem to be seized ivuh a general panic, and FRUIT TREES, 6cc. .^MES BLOODGOOD & CO. have fir sale at their Nur- si-ry at Flushing, on Long Island, near New York, Fruit and Forest 'I rces, Flowering Shrubs and Plants, of ihe mo^t approved sorts. The Proprietors of this Nursery attend personally to the inoculation and engvatting of a/( thttr Fivil Trtet, and purchasers m:iy rely with confidence, thai the Trees they onler ^^ill prove genuine. Orders left v.ilh Mr. ^kbkdke Cook, Jr. No. 44, State Street, LJoston, will be transmitted to us, and receive otir prompt and particular attention. Cata- logues will be deliverfd, and any inforiration im- parted respecting the condition, ic. &c. that may be required, on application to him. Persons nho intend to procure a supply of trees the ensiling spring, are invited to rail on the agent at an car/iy ;)£riorf, as their orders will be executed more to their satisfaction than if deferred until the healthiest rees have, been selected. Feb. 4. FOR sale at this Office. Ruta Baga, Mangel Wurt- zel, and Sugar Beet seeds, raised this season, by John Prince, Esq. Roxbury. The Ruta Baga seed is from superiour roots, from seed not two years since from Sweden. Feb. 11. Red clover, is a member of the section ; and it is not improbable the newly arrived article is a capita! variety of that species. If not so, and it should turn out to be a distinct species, it will nevertheless be very near akin to the common Red clover. The Neapolitan clover is said by those who have seen it, to grow several feet high, and to hurry from their lodgings like rats from a con flagratlon. At this lime Ihey rush through the outlet in crowd-, and fall peil--niell into the res- ervoir, from which they are speedily transfer- red to the frying pans oflhe burgesses. During the high winds willnn toe last fortnight, a cart load was taken out of the reservoir every day, and in one day not less than two cart-ioads. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE. &c. .APPLES, best. .\SHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. . - . . BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - cargo. No 1, new, - - " No 2, new, - - BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHP.ESE, new milk, - - . . skimed milk, - - - FLAX - '- FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St CJonessee, ... Rve, best, ... GRAL\,Rye Corn - - - - - Farley - ... Oats - - ■ . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTKR PARIS retails at PORK, Bone Middlings, new, [ navy, mess, do. ! Cargo, No 1, do. - - [SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - \ Clover . . - . - j WOOL, Merino, full blood. wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do .Spinning, 1st sort PROVISIO.V MARKET. BEFF, hest pieces . - - - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, . - - VEM., MUTION, POULTRY, BUTTER, kes- & tub, lump, best, - . - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - . - - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, .... CIDER, liquor, .... HAY, according to quality, FROM TO D. C. D. C. bbl 2 2£ 2 50 ton. 105 106 00 105 00 106 00 bush 1 C5 1 12 bbl. 9 00 9 50 7 25 7 50 6 00 6 25 lb. 14 7 8 3 4 9 10 jush 90 1 00 bbl. 5 50 5 75 6 00 6 12 3 50 bush 60 62 48 50 60 30 32 lb. 11 12 9 n cask 1 20 1 25 gal. 75 80 ton. 4 50 4 75 i:.bl. 14 OfJ 16 50 13 50 14 00 13 00 14 00 bush 2 00 2 25 lb. 8 6(1 70 40 45 45 50 37 42 27 35 48 52 40 42 lb. 8 10 7 8 7 8 4 8 6 9 6 10 13 18 15 20 12 16 bush 65 70 60 65 37 50 bbl. 2 75 3 00 ton. 16 CO 20 00 260 NEW ENGLANt) FARMER. [March 11, ^arCcultural SltJUrcss. The following extracts from an Address delivered be- fore the Jefferson county (N.Y.) Agricultural Society, at their Annual Fair in 1824, are worthy cf the at- tion of American farmers. They were written by a gentleman, James Le Ray De Chaumont, who is, we believe, a native of France, but seems solicitous for the prosperity of his adopted country. His inform- ation is derived from the husbandry of Europe as well as that of the United States. But he has been a resi- dent in this country long enough to know how to adapt his knowledge and his remarks to our country, and the best interests of its inhabitants. My first object, and I must in canJor say the one which appears to me the most important and the most urgent, is not only to slate to you a part of the great benefits which have been received from the institution of Ai;r)cultural Societies: but to persuade you tliat if the Slate was not to continue the bounties granted by its former act to Agricultural Societies, it is never- theless liighly your interest to continue our as- sociation. Religion, morality, honour, your wel- fare require it. Indeed the multi|ilied and most valuable advantages resulting from our Agricultural Society are so evident and so much under your own eyes, that I would deem it al- most an injury ofl'ered to your understiiiuling to descant at large upon tliem, did ! not cous-ider how great must be the influence produced by the apparent indifference of the majority of the representatives of the Slate towards encourag- ing the Agricultural Societies, and that many modestly conclude that they must follow such an example. But consider that a much greater in- difference, nay a real, steady, and poiverful op- position has been made, and continued for years to the most glorious and beneficial undertaking that any country could adopt. Depositors of the treasures and of the most important interests of the State, the Legislalure wanted a great deal ol conviction to sanction a meas\ire which, though recommended and supported by some of the most distinguished characters of the Slate, required such immense sums that before authorising the great work, It appeared necessary to have years to examine and reflect upon it. The patriotism and good sense of the people triumphed at last, and now few Indeed are those who are not per- suaded Ihat nothing more advantageous to its present ami future interests, and at the same time more redundant to the honor of the state, could have been undertaken. They are far from regretting, they rejoice and glory in the expenditure of 5 or 6,000,000 of dollars. What a sum, gentlemen, compared with the small appropriation of a few thousand dollars for the encouragement of the .Agricultural and manufacturing interests ! And 1 do not hesitate to say that proportionally the annual and constant employment of that sum, with proper restric- tions and regulations will be more profitable to the state in a financial point of view than thai of the live or six millions. Neither will it yield to Ibis in the promotion and improvement of moral habits and virtues, which are the most solid basis of the welfare and happiness of the inhabitants of any state. Let us then be patient and persevering, and not prove to the legislature the usefulness of our Society by the evils which might result from our abandonment of it, but by the success of the con- tinuation. We began without the help of the State, and we are certainly more able to do with- out it for continuing, than we were for estab- lishing the Society. However, it must be hoped Ihat the enlight- ened people of New York will not suffer one of the most advantageous, one of the most honora- ble bills ever enacted by their Representatives, to die by its own limitation. If you grant that any, even the smallest advantage, lias resulted from this appropriation, consider how trifling, how very diminutive, is the burden to every individual. If you take this county for example, you will find that the annual raising of g200, which is allotled to it, would not tax each in- habitant with much more than one half a cent ! And are we so near the miseralile condition of some countries, whose beggars make a grer.t j)roportion of lh<<:r population, that we speak seriously of an economy of live mills a year on each member of this great slate for a useful and vast purpose ? Moreover, it would not be diflicult with a candid investigation of the effects of those So- cieties upon the increase of taxable property, either landed or personal, to find that the Stale receives from that very source more than it gives to it, and of course that it costs nothing in the last rusiilt to the inhabitants; but, on the contrary, produces to the whole community a benefit which cannot but increase greatly wilh proper ma:::i<]ement. Bill it will be said, where is the utility ol these Societies ? Where is the good they hare done ? Where is llie good they have done ! ! Gen- tlemen, take a ride through this county. Ask your viewing committee, — ask any intelligenl and observing farmer. They will tell you thai although much remains to be done, a great deal has already been effected. Indec-d such is the moral influence of an institution like this, which operates upon such vast masses of people and ol property, that when yon come to set down coolly and attempt to reduce to calculation sone of the benefits resulting to the community, with all the allowances you can make, you arrive it a con- clusion which baffles even the efforts o;' imagi- nation, whether we look to the improvement on agricultural or the manufacturing imple- ments, on the different breeds of animals, seeds, machines, &c. Even the advantages which may be called collateral are immense, but they are much more difficult to calculate. For instance, your late first Vice President, who has been so nset'ul to this Society, and whose prolonged absence we have to lament, has made a calculation in his address, which 1 have not heard contradicted. He computes ihat in thg space of 50 years the saving lo this county in erecting stone instead of wooden buildings could amount to 10,000,000 of dollars. We cannot doubt that the excite- ment, the emulation, llie increase of properly produced by our Agricultural Societies will be one of the causes which will promote and help such an improvement, yet how can we form an estimate of what is lo be justly attributed lo the Society. You could not help admiring such a result and similar ones if the probable benefits could be brought correctly to the test of calcu- lation. Indeed you will already find them im- mense, if you admit for the basis of them only one half of the benefit procured by some of the Societies as you will soon notice in the extracts of letters which will be read to you. The characters of their authors claim certainly from us a great confidence. Really, the benefits of such an institution as this are so varied, its dis- advantages are so lew, if there are any which with proper attention can properly be called so, that a part of these benefits alone would be sufiicient to recommend it to the wisdom of an enlightened people. I believe I should not go too far if I should say that if it had no other good than to unite us, as we are here, one day in the year, the institution ought to subsist. As this proposition may appear at first sight exag- gerated, let us consider our social condition and the influence upon it of such a meeting. We are in this county divided, and I am sorry to say, sometimes widely and strongly, by political par- ties; we are divided also, but thanks to a hea- venly liberality, mostly by forms, by a multi- plicity of religious creeds. This Agricultural meeting is the only onf> in which the people of this county can unite »vilh one interest and one heart. Is this not a sufli- cienl reason for its continuance ? Who has not I'ell here a pleasure at seeing an old friend (rom whim distance or business had separated him perhaps a whole year ; or making an acquaintance which will be a source of comfort hereafter ; or lia\ingan opportunity, and perchance an obliga- tion, to sjieak to oiie whom ?ome reason, per- haps after all very foolish, had alienated. I liave here considered this meeting only under ||s social benefits, and they alone would be suf- ficient. 'The others have, 1 believe, been al- ready remarked ; and every one ofyou will, for instance, admit that tha communication of in- formation and results of experiments which it permits, are among the greatest of those. For my part, gentlemen, the pleasure, the benefit which 1 have derived from these national jubi- lees are such, that in the hope they may have the same effect u[)on others, I would not regret all my exertions m this cause, and would still continue lo do all in ray power, if no other re- sult should be obtained. ij If it is said that faults exist in tiie consti- • tution, or at least in the management of these Societies, I grant the fact, the more willingly as I draw from it one of the strong proofs of their usefulness. For as neither these delects nor the great benefits of the Societies can reasona- bly be denied, and Ihat the first are very easily remedied, it fallows that our Societies would greatly augment in their usefulness. I appeal to the people of the United Slates at large, and ask them wliat would be their condition, if be- fore the adoption of their constitution, which has so rapidly elevated this country to its pres- ent stale of glorious independence and prosperi- ty, the defects of the old system had led them into disgust and discouragement ? To ascertain positively whether the benefits 1 had remarked, as well as those I have met with, either here or in my travels, had exten- ded generally throughout the slate, and out of its boundaries, 1 addressed several questions to dif- ferent persons in and out of the state. The time when 1 was requested lo assume this Ad- dress upon me, did not permit me to write to many whose opinions would have been also ex- tremely interesting^, nor has it permitled all those 1C25.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 261 1 acklressed to answer in time. The Recordin;;: Secretary, to whose unremitted esertion-i so much is due, will have the gooilness to re;id you exlracls of these letters. * * * * You see, g'ontlemen, that the opinion of these respectable gentlemen is unanimous upon the most important points. All agree in saving that the Agricultural Societies have promoted ex- citement and emulation, to the groat henefit of the community at large. Let us analyze and ex- amine these difl'erent statements and opinions so as to enable us to form and adopt one of our own, and judge whether we must wish and pro- vide at all events for a continuation of our So- ciety. [To be co7itinued. sufticient for a barrel containing .'53 gallons of cider. Q. N. B. Place your cask in a dry warm siuialion, and put on the bung as tightly as the twine, on which the disks are suspended, will permit. P. S. The above, for its success, requires neither ihc full nor the nen' moon, nor the moon in apogee; neither the ascending, nor the descend- ing node, nor the auspicious influence of any one of the whole host of heavenly signs. The best signs that 1 know of, are good cider, good bee(s, clean casks, and strong hoops. From the .Anurican Farmer. TO PRESERVE SHEEP FROM DOGS. Mr EniTOR, — 1 have read with some aston- ishment, in several of the numbers of (he Farmer, published latterly, the different communications relative to the preservation of sheep; and from I appearances, one would think thai the dogs had been depredatmg more, the last few months, than formerly ; or that our sheep are now worth mnre care, and require more attention than heretofore. I have been a housekeeper for thirteen years and huve never lost a single sheep by dogs, while my tlock has varied from forty to one hun- dred and twenty ; and during my owning sheep, it has been very common for me to learn of my neighbours, that their flocks have been at dif- ferent times much injured by dogs, and all, 1 have no doubt, for want of attention ; for some of them have appeared surprised, and at the same time pleased with my mode of taking care of my sheep to prevent dogs from getting to them, which is nothing more or less than to have my sheep regularly drove to the pen with my cat- ;lc and hogs. My success thus far induces me to reason in (his way, that the cattle .will not permit dogs to enter the pen and destroy the sheep, but on the contrary, will drive out any dog that enters, thereby preserving my sheep, which every attenlive farmer may have done ; lor sheep regularly penned, will acquire the habit of being governed very readily, and cnuse but little trouble. ' As to taxing dogs, it is of little use, for man will have his amusement according to his taste ; and nothing is more reasonable than for a rnnn to take his dog and gun, and amuse himself about his farm ; deprive him of this, he may roam from iiis wife and family to public places .for amusement, where, it is likely, be will not engage in amusement as innocent as he would do at home, with his dog and gun. Yours respectfully, A FRIEND TO SHEEP, and A FARMER. From Transactions of the Society of Arts. SUBSTITUTE FOR YEAST. To make a yeast gallon containing eight beer quart'!, boil in common water eight pounds of potatoes, as for eating; bruise them perfectly smooth, and mix with them, whilst warm, two ounces of honey, or any other sweet substance, and one quart (being the eighth part of a gallon of yeast) of common yeast. And, for making bread, mi.\' three beer pints of the above com- position with a bushel of flour, using warm wa- ter in making the bread ; the water to be ivarm- er in winter, and the composition to be used in a few hours after it is made ; and as soon as the sponge (the mixture of the composition with the flour) begins to fall the first time, the bread should be made and put in the oven. CEMENT FOR PRESERVING SHIPS AND OTHER VESSELS FROM WORMS. Take of powdered or small pieces of rosin fourteen pounds — sand, sifted and washed clean from dirt or loam, twenty-eight pounds — red lead three pounds and a half— oil one pound and three fourths : melt the rosin over a mode- rate dre, put the sand and lead in by degrees, then put in the oil. When they are boiling keep them constantly stirring till cold, that you may have a uniform mass. Take of this mass or cement such quantity as may suit your pur- pose, broken into small pieces, and to every twelve pounds put in a bare half pound of oil. When melted, apply it to xvhat you design, ei- ther by pouring it on, or using it with a brush, while boiling hot. It is to be observed that your oil, to be added to the cement, must be that sort which chymists call fat oil, and that more or less must be used as you want the com- position to be harder or softer. This will be of a reddish colour; for the while and green, ceruse and verdigrise may be be used. — Ibid. To muhe Vinegar. — In a late number of the Farmer, a correspondent asks for information in the art of making Vinegar. The following method has been found good : — Take raw red beets, cut them into disks about half an inch thick, and suspend them through the bung-hole in a cask of pure cider. Renew them three or four times at intervals of three weeks. Fifteen or twenty disks at a time are CAUSES or CONSUMPTION IX NEW ENGLAND. Of all diseases, the most extensively fatal is the Pulmonary Consumption. The causes of its prevalence are both natural and artificial. The natural causes are the severity, and es- pecially the frequent and sudden changes, of the weather. The artificial ones are intem- perance, prevailing to a considerable extent among the lower class, and unhappily not al- together confined to them; a sedentary life, continued to such an extent, and so much un- accompanied by exercise, as to leave the consti- tution too feeble to resist the attacks of a cold ; leaning forward, on the part of students, clerks, and several classes of mechanics, such as gold- smiths, shoemakers, weavers, he. of many also of the female eex, when engaged id sedentary employments, especially between tbo ages of fourteen and twenly-two ; and dressin" in few and thin garments, in the severe seasons. Uii- I'ortunately for us, we derive our modes ofdress, and our amu-ements also, from the inhabitants of milder and more ecpiitable climates. Our own, as I have remarked, is subject to frequent, and those violent, changes. A young lady, dressed « la Clrecqnc in a New England winter, violates alike good sense, correct taste, sound morals, and the duty of self-preservation. FOR RAISING CABBAGES. Take from the stumps of old cabbages which you generally set out early in the spring, the most prominent shoots, after they have suffi- ciently expanded themselves, and set them out in the same mode you do your plants, and they will immediately take root, and afford you a very early and luxuriant cabbage. Those who have tried this method, affirm that they are much earlier and by far superior to any that can be raised from the plants. They must be broken from the stumps, and not cut off, as their small fibres greatly facilitate their taking root. RICE JELLV, This is one of the best and most nourishing preparations of rice, particularly for valetudin- arians or convalescents. It is thus made : boil a quarter of a pound of rice flour, with half a pound of loaf sugar, in a quart of water, till the whole becomes one uniform gelantinous mass ; then strain off the jelly and let it stand to cool. A little of this salubrious food eaten at a time, will be found very beneficial to those of a weakly and infirm constitution. SWEDISH HORSES. I was surprised to find in the Royal Stables in Sweden, that there was no straw, or other bedding for the horses. The animals lie or stand Oil perforated boards ; this is an universal practii I'. It has been approved by the V^eteri- nary Colleges of both Stockholm and Copen- hagen, and adopted by the royal and other great families, on account of its salutary effects on the foot of the Horse. In countries where the hors- es stand in a hot bed produced by their own litter, their feet become tender and subject to divers disorders : but you seldom see a lame or foundered horse in Sweden or Denmark. If this should prove a good substitute for straw, it might bring about a reduction in the price of hay. — AcerbVs Travels. The Mahogany Tree in St. Domingo is tall, straight and beautiful with red flowers, and oval lemon sized fruit. When the tree grows on a barren soil, the grain of this wood is beautifullj variegated — upon rich ground it is pale, open, and of little value. The machineal tree also grows on this island ; and its wood furnishes slabs for furniture, interspersed with beautiful green and yellow veins like marble ; but the dust of this wood is of so acrid and poisonous a nature that the carpenters are forced to work with gauze masks to protect them from its injurious effects. = Warning. — Children are in the habit of chew- ing India Rubber. It perhaps is not generally known that quicksilver is brought in this article and it mdy be considered .rank j)oison. 262 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [March 11, NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, MARCH 11, 1U25. MAKING WINE IN AMERICA. A lon» article on this subject was published in the American Farmer of the 1 1th ult. page 369, It i? dated " Retreat, near Dublin, Geo. and signed Th. M'Call." The writer appears to be a man of science ; but we should apprehend from the tenor of the production al- luded to, that his judgment is somewhat biassed by the ardour of a theorist, intent on establishing certain te- nets, and carrying into effect a favourite object. The obstacles which exist in Georgia to the successful cul- ture of the rine in vineyards, for the purpose of making wine, must be much less formidable than those which are opposed to the same pursuit in New England. It should seem, however, from Mr M'Call's experiments, that grapes which were raised more than 600 miies south of the southern boundary of New England, were not sufficiently matured by the warmth of the seasons to afford wiue of a good quality, without much greater additions of sugar or of brandy, or of both, I'lan are found necessary in those parts of the globe wijich are properly denominated wine coimlries. Mr M'CalPs disclosures in the article above referred to, abundantly confirm the opinion of the Hon'. Mr Lowem., publish, ed in the A'eif England Farmer, vol. iii. pag'- 130, and justify his declaration, that " the culture ol the vine, extensively, in any of the New England States 1 con- sider as imprudent, and in the present stale of our knowledge and experience, as unwise." Mr M'Call says, " I have been at much trouble and expense in collecting and cultivating the vines of for- eign countries, to the extent of fifteen or more varieties, on half an acre of ground, and have entirely cut up more than one half ; their fruit uniformly rotting for three years, regardless of the seasons. I have retained but three kinds for the table, and two (hat make wine." Mr M'Call likewise states that fie was induced to take into culture two of our native grapes. "Such of these as were grafted partly grew, but the slips placed in the ground in the usual manner all died.'''' Air M'Call's first experiment in making wine was in IGIG, from a grape of furcign origin. He " made no additions of sugar or brandy : the vine uas vapid and tart, like old Rhenish wine ; and now it tastes like vapid hock.'' In 1820 the season was wet, and Mr .M'Call's grapes No. 1 did not ripen well — all his others rotted. He added 9 lbs. of brown sugar to 12 gallons of juice— racked — fumigated with sulphur — added 10 per cent brandy — racked again, and added to a five gallon demijohn, one gallon and a half of unstoned raisins ; and the wine without the raisins " compared with a good wine from Sicily. The wiue bottled with raisins " was pleasant, but with a slight taste of Rhenioh." " 1821. Grapes much injured by hail i.nd thrips.* Season very dry — collected 7 bushel-basUets of No. 1, and half a gallon of berries No. 2— my other grapes all r.itled,''' Sic. It appears that in a number of experiments, for sev- eral years, Mr M'Call succeeded in but two or three ; and when he did succeed, it should seem that sugar and brandy were the princiiial and most elTicient agents in the concern. The greater part of his long commu- * THRIPS, of which there are eleven species, belong to the order Hemiptera. The insect is, in general, so small as to be scarcely discerned by the naked ere. It is hiwever very pernicious to fruit trees Forsyth. nJcation is interspersed with complaints of mildew, thrips, wet seasons, sour, green, and rotten grapes. In short, it is very evident that the climate, even in Geor- gia, is too cold, too wet, and too mutable, to promise great and immediate success to those who would culti- vate the vine for the purpose of making wine. If so, the prospect, as it relates to New England vine dressers, is not very flattering ; for we believe it true, as a general rule, the warmer the climate in which the vine will grow, the sweeter and the more suitable for the vintage will be its product. I\Ir M'Call says, " I am surprised at the quantity of brandy which is put into the foreign wines, but feel sat- isfied that it is correct." According to M. Chaptal, six gallons of good old wine and two gallons of brandy are added in France to a hogshead ol new wine containing from 60 to C3 gallons. But we do not recollect, either in M. Chaptal's writings or in those of any other for- eign writer, any directicmsto add sugar to the must. — In Mr M'Call's most successful experiments, 15 lbs. of sugar were necessary to give strength to II gallons of must in one instance, and 12 lbs. to 7 1-2 gallons in a- nother Instance. Dr Cooper, editor of the last American edition of Willich's Domestic Encyclopedia, has expressed some opinions in that valuable work, which merit attention from those who propose to establish vineyards in New England. " The great enemy of vines in this country is the cold of the American winter, north of North Carolina ; hence the necessity of pruning and layiijg down the vines under a covering of straw during the winter months. — In the defended gardens of the city of Philadelphia, vines grow wdl and bear well ; but in the country a viile or two off, they vill nut succeed, ul least for a vineyard intended for wine. II has beennpeatedly tried by skilful men, but without success.''' J;' The raising of grapes for the table, and for making- wine, are two diifeient occupations. For the fomir. shelter, rich ground, and juicy grapes are to be prelt r- red ; for making wine, poor ground and harsher grapfs are better ; and a vineyard must be planted where ihe winter will not kill the vines." We perfectly agree with our correspondent fron Worcester County (see page 217 of our current volume) that if any attempt is made to manufacture grnpr wir.e in this part of the United States, it should be from our native grapes. We are told, however, that some essays have been made to civilize some of these aborigines, but without success. They were soon known by their fruit, or rather by their lack of fruit, — and it became good economy to cut them down as cumberers of the ground. There are, however, a great many kinds of grapes which are indigenous to America. Mr Eartiam, a cel- ebrated botanist of Pennsylvania, has given a descrip- tion of four species, and says that besides the distinct species or established races, there are innumerable va- rieties or hybrids, a spurious offspring by intermixture of species. Perhaps some of these numbers without number might be cultivated in New England with a chance for success, at least for the table. It appears by .Mr M'Call's experiments, that nearly one pound and an half of sugar to a gallon of expressed juice of the grape was found necessary for the produc tion ofhis first rate wine. According to Ur Tiiacuki; (see Amirican Orchardist, page 179) a pound of sugar to each gallon of cider from the press together with the addition of brandy to the amount of about 4 gallons to a barrel, will make " wiae from cider." Other recipes. (for which see New England Farmer, vol. i. page 227, 254) direct the addition of 4 gallons of cider brandy to a bairel of cider (the addition included) fresh from the press, without sugar, to make cider royal, whicli is a- nother name for " apple tcine." Indeed, we have reason to conclude that there is more strength or saccharine matter (the substance from which spirit of wine is pro- cured by fermentation) in the juice of our best cider- applts in this climate, than in the juice of the grape. Though the flavour or bouquet of the liquor obtained from the apple may not be quite so exquisite in the es- timation of a connoisseur, as that of the grape, we think that to an unsophisticated and patriotic palate, it will furnish precisely the /anter, who immediately came to i'Ik; spot, ivith three fi lends and a sniilh. With great dilficulty tlicy raised from the ground a brass chest liouud with iron. The smith opened it, and tin y fonml in it the following valuable articles : — many rods and vessels of gold ; a crown ornamented with diamonds ; a great quantity of female ornaments ; cloths ofamiant bus, with borders embroidered in gold ; gold candlesticks, with ancient inscriptions Sic. The chest is five feet Ion", 2 liroad, and 2 1-2 deep. Some persons conjecture that these jewels may have belonged to Uerengar, Duke of hea, and King of Italy, who, in his war with the Fm- peror Otho, fortified himself with liis Queen Gilda, on the celebated rock of St. Leo, where he was besieged, and together willi his consort, fell into the hands of Otho, who sent them both to Germany. — Eng. pa. F.xlraordinari/ I'egelable. — Richard H. Cocke, Fsq. of Surry County, has presented to tlie proprietor of Carres Hotel, in this town, a Carrot, raised in his gar- den at Bacon's Castle, weighing ?f»i pounds — 17 inches long and fifteen in circumference. Can any of our Northern Farmers excel this? — jYorfulk Herald. A valuable young man, about 20 years of age, recent- ly died at Cincinnati, (Ohio) in consequence of eating wild parsnip — in mistake fur spikenard. The government of New South 'Wales has introduced the tread mill into that colony with great success. JOSEPH BRIDGE, No. 25, Court street, has for sale, an extensive assortment of imported and do- mestic Garden and Field S< eds, among whieh are ear- ly and late l'ea«, (various kinds) Beans, RUf'A BAG A MANGEL WUR r;^EL, Carrot, Beet. I'arsley, Lettuce (various kinds) Endive, Celery, Cauliflower, Cabbages (various kinds) Burnet, Chervil, SALSAFIE, or Vege- table Oyster, SCOR^iKNEIlA, Sweet Marjoram, Sage, 1 hyme, winter and summer ijavory. Tomatoes, (Jrass .Seeds, \'iz. — Herds, Foul Meadow, Rirfl Top, Red and White Clover, with over 200 varieties of ORN A ME.NT- ALSEEUS. Garden Tools, viz: Edging Irons, Pruning Saws, Pruning and Budding Knives, 'I'ransplanting Trowels, Garden Keels and Lines, Dutch or Pushing Hoes, «Sl-c. Bird Seeds, GREEN HOUSE PLANTS, and FIcwer Pols. Wanted as above, a few bushels MILLET. 33 J\''alional Leo-islaturc. SENATE.— Feb. 25. Mr Chandler, from the Com- miUer on the Militia, offered a resolution, which was agreed to, directing the Secretary of War to advertise for proposals tar printing 40.000 c(.pies of the abstract of Infantry Tactics, which was reported to the Senate by the Secretary of War, on the 3d day of February inst. fcc. The bill for the continuation of the Cumberland Road was read a third time, passed, and returned to the House — Yea52l, Nays 11. Fkb. 28. The Pnsident of the United States com- municated copies of Treaties with the Quapaw and Choctaw nations of Indians. Mr Haynes laid on the table a resolution intended, as he said, as a solemn protest against any unsolicited in- terference on the part of the Federal Government on the subject of the emancipation of slaves. March I. The General Post Office Bill was dis- cussed, and ordered to its third reading. Motions to strike out the clause, which allows printers to exchange newspapers beyond a certain number, and to reduce the time allowed to Members of Congress for franking letters, were rejected. A letter was received from the President elect, in- forming that he proposed to take the Oath prescribed by the Constitution, &:c. on the 4th inst. The amended bill for tiie suppression of piracy pass- ed both Houses. HOUSE.— Feb. 25. Mr Cambreleng, from the Committee of Ways and Means reported a bill to au- thorize the importation of foreign distilled spirits in casks of a capacity not less than fifteen gallons, which was read twice and laid on the table. Mr Newton reported a bill to authorize the register or enrolment and licence to be issued in the name of the President or Secretary of any incorporated compa- ny, owning a steam boat, which was read twice and engrossed. Feb. 28. A bill to authorize the Secretary of the Treasury to borrow a sum not exceeding $12,000,000, or to exchange a stock bearing 4 1-2 per cent, for a certain stock hearing an interest of 6 per cent, passed. March 1. The ('ommitlee on Military Affairs was discharged from the further consideration of the Mes- sage urging the immediate adjustment of the claims of Massachusetts for Militia services. The bill concerning copper mines near Lake Superi- our was discussed and rejected. A bill in regard to a road from Missouri to the Mexican border was passed. FOR sale, as usual, at the Kenrick Place, near Brighton, (Mass.) The Nurseries have been much enlarged, and contain a variety of Pears, Apples, Cherries, PImns, Apricots, &c. Also, the finest variety of budded Pt ach Trees know n in America ; con- sistlngof a choice collection of about 40 of the most ap- proved kinds in our best gardens, or seen in the markets ; the Peach Trees are from five to eight feet high, andsold at the moderate i>rice of 30 cents each, of good sized ornamental trees, the flowering Horse Chesnut, flowering Catalpa ; European Mountain Ash ; Weeping Willow ; the Evergreen Silver Fir, and the Larch ; English Walnuts and Butter Nuts, both of which are justly admired for their fruit. Currant Bushes of the large prolific red kind, of all sizes, by the dozen, hundred, or thousand, on moderate terras. Also, the black, white, and Champaign do ; red and white Roses ; Lilacs ; English Grapes, &c. Orders addressed to JOHN or WILLIAM KENRICK, and sent to the Brighton Post Office, or to the Office of DANA & FEN NO, Brokers, iu State-street, Boston, will be duly attended to. N. B. Trees will be packed in clay and mats for ship- ping, and conveyed to Boston when ord^red ; but gen- tlemen at a distance should employ some agent to re- ceive and pay for them. CASH will be paid at this Oflice, for any number of copies of the New England Farmer, Vol. iii. I\'o. 31. The Wonderful Norfolk Trotter, imported July 1822, from England, WILL STAND THIS SEASON, 1825, ^it Tieent'j Dollars, and One Dollar the Groom. TVie Tiiontif to be paid to the Groom at Coveruig. THIS celebrated Horse is a bright bay, with black legs, standing 15 hands high ; his superior blood, sj'mmetry and action excebthose of every other trotting Stallion. He is allowed by the best Judges in Norfolk to be the fastest and best bred Horse ever sent out of that County. He has proved himself a sure foal getter, and his Stock for size and substance are not to be sur- passed ; they are selling at the highest prices of any Horses in Norfolk. BELLFOUNDER was got by that well known, fast and high formed Trotter, Oi.D Bellfousder, out of Velocity, which trotted on the Norwich road, in 1806, Sixteen Miles in one hour, and though she broke fifteen times into a gallop, and as often turned round, won her match. In 1808 she trotted Twenty eight miles in one hour and forty seven minutes, and has also done many other great performances against time. BELLFOUNDER, at five years old, trotted Two mdes in six minutes, and in the following year was matched for 200 guineas, to trot Nine miles in thirty minutes, and he won easily by thirty two seconds. His owner shortly after challenged to perform with him Sev- enteen miles and a half in one hour, but it was not ac- cepted. He has since never been saddled or matched. Old BELLFOUNDER was a true descendant from the original blood of the Fireaways, which breed of Horses stand unrivalled, either in this or any other nation. BELLFOUNDER is strongly recommended to the public by the subscriber, as combining more usefnl properties than any other Horse in America, and will stand, during the season, at his stable in Charlestown, where all inquiries, post paid, will be attended to. Bfllkocnder's foals thus far have proved fully satisfactory, showing extraordinary action. SAMUEL JAQUES, Jr, Charlestown, Mass. March 11, 1825. 264 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [March IL JEtsctUanfes. TEMPERANCE. Would you extend your narrow span, And make the most of life you can ; Would you, when med'cines cannot save, Descend with ease into the grave ; Calmly retire like evening light, And cheerful bid the world good night ? Let temperance constantly preside, Our best physician, friend and guide ! Would you to wisdom make pretence. Proud to be thought a man of sense ? Let temperance, always friend to fame. With steady hand direct your aim ; Or, like an archer in the dark. Your random shaft will miss the maik : For they who slight her golden rules, In wisdom's volume stand for fools. into the soul, fVotn hearing the devotional matins of the lark, r.ntl from beholding Ihe new-born scenery of nature ! How necessary is such a reg- imen to preserve that sweetness of complexion and of breath which are the very essence and perfume of heauly ! When people think of ac- counting to God for the talents they have receiv- ed, they overlook the hours which are lost in morning sloth and unreasonable indulgence. 1 have inured myself for many years to this habit of early rising. In the spring months of April and May particnlarly, I grudge every moment that is wasted after five. 1 consider it as a rude neglect to all those sweets which opened to sa- lute me, and always find so muph more deduct- ed from the firmness of my health; and the vigor of my understanding. Chinese Entertainments. — The Chinese, in their mode of eating and drinking, arc as un- cleanly as in their persons, says M. do C^'iignes, j and they esteem it an act of good brci'sling to give, on rising from table, very sensible eviden- ces of their full satisfaction. — Small veils are distributed to the servants on quitting the house, and a vole of thanks for being so well f'd is sent to the host the next morning. The n itiire of their government makes the Chinese frugal and retired in their mode of living; and, remain- ing so much at home, they naturally acijuire a regularity and invariablencss of domestic habits net common elsewhere. Rising at day-break, and retiring to rest at sun-set, they are seldom | awake except when all is busy and moving ; they have, therefore, few inducements tor pur- poses of social intercourse and amustnient. Even 1 their children have scarcely any active sports & pastimes. Games of chance are almost the only objects that bring them together; and a basin of, rice, a dish of tea, or a pipe of tobacco, are the ' only refreshments ever offered. The enter- tainments given by the higher classes are merely occasional, and wearisome in extreme. Every ; took and movement are regulated by etiquette ; j the guests are seated at small tables, admitting only two or three persons, and arranged in lines, ; JO that every one may see the master of the house. The tirst ceremony is (o drink his health, i by lifting up a cup with both hands to the ibre- head, emptying it, and turning it down to show lhat it is empty. Every person's mess is then set before him, large or small, according to his rank or dignity ; and his leavings, if any, are sent in solemn procession to his house. A few cups of wine or tea are drank at intervals ; the dishes are frequently changed ; and alter tbc company has risen f'ora short space, a dessert follows, on which each resumes his place. A play, or a dance, is often performed for the Rmusementof the guests; and alter four or five hours have elapsed, (hey return home. Maxims of Dean Swift. — Amusement is the em[)loyment of those who cannot think. Superstition is the spleen of the soul. An idle reason lessens the weight of the good ones. Every man halh just as much vanity as he wanis understanding. I have known men of great valour, cowards to their wives. The reason why so few marriages are liappy, is because young ladies spend their time in ma- king nets, not in making cages. Love of flattery in most men proceeds from the mean opinion men have of themselves ; — in women from the contrary. Early rising. — 1 do not know a practice whicli I should more recommend than early rising, whether devotion, health, beauty, or improve- ment of the mind, were the objects in view. — How cheerful and how animated are Ihe medita- tions of tbc morning ! What a delighll'ul bloom flashes into the cheeks from its balmy exiiala- Uotisl What aa unspeakable cheerfulness glides Shifts. — Dr. Johnson, in his interesting biog- raphy of the poet Savage, states that during a consideraidc part of the lime in which he was employed upon Ihe tingedy of Sir Tlmmas Over- bury, he was wi'hout lodging and often wilboul meat ; nor had he any other conveniences lor study than the fields or the streets allowed him ; there he used to walk and form his speeclios, and afterwards step into a shop, leg a fevv n.o- menls the use of the pen and ink, an. I write down what he had composed, upon pajier which he picked up by accident. Jocosity — A member of Parliament, when that body was honoured with the memliersbip of Mr. Durke, was generally so dull in his speeches that his rising often was a signal to desert the bench- es. Having at one time thinned a full bouse down to a few dozen, he unexpectedly called lor the reading of the Riot Act, to support some- thing in his argiimeaf. Mr. Burke who had been anxiously wailing to speak on the suliject, could contain himself no longer, but jumping up cried nut, with an irresistibly comic air, "The Riot Act ! my dear friend, the Riot Act ! to what pur- pose ? don't you see that the mob is completely dispersed ?" !^=^ The following advertisement appeared in a Boston paper about ten years ago; it is worth preserving as a memorial of the fashion of the times. " Found near the Mall a large piece of wood, supposed to have been dropped from a lady's bosom; as there is nothing curious in the work- manship about it, its principal value is in its solid contents; Ihe owner may have it by ap- plying at a wood-wharf near Wheeler's Point, and if not called for in 3 days, it will be con- sidered as a generous donation to the Fuel So- ciety." ^i£?«S?^''-- AGRICVLTURAL ESTABLISHMENT. No. 108 Stale Street.^ up stairs, sign of the Goldtn Plough JR. NEWELL, Proprietor, olTersfor sale an exten- • five assortment of Garden and Agricultural Im- plements, viz. HOWARD'S Improved Cast and Wrought Iron Pat- ent Ploughs, with cutters and rollers, and an extra wheel between the moold-board and land side, which facilitates the run of the plough, and is considered a great iaiprovenient. TICF. k NlXOiN',S Improved Patent Cast Iron do. with a general assortment of common ploughs. MOWARO'S Improved Cultivator, an instrument of the first utility for the purpose intended, operating as a Harrow and Scarifier. BF.ATSON'S Scarifiers and Cultivators. BKiVNETT'S Broad Cast .Machine. WILLIS' Improved Patent Horizontal and Perpeu- dirular Straw Cutters; Satibrd's, do. with a great va- riety of other Hand Culling Machines. JAQUITH'S New Invented Corn Shellcr, operating with a perpendicular cylinder and horizontal v/heel, and is a most perfect machine for the purpose. GOODVEAR'S Patent Steel Spring Hay and Ma- nure Forks. DiSBEE'S Improved, Warranted, Cast Steel Hoes MEARS' Improved Patent Ox Yokes, for which a premium was sfiven at the last Cattle Show at Brighton. WILLIS' Patent Window Blind Springs, which were' higldy recommended liythe Committee on Agricultur- al Implements, and have proved far superiour to any iiivi'ntion of the kind. Garden Hoes, Hakes, Scythes &:c. March 4. "V. ^.m%i^ FRUIT TREES, &c. .5... , ...„. ..=^. ,. ^^ji ppjxcK, Proprietor St ? V of the Linntean Garden, .jvar New York, offers to the public his usual very extensive collection of Fruit and Orna- mental 'I'rees, Shrubs & Plants, in the selection of which are about 50,0U0 Apples, Pears, Peaches, &c. of the largest C^^^ sizes, suitable for transplanting, all of which are in the most vigorous and healthy state. From Ihe long continuance of this establishment, the Proprietor has the advantage of possessing bearing trees of nearly all the kinds, and those offered for sale are engrafted tiom fruit bcarins; lrce.i, thereby affording an absolute certainty of tlieir genuine character. The collections of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and Plants, including above 300 kinds of Rose?, — also of Oranges, Lemons, Citrons, Camellias or Japan Roses, &c. are so well known for their extent, that any remarks would be unnecessary, farther than to refer to the Catalogues, which may be obtained grnli.^ from Mr Joseph Briuge, No. 2.")Conrt Street, Foslon ; and orders through him. will receive the most prompt and attentive execution, FARM FOR SALE, in Cambridge — For sale, a farm about 4 miles from the city, consisting of 35 acres of as good land as any in the county of Middlesex. It is under good improvement, and may be made at small expense to cut from 60 to 70 tons of English hay ; has from :'>, to 400 Fruit Trees, 10 acres of Meadow land, about a quarter of a mile from the farm. On said farm are 2 dwelling houses, barn, corn-barn, chaise-house, pigery, &c. Said farm is on Ihe main road to Lexing- ton and Concord, and one or two stages pass daily. The farm, cattle, and farming utensils will be sold at a bar- gain. A small part of the purchase money will be re- quired, and the residue may lie 5 or 10 y( ars. Inquire of Chandler Robliins, real estate broker, Ex- change Street, or at this office. tA 1 Jan. 28 The FAKMER is published every Friday, by J. 13. Rus SELi., at $2.50 per annum, in advance. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. PUBLISHED BY JOHN B. RUSSELL. ROGER5' BUH.UIAGS, CONGRESS STREET, BOSTON.— THOMA:- G. FESSE^DEN, EDITOR. VOL. III. FRIDAY, MARCH 18, 1825. No. 34. (©rt'stnal (Eoinmuutcatton.s. T. G. Fessende.v, Esq. Editor oflht J\'tiv England Farmer. GR.XFTING FRUIT TREES. i IVorcester, March Q, 1?23. j Peak Sir, — In tlie " Farmer's Cidendiir," a valiKible anil »veli conducted department of yonr| useful paper, you noticed (page 216) the opin- ions of scientilic and practical men on the timei and manner of aeleclinar scions tor griifiiny. As; llicories are valuable so far only as tliey aresiis- j lained by facts; and it beinof tlie duty of every j one 10 communicate such information a.s he may | pos.^ess, as may have a bearing; u|)on any unset- i tied theory in question, I ofToi' no apolngv for j the few remarks and elucidations vvliich 1 ad-; dress to you on the subject. j From early lite 1 have been conversant with grafting, not only on my own grounds, but occa- sionally in devoting my leisure to this pleasing exercise and amusement for the benctit of my I friends and neighbours. March I have supposed [ the best month for taking the scions ; and that' part of the month, uhether early or late, when the branch has acquired some lustre from the distension of the sap vessels, and the bud begins to be enlarged by renewed circulation. The precise time, however, n hether earlier or later, I apprehend is not so material as the keeping of them in the condition they are cut to the time of using thera. They are kept suspended in thja state until the sap in the stock is in free motipri. The growth of the preceding year is decidedly best ; yet I have had recourse to an older twig on some S[)ecial occasions, with success. I have been successful with scions cut about (be time I useci them. Before they are set, thev should be a iittle esiiausted of (heir moisture ; but not enougli to cause the vessels to collapse. In this state they more readily imbibe aonrishmont from the stock. They should be nliUle hungry when placed in a situation toycec/ from the juic- es of the stock. The succulent substance, of a quick growth, I reject, as too tender fur the pressure of a close contact with the stock. The top-bud in a mature scion, if uninjured, need not be discarded, unless there be a supply of the cuts of the last year's growth, which, for reasons ! shall offer, are preferable. My practice is — to sever the scion from the tree in the old wood, leaving enough, including the bulb which sepa- rates the two last years' growth, after being prepared for insertion, to form the wedge. The shoulder of the scion, which comes inclose con- tact with the upper surface of the stork, is form- ed by cutting through the bark into the wood, near the upper part of the bull). As the wood in this part is hard and more easily &, neatly fitted to the cleft, and admits of stronger pressing with- out injfiry ; and as the tubes are less rectilinear or parrdlel with each other, their orifices are more in contact with the circulation of the stock. Being in the practice of inserting two scions in a stock (for the purpose of doubling the chance of success, and for the more expeditiously and firmly covering the head of the stock) the cur- vature at the bulbs causing them to diverge; and particularly in a small stock, renders the process of inserting them more easy. In hori- zontal limbs, if the upjier scion takes, its course is already determined, and it grows with less restraint. If both scions on a stock grow, it will readily be perceived which ought to remain. A failure most commonly arises from one of two causes, or from both combined, eitiier the scion is too much com[>ressed by the stock, or by the composition which surrounds it. Three parts of garden loam to one of clay, made moist enough to be adhesive, liberally supplied and well secured will imbibe moisture; and when dry will not become hard. With this, or some other mild dressing, the head should be covered until a substitute is formed by new wood and bark. I may add another cause which retards or destroys the growth, — the undue length of the scion. The farther it extends from the stock, the more leeble is the circulation ; — of course ills more liable to become shriveled and dried by exposure to the sun and atmosphere. It the extremity becomes so, it generally ad- vances tiirough the whole extent. Your obedient servant, O. FISKE. TO THE ECITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Worcester, March 10, 1825. D.-JAR Sir, — Having noticed the account of an Rfpie tree, of sip^ular production, by Lovf.t •i-i.it?'', Esq. pulrfJ'shed in your pap. r, I am in- duced to give a statement of one in my garden, which manifests a different, but perha|)s a more unaccountable deviation from the known laws of the vegetative kingdom. About thirty years ago, having hut few trees, anil desirous of a variety of fruit, I very in- judiciously grafted them with different kinds. — In the tree in question I put the Sweet Winter russet, the Roxbury russet, and a Greening. — The two lowest limbs are the greening and sweet russet. The first three or four branch- es of the Sweet russet limb, from four to six leet from its insertion, have, 1 believe, invaria- t>ly, since I lirst noticed it, perhaps tiventy yeiirs since, produced a sweet apple ; but re- sembling in colour, polish, shape, and size, the greenin,'. Further removed from the greening limb, the apples are perfectly rough, dark skill- ed russets. The tree was prostrated in the September gale, in 1815. Before replacing it I lightened the branches to increase the chance of its living. Those which produced thi> change of fruit were cut away. Other shoots have appeared in their place, exhibiting the same peculiarity. If influenced by the farina of the greening, why should it be confined to particular branches? Many gentlemen have witnessed this curiosity ; but no one has attempt- ed to exidain the cause. Should the tree be in bearing the ensuing season, I will endeavour to give it a more mi- nute description. If any thing more satisfactory appears, I shall take pleasure in communicat- ing it. I am, .Sir, respectfully Yours, O. FISKE. TO THE EDITOK OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER CULTIVATION OF MILLET. Milton, March 7, 1825. Mr Fessf.nden, — Having been requested to prepare for the New England Far.mer a descrip- tion of my crop of Millet, raised last year, I ac- cordingly forward it to you with pleasure. From theen eating seven pounds each of raw corn per twenty-four hours ; and two others of near the same size, have had exactly seven pounds of meal made into good mush between them. This seven pounds of meal, cooked into the state of good stitfmush, weighs from twenty- eight to thirty-three pounds. 1 weighed my pigs accurately at beginning, and weighed again two days since, to mark the progress. The two eating Iburteen pounds of corn per day, had in- creased seventeen pounds in sixteen days — The two eating seven pounds of cooked meal per day, had increased twenty-four pounds in the same time. — Here is a saving of one half the corn. — I shall carry them on till early in January, when I shall kill them." — American Furmcr. care must be taken, by applying somc; tender twigs, or strings, to prevent the circles from join- ing each other. This method is equally applicable for scarlet beans. — Englisk ]'ubticalion. When to plant Annual and Perennial Flowers. Many kinds of annuals and perennials, sown in March and the beginning of April, will be fit for transplanting about the end of May, and may either be planted in patches about borders, or in beds, as fancy .«hall direct. Of these, the kinds improved by transplanting, are, amaran- thuses, China asters, columbines, French, and Alrican marigolds, foxgloves, holly hocks, In- dia pinks, love-lies-a-bleeding, mallows, migni- otte, prince's feather, scabious, stocks, sun flow- ers, sweet Williams, wall flowers, and others. — They should be planted out in a showery time, if possible, or otherwise be frequently watered, till they have struck root. — Ibid. I Improper treatment of plants. The practice of placing flats or saucers unier planis, and feeding them by the roots, that is, pouring the water continually into these dishes, and never on the earth at top, is highly improp- er. The water should always be poured on the surface of the earth, that it may filler complete- ly through it, to the benefit and refreshment of the fibres. — Ibid. Advantage in sowing Peas in Circles instead of straight Rows. It is a great error in those persons who sow the rows of tall growing peas close together. — It is much better in all those sorts, which grow sis or eight feet high, to have only one row, and then to leave a bed ten or twelve feet wide for onions, carrots, or any crops which do not grow tall. The advantages which will be derived are, that the peas will not be drawn up so much, be stronger, will flower much nearer the giound, and in wet weather can be more easily gather- ed without wetting you. But instead of sowing peas in straight rows, if you will foim the ground into circles of three feet diameter, with a space of two feet between each circle in a row thirty feet long, you will have six circles of peas each nine feet ; in all, fifty four feet of peas instead of thirty, on the same extent of ground. If you want more than one row of circles, leave a bed often or twelve feet before you be- gin another. For the very tall sorts, four feet circles will afford more room for the roots to grow in, and In .Tanuary last, there was a dreadfnl explo- sion in a coal mine at Middleton, in England, which killed 23 workmenon the spot and woun- ded several others. Some of the bodies were shockingly mangled ; others appeared to have perished by suffocation. The acci to gath-l er 1000 bushels of potatoes, 1000 bushels of, carrots, as many of Swedish turnips, and 150 bushels of Indian corn on his ten acres of cultivated land. Can it be doubted that his stock would be better fed, his family hotter supplied, his net income from articles sold from his farm much more increased, than if he should persevere in the old system ef rais- ing rye at the rate of 15 or 20, or corn at the rale of 35 bushels to the acre? We only ask that the expcrinient should be tried — but above all that the culture of roots, and the in- crease of manure should be attempted for only a few successive years. We have no fear that this system would be ever afterwanis abandoned. In ascertaining the composition of sterile soils with a view to their improvement, any particular ingredient which is the cause of their unproductiveness, should be particularly attend- ed to ; if possible they should be compared with lerlile soils in the same neighbourhood, and in similar situations. If a barren soil contains salts of iron, or any acid matter it may be im- proved by quick lime. If there be any excess of lime or chalky matter, sand or clay should be applied. Where there is too much sand — clay, marie, or vegetable matter is required. Peat makes a good manure for a sandy soil. The improvement of peats, bogs, or marsh lands must be commenced by draining. The materials necessary for the purpose of improving soils are seldom far distant: sand is generally found beneath clay, and clay often be- neath sand. Peat and bog earth are commonly to be obtained in the neighbourhood of gravel and sand. Swamp land, alter being drained, may often be improved by qiiick lime, which is sometimes better than paring and burning, as by the latter process much vegetable matter, capable of be- ing converted into manure is dissipated and lost. I would entreat farmers to consider that the cost of raising a poor crop, one time with an- other, is nearly as much as that of raising a large one. There is the same expended in fencing — the same lax paid — the same quantity of seed sown — the same almost expended in ploughing, as rich land ploughs so much more easily than poor, as to make up for the extra number of ploughings in a course of tillage. I may add, there is the same or more labour in thrashing. An attention to these things is enough to convince any one of the great im- portance of endeavouring to improve crops by a more spirited and rational husbandry. If a farmer think he cannot afford to lay out a farthing^ more on the tillage of an acre, than he has been accustomed to do, let him be in- treated to save a little in fencing, and so enable himself to do it, leaving out some of his lands that bring little or no profit, and pay taxes for a less quantity of land in tillage; or let him turn some of his tillage land to grass; and lay out the same quantities of labour and manure on a third less land in tillage. Lands in tillage might thus be made profitable; and more so than many are ready to imagine. It has often been observed, that those farmers in this country who have the fewest acres, com- monly get the best living from their farms. It is doubtless, because their lands are under better cultivation. And some have taken occasion leds dug a spit deep, iiid ihi» mangel wurlzel roots planUd about 18 inches asunder ; and further as the jfiri( crops of potatoes are dug for daily use, their places are filled every two or three days (accor- HiTrg as the space or weather will allow) \vith the plants. By these means I am enabled to raise between 3 and 4000 roots in a fruit and vegetable garden of about three fourths of an acre, and the largest part of which is now as green as in spring, under this crop of mangel wurtzel." Some cultivators affirm that it is never worth the trouble to transplant these roots to fill va- cancies. " 1 have seen," says an English writer, " much labour and expense employed in trans- planting into vacant spots, when the seed has not been dibbled thick enough, but have never seen the transplanted roots worlh half the trou- ble ; the tap root being broken in the drawing, nothing but top and useless rough roots and fangs are produced." It has been remarked by •ther writers that the most common cause of failure in transplanting this root is the taking of Ihem up when too small, before the plants have obtained strength and size sufficient to bear the ■operatioH of transplanting. It is no doubt the best tpode, as a general rule, to plant so thick that thcTii may be plants to cut up, and rx) ne- cessity for transplanting to fill vacancies. In gathering the roots, care should he taken to cut off the leaves abont half an inch above the crown, as they will not keep so well if cut more closely. Mess. Tristram and Henry Little, in their account of the mode of cultivating their premium crop for 1821, say, " As to the best mode of preserving them, we have tried divers ways, by pitting them, by putting them into the barn and covering them with hay, and by putting ibem into the cellar j the last mode we think the best." Col. Powel obsorves that one of his crops was " piled in a cellar in rows as wood, and covered with sand.-"' With regard to the uses of this crop, we shall give a few observations from scientific and ex- perienced cultivators. Col. Powel says, " my neat cattle prefer mangel wurtzel to any root which I have offered them. 1 have found its effects in producing large secretions of good milk very great. 1 selected in (November, two heifers of the same breed, and very nearly of the same age, and in similar condition ; they were lied in adjoining stalls, and have been fed reg- ularly three times a day by the same. One of these had four and an half pecks of mangel wurt- zel and lour quarts of corn meal daily. The first, which has had mangel wurtzel alone, is in the condition of good beef; the other is not more than what graziers call half fat. "The application of mangel wurtzel as food for sheep, is not the least important of its uses. Ewes yean usually at the season when grass cannot be supplied. The health of themselves and the thrift of their lambs essentially depend upon succulent food being had. I am inclined to think, that no small portion of the success which English breeders have met is to be as- cribed to the largo stores of roots which they have always at command. It cannot be denied, that Indian meal will of itself, in most cases, produce extraordinary fatness, as well as great size ; but 1 have been led lo believe that dis- eases are early engendered by this species of forcing, which is always expensive, and loo often eventually destroys the animal which has been thus reared." A late writer in the London Farmer's Journal sayK, — " this root is now generally allowed to stand eminent tor the excellence of its fattening qualities. Among our field productions, parsnips and carrots may justly be declared more nutri- tious ; Swedish turnips as holding divided em- pire with it, while while turnips, cabbages and potatoes, sink into insignificance before it. The tasle both of the leaf and root is most grateful lo every description of stock : bullocks, sheep, and hogs, instinctively lay hold of them, and when once accustomed to their flavour they re- ject every other sort of green food if they have the election. "No edible root has yet been brought into use which has an affinity to the one under con- sideration, with respect to its imperishable properties. The white turnip is in March en- tirely divested of its fattening power ; the Swede in May becomes shriveled, and is almost refused by cattle ; the potaloe after this time entirely sprouts away all its vigour, diminishes in bulk, and dries up ; but not so the mangel wurlzel. It is not only ready for use in the au- tumn, the winter and the spring, but may, if re- quired, be continued with unabated advantage ; and in the following autumn it will be found in full possession of its most valuable qualities, un- diminished in weight, and abounding in saccha- riae juices." JVational Legislature. SENATE March 4. The Hon. John C. Cai- HocK, Vice rresident elect of the United States, ad- dressed the Senate in an appropriate speech. Several re-elected and new members took (he oaths of office. March 5. Mr Brent, of the department of State, delivered four T^ttea messages from th« i'fegideut of the United Slates, wliicli being of an executive nature, the doors were closed. March 7. The injunction of secresy having been removed, it appeared thai the nomination of Mr Clay to the oflice of Secretary of Slate, met with some op- position. The Yeas were '.!7 — Nays H. March 8. The Convention lately formed with the Government of Colombia, in relation to the African Slave Trade, was disciis.sed and rejected. The Vice President retired from the Chair of the Senate, and Mr Gaillard was elected pro lem. The followiu"; appointments have been made by the President, with advice of the Senate: — Col. Hknri Ci.AY, Secretary of State ; Hon. Richard Rush, Sec- retary of the Treasury ; Hon. James Earboitb, Secreta- ry of War; Alexander Everett, Esq. Minister Pleni- potentiary to Spain ; JoEi, R. Poinsett, Esq. Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico; William C.Somerville, of Maryland, Charge Des Affaires to Sweden. AGRICUIiTURAIi ESTABIiISHIVIENT. JVb. 108 Slate Street^ up stairs, sign of the Golden Plovgh JR. NEWELL, Proprietor, offers for sale an exten- • sive assortment of Garden and Agricultural Im- plements, viz. HOWARD'S Improved Cast and Wrought Iron Pat- ent Ploughs, with cutters and rollers, and an extra wheel between the mould-board and land side, which facilitates the run of the plough, and is considered a great improvement. TICE & NIXON'S Improved Patent Cast Iron dc with a general assortment of common ploughs. HOWARD'S Improved Cultivator, an instrument of the first utility for the purpose intended, operating as a Harrow and Scarifier. BEA TSON'S Scarifiers and Cultivators. BENNETT'S Broad Cast Machine. JAQUITH'S New Invented Corn Shelter, operating with a perpendicular cylinder and horizontal wheel, and is a most perfect machine for the purpose. GOODYEAR'S Patent Steel Spring Hay and Ma- nure Forks. BiSBEE'S Improved, Warranted, Cast Steel Hoes MEARS' Improved Patent Ox Yokes, for which a premium was given at the last Cattle Show at Brighton. WILLIS' Patent Window Blind Springs, which were highly recommended by the Committee on Agricultur- al Implements, and have proved far superiour to any invention of the kind. Garden Hoes, Rakes, Scythes &c. March 4. JOSEPH BRIDGE, No. 25, Court street, has for sale, an extensive assortment of imported and do- mestic Garden and Field Seeds, among whicii are ear- ly and late Peas, (various kinds) Beans, RUTA BAGA, MANGEL WURTZEL, Carrot, Beet, Parsley, Lettuce (various kinds) Endive, Celery, Cauliflower, Cabbages (various kinds) Burnet, Chervil, SALSAFIE, or Vege- table Oyster, SCORZENERA, Sweet Marjoram, Sage, Thyme, winter and summer Savory, Tomatoes, Grass Seeds, viz. — Herds, Foul Meadow, Red Top, Red and White Clover, with overSOO varieties of ORNAMENT- AL SEEDS. Garden Tools, viz: Edging Irons, Pruning Saws, Pruning and Budding Knives, Transplanting Trowels, Garden Reels and Lines, D^tch or Pushing Hoes, &c. Bird Seeds, GREEN HOUSE PLANTS, and Flower Pots. Wanted as above, a few bushels MILLET. 33 CASH will be paid at this Office, for any number of copies of the New England Farmer, Vol. iii. No. 31. WANTED, at this office, a strong, active lad, of about 16 years of age, as an apprentice to Us* Frinting Businees.. 272 N£W ENGLAND FARMER. [March 18, JWtscellantcjs. From the Conneclicul Mirror. The poetic communication below was begged from a good friend. If coaxing could avail any thing, we would bait him with toasted flattery, and perhaps in- duce him to nibble agdin at the spindle of our mouse- trap. 0 well 1 love thee, native land, 1 love thy fair and verdant hills, I love thy vales which plenty fills, I love thy mountains rude and steep, And all the storms that o''er them sweep. O well I love my native land, — The land of freedom — yankee land. 0 well I love thee, native land, 1 love thy waters white with sails, Thy soil whose harvest never fails, Thy towns and villages and farms, And cities far from foreign arms. O well I love my native land — The land of freedom — yankee land. 0 well 1 love thee, native land — 1 love thy halls where science dwell--, Thy shrines where holy music swells, Thy schools — the birth-right of the free, The bulwark of their liberty. O well I love my native land — The land of freedom — yankee land. 0 well I love thee, native land — 1 love thy shrewd and hardy =ons. For they are brave and noble ones ; — And in their bosoms glow those fires. That warm'd of old their pilgrim sires. O well I love my native land — The land of freedom — yankee land. 0 well I love thee, native land — 1 love thy daughters : — they are fair, And gentle as their mothers were; _ And worthy are they too to be The wives and mothers of the free, O well I love my native land — The land of freedom — yankee land. 0 well I love thee, native land — 1 love thy banner — it shall wave Forever o'er the free and brave. And aye our battle-snng shall be, And aye the song of victory. O well we love our native land — The land of freedom — yankee land. T. THINGS EY THEIR R7GHT NAMES. Health — Another word for temperance and exercise. Hero — A wholesale man-brilcher. Holidays — The elysium of our boyhood ! per- haps the only one of our life. Of this truth Anaxagoras seems to have been aware. Being asked by the people of Larapacus before his death whether he wished any thing to be done in commemoration of him, "■ Yes," he replied, " let the boys be allowed to play on the anni- versary of my death." Hope — A compensation for the realities of life, mostly enjoyed by those who have the least to lose, since they are generally rendered much happier by expectation tlian they would be by possession. Hypochondria — The imaginary malady with which those are taxed who have no real one. Jealousy — Tormenting yourself fur fear you should be tormented by another. Learning — Too often a knowledge of words and an ignorance of thing?; a mere act of mem- ory whicli may be excrcisLi! without common sense. Loan — A means of robbing our successors, for the purpose of destroying our coatemporaries. Logic — Substituting sound for sense, and per- verting reason by reasouing. Lover — One who in his desire to obtain pos- session of another, has lost possession of himself. Marriage — Taking a yoke-fellow, who may lighten the burden of existence if you pull to- gether, or render it insupportable if you drag different ways. Melancholy — Ingratitude to Heaven. JVonsense — Generally applied to any sense that happens to differ from our own. Honest Poverty. — In the Report of the House of Commons on Mendicity, Mr John Doughty, a gentleman much in the habit of visiting the habitations of the needy, was asked — '■ in your opinion, do many worthy, honest, industrious persons have recourse (o begging, or does this class of society consist chiefly of the idle and profligate?" Answer. "The instances in which worthy, honest, industrious jiersons have re- course to begging are extremely rare. They will in general rather starve than beg. A per- son of veracity, who sometime ago visited one thousand live hundred poor families in the neighbourhood of Spitalfield?, aftirms, that out of full three hundred cases oi abject poverty and destitution, not a dozen had been t'ound to have had recourse to begging. As a general fact, the decent poor will struggle to the uttermost and even perish, rather than turn beggars. What an admirable foundation of virttie must be laid in those minds, which thus endure even the horrors of death, approaching with all the torments of hunger and cold, rather than seek to relieve themselves by rourses reputed dis- graceful ! How truly has the poet said, An honest man is si ill an unmov'd rock, WashM whiter, but not shalvtn with llie shock ; Whose heart coHCcives no ^inistt r device. Fearless he plays with flames, and treads on ice. Different Colours of Mourning. — In Europe,! black is generally used, because it represents darkness, which death is like unto, as it is a privation of life. In China, white is used, be- cause they hope that the dead are in Heaven, the place of purity. In Egypt, yellu-^' is used, because it rp[)resents the decaying of trees and flowers, which become yellow as they die a« :r, . In Ethiopia, broziui is used, bncause it od land as any in the county of Middlesex. It is under good improvement, an, 182.0. No. 35. <^rtQ{naI (Sommuntcnttons. T. G. FtSSF.NDEfJ, Esq. KJilor of I he .Vew England Farmey. EARLY POTATOES. Boston, March 17, Hi25. 5jh — Id reply to your inquiry for enrly pot;v 1oes, I beg- leiive to stale : — That last sprin^T I Bent lliree li.-impprs of" the Lancashire Pink Eye. to a friend in Worcester Coiinlv, '15 miles from ro THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ON PRUNING TREES. Essex County, March 15, 1825. Sir, — I perceive there is great variety in the opinions of your correspondents on the subject | oi' pruning trees, both in respect to the manner I and the time. A.id when farmers disagree on this subject, who shnii decide 1 When a person ' comes in possessioii of an orchard, already ad- | vr.nccd in asre and in the size of the trees which' Boston. They were planted on the side of a ; i,.,,,g (,een neglected, there may be some difficul- pravrlly hill, with tresh burn yard manure, a j ,^, perhaps in deciding when he shall and how he shall [iroceed. But as a general rule, I believe fortnight later than any other [lolatocs. They were ripe a fortnight earlier than any other. 'I'hoy prove equally mealy with the original potaloe, but have not so much t]:\vour. They require little boiling, and when rightly boiled, serve up very while and dry. A small qiiaiili- Iv remaining, will be planted this season at the City Farm. They are very iVuiltul. They were sold to several gentlemen in the noigli- bourhood last si)ring. — Some of them may be able to communicate the result. I am. Sir, with the best wisiies tor the success of your labours, Your obedidcnt servant, F. WILBY. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW EXGLA.VD FARMER. SHEARING SHEEP. DristoU {r.. J.) March 11, 1825 Mr F-ESSENDEN, — Tlie following observations op the Early Shearing of Sheep, were communi- cated to me by Mr Rouse Potter of Prudence Island, Narraganset Bay, in this state ; and as his practice is different from the common one in general use, you are at liberty, if you jilease, to publish it in your useful paper. Mr Potter begins to shear his sheep by the 1st of May, if the weather is favourable ; and continues daily until he completes his shearing. For the iirst week, he puts those sheared under cover, or in close yaids every night, and if the weather should prove untavourably cold, or stormy, he keeps them up day and night. By that time the wool will start and grow so as to give them a sufficient covering. By this prac- tice of early shearing, he gains much wool, which formerly, when he put off shearing un- til the middle of June, the sheep would shed; and further, when thus early sheared, the viool immediately atterwards begins to start, and grows much quicker than when shearing is de- layed to the usual time. He says, formerly be- ing exposed immediately afterwards to the rays of the sun, their bare hacks would frequently become sore and scaby, where no wool will grow until healed, and then what does grow Irom these scars is thinner and coarser. It may be observed that Mr Potter has, at present, 950 sheep, which is his stock; and says that he has lost but two the last winter. Mr Potter does not wash his sheep previous to shearing. With great regard, Yours, &,c. LEMUEL W. BRIGGS. 1 could give sufficient history to convince any one that excepting extreme cases, large branch- es should not he taken off. If the top of the tree is too thick, it mu*t b > remedied hy thinning it in the small branclip'. If the tree be miwhapen, it must be borne v\i!h as what cannot, in many cases, be remf'dicd without great ultimate injury (o the tree. But uhen a man commences with an orchard, I am disposed to believe, occasion should never be given for asking the question, in what month or season of the year the pruning should bo performed. Nor will it, as I suppose, be of any importance when it is done. It is a kind of every day work, to he attended to when a man is among his trees, and to be performed as often as (here is discovered a superfluous or ill shaped branch starting forth. If an orchard is not large, all will be pcrform- led in this way. without an induslnuus individ- ual's knowing that he has really [la^^^ed a day in this work. If large, it may be neces-ary, once a fortnight or so, to make it a real snt business for which arrangements must be made in the plan of work. And a person, who will do this, will find just as much occasion to enter into all the discussions betbre the public, as he would to know what monlh or season of the year his cattle should be curried, or his own head comb- ed or beard trimmed. And he would have just as much need of a remedy to heal the wounds caused by the cutting off the branches, as he would to heal the places from which the few hairs this operation would take Irom him- self or cattle ; and I venture to say but little more. I speak not from theory only, but from practice. I prune, indifferently, at all seasons of the year, whenever I see occasion, and feel dispos- ed ; and as most of my trees are where i can see them frequently, the manner and time of their healing is a frequent and often every day subject of observation. And I mu.^t say that I think it of very smsll consequence at what time a limb ii taken off. But 1 cannot say the same in respect to the manner. This, if the branch is no longer than the finger, is of great impor- lance. The smoother the better. It is easy to perceive a great difference, at the time of healing, between one left as cut with the saw, and one made smooth with some sharp instru- ment. The greatest difficulty lies in the upper part of the liranch from which the limb cut off is taken. It is no easy thing, in many ca- ses, to gel the wood removed there sutficiently low and deep as to permit the bark to form readily and quickly over it ; and yet if this be not done, it is next to impossible to prevent the tree from suffering injury, when the branch re- moved is of any considerable size. I Inst sev- eral very fiuo trees before 1 observed this, and had more f^reatly injur-«d. Time spent in guarding au^iinst these evils is well spent. But enough. — Yi'U will do with this as your own judgment directs. Yours, with great regard, P. TO THE editor OF THK NEW ENGLAND FARMER. t Fra.7iklin, March 4, 1825. Mr Fessenhen, — In a late paper (page 241) your respi f ted correspondent, Dr, Peabody, describes a liisoase, which is of frequent occur- rence. Not only 'Jiorkhig oxen, but heifers and cows are frequently affiicted with it. From this circumstance, tiiai it is not confined to oxen, may it not be inferred tii.it it does not generuUy,\\^ your correspondent seems to suppose, originate in the cruelty of icamslers ? the supposition that it does, is a rffleclion on a )iorlion of our yeoman- ry, whicli I i ope few, very few of them are de- serving. Crufclly to animals is truly ro|)rehen- sible : and si]rely if there"are such " brutes" in human form as the Dr. says he has seen, they are dortbly deserving the severity he has bestow- ed upon llKUii. But admitting, what is perhaps probable, thr>t this flis.ease has its origin in " ex- trrnai vi-slv^ikc,'" > leel unwilling to believe that this TioicTi'ce is generally •'•inliicted by cruel teamsters." How often do we see cattle, some- times ajiparonlly in sport, sometimes in imitation of the more noble animal man, exert (heir ut- most strength, and iutlict upon their fellows, blows ot sufficient violence, to bt if not the im- mediate, the distant cause of deatin ? "Render every one their due,'" is a maxim thall -im wil- ling to extend even to the brute creation. Now if cattle do sometimes, under the influence of a kind of a martial spirit, engage in that honoura- ble calling, of destroying their own species — why not let them have the reputation of it? — Why should we rob them of that glory which is justly their due ? 1 am, Sir, Y^ours, &c. P. American Starch. — We have received from the manufactory, a very fine specimen of starch made from potatoes, under the superintendence of Dr William Perry, of Exeter, N. H. It is remarkably white and brilliant, and has the ap- pearance of a substance which has been chrys- (allized and then reduced to fine powder. Ladies, to whose trial and judgment we have submitted it, have pronounced it equal to the common starch now in use. A sample may he seen by calling at the office of the New England Farmer. Dr Perry informs us that he intends working up 4000 bnshels of starch the present year. 274 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [March 25, EXPERIMENTS. To ascertain, the comparative advantages of pre- paring and using by various processes,, and in different forms, several kitids of grain, fyc.for food for hogs, cattle, <5'C. Communicdted to the Trustees of the Maryluid .figricnltural Society, and by them ordered to be published in the Avicr- ican Farmer. INDIAN CORN. Five ounces of corn, (avoir(lii|)ois) just shell- ed from the enr, were [lul into 1 l-i pounds of boiling water, and boiled (or ten iiours. As the boiling eviijinr.ited tlie water, tlia vessel wa? til- led iiji with 1-2 a pound of cold water as often as appeared necessary'. Six pounds two ounces of w.iter were used; and when the boilin? vi'as done, there were eighl ounces of liquor, five of which were thick and rich, drained iVom the corn. Tlius drained, and brought to the state of hominy tolerably well cooked, the mess was found to wei^h 15 ounces. This experiment was made witli two views ; first to find what would be the increase of weight FLAX SEED. Five ounces of flax seed were next placed on (he coals in one pound ten ounces of wafer — and twelve ounces more water were added — This mess was very easily excited, and the oil boiled over more than once. What v as saved mud's a very rich looking mess of twenty-live ounces But nothing need be said in favour o( flax seed jelly — those who have used it, place it even before corn meal for fattening beeves. WHEAT SHORTS. Five ounces of good wheat shorts were cook- ed ill one pound ten ounces ai water, with the addition of eight ounces more during the boil- iig. When done the mess looked iilce a rich loblolly, and weighed thirty one ounces. In all these experimenis, that the increase of both bulk and weifi^ht was caused and made hy the water, aided by the agency of heat, there can be no doubt. And when it is considered that water is the greatest ingredient in the richest made soups ; and is the chief agrnt in the growth not only of herbs and plan!*, hut of — and 2ly, whether the process of boiling would '■ the huge oaks of the foreet, why may it not in not produce every desirable cflect, witliout the an jibsorbed and solid stale conduce to the trouble and expense of having the corn ground (jrowth and increase of a hog into meal. CORN MEAL. Five ounces of unsifted corn meal ivere mix- ed with one pound ten ounces of scaldin? water. Before it had boiled long, fearing it might burn, one pound ten ourices more of water were add- ed. The meal was well cooked in one hour : but the mess being thinner than was wished, the boiling was continued tor sonic time, to e- vaporate the water — but the meal appeared to hold the water by a powerful attraction, and parted with it very slowly. When (he process was slopped, (he niixliirr wais thianer !bap mush or hasty pudiling; bat ralhcr (bicker than g£«iel, and tva«' in an exceltent state to give to a sow suckling a farrow of pigs. The mess was again put into the scales, and (lie live ounces \ twice n day. and at (he same time. The even- ing feed of' the shoals fed on mush was general- ly warm— the morning feed having slood all night, ,vas always cold. The seven pounds, or ten [lints, of meal, when cooked, weighed an average of jO pounds, and measured an aver- age of three gallons. There was a ditTer- ence of nine pounds in the weight ol>lhe latter pair — the smallest had the least appetite, and his allowance of 15 pounds of mush ivasjust as much as he a|ipeared to want, or would eat up clear; (he other was greedy and always sharp sel, dis- palched his mess quicli,ly, and wauled more. Before the experiment had progressed a fort- night, there was a very perceptible differencn in (he appearance of these pigs. Those fed on the mush assumed a more thrifty, healthy, fresh appearance, particularly of (heir hair, and ihn difi'erence became more striking as ihe experi- ment advanced. Ou ihe 4lh January, 1825, ivhile preparations were making i't>r killing and dressing, they were again carefully weighed on (he hoof. One of those, whose daily alloivance had been seven poiinils of corn each, had increased 20 poun.ds in (be 31 days ; the other, who had had an equal allowance ofcorn had increased only five pound'. I could not account for this diilcrence by any tiling I could discover either before or alter kil- ling ; the a|ipetiles of these (wo were much more alike than of (be odicrs — and llieir health was apparently equally good. Of the pair fed on mush, nhose daily allou-- Hiice had been 3 1-2 pounds of meal each, the gitedy one had gained 23 pounds and the other 21 pounds. These are -.iil the material fads in these ex- poriments, except llnit a very small portion of salt was put into each mess of mush — and there is no miracle in them. The hogs allowed 3 1-2 pounds of meal each, gaineil less than 3-4 of a pound d.iily, and this suredy (hey miglil have gained from the meal ; but they gained more than those led on double that quanlKy of coin. The saving of one half the immense quantilyuf corn consumed in raising and fattening bogs in Maryland, vvould he well worth the oiler of a premium lo have ihcse experiments accurnlely repeated and tested by ditJerent persons. From Uls ^imtrican Farmer. COTTON SHOE THREAD. Shoemakers will long deny and at last reluct- antly acknowledge, (hat coiion-tiiread is heller for shoes than (lax ; but a shoe wearer and shoe buyer knows the tact, and wishes lo communi- cate it to the sons of Si. Crispin and to (he pub- lic. Cotton thread is slow lo ret, swells and dis* tends by moisture more (ban (lax, ar,d hence ihe seams of shoes, well closed by the (crmer, never rip. Shoes thus made are worth 10 or 12 per cent more than if made with flax ; but lo the , workmen Ihe use of cotlon is less agreeable, re- quiring more care lo prevent the breaking of the thread and some skill in att. idling the bristle. — Anil riiflicully standing in the way of old habits, is insurmountable by conmion minds ; hence Ihe necessity of good bristles, some little trouble in roughening them with a knile (o make (hem ad- here, tmd less carelessness in sewing, will long be formidable barriers in the way of this im- provement. Shoe makers stand in the predica- ment of Peter Pindar's razor seller. Makers yons writes that instances of hydro- |ihobia have been more frequent in that country than in England, though not so dangerous in It is desirable to collect all the information i their effects, from the sucsessful system which <5n the sub-ect of boring into the earth we can ; j was persevered in during the summer of 1823, it would greatly assist in forming some general j 1G21. He states that in the middle of .'one, conclusions, that might be of the greatest im- j 1G23, a man was severely bitten by a dog in a Dorlance ; we therefore earnestly solicit the at- I rabid state, which in a few days at'ler died ra- lention of those who have been, or nwy hereaf- vingmad. His wife in the agony of the moment, ter, be engaged in searching, by this meads, ei- i sucked the wound, completely cleatud it ol'the ther for fresh or salt water, or minerals, to the , poisonous matter, and by advice of her surgeon subject; and request each to furnish whatever | Monsieur Dupin, the operation of sucking was may be in his power, in the following order: — .continually repeated, the wound kept open, and 1. To describe the surrounding country,' a free discharge promoted. The man recovered and (he nearest mountains and highlands, ami and is now alive and well. Since the Isl of last the country between them and the place bored, Jure there have been no less than 3C persons noting their distances from it; and to send speci- ; bitten hy dogs in a rabid slate, who having all mens'of the most abundant rocks on the surface adopted the above precautionary system, not when a suitable opportunity may occur. I one of these has experienced any of those symp- 2. To state whether natural spiings arc nu-'toraatic feelings allied to hydrophobia, merous in the adjacent country, an'k 'of 3">u without lee or reward except practical experiments, that by leaving your ma- 1 «''''' "'«y ^'^'^ '» "'« pleasure of doing good nure to rot in your yards, exposed to the sun I Wealth, tame, honour, nothing m fact which and air, you lose the greatest part of the salts and gases, which constiiute its fertilizing pow- ers. You must therefore either carry it fresh on your lands while ploughing, so as to bury it at once, or put it in hea^s and cover if '.vith earth or lime, and have it under siiade. The latter substance is even alone an e.xcelient manure. — The quantity must vary, according to the soil and the object jiroposed to be attained. If you wish only l" increase your present crop, '25 busheis wiil.aQswer ; but 75 to 100 is rtMSMft- mendfed lor a lasting irai)tovement. The use of it in parts of this county may be ojiposed, on the supposition that it would not be useful upon onr Kmestonc lands. But it is a mistake — I have seen it used in Jersey and Pennsylvania, upon the very lields next to the kiln, with- very great effect. On ti>is subject, 1 strongly re- commend the pernsal of what has been written by Jesse Bael, Esq. the learned Recording Sec- retary of the board of agriculture. It is con- tained in the memoirs of the board, under the head of '• application of stable manure." It contains, in a few words,' a vast deal of inibrma- tion. I cannofpass under silence, our great neglect of our gardens, the more so when the perfec- tions to which our garden vegetables arrive, is a convincing proof of the excellence of our cli male and soil. Bo.-n and educated in what is called the garde^jf France, and fond of Horti Culture, 1 can assure you with confidence that the vegetables of that lavoured country do not equal ours. Besides the more common vegeta- bles, those two most valued, the cardon and cauliflower, grow here finer than I ever saw Ihem ; and we need not exclude frcm our gar dens any southern productions of the United Stales. I planted this year, much too late, from 4he difficulties of getting the seed here, some Carolina and sweet potatoes. They were plant- ed in open ground on the 9th of June, and you will see a few samples of them this day, which though not grown to their size, will prove that they may be raised without 'extraordinary care. The sea kale, the egg-pl.«jt, and the commonly incites us to exertion, is their object. When thoy impart to jou the fruits of their ex- perienced or scientitic research, were they sel- fish, they had better keep it to themselves. All the right of candour and disinterestedness ought therefore to accompany their voice. If it should be disdained in the halls of our capitol, it will yet have an important efTecf, if it influ- ences some of our young men in the cities and villages to live in the country, an independent, useful, and honouralile life, rather than waste it in idleness or aborfive attempts at some profes- sional calling; a bir.den to themselves, to their tamilies, and to society. The mention of manufactures and the sight of those tasteful ornaments must have brought to your minds the great share which the La- dies have had in encouraging this important branch of our solicitude. Their industry and emuiation cannot be too highly praised. It is and the sand withdrawn from them, which will expose any in=ccts that may chance to be there. This method then may be confi- dently recommended ; but for extensive culti- vation it is too troublesome. The experience of the New Jersey farmers, who supply our markets so profusely, has taught them nearly the same plan ; they plant the peach trees ia what they call a truck i)atch, in which they raise a succession of vegetables for market, and ii is constantly under tillage; in the spring of the year they caret'ully ridge up the sand as high as can be done with the plough, and in the au- tumn by throwing a furrow from them they again reduce it to its ordinary level. If during the summer by the appearance of gum around the stem, or other indications with which they are perfectly familiar, they suspect the insect to be at work, they scrape the sand from the root, search for and kill the worm, and then replace the sand as before. In a few years, by excessive bearing, the trees become exhaust- ed ; these are replaced from the nursery at an expense of 10 or 12 cents, by young trees of the roost v?luai>!e 4'arieties, that will become bearing trees at three years of age. By these means, we have secured to us a constant succes- ' sion of the most delicious fruit. Our next care should lu; to preserve a portion of these for winter use, by drying Ihem in the most perfect manner, and a reform in this particular is much wanted ; those dried in a kiln are very liable to be burned, and exposed to the open air they become injured by dusi, rain, and insects; the natural that our peaceful and harmonising oc- ne^te^i^ ^ogi economical, and efficient mode I cupations should be approved by them. Let us jij^ve heard of, is adopted by an enterprising therefore asl< of them a continuance of their smiles to cheer us, of their example to stimulate us, and their prayers to bring down the blessings of Heaven upon our labours. From the American Farmer, en THE CULTIVATION OF PEACH TREES AND DRYING OF FRUITS. John Hare Powel, Esq. Cor. Sec. of the Ptnn. ^'Igricultural Societ}/. Sir — Of the various modes prescribed for the preservation of the peach tree, from the very ruinous depredation of insects, there is, I be- lieve none so efi'ectual as that of surrounding the body of the tree, for several inches above the root, with either straw, toliacco, raw hide, or some other substance, that will prevent the fly from depositing it« egg in the situation most favourable to its developement, which is the trunk just at the surface of the ground. — One of my neighbours, an intelligent and ingen- ious horticulturist, uses sand as a protection, and has succeeded completely in preserving his farmer on the sea coast of Jersey, but who soon lost his peaeh trees from their proximity to the ocean; he built of very rough materials a small house, inclosing a common stove, surrounded by shallow drawers opening on the outside of the building ; the bottoms of these drawers were composed of narrow strips of wood similar to common plastering lath; in these drawers were placed the peaches cut in halves, the stones taken out, with the skins downwards ; by means of a moderate fire in the stove, the fruit was gradually and effectually cured — it was then thrown in bulk into a small loft within the same building, having an open work bottom similar to the drawers ; here they become fit for the market ; and if at any time damp weather should render it necessary, a little fire in the stove would disperse the moisture: these dried peaches were of a very superiour quality, and I have no doubt if this plan were adopted by those v/ho have extensive orchards, they would command a ready sale and good price. The mode adopted in France of preparing dried pre- serves, if practiced here would be Ukeljr to welJ 278 P^EW ENGLAND FARMER. [March 25, repay any individual that wotild undertake it ; it is simply to make a syrtip with 1 H). of Bognr to 3 quarts of water, in which the fruit must boil a few minutes, after having been previously par- ed ; they must then be drained on broad dishes laying singly ; after the bread is taken out of the oven, the fruit may be put in and left till it is cold ; these when sufliciently dried, packed \ip in neat little hoses, would supply a domes- tic article for our tables, in place of the foreign lusuries of figs, prunes, raisins, &c. ; rescue our valuable fruit from the distillery ; Ipdd to our stock of innocent indulgences, and open a new source of profit to the industrious. REUBEN HAINES. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, MARCH 25, 1825. jFarmrv's Calcntrar. sfeing wheat. It is to be hoped that you hfivc already, if vour ground was sulTiciently thauel, sowed vnur spring grain. There !=, hoHP\ it, time enough yet for that pur[io«e, in many i!' not in most cases within the sphere of the circulation of our paper. But the old maxim '• better late than never"' does not apply to t.'ie sowing of spring wheat. You had bettor no! sow your spring wheat at all, but use your land lor some other purpose, than not sow it in season. Seed wheat should be first run through a a screen to take out the seeds of cockle and other weeds, it will then be necessary to wash j'our grain thoroughly ; and you will find it very useful, and indeed indispensable to the obtaining of a good crop to sleep yoirr seed wheat in some proper liquid, stirring- frequent- ly, for at least 12 iiours before you sow it. — Young's Annuals contain details of a nurpber of experiments in steeping seed wheat in lie, lime water, and witer impregnated with arsenic. The result was that very smutty parcels, steep- ed in lie 12 hours and in lime water 21 hours produced crops entirely free from 'mut. Mr. f'eter Halloway, of Livingston, N. Y. in a comiiiunicalion published in " J\'Iemoirs of the Board of AgricvUure of the slate of jYczi] York''' vol. ii. page 204, says " I have found great ben- efit in my practice for (i\e or si.\ years past, by soaking my seed wheal in lime water from ev- ening until morning, and from morning till to- wards evening immediately before sowing. — This method will prevent smut and strengthen vegetation, it is a good practice to spread the wheat while wet on a floor, and sift slacked lime among it, turning it with a shovel as long aa the lime will adhere to it, and sow the wheat as soon as may be." This writer thinks that the ley of ashes is apt to kill the wheat, but as before -observed, Mr. Young nsed it with success; and it has been successfully made use of by many other agriculturists. Payson Williams, Esq, of I'ilchburgh, Mass, in obtaining one of his premium crojis, [&c JVew England Fanner, vol. ii. 1 7C] prepared his seed wheat by '' a thorough washing, afler which it was immersed in thick white-wash, made from good lime so as to coat every kernel — no fears need to be entertained from the plen- lil'ul use of this liqnor,as by vvay of experinient, J have pl,iiili-d wheat alter its lying in this liquor four days, which vegetated well." A variety of other ingredients, such as salt, blue vitriol [sulphate of copper] salt petre, urine, &,c. fee. have been recommended for forming steeps for seed wheat, but it is believed that lime is the safest and quite as effective as any ever used for that purpose. The quantity of seed to the acre recommend- ed by our best agriculturists is from 2 to 2 1-2 bushels. The wheat plants will be less liable to injury by drought if the seed is ploughed in with a shallow furrow. A light hor=e plough will answer the purpose. If it is meant to lay down the land to grass it will be best to harrow and roll the ground smooth after sowing. Mr. Williams, however, in raising the crop above referred to, suffered his ground to remain as it was left by the [dough '■ with the belief that the crop would endure our New England droughts better, as the surface would be eillarg- od, thereby retaining more of the dews than a plain surface." In order to level the ground for the scythe Mr. Williams passed a heavy roller over it in the fall. The Committee who recommended his receiving a premium were '' of opinion that the roller should be used im- mediatelv afler the seed is ploughed in." We believe, also, that a flat surface will better en- dure drought, than one which is left in ridges. It is true that when the surface is left in ridges it is enlarged and will receive more of the dew fee. but it will likewise be more exposed to the drying influence of the sun and air. It is recommended in Bordley's Husbandry to sow a border ol' rye round a field of wheat to prevent its being blastsd. That writer states that " Mr Isaac Young of Georgia, mixed rye among his seed wheat, and thus escaped the blast of his wheat. It was repeatedly tr'ed, till he was convinced of its elTcacy ; and then he sowed five acres with u-i:eat ■surrounded Xfilh a list (or border) 2o feet in breadth of rye ; this also succeeded, and being repealed is found a certain security to wheat." Farmers do not agree in opinion relative to the propriety of making use of manure with this crop. Some say that it encourages ihe growth of weeds, and is apt to cause the w heat to blast. Others, however, contend that it may be 1 nsed to advantage. Spring wheat grows be=l on 1 rich new lands, or on lands which have been well ' manured and borne clover, corn, or polaloes ; ihe preceding year. But li' the land is nol rich ' enough to produce a good crop, manure of some ;sort shoubl be applied. A writer in the Karni- I er's Journal sa_\3 "'Manure is not absolutely ! necessary for wheat, but if the farmer has any I to spare, he may here use it to advantage.-- No doubt the crop will abound most where the manure is properly applied." In many instanc- es well rotted barn yard manure has been used for wheat with complete success, but wood ash- jes, lime, and plaisler are the safest manures, aa they nourish the crop without exposing it to danger from blast. CLOVFR AND OTHER GRASS SEEDS. Spring wheat is a very good crop willi which to sow clover and otiier gra^s seed, ll is best to sow the grass seed and plough or harrow it in with the wheat. If it be scattered on the aurf.ice without being well covered, as the manner of some is, a pari does not vegetate, and that part which does will be liable to inju- ry from drought. Mr Williams, in his com- munication quoted above recommends plough- ing in grass seed with spring wheat, and says, " The quantity of grass-seed used by me, is never less than 12 lbs. of clover and one pound of herd's grass (timothy) to the acre. Here per- mit me to observe that innumerable are the in- stances in this country, where the farmer fails in bis grass crops by not allowing seed enough; and what is worse, the little he does give with such a sparing hand is suifered to take its chance under that pest \a agriculture called a bush harrow, which not only drags stones, and other loose matter into heaps, but leaves the .soil dead and heavy ; and docs not cover the seed deep enough to strive with our July droughts efi'ectually.~" I\Ir Alexaniler St. John, of Montgomery, New Yoik, in a communication published in the Me- moirs of the Board of Agriculture,- vol. ii. page 247, states in substance, that lie began with sowing four pounds of red clover seed and one. [lound of limnthy (herd's grass) seed to an acre; and from this manner of seeding generally cut trom one to one and an half tons of hay pjr acre, and Ihe quantity of fall pasture was not gieat. The mowing was slow and expensive as the grass stood thin and fell in every direc- tion. The stalk grew long and coarse and made poor hay. Afler mentioning some other ex- periments he observes Ihat he finds eight pounds of clover seed and seven of timothy seed is the proper quantity to be sown on an acre for mow- ing, or twelve pounds of clover seed on each acre for pasture. From land in a good state (,rciiltivalion,^thus seeded 1 noiv cut four tons of bay per acre, which is of good quality. The expense of mowing is not asmuch as formerly, as the grass grows rich and fine. If it lodges down, it generally falls one way so that the mow- er can proceed nii k .1. FRENCH Jr. Boston, March 25, 1825. No. : 13 ^Vashington St. NEW ENGLAND FARME: PUBLISHED r;V JOHN B. RUSSELL, ROGERS' buildings, congress street, BOSTON THOMAS G. KLSSENDEN, EDITOR. VOL. III. FRIDAY, APRIL L 182.0. No. .'i6. <©ri5tiial Communications. T. G. Fesspnden, Esq. Editor of the ■N'ew England Farmtr, l.MPROVEMENT OF FArxMS. Essex County, March 20. Dear .'^ir — Such are (he conslnnt variations in the n.iliire of IliR soil Ihrouirlioiit iilinost all K^Hvv Eiiglanit, thiit .T common farm of 60 or 100 acres can hardly' be taken up,wliere places c:innot be foimtl in some e the g;'r- den of God, and yet not knowing hnw to use them may suflier his field to be like the valley of salt. This arises from ignorance of the con- stituent parts of earth. In what ingredient one soil abounds, in what it is deficient, from what part of his premises he can take what will add richness to another part, from what two fields there shall be an exchange, which like the com- merce of nations, shall give riches to both. All, it is true, have some knowledge on this subject, but the knowledge of most is small. — And what is worse, there is, Mr. Editor, no way within the power of farmers immediately to remedy this. They are ignorant of those chem- icnl principles by which this can be determined, and it is not easy, 1 may say possible, under present circumstances, to possess themselves of them. It is true that direclions have been given in your paper and in other papers to an- alyze soils ; and these may be intelligible to those who are learned, or have seen them per- formed, but not so to farmers, with the advan- tages they commonly possess. And till there is some other means of information, progress in this part of agricultural science must be slow. Farmers cannot go abroad to get it ; their busi- ness confines them at home ; the rising genera- tion will enjoy better opportunities in the places of learning than the present generation, but far- mers want the advantage, which science already possessed, would give them. And among the means of sending these abroad among the farmers [of these states, it has occurred to my mind, and you will permit me to express the sentiment to you, that there should be employed by the Agri- cultural Societies, separately or in concert, some experienced and scienlilick men, to visit the sev- , oral towns in these states, and the farms of the members of such sor.ietics for the purpo=e of ac- I tually making experiments upon the soils, and as (ar as possible lUtermine their leading proper- itics. And further to give instruction in regard to the soils, which should be mixed, or what [manure is most promising on any particular j fields. You may be sure that it is a subject ! of vast impoi tanre to farmers, that additional information, on this subject, lie possessed, and information which scienlilick men have in their power to convey. By books they can do something — by papers they can do more, but in neither way can they do enough. 1 do not know hovv the method proposed may strike \ourminubli- cation, by way ot a note, confirmntory of the statement contained in my letter as to the im- portance of woad to ferment the indigo vat. — It is so difficult to induce our agriculturists and mechanics to make experiments, that nothing should be omitted which may lend to convince them of the truth of whatever may be of private or public benefit. It is a lamentable and notorious fact, that a too general belief prevails, that nothing u.seful can be learned from hooks, in relation to agri- culture or manul'actures. This prejudice being once removed, we shall soon equal those nations who now so much excel us. England has m ide most rapid improvcraenls in agriculture since the establishment of the nu- merous agricultural societies, which are now scattered over that kingdom. We must do the never raise Indian corn. Wheat is an arlirle of export even from the Biiltic and ijlack sph, and still we cannot shake oiT this fatal predilection for corn. 1 have about two bushels of woad seed which of his remarks now. Without Pastel or Woad or a substitule perfecllj analojfous, according to bun, there is no possibility of dying in deep unchangeable blue, (let Ihe materials l>e what thsv will,) of a superior quality. As this |)lant I shall be glad to give to any person who may is not indigenous to Ihe United States, and has wish to make an experiment. Should applica tion be made to your society for seed, please to require it of me. With great respect. Your obedient servant H. A. S. Dearborn. Pasiel or Woad important to our Farmers as a pro- duct, and to our Manvfocturers as a substitute for Indigo. The public are indebted to General H. A. S. Dearborn, of Roxbury, not only for Ihe transla- tion of an admirable treatise of C. P. De Las- teyrie, on the culture, preparation, history, and analysis of Woad, but amidst his numerous pub- lic avocations, for his spirited and judicious ex- periments upon its culture, and the process of obtaining a pigment from it. The Trustees of the .Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, in submitting his let- ter to the public, tender him their respectful acknowledo^emen's for his interesting communi- cation. They assure the public that Ihev have a Sjiecimci) of the pigment obtained by General Dearborn, very nearly resembling in colour and all its sensible properties, the most perfect In- digo. General Dearborn, in Ihe true spirit of a patriotic citizen, also authorizes them to as- sure the public, that he has two bushels of Woad seed reaily to be given to any person who may be disj>osed to cultivate it. The work translat- ed by General Dearborn may be had gratis by the Agricullural Societies throughout ihis state, '' by applying to the Corresponding Secreta- sarae. It is up hill work ; but I trust the spirit j ry of the Massachusetts .Agricultural Society ; of our best citizens will clear the way and pur- 1 General Dearboin having piesenled certain sue the object with patriotic zeal. Our farmers have not advanced in any degree in proportion, either to their natural intelligence or the progress of the arts in other countries. — They plant Indian corn to their ruin ; their or- chards are as neglected as their woodlands ; and after you get at a distance from considerable towns, horticulture is scarcely known. New England can furnish bread stuiT for the whole of ihe United States, and is still dependent on the southern states for flour. The states of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Vir- ginia do not yield, on an average, more than eight bushels of wheat to the acre ; and no part of New England yields much less than twenty, and from that to forty. I rode over a part of the District of Maine, New-Hampshire, Vermont, and this State, in 1816, and 1 presume then§ was twice as much wheat raised as in any other year. Notwith- etanding the season, the crops were never bet- ter, while the corn was generally destroyed. — Our farmers never will grow ricli until they abandon planting Indian corn ; it is ruinous to their prosperity. Wheat, rye, and barley are raised with more ease, are more certain, and nearly twice as valuable. Our ancestors found the natives living on hi- dian corn, and we do the same. I cannot dis- <;over any other reason why such a practice should picvail. The northern nations of Europe been in Europe considereil t)y the learned among many of a sim:|;ir nature, us deserving the pref- erence, the treatise concerning it, and espe- ciallv the .success of the experiments made here, for cultivating the same, must of course be re- garded as most precious and valuable acquisi- tions.^ " Mr. Treytorrens then goes on to speiik of a substitute for Pastel, but which he does not pretend to say is better, and which he calls Milk- weed, or silk-grass. What this plant is, or what part of it is used, does not appear. It will not, we are persuaded, supersede the valuable plant described in the following letter. Brinlcy-Place, [near Boston). Sir — As a citizen of Massachusetts, I feel great solicitude in every thing which may ceniribute to render the products other soil ofimpditance to the nation and render the labours of liio Ag- riculturist proiitable. As the Society of Ihis Commoniveaith for the encouragement of those objects, have recom- mended experiments and invited communications on all subjects interesting to the farmer, 1 here- with transmit a number of copies of a work, which I have tran.»lated from the French, on Ihe culture of Woad or Pastel, and the use o'f its blue pigment in dying. Desirous of testing the correctness of the ex- periments which are therein detailed, of the best methods of cultivating Pastel, and extract- ino' the indigo Irom the matured leaves of the plant, I sowed a piece of ground early in May, in drills, three feet apart, and at the (irst weed- ing thinned out the plants, so as to leave them six inches apart. . On the 1.5th of .August, I cut a part of the leaves, which covered ^'- part of an acre, and pursued the process contained in the Informa- tion upon the Art of e.rtracttng Indigo from the leaves of Pastel, published by order ot His Ex- cellency Montalivet, count of the empire and Minister of the interiour; contained in the trea- tises transmitted. The experiment sfncceeded to admiration, and I herewith send you a sam- [de of the Indigo obtained. The fermentation was perfect at the expira- ration of 48 hours. The liquor being drawn olT have made him (Mr Treytorrens) acquainted, ! from the vat'-', one bucket of lime water, prepar- he had knowledge of a work just published in [ ed agreeably to the directions contained in the iioslon, and sent by the translator, Mr H. A. S. treatise, was added to two of the liquor, and Dearborn, to the former gentleman. W'hen he! then agitated with a small wooden r.ike, for fif- ran it over and examined it, ho came again to teen minutes, when a most copious white froth me, wishing I should state to you his observa- 1 arose to the surface, which soon assumed a copic-s tor this end. Beibre we insert General Dearborn's letter, we would observe that a French gentleman of science. Monsieur De Caritat, has recently, in a letter to the New-York society ibr the en- couragement of manufactures, thus noticed and conlirmed the opinions of General Dearborn. — Speaking of a Mr. Treytorrens, a dier of Swit- zerland, he says : "Through the kindness and zeal of Dr. Mit- chell and Mr Janies Robertson, with whom 1 lions and discoveries, either relative to the^ub ject, or some other branches of his profession, lending to shew his devotedness to his adopted country, and particularly its manufactures. "The following nre nearly his words : — Pas- tel or Woad, on which n treatise has just been published in Boston, is well known and familiar to Mr Treytorrens, not as having cultivated it himself, which however he often saw and ob- served in the soil, nor manufactured, though ac- quainted with the process ; but as having em- ployed its product (or dying. Its quality, and its indispensable use with indigo to obtain a deep rich and superfine blue color will be the sole end bright blue colour. This froth ivas carefully skimmed oft" and put into earthen bowls to dry and gave me a quantity of "^cwrei?," as mention- ed at page 133 ; a quart of which 1 send you. The green flocculi were deposited in two hours. The superincumbent yellow liquor be- ing drawn oiT, an ounce of sulphuric acid, dilut- ed with water, to every bucket of the liquor, was poured into the green precipitate, which instantly changed it to a most beautiful cerulean blue : cold water was then poured into this ad- mixture and violently agitated for ten minutes. Twelve hours after, the liquor was drawn off and the blue deposition put into cloth filters to 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FAR'^vJER. 2?'5 drain. In twenly-fnur hours the indijro was per- feclly (liaiiifc'l, taken out, and put into ;i box ^vilh a linen bottom, which wiis placed in an airy situation, under cover. At the expiration of seventeen days, it had become a lenacioas paste ; was taken out with a wooden knil'e, and pressed into small boxes to dry. In two weeks the indigo was pert'cctly dry. At the expiration oi" twenty days, the plants which had been cut, were grown sufficiently large to cut again; which would give ot" course, three cuttings a year, in this northern climate ; hut it" sown in September, there might be four, if not five, cuttings a year. As the plants are not injured by the frosts of winter, they would, in this way be lit to cut in June. From this experiment,! am satisfied the follow- ing quantity of indigo could be made from an acre of ground. One cutting from j^'^ of an acre gave, of indigo, half a pound. One cutting from one acre Iherelore, would have given thirty pounds — four cuttings, one hundred and twenty pounds. The present price of indigo is two dollars per pound ; therefore, one acre of land, cultivated with Pastel, would produce to the farmer, two hundred and I'orty dollars. I wish you to distribute some of the books I have sent, among the different agricultural so- cieties in this slate, and the remainder in such manner as will best tend to dilTuse a knowledge of the advantages which the agriculturists and diers of this state may derive from the cultiva- tion and use of Pastel. If the present pacific state of the world is ad- verse to the extension of the cultivation and ■use of Pastel, as a dying material, it is never- theless important, that the advantages which the different sections of our country may reap, at some future period, from this plant, should be known, when less l^avourable circumstances shall combine, to deprive us of the colouring ingredients, now so easily obtained, from every part of the globe. During the war, indigo was four dollars a pound in !>Jew-Er)gland and New-York. It is of the first consequence to a nation, that it can, at all times, be able to rely on the re- sources of its soil and industry, for not only the necessaries but the luxuries of life. The resources of the United States are as yet, very imperfectly developed ; but the rapid advances, which are now making in chemistry, mineralogy, botany, agriculture, and the me- chanic and fine arts, warrant the most favour- able anticipations of the future glory, prosperity, happiness and red] independence of the repub- iic. Besides the advantages arising from the cul- tivation of woad, as a pigment for dying, it is indispensably necessary for fermenting the iiith'- go vat. For this purpose, the green leaves are ■used, or they are made into cakes, balls or pe- lotes, as described in the treatise. It is a notorious fact, among well taught, sci- entific and experinced diers, that a deep, per- manent and brilliant blue cannot be produced, unless the indigo vat is fermented with woad. It has long been used in France, Germany and Holland, in preparing the indigo vats in the best manufactories of those countries, and is now used in England ; for it is found impossible to imitate the justly celebrated 7iaval blues of France without it. A more perfect fermenta- tion is thereby produced, in solution. The colouring pigment, prepared in this manner, ailaches itself so (irmly to the t:iliricks, ihat clotlipf tl'.us died appear of a deep uniform and beautiful blue ; the colour does not nib oil, and never fade-! by exposure to wot, heat or the air, but remains permanent and unchanged. There is no art less perfectly understood in this country, than dying ; and it has been owin"' exclusively to the exertions of the first chem- ists of Europe, Ihat it lias been reduced ton perfect system, and the whole process conduct- ed ou known established principles. Formerly there was a mysleriousness in the process, which for a long time excluded all at- tempts at investigation. Those who practised the art, made it a [pcinl to keep, as important secrets, whatever they ia^ew, aiul like the man- uficturers of glass, sutltred no inspection of tlieir labours, lest they should be robbed of an imaginary treasure. There were no means within their power of delecting the causes of failure in the preparation of their vats, for they were ignorant of the chemical effects of the different ingredients used. They merely knew from practice, or tradition that a certain com- bination of materials made a red, blue, yellow, or green die, and if from an injudicious admix- ture the anticipated result did not take place, they merely said they had " bad luck.'" Long custom had created prejudices, which forbade instruction, and, like many individuals of every mechanic art, the diers laid it down as an axiom, thai nothing useful could be learned from books, or instruction communicated by individual', who had not served an apjirentice- ship, and laboured in the same vocation. The vast strides which have been made in knowledge during the last fifty years, have ieen confined to the schools of the literati, or only known to the secluded philosopher. Useful discoveries in the arts, instead of giv- ing eclat to the laborious investigator and pa- tient experimentalist, have been extensively disseminated. The perfection of European manufactories is attributed to chemical investigation. The superior manufactories of painters' col- ours, earthen ware, and porcelain, soap, medi- cinal preparations, the working of metals, the art of dying and distilling, and the astonishing improvements in agriculture, are some of the important effects, which have resulted from the chemical pursuits of the learned individuals, societies and academies of the last half century. Although the United States have progressed in civilization and the arts, in a manner un- parallelled in the annals of nations, still much remains for inquiry ; and it is the duly of every citizen to contribute, by every means within his power, whatever may tend to advance the best interests of all classes of society, and ren- der our nation industrious, learned, independent and happy. With great respect, Your obedient servant, H. A. S. DEARBORN. Fi\m the Amerirun I'arnur. CURE FOR CIIOLIC IN HORSES. Brunsu-ick Cuunly, Feb. 12, 18'.:.';. Sir, — Noticing in No. 45, of the Farmer, the case of yoursorrel horse, induces me to inform you of a never failing remedy for the cliolic in the horse, having used it invariably with success for the last i.'5 years. 1 obtained my informa- tion from a tiavelling genlieman, who said also that he never knew it fail. It is nothing more tlian half a pound of glauber s.ills administered in a drench. 1 generally guess at the quantity and no doubt frequentl3' give more, for it will do no harm. How it has this powerful and im- mediate effect, I submit to others (o point out ; but it certainly will give enlire relief in lifleeu or twenty minutes, not only to the horse but lo the ox. Although I have had a knowledge of this remedy forsuch a length of lime, and have always recommended it to others who had horses labouring under this disease, with success loo, 'still there are only a few who, knowing of this I remedy, are willing on all occasions to apply it, \vhich can be accounted for in no other way than that its simplicity makes them incredulous as to its effects. After you, Sir, have been con- vinced of the efficacy of this remedy, you would do a signal service lo the community lo endea- vour, through your paper, to impress them with a sense of its utility. Some time since, I cautioned my son of this remedy, who has his first horse ; a few days afterwards one of my horses was taken with a violent spasm of the stomach ; 1 carried my sou out with his watch to witness the happy effects of salts ; the horse was in such pain as to be un- able lo stand to be drenched, it was given him as he lay ; in fifteen minutes he appeared to be perfectly easy and went to a pool to drink. — Notwithstanding this, his own horse (from home at the time) being taken with symptoms similar to those you described, instead of applying my remedy, was persuaded, by knowing ones, to try other it'inedies with no effect, after which he had recourse to the sails, which relieved hitn immediately. To pound Red Pepper. — One of your subscri- bers in a late Number wishes to know how to prepare Cayenne, or Red Pepper, for the table. Let him crush the pods a little, or clip them with scissors and mix them with only as much flour and water as will cause the particles to adhere; being made up in the form of a biscuit, bake it slowly until perfectly dry, when it will pound easily. Your very humble servant, RICH. K. MEADE. Elegant furniture is manufactured from the red bay wood of Florida. This is one of the most abundant productions of the soil, and is said to equal the best mahogany for beauty or durability. The Vermont Gazette states that an extensive bed of Iron Ore has been discovered in the South part of Dorset. The quality is such that a horse-shoe has been wrought in a blacksmith's fire, directly from the Ore. Prize Questions. The editors of the Carolina Journal of Medicine, Science and Agriculture have offered medals of ^20 value, or books, for the best essays " on the bilious remittent fever," and " on the best method of draining marsb and swamp lands, and fitting them for cultivation.'" Essays to be sent (post paid) on ox before N»ir. next 286 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [April 1 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 1825. NOTICE.— The office of the New England Farmer is removed to No. 31 Congress street, corner of Lindall street, four doors from the Post Office. — Several communications have been received. BEES. Carefully inspect your bee hives, and if they are found light, or the bees appear to be in a weak and languid state, it will be best to feed them. We have given some directions for that purpose, vol. ii. p. 278, but as we have many subscribers who are not in possession of that volume, we will repeat the substance of our former observations, and give some additional remarks. If the hive should appear to be light when raised in the hands, or the weight of the swarm should be otherwise ascertained to fall short of four pounds exclusive of the hive, j'ou will do well to give them a little I'ooil. In this case particular care must be taken to ;;void the robbery of other bees. The best period for feeding the bees is the evening, and on the fol- lowing morning take away the surplus t'ood, and restore it again in the evening. The sense of smell in bees is so acute that it immediately scents the food, which may be placed in a hive, and an attack on it will be the consequence. It is recommended to feed bees with honey mixed with good old white wine in the propor- tion of si.\ pounds of honey to one of wine ; it should be placed on a slow fire and stirred till the honey is all dissolved. The following is recommended by Mr Huish : — "Dissolve one pound of sugar in a quart of good old ale ; boil and skim it until it is clear; when cool it will have the consistence of honey, and may be giv- en your bees." The Cottager's Manual says, " the warmer the hives are kept in March, [or A|)ril in this country] the better, as it accelerates the hatch- ing of the eggs, an. We hope that the valuable article, which we have this day republished from the Massachu- setts Agricultural Journal, on the above mentien- ed subject will meet the attention it merits from Agriculturists and Manufacturers. It appears to us to be well calculated to increase the re- sources and augment the wealth of the United States ; and as such, claims the consideration of the statesman and the merchant as well as those who may be employed either in the cultivation of woad or in applying it to its uses in our man- ufactories. Gen. Dearborn has been so good as to oblige the Editor with a copy of his translation of the treatise on woad by C. P. De Lasleyrie. This we hope to give to the publick through the me- dium of our paper, either in whole in part, as we can find room in our columns. The opinions of Gen. Dearborn respecting the culture of Indian corn do not coincide with those of some of our ablest agriculturists. They were expressed immediately after the signal failure of that crop in 181G, when it was almost a general sentiment among practical as well a3 scientific cultivators that the culture of that plant in New England was unprofitable and therefore unwise. TO The EDiTon of the new England farmer. POTATOES. Slockporti {Pa.) March 22, 1825. Mr Ff,ssf.kden, — I thank your correspondent* 1025.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 28: ' J.M.' &C-. for (heir infortnntion respecting the culture of Onions. As the peaoon ir' approaching, I may make a few remarks respectiiiaf raising polatoes. It ever was my opinion, that the best and most forward of every kind of (noduce should be taken for seed. I never approved of cutting seed potatoes, or, as some people do, taking the small ones for seed, thinking they were of later growth and not arrived to natural perfection. Last spring 1 took one bushel of what is here called " Oj; iVo6/cs." to try the experiment in my garden. 1 assorted them in three qualities — the largest, the middling size, and smallest. I planted them in bills — one row, — one large po- tatoe in a hill. Of the middle, about an equal weight in a hill, — and of the smallest kind, about an equal weight in each hill. The re- sult was, the hills of large potatoes came up first, grew with the largest and strongest stalks, produced the earliest and largest potatoes, and much the greatest quantity to the hill ; although an equal weight of seed of each kind was plant- ed in each class o( hills. I also further observed in digging them for early use, that the large seed potatoes were perfectly hard and sound. I broke all the sprouts and roots off a number of them — and planted them carefully ; again they came up as before, and the same seed produced a second crop before frost, of from one to two ounces weight ; — when the seed of the second class was soft and decaying, and that of the third class or small ones, perfectly rotten. As the proverb is — ' one swallow docs not make summer'' — I wish for others to try the experi- ment in different soils and publish their obser- vations. SAMUEL PRESTON. [remarks by the editok.] We believe it is a fact well ascertained, that, other things being equal, the largest and best potatoes when planted for seed, will produce the greatest crop. But not the same necessity for washing the sheep as the wool is much cleaner, more free horn s.uul and dirt when taken olf early, than it will be if sutTerc'd to remain on their backs until a hot sun has compelled them to seek a refuge under the walls and fences. Yours, &lc. Lkjiuci. W. Bkiggs. The Pennsylvania Institute are to have an exhibition in Oct. to continue 3 days, and have oQered premiums for steel— iron pipes— anvils— green paint— water col- ours—crueibles-pottery-glass ware— broadcloth— ne- gro cloth— cassimere-flannel— green baize— blanki ts — carpeting — sattinett — blue and yellow nankeen— chintzes — calicoes — solempores — cambric muslin—- cotton thread — loom stockings— linen shirtings— gilt buttons— sole leather- rusfia leather— morocco — bncka, kiJ, sheep and horse-skin gloves— japanned leather— and pianofortes. American Glass. Our attention was called yester- day to the examination of a novel, curious and elegant specimen of American industry .aud talent from the glass making establishment of Messrs 13akewell, Page aud Bakewell, of Pittsburg. It consists of cut glass tumblers, in the bottom of each of which, by a very in- genious process, is imbedded an excellent likeness of some distinguished American citizen, as Adams, Jackson, Lafayette, t-c. The likeness is formed of a composition having the appearance of silver, and al- though presented in bold relief, every part is enclosed in the solid glass, and is consequently indelible. Ballhnore American. The citizens of Baltimore have petitioned Congress for a share of the Public business. — The inhabitants of many places shew an unceasing vigilance in guarding or promoting the interests of their cities. All the Gunboats, except one, built at Philadelphia for the Colomliian Republic, had arrived at Laguira previous to March 1. 400 bills are before the Legislature of N. York, and 130;) petitions hare been presented. The lands lately obtained by the U. S. of the Creek Indians for Georgia, embrace more acres than several Stales. A new institution, called the Bank of North America, will go into operation at Providence in abont a month. The Governor of the Province of N. Brunswick has .v„x „,„ „,„, J , , u ij 1 ,: recommended to the Legislature the appointment of an that the same seed potatoe should produce a second r ■ , .u < c , r' i r .u d \ "^ __"' i Engineer to survey the route 01 a Canal irom the Bay of Fundy to the Gulf of St. Lawrence — and surveys for DRY and Ground WlHJi: LICAU, of a superior quality, for sale in lots to suit purchasers. ALLUM, in l>bls. of 300 lbs. 1 BLUF, VITRIOL, of a siiperiorqiiality. RKFINEO .'^ALI'l'EKRF, in k of 112 lbs. DUPONT'S superior GUNPOVVl)KR-|or sportine' or blasting — warrant! d equal to any powder to be had in the United States, for all purposes to which Gunpow- der is applied. This powder is sold at wholesale or rt- lail. SHOT- BALLS— ILLNTS,— at wholesale or retail. Also — 10,000 gallons of Dyer's superior red and white CURRANT WINE, put uji in kegs of 6 gallons, quar- ter casks of from 28 to 30 gallons, and pipes of 110 gal- lons.' E. COPELANU, jr. 8t 36 65 Broad street. Tjl PARSONS ii CO. City Furniture warehouse, M2j» Union Street, near the Union Stone, keep con- stantly on hand for sale, a general assortment of furni- ture, chairs, looking glasses, feathers of all kinds, fire sets, brushes, bellows, &c. Sec. Boston. March 25. crop IS to us new and extraordinary. The Hon. Mr FiSKE, in his Address to the Worcester Agricultural Society, published in the New England Farmer, vol. ii. page 145, says, " the potatoe is not susceptible of veg- etation until the season succeeding its growth." Mr Preston's experiment proves that two crops may be raised in the season from the same seed potatoe. This discovery is curious, and may lead to some useful re- tult ; and we agree with Mr Preston, in the wish that experiments similar to his, may be repeated, and their results published. PATENT HOES— Notice is hereby given, that the subscribers are appointed the sole agents for ven- ding J. & A. Fak''s Patent Hoes, which are offered for sale at factory prices by A.D. WELfJ i- J. FRENCH Jr. Boston, March 25, 1825. No. 713 Washington St. FOR sale at this Office, Ruta Baga, Mangel W urt- zel, and Sugar Beet seeds, raised this season, by John Prince, Esq. Roxbury. The Ruta Baga seed is from superiour roots, from seed not two years since from Sweden. Feb. 11. The following paragraph has reference and should have been added to an article published in our last No. page 273, under the head "Shear- ing Sheep." It was not received till too late for insertion in our last. Mr Fessenden, — By way of postscript, if you please, you may add what follows to the observations which "l sent you a few days since on the earbj shearing of sheep. "Mr Potter says that he has found from actual experiment, that he not only gets more wool, which would otherwise be Icst.iibHt the succeed- improving the navigation of the rivers of the Province The Cotton-Gin house on the plantation of the Vice President of the United States, in Abbeville District, S. C. was burnt down on the 18th ult. and 45,000 lbs. of seed cotton destroyed. The fire was occasioned by the friction of a machine which had lately been erected. An Egyptian Sarcophagus weighing 30,000 lbs. has been transported to Paris. A person advertises in a Portland paper, a Farm to let, on shares, to " a faithful, industrious man — none need apply that loves billers.^^ Whales, some of which are of an enormous size, have made their appearance off Cape May — two boats are out in pursuit of them. A whale, which will make from 30 to 40 bbls of oil, was recently taken by some young men fromEdgartown, who went off in two boats. Other whales have been noticed in that vicinity. A young man who is a coachman in London, is said to have established his claim ts the restored earldom of Perth. The brother of the young man is footman to a British Admiral. It is supposed that had the proposed Ship Canal, from the English to the British Channels, existed at the time of the late heavy gale in England, property to the amount, at least of 200,000/. independently of many lives, would have been saved. It is stated in the Whitehall (N. Y.) Emporium, that ing wool will be from 1-2 to 1 inch longer if I '' '^ 'O the contemplation of government to remove the sheared early, than it will be if delaved to 'thp r™'^'"'^"'- ^"^^ °^^*' ^'"''^^ (which are very consider- usual time ^ ^^.^ri.,!' l:A^:^:i^:'^Cy^Z^--^^^^ P-=.t»'e .hips PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE. &:c. FROM TO D. C. D. C. APPLES, best. bbl O O^ 2 50 ASHES, pot, 1st sort, -^- - ton. 102 104 00 pearl do. - - - - 104 00 106 00 BEANS, white, bush 1 10 1 17 BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - bbl. 9 50 10 00 cargo. No 1, new, - - 7 25 7 50 " No 2, new, - - 6 00 6 25 BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new. lb. 14 15 CHEESE, new milk, - - - - 7 8 skimed milk. - - - 3 5 FLAX - i—s --■■-." - - 9 10 FLAX SEED -.*--- bush 83 FLOUR, Baltisiore, Howard St bbl. 5 37 5 50 Genessee, ... 6 00 6 12 Rye, best, - - - 3 87 GRAIN. Uye bush 57 58 Corn - - - - . 47 48 Barley - - . - 50 Oats - - . - - 30 31 HOGS' LARD, Ist sort, new, - lb. 11 12 HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - e 11 LIME, cask 1 25 1 50 OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern gal. 75 80 PLAISTER PARIS retails at ton. 4 50 4 75 PORK, Bone Middlings, new, bbl. 14 00 16 50 navy, mess, do. 13 50 14 00 Cargo, No 1, do. - - 13 00 14 00 SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - bush 2 00 2 25 Clover lb. 7 8 WOOL, Merino, full blood,was.h 60 70 do do unwashed 40 45 do 3-4 washed 45 50 do 1-2 do 37 42 Native - - - do 27 35 Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort 48 52 do Spinning, 1st sort 40 42 PROVISION MARKET. BEEF, best pieces - - - - lb. 8 10 PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . 7 8 " whole hogs, - - - 7 8 VEAL, - - - 4 8 MUTTON, 5 9 POULTRY, 8 10 BUTTER, keg & tub. 13 18 lump, best, - . - 15 20 EGGS, 10 12 MEAL, Rye, retail, - - - - bush 65 70 Indian, do. - . - - 60 65 POTATOES, .... 37 50 CIDER, liquor, .... bbl. 2 75 3 00 HAY, according to quality, ton. 16 0( 20 00 I 288 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [April 1, iHisccUanics. BY T. C. FESSENDEN. PHYSIOGNOMY. The Deity, in kindness to our race, Hath set a stamp on every human face, By which, together with the shape and air, A shrewd observer may at once declare, From characters of no ambiguous kind, What are the leading lineaments of mind. Your savage-seeming, verjuice-visag'd noddies Have minds, in general, fitted to their bodies. Nature, with all her whims, is rarely known To gild the casket of a worthless stone. Of reptiles venomous there are but few. Which are not likewise loathsome to the view. There are exceptions to these general rules. When wise men show the indices of fools ; Shrewd ^sop, and sage Socrates, we're told, Had features fashion'd in the roughest mould ; But these may rank among anomalous cases, And few bright minds are blurr'd with ugly faces : And where the soul is barbarous and rough The body is of corresponding stuff. God never meant to mask his human creatures, And passions mould and modify the featnn ■:, Till one as plainly may peruse their trace?, As read a label in their tell-tale faces ; The signs are sure as text of holy book. For tlius we say one has a haiiging look ; That man's appearance indicates a quiz, This man exhibits an assasin's phiz. But grief and care too commonly we find, Or hopeless love, eclipse the brightest mind ; Anxiet}' the fairest visage shrouds. And mental light scarce glimmers through the clouds When we perceive the wan brow overcast, Scath'd by the lightning of misfortune's blasts 'Tis worth one's tender and judicious care To dissipate the gloom that's gather'd there ; And if it rose from carking care or love. Which time and tender treatment may remove. The wand of friendship haply we may find May call back sunshine to the darkened mind. A pleasing vnriety of joint stock companies, founded of course most disinferestedly for the public advantage, have of late year-s risen like exhalations : there has been a Bread Company, a Beer Company, a Pawnhrokering Company, a Washing by Steam Company, a Stove Grate Company, and many others, none of which need he now mentioned, excepting the Jihhrncy Alllk Company, the last-born olTspring of monopoly. — This nutritious society profe??e« to purvey the vaccine beverage in undduted states; and diffi- dent of the absolute uncorruptness of its yoke- bearing agents, sends thorn forth furnished with pails, under the security of lock and key, so that the fluid can only be drawn olT by means of a tap. it appears that the directors are persons of whom it can be said wilh truth — Their souls proud science never tau^-fct to stray Far as the Solar Walk or Mdkywny, for they have invented a philosophical instru- ment called ^Lactometer. One of their custom- ers having complained, that the article wilh which he had been formerly supplied, was su- perior to that of (he Compitny ; " Say you .so ?" »ei>liod the indigna.nt dairyman, " then 1 (vill bring my lactometer to-morrow, and convince you of your mistake." In thi? age of science, we may fairly expect soon to find milkmen with F. R. S. appended to their names, and cheese- mongers and tapsters, who — Can tell by sines and tangents straight, If cheese or butter wanted weight ; And by a geometric scale, Can take the size of pots of ale. Lond.pap, Dr Greene's Cure for Drunkenness — Whenever you feel an inclination to drink spirituous liquor (grog) drink cool fresh water. This is an ef- fectual cure, and in a very short time, you will make a sober man, out of the greatest drunkard. Drunkenness, the Doctor says, is a disease of the stomach, and cool water is the remedy. In an answer of the Doctor to a letter I sent him, relative (o my sickness and drinking spirituous liquors, it contained in substance what I now write, and, thank providence, it has perfectly cured me of that dreadful disease called drunk- enness. I can now attend to my business, and can say, that a sober life is a good life — a saving of many things ; it is a saving of cash, it is a saving of the constitution, it is a saving of a man's credit. THINGS I NEVER SAIV. 1. I never saw n printer get two thirds of his subscription money. 2. 1 never saw a constable, nor a squire, get very rich by his olBce. 3. 1 never saw a mountebank speak in favor of a regular bred physician. 4. I never saw a man get wealthy by horse- swapping. 5. I never saw a gambler who would not tell a fib, IF he was hard run ! 6. I never saw a woman opposed to petticoat government. 7. I nover saw an old bachelor offer courtship to an old maid ; nor a young girl accept of a poor old bachelor. 8. 1 never saw a widow refuse marrying on account of her age ! 9. 1 never saw a man thrive by the plough, who did not either hold or drive. 10. I never saw a clean hearth and a drunken wife in the same family. 1 1 . I never saw a subscriber praise the ediior, afler he was sued for the paper. ever, to strike either the Guanico or the Ostrich with them, in the chase, but they discharge them so that the cord comes against (he legs of the Ostrich, or two of the legs of the Guanico, and is twisted round them by the force and swing of the balls, so that the animal, . being unable to run, becomes an easy prey to the hunter. ^= Lond. pap. An inhabitant of Corfu, who recently returned to that island after an absence of 38 years, found his wife in good health, but the widow of three husbands whom she had succesively married. This man was a mariner, who had long resided at Spitsbergen, where he employ- ed himself in the whale fishery. JOSF.PH BRIDGE, No. 25, Court street, has ju.st received, per London Packet, Capt. Ward, and for sale, a large assortment of Garden, Field, and Grasi Seeds, which added to his former stock, makes the most extensive variety in New England — among them are, 40 bushels early and late Peas, various kinds. Eeans, various kinds, Early and late Cauli- (lower. Cabbage, various kinds, including the follow- ing new and choice kinds, viz. St. Georg- es, Plows Early, Wel- lington, Imperial, and Ratcatcher, Lettuce, various kinds. Melon, do. do. Early Frame, Short Top, Scarlet, Salmon, Blk. Spanish, Red and \\ hite Turnip Radish, 100 lbs. jVangd U'lirl- stl. Sugar Beet, 200 lbs. Carrot, Salsnjie, or Vegetable Oyster, Scorer.era, Chervil, Red, While and Italian Celery, Batavian and curled Endive, Sweet Marjorum, Thyme, Summer and Winter Savory, Sage — Baum, Sweet Bazil, Lavender, Lveerne, Red and White CloV'j Herd's Grass, Foul Meadow, Red Top, &c. 150 lbs. Rutabaga, Wilh over 200 varieties of Ornamenlal Seeds. Gar- [ den Tools, viz : — Pruning and Budding Knives — Pru." ning Saw? — Garden Reels and Lines— Edging Irons — Rakes. Dutch or Pushing Hoes, Transplanting Trowels. Bird Seeds, Green House Plants, and Flower Pot» FViiit and Ornamental Trees. Mex. Tiihch, Esq. — This respected individual, on the 26th ult. closed a long lite of literary and scientif- ic devotedness ; during which he displayed indiiatig- ahle industry and zeal in worthy public pursuits, and was no less distinguished for integrity and excellence in the private relations of life. He was for many years the editor of the "Philosophical Magazine ;"and r. jirin- cipal proprietor and director of the "Star" newspaper. He also engaged in other periodical as well as distinct publications ; and in none we believe, ever broached a sentiment which could shed a cloud upon his dying bed. Erperl Slingers. — The natives of Patagonia carry a missile weapon of a singular kind, tucked into thegirdle. It consists of two round stones, covered with leather, each weighing above a potnul, which .^re fastened to the two ends of a string, about eight feet long. This is used as a sling, one stone being kept in the hand, and the other whirled round the head till it is supposed to have acquirt-d sutficieut force, and then discharged at tlio object. They are so expert in the management of tliis doiible headed shot, that they will hit a mark not bigger than a shilling, with both the stones, at the distance of fifteen yards : it is not their custom, how- OR sale, as usual, at the Ktnrick Place^ near Brighton. The Nurseries have been much enlarged, and contain a variety of Pears, Apples, Cherries, Plums, Apricots, etc. Also, the finest variety of budded Peach Trees known in America ; con- sistingof a choice collection of about 40 of the most ap- proved kinds in our best gardens, or seen in the markets ; the Peach Trees are from five to eight feet high, and sold at the moderate price of 30 cents each, of good sized ornamental trees, the flowering Horse Chesnut, flowering Catalpa ; European Mountain Ash ; Weeping Willow ; the Evergreen Silver Fir, and the Larch; English Walnuts and Butter Nuts, both of which are justly admired for their fruit. Currant Bushes of the large prolific red kind, of all sizes, by the dozen, hundred, or thousand, on moderate terms. Also, the black, white, and Champaign do ; I red and white Roses ; Lilacs ; Ensrlish Grapes, &c. Orders addressed to JOHN or WILLIA.M KENRICK, and sent to the Brighton Post Office, or to the Office of DAN.\ Si FENNO,Brokers, in State-street, Boston, will be duly attended to. N. B. Trees will be packed in clay and mats for ship- ping, and conveyed to Boston when ordered ; but gen- tlemen at a distance should employ some agent to re- ceive and pay for them. On Wednesdays and Saturdays, trees will be de- livered in Boston, free of charge for conveyance. As one year's growth is often lost by greatly diminishing the roots, if the trees survive, special care will be takeu for their preservation. Feb. 25. TERMS OF THE FARMER. OCJ^Publisherl every Friday, at Three Doi.t.abS per annum, payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within sixty days {rom the time of subscribinj will be entitled to a deduction ot I'liTV Cents. 1 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Published by JOHN B. RUSSELL, at the coiner of Congress and Lindall Slrfcls. (Four doors from the Post OfTice) Boston.— THOMAS G. FF.SSENDKN, Fditor. VOL. III. FRIDAY, APRIL 8, 1!!2.'3. No. M. ©rtgCiial Commumcntious. T. G. Fessende.v, Esq. EdiloT of lilt jVfw England Farmer. PASTURES. IFolpulc, JV. 11. April 2, 1025. Sm, — It is now a genoral opinion and I Relieve a well founded one, tlint old jnisttirep, if tlioy have been well used, and are in good condKion, arc belter tlian new ones. The rea- son of it I lake to be Ihi?. The dllTeretit Idnd^ of grass are numerous and spring up and come 10 inalurity at very dllTerenl times. In new pas- tures ihere are one or t\vo dilTerent kinds, and by being fed down as soon as they come up and being kept short, the growlh of the grass is checked, and no other kinds spring up in suffi- cient quantities lo supply' their place. But in old pastures the different kinds oi' grass natural to the soil have been inlroduced, antl when one is consumed, the others grow up to supply its place, the constant rotation tlius produced, at all times gives sufficient nutriment to the ani- mals pastured u|ion it, if it is not overstocked. But in order thai this system should have ils effect, judicious management is necessary. If ihe cattle arc turned into it too early in the spring, ihey eat olT that which first comes up before it has grown large enough to afford any shelter to the succeding crop, and that in if? turn falls before the hungry cattle. The roots of the grass are laid bare and are scorched » hI \T;iherecl by the heat of the sun in midsnmmer; the more nutritious kinds of grass are elfeclu- ally killed out, and nothing liut a miserable crop ofsic'kly and wiry spear grass, which Ihf cattle will almost sooner starve than eat, is lefi to bear witness to the injudicious managemfnt oflhe husbanilman. In this way in a few years many excellent pastures are ruined. it is undoubtediv the best economy in the farmer to buy hay, if necessary, tn kee|i his cattle till the grass has fairly started in the spring, rather than to turn them out to gain a poor living at the expense in the end, of ile- slroying his pasture, which is perhaps in such a situation that it cannot be plot)ghed, and is thus forever lost. A YEOMAN. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Mr Fessendpn, — The following recipe may be relied on, as it is confirmed by experience. Connecticut. DORCAS. TO make yeast that will keep six months. Boil ^Ib. hops in two gallons soft water ; when boiled 1-2 an hour, add 1 table spoonful of salt, 1-2 pint of molasses, 2 quarts rye meal, 1 -2 pint good common yeast, let it stand fill it ferments, (hen stir in Indian meal lill if is as hard as it can be made, then roll it to about the thickness ol hair an inch and cut it in pieces of 2 «r 3 inches dianifter, lay it on a board, and dry it in the sun, or in a warm room. When it is wanted for use soak it in warm waler, or pound it i5ne. 1 have used yeast made as above for live years, and pre- fer it to any other kind. FOR THE NEW ENOLAND FARMF.R. HOW TO MAKE A CHEAP SHEEP RACK, WHICH TS BET- TER THAN THE OLD FASHIONED EXPENSIVE ONES. Drive stakes into the ground at the distance I of about fen feet one way, and eighteen the oih- 1 er — lay doivn boards, or slabs for the bottom, a I small distance from the ground ; nail a board one I foot wide on each side , put on a strip of board I 5 inches wide, near three feet from the ground ; 'nail on slats leu inch.es wide perpendicular, and about eighteen inches apart from centre to cen- tre ; put l)nards on the top to keep off the wet. 1 observe thai many farmers fodder their sheep on the ground. I think the hay ihey waste in one winter would more than j>ay for a cheap rack. If straw is xise.il nnhj for litter., it is well to cut it several limes if you wish to save labor in load- ing the manure. One man with an axe (if you have no cutting machine) could cut a load iti a few minutes. To mako cattle eal poor hay, mix it well with good on the barn floor, and give it them. Jihford, Con. C. TO THE EDITOR 01'' TUB NEW ENGLAND FARMER. DESTRUCTION OF CROWS. Gloucester., April 4, 1825. Mr Fessenden, — The time is now apptoarh- ing when the farmers will plant Ibe-r corn; and I [presume they do not need to be informed that the crows and blackbinls are great (i!'[iredalors upon their crops, both in the first and latter pari of the season. I would wish to exK^nninale the whole race of them, and I think Ihe following idan, if generally attended to, will be elfectual, I have practised it many years, and I am confi- dent with success. Take a handt'ul of hair from the mane or fail of a horse — thread them singly into a necille — draw them through the eye or chit oflhe corn, leaving in it Ihe whole length oflhe hair — and ifler Ihe field is planted, scatter a small qunntity of this corn thus prepared over the surface of Ihe iiclil not in a large quantity at any one place, but let it appear as if by accident (for these dep- redators have a wonderful share of sao-acity). — If a crow or a blackbird once gels a kernel thu« (irepared into their throat, Ihey will never want another. The hair keeps such a continual irri- tation in the throat, that they will soon destroy themselves. Should this method be generally pursued, I am confident that we should come near to ex- terminating them. The children of a family can easily prepare a (lint or a quart of corn in this way. and after Ihe field is planted, a short time is sufficient to strew it on the ground; and much time will be saved, instead of (danfing corn over again, which sel- dom comes to much. Yours, trulv, GLOUCESTER. [remarks by THE EDITOR.] We have known the method of destroyinj^ crows and blackbirds recommended by our correspondent, adopt- ed, and we believe it had its desired effict. Bat it ever appeared to us to be a practice which is hardly sanc- tioned b| the laws of humanity. We doubt whether it would bjpossililc, by aiiy process which could be in- vented, I* inflict more severe tortures on tl est feather- ed bipeds, than that which is above described. Some epicures have roa«ted geese alive, before a slow fire, fur Ihe purpose of enlarging^ their livers, and makin; them proper viands for those who are " exquisite in their eating," and this practice has been severely rep- robated by moralists, and others who lliink that the code of mercy extends to every part of animated na- ture. Besides, we doubt the policy as well as the hu- manity of destroying crows and blackbirds, if it could be effected by a wish. They sometimes injure the farmer by pulling up a few hills of corn, but they ben- efit him much more by destroying worms and other in- sects. And therff are other means of preserving Indian corn not only I'rosi birds, but from worms, which we believe are more ctftctual than the above mentioned, and liable to no objeclion. If the seed corn i.s steeped in a strong solulinn of salt petrc, or of Indian poke-weed, or refuse tobacco,or "if the seed (says the Farmer's As- sistant) be smeared all over with tar and then have ashes or gypsum sprinkled on it sufficient to render it fit for handling, and then be planted, neither birds nor squirrels will touch it. In this case, however, it is ne- cessary to soak it sufficiently to make it vegetate ; as without this the coat of tar will keep out tne moisture, and prevent the seed from sprouting." S. W. Pome- roy Esq. in an able essay on the cultivation of Indian corn, i» the Mass. Agricultural Repository, vol. ri. No. 2, says, " Take equal parts of tar and train oil, simmf them^togethcr and thrn over the corn; then sift on ashes, lime or plaister, stirring it till each kernel has taken up as much as will permit its being conven- tly handled." In using this preparation, however, it will be safest to steep the corn in pure water previous to the application of the tar and the train-oil. We believe that seed corn prepared in either way above mentioned would not suit the palates either of birds squirrels or insects. FOR THE HEW ENGLAND FARMER. LINSEED OIL. Boiled Linseed oil has been found to be an excellent polish for stove pipes, that are not ex- posed to loo great a degree of heal ; and espe- cially forrusfv ones. It may be applied with a brush wh(?n the iron is a little warm, but not so hot as lo burn Ihe oil. A very small quantity will cover the iron, forming when dry, a hard, black shining surface. As to durability, it has been tested by the experience of only two months. A question may arise whether it does not hurt the conducting power of the iron causing it to give out less heat ; but the writer of this believes it does not. — Communicated hy a gentleman in Walpole, JV. H. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ESGliAND FARMER. Middlesex County., March 12, 1824. Mr. Fessenden — After perusing several of your useful papers, 1 ask leave to make a few observations on the same. Respecting Warts., having had one on the fore finger joint for thirty years, say three ■290 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [April 8, *^*We are under the jreat mortificatioa of stating that, in the confusion incident to the removal of a prinling offict., the comcnunication which is begun upon the pre- ceding page, has been mislaid, and must consequently be deferred. From the Mass. ^igrkuUural Repository. CIDER. The following remarks have been sent to us by a friend to whom they wore addiessed with an injunction not to use the uame of the writer. They are plain and practical, and although much has been written on the subject, yet we have not generally (we mean our farmers) adopted any of the valuable hints which ■we have repeatedly given on the subject. The Christian Society at Canterbury, New Hampshire, have been able to prepare their cider, and send it sixty miles to Boston market, where it has brought the price often dollars per barrel. Could not our farmers nearer to this great market prepare their ci- der equally well, and send it for sale in a perfect state ? Could they not also thus prepare it for their •wn consumplion ? if they could do so, by adopting the following simple plan, would they not do more to check the inordinate use of spirituous liquors than by any other means ? Are they not aware that the farmers of New Jersey, with no greater advan- tages than Ihey pospr-fs, do prepare their cider in such a manner, as that is sent to the West India and other foreign markets, and that it supplies our own navigators with a wholesome and pleasant bev- erage ? The hint as to drawing off the casks by a tin syphon, which is explained in the following extract appears to us valuable. We would simi..'y add, that three years' trial has satisfied us, that by the simple process of passing or running through sand, pure sand (where it can be had,) so far purifies the cider, that the fermentation is never afterwards too violent, and that no further drawing off is needful. Let both plans be fairly tried — they cost no money, and and very little labour. — Editors. which means a quantity of scnm and sediment is left behind, ami the cider is parli^illy jmrified ; at the same time, the excef^iva tcTmenlatinn. (as it will herealter lie noticed,) is prc'venfed. If the Ic's of the svphon he fastened into the bung holes of two c.i=ks, by means of pieces of a hollozv cylinder of soft wood or of cork, cut conically on the outside, and split into several parts luugltudinally, adding rags or clay at each bung hole, to close it up more ccmpletely ; lime and trouble will be saved ; and the escape of ardent spirit and fixed air be lessened, as well as the communication with the outward air. Bv this simple method, a large number of casks are easily racked ofl in succession ; care only being taken to keep the rags, clay, and syphon, sweet. Nor does the above operation require the aid of more than one or two emp- ty barrels in addition to the casks containing the cider ; for each cider cask as f.isl as it is emptied, is to be immediately scalded, that it may lake its turn in receiving the puritied ci- der. Secondly. At the time of bottling the cider, (say with us in April, or perhaps a little later,) the racking by the syphon is completed. The benefits are as follows : — There is a fresh prevent the cider having needless intercourse with cominon air. Sixthly. 'J"he cider in every case is to be kept in a cool and dark cellar, free from cur- rents of air; for ihe sun's light, even when coming from retiecled rays, has some little warmth in it; and air operates more speedily on the temperature of bodies when moving in a current. Lastly. Fresh barrels for each year's cider are unnecessary, since old barrels ;\re free from the ta=te of new wood; and, with good hoois, will serve during several seasons. But in this case, the casks when first emptied, ought to be rins- ed with boiling water, and then drained; then to have their hoops slightly loosened, and the bungs restored, but not too closely ; and after- wards to be kept where the air is sweet and Jry. \Vhen wanted again in the fall, they must pass under the cooper's eye, and have u new scalding with lime water. A few rem irks will now follow in addition to Ihe above statement. First. If the lees of the cider act as a ferment, (which 1 presume will be admitted,) then when the cider tends to excessive fermentation To Hallo-ji'ell, A'ov. 25, 1824. , Boston, . I the natural cure is to give it an additional rack removal ol scum and sediment, which larther ,^^. ^^,,^5^^ ^^.^^^ ,p ^^^^^ ^.j,,^ experience brightens the cider, (so that no freezing, at least j,^,^^ . .j^^ ^.-^^^ thi^view is so far from be with us is needed ;) nothing is bottled which is .^^^^ .^,^^^^,^ successful, that Mr Thomas Andrew useless; no brandy is emp oyed, and yet ^w ; ,^^_ ^^^ „-^.^,,^ „^,^j j, ,^._^ ^^ ^-^^^ -appeared K botllesburstorcorksfly ; the liquor sulTers ''I- ' increase the evil ; and others have conceivet by shaking in the bottle, will commonly be good 1 ^^^ ^^^^ ^^.^. ,g^^, ,„ .^, ^ider on the second day, for the beneht ol small , ^^^ j, ^j^^^ ^.j^^-j „,,^g^ ;, i,as undergone a cer hoiiseholders. | tain amount of fermentalion ; but it is doubtfu Ihtrdly. A second racking with the syphon , ,^^^^ ^.^^ j^ j^ ,^ ^^^ opposed to fermentation i. MY DEAR SIR, On the I'lth of June I look np my pen to write to you on the subject of cider, and vias interrupted ; but 1 hope that it is not too late in some respects, even for the present season, to resume the object I had in view. The process as to managing our cider, to which you have referred is very simple ; but since the 21ft of last month one of your Agri- cultural Committees, at Brighton, reported that " no cider sufficiently good to be entitled to the first premium lor this article had been eK- hibiled ;'' and since some cider is said to have been sold in Boston, last season, at ^10 per bar-, rel, (apnareiilly because little that was good presented itself,) the following statement may still be acceplalile. In Ihejirst place, the early making of liquor ■was taught to me many years ago by yourself; and the benefit of it has been farther ascertained by the testimony of others, (as the late Mr. William Coxe, of Now Jersey,) and likewise by my own experience. When the first fer- mentation of cider has advanced sufficiently to have cracks i'otmed in the scum at its top, (or a short lime afterwards,) a tin syphon is applied 10 draw of the liquor into a second cask ; by is proper, eien lor liquor drank out 0/ ilie cask for as rum and sediment ought never to be drank, the sooner the remains of these are removed the better ; particularly as these articles seem to act as a ferment, and hasten the decomposi- tion of the cider. Accordingly, it is a matter of fact, that cider when double racked, will keep longer in the cask, than when single racked ; and it is also true, that it will be long- er good upon draught, as a consequence of its keeping longer good in the cask. Its keeping well on the draft will be still more certain, if the vent peg be sparingly used ; or if Ihe vent hole be sliul either by a weight or a spring, in- stead of a peg, where there is carelessness in the dravving. Fourthly. Unless the cider be free from sedi- Ihe first instance. Currant wine improve when jwured upon the lees of Madeira wine and ot4ier wines are commonly thought to im prove for a time on their o-j^n lees ; but as fer ment.ilion has its stages, and lees also may havi (/(f?V stages, it is better to confine ourselves will precision in the present instance to tacts wi know. The diircrence in Ihe management 0 common cider and \'irginia crab cider, spokei of by Mr Coxe, confirms this caution.) Secondly. As to the lees of common cider Mr Coxe makes a singular nsserlion, at p. G8 namely, " th;\t the Ices of the cider may bi put into small [triangular] bng=, (such as an used for Jellies,) Infiltrate; and the liquor fron thom will become bright. ['['Iiis] may then bi relurnerl to Ihe cask; in which it will have tin mcnt, it ought never to be moved without r.ick ing; for, if the good and bad parts of the cider be ! p'^<'':t "f ruL:vF.NTiNG a second fermentation. I brought a second lime into contact, they may I seeibs (he says) to undergo a considerabli form a new union, and call for anew separation, ' change in the progress of filtration ; its colon which it may not always be easy to procure. j becomes deep; its lasle, harsh and flat; and i Fifthly. Our bottled cider is packed in binns, | has a Mrong tendency to become acetous." Bu in sand; the sand being moistened, and Ihe hot- j he adds, that "should it, iVnm any canse. be ties placed upright. The bottles are thus I come acetous or sour, in that case, it must no strengthened; Ihe corks are kept swollen; Ihe I on any account be put into Ihe cask." Of Ihi sediineni falls to the bottom; and Ihe effect of j practice I have myself no experience, though sudden changes of temperature, which might | hope to know something more about it by mean produce internal motions in the cider, is pre vonti'd. Moreover, I may add on tlie sul'ject of boltling, that our practice is to keep the bot- tles open for a day or two before they are cork- ed; audit is perhaps useful to leave a little room, (clear of liquor,) below the cork, that the Gxed air, or carbonic acid gas, escaping from the liquor, may have a space where it can re- main salely by means ot n little compression, either lo reunite in time with the liquor, or of a trial. In Ihe mean time, I would ask whether this Jittered liquor does not contain ; large proportion of the juices of the skin, seeds cove, and stalk of the fruit, which may assist ii preserving the juice of the pulp.*" Thirdli/. Our own cider, which you have com mended ("or its resemblance lo champaign, ^vhel first m.ulc, is sullicienlly rich to the lasle ; am yet in general beconies /(ij/ir, when it h.is beei treated as above mentioned, (whether it bi 1825.] NEW ENGI.AND FARiMER. 2f>t prepared tor drinkinp; from the ca>k, or lor bottling.) On wluit tliis aopoiul?, will best he discovered, when ttie method I employ is tried with other ciders. At |iro?enl, I incline to at- tribute the fact with us, chiefly to our apples and to our soil ; without afiumina: however that the trpatiiient we use may not have its share therein. I must fiirlher oliserve, howev- er that our cidor usually remains a long time quiol, bel'ore I'ermeiitalion commences. But 1 do not design to change my own proceedings, unless I'or a sufficient reason ; heca\isc our cider in its present form belongs to a class by itsell, which is prel'erred by many, and lieej)S well for our own purposes and rate ot consunnilion. It has also an enlivening, though less intoxicating power, than most other ciders ; so that when taken in moderation, even ladies may not fear its effects. Fourlkhj, and lasllij. Some individuals have kept a cask of cider throughout the year, lor their own private drinking, using at the rate ol a tumbler daily, without racking, lining, or boltl.ng ; and also without using the vent peg. Here rest and the gradual diminution of the liquor, with the constant increase and confine- ment of the air which daily esca|ies from the liquor, accomplish every thing wanted le the content of the parlies. P. S. In order to save bottles, may not the t'ollowing expedient be tried ? Let the cider most suitable lor bottling be selected, and at the time when the bottling is proposed, let one, (or a part of one barrel) bo drawn off into kegs ; and thence, as wanted, into bottles ; the rest being put into bottles t'roni the first. One set of bottles will thus serve in succession for several kegs ; but every keg, a.s soon as "pin- ed, should be bottled. The cidv-r, thus bottled, will at least serve lor the early part of (he sea- son for bottled cider ; and if it sliouli! be inferi our to the best bottled ciri]ig matter." Chaptal may be consuUed as to the eflVct of the stalks, skins, and lea of the grape upon wine ; which he makes various accjriling to the cisc. TJie taste from the stalk as sharp and austere, (apre ami austere.) .See some of the first chapters of his second volume. MERRIMACK AGRICULTURAL NOTICE. At a meeting of the Board of Directors of the Merrimack Agricultural Society, holden at the Phccnix Hotel in Concord in said ('ouiity, on Monday the 17th day of Jaiiuaiy, 1G2.') : Arle- mas Rodgors, Esq. Isaac Hill, I'.-q. Levi Karlletl, Esq. Capt. lienjarnin i'ellengill, Ebenezer Cres- sv, Esq. IJoswell .Stevens, Esq. and Col. Warren Story were appointed a Viewing Committee on Farms the present year. It was agreed by the said Directors that the next annual meeting of said Sociely lor the cat- tle show and fair be liolden at Hi-nmkkf., in said County, on Wednesday the 19th day of October next. rUESElU'ING MEAT. '• The preservation of meat, for Very con- siderable periods of time may, it has been di.s- coverod In Trance, be effected by the aid of soot, from the chimneys whore wood only is burnt lor fuel, as in a great part of Franco. One pound of this soot is sullicient to cure three pouuils of beef, and after which the soot will lie little if any the worse, as a manure for the farmer's crops. The soot is put into a vessel with about four times its weight of water, and allowed to mace- rate during twenty four hours, with, frequent stirring. The clear liquor then decanted is found charged with an increase of about l-2r>lh of its weight, consisting of the pyroligneoiis acid and bituminous principles of the soot ; and there- in the meat, previously salted in the ordinary way, should be put to soak for half an hour, and then be taken out and dried in the open air ; by which process its elfoctual preservation is effect- ed, and at the same time no material taste ccmi- niunicated to the meat." — Aluulhhj Magazine. .Iksse Buel, Esq. of .Mliany, has been elected corresponding member of the Horticnilural So- ciety of London. We are pleaseil to find this gentleman so honorably rewardeil for his per- severing and successful exertions in Ibis useful branch of science. Mr BuePs ardent devotion (o agriculluial and horticultural pursuits, has rendered him one of the most important auxili- aries in our country. His report to the State Legislature, when a member in 1323, on an ag- ricultural school and experimental and [latlern farm, is replete with sound argument, praclic.il obs{:rvatious and ingenious dcductio^is. He has added to our choice Iruits in the last year, sev- eral of Knight's new varieties, ly importing iheni from London, and has this year received, we uudersland, more than M new vari'Mies from the London llorlicultural S iciftty. ."^Ir Blle^^i. farm and garden lie about two miles from the city of Albany, on the Great Western Turnpike ; a spot on which was not a foot of ground cnlliva- led 7 years ago. It is now Ix^conic iho resort of tasle and science, and richly rewards their votaries, who visit this hospitable retreat. — .\'. Y. paper. From Ihe Albany Argu s. IMPORTANT TO FARiMERS. For several years, great exerlions have beiui made in various parts of l^urope and in ibis connlry, to discover a perfect melhod of dres- sing flax in the straw, without either dew rotting or water sleeping, or exposing it tonny chemical action. Lirge sums of inoirey have been expended by ftlr. Bumly, and olhers in England, and by several persons in New York and Philadeli>hia, and all, it is understood, with- out furnishing the desired result. The obi process, and which is still unirersally followed, of exposing flax to Ihe action of the atmos- phere or of waler, for the purpose of decom- posing the glutinous qu.ility, and liberating the lihre from il, is not only alleniled with greal wasle, but Ihe fibre ol which the dressed flax is com[)ospd is very much weakened by it. The natural consequence is, that these disadvantag- es atteniling Ihe production of flax have per- mitted the less snbstanlial articles which come out of Ihe cotton fabrics, to supersede, in a great measure, the use of linen, and thus a valua- ble agricultural staple which might be pro- duced to a great extent in the northern states, is gradually dis.ippeaiing, and leaving us in a very unprolilablo tributary position to the cot- ton gi Giving slates. Whitney's cotloti gin gave to that raw ma- terial of the sonlbern slates, a value of more- consequence to their industry, than the discov- ery of gold mines would have done; and it is obvious that any ingenious discovery, which liberates flax from the obstacles which are grad- ally pieventing ils cultivation, and which re- stores it as a profitable item amongst Ihe pro- ductions of Ihe soil, would be invaluable to the agricultural interest. And it may be reasona- bly said, that if fl.ix, pro|ier for spinning thread could be furnished at the same |)rice as cotton for that purpose, that the obvio'is ditlVrence in the .strength and duration of these two pro- ductions, wouKI create an instant demand for flax and restore it to its place in husbandry, as one of ils most profilable branches. This great and much desired result, it is now said, has been produced, anil what is very satis- factory, it has been discovereil in this country. Mr Roumage, a French gentleman, respectably known here, has by a very simple combination of means, succeeded in cleansing flax from the state in which it is draivn out of Ihe ground, to that [iropcr, for spinning, preserving in all its natural strength. It is impossible for any speci- mens to be more heantiful or more satisfactory than those which he (;xhibited, and which have been sho»ri Governor Clinton and many gea- tlemen of the Senate, and of the board of .\gri- culturo. jjijt what parlicul.irly strengthens the confidence which his conversalion ami his spe- cimens iiKjiirc is the avowed object of his .'our- ney here, so diftcrent from that of many who resort to .\lbany during the session of the legis- lature His object is simply to make this dis- covery generally known ; to encourage the farmers in the cultivation of flax ; and to cim- snlt >vilh olhers as to his choice of an establish- ment in this slate ; a choice which ought to he governed by the fertility cd' Ihe district, as es- sential to Ihe cultivation of ll.ix, and by manu- facturing facilities, and those of navigation. Mr. Roumage finils it diflicult to procure flar. We undrisland he requires it to be drawn froui the ground just when the seed is beginning to change colour, to be dried a litlle in the sheaf, and delivered to him when thrashed, in the siraiv or bay siale, without any rolling. We learn also thai he offers twenty dollars a toa for il in Ihis slale, which persons conversant with the subject say is a very remunerating price. We are happy to be the means of announcing (o Ihe Ihe agricultural public this very inter- esting subject, and wish Ifliat a circulation may be given to these facts by other editors, for the lieiielit of our farmers, in order that they may make preparations in season for the cultivation of the article. President Monroe took leave of the city of Washing- ton, and sat out for his seat in Virginia on Wednesday, J.Jd ult. He was escorted to the District line, by a troop of horse, aud accompanied by a cavalcade of citizens. General La Fayette arrived at Savannah on Mon- day, 21st ult. and was received iu a handsome styl*. 292 NEW ElNGI^AND FARMEfi. [April 8, From the proceedings of the J^tio York Legislature. BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. MtKeyes, from the committee of agriculture, reported : th;it they have maturely weighed the important subject committed to their charge, with all the attention due to an object of such primary magnitude, involving the vital interests of our constituents. The novelty of the subject has induced the committee to seek, from various sources, the best information in their power, in reference to the results of experiments recently made, by various agricultural societies, not only in this slate, but in contiguous states, as a basis on which they could safely ri^pose their own opinions. When the agricultural huv was first agitated, by the legislature of 1819, we were approach- ing an experiment entirely new to the citizens of this state. It may be truly said, that the leg- islature of that year was groping in the dark, on that subject, without any practical experience to direct their course. Hence it neccssarili/ follow- ed, that the law, intended merely as an experi- ment, was essentially defective in its provisions. The two prominent features of the law were, an appropriation often thousand dollars yearly, for two yewrs, exclusively devoted to premiums on agriculture, and domestic manufactures — also the establishment of a board of agriculture, to consist of all presidents of county agricultural so- cieties in this state, a president, vice president, secretary and treasurer, for the immediate di- jection of the affairs of said board, with power to procure foreign seeds, and publish an annual volume on agriculture, he. On the 10th of January 1820, twentv-four jjresidents ot agricultural societies, accordingly convened, at the capilol, in the city of Albany, and organized a board of agriculture, in pursu- ance of law. In framing the law, it was made the duty of the several county agricultural soci- eties, to applj' a sum equal to that ivhich they respectively receive from the state treasury, in whole or in part, of the amount apportioned to each county, on the scale of j)npulation. It was also provided that all successful candidates for premiums on agriculture, should, previous to the receipt of any such premiums, furnisli a statement, in writing, of the manner of cultiva- ting the several articles, the nature of the soil, the application of manures, the feeding of ani- mals, 8ic. The law in this essential feature, has never been enforced; for the most part, it was totally disregarded; l)y which means the board of agriculture has been deprived of an important mass of documents, which was anticipated by the law, to serve as the basis of an auTual volume on agriculture, &,c. It appears, th.it the whole amount drawn (rom the treasury, by the county agricultural societies, from the year 1819 to the first of February 182j, is $46,337 36, being up- wards of 13,000 dollars short of the sum ap- j)rnpriated by law. In the same period a single individual [Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer] has paid, for the same object, the sura of ^3000. — The board of agriculture have also received, in like period, the sum of ^5,840, as will more in the vigor of life, of business habits, and in all respects qualified to discharge the im|)orlant duties which would devolve on him ; to be com- pensated tor his services in the manner of the other departments of the state. No man will devote himself for any length of time, in gratui- tous services, purely of a public nature. It is, indeed, unworthy the magnanimity ol' the dignifi- ed state of New York, to seek, or to admit such self devotion ; especially as no other ofKcer in any department of the stale, can render services equally important to the general interests of the fully ap|iear by the schedule hereunto annexed Instf id of a board of agriculture, as instituted by ^..v... .,,. .......... , .^.uii.>., ^w,.,,,,.^>, „.>., ,w...j, the law of 1819, it was urged by the projectors ! and while protiting by the experience of other of the syst-m, that an agricultural department countries, to be applicable in its general features community. The duties of such a department, will be varioiis and extensive, involving the pri- mary interests ol the state, in:ismuch as it will be a stationary central point of communication with all our county societies, acting as a pendulum, impelling the movements of the whole mar.hin- ery. It will also maintain a correspondence with the leading agricultural societies in Europe and in South America, and generally through- out the United States : more especially, with our own societies; also with our public func- tionaries in foreign countries, under the patron- age of the secretary of the United States. By these means, we can draw to a point, from all the countries, a knowledge of such improve- ments in agriculture and the arts, as may be found useful to ourselves. The committee are lully aware, indeed it is manifest on the slightest review of the whole ground, lh;it if it should enter into the views of the legislaliue, to avail ourselves, to the full ex- tent, of such important inlbrmation ; and to give effect and maturity to the system ; it is in some measure indispensable, to establish nn ex[)eri- monlal farm, in connexion with' an agricultural seminary. While the committee indulge a be- lief, that such a system will eventually be es- tablished in its full extent, yet they apprehend the public sentiment is not yet sufficiently ma- lured to embrace the plan ; although nothing in their view would lend to promote the public good wilh such decisive effect. A similar plan being now in agitation in Pennsylvania, it is [irobable that they will soon furnish us with a salutary example, and that a spirit of emulation, \vhich has thus far characterized the two states, in the race of useful improvements, will (jieedi- ly prompt us to pursue the same course. \\\\h these remarks, the committee proceed to point out some of the benefits which will i-mmcdiale- ly result from the establis'iment of a dc[)arlmeii! of agriculture. Should it be vested witii ample powers to regulate the annual agricultural exhi- bition, by uniform restrictions and regulations, and to enlorce the provisions of the law, it will be enabled to concentrate within our own bor- ders a a mass of im|)orlant matter, from vvhich, and in conformity to the original intent of the law of 1819, may be compiled an interesting an- nual volume i'ov practical iilititii ; unfolding the progress and imp'ovement in the science of ag- riculture, and the arts ; in our domeslick animals ; together with detailed experiments in all our counties, and the progressive means, by which they were gradually elTected, with information of new improvements in a successlul train of prosecution Such an annual volume, compiled with ability, should be estal)|ished, in preference ; that is to say, a public oflice, to be conducted by a man to the genius and habits of our own country, in place of aservile imitation of any othercountry ; and wrote in a condensed form, in a perspicuous and familiar language, will produce more sub- stantial and practical benefit, than all the vol- uminous works on agriculture, which have ap- peared in this state since the termination of the revolutionary war. To insure such a result, each volume should not exceed from two hundred to two hundred and fifty pages. Some prominent subjects should al- so be illustrated by cheap plates; and large edi- tions published for general circulation, to all our agricultural societies ; to be attached to pre- miums, or to be generally distributed to the members gratuitously. From their views of the whole subject, and profiling in some measure by a liberal experi- ment of six years, the committee respectfully recommenil — First — That a department of agriculture he established in the city of Albany, to be conduct- ed by an officer, to be denominated Secretary of the Dcparlment of .>]gricutture : who shall have lone assistant, shouhl his services, in the opinion ! of the governor, be deemed expedient and neces- saiy ; the duties and poweis to be conferreil on the department to be fully defined in the bnv. Second — A board of agriculture to be also or- ganized, to incur no expense to the state, with the exception of the incidental charges at their respective meetings. The board to consist of thirly-two members of the legislature; to be elected each year, the second Tuesday after they shall as-emlde, by the joint ballot of houses, lour Irom each senatorial district. Also the governor, and lieutenanl-governor, for the time being, the heads of departments, presidents of the county agricultural societies, and honorary men'.bers; the latter may deliberate but not vole. It shall be the duty of the secretary of the de- paiiment -of agriculture, to submit ail bis reports and proceedings to said board of agriculture, and lie governed by their directions, in relation to the publication of the annual volume, and gen- erally by such rules, regulations and instructions as said board may adopt iVom time to lime ia conformity to law. Third — The sum often thousand dollars to be appropriated yearly, for the term often years, to be exclusively paid in premiums ; and apportioned to each counly, on the ratio of pop. ulalion : subject lo such rules and regulations, as may be deemed expedient ; and such as will ensure a punctual compliance with the provi- sions of the law, and uliich shall obviate the in- conveniences and reproaches, which have been justly incurred in some counties, gieally to the prejudice of the benign effect' generally grow- ing out of the measures of agricultural societies. The committee cannot entertain a doubt, but that a system thus organized for the |)romotion of agriculture, household manufactures, and the im|irovement of the breed of domestic animals, \\\\\ produce the most beneficial effects, and per- vade our entire population, extending from out" commercial cities to the most remote hamlets ; constantly in a progressive slate, and which in connexion with our canals, will in a few revol- ving years elevate the state of New York to an enviable position, as well in America as in the eyes of the world. In evidence of these anticipated effects, the committee will conclude their remarks, by some striking illustrations as well in our own state as in some of the contiguous ststes. We can also 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. '29'i appeal with confiilence to the visible chang^es which have been jirnduccd in inanyof otir most respeclable counlios, as well in the approved system of agriculture, its benig^n efTecIs in pub- lic nioriiN, aliove all, incroasnifif our native re- sources in (lompstic m.inulactures, callingf forth many new articles, and thus creatine: a self de- pendence to the fjradual exclusion of foreign manufactures, and in the same proportion en- riching our own citiznns. It will also be admit- ted by every impajtial man, that our domestic anim^N have greatly increased and improved, by means of annual premiums. by jiidicious selec- tions, and the importation of the best breeds from other countries. Were it necessary to multiply proofs, the committee could triumphantly refer to every stale in the Union, and to the testimony of the most distinguished statesmen and agricul- turalists in the United States, in reference to the glorious effects which the Berkshire systemhas already conferred on the nation, although it can only be considered in an embryo state of pro- gression. The committee in conclusion will avail them- selves of some extracts from a recent address of the patriotic president of the Jefferson county agricultural society. Also extracts from com- muiiicalions made to him by presidents of ag- ricultural societies, in a condensed view. He says in substance, that the bjjnefits that county has received i>om its agricultural societies, are so great, that their welfare requires their contin- uing the society, even if the state should permit the law to expire by its own limitation. He then speaks of the seven or eight millions of dollars expended on our canals, " What a sum, gentle- men,compared with the small appropriations for the encouragement of agricultural and manufac- turing interests. 1 do not hesitate to say, that preportionally, the annual employment even of that small sum, with proper restrictions and reg- ulations, will be more profitable to the state in a financial point of view, than the sums expended on the can.ils." The illustrious Madison says, " the advancement of agriculture is the primary object of our national prosperity." The celebrated Judge Peters of Philadelphia, says, '-the visible marks of emulation and im- provement ajipear in every part of our country." The pre-iident of the Berkshire Society in a recent letter, states, " that the resources''of the county have increased at least fifty per cent., that the tillage products have augmented equally, great improvements in agricultural implements, in all animal-i, a better selection ofseeds, a gener- al incitement mong all classes of citizens, female etlorts greatly excited, in a word, calling into action unusual efforts, taking the most beneficial direction." Another president of one of our western counties, says, " agricultural societies have been highly useful to the community ; the improvements in agriculture have advanced more in a few years than they would have done in half a century without them: the visible marks of usefulness are the improved slate of the farms as to cultivation, fences, orchards, buildings, a- daptation of crops to their proper uses ; improv- ed breeds of animals and of domestic manufac- tures;" the views of the farmers are also enlar- ged, prejudices removed, their resources dis- played,—in short, they feel their importance. The committee will barely add, that if the Sen- ate should be convinced that any one branch of the objects committed to the patronage of the agricultural societies, have been " essentially benefited, it will then be found an incumbent dutv to renovate and extend the law of 1810. Payments made at the treasury to aijricultu- ral societies and to the board of agriculture, in pursuance to the law of 1819. Pd. board of Jig. Pd.socktiet. 1819, gS0,152 1820, 11,243 85 1821, g4,440 7,792 1822, 7,220 21 1823, 1,400 7,040 12 1824, 9,891 ibfi\0 g4G,337 36 Total amount expended by the state in six years, ^52,177 00, equal to about one eighth part of one year's interest on the canal loan. A CHEAP ANB EASY METHOD OF RAISING CALVES. At a week or ten days old, take them from the cow, milk a sufficient quantity for the calf into a bowl or dish, and learn him to drink, which requires about a week's time ; then make a thick gruel of rye meal and water, boiled a shert lime with a little salt. Also take one pint of flaxseed with three quarts of water, boil it ten or twelve minutes, which will make a strong jelly, and set it by in a cool place for use. When the call has learned to drink, prepare a three legged trough made of poplar or some other sweet wood, and let i( always be kept sweet and clean. You may put half skimmed milk with new, and add from half a pint to a pint of the gruel boiling hot, with from half to a gill of the flaxseed jelly, and bring it to the temperature of new milk — let the mess be well stirred up. After the first week of feeding in this way, you may use skimmed milk allogether, with the other ingredients. A spoonful of molasses would be a great addition. If too large a mess is giv- en, the calf will be what is called pot-bellied, which will cause him to scour, to cure which shave off a table spoonful of chalk from a lump, and add two thirds as much rye flour, wet i( up with gin into a paste of the consistence of putty, make three balls about the size of a walnut each, put one hand under his chops, raising his head with the other, put the balls into the side of his mouth, and he will soon be fond of them. At first he \v\\\ drink from three pints to two quarts morning and evening. As he grows, the quan- tity should be increased as you find he will bear without being large bellied or scouring. The method may be pursued 12 or 14 weeks. If loo much trouble, you may omit the gruel after a month or six weeks ; the jelly should be con- tinued, and the milk warmed. Thej should be supplied with good hay and a little Indian meal during the time. On trial, it will be found the calves will be much larger than when brought up in the common way, requiring much less trouble, and a saving of the cream. In this way calves may be raised any season of the year. They should be kept at hay during the time of feeding ; and it is of no consequence what sea- son they come, if they are promising calves. The foregoing is from actual experiment made on a small October calf. I think she will be a well sized cow, and have a calf at two years of age. — Springfield Republican. PRESERVATION OP SEEDS. The late Dr Roxburgh, when in India, ap- pears to have been in the habit of putting up Ihe various seeds, which, among other things he wished to send home to Englanrl, in an en- velope of gum arable ; they were coated with a thick mucilage of gum, which hardened around them ; and he was informed by Sir John Prin- gle, the President of the Royal Society , that the seeds had been received in a better slate of pre- servation, particularly the mimosas, than he had ever seen the same kinds arrive from countries equally distant. SPLITTING ROCKS. Communicated by Dr M'Culloch to the Ed- inburgh Journal of Science.)— Every practic- al man must be aware of the expense and waste of labour and tools attending the ordinary mode of blasting rocks and large ma.';ses of stone, by gunpowder, either for building or lor clearing rough ground. It was this expense, rendering it difficult for him to carry on his >vork at the contract price, which induced Mr Mackenzie, Ihe contractor of a road from Loch Ewe to Gaialochi to abandon the system of blasting, and to adopt, like another Hannibal, that of the sim- ple application of fire. His method was never found to fail, merely consisting in raising a fire of peat turf, bushes, or weeds, according to the character of the adjoining ground on the sur- face of the stone to be split, which being secur- ed at Ihe margin by the stones, or turf, was kept in activity for five or six hours. At first, Mr Mackenzie was in the habit of throwing water on the stone when the fire was extinguished, but this is not necessary, as he found Ihe mere heating- of Ihe mass, in every instance, sufficient for opening and enlarging the fissures, so as to admit of a small wedge. This wedge is easily and expeditiously driven in. and the rock giving way in the direction of some of its natural clev- ages l:ii:;e slices are obtained, fit for the erection of dyke^ or bridges. Although it was connect- ed with road making that Mr Mackenzie first had'recourse to the simple process, it is evident that it can be applied to the removal ef those large masses of rocks which are seen disfiguring almost every field in Ihe inclosed parks of the Highlands ; and though hitherto applied to de- tached fragments of no great magnitude, practice may prove the possibility of employing it in the fracture of the larsjest rocks. GUAGE TO. DIVIDE BOARDS AND PLANK. I was surprised to see not only boards, but plank, divided by a common carpenters' guage only made large and strong, and applied first on one side and then on the other, instead of sawing as commonly practised. The opera- tion is expeditious, and leaves the edge of the plank smooth : it is not nece.ssary to cut half the thickness on each side, but as the glazier cuts the glass with the diamond, so this cut en- ables Ihe workman to break the work asunder: no wood is lost. To preserve Garden Vegetables from being in- jured by frost. — After a freezing night, sprinkle by day-break cold water plentifully all over llic frozen vegetables from a water pot 294 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Aprif 8, NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, APRIL 8, 1825. We have received a series of valuable original papers, from a highly respected correspondent at Salem, C7i the improvemeni of the A"ew England breed of cattle. We shall commence their publication next week. — Several other communications are received. ROTATION OF CROPS. It Is quite time for those cultivator?, who have not yet paid much attention to the sub- ject, to adopt some system with regard to a proper change or rotation of crops. Some soils will bear a continued succession of tiie same 6ind of vegetable for an indefinite period. Mr. Nicholson, author of the Fanncr^s Assisla7il, says " We have known an instance of fourteen good crops of wheat raised successively on the same ground ; another of eighteen crops of oat.« ; another of at least ten of barley, and nearly twenty of rye. But these were peculiar soils; and although the sameness of culture u is found successful, no inference is therefoie to be drawn that it was the most protilabie, or that such soils would not eventually lire of their fa- vourite crop? and then be found exhausted and unfit for others. There are some sorts of plants, for instance hemp, rye,and onions, which will flourish year after year on the same soil, provided it is suitable. — Rye, it is said, will succeed, for twenty years or more, in succession, if the suibble is turned in soon after the crop is harvested. Onions grow better on land which has been accustomed to bear them, than in a soil vvhich has not lieen appropriated lo that purpose. Flax, it is said, will not grow well in the same ground oftener than once in seven years; and as a general rule, a change of crops is indispens- able to profitable husbandry. Among the divisions whith have been made of crops commonly cultivated by farmers, the principal are liinse ci( cul>nifcrt>^ls crops, and le- guminous crops. Culmiferous plants are -such as have asmooth jointed . 'talk, usually hollow, & at each joint wrapped about with single narrow sharp pointed leaves. In some species howev- er the cn!ni or st.ilk is entirely destitute of leaves. Culmiferous plants, compose what are sometimes called " lobbing crops,'''' because they exhaust the soil to a greater degiee than nio-^t other crops. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn and millet are called culuiferous plants. During the time of rpening tln'ir seeds they are said to draw nearly all their nourishment from the soil, and (his has a tendency to exhaust it. In this stage of their growth with the ex- ception of Indian corn, thfir leaves are dry, shade the soil but very little, and leave it lo be dried and exhausled of its fertilizing particles, in the hottest season of (he year, liy the power- ful rays of the sun. But culmileroMs plants, while young consist |)rincipally of leaves, and in that state deriv* most of their nourishment from the air. If m a grpen slate they are cut for tbod for cattle, they exhaust the soil very little, and unless the season is very dry, a second growth soon shailes the ground and prevents its being robbed by the sun, which is a great dep- redator on soils, especially such as are of loose aud saudy texture. Leguminons crops are those of the pulse kind, such as produce their ieeds in the pods, which may be gathered by the hands, as peas, beans, vetches, lentils, &c. Likewise clover, potatoes, ruta baga, mangel wurtzel, turnips, cabbages, carrots, parsnips, buck wheat are, l>y some writ- ers called leguminous crops. — The same divis- ions of crops are also denominated green crops and grain crops. In a course or rotation of crops, it has been recommended as a general rule to raise alter- nately green crops and grain crops, or what is nearly the same thing, leguminons crops and cul- miferous crops. Others say that it would be more philoso|)hical, and better husbandry to raise al- ternately lap anrf fibrous rooted plants. Tap roots descend into the ground in a perpendicular direc- tion like those of the parsnip, the carrot, red clover, &c. Fibrous roots are composed of threa- dy or fibrous parls, like the roots of all kinds of grain. Tap rods derive most of their nourish- ment from a considerable depth below the sur- face, and fibrous roots are nourished chiefly by by the soil at and near the surface. But there are many exceptions to all general rules on this subject. The following rotations have been recom- mended by experienced and scientific farmers. " On light warm soils, the first year, corn dung- ed, peas or potatoes : 2d year rye, barley or buck wheat : the 3d and 4th clover: the ijlh wheat: the 6lh and 7lh clover. On cold and stifT soils, first oats or potatoes: 2d potatoes well dunged : 3d flax or wheat : 4lh grass and so on till it needs to be broken up again." — Deane's JVew England Farmer. The writer of a "Treatise on Agriculture" originally published in the Albany Argus, re- commends the following rotation of crops as best ad.ipted to (he northern pai t of the United State*. Medium course in sandy soils : first year, po- tatoes dunged : 2d year, wheat, with turnips, 3d year, Indian corn and pumpkins ; 4lh year, barley and clover : 5th year, clover : Clh year, wheat and turnips .as before. In this course we have nine crojis in six years — five of which arc ameliorating crops : and Medium course in loamy soil' : first year, po- tatoes dunged : 2d year, wheat, with turnips : 3d year, Indian corn, and pumpkins : 4lh year, barley and clover : 5th year, clover : Clh year, wheat and turnips as before. In this course we have nine crops in six years — five of which are aipelioraling crops : and Medium course in dry soils: — 1st year, oats with clover; 2d, clover; 3d wheat; 4lh beans dunged : 5th wheat: 6lh, the yellow vetehling." We believe it would be an improvement in loamy or clay soils to sow herds grass alias tim- othy with the clover in every instance where the latter is recommended. Samuel W. Pomeroy Esq. in his able " Essays on Flax Husfiandry," originally published in the Mass. Agr. Repository vol. vi. recommends (he (allowing course of crops, when il is wished that (lax should make a part of the succession. 1 . [jo-js, cold, or reclaimed soils. \>l year potatoes: 2il do flax with grass seed: 3d do herds grass and red top, or tall meadow oat grass, to continue three years or more and the course repeated. 2. Strong uplands. 1 si year potaloes or corn : 2 1 do corn or roots : 3J do flax with seed : 1th do clover : 5tli do, orchard grass or herds grass, to continue three years or more. 3. Light Land. Isl year potatoes or corn : 2d do corn or roots ; 3d do. flax with seed : 4fh do. clover to be mown once, the after growth lo be turned in, and rye sown (hick on the furrow, which may be soiled or fed in the spring by sheep or milch cows, and ploughed in for 5lh year crop : Glh do sprino- wheat or barley : 7th do clover, and the course to be pursued as before, when flax will occupy the land every 7th year. In all cases, except when hemp is substituted,the tillage crops should receive the dung. Two courses of crops pursued by Mr Bcei., oi which details are given in the 2d volume of our paper, page 177, on sand loam, were 1st course — 1st year, Indian corn. 2d year, wheal and tur- nips, after harvest. 3d year, barley, with clover seed. 4th year, clover. 2d course — 1st year, Indian corn. 2d year, wheat andclover seed. 3d year, clover and ru(a baga. 4ih year barley. 5th year, clover. We believe thai for light land it would be ditlicult lo point out better courses than tbose pointed out bv Mr Buel. In stiff soils which are proper for mangel wurtzel, that root in many cases may well be suhstiluted in the rotation for Indian corn or po- tatoes. Turnips or ruta baga on light soils may, generally, be raised to advantage ni^ter wheat or barley. SUMMARY OF NEWS. The Election. — On the 4th inst. the freemen of Mai- sachusetts gave in their votes for Governor, Lieut. Gov- trnor, and Senators. iSo opposition to Mess. I.IiNCOLN and MORTON was organized, and these gentlemen are undoubtedly elected by overwhelming ninjoritie.«. The Senators elected in the county of Suffolk are '1 ho's L. VVinthrnp, Francis C. Gray, James T. Austin, Benja- min Russell, James Savage, aud Jacob Hall. Mr Webster^ Speech. — At a full meeting of the citi- zens of Boston, at I'anueil Hall, on the evening of the od inst. the Hon. Daniel Webster addresseu the citizens in an able address, which is th«s characterized in the Ccntinel. "No Address ever delivered in the Cradle of Liberty, from the days of James Otis to the present day, was ever listened to with more intenseness or im- pression, or received with more ardent and iinauimous acclamations." On the 2d inst. a meeting of the citizens of Boston was held to take into consideration the means of trans- portation by water from Boston to Connecticut River in the direction of the Merrimac and Baker's river. A committee was chosen to enquire tBlo the practicability of establishing such means of transportation, roinist- ing of Harrison Gray Otis, William Sullivan, Charles Tappan, George Bond, S. V. S. \\ ilder, Lewis Tappan. The meeting was then adjourned to the first Tuesday in June next : and the citizens of Boston were invit«d to attend said adjourned meeting to take into considera- tion the general object of improving the trade of the city, &c. Welland Canal — It is stated that the British govern- ment has otfered to loan to the province of Upper Canaila 7O,0U0 pounds, for thi- purpose of completing the Welland canal. The t aiiada jiapers stale that among other advantages, Ibis canal will luinish a water communication between Lakes Erie and tinlario, at least 3 or 4 weeks before the ice will permit the vessels of the upper lakes to reach the western ex- tremity of the New Vork canal. The Legislature of Lower Canada has appropriated $1600 to improve thi- direct road from Quebec to New- Hampshire — aud iJJ^JOO towards a road to Kennebec. 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARIVfER. 295 Some little ju(tg;ti)cnt of modern luxury, anil the value set on race horses, may be sjathereil Irom the loUowing facts; Mr Thonihill was oflored, in IftM, J500 suiui^as (over $16,600,) for his winnin» liorsc Sailor, which he refused, a'ld soon alter the hoi so liroUe a vessel, and died. — In Ui-M, Mr Gulley offered Mr llatson SOOOguin- cas for the winning horse f^erab ; which was also refus- ed, and soon after Serab took a old, and has never run well 'ijice. In the same year the Unke of Lecrls refus- ed li'jOO o^nineas for his horse Vlercutio ; and a few days after MercHtio died of inflammation. The farts being ex- tra-irilinary are. mentioned; hot other oflirs equally extravr^gant have been atrepted. Biped races are rapidly superseding those of Quad- rupeds in interest. Several matches f.ir running over the six bridges of London have recently been made, and are all the rage. The distance is something over five miles; and yesterday (Feb. 6th ]S-.;j) it was done by Mr Pedley, in 32 minutes, who walked home fresh. — The bet was 70 sovereigns, and he had 38 minutes to run the distance in. Fal Pork.— The Bridgeton, N. J. Whig, gives a )iarlicular account of some half dozen Swine, that have been killed wilhin a short time in that neighbor- hood. Mr Maskell Ware of Roadstown, raised one whose weight, after dressing wa« 740 lbs. Mr John- ston of Bridgeton, killed two, nineteen months old. whose united weight was 1100 lbs. These results are derived from a careful attention to the breed of ani- mals, and it is asserted, a farmer can make one of the breed of Swine referred to, weigh 1300 lbs. Slenm Boats. — The New- York National Advocate states that since last summer, about thirty steam boats of different sizes, have been laid on the stocks in sever- al sh ip yards of that city. Coffee plantations have suffered excessively from heavy rains, and vessels were leaving the port for want of freight, for New Orleans and Mobile. A gentleman was knocked down in Philadelphia, about eight o'clock in the evening, who robbed him of his pocket book, with which he made off. Three criminals in a German Prison have been de- tected in a habit of going out through a breach they had made, committing robberies and returning. Rapid Progress of Manufacfures in Irelavd-^^yir Foster, a member of '-ho British House of Commons, in debate before thai b;.ay, on the 11 of Feb. last, stat- ed that in I8'2i not a yai'l of cotton was exported from Ireland : but (hat ia coTse.-juenet of the repeal of the duties heretofore existiiigs such immense .quantities had been manufactured, t^iaf duiing the last year no less than six millions of yards of Cottan Cloth were exported from that country. It is stated in a Philadelphia paper that the cargo of the Caledonia, arrived at that port, cost $400,000 in Canton. The board of Engineers,consisting of General Bernard, Mr. Shriver, and the other off.cers and gentlemen at- tached to that service, sat out on Tuesday last on a tour of reconnoissance through the Southern States, with the view of ascertaining the most eligible route for the contemplated National Road from the seat of government to New Orleans. From Scolliind — The Greenock Chronicle of the lOth ult. ])er the Mentor, contains the most important pas- sages of Gov. Clinton's Message to the Legislature ; which, it says, " are interesting and gratifying, full of hop ■ and promise for the advancement of human nature. What a mass (says the editor) of literary rubbish of the De Lolme school has been exploded by the progress of the United States." A Miss Slalei/, of Frederick countv, Maryland, has recovered $3000 of a Mr. Burkhart, for a breach of marriage promise. In a similar case lately tried at Portland, Maine, 13,500 damages were recovered. A loan of from 10 to 15 millions of francs has been negotiated in Paris, for the Greek government. SUssingt o/ Royally. The funeral of th e late King of France is said to have cost the nation fovr hundred thousand dollars. \ sum sufficient to pay the salary of •the President of the United States tot sisteen years. Brazil. — It appears by letters received in this cily, from Pernambnco, thai the work of exterminaling the opponents to the Brazilian imperial government goes bravely on. Two of the patriots were hung about the end ol January ; and because th ■ executioner refused to perform the olllce on one of them, he was oulchered on the spot by the troops of the Emperor. He was twice fired at oy fourteen of these instruments of de- spotism before life became extiect. Three other patri- ots had received sentence of death, and the trials were still going on. These sanguinary proceedings bad thrown a gloom over the place without rendering the imperial authorites more respected. — Ev. Post. Sail The editor of the Grecnsbiirg, Pa. Gazette, states that the quantity of salt now made at the Conc- nianghand Kiskemnetas works, in VA'cstmoreland coun- ty, in Ihis State, exceeds 1000 bushels daily, and that in six months from this time the quantity man\i(actured daily, will amount to 1500 bushels. These works are on the route of the contemplated canal, and we learn that the making of Salt might be carried to almost any extent. U. S. Gae. A!'ew Mechanical Ponier. — A company is form- ing in France, for the eslabiishnient of vessels on the CRnals and rivers of that cniintrVi the wheels or paddles of which are stated to be set in motion hy powerful air pumps, the action of which is ccriliniied by the aclion of the paddles. Great secrecy has been observed as to this inven- tion, hut the mode in which the machinery is first set into aclion is said to be by a powerful wheel almost without friction, which, although capable of producing an impulse equal to a forty horse power, is continued in motion by one person. ay and Ground WIlITr, LEAD, of a sifpericr quality, for sale in lots to suit purchaser^ ALLUM, in bbls. of 300 lbs. BLUF. VITRIOL, of a superior quality. UF.FINED SALTPLERF, in kegs ol \\'2 Ibe. DUPONT'S superior GUNPOWUER— for sporting or blasting — warranted equal to any powder to be had in the United Stales, for all purposes to which Gunpow- der is applied. This powder is sold at w holtsale or re- tail. SHOT— BALLS— FLINTS,— at wholesale or retail. jllsn — 10,000 gallons of Oyer's superior red and white CURRANT W'NE, put up in kegs of 6 gallons, quar- ter casks of from 2S to 30 gallons, and pipes of 1 10 gal- lons. E. COPELANU,jr. 8t 36 65 Broad street. E PARSONS & CO. City lurniture warehouse', . Union Street, near the Union Stone, keep con- stantly on hand for sale, a general assortment of furni- ture, chairs, looking glasses, feathers of all kinds, fire sets, brushes, bellows. &c. &:c. Boston. March 25- A TENT HOES— Notice is hereby given, that the subscribers are appointed the sole agents for ven- ding J. & ^. FaWs Patent Hoes, which are offered for sale at factory prices by A.D.WELD & J. FRENCH Jr. Boston, March 25, 1825. No. 713 Washington St. FOR sale at this Office. Ruta Baga, Mangel V\ urt- zel, and Sugar Beet seeds, raised this season, by John Prince, Esq. Roxbury. The Ruta Baga seed is from superiour roots, from seed not two years since from Sweden. Feb. 11. Fresh Imported Seed. JUST received from Holland, and for sale at No. 4, Central Wharf, up stairs, an invoice of garden seeds, selected and put up by Van Oukerke en Van Emmerik — consisting of Mangel Wurtzel ; Red Beet; Early Peas ; String Beans ; Short Top, Red ; Turnip ; while Radish; late Ruta Baga; Onions, white and silvery; early Cauliflower ; Red and White Brocoli; F.arly York Sng-ar Loaf; Red, Green and Savoy Cab- bage ; Tennis ball ; White and Dutch Lettuce. tf. April 8 JOSEfH BRIDGE, No. 25, Court street, has just received, per London Packet, Capt. Ward, and for sale, a large assortment of Garden, Field, and Grass Seeds, which added to his former stock, makes the most extensive variety in New England — among them are, 40 bushels early and late Peas, various kinds. Beans, various kinds, Early and late Cauli- flower, Cabbage, various kinds, including the foUow- i«g new and choice kinds, viz. St. Georg- es, Plows Early, Wel- lington, Imperial, and Ratcatcher, Lettuce, various kinds. Melon, do. do. Early Frame, Short 'Pop, Scarlet, Salmon, Blk. Spanish, Red and White Turnip Radish, 100 \bs.Mujigel WuTt- eel. Sugar Beet, 200 lbs. Carrot, Salsajie, or Vegetable Oyster, 5forcnera, Chervil, Red, White and Italian Celery, Batavian and curled Endive, Sweet Marjoruni, Thyme, Summer and Winter Savory, Sage — Baum, Sweet Bazil, Lavender, Lucerne, Red and White Clov- Herd's Grass, Foul Meadow, Red Top, &c. 150 lbs. Rutabaga, With over 200 varieties of Ornamental Seeds. Gar- den Tools, viz : — Pruning and Budding Knives — Pru- ning Saws — Garden Reels and Lines — Edging Irons — Rakes. Dutch or Pushing Hoes, Transplanting Trowels. Bird Seeds, Green House Plants, and Flower Pots TO let, a good room in Congress-street, suitable for a printing office or a bindery. Inquire of John Rogers, Central stieet. PRICES OF COUiN'FRY FKODLtJE, kc. APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. . - - . BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - cargo. No 1, new, - - " No 2, new, - - BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, - - - - skimed milk, - - - FLAX FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genessee, - - - Rye, best, ... GRAIN,Rye Corn - - . . - Barley - . . - Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, Bone Middlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Clover - . . . - WOOL, Merino, full bIood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVrsiOJ^ MARKET. BEEt', best pieces - - . - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, - - - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, lump, best, - . - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - . - - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, .... CIDER, liquor, - - . - HAY, according; to qtiality, FROM TO D. C. D. C. bbl 2 25 2 50 ton. 102 104 00 104 CO 106 00 bush I 10 1 20 bbl. 9 50 10 00 7 50 7 75 6 00 6 25 lb. 14 15 7 8 3 5 9 10 busb 1 00 bbl. 6 37 5 50 6 00 6 12 3 00 bush 57 58 52 53 50 30 31 lb. 11 12 8 n cask 1 25 1 50 gal. 75 100 ton. 4 50 4 75 bbl. 15 00 16 50 13 50 14 00 13 SO 14 00 bush 2 00 2 25 lb. 7 8 60 70 40 45 45 50 37 42 27 35 48 52 40 42 lb. 8 10 6 8 7 8 4 6 5 8 8 12 13 16 20 26 10 12 bush 65 70 60 70 37 50 bbl. 2 75 3 00 ton. 16 00 20 00 296 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [April 8, iWfscrllantrs. THE SPORTSMAN. An Irishman came to the state of Vermont, And wrought as a clothier as he had been wont. The squirrels would often come near tp the mill Where the cloth they were dressing 'neath the side of the hill. Paddy's comrades a large heavy musket had got, They knew how to use it, but Paddy did not, He often had seen from a limb or the top Of a tree when they fired, a squirrel did drop. He begg'd for the gun that his skill he might try — The gun was soon charg'd and charg'd very high. At a squirrel he flr'd near the foot of the tree — The squirrel ran up, crying ' cAee, chee, cftee,' While he by the gun was kick'd heels overhead And thought for a'moment he surely was dead. But hearing and seeing the squirrel, he found He was not, so he bawl'd as he lay on the ground, ' Mr Squirrel, you neither could chee chee, nor run. Had you been, like myself, al Ihts end of the gun." THINGS BY THEIR RIGHT NAMES. Milk,London, (^Boston) — The joint production of the cow and pump. Misanthrope — One who is uncharitable enough to judge ot" others hy himself. Monastery — A house of ill fame, where men and women are seduced from their public duties and generally f.ill into guilt from attempting to preserve an unnatural innocence. Mouth — A useless instrument to some people — in as far as it renders ideas audible, but of special service for rendering victuals invisible. _, Muzzle — A contrivance to prevent barking or biting, put upon the monlhs of dogs in'England, and upon those of human beings in the dominions of the Holy Alliance. J^'egro—A creature treated as a brute, because he is black, by greater brutes, who happen to be white. Novcmher — The period at which every Eng- lishman takes leave of the sun for nine months, and not a few of them forever. Review — A work that overlooks the publica- tions it professes to look over, and judges of bonks by their authors, not of authors by thsir books. Ring— A circular link put through the snouts ofswine and upon the fingers of women, to hold 9hem both in subjection. Royalty — Solitary imprisonment in a crowded <;ourt — selling yourself for a crown, and subject- ing yourself to slavery in order that you may en- slave your subjects. Saw — A sort of dumb alderman, which gets through a great deal by the activity of its taeth. Scandal — The tattle of fools and tnalisrnants, who judge of their neighbors by themselves. Tavern — A house kept toi those who are not housekeepers. Tinder — A thin rag, such for instance as the dresses of modern females, intended to catch the sparks, raise a flame, and light up a match. Mortality in France. — Dr Villermo, of the French Acadc-my of Sciences, states tliat the present mortality in France is one to 39 ; before the revolution it was one in 29. Dr V. has as- certained by a great number of observations that the mortality is much greater among the poor than among the rich, and he attrilmtes this ditlVrence to the "crowded, damp and unhealthy rooms of the j;oor, where they are , 1825. Dkar ?ir— .Agreeably to my iiiliiiiHlion, when I last !awyou, 1 send herewith some paper?, numbered I. II. III. IV. on improving; our native brfed of cattle. The subject is important ; and I hope my Etatemrnts and remarks may contribute to satisfy your readers, that the measure proposed is as practicable as it is important.— Were but two or three farmers, in every township ol tbe State, to turn a zealous attention to it, the object Would in a few years be accomplished. Whereas hal'" a ceotary, or more, might elapse before a general im- prorement by foreign crosses would be effected. It re- mains, too, to be ascertained, whether any other breeds really deserve the preference, in New England, to our native race, improved as it may be, and in so much less time than will be possible ly means of a small number of imported cattle. At any rate, improvements in both ways may go hand in haiid,aiid be mutually benc/icial to both sorts of improvers. T. PICKERING. 'il buiicr (heir milk will _yield ; nnd it is the quaii titv ol butter, not ofm/tt, lh.it (IntermineMlie val- ue of a dairy cow. Whether the .«anie rich milk yielding much bullcr, would be alike produc- live of cheese, I do not know : but we muv well suppose it would make (he richest, and consc- pifDtl}' the nio^t valuable cheeses. FOR THE r-IEW- ENGLAND FARMER. OX IMPROVING THE NATIVE BREED OF NEW ENGL.VND CATTLE. No. I. I luvt long entertained, and repeatedly ex- pressed the opinion, that a tine breed ofcattle. peciiluiriy adapted to the combined objecis of the farmers of Massachusetts, and indeed of all New England, might be most readily and extensive- ly obtained, by (he spirited exertions of substan- tial farmers to improve our nalive breed. My attention has been again drawn to this suKjecl by (he last report of the committee of the Wor- cester Agricultural Society, on milch cows and (at catde. The Committee say—" Ninc(een cows were offered lor premiums, and all, except one, of our native breed. They generally had the appear- ance of extraordinary value, and all gave evi- dence of intrinsic worlh. Their exhibition a.*"- lorded additional proof, (hat our own slock of cows needs no other improvement than can be obtained by a careful selection and a judicious attention (o the origin and management of her progeny." The first and third premiums were awarded to two cows of the native breed. Olhers of the same breed were so good, (he committee re- mark, that another set of judges might have a- warded premiums to Mm, instead of thog rose also high behind, and was the longest bag he had ever seen. The wide separation of the teats is a natural indication of a large bag. — To raise the more cream, Irom Ihe same quantity of milk, that of his cow was set very shallow in the p.nns ; of which, for that purpose, he pur- chased an e^lra number. — Turning to Slarshall's feeding. At one time he gave her potatoes, which increased her milk, but not her butter; and therefore he ceased giving them. In iheicommon practice. And the striking comparison just >.taled, wilh the large cow of English breed, itihen both were fed in the same manner, demon- strates that it was the nature of the animal, the signal faculty -- Bakkwell's ini|iroved domestic animals was k off jnip „ ca^k, add to it eight pounds of loaf Iheir disposition to take on more flesh and lat U„p,3P^ seven quarts of brandy, the jnice of than any other breed, in his time, from the twelve lemons, and of twelve bitter oranges; same q'lantiles of food. It is well known that j ppp| (^g skins of ihcm very thin, which put such a disposition exists in the human race.- — |iiito the spirits, the niirht bet'ore, and ponr the Anil, if I may be allowed to express an opin- > g|,irits off the skins, wlien you put it into the ion in the case, this may arise tVoni the strong- L.:isk. Cork up the cask for three or four er powers of digestion, in some iiulividnals, hy weeks till the liquor is fine, and shake the cask which their lood is more perfectly dissolved or^f,,,, |i,f, ^],■^^ vveek lo dissolve the sugar: a very decomposed, and larger pro|iorlions of the parts i (^[,^.,11 quantity of isinglass helps to fine it. and simmer llicm half an hour in a bell-melal kettle ; add mare and allspice, slniin through a sieve, and simmer again. When cold, add two cloves ol'shallolls cnt small, and half a gill of brandy to each bottle, wliich must be corked light, and kept in a cool place. suited to nourish the animals are extracted. But whatever may be the true sulution of the quesiion the point interesting to the larmer is, 10 be well assured of the fact ; and when any oi' his slock— cattle,s!ieep oi swine-furnish prool «'il, and oilier nour- r .i t . i , • ? .. ... , , •,,,■. I. It . , ^„„ ' pack trrapes lor the Lon( on markets in stneavst. ishing food, will olten altot'ether prevent con- ' . , ' ,. ,- i • i i . u .1 1 ' J-. «-„j .„ ;. f. ^ 'he precaution o( drying he saw-dust by a sumptions in those who are disjiosed to it from ' . . j w j pure state in that space of time. Hence the inhabitants of close ill aired, and unwhulesoRie places, should be diligent in its cultivation. OTTO OF ROSES. The following is the recipe for making the celfi. rated Otto, or Olterof Roses, IVorii a wurk recently published, entitled the Mvinnirs nf the Hose. Take a very large glazed earihen or stone iar, or a large clean woo len cask; fill it with, ,,,,., , ,, ,., , .,, ,. J ', I- ,u J r ,..^11 boiled chickens and other white meals, with bis- the leaves ol the flowers of roses, very well | ., . , >i^ , _,_:._ :.._,_ jj- picked, and free irom all seeds and stjcks ; pour hereditary causes. gentle heal, before use, be had recourse to, this , 11/- 1 .. 1 oi„.. expedient may answer very well; hut if this is A young l.idy, of very narrow chest, and slen- *' /.^ , / ' . ,- l 1 ■' .- 1 1 .u I I „ not done, and il the wood has been cut Iresh, der consumptive make, whose mother ami two ' . ,. , ,' J. ,' f , ,• ■ ■ I- „ 1 f „,,.( he turpentine, and other odours ol the wood, sisters died of declines — hy avoiding beet, mut- . i , • ■ .i ,■ , /-> i j . ii , , , 11 . f 1 . 1 „ t-.„ cannot tall to injure the Iruit. Oak saw dust will ton, pork, and all sorts of red meat, and contio- , ^ ing herself w holly to a diet of oysters, and other \ answer best. I shell fish, while they were in season, and to on them as much pure spring water as will cov- er them, and set the vessel in the sun. in the morning at sunrise, and let it stand till tlie ev- ening ; then lake it into the house for the night- Expose it in tills manner for six or seven suc- cessive days, Mini at the end of the third or fourth day a number of particles, of a fine yellow, oily mater, will float on the surface, which in two or three days more will gather into a scum, which 'is the otto of roses. This is to he taken up by snnie cotton, tied to the enil of a piece oi'st.ck.and squeezed with the finger and Ihiiniij into a small (iliial, which mu-^t be immediately and closely slopped; and this is repeated t"oi Some successive evenings, or while anv of this fine essential oil rises to the surface of the water. It is saiil that 1 cwt. of roses will yield but ball an ounce of this precious aroma. ciiils instead of bread, ami rice instead of vege- tables, soon became healthy and active, and es- caped for many years the diingerous decline wliich threatened her. It is to be remarked CASTOR BEANS. An Illinois pnjier calls the attention of farm- ers to the cultivation of this article. The few experiments made in rearing this plant, prove that the manufacture of Castor Oil may become hoi>ever, that oysters, when ton copiously eaten, I ■•> source of vast profit to the western country at " least, as an article of exportation. Mr John Adams of Edwardsville has commen- ced the pressing of oil from them. For the pres- ent he uses his clolh press for that purpose, and obtains seven qii.irts of cold-pressed oil from a bushel of beans. He presses them without either grinding or pounding. are loo col I for very \veak slomirlis, unless ac- com|>anied with good pepper, or cayenne. — V'ineirar ought never to be used by tliose who eat oysters '■ to enrich their blood," or lo pre- vent consumptions. Instead of vinegar a very little while wine may be added ; but not when there is a fev^r or cough. When too many oysters have been incautiously eaten, and are fell lying cold and heavy on the stomach, we have an iiilallible and immediate remedy in hot milk, of which half a [lint may be drank, and il [will quickly dissolve the oyMers into a bland, creamy jelly. Weak and consumptive persons I should alwayi take this alter their meal of I oysters. HORSE-RADISH. One drachm of the fresh-scraped root of this plant, infused with four ounces of water in a close vessel for Iwo hours, and made into a syrup with ilouble its weight ofsugar, is an approved recipe for removing hoarseness. A tea spoon- ful of ihis has often proved suddenly eflectual. 300 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [April 15, From Memoirs of the Pennsylvania ^IgricuUural Society ON THE PRESERVATION OF POSTS. Philadelphia, February 2d, 1824. Dear Sir. — In accordance with my desire to promote the interests of ngriculture, and »vilh your request, to communicate my experience of the benefit to be derived from the applicatioji of salt in the preservation of posts, without en- tering upon the theory, I will give you the re- sult of twenty years' practice, and the mode which has I'ully realized my most sanguine ex- pectations. In 1803 1 pinnted four gale posts of Delaware oak, of very inferior quality ; a two inch anger hole was bored through thera, which was filled with salt, and plugged at both ends. As they were to support highly finished gates, they were cased with boards, and some salt was put inside of the case near to the ground. The posts are now as sound as when put do»n, and bid fair to last for some generations to'come. — This experiment was tried under the most un favourable circumstances, as the posts were so much worm eaten, that my cnrpenlers were a- verse to finish them, under the belief that they would not last tive years. i have since applied salt to the posts of rail- fences, by boring an inch auger hole, about four inches above the ground, n^ar than the upper part. The process pursued by Dr. AcHARD in making sugar from these roots is given in Dr. Rf.ks" Cyclopedia, Ait. Beta, and is too long to copy here. The refuse of the roofs, after the sugar is eltt^ac^ell, may, it is said, be u^ed as a substi- tute (or coffee, after a due preparation. And the Domestic F.nryclopcdia slates that this ref. use is more profitable for feeding cattle than the roots themselves. Wo apprehend that the Sugar Beet may contain too much saccharine matter to be used for the purpose of feeding cattle without being mixed with other substan- ces, such as hav, cut straw, &.c. in a greater proportion than what is necessary in feeding with roots which have less sweetness. But with a proper mixture of sucii substances, we have no doubt but sugar beets woubl furnish much more nourishment for cattle, in pro(iorlion to their weight than any other vegelalile, which our soil and climate will afford. On this sub- ject, however, we have notliing liul conjecture and analogy on which to found our observations. We wish merely to furnish hints, and state pro. babililies. Experiments, accurately made, and faithfully recorded, can alone enable agricul- turists to delermine decisively the precise value of this root, as an article of field culture. According to a " Table of the quantities of nutritive matters afforded by 1000 parts of different vegetable substances," published by Sir HuMrnny Davy, (see Agricuitural Chemis- try, page 133) the whole quantity of nutritive matter contained in 1000 parts of the rere liihir on fire or menaced witli immediate destruction. The fire commenced be- tween 10 and 11 in the evening, and its progress was not arrested till past 4 in ihe momirg. 1 he numb;!, and the damage is eslimat- td at $60C.O(10, In-sides the inconvenirnci s andexjun- ?es atUudiig Ihe loss of business removals &.C. Ihe claims on the Insurance Cflicea will amount to $3o0,- 000. U is understood, savs the Washington Gazette, that it is the ihtf rlion of Gen. I afavette to reach I onisville, Ken. early in May. Mr Rlay. it is faid. n ill re)iair Ihith-rto receive 'the Genera' and for llmt purpose, will leave U ashiiigton about the close ol the pnseut month. 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARIVTER. 303 The sale of the lots on the slreet south of the new market, Boston, took place i'hurs lay 3)th ult. and jYork, London papt-rs have been received lo Ihe 5(h brought an average of 3 1'-'^-- !"•''• loot — there were 22 lots sold, anj produced J 10.3 IJ.iJ 12 1-2, this is calculated to be at the rate of lulf a million dollars the acre . Un ler the head of the "revival of business," one of the Haitian -re papers state«, that Mr Iteacham is about laying the Ueel of a ship of 2000 tons ! The Karilau and Delaware Canal bill has passed l)olh branches of the Legislature of Pennsylvania. LovEi.i.'s FiGBT. The hundredth aniversary of Lov- ell's battle, is to be celebrated at H'ryeburg, Me. near the spot where the tattle was fought, on the 16lh of May next. A bill for establishing an Alhcneum in the city of New York has passed the senate of that state. College of Lnuisiana Latest from Europe. — By a late aniial at N«w-(X1|RY and Ground WfllTF. LK.\D, of a Buperiot of j JL^ quality, for sale in lots to suit purchasers. -The Tjegislature of Louisiana .VIrirch. A petition has been presented to Ihe llousi of Commons for cutting a ship thannel through Cejitral .America for the purpose of uniting the Atlantic with Pacific Orean ; and for mining and other purposfs, in Guatiamala. — One of the Dutch paptrs asserts that in one of the Provinces of the Netherlands. 250 person* had been drowned by an inundation, .'JOOO persons re- duced to want, ir>00 houses overthrown, and M,ltOO head ol cattle had perished. — I'he project for forming a tunnel umier the Thames has been revived, and the work was commenced the 2d of March. Engineers re- port favorably respecting the practicability of the A'ork. — 'i'wo boys at Lton school, one a son ol Lord Shafts- ! Ions, burv, and the other belonging tu some distinguished [ fit familv had a serious ALLU.M, in bbls. of 300 lbs. BLUK VITRIOL, of a superior quality. RLFINED SALTPELRK, in kegs oni2 lbs. DUPONT'S superior GUNPOW DKR— for sporting or blasting — warranted equal to any powder to be had in the United States, forall purposes lo which Gunpow- der is applied. This powder is sold at wholesale or re- Inil. 8HOT— BALLS— FLINT.S,— at wholesale or retail. ^ho — 10, GOO gallons of l)yer''3 superior red and white CURRANT WINE, put up in kegs of 6 gallons, quar- ter casks of from 2fj to 30 gallons, and pipes of 110 gal- K. COPELAND, jr. .^6 65 broad street. set to'- at boxing which lasted ! 171 PaRSOiNS Ai CO. City 1' uruilure warehouse, about lour hours, and alter 60 rounds, Cooper, the j X'j . Union Street, near the Union Stone, keep con- young nobleman, received his death blow, and expir- [ stantly on hand for sale, a general assortment of fuini- ,.,.,, . .,,.,, , , , ed in about four hours. Wood, the other combatant, j ture, chairs, looking glasses, feathers of all kinds, fire at then- last session, incorporated a College by the above I and several others were taken into custody, charged | spi., brushes, bell.nvs &c. &-c. liosh.n. March 25. name, to be established at the town of Jackson, in the parish of East Feliciana ; and appropriated funds for its maintenance. Great Tree on Boston Common. — On seeing a para- graph in a New York paper, in which the writer re- quested to be furoished with the dimensions of 'he "Great I'ree on the Common;" the same was accur- ately taken on Saturday last, by two intelligent citi- zens. They found it by actual admeasurement, fo be sixl^ five feel in h.ight Iwr.nlt) one feel ei-jjit inches in circumference, at two feel and a half from the circum- jacent earth ; and that its branches extended eighty six feet. The art of priuling Cotton or Cuiico i'; brought to great perfection in this coentry. — An < xtensive estab lishment for this purpose has recently been put in op- eration at Taunton, Mass. We observed yesterday at Messrs. .Molts, In Pine street, seme cases of prints from that factory which will not suffer in comparison with the best fabrics of Europe. C«n/— An extensive bed of coal has lately been dis- covered in Clearfield county, Peun. on the Susquehan- uah (liver. Ohio. —The Legislature of this Stale, at thrirlast session have passed a law indicting a fine of §100 or iinderon any person who shall confine or aid in confin- ing; any bull, s'eer. or other domestic or domesticated animal for bull baiting or other purposes of torture • and a fine of $20 or under, on any person concerned in the game of cock fighting. J^'aval Orders.— Com. Rodgers has issued a general order fin- the prevention o( Dwll ing among the Amer- ican officers of the Navy, by which practice the country has already been deprived ef many brave men ; and declares, that for a violation of this order, by any olHcer, he shall not fail to put the laws in force against him to their utmost extent. ^ Cannl.—\t is slated that the navigation of the .'Mer- rimack could be extended from Concord to Salisbury— 20 miles-for Ihe paltry sum of $2i ',000— which could be raised by Lottery, in six months. The heights of the Lake Winnipisseogee and Baker's Pond, "ensure water, through fieders for anv canal which mi'^ht be constructed between the upper Merrimack an'd the Connecticut. — Pal. Death of a rich Bachelor.— WiWiam Gait died in Richmond, Virginia, on the 26th of Maich. He emi- grated from Scotland in ]77,~, and commenced trading with a pedler's park. At that time he did not own SIX feet of soil, but in IC25 he could ride 15 miles rec- tilmearon bis own ground. A short lime before his death he estimated his estate 7.50,000 dollars, but others add .'.^11,01 0 more. He accumulate <1 his immense fortune by taking care of pence first, and then pounds. He IS said to have been parsimonious to himself.and liberal towards others. He lived and died a bachelor. The New- York American states that a regular pitch- eel tiattle, m which several hundred Irishmen were engagad. look plac. in that city on Tuesday mo. ning last, to the great annoyance of the more peaceable in- habitants. About a dozen of the ringleaders were tak r into custody, and fully committed ; hut not until oue or two constables were seriously injured. with manslaughter. This catastrophe, it is tho ught, will have a tendency to render this barbarous amuse- ment le-ss fashionable than it has been. Several petitions have been recently presented to the Briiish Parliament, from Manchester, flull, &c. for the removal of the restrictions on the impirtation of grains. A farm of 160 acres near Colchester, Eng. was lately sold for 100,000/. sterling. C):5"W0AD SEED, fop. bistribution. — Rirhnrd Crowninshield, Esq. of Dnnver=, having present- ed the Mass.iclin-ptis .Socielv 'or ProinolinST Asf- riculliire, willi ihrpp barrels of woad seed, one of them is left with the Editor of ihe New Eiiij- lund Fannef, who will g^ive it lo o:enllemen dis- posed to make use of it, till, at the meeting of the Trustees, they direct ils distriltution. — A letter from Mr Crowninshield, with an account of the culture of VVoad will be sriven next week. To CoRRESPONDEiNTS. — ' D' is received. ' Pomona' will reeeire an early insertion ; likewise the premiums of the Essex Agricultural Society. Several articles from an esteemeel friend came too late for insertion in this week's paper, among which are an essay on the utility of establishing agricultur- al schools, &c. new. THE Subscriber, for a few years past, has been cul- tivating an extensive FRUIT NURSERY. He now has a large assortment of Peach Treks, budded from the best Emit in the country, native and foreign, in the best order for transplanting. By another seas6n he bopes to offer pEAR and Cherry Trees of the first quality. O. FISKE, Worcester. BISBEE'S Patent Improved Hoes, constantly for sale at the Agricultural Establishment, No. IOC State Street. F Oil sale at this Office, BALL SKINS at the usua' prices. NOTICE.— The office of the New England Farmer is removed to No. 3] Congress-street, corner of Liadall street, four dgors from the Post Office. P-i'i'EN'P lMi:s_,\otice is hereby given, that tie subscribers are appointed the sole agents for ven- ding J. 1- Jl. Falc^s Patent Hues, which are offered for sale at factory prices by A.D.WELD & J. FRENCH Jr. Boston, March 25. 182'). No. 1\1 Washington St. 17(OR sale at Ibis e)IHce. Hutu Baga, Mangel V\ urt- JD zel, and Sugar Beet seeds, raised this season, by John Prince. Esq. Roxbury. The Rula Baga seed is from superiour roots, from seed not two years since from Sweilen. Feb. 11. [■RICES OF COUNl'RY PRODUCE, &.c. APPLES, best, ASPIES, pot, 1st sort, - pearl do. - - ■ BEANS, white, - - - . BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, cargo. No 1, new, '• No 2, new, CUTTER, inspect. No. 1 CHEESE, new milk, - - skimed rnilk, - . - T-LkX * - FLAX SEL'D FLOUK, Bajtimore, Howard St Genessee, - - - Rye, best, - - . GRAIN,Eye Corn - - ... Barley . ... Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, Bone Middlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Clover ..... WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - . . do Pulled, Lamb's, Ist sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROFISIOJV MARKET. BEE!', best pieces - - . . PORK, fresh, best pieces, . . " whole hogs, . . . VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, lump, best, - . - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - . . . Indian, do. - . - . POTATOES, . . . . CIDER, liquor, - . - . HAY, according to quality, FROM TO b. < D. Ct bbl 2 2[ 2 50 Ion. 102 104 OO 104 01 106 CO bush 1 It 1 25 bbl. 10 5(] 11 00 7 £( 8 00 6 25 6 60 lb. 16 20 7 8 ' 5 .8 10 bush 1 OC bbl. 5 37 1 5 50 6 00 6 12 2 75 bush 54 55 55 1 56 5C 30 ' 31 lb. 11 12 8 U cask 1 25 1 60 gal. 75 100 ton. 4 50 4 75 bbl. 17 00 18 00 14 fO 15 00 13 75 14 00 bush 2 00 2 25 lb. 7 8 60 70 40 45 45 50 37 42 27 35 48 52 40 42 lb. 8 10 6 8 7 8 4 8 5 8 8 12 16 20 20 26 10 12 i«sb 65 70 60 70 ■ 37 50 bbl. 2 75 3 00 ton. 16 U( 2IJ 00 304 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, [April 15, iWtsccUauifs. /Newspapers. — From a long and interesting lit- erary article in the Charleston Mercury, bear- ing the impress of a finished classical scholar, we hope to find an apology lor extracting the following eulogy on newspaper reading, taken from the Westminster Review, and appended by way of note to the essay alluded to. Although it may seem designed to favor "• the crafi," we believe it will be found to contain some truth ; "Newspapers, of xhich the circulation is thus extended, are the best and surest civilizers of a country. They contain within themselves not only the elements of knowledge, but (he induce- ments to learn. There is no one so instructed, no one so ignorant, as not to learn from them something. It seems impossible that any people within whose reach good newspapers can be brought, can resist the temptation to letters. — In America, where alone the thing has been tri- ed, a native unable to read cannot be found. It is thus that the miscellaneous character of a newspaper makes it more valuable than if it only contained political occurrences and pol.lical dis- sertations. The understandings of it- readers are led on, by degrees, from the sim|)!Lst dom- 'estic occurrences to those which affect their re- motest interest, or appeal to their noblest sym- pathies ; from the overturning of a conch to the overturning of an empire. It is impo< dr>; a co'j; that is giving milk, some is left in her hag, at every milking — and more and more, un- til she ceases to be milked. From this well known fact, it is to be inferred, that llie leaving any portion of her milk, however small, un- drawn, tends to the same result. 13ut besides the daily loss of milk, and the earlier drying up the cows, by fiich careless milking, there is a natural diminution of butter. By careful exper- iments, Dr Anpk.rson ascertained that the last cu|) of milk drawn from the cows (the "strip- pings") yielded, on an average, ten times as much butter as the like cup of milk first drawn. In one cow it was 16 times as rich in butter. In the summer season, this cow was fed on the crops above-mentioned, three or lour times ,1 vhrn dried o2', fitlen faster, and in a higher de- gree, then coivs which had given ihin milk, on Ihe same quanlity of food. This presents an- other and very weighty moliv;, to cherish and propagate (iia( breed of cattle of which the cows are so productive of butter. T. PICKERING, i The following: well merited compliment from (he peu of the Ldilor ol the Amotican Farmer, will we hei^t, Lie,^ I rendered the more arceplable to the noble donor, \> liose patriotism and liberality elicited the rr marks, li ora the circumstance of its emanating from a m ry resjiecta- ble aid disinterested source. Trai.-e IVorii the praise- worthy is t le highest and dearest reward of merit. — El. I At a meeting of ihe Board of Trustees ot the ' A!i)ssacluis(tts Agricuhurat Society, held the 22d ' inst. (he cordial thanks of the board were voted to Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, of the British navy, for a Stud Horse and Mare, of the Yorkshire ; Cleveland B,iy«, the most highly apfiroved breed in England, for the coach and lor the road, and which were ready lo he pn-senled by him, and lo be placed at the direction of Ihe Socuty in Liverpool. They are expected to arrive in (his ci(y in June, when notice will be given where ihey will be placed — Boston Paper. [The members of the Massachusetts AgricuU . tural Society, who are, without any e.\:iggera» | lion, amongst the most substantial and enlighten- ed citizens of (his coun(ry, will know how to appreciate (he value of the present above men- (iotieil. For our own par(, we cannot register i(, without paving the tribute of our feeble praise to one whose munificence and honorable recol- *Addrcss to Mass. Ag. Society, at Brighton, Oct. 1822. 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FAII.MEH. 3o: lectinns of his nntraespol, we have so often h;irl Decision lo admire. Bv Admiral Sir Isnac Coffin, the slate of Mas- piichusell* has been presented, within onr notice, of improved domestic animal':, which mn«t have cost several thon«and d^illars ! The value ofthe melioration thus to he wronsfhl upon their native slock, it would he difficult to eslimate. We re- memher, at the moment, donations hj him of a stallion, of the race of the London hrewers' dray horse;* a bull of the im|iroved shrri horn breed, and a pair of t!ie celehrated Hereford cattle; and now, a pairof liie Yorkshire Cleve- land bays, male and female — This is the stock which we have Ions; been anxious to see in- tiochiced into Maryland. It will he remember- ed that the late Robert Patterson, seein? in F.ng^land the great value of this blood, in their coach horse, bought a fine colt on the spot, for which he gave 100 CTnineas — that horse has since lieen sold into Washington county, for gl.50O — still we are without the breed, because no farmer who has the mean*, has had the spirit to impon a mare, though there is every reason to believo tliat her first stone colt would more tlia 1 pay all ex[ienses. Whilst some of our most wealthy citizens re- fuse to give more than live dollar*, others go as fir as two dollars, and others refuse to give a single one, to promote agricultural improve- ments in Maryland, here we have, the example of an officer in a foreign service, acting under the retincd and generous impulse of attachment to hi* naive sput, makinar otTerinsrs of the most substantial kind, in whatever he can understand to be most conducive lo the welfare of those to whom he is bound by the ties of youthful as- sociations— ties so universal, so congenial to ail viituous hearts, as naturally to raise, the indig- nant question — ' Breathes tlierc the man. wilVi soul so dead, \^ ho never to hiraseli hath Fait), Tins is my own, my native land ! Whose heart halh ne'er within liim burned, As home his footsteps he hath tinned. From wandering; on a foreign strand ^ If such there breathe, go, marli him well. For him, no Minstrel raptures swell ; Hia^h though his titles, proud hi? name, Bnniidless his wealth, as wish can claim ; I'espite those titles, power, and pelf, The wretch concentered all in self, Living, shall forfeit fair renown, -ind, doubly dying, shall go down To the vile dust from whence he sprung, Unwept, unhonoured, and unsung !'] This animal has a hrnad tail, and the natural color of the wool is da'k brown, or snuff color. The fleece is supposed to weigh about 25 lbs. is uncommonly close and compact, and reaches nearly to the ground. The body appears to be robust and of great strength, in prime con- dition and sound health. The size is greater than any ofthe largest Sheep of our country. The head is beautiful, the eyes piercing and quick in motion, no fleece beyond the ears; the head appears to project out tronithe fleece, having the appearance of the dark brown short fur on the deer's head. The horns are hand- somely seated on the head: and ol the middle size. It isrea;retted that this extraordinary and valuable animal is taken out of this state to New-Jersey. — 'V. Y. paper. C.\R.\MANL4N SHEEP. In the Charles &. Ellen, Capt. Gerry, which arrived some weeks ago from Smyrna, wa« im- ported a Ram, native of Cararaan, in Asia ftWnor. taken from on hoard of a Turkish vessel bound to Constantinople. It was presented to Capt. G. by the Greek Admiral Tombaro, who assur- ed him that it was a genuine native ofthe above place and that it would prove a great acquisi- tion to improve the breeds in this country. Their value in the market at Constantinople is 200 to 250 dollars; their wool is peculiarly adapted to the manufacture of Camblets, and their flesh is esteemed excellent and delicate. * The valuable dray horse was presented by Gen. John Coffin, brother to the Admiral, a native of Massachusetts. The admiral sent to the Society a heifer of the Improved Short Horn Breed, which with the first calf, gave 8 quarts a day, when the call was six weeks old, and permitted to take all it could. From the Boston Daily ^drerliser. THE SEASON. It is loo early to give a detailed report ofthis season compared with others. But the winter has been so extraordinary an one, both in this country and Europe, that it may he interesting to put on record its effects and its terminalion. Many phiiils, which perish, in our ordinary winters, have survived the last. The wall tloiv- er, which always perishes with us, though it survives the winter of Great Britain (10 deg. more north) hasslood our frosts and is now again pushing vigorously. The Chinese plants, and among others the Chinese roses, have generally stood our last winter's frosts. The Cbrysan- ihemum indiciim is starting as fresh as if it liad been in its native climate. The peach tree has suffered no loss of its tender branches, and its flower buds are vigorous. Last year, they "ere generally killed by I he frost. This leads me to make a remark, which many years' ex perience has confirmed, that tlie loss of our (leacb trees is rather to be attributed to early thaws in February and March, and to siibsequenl severe weather, than to tale spring frosts. 1 know that this opinion will be controverted, but 1 am persuaded that the peach tree will en- dure, when in flower, very severe frosts, with- out much injury — but the great mischief arises from the destruction ofthe young wood itself, and the flower bud*, arising from cold sleet and severe storms in February and March. Simple continued cold it can sustain, but it cannot en- dure alternate heat and severe frost. An equable season is the one fitted for this Persian tree. 1 have no fear of late frosts, unless extremely severe, so as to affect the leaves, after they have put forth. The season would hare been extremely early had it not been checked by the late cold weather. Yet as it is, many plants are unusually forward, as will be seen by the following comparison : In 1815 — Apricots in flower ' May 1 1816 ' ' April 29 1821 ' ' April 21 1823 ' ' April 20 1825 ' ' April 11 1816— Gooseberries put forth leaves April 20 1823 ' ' April 10 1825 ' ' April 1 1822-Peaches & nectarines against > . ■. „„ a fence, la flower ^ F "•^ 1825 ' ' April 10 The same proportion of time holds as to hya- cinths and violets and all the early flowers. So that we may safely affirm, thai the season is at Ibis time more forward than usual by at least ten days. Grass may he made an exception — or at least it is not so much earlier than usual. And we should not be surprised to find, the I ifr; flower- ing trees as Inle in expanding their blossoms as in ordinary years. Those who predict either a permanently early or a fruilfiil seasrn, from first appearances, must learn to expect disappointmenls. A cobl speil of weather may disappoint their ho[ies. One thing is certain, that early spring following a mild winter, is favouratde to the industrious 'ar- mer, [irolongina; materially his acli^^■ s- .mon of iinluslry, and enablins; him lo do liis woik well, and without needless hurry A ROXBURY FARMER. Jlpril 14, 1825. There have been those who have put in their heans and corn. Let them not be surprised if they are obliged to plant them anew ; yet it is laudable to make such experiments, because thev m.Ty be successful. We tnoy have asprmg as mild as has been onr nnexam|ded winter. THE COAL TRADE. At Mauch Chunk, Lehigh, there are 100,000 bushels of coal on the landinc; and between 600, 000 and 800,000 bushels uncovered in the mine. Five or six hundred thousand feet of stuff are s.iwed and seasoned, and ten th.^usand logs have, been brcught to the village. The saw mills are cajiable of culling 20,000 foot of limber a day. In the tunnel "which has been commenced, between two and ilitee miles from the river, the workmen have proceeded upwards of two hundred and thirty feel, and expect to get to a vein of Coal next month. About 25,000 tons of coal, eq lal to 700,000 will be brous^bt from the mines on the Lehigh to Philadelphia, duiina: the ensuing summer. Although the Schiiijlkillv/\\\ not be navigable before June, there are already about 90,000 bushels of coal on the landings on that river. This amount will be increased to hundreds of thousands of bushels during the summer, so that Philadelphia will look like a pretty decent col- liery before next autumn. Dr. S. M'Culloch visited last summer, the new garden ofthe Horticultural Sociely of London, at Chiswick. He there saw their overflowing well, obtained by boring, the stream as thick as his arm, of fine drinking water. It was turn- ed toihe greatest advantage over the groimds, for the purpose both of ornament and utility — in the formation ofsmall lakes and the irrigatioQ of the garden. To the qneslion as to the sur- rounding country, he says it is level as the lands on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, as far as the eye can reach — no overhanging or neighboring higher grounds. — Phil. Paper. There has been a rapid decrease of capital punish- ments in London within four years. In 1820, forty-one executions occurred; in 1821, thirty-three; in 1822, twenty-three; in 1823, only seventeen. In the eight years from 1816 to 1823, the total number was two hundred and three. In the three last years there were none punished for murder. 308 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [April 22, FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. AORXCUXiTURAI. SCHOOX.S. Roxbury, March 19, 1825. Sir — No great public good can ever be effect- ed without great individual effort. Much is said, and said very loosely too, about (he march of mind, rind the constant progress of society towards improvement, as it the progress ot" im- provement proceeded like the season", by fixed laws : Without either admitting or denying ibis opinion, which is susceptible of many qualifica- tions, I think it may safely be aflirnied, that this progress has been the effect not of a blind, inevitable course and progress of human affairs, but of individual and con>l)ined effort. It is of very little consequence, fur example, whether the art of printing is due to a Dutch or a Ger- man artist ; all admit, that it was owing to some one or two individuals, and that its effects upon society and upon civilization have l)een incal- culably great. In other terms, it is to a lew individuals, seconded and supported by the good sense of the ages in wliich they lived, that vve owe all our improvements in the ails and sciences. Every art exce[)l that of agriculture hiis been patronized and supported t)y rulers and by men of science — It is only within the last halt' centu- ry, that this art has attracted the attention of enlightened men. It would not be ditlicult to point out the cause of this neglect. The actual exercise of the art was confined fill very lately, in Europe, entirely to slaves, or to a class of men just emancipated from slavery. The em ployments of agriculture were c(iiisidered de- rogatory, and no attempt was made U< apply to that art, the foundation and su[)porl of all oth- ers, those sound principles of philo~o| hy and science, which had earned forward all the ulb- er arts to the highest degree of improvement. I know very well that it is denied that agncnl ture is the foundation of all other art.s, but 1 think if sp plain as ni't to requiie argument to sustain it. Even at (/as day, this moment ot un- exampled light and tearless inquiry, there were found young Genlleinen in our Legislature, who denied the usefulness of the exertions which have been made simullaneously in Europe and America (o vindicate the rights of farmers to publick patronage, to establish the impor- tance of an improveil system of agriculture. Who denied the value of all the past and pres- ent exertions. Who doubted the benetils of making the agricultural class a reasonable and thinking part of our population. Sir, 1 can only say, 1 look upon this short- sighted effort to arrest the certain fnture ad- vance of the agricultural classes of society as most unwise and injudicious. To proceed up- on the presumption, that three fourths of our whole population are not susceptible of improve- ment, appears to my mind most rash and ill-ad- vised. It is true, that neglected and chilled by the want of public patronage, which has warmed and revived all olber classes, they are neither so ready, nor so zealous as the others to vindi- dicate their rights ; but 1 fearlessly atiirm that the measures adopted under the patronage of Sir John Sinclair, the correspondent of Wasiunoton, the efforts of YouN(i,and Ijedford, and Hobiiouse and Knioih, in England, have made an entire change in the course of British agriculture, and however feeble may have been ihe first exer- tions in the same cause in our country. I can have no doubt that the effects have been re- cently comparatively as great. 1 have no doubt, that the Farmers, as a class, now have and enjoy a degree of importance, and a self-respect, which nothing but these efforts could have produced. When we can enumerate among the friends of agricultural improvement and encourai^ers of its cultivation, such men as Washington, .Teffer- soN, Ai;ams, Pickering, Maoison, Jay, Harper, and a thousand others, 1 think it is too laie to inquire whether agriculture either needs or is susceptible of impro\ emcni. But 1 should not have troubled you with these remarks, if they had not been connected with a question of the last importanct- to Farmers. — Men may write intelligently and learnerlly, as much as they please, but if they write to men who do not comprehend them, their labour is tost. The question has recently been started in Europe, and has been revived in our country, Can we mt adopt a coHcse o/ crfiicoa'ort peculiar- j ly adapted to farmers ? Alter the dark ages, the first efforts of an im- proved stale of society were directed to the ed- ucation of laivytrs, divines, and physicians — but no man evi r dreamt of shedding the smallest portion of liglit m\ farmers. They were consid- ered as being entirely out of the pale of intel- lectual cultivation. This was not only natural, but perfectly right, ll was necessary, that those classes of society upon whom depended the general advancement of knowledge should be tirst improved, but we can see no reason why the agricultural class should continue to he neg- lected, unless if be assumed as an axiom, that tbey are incapable of improvement, or that their intellectual advancement is incompatilde with their ethcienry as farmers. This vvff do not believe — the experiment has not tieen tried. I am ready to admit that they cannot become [irolound scholars without es- sentially impairing 'heir capacity as farmers. Their haliits would be so changed, that tbey could not submit nor indeed be fitted lor the labours of the plough. But we cannot perceiv(> why they should not be able to acquire surb a degree of knowledge of their own art, of its state and progress in other nations, of the gen- eral principles on which it is founded, in the same manner ar.d to the same degree in which practical navigators and manulacturers improve their own natural sagacity without impairing their capacity for actual and profitable labour. It is said that our farmers cannot afford to devote the time and money required for such an improvement of their skill. Yet they fini! the means in every small town, of sending < ne or more deputies to the learned professions, and they prove often to be among the ablest and most efficient luminaries of the country. Adams, Ames and Webster, and a thousand other exam- ples, might be cited in New-England only — in tact, our agricultural population have lurn- ished and will forever continue to furnish the men, who will form the great support of our nation. Can they not then send a/cKi, who, at a moderate expense, without aiming to be ■statesmen, may acquire more enlarged view-^ of their own art, and refuin to their f.irms wIlli enlightened minds, and better capable of filling the various offices of a municipal and publick nature, than they can no'u^ do ? I believe it to be a feasible plan, and think it worthy of trial. For this purpose, semina- ries such as that proposed by the trustees of the B) field Academy — such as that in success- ful operation at Gardiner — should be founded, and a fair experiment should be made. Should the experiment fail, we should always have the consolaiion of having made a meritorious effort. But it rici// not fail. Those ivho shall enji y the privilege of seeing the progress of our counlry filty years hence, will find that this scheme is not a visionary one, that we shall not limit the education of our farmers to the simple capacity of writing indifferently th.-ir own lan- guage, and to the firsl rules of arithmolir, but that ihey will insist upon having a portion of that knowledge which is diffused and is hourly diffusing among all other classes of our citizens. I am aware, that the views which 1 have pre- sealed will appear to some minds visionary. So appeared 50 years since the idea, th.it the expantive power of steam well understood 200 years ago, would be so successfully applied as to enable the little island of Great Britain, scarcely a speck in this globe, to undersell in the markets of India, the manufacturers of that Cduiitry who had for 2000 years been concern- ed III that branch of industry, and who are in- dividually supported by rice and water alone, at an expense ol' one hundred rupees or 50 dol- lars per year only — \ el such is \\n' fact — Such the »vonders produced by the skill ot' a Scotch- man tiy the name of Wall, whose fame is much m.re deserving of public veneration than that of all the cowardly conqiierers, who safe themselves in most battles ha>e carried desolation through- nut the globe for many Ihnusantis of years. If there was ever any country which was invit- ed by its free-institutions, its unlramelled good sense to set the example of improving the char- . icier of the cultivators of the soil, and of hold- ing in contempt all the arts which abridge hu- man enjoyments, ours is that nation. Give our fanners a cheap, but sound educa- tion, and we shall soon see, that the intelligence wtiich has been so amply displayed by our Art sts, Mechanicks, and Werchanis, will be per- ceived ti> exist in as full lurce and energy among our larmers. Shall we admit, lliat the most healthful, in- dependent eni|diiymcnt debases our citizens, and renders them incapable of intellectual im- provement !" Heaven forbid! — There never has been a fair experiment of tiieir capabilities, and we sught to be grateful to such men, as Mr. Gardiner, of Maine, and to the Trustees of the Dummer Academy for setting an example so honorable, and we hope in the event, beneficial to our country. Those who read the Scotch reviews, must be struck with the remaiks of the reviewers in iheir last number on the highly beneficial ef- fects, not hypothetical, but practical, of similar institutions in Scotland. Let us imitate the example. We have a better soil to cultivate — Sure, that we liave belter materials on which such a system can be iiiunded — Ai Hiiy rate, if we tail, we shall fail in a noble efi'ort. 182';.] NEW EVGI^AND FAW>IER. 309 FOR. THE NKW K.VCiLANU FARMF-R. THE NATIVE POTATO. \\\io worm, whose riiva^es in cl.nvoy I, mil or in i« wefsoil iire rr(?qiient. TIip cxperimenl may lie niMile with litllc IroiiMe and expense, an Commodore Hull, not I'or^cll'ul ol" the inter- »ve hope our i;:nnors jjeneraily will he induced ests of science, has iransmilled to Ihe Fresideiil |o try il. An onnce oT copperas !■< allowed to of the M iss.ichnselts Ap^nculuinl Society a hox every qnart ot'serd. It .-hciild be steeped al)oiit of the tubers ol the common [lotito, I'onnd grow- 24 honrs. I'erhap" g'lain might be equally bene inif in a taiid st.ite in the Island oCS.ui Lorenz", fited by the same treatment. in Peru. It has been long' sim e known, that: Experiments of i.lanting corn in drills have Ihe common potato, (or many \iars called the heen made with success. The ground should Virginia potato, under an erroneous imprea- he ivell prepared lor planting by ploughing sjon that It was an indigenous plant in Ihsit ami harrow ng. IClhen furrowed (or rows about state, IS not a native of North America. Bon- three & a half feet apait, Ihe manure is di-oppod TLANo, ihe associate of Humboldt, was not able j in tli(> ("urrows. The m.mure is covered an Jo liiid It m M( (he best Hengal indigo is now selling a( ^3.50 per lb. and that American cloths generally do nut net anything beyond cf'.st and ch:'re*>s, in conse- quence of their suread on Meadows.* immedi- a(ely after or soon al'(er mnwing. Ii is gener- ally done wi(h a fork from (be cart, (akin? care (o go about and lav (hem apart 6, 8, or 10 inch- es. From 30 (o 75 barrels on an acre is a com- mon coat. An immediate decomfiosiiion of the fi-b lakps place, the oil escapes and runs into the ground, and wherever it touches, the grass, in a few days, is entirely des(roved, firs( (iirn- ing a d irk red, and (hen (o a black mouldy col- our. Ii a shor( (ime. there will s(ar( up an en- tirely new crop oCgr.iss around every fish, and It is not imacfined that fish can be used to profi( as a manure far in the interior of the country, yet around our bays, harbours, and a- long our indented coast it is (bought they may be more extensively used, and we have no doulit if the experiment is once fairly trie, and al^o on the trunk, the eartli al)out the roots (h)o; some inch- es deep, and carried ofT, the ground under (he trees hoed and swept, fresh sods placed round the roots, and ashes, from the ley cask, strewed for Some dislanre und^>r and around the trees. This was perlormed in Iheaiiliimn. The April followinsj the trees were white washed all over the trunks and lartfer branches. While in blos- som they are smoked ni^rht and morninof for a wet^k, with tarred oakum, or any trash, slrew- wilh sulphur, or roll hrm^tone. A frying pan answers well for this pur|)0-p, as it can be held high, and close to Ihe blossoms. The blossoms of ihe pluin and cherry trees contain a very small fly, which afipears while the smoke isap- plied to the blossoms. This tly ruins the fruil, causing it lo fall off prematurely; it is suffocat- ed by the tar or suli)hur fumes. Peach trees need not be smoked, but it is requisite to dig the old earth from the roots every autumn, replacing it bv fresh sods, and to white wash in the spring. Lime and old ashes miy be scattered round Ihe root. No other enri'-hing is necessary, except chip trausb 1 00 bbl. 5 50 5 75 6 00 -,6 12 ?.75 bush - 54 " 56 < 651 56 •• 50 30 31 lb. 11 12 8 n cask 1 171 1 21 gal. 75: 100 ton. 4 50 4 75 bbl. 17 00 18 00 14 (0 15 00 13 75, 14 00 bush 2 00 2 25 lb. 7 8 60 70 40 45 45 50 37 42 27 85 48 52 40 42 lb. 8 10 6 8 7 8 4 8 5 8 8 12 16 22 25 28 12 13 bush 65 70 60 70 37 50 h" 2 75 3 00 ton. 16 UC 20 09 312 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [April 22, UrbtrU). Nature and Reason harmonized in the practice of hus- bandry. By the late John Lorain. This is a useful work, combining the reason- ing of the philosopher, with the practical obser- vations of the actual farmer. It consists of near- ly 600 pages in octavo, divided into four books and fifty two chapters. As a knowledge of the opportunities possess- ed by an author to acquire information on the subject on which he writes, and of his talents to avail himself of them, always iias a tendency to command attention from those to whom his works are particularly addressed, it may be proper to state, that Mr Lorain was the son of a farmer in Maryland ; that he himself was en- gaged in the cultivation of the soil in his young- er days : that he was afterwards and for several years a respectable merchant in Phihuleiphia, and during part of the time he resided among us, successfully cultivated a farm of about one hundred acres in the county of Philadelphia. — In the year 1812, he retired to Philipsburg, in Centre county, Pennsylvania, where be died in the year 1823. The work he has left us, may be safely pronounced a valuable legacy. The first book is on jnanures and vti^cUiiion. He treats Ijrst of lime and gypsum, lioth ol which have added greatly to the wealth of Penn- sylvania ; e.^plains the principles upon which their properly of increasing the fertility of the soil depends, and defends the character of the latter mineral from the charge of being an ex- hauster, which was made by those who were not careful to return to the ground a reasonable proportion of its product. 2iy,He treats of animal and vegetable manures, and notices the inatten- tion of them, and the severe cropping of "■ the backwoods farmer." His observations and spec- ulations on vegetation, are ingenious, original and interesting. The explanation be offers ol the fact, that when timber in our forests is thrown down by storm, or burnt, or cut, a new growth, differing from that which formerly cov- ered the ground, takes place, is explained on simple and rational principles, and shows that, contrary to the opinion of the British reviewers, this circumstance, which is so familiar to the people of the United Slates, militates against neither revelation, philosophy nor common sense. He opposR^, with success, (he favourite practice of English farmers of paring and burn- ing the soil, and derives an argument against it from the effect produced upon the soil in tlie woods, from burning the trees to clear the land. " As soon," he remarks," as tlie salts contained in the ashes have exhausted the animal and vegetable matter which had escaped the burn- ing, and on which they powerfully act, the place where the heaps were burnt, are clearly seen to be the poorest in the field, unless enriching manure have been applied, or the grounds have been laid down to grass in time to prevent the extent of the injury done by burning, from be- ing seen." The eighth chapter, which is expressly on barn yard manure, will be read by every farmer who reads at all, with great interest. He thinks c.s. At 4 years old. 45gs. at .Middleham, gold cup at heverly, *Ogs. at Chi Iten- ham, and gold cup at Hereford, — beating Pawlowitz, b. i\ by Thunderbolt, (^'otlage Girl, Cambysts, and Wildboy, 3 miles - I'hoenix, Ethelinda, oil. 1. by Fylde- inar, 2niiles — Thyrsis and Charming Wolly, 3 miles — Shylock and Trim, I 1-2 miles." ROMAN will cover the present season at the sub- scrilier's farm in .N'orthborongh, county of Worcester. Terms— $20 for the season, the money lo be paid previous to taking away the mans. STEPHEN WILLIAMS. A'orlhhorovgh, Mass. Jlpril 2^ 1825. NEW ENGLAND FARMEH. Published by JOHN B. RUSSKIv slofp(i!5»at the distance of every three feet. The w.iggons generally used rnu upon tour iheels of i'rom two to three feet dinnieter, ^ind ciuy from 20 to 50 cwt.— Four or live of these »re, tliswi.i by one horse. On Ihe dead level i-ai'v-iav coMSh i-.c'ed by Mr John Gti' '.en for Sir htci. Hope, near Miissejburg, which is one of the most perlVcl in Bnlain, a single horse will draw five loaded wagons, each containing 30 cwt. ol rotils, at the rale of four miles an hour — in all li tons exrlu-ive of the wagons, which weigh 3 tons mare. Reducing the velocity to twn miles an hour by Professer Leslie's rule, the borsp should drag 12 tons or 15 tons including the wagons. Mr Stevenson observes, that, "an ordinary horse, upon a well constructed edge railway, on a level line of draught will work with about ten tons of goods." Mr Palmer, ai^ English engineer., gives the following as Ihe el feet of a single horse's draught upon the differ- ent railways at 2^ miles an hour : JVn\'hl of load Wtighl of the load *■ drawn, in lbs. & wagon, in lbs. Lanelly tram road 4,602 Surry, do. 6,750 Penrin edge rail 10,084 Cheltenham tram road 8,679 New branch of do dusty 11,765 Do. clean 14,070 Edse Newcastle. \ 17,773 railways near) Newcastle. \ 8,850 9,000 13,050 15,500 18,300 21,900 25,500 This table shows ibe great superiority of the odsre rails. The engineer observes, too, thai the vehicles are made in a vry rude mannei-. and that were more c^re emi loyed in their con siruction the load might be much increased. Railways are generilly made double, one for goingrand the other for returning. The breadth 'of ground required for n single railway, is from j 9 lo 12 feet; for a doable one from 15 (o 25. — The expense of a double road, including the price of the ground, may be estimated generally at from 3000/. to 5000?. per mile, or from 07ic hnlf to one third of the expense of a canal. Mr Stephenson says ' the lirst expense of a canal will be found lobe double if not treble, the expense of a railway : such are the difficulties of passing through a weM cultivated country, and of espec- ially procuring a sufficient supply of water in manufacturii.j' districts, that four limes the ex- pense wi!"i in most cases be nearer the in:irk-' — - We speak here of railways of the ordinary kind for the transportation of goods ; but it is prob- able that one destined to serve the purpose of a sjreat national thoroughfare, for vehicles of all kinds, quick and slow, would cost at least twice as much. Even in this case, however, the orig- inal outlay would certainly not amount to more ihan hall' or a third of what would be required for a canal of such magnitude as to afford the same amount of commercial accommodation. A railway from Glasgow to Berwick, 125 miles long projected 1810, was surveyed by Mr Telford, and estimated to cost 365,700/.; or 2026/ per mile. The estimated expense of a riilway from Birmingham to Liverpool, distance 104 miles, surveyed within these few months, is 350,000/. or .3365/. per mile. That of one from Crawford Canal to the Peak Forest Canal in Derbyshire, 32 miles long, is 150,000/ or 4,700/. per tnile. A recent Carlisle paper slates, that the expense of a railway between that city and New Castle was estimated at 252,000/. or 4000/. per mile; and that of a canal at 888,000/. or 14,000 per mile. A railway projected to ruD from Manchester to Liverpool, 33 miles baa been esiimated to cost 400,0t>0/. which is no less than 13,000/. per mile ; but this includes a large amount for warehouses, and locomotive engines. Lastly, a railway from Daikeith to Edinburgh, including a branch orFisherro har- bour, 91 miles long altogether, will cost, accor- ding to Ihe recent estimate of John Grieven, 36,862/. or 3983/. per mile, including the es- uense of five locomotive and one stationary steam engine^ 314 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [April 2S, To the Editar of the Baliimore American. Gentlemen — Having in my last communication given a description of the construction and form of a railroad, I shall now proceed to lay before my fellow citizens a detail of the mode in which the wagons are drawn upon its surface, together with the manner in which the load to be conveyed is di^posnd of. During a great number of year*, horses were alone used in England, and, indeed, in many parts of that country still continue to be, for the purpose of draught upon railways. But since the invention of moveable steam engines, they have been preferred to horses both on account of the greater power which they possess, and the saving of expense. It wasl'ormerly custom- ary to place the whole load in one wagon, thus causing an immense weight to rest on any one point of the rail road, consequently it was ne- cessary to make the rails of great thickness, to support the burden. To remedy this it was thought advisable to divide the load and place it on several smaller wagons instead of one larger, for -instance, a wagon carrying ten tons, would be a dead weight to that amount on any given point, but by dividing the burthen, and putting it to five smaller wagons chained to- gether, the weight on any point of the rail would only be two Ions. To illustrate the immense increase of power attending the use of railways, 1 will copy an ex- tract from a statement made by the manager of the Penrhyn Slate Works, in Carnarvonshire, in a communicalion addressed fo the Society of Arts and Sciences. Alter staling the lenglii ot the road to be 6j miles, and that it was divided into five stages as he terms them, he proceeds to remark. "On (his railway two hor^^es draw twenty-four wagons, one stage six linips a day and carry twenty-four Ions each journ.-'y, which is 140 ions per day. This cpiantily used lo em- ploy 1 44 carts and 400 horses, so that ten horses will by means of tlie railway do the work of 400." In another inst.mce it \va3 ascerlained that an ordinary sized horse of the value of about 20/. sterling, or jg90 could in a descent of one foot in the hundred, draw with ease upwards of 30 tons, ,and with great exertion 4 J Ions. The usual cal- culation, I believe, is that in a little descent or level a horse can draw 12 or 1 4 lon», and in an ascent in equal degree with the descent, can draw 4 tons. Believing that a diagram of a rail way, to- gether with the steam and other wagons upon it, would lend lo render Ihe sulijerl more easily un- derslood, I have caused one to be engraved. It will be observed in referring to this diag-ram in- serted above, that the steam engine has 6 wheels, fourof which, the two foremost and Ihe tivo hind- most, have grooves lo fit ihe rail like those of Ihe wagons inleniled to carry the merchandise, and rest upon the smoolh rail, an! :hat the two middle which .ire cog wheels, play into the co£;s of the rail, which are somewhat nearer to the surface of Ihe earth than the smoolh edsje. The four wheels which run ujion the smooth surfices support Ihe whole weight of ihe steam engine, of course the ■aiddle or cog wheels are not press- ed upon, and being put into motion by the iiia- cliinery of the engine, serve to propel ihe wag- ons in the same manner as the wheels of ste.im boats act. It ni,\j be asked whether the power of the moveable engine will be sufficient to work the load over hills; to this 1 ansiver that it is amply sufficient for ordinary ascents, but Ihat when a hill of great height and steepness is to be surmounted, it will be necessary to have a stationary engine at the top of the eminence, which, by means of chains can draw the loaded wagons up the acclivity. Those of my fellow citizens who feel an interest in Ihis subject, which in my estimation is of vital importance to our country generally, and lo our city in particu- lar, will have an opportunity of seeing a mo'lel of a rail way with wagons, by visiting the Ex- change News Room, where one is now deposi- ted. 1 shall new close this commiinicalioB by giving the reference to the subjoined diagram, and shall reserve for future es^^ays the statement of Ihe velocity with which goods may be tians- ported, together with the cost which will at- tend the formation of a rail way between Balti- more and York Haven ; and also the peculiar reasons which present themselves at this tine to induce us to step forward with alacrity and ensure to ourselves not only the benefits arising from the produce which descends the Susque- hannah, but also the return trade of the country watered by Ihat noble river and its branches. CLINTON. From Ihe London Courier. The publick generally are but very liltie aware of ihe uses to which rail reads are about lo be applied ; the following informr.lion, there- fore, will, we trust, be acceptable to our readers. Hitherto, rail roads have been use^ for very limitsyl purposes, and whenever they are spokei) of, it is in connexion with the Coal Pits anl Stone Quarries; but they are now about to be applied for the purpose of conveying merchan- dize over very extended lines of country ; and thus they are becoming an object of great na- tional interest. Kail roads, as hitherto worked by horses, pos- sess very little, if any advantage over CanaKi ; but rail roads, worked by the locomotive sle.iin engine, have so decided a superiority, bolli as regards lime and expense, that there can be no question but they will be gencially adopted whenever a new line ofconveyance has hecnine necessary, either from an increase of trade, or from the exorbitant demand of canal proprietors. By the locomotive engine, fifty tons of" goods may be conveyed by a ten horse power engine on a level road, at the rale of six miles an ho jr and lighter weights at a proportionable increase of speed ; carriages for the conveyance of pas- sengers at the rate of 12 or 14 miles per hour. For canals it is necessary to have a dead level, but not so for railroads ; an engine willwoik goods over an elevation of one eighth of an inch lo the yard. Where the ascent or descent is rapid, and cannot be counteracted by digging and embankments, recourse must be had to perma- nent engines and inclined planes, just as recourse is had to locks for canals, but hero agam tlie rail road system has Ihe advantage; the inclin- ed plain causes no delay, while locking creates a great deal. Two ads of P.irliamenI have already been ob- tained, namely, the Slockton and Darlington act, and Ihe rdorelon act. On these lines, which ex-! ceed thirty miles each, it is intended lo adopt! Ihe locomotive engine, and tliej will both be! very soon roads for the coaveyauce of goodj. | I There are also three or four other rait road projected. Two years ago, several gentlemen in Liverpool and Manchester subscribed lo ob- tain a survey of a line between those two towns. ' It was accomplished and found practicable. — From various causes the projection of the plan j was delayed ; but a few months since it was un- dertaken with great spirit. A deputation from both towns was appointed to inspect the rail j roads and locomotive engines of the north; Ihev inspected Ihe Stockton and Darlinglon line, and inquired minutely into its costs: they witnessed the engines working on the Helton rail way, near Sunderland, and made a most favourable report. Its length is 33 miles, and thegrealest ascent or descent is only l-16th of an inch to a yard. The distance by the high roads is 3G miles, and by ihe canals and river 50 miles. — • The shares appropriated to Liverpool and Man- chester have all been disposed of. Application lor an act will be soon made to Parliament. The cost is estimated at about 300,000/. Their engineer has also laid down a line between Bir-. miiigham and Liverpool, of which report speaks must faTOurably ; and Ihe Birmingham commit- tee will also go to Parliament next session. It is intended to meet the Peak Forest and Croinford Canal by means of a rail road ; a rail- road is also spoken of at Stroud, and Ihe high Sheriff of Northumberland has convened a coun- ty meeting fo invite Ihe expediency of eslablish- ing one between New Casile and Carlisle. OHiazs^AZ. coiaivEusTicATXosrs. TO THE LDITOr. OF THE SEW E.NULAND FARMER. Saiigtis, -iih month 20, 1S25. Fr.iEXD Fessexec.\. — .'\s the season for plant- ing Indian Corn is fast appro:'ching. I hope ihat jihou will permit me lo make known throir^li [the medium of ihy useful public-ifion, the un- [ fortun.ite result of an expeiimeiit which i made ,lhe last yeir, lor the purpose of preventing others from doing likewise. Thou wilt doulil- , less recollect publishing about one year since a now method of planting Indian corn, said fo be , discovered and put in practice by iwo brothers iu j N.York with great success. This statement hav- |ing accidentally fallen into my hands, and hav- jing no doubts of its . correctness!, i immediately determined to hazard an exiierimenf. Accor- dingly 1 selected a suilat le piece of ground which i |)long!ied and harrowed, and harroived and ploughed, until it was in very jirime tilth, then made ample «lral'ts on Ihe manure heap, Iha! the corn about to be committed lo Ihe earth might not perish for lack of' food. After pro- curing a machine and pulling every thing in order, on the 14lh of blU month, 1 planted the corn (strictly following the direrticns given,) with high raised expectations, if not of making my fortune at least of' bettering if. In due sea- son thai Corn came up, and for a considerable time it did promise much. Seme of Ihe Fiieods who vi>>ted me about this time were struck with asloni-bment to see the marked diflerence between this corn and some other adjoining, planted in the "good old way." 1 boasfingly told ihem it was owing lo the new and improv'^ ed manner of planting, which was more conge- nial lo the habits of corn. — Friend Editor, I have some fears that thy patience will be exhausted, and yet 1 indulge a hope that thou wilt permit 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 315 nil old friend lo fell llisstorv in liis oivn WHy. In Pratls mi»ht li;\vo htcn «mallor than that plaiitp.l hy tlie COur«e onth mnnlli, 1 bp£r:in lo liavf er>me Liir corn spciulont, ami Iherefore might be planted spciet mi??;ivin.2:=: of success, lor Ihe corn pl;ml- j thiokor with »m(I cffftt. But if the sort was ^mallei- fd in the- old way l>eg-an lo jrivc evident nolo of; n,,,, usual wl- cannot account for the lar-rnrss of the par?, while on Iho New York corn, (! sivc it this tille to iH?;iinQ:i!is!i it.) very little imlicalion o/' oar? conid be disroveivd. Aflpr wiiilinjr some time and oli^ervinp; that Ihe stalks wppo very • hick, it occured to nie liiat it miphl he nsefiil to ihin them ant a little. I nrdeied one of my labourers to ^o to the (ield and cut all the stalks on which there wore no shoots lor ears — but, f.iend Editor, jndi^e if ihoti cansl, what was my surprise and indignation, when going lo the lield, I found (as far as the man had gone) at lea.st seven eigbtiis of ni}' favorite New York corn prostrate on the ground. In great wralh I or- dered the man to quit the Held ; liut in jnslice I must say, that upon a close examination, it could not be perceived that my order had been disobeyed in any resprcl, and in fact, the final product ; for, othrr things equal, we believe the larg- er kinds of corn wilf yield the moat bulky, though, per- haps not the most valuable crop. TO THE CDlTOn OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. IRRIG.\TION. Andovcr, Jlpril 26, 1825. Mr Fessknden. — In the New England Farmer of August 21, 1824, your correspondent ' H.' re- quests informalion on the subject of raising wa- ter by windmills, "for irrigation and other eco- nomical purposes;" and in the Farmer for Jan- nary 28, 1825, Friend Kaich.v, of Philadelphia, has requested furl her information. As this has not yet been complied with. I now, with some lo[) of (he [lUmp, /'or wo rai«R water with le-" fiower »\ hen il is above Ihe bucket, than when beloiv. The expense of erecting Ihe above-mention- ed mill, would probably be from 2 lo 300 dolls.- Yours, res[iecl fully, PHIIVEA.S STEVENS. RURAI. £cdKC2iizir7 result was this— there were stalks in great abun- 1 reluctance, oflfer something, which may serve lo dance, but not a single ear of corn in perfection; '• elicit more. and this I undertake lo say will always be Ihe | As lo the ;)rnf(i"c«i!'% of applying wind lo the result wheie corn is planted in this way in any purpose of raising water, it is too obvious to ad- of the New England states, be it as it may in mil of doubt. If we apply wind for this purpose. New York. we may expect some advantages, as well as some Friend Editor, I am not absolutely ruined by disadvantages. One advantage in using wind !«, this experiment, and the reason is, that I did '''•'' ''''" s'^'^ent costs us nothing — and the ma- not attempt it on a scale sutficicntly large l0| chinery is simple, and we should infer from this ruin me. Nay, possibly it may be productive of ; 'hat the expense of building is proportionally good ; I think it will at letvst prevent me (I wishj 'p°'- It might others) from placing much confidence in If we apply steam, the machinery is mullipli- great stories. By this experiment. I have learn-^'' ^"'1 ''fpen^e is added, and steam cannot be ed that an old fashioned article called common B''n''''-''«''1 without continual expense, sense, is of very great value, and if there was' 1' ie apply animal po-jscr, the machinery is more of this article made use of, there would be ""' diminished, and animals will not labor with- a less niimiier ofdujies lo pretended modern im-'O"' 'ood. provements and discoveries. Thy friend truly. T. B. [remarks by the editor.] The article alluded to by our correspondent was ex- The disadvantages are — the wind is not at all times at our command — and the machinery is liable to decay. The iolloiving is Ihe description of a wind- mill which I think will answer the best purpose. traded Irom the American farmer, and published in Let there be six vanes fixed on the wind-shaft our paper, vol. II. page 326. It was stated in the | or axis, who«e outer extremities sh-iU describe American 1 armer to be a communication liom" alriend a circle, the radius of which shall be 24 feet, on a visit to New York." According to the account These should be 4 feel broad, and the length 8 of this" friend" Messrs John and Mathew Pratt, ol Ta- 'f'*'*- They should he so placed on the wind- ton, Madison County, New York, in the year l;;23, rais- '''^i*^'' "'^i' at 4 feel from the centre of the same ed cr, I bushels of Indian corn from 4 acres of land, ' ""'-^ should make an anijle of CO'^ with Ihe wind- Ti'hich is at the before unheaid of rate of 170 bushels to an acre. VVe thought the sloiy almost too large to be entitled to credit, but as il came from a very respect- able source, to wit the " American Farmer" vol. v. p. 26 1, and gave the names of the persons who raised the great crops, together with the name of the place in ■which Ihe wonderful feat was performed (circumstan- ces which usually indicate veracity) we were induced to republish it. It is staled that the corn was planted in drills 2 feet 9 inches apart, and there were 3 rows iu each drill, and in these triple rows the corn was set " six inches apart each way." Perhaps a little more of ivhat our correspondent denominates " an old fashioned article called common-sense" would have led us to suspect that land would be over-stocked with plants in that mode of planting Indian corn. The width between the drills was less than is commonly recommended or in use ; and when in addition to this there were Ikrte rows inserted in each drill, and the plants but six inch- es apart in the ro-vs, it would seem very probable that they would stand loo near together to produce large & !vely the purchasers of such high priced stock as ihat of Colling's and a few olher eminent Breeders. And until this breed of cattle shall he extensive- ly niiiltiplied — and in the 14 years since Ihe great improvement is stated to have taken place the individuals cannot bo very numerous — they may continue to bring high prices. The purchaser of a bull at a thousand pounds, by pulling him to ten cows of the same race, may in two years at Major Rudd's prices, by the sale of his oQspring — ten heiiers and bulls — have his 1000/. replaced. But a good buil may in iivo years be Ihe sire of filiy such heiiers aii to advantage ot the time of letting, particularly in making thorn excessively lat ; for fat covers or conceals defects. Afterwards they are reduced to a plight whiclj fits them for ser- yice.t The common price of a ram let to a grazier, when Marshall wrote, was live or six guineass for a season; the hi.ghest ten guineas ; for Ihe sole purpose of getting grazing stock. And as Bakbwell's improved breed would get as lat at two yeais old as other common breeds at three, *• .Vlarshaira Rural Economy of the Midland Coun- ties, vol. i. page 384. t Same volume, p. 38U. 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARHER. 3iy Ihe gnizicr wonlJ be amply reimhurspd for thp extra expensu of the mm. I'scil in K*kkueii."s way (a single leap only being allowed) one nun jvoulii serve a hundred eives, and at ten pound* lor his hire, the extra cost of each of his 'F.RBY Esq. has favored me with an account of a heifer of the improved short- horn breed. She and a bull of the same breed, presents from Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin to the j^griciiltural Society of Massachusetts, were,, *iy the Trusli^es, commUled to the care of Mj Derby in Salem, to s^ive to the Farmers of Es- «ex an ofiporlunil} of putting their best cows to the bull. The heifer, on the 28lh of Janua- ry last, dropped her first calf — a t'em.ile. A ibrtnight after, she gave ten quarts of miik in a day, "besides vvhal Ihe calf sucked; and at six ■weeks iVom her ralving, 8 quarts were taken from her ; being :o much more thin Mr Derev thought necessary to the health and ustlul thriv-' ing of the calf ; which is well grown, and in a good condition. Her milk is prunounced to be rich ; but has not yet been bvougiit to the only certain test. Her food has been partly English and partly salt-marsh hay,* with four quarts of corn and cob-meal mixed with chaffed hay, and half a bushel of the common flat or English turnips, daily. Major RuDD says of the improved short-horns, that "• if this breed were every where dissemi- nated, t-he produce of beef, on a given extent of land, would be nearly doubled; that their milk is richer in quality, but less in quantity than of the old breed ; and that ar, imjiroved shorl-horned cow will yield about eight er nine lbs. of butter per week, avoirdupoisa weight." He says also, that in form and handling, the im- proved shorl-horns are a perfect contrast to the old breed ; and he believes they consume less food : and that " in couutries where beef is in *Englisk Hay is a term I do not recollect to have met ■wkh out of New England. By it is meant that mixture of grasses which constitute good upland meadow, such as our anrestors knew in England. They used the term to distinguisli this upland hay fro-a the wild, coarse, wet-meadow and saU-marsh hay of the country. p;rent ihinanil, the improved short-horns are be- yond all doubt the best." Mr PowLr. controverts an opinion nhir.h has been expressed, that the cattle of Mnssa( husetls are of the Devon breed. " I would coniend (he s.-iys) that the finest cattle of Massachusetts are mixed with families of which Mr Oorf., Mr Stuart and Mr Vaughan imported the sires. Lancaster, Leicester, and Hereford blood can be traced by n practised eye, in many of the best working oxen exhibited at the New England Agricultural shows." Although satisfied that the blood of those im- porled cattle of Gore, Stuart and Vauohan, was here of very limited extent, 1 have made inqui- ry, to ascertain the facts. From Mr Gorc 1 have received the following information. " The bull of English extraction, owned by me about the years of 1794, 5, 6 & 7, was by a cow imported frum England by Mr Charles Vauohan. The bull was dropped from the cow on her passage from England, and giv- en to me by that gentleman, shortly after the arrival of the cow in Americ:». He proved to to be a remarkal)ly line animal, large, and of excellent form. His proportions were all good. According to my recollection, he was as hand- some and larsje as any bull I have since seen. — I gave to the man who superintended my tarm, all he could obtain for his services. 1 have no Ldirf that many cozrs raere brnughtto him. Dur- ing my absence in Europe, he became unruly; and about the year 1798, my agent .sold him, and, as I understood, to a man living in Ver- mont." "■ The observation exprcsseil to me by Mr Jay, to which vou refer, was shortly after his return from Great r>rilain [which was in 1795] He remarked, that the cattle which he had gen- erally met in New England, appeared to be of the J evonshire breed, that he had seen in Great Britain." Now alfhnugh 1 suppose the Devon race of cattle to be predominant in New England, 1 doubt not that some of Other breeds weie early introduced by (,ur ancestors; some Herefinls unqueslionatily, whose descendants are yet dis- tinguished by their white faces. The following ccncludf's Mr Marshall's minute description of a good Heieloidshire os : "The coat neatly haired, bright, and silky ; its colour middle red ; with a " bald lace ;" the last being esteemed characteristic of the true Hereford breed."* By " bald face" (marked by Marshall with com- mas, as a local expression) tc'AUe/aces are doubt less intended. White faced cattle, ot our native stock, are now often to be seen ; but I think less frequently than in the early part of my life. Of Mr Stuart's animals, the following is his own account, as verbally stated to a friend from whom I have received it. — That he sent to Eng- land for two heifers and a bull of the Bukewell breed : that they were shipped — but that the liuLI and one of the heifers were left on the pas- sage ; that the other arrived at Philadelphia, when he lived at Germantown — where, a few months after, she brought forth a fine bull calf; that shortly afterwards, being determined to re- move to Boston, he sent thither the cow and her calf, where they were delivered to Mr Joseph Russell, who sent them to his island below Bos- ton, where they for some time remained and propagated the breed, [but certainly within nar- loiv liiiufs especially as they were kept on an island] thai they were not large animals, but easily made fat, and on coarse lodout a foot apart. I do not think it best to plant the very largest potatoes, because a large one is more than is needed for a hill, and 1 do not think it so good a plan to cnt them as it is to plant smaller ones, and moreover they will produce more when planted whole than what they will when cut. It is well to put a little Gypsum, or Plaster of Paris, on potatoes at the time of planting, or af- ter the shoots have got out of ground, or hoth. About the first of May I consider as the best time to plant ; but a month earlier or later will answer. Potatoes are not only an excellenf,hut an indis- pensable article in the eye of a good house-wife ; and they are also good for fattening cattle. To fat cattle with potatoes, they should be given to them at least twice in 24 hours, without water, as they will fat faster without than with it. 1 use a machine to cut potatoes for cattle and sheep ; but if, in giving them whole, an ox or a cow should get choked, it is easy to [lush it down into the stomach, or take it out if within your reach. To push it down, take a flexible rod, 4 or 5 feet long, and then n rind of pork with a little fat on it, letting it project over the end about half an inch ; by so doing it will no; ba apt to pass by the potaloe, and it can easily lie push- ed into the stomach. if it should go hard, it will be necessary to use more force; for if (lie stick goes into the stomach there will he no dan- ger. The same stick can also be used when a creature is hoven. A FAUMER. please to recollect that three barrels of this seed have been left at this office for gratuitous distribution by the kindness of Richard CnowNiNsniEr.D, Esq. of Dan vers. Indian Corn.—^\l is now nearly or quite time to plant your Indian corn ; and though much has been said, we shall venture to add a little more on the topic of its cultivation. The soils best adapted to the culture of this plant are those which are light and rich in an- imal or vegetable manure. You may as well undertake to " extract sun-beams from cucum- bers," according to Swift's hints to schemers, as to attempt to raise this grain on poor land. No more land should be planted than what is well manured ; either by your own hand or by the hand of nature. A soil which has the act- vantage of the wash of a river, like the Nile of Egypt, or one lately cleared from llie forest will er for the Mass. Agr. Repository for June 1823, an article republished in the New England Far- mer vol. I. page 380, states his opinion and cnn^ firm" it by apparei.tly correct reasoning, that no kind of steeps for seeds of Indian corn or other grain possess any fructifying quality, or power to increase the crop. But as a remedy for dis- eases such as smut in wheat, and a preservative against birds and insects, steeping in proper li- quids is doubtless a specific. !\Ir .Tames Graham of New York, in llie Trans- actions of the Agr. Soc. of N. York, stales that there is no plan so successful for preserving corn from birds and squirrels as tarring the seeds in the following manner. " Put as much corn as you expect to plant the next day into warm water in the evening ; the ensuing morning drain oli the water; then pour on as much hot water as will cover it, and immediately throw in tar at the rale ot about one pint to a bushel; stir the tar through the corn until the grains ap- [)ear to be uniformly coated with the tar, then NEW ENGLAND FAti.^JEii. FRIDAY MORNING, APRIL 29, I!J25. The testiruony in favour of our efforts in attempting to make the New England Farmer -worthy of the appro- bation of practical and scientific Ajricultuiists, con- tained in the following extract of a letter from John Prescott, Esq. of Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, is receiv- ed with gratitude ; and will stimulate us to future exertions to merit and retain the good opinion so kindly expressed by honourable and adequate judges. Cornwallis, (A'. S.) April 8, 1825. " At a Quarterly Meeting of the King^s County Union Agricultvral Society, holden in this place, on Wednesday the Clh insl. it was resolved — ' That the Society, enlertaining a high opinion of the New Enul.vnd Farmef., as an agricultural paper, do subscribe for it,— and that Mr John Frescott be requested to write on lor the same from the commencement of the first volume.' " produce Indian corn without manure. But the ! P"t 't into a basket te drain; altar the water " " has run off, throw it into a large tub or trough, and stir among it as much lime (slacked) or gyp- sum as will adhere lo the grain; by which means they will easily separate from each other and may be as conveniently planted as if they had never been tarred." Mr G prefers gypsum to ei- ther lime or ashes, as it will not be so likely to in- jure llie fingers in planting, and in equal quan- man who is poor, and always means to he poor, will of course, plant this grain on poor land. — This will give him the advantage of cultivating five acres lo obtain the same quantity of produce which he might raise on one acre ; and as he is lord of ibe soil, the farther he extends his do- minion the better. Your seed corn was, or ought to have been, gathered last fall, from such stalk' as produced { lil'<'S ''"' more power to promote vegetation, two or more ripe cnrs. And these, if you did I 'i'''e precaution of soaking the corn before what you should have done, you hung up by Ihe 'he application of the tar is highly necessary, husks, in a dry [dace, secure from irost. I5ut i <'3 "i^ coat of tar and gypsum would otherwise, perhaps, you are a vo'insj (firmer, and did not | especially in a dry season, prevent it from absorb think of this precaution, in dug season. You mu'it, Iben, make the best of your negligence; and eilher obtain seed, saved in this wav, from ing moisture to produce vegetation. It is im- porlant also, in all cases, where corn has been soaked, to plant it as soon as possible alter the a more careful neighbour, or pick the hesi shap- i soaking is completed, ed and brightest ears from your own corn bin. | Fayson Williams l^sq. an intelligent, practical In eilher case you will please to shell off the | ='S'"icullurist of Fitcht^uigh, Mas«. in a cnmmunl- grains carefully,so to be sure not to bruise them, Cation for this paper, published vol II. page 28 and It is generally said lo be best to reject those iS'13's "Ihe present season, before planting my kernels which grow near the ends of the ears, j corn, the seed was soaked in a strong salt petre and plant only \hf perfect and central kernels, pickle, (the same my hams were cured in) for A writer, however, in a late No. of the Ameri- "'"O"' """ce days. 1 have madethis my prac- can Fanner states in substance, that ihose ker-l''ce for several years past as a sale-guard against nel- which grow on the lip, or top end of the , "k^ attacks of ibe wire leorm which, as everj ear will, oilier thmsrs equal, produce more than farmer knows, are more deadly than any other either of tho-e which are taken from the butt of Ihe worm Iribe, on corn, as the> sap at the or central parl«. If your soil is moist, and you plant early, it very I'oundalion, by directly eating into the germ or chit of the seed. It so happened that imine- will not be adviseable lo steep your seed- 1 '.''"''''y '>*'er planting, a heavy rain ol twenty icorn, unless you apprehend danger from the ' '""•" hours, laid many parts of the field under I depredations of birds or insects. Steeping is apt I »valer for several ilays. When the ground be- ito weaken Ihe principle of vegetation, but ii|canie sulficienlly dry to pulverize, I prepared is sometimes ex|>edient, in order to render Ihe to leplanl, when to my a*lonishment I discoier AGRICULTURAL EXFIIBITIONS. The Cattle Show, Ploughing Match, and Exhibition of Manufactures will take place at Worcester, the I'ith day of October next. The Cattle Show, Fxhibilion of .Manufactures, and Public Sale, Sic. of llie [lamp^liiie, Franklin, k Hamp- den Society oo Wednesday October 26, at -Northarap- fcai. The Cattle Show, Ploughing Match, and Exhibition of Manufactures, alTopsfield, the 5th of October next. Remarks on the cullivation of Pastel or Woad by Gen. DifrAHBORN, intended for this wei k's paper, are una- voiilat'ly deferred to. our next. C'v"'^'ur fri, nds will grain unpalatable to crows, blackl>irds, 'quirrels, cut worms, &c. In lale planting, esp.>cially on dry ground, it may be of use to hasten the erowlli ol the plant. Dr Peane says " some steep their seed. But in general it had better lie omilled; for it ivill occasion it to perish in the groii;ul, if the weather should nol prove warm enough to bring ii up speeddy. If planting a second lime should become necessary by means oi the des- truction of the first seed ; or if pi »nlin£: be delay- ed on any account till Ibe begining of .luui; then it will be [iroper that the seed should have boil- ing water poured on it. Let it not steep more (ban half a minute and be cooled speedily and planted before it dries. The corn will be for ed the sprouts forcing their way through the crust now formed over Ibem. Had not the seed been soaked in brine, putrefaclion would have commenced before vegetation could have ensu- ed. The last mentioned circunir'tance, 1 consid- er of sufficient importance to urge the use of brine, both with corn and wheat before sowing. Although the field was full of Ihe wire worm, yet in no instance did I detect their ravages on the seed." We have known Ihe germ of seed corn des- troyed, so that it would not vegetate, by being steeped in a strong solution of saltpetre. But we cannot say what was Ihe strength of Ihe so- ution, nor Ihe length of lime during which the warder in its growlli by several days." A writ- ^ced was immersed in the liquor. Common salt, 1825. J NEW ENGLAND FAllMfc:fl. 319 salt petre, copperas; blue vitriol iiinl arsenic, liave ;ill been uschI and recormupiidi'il for cum- posinif steeps tor preserving seeds of Indi.in corn. wheat ^-c. from woiins. But there is somf d.in- ger, we apprehend, in the use ot' those acrid and caustic substances, lest they destroy Ihe princi- ple of vegetation in the seed. We bel eve thai brine, or pickirs, which had been used for pre serving meal, would prove the most sal'e, and quite as eflectual as ny steep which can be em- ployed. Tar, or any other terehinthinate sub- stance is peculiarly oflensive to birds and insects and if usL'd with the precautions above mention- ed will not injure the seevell in Newton ftlass. in 1820, by which it ap- pears that the ground on which his crop of is turned over quite flat by the plough, and is of easy culture,) be careful to make vour holes j Ao«e dun^, lime, asliea, and dock mud. for hills quite through the sods. These yon seed raised last year was planted in the will do well to partly till with manure before you deposit the seed. Dr. Deane observed, " if tv.enly loads of good manure can be afford- ed for an acre, it should be spread on the land and ploughed in : If no more than half of that quantity, it will be best to put it in holes. In the former case the corn usually comes up bet- ter, sufters less by drought and worms ; and the land is in better order after the crop. In the latter case the plants are more assisted in their growth in proportiin to the quantity of manure, if the manure be new luns, burying itnnderthe furrows is by far the belter inethod. None but old dung should be put into the holes." It will always be requisite to place about an inch of moiiUl or earth over the manure before the seed is depos'ted. If you have green manure it will be wel to spread it as equally as possi- ble over ihe whule field, and to put some good compost or well rotten manure into the hill n flddit o . Tha manure in the hills will srive the plants a good setting out, and the broad cut manure will nourish them the latter part of the season, when the fibrous roots pervade the whole soil. ■ The time of planting depends on the nature of the bO.I and the stale of ^he season. The old Indian rule, as a general maxim, 1=, perhaps, as good as any, viz. — " Plant your corn when the leaves of the white oak are aboul the size of a mouse's ear." Th-s, generally, happens be- tween the 20th of May and the 1st of June. But in dry soils it may be well to plant a little earli- er. With regard to the mode of planting, the fol- lowing rul3 is, we believe, correct. " If the land is rough and strong, and the object is to wake the most of labour, the better way is to pl.:nt in bills; but if the soil is rich and easy to till, and the object is to make the most of land, the drill method should be chosen. According to the first method, let the ground be cut into squares, by shoal furrows with a horse-plough, (say half as deep as for common ploughing) from thr?t! to four feel apart, according to the kinds of corn to be planted. If nearly a shovel-full of dung is to be put into each hill — the furrowing inust be consequently pretty deep. If care is taken in planting, to [)lace the kernels four or £ye inches a part, four or five stalks can stand 111 bushels on an acre were raised ploughed in the fall and again ploughed in the "I" ing, furrowed out at a distance of four feet leaving each furrow one foot wide. The fur- rows were well manured with a mixture of The drill on each furrow, making three rozi's to each fur- row. Care was t.iken to drop the corn as near six inches apart as was possible without wast- ing time. When the corn was fit for weeding care was taken to thin it out where it was ton thick ; after weeding it was ashed by spreading unleaihed ashes through each drill or furrow. An aero of this land, planted in drills, was measured, and the corn cut up, husked, and measured, which produced 222,1 bushels of corn in Ihe ear ; several bushels of the ears were shelled and measured in the kernel, and in ev- ery case it was found that two bushels of ears did proiluce rather over one in the kernel. — Thus we fairly c dculated that we had from 1 acre of gr Mind one liundred and eleven bushels and one peck of corn. The land improved was g-ood with n deep Hack soil followed by a strat- um of yellow loam, terminatina: with a hard pan of c'ayey gravel at the depth of aboui two feet, It will be found that by planting in liiis mode o( three rows to each furrozo there will be more than double the stalks of corn in a roi than in the usual way of planting in hills. Some may object to this mcde because they can plough only one way and not cross plough. But if will be found that it takes no more lime to hoe the corn in drills than it will to do the cross ploughing, and it requires bul one weeding and one hoeing. The third time of ploughing and hoeing is saved.'" The seed of this corn was presented to Mr Hunewell by Samuel Blagge Esq. of Boston, who had it of William Jarvis Esq. of Wealhers- field, Vermont. It is said to be an early and productive sort, and probably its general cul lure would be of service to the agricultural in- terest. It will be perceived that the distance between the rows in Mr Huniiewell's premium was four feet ; but 'n the experiment mention- ed by our correspondent, [see page 31-1 of this day's paper] the distance was but 2 feet 9 inch- es ; end the corn in the rows was set at the same distance in both cases. The nearness of the rows was probably the cause of the failure in the experiment stated by our correspondent. SU»I»XARY OZ* WEWS. ThK late I'reti.knt, (Joloucl Monroe, ofli-rs at publirk fate on Ihe (iiit Aloriday in June next, his Albemarle estate lu Virginia of 3500 acres ; also another liact of land of 700 acres, near Milton. Applicants are re- quested to address Ihemselves directly to hiui. The London I'aptrs mention that Gen. Lafayette has transmitted to England $31100 f.ir the relief of the French, $900 to llie Spanish, aiid $200 to the Italian exiles there. Captain .Symmes has been invited by Count Roman- zoff, of Russia, to join a .North I'de expedition which Ihe Count is projecting ; the Captain has accepted the invitation under certain conditions. ThoRoxbury Gazette slates tliat a New Rope Man- nfai t-iry has recently been established in North Hamp- ton street, in which one hundr( d and twelve person'! are employed. Ihe expense of this establishment i« estiaialed at $5000. %.* 1'. J. HoL,j,A«D, Esq. Editor of the Arcadian Re- corder, has been appointed Ag^ent for the New England Farmer, for Halifax and its vicinity, and is authorized to receive moaeys and subscriptions on our behalf. A few days since, the books for subscription to the Vew York Water Works Company, were opened in that city, at the Franklin Bank, and liy 3 o'clock up- wardsofNlNE MILLION.S of DOLLARS were sub- scribed. The capital of the Cooipaiiy is only two mil- lions. Cannls in South Carolina. — We understand, says the South Carolina State Gazette of the 2Gth ult. that all the canals and locks on the Saluda are now finished and open for use. The navigaion from Charleston up Cooper's river, through the Santee Canal, up the San- tee and Congaree rivers, through the Columbia canal into Broad river, and thiongh the Saluda canal from Broad to Saluda river, and up that river thro' Drebr's and Lotick's canals to Cambridge, is thus open to the trade of the country. The whole distance of this nav- igation is at least 300 miles by water, and more than '300 by the nearest land rout. It passas five canals, and 28 locks, which overcome a fall of 217 feet. Arianj-'inents are made by the British government for carrying 2000 Irish emigrants to Canada. Fires. On the 18th inst. the dwelling-house, two barns, and a number of out-buildings, belonging to the Widow Sarah Hoit, of Sandwich, N H were destroyed by fire ; -1 oxen, 23 shei p, a number of calves, and a- bont 150 Vnijhi Is of corn were consumed. The fire is bc'ievftt^ f** ha^'f originated from a coal, which was drop- ped by 1 oys, who were at play with some powder. — On the evening of the same day. the dwelling-house of Mr Bartholomew Gale, of Gil uantown, N. H. was con- sumed byfi re with nearly all its contents. — Two stores in Pearl-street N. Y. have lately been burnt, and sev- eral ware-houses In Albany. — The dwelling-house and tavern of Mr Daniel Thomas, about a mile from Ballas- ton Springs, was destroyed by fire on Ihi' 3d inst. — A building in Newbury-port, occupied as a Painter's' shop was consumed on the 21st inst. — The dwelling-houss of Mr Daniel AViley in South Reading was burnt on the night of the 23d inst. — X fire-proof store in New- Bedford, wss damaged to the amount of $1000 by fire on the 20th inst. — On the ]6th inst. a tavern and store in Hartford Vt. belonging to Mr George Udal were de- stroyed by fire— Loss estimated at $4000.— The White Lead Works of Mr G. W. Murray, upper end of Broad way, N. Y. were destroyed by fire on the 14th in^t On the ISlh inst. two dwelling-houses were burnt in Greenwich village, N. Y. — In Windsor Vt. a two story building, occupied as a saddler's shap, and bookstore were much injured by fire. — On the 10th inst. the house of Mr John Harrison, of Maccon, in Nova Scotia was destroyed by fire, and himself and thiee children were burnt in it. — A woolen factory in Jaffrey N. H. was consumed by fire on the 17th inst. together with all the machinery and stock ; loss 3 or $4000 — On the follow- ing morning a blacksmith's shop and trip-hammer works, situated within 50 rods of the above factory were destroyed by fire. In both instances, the fire broke out at 2 o'clock in the morning — Three dwelling, bouses were totally burnt to the ground at Tomhirst- ville, Staten Island, N. Y. P ASTURE WANTED— Wanted to hire for a month or six weeks, to commence about 15th May next. a piece of pasture land in a dry situation, in or near Brookline, sufficient for a flock ol about 150 sheep. A level tract of high land, with some shade, and if possi- ble a stream of water running through it, would be pre- ferred. Apply at the office of the New England Farma:, 320 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [April 29, »IZSCEI.I.ANXi:S. But in addition to this horrid dressing, his clothes are often so tight, that he frets and roars though [The pliilosophic Cowley entertained a high opinion p,p cannot o'ive words to his complaints. Pin-; of this art, and has celebrated, in some oi his best | should never he used in an infant's clothes : and strains, the wonderful transformations which It pro- every thing should be so loosely tied, that one — ight get two fingers between it and the part duces.] We nowhere art do 10 triumphant see, As when it grafts or buds the tree. In other things we count it to excel If it a docile scholar can appear To nature, and but imitate her well ; It overrules, and is her master here. It imitates her Maimer's power divine. And changes her sometimes, and sometimes does refine. It does, like grace, the fallen tree restore To its best state of paradise before. Who would not joy to see his conquering hand O'er all the vegetaDte world extend command ! And the wild giants of the wood receive What laws he's pleased to give ? He bids the ill natured crab produce Th» gentler apple's winy juice ; The golden fruit that worthy is Of Galatea's purple kiss. He does the savage hawthorn teach To bear the medlar and the pear ; He bids the rustic plum to rear A noble trunk and be a peach. Even Daphne's coyness he does mock, Though she refused ApMlo's suit. Even she, that chaste and virgin tree, Now wonders at herself to see That she's a mother made, and blushes in her fruit. m where it is fixed. Bandages round the head should be strictly forbidden. Many instances of idiotistn, fits, anil deformity, are owing to tight bandages. In laying a child to sleep, he should be laid upon the right side oftener tlian upon the left; but twice, in the four and twenty hours at least he should l>e changed to the left side. — Laying him on his back when he is awake, Is enough of that posture, in which he can alone move his legs and arms with freedom. Infants are sometimes very restless at night ; and it is generally owing either to cramming them with a heavy supper, tight night clothes or being over- heated by too many blanket". It may also pro- ceed from putting ihem to sleep too early. He The following song written by Hesry J. P'in.n, I"sq. was sung by him at the late celebration at Concord. Tune — " Scols wha hae," &c. The night was hushed, the moonlight gleam Lay sleeping on the gentle stream, As silent as an infant's dream Upon its parent's breast ; And Concord sluniber'd, safe from care. But mists were in the midnight air. As though the heavens were weeping there, O'er briefly broken rest. When morning's breath came o'er the vale. War's voice had mingled with the gale. And hearts were sad, and chetks were pale, To hear the distant drum. The mother clasp'd her babe, and fled. The maiden, tears of terror slied ; As onward moved the martial tread, " The cry was still — they come !" More loud and long, the trumpet's sound, Sent forth its shrill alarms around. And foes were on the battle ground 1 ' What chains can bind the brave t k.1 Ocean's mountaiu-billows meet — Against the rock in madness beat. Then rush in Ibamiug, fierce retreat, Back roU'd the warrior wave I The foe of Freedom sternly stood, In pride, upon the bridge of blood — But death was floating in the flood ; The tomb of Tyranny. Our vollics echo through the sky. Hark ! hark ! What glory's in the cry, For l reemcn shout, " they (ly ! they fly ! The land tec lovt is fret .'" The custom of dressing the graves of the dead with flowers. Is prevalent throughout all Ger- many.— Every little mound resembles a flower bed, the weeds are carefully pulled up, and dai- sies, evergreens and violets, are planted in this consecrated earth. On the centre of one, the grave of a daughter, was seen amidst the blos- soms, a solitary lily ; it was tied to a stick to sup- port its languishing head from the violence of the wind. Need we say after this that this del- icate tribute to the memory of a child was rear- ed by the hands of the mother? There is some dangerof our becomings superstitiout- people. — We are looking in the atmo-phere for unus- ual birds, and to the heavens for strange appearances ; and we are in a good measure gratified. '1 hus, at. New- York, when Gen. La Fayette entered the harbor^ a magnificent rainbow illuminated the fortress La Fayrlte. When Mr Monroe wa< inaugur.ated, a mam- moth Eagle flew over the capiiol. When Air. Adams was assuming the office of President, four Eagles hover- ed over the national senate house. — \nd one had pre- should be kept awake until the family are going yjously looked down from the clouds, on the afliect- to rest, and the house free from noise. Undres- sing and bathing him will weary and dispose him to sleep, and universal stillness will pro- mote it. Never let anything hut the prescrip- tion of a physician in sickness, tempt you to give him wine, spirits, or any (hus to make him sleep. Milk and water, whey, or thin gruel is the only fit liquor for little ones, even when they can run about. The more simple and light their diet, the more they will thrive. Such food will keep their body regular, and they cannot he long well if you neglect that essential point. When opening medicine must be given to sup- ply the defect of nature, a little manna or mag- nesia is safest. A careful and diligent mother will attend to the particulars, keeping all her children under her own eye, and giving them lessons of more value than gold or jewels, in the time that lazy and gadding gossips are look- ing at their fingers, or giving and hearing news. ting ceremony of Gen. La Fayette's visit to the tomb of the illustrious Washington. A star, at Mid-day, cast its chaste brilUance on the rising cenotaph of De Kalh, at Camden. And the sun, which had remained behind the clouds on the day of Gen. Ija Fayette's entree into Charleston, shone forth with delightful brilliancy, just as ht lit from his carri.ige at the City Hall, to receive the Intendant's welcome. 1 hese are grateful incidents, they are all of them well attested; but whether tli< y intimate any peculiar relation be- tween things above and things below, we leave to the decision of Augurs and Astrologers. — C/iarleston Courier, RULES FOR MOTHERS AND HOUSE-WIVES, Some people in dressing an infant seem in »Hch haste as to toss him in a way that must fa- tigue and harass him. The most lender delibe- ration should be observed. Every one knows ihat a kid, a lamb, a calf, or even h puppy or aS^rcording to" a scientific observer, not only lb liilteii, cannot thrive it squeezed or tumbled a- j ,|„,,„,|,y of rain but the annual number of rainy bout. An infant is certainly more easily hurt. [;,„(i cloudy days is continually increasing. Aphorisirts. — The hardest trial of the heart is whether it can bear a rivafs failure without tri- umph. Thoroughly to iry a man's patience, he must have the labour of years consumed before his eyes in a moment ; thorou!rhly to prove it, he must in- tantiy bet i 1 to renew his labour. The woman ol sensibility, who preserves se- renity and Sfood temper amidst the insults of a faithless husband, wants nothing of an angol but immortality. The man who, improving in skill or knowl- edge, improves also in modesty, has an undeni- able claim to greatness of mind. He, whose first emotion on the view of an excellent production is to undervalue it, will never have one of his own to show. Nothing is such an obstacle to the production of excellence, as the power of producing what is pretty good ivith ease and rapidity. Would a man of rank estimate his real dig- nity, let him think of that stale in which all rank is abuiished. — Dr. Aiken. A great increase in the quantity oC rain has been remarked in England. The same has been [noted thrnugbouf the South of France, where. BELL FO U.NDER, The Wonderful Norfolk Trotter, imported July 1822, from England, WILL STAND THIS SEASON, 1825, At Ticenli/ Dollars, and One Dollar the Groom. Tht money to bt paid to the Groom at Catering, rj^lliS celebrated Horse is a bright bay, with black I If^^s, standing 16 hands high ; his superior blond, symmetry and attinn excel those of every other trotting Stallion, He is allowed by the best Judges in Norfolk to be the fastest and best brid Horse ever sent out of that County. He has proved himself a sure foal getter, and his Stock for size and subst.ence arc not to be sur- passed ; they are selling at the highest prices of any Horses in Norfolk. BELLFOUNDER was get by that well known, fast and high formed Trotter, Old Bkllfoxihdfr, out of Velocity, which trotted on the Norwich road, in 1! 06, Sixteen Milet in one hour, and though she broke fiftrea times into a gallop, and as often luintd round, won her match. In lfe08 she trotted Tuenly eight 7niles in one hour and forty seven minutes, and lias also done many other great performances against time. BELLFOUNUER, at five years old, trotted Tua miles in six minutes, and in the following year was matched for 20U guineas, to trot A'ine miles in thirty minutes, and he won easily by thirty two seconds. His owner shortly after challenged to perform with him Sev- ei^feen miles and a half'm one hour, but it leas not tic.- cepted. He has since never been saddled or matched. Old BF.i.i.ironNDER was a true descendant Irom the original blood of the Fireaways, which breed of Horses stand unrivalled, either in this or any other nation. BELLFOUNDER is strongly recommended t" the public by the subscriber, as combining more uselhl properties than any other Horse in America, and will stand, during the season, at his stalde in Charlestown, where all inqniries, post paid, will be attended to. Be.li.fovndf.r's foals thus far have proved fully satisfactory, showing extraordinary action. Samuel JAQUES, jr. C:harlestown, Mass. March 11, li;2u. f he FARMER is published every Friday, by .!. b. RuS" SBLL, at 5'.;..')0 per annum, in advance. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Published l.y JOHN B. RUSSKLL, at the comer of Congn-ss and I.iiiflall Strerts. (Six doors fioni the Poat Oflice) Hoston.— TMOM \S G. FFFSFMIF.N, rniTOR. VOL. in. FRtDAY, MAY 6, UJ-i.-J. No. 41. ORSGIKAIi COMIguyiCATlOWS. I ion THE NEW CXGLAXn l-ARMEi;. ON l.MPROViXG Tlit: NATIVE liHCED OF NEW nXGI.AND CATI'LC. | Ao. IV. ■ I 1 conlom! for nn p;>rticiil,ir lirpfd ofciillle, (o the exclusion of all oiliers. ll is donlitlp'is a cor- 1 rect o]iiiiion, " lli;it in iim^t i)( Ihe st'iuiine breeds there :ire dilTerences in lUe indhiduuls. And' a^ m.iny of the mixed breeds alTurd excellent i iiiilUers, it m;i_v ho the host mode, in order to i esliihli^h A ^ood dairy-stork, whelhor lor liuller or cheese, lor the farmer to breed IVom sucli cows, of uhalever kind ihev may l)o, a^^ he has I found fiom experience tlio l)cuight be filled and distended •.ailh niilk^ the effect of which would be a much more abund- ant supply of milk afterwards. This same fritnd. at a subsequent period, ke|)t a herd of forty cdvvs lo yield milk for sale. And his son inform^ me (hat his falhercontinued to practise by the same rule. — Another friend, whose personal atteition also was given lo the subject, has experienced the same effect, even to the difference, in one instance, in his estimation, of one third h Ihe quantity of milk. — In the great dairy couoly of Cheshire, in England,jhe same opinion is enter- tained ; and the farmers permit their co.vs to become dry ten weeks before calving. This practice however, may arise in part from their custom of feeding them, when dry, with wheal, barley and oat straw, until within three weeks of their calving. It is said, however, bv the writer on Dairying, in Rees' Cyclopedia, thai if cows are -ji^cll fed, the drying them of their milk lor any time betbre calving, is wholly uniieces sary. Mr I'owel says — " The secretions of mill.: are certainly augmented by milking carefully and systematically, stripping every drop from ' Rees' Cyclopedia — Art. UAiaviNc. the uilder ; hut I have not found the duration of a cow's milk in any wise affecleil by Ihe pe- riod at which she had been dried, previous to the birth of her young.'' But he then remarks Ihat " I'ow cows [if left to themselves, as in a state of nature, I suppose i« meant] allow their calves to suck longer than within two months of the time of parturition During the laller stag- es of gestation, the foetus requires those portions of nourishment from which the se<;relions of milk must necessarily detract." — He adds " 1 would turn offline cows two months before the birth of their young." Mr Cramp, the owner of Ihe famous Sus-ex cow, exjiresses the same o- pinion, as to the duration and quantity of a cow's milk. Yet the varving ()roducts of his own cow, in butter, in different yenr^, as given by himself supports the general opinion ; as may here be seen. !st year, in 48 wcpks, his cow yielded of butter .'jlOlbs. *2d year, ni 4.j weeks, ba.\ in^ gone dry 17 days 450 Uis. 31 year, in .'il '\-'Z weeks. lnving s^oiie dry .57 dn's t)751b3. 4th y'r, in 4'-' \-l wMis. havin; gone dry igda's 4ljfilbs. .'ith y'r, in 40 weeks, having gone dry 40 days 594 lbs. This b\\\ year she hat! twin calves ivhich she suckled 9 weeks, during which she yielded no butter. In his details of her weekly milk and butter, Mr Cramp says he leit off milking her m\ the I3th of February, Ui09, and that she calved the 3d of .\pril following; yet he says aftcrivar(h, that she gave millc, this y^ar, until -he calved she would not go dry : but the miik was brack- ish, am! lit only lor Ihe hogs. I Mr Champ's .ind Mr ()aki;s' cows have been called '■ prodigies;" and so, indeed, they were when compared with other cows. But with their conslilvtionnl dispositiun to yield from the HAix mentions a cow of Mr PRiNccr's, a su- perior variety of the long-horned breed, and rising five years old. When they ceased to milk her, she was put on prime keep for eight months, when she was slaughtered. She was " cracked on the back" — that is, was cloven along the chine ; but the skin had sejiarated from the vertebrse (back bones) which were en- tirely grown over, and buried a considerable depth in fat : her bosom was broad — her flesh nteiloii! — her bone extremeh/ fine. Her toie leg was exactly the size of a Scotch bullock of not half lier weight. She cut six inches of fat on the chine ; and weighed, each fore quarter 361 lbs. one hind quarter 3711bp. and the other 372lbs.— total 1468lbs. of beef. In this part of Massachusetts, the victuallers inform me lljat the average weight of our com- mon cows, fattened to be good beef, is lOOlbs. a quarter. Young, in his Northern Tour, crossed the country to Cheshire, the county famous for cheese. }Je says their breed of cows was in general small, and would not (alien to above 32 stone — that is, to 448!bs. or 1121bs a quarter, round for the beef. According to Sir John Sinclair, the hiile, tallow, head and tongue, iiearl, and every other part of the animal, except the four qiiarters of beef", are considered as olTal. BjiKF.vvEr.L's superior skill as an agriculturist enabled him to surpass his neighbours in the management of his farm, as well as of his live stock. The farm consisted of -140 acres, 110 of whirl) were arable, and the rest grass. He kept 60 horses, 400 large fheep, and loO beasts of all sorts. He bought neither straw nor hay. All his animals were in high flesh. His cattle, Young says, " were all fat as bears."' A brook ran through his farm, the water of which he could turn over from 60 to 80 acres, put into a pro[)er state for the purpose of being flooded, at suitable tiiVies, and so rendered very pioduc- tive in grass and hay. 1 have observed that English writers on hus- bandry, mention the propriety of adapting cat- tle to the sort of land of which farms consist : if rich in grass, choose a large breed, if the pas- tures are poorer, select a smaller breed, bo- cause, they say, in the latter case, smaller cat- tle would do well ; while on the same poorer .soils the large breeds would be unprofitable. These observations refer to pasturage only : for in that part of iIk- year in which cattle depenfl wholly un the stall, large cattle may be as well fed as small ones. Cut in raising cattle, I sup . pose that the paslurwj^c season is chielly relied on (or the gnuvlh of our young slock ; and the short glass ot' our paslaros in gi neral, are prob- ably belter adapted to a small than a large breed. However, with the disposition now prevailing, to improve and render our lands i.nore productive, many farms may become suit- ed to that middle sized race which may be pro- I'L'ich orchards, where, instead of adopting that careful and improved mode of culture calculat- ed In introduce a renovation of the plants, the chief attention has been directed to the cure of evils from which no permanent advantao-g can ever arise. That our opinion resppctin" the efficacy of an improved mode of cultivation is correct, will apfiear from tlie facts, that where this has been attended to [iroperly, no material injury h is been experienced I'rom these diseases otherwise so widely complained of. It is more than twenty years since 1 (il anted out an orchard of peach trr es in (ireenlield, in Connecticut, for a gentleman in whose employ 1 Uien was and which has never failed, in a single year since breeds, being larger, require, and are allowed, ! of producing an a!iu[id.int supjdy of the tinest and most delicious fruit. This gentleman is a most accurate observer, and well skilled in horticul- tural subjects. His young trees have been rear- ed from seed of the finest of his fruit, and in- noculated fVom trees in a healthy flourrshin"- state; his orchard is regularly manured, a.;.l constantly retained in a high state of cultivation. In the springof the year 1807, I planted out We recommend to the attention of the puh-ja poach orchard of about one acre upon this lie the I'ollowing Essay on the cultivation of the j island, within three miles of the Citv Hall, and Peach tree It is written by a practical Hnrli- 1 ,|,jring the nine succeeding years, "viz. Iil'l the cultuHst, who has an extensive and tlnuriBhing| year 1816, not more than si.\ trees died out of nursery, of the choicest kinds of this delicious the whole— two or three of which were not thrifty when I set them out, but owing to the quality of their f'ruit. I wished to try them; the others were injured by a hea\y storm, when fruit. PEACH TREES. Several considerations seem to render any correct information respecting the successful cul- i loailed Willi fruil ; and in fict, 1 had more trniil)|(j tivalion of the Peach Tree, a subject of consul- in propping up hmbs to support f'ruit, than in erabie importance. It is a fruit universally ad- ! guarding against inlecled farina, or pursuing- mired, and its cultivation here for many years' magsjnts. past has generally been very unsuccessful. Va- 1 In 1816 I commenced the cultivation of about rious opinions have been entertained as to the : ten acres of land on Greenwich lane, where ! Jeleterious causes which have «o universally ^ have continued the cultivation of the peach obstructed the successful culture of this delight- ful fruit ; and it would be no dilTicult task to ex- hibit the erroneous doctrines so long and so widely propagated, respecting the sadly deteri- orated slate of our peach trees. Tnal melan- choly term, " the yellows,'' and the still more with great success, and have at this present mo- ment upon the ground several thousand peach trees, [>erhaps in no respect inferior to any ei/er raised here at any former period. I ivould njt be understood to aver, that the cultivation oithe peach is a matter ol" as little indillerence frightful bugbear of -'the maggot,"' with all the a' present, as it was 30 years ago. The suc- evils arising therefrom, have been multiplied ctssful cultivator now, is under the necessity of into insurmountable obstacles ; and the niisguid- pir=uing a mode of culture calculated to reno- ed cultivator', directing their sole attention to ; vite the species, by selecting a ne.v and improv- tlie discovery of some particular apidication for e. race of plants. This cannot iie achieved by the counteracting of these evils, appear to h ivc chemical plaislers, or scientific dissertations on altogether overlooked the true and radical cause | ih' torrifying name of a worm, which the e.\- of the failure of the peach tree. This, like j pei'icncn of twenty years' ineifectual specula- every other vegetable, is liable to disea>e from tioa-i on (hose subjects, have siifKciently proved, the inclemency of seasons, from the attacks of I Maiy tine new varieties raised l'r»m the seed of insects, and other external violence, from the , th'sfruil, are at present, and have for many years want of proper nutriniLMit, and lastly, by that' lioei. under successful cwltivatiop, in this vicini- natiiral tendency lo decay by which the unalter- ty. Vet, buds taken even from these, and in- able laws of nature have wisely limit 'd the o |*erted on slocks raised from seed of old defec- dinary period of duration of every thing thai live trees, may be very liable to fail; for, a- mongst the fruil of such trees, many of the stoujs have detective kernels, and although such will often grow, yet they produce a sickly race of plants, which no culture can invigorate, and which the slighte-t injury destroys. It is there- tore as necessary to be careful in selecting good send to raise the stocks, as lo procure buds from lives. The peach tree is of a comparatively short duration, to the pear or apple; and al- though by budding, or grafting, any particular sort may be increased to any amount, yet, as both thtfse operations only extend a contiuuiitioii of a part of the original plant, its time of dura- tion must terminate ; and we have no hesitation in giving it as our opinion, that the late failure good healthy trees. in our peach orchards has been more owing to I There are also many other particulars causes arising from the natural termination ofl which require great care and altenlion on the the duration of the sorts so long propagated, part of the cultivator, and which the limits of than from any extraordinary malignancy ofdis- a single essay would not permit our treating of, ease. If this opinion be correct, there is lilllo [separately. Our main object in the present es- wonder to see tke long languishing state ofourUay is from a ("aithful statemect of u long series I82r).] NEW ENGLAND FARr^lEU. ooo rtf HCluiil (iict^, io eniieavnur tnooiTPct a radicstl error, ivliich nimost cvfrv nillivalor, ;\nil I be- lieve every loriner \vnter, has iaiiorod iimlor. rnileavoriner to illscovcr means of rciiov.ilin? riir peach treos, hy llie apphcallim ol' arliliciiil riTneche-, inslead of adoplina; a more careliil aiid impr -ved mnde of ciihivatiori hy which a lien, a more hPallhy, and \ia;nroii< race nf pear h f.ees m.iy he once more iiili'odnced tliioughoiit this liulv ccinfreiiial chnie. Thi<, it is true, will ri-qnire tlie work of time; yet, if the suhjecl could nnf.e ho i^enerallv onder-itond, a very or- i!blic would not he lell at a loss to know how fir they would be sale in I'olUnving such rules as his su- perior sagacity and skill might discover worthy of being recommended. Great mistakes are generally entertained, and much mischief done, by the improjier pruning of pe.ich trees; and those unacquainted with the jiroper method of managing this part of tlieir ciiliurc, would derive more henelit hy contem- jda.ing, for a few moments, the actual form ofa tew trees properly managed, than reading the wrillenor printed directions of a volume. The stale and form of the trees are often so diflerent when obtained from the nurseries, thit no parlicuhir rule can be laid down that would lie applicable to the whole. The great art for securing a proper form for the head of a peach tree, depends upon cutting off the leading or maia stem at the desired height the head m;iy be wished to commence at, which should never be more than four feet high — 1 prefer two or three feet. The selection of lour or tive limbs, if possible, from the opposite side of the stem, as near this point as can he got, and in moder- ately upright positions, sliould be sulTered to form the main stems of the toji of the tree; ;vnd, as these generally forni«h abundance of shoots from all parts as they advance in hei;fht, they ought never, in such case, to be shortened. It is seldom that the peach tree requires much pruning, after th.:; main branches of the head are thus formed. Wherever ttie inferior limbs be- come too close, they should be cut out ; and if any supply be any where necessary, some branch, it any he found conveniently silnated, m.iv be shortened, so as to throw out a greater supply. There is one particular season which i have al- ways I'ound to succeed better than any other, for cutting the main stem for forming the head of the tree, and that is in April. Just as the buds begin to break, wherever any irregularity of the In, inches occur, in Ihe growing seasons they m:!y he regulated hy the knife any time ; hut no pruning ought ever to be performed on these trees at the approach of, or during the winter season. It is not the object of our present un- dertaking to enter into any particular invesliga- tion of those external evils, which have, for many years, been generally considered as an un- conquerable scourge of the peach tree; nor have we any objections to the man of science, developing the results of those profoitnd re- searches, arising from the pursuits of natural philosopliy. Our object has been to prove, by a long series of fads, (which can be well au- thenticated,) both the erroneousness and absurd- ity of ascribing the great failures of our peach trees to any malignant cause, but to other na- tural detects, which an improved mode of culti- valion has been actually aijle to resist, and which if more universally adopted, would greatly facil- itate the complete renovation of this delightful fruit. SUMmAHIT OF IHJSWS. The appropriations of Congress for Internal hnprnre- menls, llie last year, e.xceeded hall'a railliou of dollars. Gen. Lnfa;ielle arrirfd at .Montgomery, Alaliama, on llie 3d ult. and left llicre on the evening of 4th, in tlie steam boat for Cahawha. It was expected lie would icaivh .Mobile on the 6th and New-Orleans on the 9th or lUth, at which places splendid preparations were makings to receive him. Major Uenham, appointed on a nit'.= ?ion to the interior of Aliica, has arrived at Tripoli on his i-i.Uiru to Eiiiif- land. .Another timber sliip is building- at Qnehrc, COO feet deck, 60 feet beam, 36 feet in her hold, aen 5,050 tons. The Emperor of Russia has presented a diamond ring to Capt. Htouehouse, of the London brig Paris, and or- dered a medal struck for him as a reward for saving the lives of several Ru5sian*seameii and an oiTicer, dur- ing the inundation. The rail-road? now prcjerted, if carried into effect, would consume iron to the value of '?8 millions sterling! The ill miles of road planned betwetn Birmln,:^ham and Liverpool will require 60.000 tons of \\\hee[), and pig-- The bulfjs carried oil also, and oxen and sheep were failed wilh them during ihewinierand .spring months. 1820. Drilled wheat, at eitfht inches distance, in ridges lour feet apart; that is, on the land merely turned hack from the fnrnip-ridji'es. — The wheal was drdled on the 1 llh aiul 12lh of I\iaich. The crop was forty Winchesler bus!) els to the acre, and ten gallons over upon the whole lield. 1321. Transjdanted Swedish Turnips, at dif- ferent times, from 3d June to 7lh July, — The amount of crop, 24 Ions of bulbs per acre, and 7 tons of tops. — All carried oif the land, and ap- plied to the same purpose as Ihose of 1819. 1822. Drilled wheat, as in 1820, in February ; but without plouglting the Uind at ail. Just drill- ed it upon the land as it had been left by the Swedish Turnips.— The crop was 32| Win- chester bushels lo the acre. 1823. Drilled Swedish Turnips, as in 1819.— The crojr 22 tons of bulbs, and tVom 6 to 7 tons of to()S. — All carried off Ihe land, and applied to tlie same [lurposes as those of 1319 and 1320. 1821. Drilled U'heat, as before, in Febiu;iry, and xeithoni plo}ighing. The amount of Ihe crop is not yet known, it being but recently harvest- ed. It is, however, eslimaled at 31 Winchester bushels to the acre, on three-fourths of the lield, and 10 bushels to the acre on the remainder. The other lield (Hiscups) 17||^ acres, has, dur- NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ing the whole of the six years, been ticateri in Ihe same way ; has borne similar crops ; except, th.il, this year, ils crop of wheat seems lo exceed that of Ihe olher field in a considerable degree. Mr I'aliner always manures for the Swedish luriiips, and never for ihe wheat. When these two lielils have wheat, he has his Swedish tur- nips in other fields. H>ery tanner will be able to judge of the increased ferldily which up- v.'ards of six hundrc.l tons of bnlhs ot Swedish turnips, and (tt'o hundred tons of tops every year, would give to a farm of 230 acres, which is the size ol Mr Palmer's farm. It may be said ihal Mr P.ilmer is a clc-cer niai, and ihat his ttiud is Bood. Both are true. bu*. there are ihousands of clever farmers, and liionsands ot larmsol hot- ter land ; and, I am deceived, if there be any farmer in the kingdom, wlio can boast ol such a prnduce. And (not lo fose sight of myself at list,) so completely i» this wonderful produce to be asci ibed to mv '• Year's Residence," thai, not only had Mr. Palmer never put S\vedish tur- ni[)s ai wide distances, before he read my book, liul he had, before thai, nezcr grown a Swedish ] turnip at all, in any manner whatever ! WiLLL\M COBBETT. Green Peas and new I'olatoes Iiare already made their appearance at Ps'orfollc. A Carolina paper of Apiil 5, states that the forests nre green, the fields decorated with flowers, and the planting of corn commenced. In the midst of this smiling prospect, however, a considerable quantity ot snow fell on the first of.^pril. 325 XlVRAIi SC0X70IVI7. Directions for preparing a composition fur ingrnf- tina fruit trees, communicated by an intelligent .i^ricuhurist of this vicinity. Take 4 parts of Tar, 2 of Beeswax and 1 of Tailow, simmer ihem well together and it is til for use. Rosin perhaps may be preferable to Tar, but will require a larger proportion of T.dinw to make it suitably soft lo spread to ad- vantage. A coat oftliis preparation spread over all parts of the wounded wood siifhcienlly thick to exclude the air will remain unaCfecfed by the heat or cold until it is completely grown over, and is undoiibledly the best thing in use in graft- ing.— Franiclin Post. EDINBURGH EYE W.iTER. Put while vitriol of the size of a nu( into two gills of white rose water; with as much fine loaf sugar as vitriol. When it is dissolved shake the bottle, and on going to bed wash the eyes with il, using a soft clean cloth. FOR Cl-RING WEAK A.VD WEEPINO EVES. PIIILADlir.PHIA SOCIEIY FOR PRO.MOTJ.NG AGRICULTURE. Stated meeting, April 19, 132.5 — Dr Mi;ase, \'icc President, in the chair. The following pa- pers were read : 1. A letter from Major S. Long, giving a de- scription ol the Rocky Mountain goat, a notice of their gcngraphical range, and principal place of resort. 'I'he information detailed was given by Mr. Donald M'Kenzie, of Ihe British Hudson Bay Company, with whom Major Long met on his late journey to St. Peter's River, at the mouth of .Assiniboin river, and afterwards con- liimed by Mf. }Ieniy, of the same company, at Fort William, on lake Superior ; both those gentlemen spoke from personal observation. — The fleeces of these native animals, one of which is in Peal's Museum, exceed m downy softness, that of the 'I'hibot goal, and iheir introduction into the United Slates, would add greatly iotlie national wealth. France has already been repaid by working up the fleeces of Ihe Thibet animal imported a few years since, for the expense at- tending that memorable expedition. 2. .\ letter to the Chairman from II Barnard, of Hudson, New York, inclosing an account by the builder, of Ihe mode to be pursued in con- structing an arched bridge of boards, a model of which is in possession of the society. These bridges are very neat, and from the ingenious mode adopted in forming the arch with the boards, are also very strong. The inventor was the late R. Robolham of Hudson. The model of lie bridge is at Ihe service of the pub- lic. It is a prool of the excellence of the prin- ciples adopted in their construction, Ihat they were erecleil in a country abounding with stone. In the alluvial district of the United Stales, where stones are scarce, timber abounds, and Ihe bridges are notoriously unsafe, the wooden SMuclures ofMr U. woul ! be extremely useful. Lven in i'ennsylvania, so famous for bridges of all Sizes, they might be found economical sub- stitutes for more costly sione erections. 3. li. Haines read a letter from James Hay- ward, of Berkshire, England, on the merits of three Suffolk pigs sent to R. H. They are of the same breed as tne one of which there is a cut in the Agricultural Almanack for the year 1C20. Some directions were given respeciiog the breed of swine. Thomas Wistar, Jr. of Montgomery county, Penn. exhibited several larvse of the cestrus bovis, or gad-fly, recently taken from the back of one of his cows. These insects in the larva state are familiar to farmers by the name of warbles, and are known to be highly irritating to the animals they infest. In one case they actually caused the death of a young bull, (which was intended to he reared) by the innumerable small abscess- Mnkc a strong decoction oC camomile boiled'lgj which they gave rise to, along the whole ' * '" course of the spine. Some particulars respect- ing the various species of cestn that infest the internal organs and skin of domestic animals, were given in a report of a former meeting of this Society. Edmund Rouvert, of New Jersey, sent a sod of a common and pretty plant, called ground- laurel, to the eating of which he ascribed the death of a cow and sheep belonging to him. It is the Epigaa repcns of the botanists. It does not belong to the laurel family, but its injurious effects upon cattle cannot be doubted, when free- ly eaten by ttem. in sweet cow's milk ; with this let the patient's eyes be bathed several times a day as warm as can bo suffereci without uneasiness. Persons, almost blind, have been cured by persevering in the use of this jirescription. It is proper, however to observe that frequently b or 6 weeks bathing of the eyes is necessary. TO PROTECT CRAPES FROM WASPS, Plant near the grapes some yew-trees, and the wasps will so far prefer the yew-tree ber- ries, as wholly to neglect the grapes. 326 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [IN^ay 6, The attentive friend of tlie Society in Scot-] -'"ff^^d much, and that in many places the hopes of land, sent three numbers in contin.ialion of the j the season, as regards these fruits, are entirely deslroy- Farmer's Magazine of i:dinbur?h. Two of them 1 ed. We have, however, learnt noth.no; „h.ch wdl contain valuable papers on making butter, an ^ enable us to form even a conjecture relative to q. to the Mass. Agr. Repository, vol. V. page 36^i. M Col, Pickering's Essays on " Improving the J^'atn^e Breed of Ntw England CntfU,^^ which arc closed in this day's paper, may be read with profit by every cultiva- tor. The Editor does not feel himself competent to de- cide the much disputed question whether' imported or native breeds are, on the whole, to be preferred, nor to point out the particular excellencies or defects of any of the different races of those animals^. But those who may not yield assent to all Co!. P. 's theories on this subject (if there are any such persons) we think cannot fail to be inftructed in what is perhaps the most impor- tant branch of husbandry, by the/uc/j as well as nrgu- jiienls which he has adduced in support of his opinion. Likewise his directions relative to the general mana°-e- ment of milch rows, Szc. &c. which will apply to a?/ breeds of cattle arc highly useful. We think that the agricultural community are under great obligations to j Prince describes it as " a small, white, ringed worm, a- Col. Pickering for devoting his lime and f ah nts to a subject of such pernianeiit importance to every individ- ual member of the great family of mankind. The plain- ness and perspicuity of his style are among the good properties of his essai/s, which we hope agricultural writers, particularly for our paper, will always imitate. JVll writings, in which gfneral utility is the object, should he written in such a manner A* to be generally understood. 7%e Season. — Notwithstanding the indications of an early spring, which were apparently manifested in the latter part of winter aud beginning of spring, we have now cold, backward weather — " Winter lingering chills the lap of May." On the morning of the 2d inst. snow fell in this city sufTicient to cover the ground completelj', but soon dis- appeared. The night succeeiling was remarkably cold, and on the morning of the Jd inst. the surface of the ground in the n( igbbourhood of Doston was wliitcned •with frost, and ice was formi d of considerable lliick- nesj. We fear that peaches, pUims, cherries,- »tc. have TO THE KDITOR OF THE NIIW ENGLAND FARMER. Boston, May 3, 1025. Mr. Fr.ssFNDE.v, Sir, — If the fdlnwing enqui- ries and observations exiracled from a letter latelv addressee' to ti larrner in A'ew-llampshire, should be deemed worthy the not ce oi' your reader':, yon are reque-ted to puldisb them in your useful paper. Ynnr«, trulv, FAR.MERS' FRIEND. " As agricullnre is the most important of all the arts, it is to be lainenled that the science of it is so much neglected and the jirogress of im- provement is so slow. Every man ought to un- derstand the business which he pursues. The want of success in agricultural pursuits is gener- ally owing to a want of knowledge. So power- ful is the force of habit, that farmers are con- tented to jog on, from year to year, in the same I old beaten palh which their lathers and grand- i fathers pursued, ^vithout believing it pn-sihle to make any improvement in the choice ofanimals, 'the selection of grains, grasses, or in the mode t of cultivation. Where is the farmer in your I neighbourhood who knows and can describe Iho. I best method of raising corn, wheat and potatoes? {What species of these are most valuable and 'productive? What kinds of grass are best suited 1 !o the climate and most wnrlht of cultivation? { What is the best race of hogs? What is the best Tire destructive insect above mentioned has fo J =•"'! cheapest food to rear and fatten them ?— corn, some years past,called foi th the attention ot the orcl-.ard- 1 potatoes, carrots, mangel wurlzel, or arUcbokes ? What are the best sorts of cows, oxen, horses and sheep ? For Ihe common business of a farm, what kind of team is best? — horses, mules, oxen or cows ? These questions are important and require the serious aiientien of every fainier. In Eng- land, France, and Spain, cows nve trained to the yoke aHcl harness, and perform the labour of oxen; aud, in activity ami strength, are I'ound bout three quarters of an inch long with a dark ed head." It attacked his apple trees, and w:t= re- moved " by diggirg round the tret s, and clearing away the earth to the roots, and then, with a sharp pointed knife, a chisel, or gouge, (atid a small wire to probe, ] ,„ ^e equal to oxen of the same size. It is pre d they were deep 111 the tree,) they were easily destrov- ' , ', . ,, . , .. .. ,.,, ed. Mr Prince agrees in opinion with Mr Tappan that 1 ''""*^'' "'''' *''« ^''^'"^ "' '^O"" '*'"' '*'« ""« °' ^''"^ this worm is Ihe same that attacks the ptach tree. A i dairy would not be essentially diminished by writer, whose observaiions were publi-lied in the this practice. With good keeping and carel'ul New l^nglanl Farmer, vol. II. page 070', in speaking ! usage the secretions ofniilk would not be mate- of the borer, says, " I was surprised lo Iind it, apparent- ^j.,]|y Ip.xened. Mares •.iimnallv producing foals, ly m so many dilierent stages of existence. I discover- ■ , , , i : .i „'„ i.ii ~i i ,r. 11 1 . .1 u 1 ,-., 4 are einiiloved and ii'ed in the s.iddie and har- i d/irst, a small substance on the bark ol the tree, scarce- 1 '^ ^' i J . . _. . . . ly possessing the power of motion ; secondly, a small Tub, or worm, between the bark and wood, generally very near the surface of the earth ; thirdly, an insect about one inch antl an halt in length, with many legs, and apparently a pair of wings, from four to six inches from the surfaci of the earth, and near the inside of the bftrk of the tr ters ol the fiimer are expected and rerpiired to digging away the earth, and removing Ibe gnni, which I |,e daily ein|iloved in rocking, wtishiiig, baking, indicates the worm-in the spring putting h quantity ol j ,,,i,„,|ng milkin^r ■,,„,] making butler and cheese? ashes round the tree, say a peck, or more, and then A i . j ■. , . i ■ ' ■ i i coverin'g it wiih fr. si, earth. I *^^".2:'" •' '^'■.""•r '" "e'" ''■'^ '""^vs mo. e tenderly Willioh's Domestic Encyclopedia states that the (ly, I ^^»" '»* "'■'« '""' children ? v\ here a man cannot which causes the woira iu peach trees '' is blue (but ' keep more than three cows, a pair oi oxen, and 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 327 a few ."heep, (and there are many farmers of ihis descriplion) if he wonhl liisrrg-anl custom iiiiH coiT^ult his romfort ;iiiil interest, he would sell his oxen and purchase three inoi-e cows; they »vould not consume more hay and u;riiss ihan tiie oxen. Let him train all his cows to the yoke and harness; ihey would form a docile and val- uable team, possessingf power sufficient for ploiiijlim^, harrowing, and removing manure, wood, h:iy, grain, &.C. Three cows kept in lien of a yoke of oxen would prohalily produce thref calves, worth six dollars — would atTord milk sutlicient for GOOlbs. of cheese, at 56 per hundred would amount to oli dollars ; and enable him to keep ihroui^h the summer 3 pigs, which may be estimated at 3 dollars ; the profit at a mod- erate calculation would amount to 15 or 50 dol- lars annually. This is no small sum to gain by | milking three cows and makinij their milk into cheese. With this, the farmer would be en- abled to pay all his taxes, purchase new gowns for his wife and daughters, procure a few books upon the subject of agriculture, and become a subscriber for the New Engl.ind Farmer, pub- lished weekly at Boston, by Mr John I>. llussell and edited by Thomas G. Fesseiidcn, Esi]. who is well acquainted both with the science and practice oftarmma;. Every man in this section ot the country, who cuUivates more than ten acres of land, and is a triend to Bible and Mis- sionary Societies, ought to read and patronise this excellent pafier. What do you think of the economy of that farmer, who keeps two old horses and but one cow ? who is continually complaining of" hard limes, the weight of tax- es, and the want of money." Do you believe that he calculates well, that he will become rickl if he has no other resource, for support than his farm, and pursue? his present plan of conducting it, 1 will venture to predict, that he wdl Soon become /)orout the end of the lust century, the Jews otTered t.venty millions of livrcs to the Po(ie lor per- mission to search the Tyber, and to turn its course for six months. Thissimi was very tempt- ing ; after various deliberations of the holy con- clave, they 2 73 41 24 8 39 31 3 2 3 ■39 30 4 3 2 32 29 1 3 5 39 28 O 3 G 23 18 1 — 4 33 24 3 6 39 26 4 — 5 78 65 6 7 39 29 6 — 6 35 28 3 — 4 19 15 2 — o 82 72 4 — e 50 43 4 — 3 54 46 5 1 2 76 64 8 3 TO THF. Et'ITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMEK. I QUERIES ON GRAFTING. i (iihnm^ N. H. May 9, 1825. j Sm — I should he |deased, through ihonndium of your pa[ er to obt.iin information Hith re-- garvill find in stone coal an effectual remedy for the first if not for the last of these evils; and wilh this pleasing addition they will have a better fire at half the expense of a wood fire. A chimney with Ihe worst draft possible, will do for burning .Anthracite perhaps belter than one wilh a quick draft, for fhe fire burns more steadily and of course the heat is more equal. If there be an ajierture sufficiently large to carry off the small ipjantity of gns disengag- ed in the combustion ol' stone coal, it is all that is required. 1 have seen a fire of our coal burning delijht- fully in an open grate in a large open kitchen fire-place, within which half a dozen people might stand amund the fire, the chimney of which smi'ked to such a degree with a wood-fire it was almost impossible to slay in the room. — The fire-place was entirely open, and no draft whatever applied to the fire except when ignil- To sum u[) the whole, it may safely be affirm- ed that no fuel yet discovered combines so ma- ny good qualities for all domestic purposes, whether for cheapness, pleasantness and safely as the Anthracite of Pennsylvania. Those fa- miliar wilh the mysteries of the kitchen know the vahie of a fire which will give a permanent regular heat for many hours together without being reneued or stirred ; and that will not in- jure their \ lands either in appearance or fla- vour by smoke and dust. For professional men. shop-keepfi:-, mechanics and others, who have their olTices at a distance from their homes and have not servants to take care of their fires in their absence, to be aide to visit their patienls. attend court, or go to their meals, and after be- ing absent many hours, to return to a good fiie and warm room, will be a great convenience. In estimating the benefits to be derived from the general introduction and use of stone coal. we ought not to overlook the relief and com- fort it will be to the afflicted, the indigent and the improvident. The Philanthropist may re- joice that miiny who have heretofore suffered much under the inclemency of our severe ivin- ters I'rom want of fuel, will soon, at a small ex- pense be able to keep a safe and comfortable fire ; and that a considerable portion of the earnings of the labouring poor that may he sav- ed by the use of coal, may be appropriated to ditch of five feet in width and three feet in depth, and leaving an offset of nine inches, sod- ded the ("ace of the bank, fronting on Ihe road, of a western exposure. The bank was topped by a lence of two old rails. The sodding ha« stood well (he effect of three winters; the off- set peeled away by the post, which has induced me to dispense with it, and sod entirely to the bottom of the ditch. The height from llic bot- tom of the ditch to the lop of the bank, is now eight feet ; two rails niake about two feet more, which is ten leel in the whole. An enclosure thus made is proof .'igainsl the inroads ofall kinds of trespassing animtils. If the |iuncheoiis aie of locust, and the rails chestnut, it will I is(, with very trifling repairs, for half a century; where locust and chestnut cannot be hail, oak railing will last at least twenly years. Very many ad- vantages might be detailed as boloriging to this mode of enclosure. Nobody burns it — nobody steals if, and if any part should fill down, it will remain where it (alls, till put up again. I would recommend the banks to be tnade early in winter, so as to become well settled, before dressing and sodding in the spring. If the crown oflhet.ank was to be opened wilh a trench, and then I'-Acd up with good moulil, and ced.ir being sowed therein so as to [irodiice a hedge, the effect would be bcaiiliful, and the whole work an al- fair tor posterity. Of the wooden sealed shoes, my dear sir. — Tliey have done most fiimously. Of all the modern ecotiomics, they are the chet d"oeuvre. My leather dealer's account has stood ("or the l.isl three years, in proportion to the times of lealher soals, as gaO to j^iOO — say 75 per cent. .My people at first apjnehended broken shins, br<)!en- ed at Montpellier on Aug. 17, 1711, is more dismal than any other account of that kind. — Three persons were stifled, one after another, in one of the common vaults of our Lady's church at Montpellier; the two last having gone down into it lo succor the (irst ; and many others, whose good will made them venture lo relieve him, owe their survivance to some prcservalives which ihey had taken before-hand ; yet this did not prevent its being fatal to one. At i-isl they were obliged to drag up the three carcases with grappling irons ; their clothes had a horri TO IMPROVr. THF. DOWN OF GEESE. The n.iture of the food contributes very much to the value of the down, and to the strength of feathers; the pari. cular care taken ol' geese has no less influence. It has been remarked, that in places where these birds find a great deal of water, Ihey are not so much subject to vermin, and furnish feathers of a belter quality. TO ASCERTAIN THE PROPERTIES OF GOOSE DOWW. There is a sort of maturity, in regard to down which may be easily discovered, as it then falls of itself; if removed too soon il will not keep, and is liable to be attacked by worms. Lean geese furnish more than those which are fat, and are also more esteemed. Farmers ought never lo suffer leather-; to be pulled from geese, some time after they are dead, for the purpose of being sold ; they generally snaell bad, and be- for one year, bnt the weeds look possession the 1,]^ stench, were damn, and covered with a yel- C"'"^ mailed ; none bui those plucked from liv- nexl year, and destroyed the grass. Stock kept j i„jv ;,„(] o^reen matter, not unlike rust. conslantly on Ihis land is a great advantage to j .t ij , ■ , j u .u „ - I . •'. ,. , , ,1 ^'-i- rlaa;ucnol was appomted by the magis- it, siviu"- It irmness, am prevenUna: the fffowln , . , '■ ... v .u- i ii '.^7^ , ., , ', . '^ r. . " , • 1 I 1 (rates (o examme llio qualities of Ibis deadly o| weeds and wild plants ot various kinds. '" I „„. „„ i ■ u u r.i ■ . . i j . 'i ,. , ' , ,. ., I vapor, which had thus instantaneously destroyed this case the ffreen sivard soon roots out the wiiti ,' ' ,01 1 t^u . - '„, ., , =. ., ,. , . _ rru-i'hree persons. — He observes, 1. 1 hat, as soon growth, and gives the very linest pasture. The dykes ate always planted with pumpkins, and afford a very great crop. Grubbing is not only unnecessarv, but prejudicial, lea\ ing the ground in holes ; the ash trees being cut clcse to ihe surface, the slumjis will rot in three or (our years, and become undisiinguished from the other mould; ploughing may then be done as in other lands. Are Ihere not at least 100,000 acres of this pocosin land on most of our fresh water rivers? I verily believe, that if properly reclaimed, an " as he had caused one ofthese vaults to be open- ed, it emitted a noisome fume, more or less strong, according to the temperature of the air. 2. That this fume so quenches all burning bod- ies, as not to leave any the least appearance of lire. 3. That, in a minute or two, it strikes dead the most lively and vigorous animals, even cats. 4. That the malignity ol"ihis fume is very asting; since, at its exhalation out of a bottle, ing geese, or which have been just killed, ought to lie introduced into commerce. In Ihe lallercase the geese must he plucked sooo, and in such a manner that the operation may he terminated before they are entirely cold; Ihe feathers are then much heller. A ProUfick minimal.— Mr. Enos Pratt ofTaun- tnn, owns a Ewe vvhich in four years has brought him eleven lambs. She had two ihe first year, and for the three last years, three each year. ils etlects were equally violent. I\I H. a>^sprts, that the infection, which dilates itself upon opening a vault, may occasion epi- put in corn and grass, these lands would raise more product of both, than all the other lands 1 , ■ , . - ., ,■ , -, ■■ . ., ' .• , I ■ u ,L ,, ..„„j idemical, and even peslilen lal distempers; lor in the counties to which Ihev are allacned. — 1 , ' ., , , ! ,, . , ^ , , a J , n "n- r ■ S'lch putrid exba alions natura y teiu to com- One trunk or floodgate will suflice for a pocosin j .' __ , ... .. . - ,, . ._ , of an hundred acres. The annual cleaning oul _ iprovement ol up! these invaluable lands, when properly reclaim ed, atTord a certainly of the most enormous pro- ducts, not liable lo the mischiefs of drouth, as they need not a drop of rain, easy of cultiva- lion, and lasting as time. Your friend, kc. GEO. W. P. CUSTIS. \Vir,D TuRKEvs — for General Lafayctlc. The Editor of the American Farmer is desir- whici^ had been filled with il six weeks before^ ous of procuring sume Wild Turkeys lo be sent Mo France and England. The first are for the Nation's Guest, lis early, steadfast I'riend indeed, as he was our friend in need. He has repeated to Mr Skinner the wish (0 obtain two cocks and three or four hens, for his own use, at La Grange, and wishes them as black as they can be had. Besides the pleasure which fford any one who has it in his power lo gratify the wisii of the General, any reasonable expense will be paid by Mr S. for the fowls, and for Irnnsportation, Sic. to Baltimore — and Ihey shall be presented to him in the name of the person or persons from whom they are received. If it be not practicable to get groivn turkeys, it may be that eggs may be lunicaio a putrefying motion in digestion, and dis- ,■,,.,, a- J 1 f .L /• 7 sanguiticalion, which produces rieslilenlial dis- . ■' . . o he ditches, anords a supply oi the finest ma- , ' .' 1 ■ H ,. '. 1 he is sure it wi ,. ,, ' , 5^ I 1 I J temiiers; and, this mil mosllv happen, when , ,., nure lor Ihe improvement ot uplands. Inaword, t,, ' 11,' l , 1 " i- j u i power o grain ANIMAL PUTREFACTION. M Haguenot, professor regius of physic in the university of .Montpelier, delivered at a pub- lic meeting of Ihe Royal Academy of Sciences of that city, on December 27, 174C, a memorial which greally concerns the citizens' health, viz. against burying in churchec. It was prohibited, by a law of the 12 tables, to inter, or even to burn a dead body within Rome. The ivisdom of this law, though a pagan institution, caused il lo be slriclly observed during the first twelve centuries of Ihe church ; audits disuse proceeds from pride and covelousness. M. Haguenot en- ters ihc lists against such a pernicious abuse. — The zeal of a patriot and the knowledge of a these exhalations have not been dispersed by the wind. .\nd accordingly, il has been observ- ed, that a plague has oflen been preceded by a long calm. The hurtful effects of ihese corrupted vapours, are loo frequently attested in history. .Ambrose Pare relates, that the Agenois, with the -'rfjacent ' j^^j^'j^j' ^j, j placed, for being hatched, under tame country, was desolated by a pestilence, brought ^ j^^^i^pyg g^,]^ indeed would be desirable, lest on, by exhalations from a pit, in which a great ] ^j^, ^^-pg ^j^i„ ^ot so well bear transportation by many dead bodies had been thrown. Pompey s 1 ggj,^ ^^ „,-,^|,t p^i ^^ gg (.^^. domesticated as to army was ravaged by a plague, occasioned by j [jp^gfi leaving dead horses unhuned. The putrefac-| Any communication on the subject will be lion of less animals, and even of insects, has li^d ! .hanklully received, and transmitted to Gen. La the like lamentable effects; nay, sometimes et- pj,,g|jg (,y j g SKINNER fluvia, which have been expelled by earth- j ' ' , Postmaster— Baltimore. quakes, or even the bare slirrinij of the earth,' ,. ,, „ ,. ,. • v j „..i, :.,„(„„ „<•„„*„ ■ ,..,, ,■',-, P. S. For a distinguished cultivator ot natu- in digging, has been productive ol the same ex-\^^ ^ .^ ^.^^^^^-^ ^ Washington La- All nature then seems to . ,^ rem.esled the Editor of the Americaa tensive destruction. cry aloud, that interments in churches are a sance to society. M. Haguenot concludes his Essay with a reci- tal of imperial conslitnlions, and decrees of coun- cils, enacted against ihe same error, which his humanity has induced him to expose ; and he consummate Physician, shine in his book ; is it ; hopes that the magistrate's concern for the peo- nol then an amazement that this error should! P'e's welfare, concurring with the clergy's zeal stand its ground against such forcible remonstran- In restore the primitive discipline of the church, Far be it from me, says he, to beat an alarm, will exterminate a practice so indecent, so u.n- SUFFERABLE, ARD ALSO SO DESTRUCTIVE, (ayelle reqii '^"'" I Farmer lo procure, if praclicable, eilher an im- pregnated female opossum — or, if that were not practicable, a maie and female opossum. They are required, to enable naturalists to settle a very curious question in the natural history and habits of that animal —which will be better un- derstood if any gentleman will have the good- ness to loan to the Editor, for publication in the American Farmer, Dr Barton's Essay in refer- ence to his subject, or to ioform bim where it can be had. 332 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [May T3, PEAT A VALUABLE MANURE. jl was anxious to improve, and lor which I had The following observations are extracted from an able not a sufficient command ofslable dui.?. It lay work OQ agriculture, which we have often quoted, by the side ot a nver, across which was llirown and as often com,nended. The work is entitled- a mill-dam-used, as most of my re^adcrs know, .... ,, D • • 1 r\T , r ,.,„j i to Stem the water, and raise It to a hi2:her level, LettersofAgr.colaonthe Principles of Vc-setafon and ,^_^^ .^ be conducted by a lead or sunk Tillage, &c. aud was written by .Iohn \ovsc. Esq- L.,^,^^ ,^ ^^^ ^^j^^^, ,,^ ,^.3 ,,i,^j, , ^^„^^,, ._ ofNovaScotia. H opens to the view ol many of our | ^^^^^^^^^ j,^^ ^^ he erected, and threw into New Enjlaiid farmers, mines of manure of more in- trinsic value than tliegems of Golcouda or the gold of N'oith Carolina. Peat, in its natural state, is of a little or no srrvice as a manure, for reasons stated by Mr Young. But, as it is chiefly composed of carbon, or coaly matter, whicli constitutes the greater part of the substance of all plants, if properly prepared, it is exceeded by scarce, ly any matter which the animal, vegetable or min- eral kingdoms can furnish, for giving fertility to tlie field of the farmer. Peat has been most extensively employed as a manure ; and in this light it possesses distin- guished claims to our attention. There has cer- tainly been no discovery in modern hu^liandry so useful in itself, and so directly conducive to the augmentation and culture ol'gr.iin, as the art of exposing pealearth to the elfects of fer- mentation. By it, an inert and unprofitable sub- stance is changed into a most aclive and etBrienl the water about twenty tons of earth taken from a contiguous bog. This water, whi h drove the mill, tillrated through the massl'or upwards often clays; and I then ordered it to be taken out and spread in the sun. When it was in a moist state, between wet and dry — a circum- stance which should never be neglected in bring- ing on fermentation in this inert substance — it was piled up into an oblonj; square from, about 3 feet high, and allowed there 10 gather heat. A slight fermentation came on, and when turn- ed over three weeks afterwards, ils organic te.'!- lure was considerably decayed. I mixed with it about 4 tons of horse dung in alternate strata, and I had -in n month '22 tons of as rich tind val- uable manure as the mos; onlhusiaslic agricul- lurist could have desired. The only use of the dung, be^i Ics its own richness, was to accelerate the procf's;. Il wouhi be unjust to deprive Lord Meailow- hank of the well earned honour of having been manure; and animal and vegetable substances, i (he lirst wIm investigated and ascertained on during the very process of their own decomposi tion, can be enlisted to subdue the nosiou?: quali- ties, and to dissolve the organic texture ofpeal\ matter. This body, in its natural stale, contains a considerable quantity of tannin, which is a powerful aslringeni, and resisis all a|iproachi'S to putrefaclion : and it is also impregnated with ^cids, unfriendly to vege'ation, and ivhich niU'^t be expelled hy bringing on a degree of beat created by richer and mure fermenlable subslan- ces. Various schemes have been suggested by dif- ferent writers, and ihese brought to the test of experiment by scicniilic farmers, in order to de- prive [leat-earth of its antiseptic qualille-, and bring it to a slate of putridity. In this field of inquiry have laboured in succession. Lord Mead- owhank, William Aiton, and Doctor Rennie of Kilsyth, each of whom have addeil something lo the previous knowledge, and by their joint ef- forts they have contribuled to place this subject in a very clear and beneficial light, i t Rennie, ■who is the latest of these writers, has discover- ed that peat may be divested of its antiseplic and ins.iluble qualities, hy mere immersion in a running stream. The constant iiow of water -carries olTthe l.innin, and obnoxious acids, and leaves the earth ready to passinlo a slate of de- composition. He has even found, that if a col- lected heap of this matter be watered copiously for ten days, once every day, its biirirul quali- ties will be discharged by the mere filtration ; and if it be afterwards trimmed up into a com- ■|)ost body, and allowed lo ilry, vi'ill n-enerale a gentle heal, which is perfectly sutVicient, al- though not discoverable hy the hand. The Doctor further slales, that it may be putrified by being pxpo.sed lo a current of steam ; and al- though this cannot for the purposes of busbaud- scientitic principles, the immense value of this species of manure. That learned Judge, per- ceiving that peat ivas antirely composed ofveg- elable substances endowed with an antiseptic virtue, or " a capacity of resisling putrefaction" instituted a philoso|diical inquiry into the nature of Ibis singular qualily and the manner in vviiich it might be overcome. From his extensive rhemical knoivledge, and his diligent and pain- ful researches, he found, that this anlisiqiiic power ovved ils origin to the acids, and the as- tringent [irinciple of tan ; and as these were re- duced, in succulent and fresh vegetables, by Ihe hot fermentation to which the}' were exposed in the full career of putrefaction, he wisely con- cluded, that the same cause would produce in prat the same effects. After varying his ex- periments in the course of six years, he publish- ed Ihe results in a pamphlet, which is distribut- ed gratis, and thus acquired 10 himself an im- mortal name in the records of Scotch Agiicul- ture. The composl middens of Lord Meadow- bank will be known and recollected by the latest posterity, when the decisions which he passed on the Bench, of which he was Ibe prop and or- nament, shall have worn away hy the corrosive louch of oblivion. The peat to be used, accord- ing to his lordship's directions, may be taken, either from the top or bottom of the bog; but the turfy parls ought to be laid aside, as mosl unsuitable for the operation. After being thrown out of the pit, il should lie for some weeks till drained of ils moisture, and tlien trans- ported to the field where the compost miihlen is lo be t'orined. The proportion of the ingre- dients should be one ton of dung lo three of moss ; hut allhoiigh Ihese were the proper qtian- tilies with the materials which his lordship em- ployed, it has been found trom experience, that ar.d will therefore suffice lo decompose a larg- er quantity ; and ils power in this respect, will also be regulated by its own stage of putrefiC- tion : for if fresh, Ihe he.it will be more rapid and much stronger, than if old and rotten. 'I'he nature of the peat Ion, must also be taken into account in as'^orting the ingredients. Some is a [lure vegetable body Iree ofexiranenus mailer, from its being formed on an elevated situation; other, again, contains a mixture of eartli, «hich renders il brittle, inadhesive, and putrescible ; because it h;is originated in a patch of low land, or in the corner of some meadow, liable to be occasionally overQown from the high grounds. When it accumulates in such hollows, its texture is broken by the primitive earths suspended in the lurbid waters, with which it is flooded; and in place of exhibiting a malted and organic stru - lure, it resembles Ibe consilience of paste, and is more a fluid than a solid body. Such |ieaty mailer may at once be carted to the arable fiidd and used as a manure wiiiiout any preparation ; and if llirown into a comiiost middk."), six loads of il will be easily fermented with one of dung. But peat is not generally of this character; and rules ol' composting must be laid down as applicalde lo Ibis sulislance, commonly found of a lough and inileslructilde contexture. As soon as it is dug from the jiil, it should be spread out In dry, but not to harden in the sun; tor if by exposure to drought, il changes into a firm ad- hesive lump fit for fuel, it is almost impossible, b} any known mean«, lo induce afterwards the puticf.iclive process. Whoii il is, lherefo.e,a- boul half dry, it should be carried lo Ihe midden, and fiisl of all laid regularly along the bollom six inches dee[i, to con-ililule the first siralum. This should be succee ed by ten inches of dung, then six of mess, four of dung, and so on, till the lallcr IS exhau-led. Above (he whole, a laver of moss should be spread to raise Ihe midden lo the height of t'oiir feet, and all ihe matprial*:, from the very beginning, should be piled up in the ln.')sesl stale, to encourage an incipient fermentation ; which comes on, sooner or later, according to the slaie of the weather, and that of Ihe component parls. Il is at this time, that Ihe jirincipal skill and care of the operator are called for, to mark and asccrlain the firogress of the compost ; for soon as il approaches to blood heal, it ou.ght 10 be vvafered and turned over with a new mixlurc of moss, 10 prevent the dissipation of the useful gasrs. After the ] tomperaturn has subsided, the whole mass should ry, be reduced to practice, it is a curious and other proportions may be safely and judicious intereslin? fact. I jy adopted. In fact, the mixture should depend I once had occasion to try the efTecIs of a run ning stream on peat earth, and it succeeded be- on the nature, both of the dung and peat which are to be crmpounded. Horse-dung produces a youd my expectations. There was a field which more violent fermentation than that of cows, be broken down, commencing at the one end, chopping with Ihe spade all Ihe bulky maler.als and ndxiug them in Ihe most perlecl manner. — • .\ new hill e.xaclly resembling the la^t, should be foimed on the same principles, adding either moss or dung as ihe state of the fermcntatioo indicates ; and after a second heat has been generated, which in a few days will become apparent, the heap should be suffered to cool, and il v^ill be iuslantly ready lo apply lo the ground: but Iho longe.r it remains in the mid- den, the decomposilion will be more perfectly efl'ecled, and llio elementary principles of ve- getation more treely ilisengaged. in summer, the whele preparation may bo finished in eigiit or ten weeks, but in winter, no injury will be sustained hy keeping the materials in compost till the opening of tlie spring. Three tons of moss to one of dung would in this country, 1 fear form an unfcrmentable compound, from tlxg su- 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FAR^fER. 33S j)eral)n!i(!:ince of cniv-eKcrempnt, ivhich ii of a toiilirii; ii.iliiro, ;inil les-; li;ilile tn \ iolpiit he'it : (iml oil lli:it iicroiinl, 1 would drpnrl ;i lillle from tho onliiKiry riilp, ami iToonimencI two lo.nls ol (lung; to five ot nin's ; which 1 lio wiih somedil- iilcii<:e, :\- 1 am not in ])n?sossion of any exi)eri- inent of the kiml tli.it has heen tried in this prov- ince, allhoiio-h it is clearly dednciblo from the |)rinri[)l(? laid down. It cannot, however, he a diffiouli task to discover the just pro(M)rtions of the ingredients ; as tlie process itself will soon tc.H-.h an attentive o''Sorver, and lead him infal- lilily to the prcper mixture. fie h;s, on the one hanil, to jnnrd against excessive lieat, which can always he ciieclied by addini^ [ e it ; and on \ the oilier, to bring on and incite termentation, j whicii can be accomplished ly enl:ir,'ing the j at'ly prevent any great change. So that spcculalicms in estates to low water uiay iiot take ^ilace. The establishment of a new department of Ihe \a- tional Government, to be called the Home Uepart- Dienl, is earnestly recommended in some of the South- ern papers. Broncliilomy. — Dr Batchelder, of t'ittsritld, has re- cently perlnrmed this interesting^ operation, successful- ly. Students nnder his care, have the advantage ot witoessing a va«t variety of surgical practice. The Poctor has but few equals in point of skill and adroit- ness iu operative surgery. An article, called Silk Cotton, grows on trees in Colombia, and the Indians work it into Shawls. An attempt is making to laise the tree in Georgia. Silk Collitn of Colombia. — The Savannah Georgian has received from a gentleman in the country, a spfci men of a peculiar kind of cotton, which is produced in the Sandwich Islands — in one island r2,C00 acres have been inclosed for the purpose. In Virginia, this year, many lots of jO and 100 acre?, have been pUuited with Cotton. k large squadron for various experiments, has sailed from England. The Commodore's ship is fitted witJi au iron main mast and bowspiit. The legis'.ature of Upper Canada have passed a law- admitting printing presses, types, and every article made for printer's use to be imported, duty free. — Clover and Timothy seed, and stveral other articles are also exempted from the payment of duty. A company, with a capital of 54.0^0,000, has been formed in Kngiand, to procure gents from S. America. Mr. Dean, a farmer of Adams, Berkshire County, Alass. lately threshed out 5 bushels of ryi in the night. while in a sound sleep, from which he was awoke by a fall in his larn. ^ subslanlial Jury. — The twenly-two gentlemen who composed a late Grand Jury of Hancock county, in Georgia, averaged two hundred and nine and a half pounds each. Freedom of Sptech a! J^Iadrid. — .\ letter from Mad- rid, dated March 14, states that the othcial account of General Sucre's victory in Peru had been received In that capital, but that every one who even spoke of it was liable to be arrested by the police. Boston F.hn. The Mayor of this city has received iroui Charles King Esq. of New-York the Gold iWedal, awarded in that city, for the best painting of the Bos- ton Kim, with a request, that he would present it to Mr IL C- Pratt, of this city, as the successful candi- date, with the thanks of the subscriber for his fine pic- ture. Charles Spragne V.~q. has been chosen to pronounce the Oration in this city on the next Anniversary of A- mericau Indtpcndence. The President of the United Slates is expected to le present at the placing of the corner stone of the Hun- ker-hill Monr,*=ct. Represmlalive E'lclion. On the 10th inst. the Elec- tors of this City met in their respective Wards, and balloted for Representatives in the General Court of this Commonwealth. 7 he following gentlemen were elected. — Theodore Lyman jr. William Sturgis, Red- ford Webster, Heman Lincoln, Jonathan Philips, Brad- ford Sumner, Uavid Sears, Thomas B. Wales, Daniel Messenger, Joseph Austin, Samuel L. Knapp, Elijah Morse, Enoch Silsby, Daniel \V eld, Franklin Dexter, George ^\'. Otis, Israel Munson, Thomas Motley, Wil- ^daTd Phillips and Francis Jackson. J^lineratogical. A gentleman of Boston has presented to the University at Cambrirlge, a most valuable col- lection of 400 models of crystals, made in Paris. The Librarian of the Boston Ath*-neuni ha- receiver) the sum of one hundred and filly dollars for the Libra- ry, from an unknown hand. Cnffte. ** The great use of cnfiTee in France, is sup- posed to have abated the prcvalency of the gravel. In the French colonies, where coffee is more used thai wilh the English, as well as in Turkey, where if is the principal beverage, not only the gravel but tht gout, those inveterate tormentors of the human»race are scarcely known." — Forsylh''s Medical Dielelico7i. It was officially announced at ft. Petersburg, on the 4th of March, that all the differences which had arisen betwien Russia and Great Britain, on the subject of the Northwest Coast of America, were definitely ad- juried in a convention signed on that day by CounI Nesselrode on the one part, and Mr Stratford Cannins- on the other. The Convention fi.xes the limits of the trade and navigation of the two powers in thr^t quar- ter, and regulates all that relates to them. — ll'ushing- lon Paper. The steam boat James Kent lately made a trip from New-York to Albany in 13 hours and 50 minutes. Zrrah Colburn, who has been so celebrated for his wonderful mathematical powers, and who has travelled m-ich ill Eui-ope, and over the United States, is now iu Burlington, V't. where he proposes to open a school for the instruction of the French language. The superfiicial extent of the State of Virginia is es- timated at 65,0-24 square miles, nearly ten times that of .Massachusetts. The -Americans at Buenos .\yres gave a splendid ball in honor of Washington's Birth Day — upwards of 700 invitations were given. .\ n-.'w coal mine has been found in Clearfield co. Pa. on the banks of the west branch of the Susquehannah. Specimens have been brought to Ballimore, which are of a different kind from the coal of Wilkesbarre and its vicinity. Its qualities are those of the best Richmond coal — is as easily ignited — and produces a pleasant, in- tense, and blazing fire. The General Government has ordered a survey to be made by three engineers of a canal from Barnettolake Meoiphremagog,^and of Connecticut river to Long Island Sound. Steam Boat ^>iccidenl. — About 2 o'clock on the morn- ing of the I4th ult. about 1^) miles below Natchez, the boiler of the steam-boat Tecke burst, by which three men were killed and several others wounded, more or less severely ; the steam-boat set on fire, and, with her cargo of cotton, entirely consumed. Rock Fish- — -^t Sycamore Landing, on the Potomac, a few days since, at one dra^ of the seine ^ four hundred and fifty four fine rock fish were taken, the average weight of wb.ich, says au -Alexandria paper, must have been 60 pounds ; many of them weighed SO bounds- — If the average stated be correct, the whole weight of the draught was 27,240 lbs. DRY and Ground WHITE LEAD, of a superior qnalily, for sale in lots to suit purchasers. AI.I.'J.M, ill hbls, of 300 lbs. BLUE \ ITf'.IOl,, of a supi lior quality. KKFIXEIJ SAL'M'I-n HE, in kegs of 1 12 lbs. DIH'O.NT'S snperior GU.NPOW DER- for sporting or blasting — warranted equal to any powder to be had in the Unitid Slates, (or all purposes to which Gunpow- d T is applied. 7'bis po%vdtr is sold at wholesale or n- tail. SHOT— ISALL'^— FLINTS,— at wholesale or retail. ^tjho — 10, 000 gall'. ns of Dyer's superior red and white CURR.ANT WINE, put up in kegs of G gallons, quar- ter casks of from 20 to 3U gallons, and pipes of 1 10 gal- lons. E. COPELAND, jr. «t 36 65 Broad street. THE Subscriber, for a lew years past, has been cul- tivating an extensive FllUIT NURSERY. He now has .i large assortment of Peach Treks, budded from the best Fruit in the country, native and foreign, in the best order for transplanting. By another season he hopes to offer Pear and Cherry Trees of the first quality. O. FISKE, TVorcesteT. "f.* P. J. Hoi-i.AKD, Esq. Editor of the Arcadian Re- corder, has been appointed Agent for the New England Farmer, for Halifax and its vicinity, and is authorized to receive moneys and subscriptions on our behalf. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c. fR'vised and corrected every Friday.] PASTURE WANTED— Wanted to hire for a month or six weeks, to commence about 15th May next, a piece of pasture land in a dry situation, in or near Erookline, sufficient for a flock of about 150 sheep. A level tract of high land, wilh some shade, and if possi- ble a stream of water running through it, would be pre- ferred. Apply at the office of the New England Farmer. EPARSO.NS k. CO. City Furniture warehouse, • Union Street, near the Union Stone, keep con- stantly on hand for sale, a general assortment of furni- ture, chairs, looking glasses, feathers of all kinds, fire sets, brushes, bellows, tc. &c. Boston, March 25. PATENT HOES— Notice is hereby given, that the subscribers are Rppointed the sole agents for ven- ding J. & A. FaWs Patent Hoes, which are offered for sale at factory prices by A.D.WELD i: J. FRENCH Jr. Boston, March 25, 1825. No. 713 Washington St. B1SBF2E'S Patent Improved Hoes, constantly for sale at the Agricultural Establishment, No. 108 State .Street. APPLES, best, .ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - . . pearl do. - - . . BEANS, while, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - cargo. No 1, new, - - " No 2, new, - - BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new CHEESE, new milk, • - - - skimed milk, - - . FLAX FLAX SF.liD FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genesee, ... Rye, best, - - . GRAIN. Rye Corn • - ... Barley - ... Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No ], Inspection - - LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, Bone Middlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Clover . . . . - WOOL, Merino, full bIood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native ... do Pulled, Lamb's, Ist sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION MARKET. BEEI-', best pieces .... PORK, fresh, best pieces, . . " whole hogs, . . - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, lump, best, - . . EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - - . . Indian, do. .... POTATOES, .... CIDER, liquor, .... HAY', according to quality, FROM TO D. C D. Ct bbl 2 2; 2 50 ton. 98 102 00 95 00 98 00 bush 1 If 1 15 bbl. 10 50 11 00 7 75 8 00 6 25 6 50 lb. 16 18 7 10 3 5 9 10 bush 1 05 1 10 bbl. 6 00 6 12 6 00 6 12 2 75 bush 54 53 50 56 30 31 lb. 11 12 8 11 cask 1 17 1 21 gal. 75 100 ton. 4 50 4 75 bbl. 17 00 18 00 14 00 15 00 13 75 14 00 bush 2 00 2 25 lb. 7 8 60 70 40 45 45 50 37 42 27 35 48 52 40 42 lb. 8 10 6 8 4 8 5 8 8 12 16 22 25 28 12 13 bush 65 70 60 70 37 50 bVI. 2 75 3 00 ton. 18 OOJ 20 00 336 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [May 13. xmscEiiiiAxrxss. From Ihe A'sw York American. THE HUNTER'S BRIDE. I will go to the land wliere the hunters dwell And build me a hut in a sylran dell — And my home shall he by that tranquil lake Which none but the hunter's paddles break- Where the Indian boy in his bark canoe. Like a dolphin, cleavts the waters blue ; And beneath the moon of a summer sky. Basks in the light of his loved one's eye. For I long to roam on the mountain side, To hunt the deer as a hunter's bride. Though coarse and rude i? the mountain tare. Yet pure is the breath of the mountain air — And rugged the path in the hunter's way, Yet sweet are his dreams at the close of day. Though toil and trouble his course pursue, Health tinges his cheek with a dusky hue ; And in fleetness he livals the wild gazelle— And his heart in the forest can love so well That I long to roam on the mountain side, And wear the garb of a hunter's bride. My joy shall be by the silent shore To watch the return of his flashing car; And view on the breast of that limpid lake The eddies around it in murmurs break — And ripple, and sparklt, and curl away in the soothing beain of Ihe silver ray : And his heart shall gladden to hear my song Swell on the air as he paddles along ; And I ne'er will depart from that mountain side, But share the fate of a hunter's bride ! OBSERVATIONS ON THE FOOD OF M.>.\. .^'ations living almost tnlirely on anininl food. The nations which live on animal food very numerous. The Ethiopians, Scythians, nnd .\Tabian= nothing but flesh It appears to be the effect of climate and re- ligion that makes (he Hindoo adopt vegetable r.itlier than animal food ; it is llie olTict ofniln- ral production that makes the Grecnlander relish whale-blubber and train oil. It is to one or other of these causes that we mii=t refer all such di- versity of national tastes, though it would be dil- ficull in many cases to separate the influence ol each. We see the Englishman enjoying his un- der-done roast beef and his plum-pudding; the Scotsman his hodge-pudge and his haggis ; the Frenchman his ragouts, omlets, and tricandeaus ; ihe German his sf>ur-crout, sausages, and sinoak- cd hams ; Ihe Italian his maccaroni ; and the Tartar his horse flesh. " De gustibiis non esl dispiilandum.''' There is no disputing abonl tastes. They are too many, and loo various, lo be objects of rational discussion. Singular had of AU7)unl of various .Xtilions. Besides the before-mentioned diversities of nalinnal and indixidual tasle for hiDent has been greatly enlarg- ed and improved — 1 he propi i^lnrs have during the last \\ inter, purcha-td and united wiih it the Coliiinbitin and Citij Museum, whirh has been kept for the last twenty-fivc years in Treraont-street. They have als.i added the extensive collections of the late Linniau Poritly, trg.Iher wilh a great number of valuable Curiosities from foreign countries. In making these arran2:entents ihi y have been at immense expense, and they look for rcmunera- tl'^n in the liberal patronage of an enlightened public. JC?T received, per ship London Packet, and I'orsale by JOSLl'H C.'.LLE.NDLR, .\o. 160 Washington street, ne,.r the Old South, a general assortment of the above SEEDS, amongst which are — Large Blood Beet Orange Carrot -Mangel Wurtzel, Swedish Turnip, White Celery, Globe Savoy Cabbage, IJwarf Cabbage, Sweet Ma."jorum, Summer I^avory, Lemou Ualin, tries, their religion, and their cuniinercial inter course. A vegetable diet seems suilable to the liM countries under the Eipiator, and we accorfbngly find nations there, who have completely adopted it, and whoabstsin so much the more from all animal fond, in as much as it is an article of their religious faith. Potatoes, chesiiuts. and the leguminous and cereal seeds, satisfy the want ofthe Alpine peas- ant, and numerous tribes solely feed on vegeta- bles and water. In the most remote antiquity, we road of whole nations in .MVicii, and of the Indian priests, who lived enlirely on vegetable Substanc most enlirely on gum Senegal what was his ailment, to which the other repli- ed, he was well in heallh, ate well, drank well, and slepi, but he wished to know how he might guard against sudden snaps. The venerable phy- sician gave a prescription for his complaint, in Ihe follniving deserved reproof; — " Do justice, line mercy, walk humbly before God, and do not snap the bottle too often.'''' Prudence. — Those who, in confidence of su- jierior attainments, or enlarged capacitief, dis- regard Ihe common maxims of life, should re- member that nothing can atone for the want of prudence ; that negligence and irregularly, long Some wandering Moors subsist al- ; conliiiiied, will make knowledge useless, ij'not ridiculous, and genius coatemj»tible Early Hotspur Peas Uwarf Marrowfat do. Dwarf bordering do. Green Prolific do. Scarlet Raddish .Seed. White and Iltd Turnip do. i Early Cauliflower, ; Early Head Li tliie, S A\ hite Field Turnips, j White Dutch do. | j A great variety of ELOWER SEEDS ; with a large I assortment of .\nierlcan SEEDS, of last year's growth ; i BIRD SEEDS, of all kinds ; white stone Flower Pots ; common do ; Flower Boxes, neatly painted. JUST received from Holland, and for sale at No. 4, Central Wharf, up stairs, an invoice of garden seeds, selected and put up by \'aa Oukerke en Van Emmerik — consistins; of Mangel Wurtzel; Red Beet; Early Peas; Siring Btans; Short Top s^rlel Radish ; Red and While Turnip do. ; Ruta Baga ; while and silvery Onions,; early and late Cauliflower ; Red and White Brocoli ; Early York. Sugar Loaf, Ri d & Green Savoy Cabbage ; Tennis hall ; While and Untch Let- luce.' tL ■ April 8 TERMs'tJF "iHITfTr .M ER . ;):5=Publishcd every Friday, at Tbrkf, Dollars per annum, payable at the end of the year— but those who pay within sixty rfrr !/.•; from thct'me of subscribing will be entitl.'d to a deduction of Eiftx CE^TS. NEW ENGLAND FARMEH. Published by JOHN B. RU5SELL, jt the corner of Conjn ?ri may ilam il and overflow it where you pic ise ; or which is better, put in the bank, at difi; rout places, boards with an au2:er hole through I'lom to let out such a qutinlily of water as you please. I'he ground below your land hmII be filled with %vater, and springs will be made ot'ien ma- ny rods below. To calch } our waste water, and more effoctu.illy to irrigate your ground, it ivill be nece-isary to have a succession of canals one below another, as the extent of 3'our ground seems to require. These canals lying parallel to each other along the sides of your hills, you may wafer your ground to a grc;jt extent. The good eliects will be visible, even where (he ground is not ever ploughed, for (he earth be- ing filled with water, and kcjit full till the grass has nearly attained its growth, it will not suffer with drought. A loamy soil is most favourable for irrigalion. .Sand and gravel are so loose, that the waler im- mediately settles into them, to the more solid earth beneath, and Ihe surface receives hut lit- tle benefil. Canals of this kind can be made at very little expense, and a very litlle atleution will keep them in repair. One dollar laid out in this way will with !i lillle care, yield tive dollars a year forever. In those parts of the counlry which abound with hills and with streams, the ivater rightly applied, would increase the produce of our farms enough to pay all our taxe?, and to defray eve- ry public expense in our towns. A. This often hapjiens iti a very busy season of the year ; and for (his purpose all (he (earns ' for (hree or four miles round are collected, to , the number of 70 or 80 yoke. I Very olten they remove the building the first Jay, not more than halfway to the place where it is to stand, and a second day must he spent to complete the work. In (his business a multitude of chains are al- ways broken, cxe.a are sometimes injured or , killed ; men have Iheir limbs broken or lose their lives. Anil what is all this for? To re- ^ move some old building, which, when remov- eil, is rot worth the team-work and damage. I The building is as really lost as-if it had been I burnt down. : The gr.i-tuitous help that is called in, is all for nothing. It does no real good to any body. The man draws the building because his team* work cosJj him nothing, and he could afford to give nothing lor it. Now ?uch a calculation is an unpardonable disregard to the interests of their neigbbours. It is ungenerous to ask their neighbours to give in charily 70 or 8U dollars, when the real bene- fit is |>erhaps not as many cents. There may be cases, in which it may be necessary to draw buildings, and I should be willing lo help a neighbour, when the advan- tage was enough lo cover the whole expense. If the owner of the building would be so much benefited that he could af!ord to hire his teams, t woeid not llien object to give him the use of mine, for there would then be no loss on the whole ; and 1 should consider that there were gooi! reasons for the removal. Bafore such a job is uiulurfaken, the expense should be carefull}' calculated. If the benefit of a removal would be ^100, this would pay 2-5 dollars for the mechanical part of the labour, and 75 dollars for the teams, and the removal would be justifiable. But if the lienefit would be only "b dollars, there woulil be ihe loss of the whole team-work; 25 dollars being only sufficient to pay the mechan- ick. When a building is to be removed, the cheapest mode of removing it should be chosen. Often the cheapest mode of removing barns and out buildings, is to pull them down. This may not be the cheapest mode for the owner, but cheapest on the whole, as il would save a great expense to his neighbours in team-'.vork. Besides, in Ihis way of removal, the building would be less injured, and an opportunity would be aflorded for repairs and improvements. A. FOR THE NEW ENGL-IND FARMF.R. DRAWING OF OLD BUILDINGS. Two or three times a year I am called, with my team to help (iraw some old buildmg from (Is site. BONES FOR MANURE. Boaes are an excellent manure, though not generally known ; they should however, be calcined, as the animal matter will be dissipated by the fire. A. St Leger Esq. had once laid down to grass a lai'ge piece of very indifferent lime- stone land, with a crop of grass ; and from this uniformly well dressed piece he selected, three rods of equal quality with the rest, and manured them with bones broken very small, at the rate of sixty bushels per acre. Upon 338 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [May 20, ense. ANTIDOTE AGAINST POISON-S. A Corre'.pondent of the Lonlon Li (er.-.rv Gaz- ette, alluding to the numerous cases of death from accidenl.il poisonings, and particularly to the melancholy (ate of the late royal academi- cian, Mr. Owen, add- :— '■! may venture lo affirm, there is scarce even a cottage in this country that does not contain an invaluable, certain, and immediate remedy for such events, which is nothing more than a desert spoont'ul of made mustard, mixed in a tumbler of warm water, and drank immediately : it acts as an instantan- eous emetic, is always ready, and may be used with safety in any case where one is required. By a mistake, where a gentleman took a full ounce of poison instead nfsalls, the casters were fortunately at hand, and no doubt an iiival lable life was preserved to his family by giving the musl.ird directly. By making this simple: anti- dote known, you may be the means of savinsr many a fclloiv creature from an untimely end.'" ring it u|>, and giving it to his horse once each day. " In a week his cough abated, and in a fortnight was entirely gone." The following remedies for another disease we republish, without wishing to become responsible for their eflicacy, from a work published at New York. Dr Alorgan's [of J\f. Jersei/) remechj for the Botts. Take a table spoonful of unslaked lime, and let it be given with the leeil of the horse, at night and morning, regularly, fur three, four, or five days, and it will complete!} expel the botts. Dr Looinis'' (^of JVortk Carolina) remedy for Botts. \ Make a drench, composed of half a pint of new milk, a gill of molasses, an ounce of cop- 1 peras, two spoonfuls of common salt, and half a J pint of warm water. Give this to the horse once i or twice a day for a few d.iys, and it will com- 1 pletely expel the botts. Some recommend spirits of turpentine giv- ' en as a drench, and others advise to apply that substance to the breast and stomach of a horse.- Willich's Encyclopedia says bolts may be cured by giving llie horse a spoonful of savin, cut ' small, once or twice a day, in oats or bran' moistened, to which may be added three or four cloves 111 garlic. Purges of aloes and jalati likewise to be given at intervals. i Botts are produced from the ejsrs deposited by a tly on the hairs of horses. The fly is a-' bout the size of the honey-bee, and the head and neck not much unlike it. It flies with its head and body erect, and perpendicular to the horizon, while its tail forms a sharp angle with its body, being bent towards the horse, so that ; it Iruches the hair of his legs or belly, (which' are parts at which the insect generally aims): only with the extremity of its tail, and in this I way it will tly about him lor an hour, discharg- j ing a great niiaibet of egg', which adhere to' the ends of the hair. The eggs of the bott-flv 1 are introduced into the stom ich of the horse by his licking and biting the part on which the ega^i are deposited. ,-\s the means of guarding against botts, some- thing may be accomplished by destroying the parent insect, while buzzing about the horse. The nitis or eggs should be scraped olf, with i a sharp knife as fast as they .appear. Some j writers assert that a handl'ul of salt, given toj horse*, once a week, will prevent any bad effect ' from bolts. This, however, as the newsmen j say, is a mailer, which wants confirmation ; | but there can be no doubt but llio health of the | horse, in other respects would be promoted by { the occasional use of salt wilh his food, and | perhaps salt given with regularity and in due' season may prove a specific against bolts. REMEDIES FOR BOTTS IN HORSES. EY THE EDITOR. in the New England Farmer, pjige 180 of (he current volume, we published an article from a highly respected correspondent, staling in sub- stance that he cured a horje which had been afHicled wilh a cough for three years, by purling :, tea-cup of air-slacked lime into half a pail full of rye bran, welting and slir- From the Lung hlund Juuriial of Phdosopiti;. TO TIIF. F-ARMERS OF LO.NG ISLAND. Il.iving seen with regret, for many years, I the injury done lo orchards in Huntington and i its vicinity, by ploughing them, I enilirace the | opporliiiiily of l^Ir. Fleet's journal, to publish , the follniving [iractical remarks and obrerva- : lions on ihe subject. Apple-trees are most prolific in a deep soil ; of gr.ivclly loam, or wash from highways and hills. But as all cannot be accomuiodaled wilh such land, ulmost any soil, if not too dry and gravelly, m;iy, liy proper management, be made 10 bear fine apple trees. It is the received o- pinion of people in generil, that orchards ought 1.1 be ot'ten ploughed to make them productive. Ploughing will gener;illy mike them bear lo ex- cess for one year, and if the soil be deep and ihe land manured, >vhen laid down to grass, they will not receive much injury. Bui if the soil be thin, the filirous rnots, which branch out in all direction', and fri m which Ihe trees derive their nourishni^nl. Will be cut off by the plough. Tl-.is checks their growth-, and for one season causes them lo bear. Orchards often bear after having had lb ir limbs twisted and bent by ice, or by severe gales ul" wind. A few years since in August, a violent gal^rom the southeast stripped the trees of their l^'es but they bloom- ed and bore apples Ihe same fall. The loss of the roots and the abundance of frnit, at the same lime, so much exhausts the Irees, that if they are not manured, they will slop growni-^ become unfruitful and sickly: the ends of the limlis will die, and a few ploughings more will put an end to the existence of ihe trees. Young orchards plou^rhed wilh care, will not bo much injured, [irovuled the land is well miniired when laid down lo grass. The crops may more than compensate for Ihe injury, which will not be great in a deep soil ; but if Ihe soil be shallow, 1 think it best not to plough at all, but keep Ihe ground loose around Ihe trees wilh the breakings of flax, which is found to be prefera- Ide to manure : likewise straw, old mulch and cooling manures of any kind, ivill make your orchards more profitable and durable than if cultivated wilh the plough. It has been thought that sowing rye in orch- ards,, injures them very much; luit the injury must be attributed lo Ihe plough. Rve is gen- erally sown without manure, which makes the injury more perce[ilib!e than when sown with wheat. People nray bs convinced ihat plough- ing is injiirious, by observing ihe apple-trees in [lastures by the sides of fences, and in situa- tions where Ihe plough cirm't come lo. They are larger, bear l-elter, and live longer than those which have been oflpn ploughed. R. WOODWARD. These remarks of Mr Woodward are valuable. He has set an exam[ile lo oar farmers by unit- ing observation with the practice of firming ; and by calling their alleiilion loa subject much neg!;:;fcd. ll is !o be hoped Ihat they will fol- low his example, by becoming theoretical as well as practical agriculturists. No calling is more natural than thai of ihe tillage of the ground. — None has received greater aid from the im- provements and discoveries in modern chemis- try ; none at Ihe present day is enlisting more men ol' science, of leisur*^, and of wealth. In ficl, by the ajiplicalion of chemistry to agricul- ture, farming is becoming almost a new pursuit. The day is r.ipi:.'ly approaching, when few farmers will he ranked among the first, unless they ba men of reading and of science. Editor. FRAG^WN'T LAMPS. Mr. Editor. — PerhTPps you m.ay thank me for the following little account of a method o/'(ire- st-rving tho air of apariments comparatively pure, and at the same time of dis[iersing a pleas- ant fragrance ihrough them. By means of a wire fiscd lo one side, or at Ihe back part of 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARxMER. 339 tliP Inmp, iiccordin? to il« nature, and bent ill On the 1st in«t. the Stpr\m BorM lert BufTalo, Lake ' ...... 1 r"-:^ f..- M. .!.»:* ...Id. .......^..,1.- «f Of»n > righi iinjjle^, «o as to be » few incbes above the top of the ti.imo, a piece o('«pon2;e i« to be sn?- l)cnile;l. — Tliis is to be soaked in a mixture cl Ihe best viiiepjar and water, and squeezed nearljf iliy before it is hung up. Dy liiis means ibe vineaar is constantly dispersed lhroug;b the a- 1 pTrtmenI, and gives a very (Vagrant smell, ll j would probably be very nserul in manufactories^.^,, ^,^ ^,„^^^ 67.60U F.-g. inchests :>nd barrels, 52 bar- and close wnrk shops, and is of course as easi- ,.^13 of Ik-er, 'i22 baneU of .Ashes, 51 barrels Oil, 31 \v applied (o ^-as as other lights. It costs very kc^a L.ird, 494 bbls .ind 3i sacks Flour, 13 bbls. and lillle, for the saeiie piece of sponije hr.s served hhds. Cider, 17 tierres Uians, SO casks Chf-ese, and me for a whole winter, it must he occasionally | "'b^f P^duce-also 33 passengiis iviih tluir freight re-imniprsed in the water anil vinegar, and then r.rif, fi>r Ui'lroit, with upwards of 300 passengers, and as nnirh fn i;?lit as she fyiild stow. The emigrants are very numerous this season. The meeting: at Dover, N. 11. on the suVject of a Ca- nal from Porl»mnulh to Lake Winnipiseojee, and thence to the Pemijewasset, have ordered 3 survey. The two Tow Boats which arrived at New York on aturday in 21 hours and thirty minutes frou» Albany and lus-s-a^e. willlie I'oiind lo give out a great cpianlily of soot ; which olhervviso fouls the air of tlie a- partinent. — Mechanick's J^hig- LVD.MIK SHEEP. Mr. Jloorcroft, an English travplltr in Tar- (arv, has procured some of the Ladahk sheep' with a view to send them to England. Hesavs A writer, who ha? examined the route, declares tliat a Canal can be ni'nde with great ease and at small ex- pense from Boston In Providence — from Charles River to the Blackstone, near Woonsocket Falls. Gov. Clinton, of N'. York, has sent his son to promote the plan of rendering Connecticut River navigable. A fatal malady prevails among the Horses in France and Sweden. they are verv small, with a fine aru! heavy fleece. I '' i^ a singular fact, attending the Seneca Lake, that They are sheltered at night under their "master's ' \^l'^' ""'^-'^ ^'""^ '" ''•''•P ^^"•'- '^"^ "^^''''^ "'<' ^?^i» s been siiggt sted that thev do not decompose. — i Perhaps they petrify. The public are cautioned against bills purporting to be 01 the Green Mountain Bank, as it is not yet in op- eration. Passengers uow reach Xeiv Y'ork in oneway from Boston. Mr Bradford, who established the Lexington (Ken.) Gazette, 40 years ago, lately resumed the editing ofit. He is now between oO and 90. A New-York paper states that Butter may be brought from L'tica in about 48 hour?, and m< • t with a ready srile at twenty-iive rents per pound, 'i he prices of a;;- ricultural produce do not appear lo be depressed in the ^^^5—^ I New-\ork market, in consequence of the increased fa- The bark of the chestnut (Fagus caslanoa) is ; cilities of Qanal transportation. •aid 10 contain twi«« as much tan as that of lbe| Several of the Prnpr-ictors of the New-Yorlr Daily pa- oak, and gives with sulphate of iron a heanti-i P^rs have ordered iVom V:ngland patetrt si.ea7a Prmtlng fully black mk. ^ — --.-i- _ «. ,, j duces is less jiab'.c lo cbnnsTP bv l!)0 sun and r.iin, thnn that produced by sumac. i ■* "^'^"^ "<'^'" Tveamstown (Penn.) was poisoned on ' 1^ the 4th ultimo, by eating a mixture of arsenick, flour, land water, prepared by its imprudent and unfortunate mother, for the purpose of destroying rats. roof, and will |]'ck up cru'.rihs. drink tea or broth, and nibble a cleanly picked bone. They are shorn twice a year and the ewes have two lambs uitbin that period. An iiilplligont farmer of this town has rom- rnunicated Ion* what, he says, is an ctTcclual remedy against injury to horses and caille which Eiay have eaten too much grain ; ll i'= simply to administer a pint of melted hogs' lard as soon as the fact is discovered, lie s-,i\s he lias tried the experiment.a number of limes and always with success. — Som. Jovrn. DRY and Ground VVHITF. I.KAIJ, of a superm.' quality, for sale in lots to suit purchasers. AI.I.UM, in bbls. of 300 lbs. lil.l'l'. \rrilIOI,, of a superior quality. HKFINFO SAI.ri'KTR?;. in kegs of 112 lbs. DIIPO.NT'S superior GUNPOU DK.R— lor sporting or blasting — warranted equal to any powder to be had in the United States, for all purpose; to which Gunpow- der is applied, 'i'liis powder is sold at wholesale or rt- . tail. SHOT— BALLS— FLINTS— at wholesale or retail. .'i/jo — 10.000 gallon." of Dyer's superior red and white CURH.'VNT WINE, put up in kegs of 6 gallons, quar- ter casks of from 28 to 3i) gallons, and pipes of 110 gal- lons. F.. COPKLA.MJ, jr. 8t M C5 liroad slreet. PASTURE WAM'ED— Wanted lo hire foramoDth or six weeks, to commence about loth .May next, a piece of pasture land in a dry situation, in or near Crookline, suffreient for a flock ol about 150 sheep. A level tract of high laud, wi;h some shade, and if possi- ble a stream of water running through it, would be pre- ferred. Apply at the office of the .New England Farmer. EPARSO.VS Ic CO. City Furniture warehouse, • Union Street, near the Union Stone, keep con- stantly on hand for sale, a general assortment ol furni- ture, chairs, looking glasses, leathers of ail kinds, fire sets, .brushes, bellows, i:c. ^c. Boslon, JtforcA 25. The colour which this tan pro- J'''''''" '''>''='' "''' "-"^^ '"'''"'° thousand sheets in an ' hour. PRESERVATION OF FISH. For ensurintj the sweetness offish conveyed The last year's crop of Cotton in Egypt is estimpfted by land carnage, it is proposed, that the belly 1 ^^ 200,000 bales- 150,000 of which it is supposed will of ibe fish should be opened, and the iolernal I come to England, pans sprinkled with powdered charcoal. j j^„ expedition to Ibe interior provinces of Mexico is ■•••%%B— ' Citing out at Huntsville, Alab.xma. tu consist of from SmMUIK£AIt.V or KZ2WS. 1 70 to 80 young and middle aged men. An investment — 1 of $80,OCiO bad been made in dry goods, which were to TVof- Wood. — Attempts are making to introduce int; be transported to Santa Fe, and there exchanged for Ihe I'nited States the cultivation ol the 'leak tree. — 1 specie. Timber of the best quality is manufactured from the! Smokms-^' What harm is there in a pine ?" savs teaktree:itisne,therhabletotheiotnortothedepre-' Puffwe!!.-- xXone, that I know of,- said liis dat.on of vermm or msects, and consequently becomes j ' \„- .. ^^^ept that smoking induces drinking- an invaluable acquisition in the hands 0 a naval power. J • ;• ■ j , •„,„ „ ,■ ■ , ■ ,• ■ j ,. . J .u .1, 1- .-T-i J •,, . . drinking induces intoxication — into-ication induces It IS supposed that the climate ct 1- lorida ni be avour- ! ,, .-i ■,■■ ■„ 1,,,^, .i.„ ■ „„j:„„ • . j- 1 j , '^^ - the bile — bile induces the jaundice — jaundice leads to dropsy — and dropsy terminates in de.ath." Put that in your pipe and smoke it. The Governor of Xew-Erunswick is makinga cnllec- 1 a»~s»pji.n. mimj.^jijjj»j lion of the Mineral Productions of that province, to as- 1 ~j.,. j-. , 7 71 y- „,, y-^ £, , certain what may be made subjects of advantageous ; ''^eW Jbtlgland JUHSCIWI /b Lotirt-brt. working. j fX^HE public are respectfully informed, that this The books of the " Morris Cana!."' were lately open- I -*- f''t';n5"-e establishment has been greatly enlarg- ed in .Xew-Jersey. The sum required was SSl.OOiJ.OOO. '''' =""'' iDirr->ved.— Hie proprietors have during the last 1100 Letters were received by the Commis'sioners, of- ' " '"''''"' pwrrha-ed and united with it the fering §14,000,000. able to its India. rrowlh. The trees are in. aliundauce in Effrctnfn Cr.nnI in Prospect — Thirteen acres of land ]n Worcester, much of it meadow, which the owner ofiered last year for $1500, sold last week lor eight thousaTid. The inhabitants of the Society Islands make Lime from Coral, which they procure from the ocean. Cobimhian and Cilii Museum, which has been kept for the last Iwentv-five years in Tremont-strect. They have also added the extensive colleciions of the late Linnean Society, together with I a great number of valuable Curiosities from foreign I countries. In making these arrangements they have been at immf-nse ''xpense, and thev look for remunera- tion in the liberal patronage of au enlightened public. PRICES OF COUNTRY PKODCCE, fcc. [Revised and corrected every Friday,] APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. . - . - BEANS, white, BEFJ", mess, 200 lbs. new, - cargo. No V, new, - - . " No 2, new, - - BUTTER, inspect. No. I. new. CliEESE, new milk, - - - - skimed milk, - - - FLAX FLAX SEED FLOUR. Baltimore, Howard St Genesee, - - . Rye, best, - - - GRAIN,Rye Corn - - ... Barley - - - - Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, ----- OIL. Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTEP.. PARIS retails at PORK, Bone Middlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Clover . - - - - W OOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sorf PROT'ISIOy MARKET. BFEl'. best pieces . . - . PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, - - - VEAL, MUTTON, -.--'. POULTRY, BUTTER, keg & tub, lump, best, - . ■ FCGS, MEAL, Rye. retail, - - . . Indian, do. - . - . POTATOES, .... CIDER, liquor, - - . . HAY, according to quality. FROM TO 1). c. D. C. bbl 2 2f 2 50 ton. 98 102 00 97 Of. 98 00 bnsh 1 10 1 15 bbl. 10 50 11 00 7 75 8 GO 6 25 6 50 lb. 16 18 7 10 3 & 9 10 bnsh 1 05 1 10 bbl. 6 00 6 ]2 6 00 6 12 3 00 }ush 52 53 50 53 30 31 lb. 11 12 8 11 cask 1 17 1 21 gal. 75 100 ton. 4 bft 4 75 bbl. 17 00 18 00 14 00 15 00 13 75 14 00 bosh 1 75 2 00 lb. 7 8 60 70 40 45 45 50 37 42 48 52 4(1 42 lb. 8 10 6 8 4 8 5 8 8 12 16 22 25 28 12 13 bush €5 70 60 70 37 50 bbl. 2 75 3 00 ton. 18 001 20 00 340 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [May 20, PEAT, A VALUABLE MANURE. • {Conlinutd from p. 333.] It will not, 1 believe, be nnacceptnble to my ^ ^ readers to insert here an extract from tlie small i ^i^^ dunghill is thus enlarged, there is little oc casion to exceed the proporlion of dung recom- mended for making up to prepare in the mild- f a covering of coarse the dunghill, which, in thai case, may he done | upside down, and outsido in, and nil lumps bro without any limit, by ndding, all round ihe dung- hill, circles', consisting of layers of dung and peat of seven feet in breadth. And if the mass ot treatise of the learned Judge, which was print ed and distributed very extensively for behoof of the Scottish peasantry; and 1 do thiKS the rather, because the subject, on account ofits novelty and repugnance to common ideas, may be re- ceived with some distrust, unless conveyed in the very words of the author. "• Let the peat-moss, of which compost is to be formed, be thrown out of the pit lor some weeks or months, in order to lose its redundant moisture. By this means, it is rendered the lighter to carry, and less compact and weighty, when made up with fresh dung, for fermenta- tion ; and accordingly, less dung is reipiired for the purpose, than if the preparation is made with peat taken recently irom Ihe pit. The peat taken from near the surface, or at a con- siderable depth, answers ecpially well. And the more compact the peat, and the litter to ]>rove good fuel, so much the more promising it is to be prepared i'or manure. "• Take the pcat-nioss to a dry spot, convenient for constructing a dunghill, to serve the field to be manured. Lay the cart-loads of it in two rows, and of the dung in a row betwixt them. The dung thus lies on the area of the conipnst- duughill, and the rows of peal should be near enough each other, that workmen in making up Ihe compost, may bo aide to throw lliom to- gether by the spailc. In making up, let the workmen begin at one end; and, at the extrem- ity of the row of dung, (which should not extend quite so far at that end as the pons of peat on each side of it do,) let them lay a bottom of peal, six inches deep, and fifiecn feet wide. Then Ihrow forward, and lay about ten, inches of dung above the bottom of peal; then four or five of dung ; and then cover it over with petil at the end v. here it was begun, at the two sides, and above The comjiosl should not he rnised above four I'eet and a half higli, otherwise it is apt to press loo heavily on Ihe under parts, and check the fermentation : unless the peal, when dry, be very imffy and light, and liien a much greater height is desirable. Neither should it be much lower, otherivise it will prove (vant- ing in the compactnej^s, and soon also, if Ihe! weather is very dry, in the moisture required for the ingredients of which it consists, to act chemically on each other. When a boginnlog is tkus made, Ihe workmen will proceed workitig backwards, and adding to the column of compost as they arc furnished with the throe rows of materials, directed to be laid down for them. — They mu t take care not to Iread on the com- po;f, or render it too compact ; and of con- sequence, in proportion as the pent is wrt, it ehould be made up in luinji-^, and not much mash- ed or broken. '•In mild weather, sc'ven carl-lnads of common farm-yard dung, loleraldy fresh maile, is suf- ficient lor Ivvc-nty-one carl-loads ot' |ieat-nioss ; but in Cold wcall'.er, a larger proportion of ilung is desirable ; at least it is prudent to omit pul- tiug any peat hetueeu Ihe tuo npjier layeis of i;en : then it comes inio a second heat, but soon cools, and is lit to be taken out for use. In ihis stale the whole, except bits of the old decayed wood, aiipears a black free mass, and spreads like garden-mould. Use it, weight for weight, as firm-vard dung ; and it will be found, in a course of crcpidng, fully to stand the compari- son. (7'o 6c cor.tinucit.) SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE. We were yesterday honoured with a call from Dr. Mitchell, who out of tlie abundance of bis inexhauslilde reservoir of useful and cuiiousin- ibrmalion, fiolitely communicated the subjoined articles, with one or livo other notices ivhich wc are compelled to ilefer to. another occasion. ' Bv Ihe bye, a question was put to the Doctor, which for once in his lile he seemed at a loss i to answer. U was a philosophical explanation of the phenom.enon, that in boring, water will rise to the liurface of the ground at any given heiglit from Ihe spring, wlien Ihe external pressure of the atmosphere will raise it liul thirty-three fret i:i vacuo. The fact was finally accounted for upon the principle of syphon*, Ihe n.atural apertures of which are frequently ibuiid upon itile "or no I the summits of high mountains. serve, pro-j jWnivc Copper Ji-oin Staicn IsUuul. — From Cas- er season ; especially it vegetables of any sort, such as waste hay or straw, rushes, broom, or lurze, or brushwood of evergreens, is thrown over the dunghill. — In fact, a covering of this sort is scarce less use- ful in summer to prevent the escape of mois- ture, than in winter to exclude cold. "To every twenty-eight cart-loads of the com- post, when" made up. it is of use to ihroiy on above it a carl-load of ashes, cither made irom coal, peat, or wood; or if these c.nnnot be had, half the quantity of slacked lime may be used, the more linely powdered the better. But these additions are'in nowise essential to the general success of the compost, provided a sufficiency of time is allowed to the preparation to compen- sate for the want of them. "The dung to be used should eitb.cr.have been recently made, or kept fresii by compression ; as by tiie treading of cattle or swine, or by carts passing OM'r it. And if there is litter init, a smaller quantity wil vided any s|'i)p.gy vegetable mailer is added at j tleton, on the north side of Slaten Island, came making up l!ie compost, as fresh weeds, the rub- i J\li- Richard A. Houseman, bringing a specimen, bisli ol;; stack-yard, potaloe-shaws, sawings of limfer, tc. And as some sorts ofdur.g, even when fresh, are much more advanced in decom- position ihan others, it is material to attend to ibis; for a much less proportion of such dung, e-Jpeci illy if abounding in animal matter, as i= less advanced, will serve for the compost, pro- vided care is taken lo keep the mass siiihcient- ly open, either by a mixltire of the above men- tioned substances, or, if these are wanting, by adding the peal piece-msal, that is, first mixin"' it up :n the usual proporlion of three lo one of duoL', and then, alter a lime, adding an equal I quantity, more or les--, of peal. The dung of this character, of greatest quaniiiy, is shamble- |dung, with yvhich, under the a'jovo precanlior.s, six limL'- the quantity of peat, or more, may be [irc|iared. The same holds as to pigeon-ilung, and other finvl-dung: and to a certain exten', also, as lo that which is collected from towns, and mailc by animals tliat feed en grain-, rct^use of distilleries, &c. '•The comjiost, afler it is nia^li; up. get.s into a general heal sooner or later, according to Ihe wialhor, and the condition of llie dung; in sum- mer, in Ion days or sooner; in winter, not per- of native copper, i'ound on the surface by his I'ather, ivhile em|doyed in gathering stones for ballast. It is a Uallish and irregular mass, wfigliins thirtij-une ounces., which, on being compared with llie pieces received from Vice President Calhoun, while he was secretary at war, as brought trom Lake Sujierior, seemed lo be I'f qjjito as pure a quilily. It was recollect, ed, thnl smaller [lieres ol' the same metal had been I'ouiiil, when the deep well was dug in Foil Rirhmiuid, at the Narrows, and in oilier places liiertabout I'rom lime lo time, 'i'hcy all would appear alluvial materi.ils. Irom Ihe u)iper country, as I hey are rjuile dttarhrd, and loose in the earih, ami it is queslionaljle, whether {hey ever had a connexion with the Schuvlcr (.r Belleville mine, inasmuch as there is no virgin copper in tliat place. Salt onl cnnli'f IVcsleru Virgimc. — A memoir of Leu .s Summ^ie. E«q. of ivenhawa county, on llie Saiiiios. or sal; springs and wells ofth.it region, was read. Among other particulars, thai at the Salt V/orks along the Great Kanawha ihere are about sixty (nrnacesin operation, pro- ducing from ten thousand to twenty thousard bushels annually ; and (urnishing the princijial U should be kept in it in dii^--rent parts, lo pui out and feel now and Ihen ; for if it approach- es to Idond-heat, it should either be watered, or tuned over; and on such an occasion, ad- vantage may be taken lo mix with il .i litlle fresh ]('al. The heat subsides, after a lime, and with great v.aricty, according to the weather, liung, and rather thicken Ihe outer coaling with ; hich the water of the ocean has access? BLOOD. I If the hind on which you propose to raise your The blood and offals of miimals are one of the |corn is mowing or pasture, fresh ploughed, for most powerful manures, and no farmer who I 'he purpose, broad cast sowing will lie best, as slaughters animals should suffer it to be wasted the sod after being turned over-, should not be disturbed, a'ld Ihcic will not, probably, be much to apprehend from weeds. If you sow broad cast, from :5 to :!i bushels to an acre are recom- mended, though some say that a larger (pianti- ly will be still belter. If in drills you will run lisht furrows about three feet asunder, 3 or 4 inches deep, and drop the seed corn in the fur- on liis floor. Animals, which are slaughtered shoulil be placed in such a position that the blood may be transferred (o (he manure hea[) or mixed with earth (o form compost. It is us- ed in (he'arts for making Prussian blue, for clar- ify ing certain liquors, and very large quantities are emploved in the manufacture of loaf sugar. Also in dying the Turkey and Adriano^ile red. j rous, about as (hick as peas are sown for field It is reco"mmenf se^'eral weeks in my family — and it has fully answered my expectations; I deem it a valualile and economical article of domes- tic use and peculiarly useful ai:d convenient in sick- ness, superseding, with many advantages the A'wse Lartip — We have boiled the ketlle, holding more than three beer quarts, in less than 60 minutes, and pre- served the water at a boibng temperature for twelve hours for less than a gill of oil. FfiANClS YATES. U'tsl Cambridge, August ii, 18'24. This certifies, that I have used Mr Fessenden's new- ly invented Lamp Tea Kettle for the last ?ffven orei^ht months, and find that it fully answers every purpose that it was intended for. It requires but very little care or attention to keep it in order, and is attended with very little expense. A quart of oil will boil it once a day for a week, and keep the water scaldin" hot from 9 oVhck in the morning till 10 in the even- ing, with occasionally filling up as I use out the 'n'attr. 1 know of nothing so conveiiic-ut iu a bar room, or so economical in a private family in warm weather. N B — The kettle that I use holds alioiit three quarts and a pint. HEZEKIAH NEWTON. Boston, Augiist 9, 1824, This may certify, that I have made use of the Lamp Tea Ketlle, invented by Thomas G. FessendiH Esq. in my shop for the sale of Soda Water, .No. 9, .Market square, Boston, for about 4 months past, for the purpose of healing water, and keeping it at, or nearly at a boil- ing temperature ; and find it to answer eveiy purpose which 1 wished or cxpecteil, with a very trilling ex- penditure of oil ; and I would therefore recommend it as an ecocomical im]ilement, highly worthy of the at- ti'ntion of all, who wish to keep a small quantity of wa- ter constantly heated, al a very little expense. i;o,v/on,^Jugut( 9f/(, 18-M. JOSl.l'il CARR. The following directions for Ihe use of Lamp Tea Kettles, &c. will be found tndisj/ensable to their suc- cessful operation. 'I he wicks should be of such a size as completely fo fill the tubes, and at the same timi- slip up and down with facility. \\ hen new they shiuild fie wet with oil, and file surplnss oil wrung or presstd out btfbre they are introduced into the tubes. Light the wicks, before llie lamp is put under the boiler, & with the wire which is funiished with the apparatus elevate or depress them till they give a full blaze without any perceptible smoke. They will kindle with more readiness it their ends are touefied with a little alcohol or spiiils of tur- pentine, before the match or light is applied. .After the lighted lamp is put under the boiler, if you perceive any appearance of smoke, or Ihe flame should be at- tracted so as to touch or blacken the bottom of the boil- er, put the wicks down a liltle in their sockets. It is always advisable to watch the wicks two or three minutes after the lamp is put under the boiler, for though if may not smoke at first, yet after fhe oil be- comes a little warm it may be necessary to lower Ihe wicks to jitevtnt smoke. AfUr the v\ater begins to boil, all but one or two of the wicks may be exlingnish- cd by puffing them down in their sockets, and the re- mainder will keep the water at the boiling temperature at a very small expense of oil. ft is well known to the inventor that boiling wafer by lamps has long been iu use, hut the apparatus has been exjiensive. •Alcohol is snmetiints used, but if burnt in a lamp of sufficient powerfo be of much eftVct in cocking, it will melt fin and si.mefimes take fire m niaxsr, and hum with explosion. Iti^sidesoii is cheaper and much more efficacious. UrGoiham observes, (Ele- minls nf Clievii/ttri/, ml. I. page 13S) "Oil affords a grtater heat than alcoliol, but in the common lamp e- volves a thick, disagreeable smoke." In lamps ol the kind above mentioned, fhe inconvenience arising from fhe evolution of smoke, by a little attention is entirely obviated. The lamp apparatus above mentioned has some ad- vantages over portable furnaces and other binds of'ap- naratus, in which wood or coal is used for fnel. The lamp ap}>aratus may be used in an apartment without a fire place, while the furnace must be placed in the open air, a fire place, or some otln r place from which 182.'}.] NF.W EVGLAVD FAU^IET?. 343 the smoke and carbonic acid ?as may escape, which w )ul(i otherwise not only be disagreeable, but danjtr- OLis to lil'c. VVh.n wood or coal is nsid, Ihc fire needs constant attention, and I'loh snpplii 3 ol Inel are need ed frequently. I>nt in the lamp apparatus, when the lamp is once filled with i;ood oil, and prf lurly trimmed, it will burn without necessity for furlhir attention ten or twelve hours at least. FronJ the constant, gtnllcand eqiiabb- heat, which the lamp afford«. it is much supe- rior to any furnace or cooking stove lor maliiiig soup or cooking by steam ; and if, after tae wnter liejjins to bod, care be taken to extinguish all the wirks, exce|'t ba:-ely those which are necessary to continue theebid- lition, we believe there is no other way by which pro- visions in small quantities can be cooked so wt !1, and with so much regfard to economy. |l is likewise thought to be w. II calculated and i- inteu.'e 1 for creating steam iu hot houses, steaming clothes for washing, bleaching, &c. &c. 'The Inventor has lodged a petition and specification lor a [latunt of his invention in the latent OtTice, at AVa^^hington, and now repeats his cautiou, formfr'y published, to those who would not render themselv.-s liable to the penalties of the Patent Law, not to make, use, nor vend any apparatus, like the above described, ■without his licence. (j^Orders for the Lamp Tea Kittle, LaTip Pfeamir. i:c. may be given at the ^ew F.ngland Laimf r Office, at the corner of Congress and Liodall-streets, (six doors from the Post Oliice) liostiMi, or may be left at the shops of Wil'iiam (Liwe, .Vo. 7, .Marshall's Laie, Ambrose Blaney, Camliridge-slr et, near the City Mills, or Mos- es Pond jr. Xo. 25, Merchant's llow. ^o other per- sons are anthoiized to manufacture any of the above- mentioned implements. Bctnl;s in Rhnde fslatul. — From the an;nial returns presented to the General Assemiily on Friday lajt, it appears there are no»v 43 Banks in operation in that State. Several petitions tor new Hanks are now pending before the General Assembly. The number o{ towns in this state is only 3L Connecticut. — A large portion of the Message of the Governor of Connecticut to the Legislature of that State, now in session, recommends the |'n>tu*»*iL-*rtTjf in- land navigation. It encourages th' attempts to make the Connecticut naiigable — ^peaks of a (.'anal to draw the trade of BerUsliire County— and hint? at opening communications between the L'astern Rivers of the state and Providence River. 3Ianvfaclure of Opium. — Ur. Webster Lewis, of Lewisburg, penn. lately read a paper before the Har risburg Medical Soui.-ty on the Cultivation of the Papa ver Sounillerum, and transmitted a specimen of opium, manuTactured by himself, equal to the best .^oreign opi- um of the shops. Earlhqunkt at ^il^i'trs. — On the 9d of March a vio- lent earthquake occurred on the Barbary roast nea'ly ■destroying the town of Belida. A Mosque, two coffee houses, and five dwelling houses, were the only build- ings left standii'g. and almost the whole population, consisting of lO.UOO, perished. rj.1 BISBFE'S Warranted, Cast Steel Patent Hoes. WRIGH'1"'S best German steel do. and Shovels. PICKLRIN'G'S improved Tree Brush, for destroying caterpillars. Tfi'i Iinpmved Durham Short Horner! Bull .\DIMI-| agb,ICUI.TUR.AI. ESTABIilSHMENT. R.^L, and the ilercfunlshire Bull SIR l.'^.A.^C. i .iVo. \Oii!i!ate Slnel,itii slairs^si^n of llic Vuldir. Plough HF, f'rustres of the Massachusetts Agricultural! T R. NK.WF.LL, Proprietor, olt'ers for sale an exlcn- Socii ty will let out. ii;ion reasonable terms, the t? • sive assortment of Garden and Agricultural Im- above named imported animals. '1 hey were purchasi d pleraents, viz. and presented to the Society by Admiral t^ndin for the 1' ?nefit of his nativr' slate. Reliance may be plact:d on th* purity of the stock. The Calves of Admiral have prnvt d very fine. I! is now four werks old, and is on the farm of 10. 11. Lkruy, Fsq. at S,tlem. His term will expiri there the 16th of August, after which he may be had for one year, in any oth. r county. The Hf reford bull is two yi ais old, — is now on the farm of JoH.v Pri.\-cf., Esq. Roxbury. His term will expire on the l.;th .Inly. ^ny person wishing him at an earlier period will be accommodated. They are both very g< ntle and fine-tempered. The stock of Ad- miral are pecidiarly calculated for the .Slull and Dairy. 'i he Hereford hr< ed have soinetimes carried prizes in F.ngland agsinst the " Short Horns," as Beef Caltlt. — Thev are also admirable Dravghl cattle, and esteemed gooti lor the Dairy. The terms will be reasonable and advantageous to the persons who shall take them for one year, and take good care of them, as the great object of the Trustees is to give an opportunity of crossing our native breeds under the hope of improving tlu.m. — For terms apply to JOHN LOWELL, or JOll v PRINCE, E.sq. Roxbu- ry. Rorbury, Mat/ 1^25. Popes Threshing Jllachine. THE following Certificates have been received by the Proprietor of this machine, which are present- ed to the Agricultural community, for the pitrpose of ronfirn)ing the representation heretcfore made of its usefulness and capacity. Tree Hill, near Richmovd, 2Uh Sept. 1824. This is to certify, that one of Pope's Patent Thresh- ing Machines (made in Washington,) for Threshing Wheat, has this season threshed out my Crop, consist- ing of about twelve hundred bushels, and it will get out, with two mules, eighty bushels per day, it having done this for three days in succession, from purple straw above the ordinary growth (from 3 1-2 to 4 1-2 feet long) — and when worked by the hour, it got out 11 bushels, as I am informed by the overseer and others who were preeent. This machine requires less force to work it than any othfr I have sern. J.M.SLLDKN. The following letter from ^l.j. Russ, of Farniington. shows the rapidity with which grain may be threshed by this celebrated machine. Farmington, Feb. 7, 1825, Mr Pope : Sir — In using your threshing machine, worked by two horses, and attended by five hands, I obtained the following results: On Saturday commenced threshing oats at half past eight, and left olf at quarter past eleven A. M. ; in the afternotm, began at two, left oH' at six : in all, six hours forty-five minutes ; quantilv tiireshed, one hundred and fifty-cne bushels. On NIonday, threshed from nine to half past twelve P. .M. ; threshed from forty-five minutes past two to a 1 CAM'S warranted cast steel English Scythes, quarter past six ; seven hours ; quantity threshed, two i DUDLEY'S warranted steel back do. Satin Gauze Handkerchiefs, Belt Ribbons, 4"C. QUINCY TUFTS, HNo. 88, Washington-street, AS received per \ViHiam-&-Htnry, Elegant Satin Stripe Gauze Hdkfs. ; Zelas do. ; Me- rino Points and Indispr-nsables ; Belt Ribbons and Mohair Hells; Gimp Trimmings ; Pippings ; Chenells aud Rolio Cords; Fancy Buttons; Rosettes and Silk Frogs; green Gauze Veils; brown Satin Ribbons; superior black Silk Veslings ; brown Linrm Cambric; ladies' black Raw Silk Hose ; men's Kid, brown thread and Linr-n Gloves ; ladies' Kid, brown Camljric, and Horse-skin Glove= ; Children's long Kid Gl.wes and Mitts; Fans; Steel Busks; Elastic Garters; Hooks and F'yes, &c. Also, just received, while double chain Checked Muslins, a new and superb article for gc ntlcmen's Cravats. On hand, best blue Nankeens, Nankin Dye; superior black Canton aud Nan'isin Crapes, 20 and 32 tale, in half pieces. Way 20 HOWARITS Improved Cast k Wrought Iron Ploughs. TICE & NIXON'S Patent Cast Iron do. with a general assortment of common ploughs. WILLIS' improved perpendicular and horizontal Straw Cutter. hundred and three bushel* On Tuesday, threshed two and a half hours in the forenoon, three and a half hours in the afternoon ; six hours ; quantity threshed, one hundred and twenty-six bushels, principally of oats which were wowed and no/ bound in hundk'S. On Wednesday, threshed seven hours and twenty- five minutes: quantity not precisely ascertained, on account of the mistake of those employed in measuring, but supposed to be some short of two hundred bushels. I also threshed about sixty bushels of rye of two kinds, about seventy bushels wheat, but owing to the inter- ruption and necessary delay of clearing away the grain, to keep the dilTerent kinds separate, I am unable to be particular as to exact time, with the exception of forty four bushels wheat, which was threshed in two hours and forty minutes formed in six days. The different kinds of grain were 100 dozen GOODYEAR'S best spring steel Manure and Hay Forks. — With a great variety of agricultural and garden implements. CURTIS' improved patent lever Churn. Just received — A few improved Philadelphia Churns — Common do. Likewise, an invoice of well assorted Cooking Furnaces WILLIS' improved Patent Window-Blind Fastenings, with hinges to match. Grindstone Cranks, with friction rollers. For sale as above — POPE'S 1 hreshing Machine, or the right of using the same for towns or counties. JUST received from Holland, and for sale at No. 4, Central Wharf, up stairs, an invoice of garden All the aforesaid labour was per- ] seeds, selected and put up by Van Oukerke en Van Emmerik — consisting of Mangel Wurtzel ; Red Beet; threshed ! think, cleaner and better, than in the usual Early Peas ; String Beans; Short Top scarlet Radish ; mode with flails. | Red and White Turnip do.; Ruta Baga ; white and I am w,-ll pleased with your machine ; think it a val- j silvery Onions, ; early and late Cauliflower ; Red and liable improvement ; and can well recommend it ac-| White Brocoli; BOarly York, Sugar Loaf, Red & Green cordingly. Y'ours rtspectfully, J. RUSS. ' Savoy Cabbage ; Tennis ball ; White and Dutch Let- tuce, tf, April 8 344 NEW 'ENGLAND FARMER. [May 20. THE COCOA NUT. The following article, containeil in Ihe ' offi- cial paper of Santiago de Cubn,' of 91h March last, appeared to us proper to be tran3l;iteJ tor our readers. — U. S. Ga:. Important discoveries in. the quality of the Co- coa Nut. — A respectable lady inhabitant ot Cu- mana, who lately arrived in this city, has given the following information to the President ol the Royal Patriotic Society of Cuba. ' A maid servant, through forgetluiness, left a marble mortar in a tub of cocoa nyf juice, in wine upon a dray. A mad bull could not in- timidate them: they attacked him in front, and annoyed him until he retired from the field. Celebrated for their strength and ctlerity, the dogs of Caribonire became in general re- pute, As he was driving them one morning in his calash, he fell in on the road with the Prir.C ; de Ligne's carriage ; and animating his dogs, lie passed and repassed ropealedly his highness' carriage for upwards of two hundred yards. — Astonished to see horses outrun by (logs, the Prince inquired of the butcher iltliey could per- i form as well for the space of half a league. to which the oil of the said fruit had been ex- tracted. After many days' diligent search, it was found at the bottom of the tub, but to their j Quite elated at having attracted the notice of the Prince, the butcher answered that half a league was a mere trifle; that his ilogs could . , ,: , , ,, ) travel full gallop over a much greater distance, great surprise as soft as wax which had been I _^^, j,.,^^ ^^.^^^^^^ ,^^ ^^.^^,j ^^j ., ,^,,^,,^^,1 ,„^,j, heated at the fire, and the upper part nearly {^j^^^ ,,, ^^^,^,j ^^^^ ^^^ p^i^^^,^ h,^,„., (^^ .^ „...._, _-. .. ...^ . I distance of three leagues. The challenge wa-; quired, assisted in restoring it to its (or"^'"'' " The softness which the marble had ac- ^. ---■ a ■■ - -- ."'"^^'' accepted, and on the day appointed it is need- natural shape, which U preserved leaving oh- ,^^^j';,^^_, an immense muUitude from all amed Its usual hardness on being ex;H,-ed to .^^ ^j. -j,,^ ^^ .^^^ ,^ „,^ ^^^,,^ „,• the air The President ot the Society ."ought [j^.^ ,^^^ spectacle. this information worthy the minutest ai'.ent.on, j^^^^.." ^^J^^^^^ ^.^ ^.^ ^ CariboufTe was and consequently prepared the cocoa nu ujice i ,1^,1 > 1 .i ik„ „„„„:,. . ., ^ 1 , 1 1 • , 1. .• J ' punctual at the rendezvous ; ami at llie appoin- in the manner atiove staed, which he emptied f , . 1 , , ■ •,. ,u^ p..;.,/.^'- or. .Lm,, ' ' . I ted signal, started with the rrince s equerry, "^"^^'"'who drove a phffifon, drawn by six elegant horses. The butcher, notwithstanding his cor- pulence, quickly passed in his cal.isli the met- tlesome horses, and arrived at Tournay fifleen minutes before his antagonist, thus gaining two thousand four hundred livros in less than an hour. While men oxini such exploits, they should not abuee Ihe faithful animals that [lerform them; yet, in P.iris, you frequonilv see them jianting and exhausted with carrying weights tar beyond — — - _ _ — ^ ,., — .,_ -,.--j into a glazed earthen vessel and placed the a slab of marble, stained with ink, -itid much injured at spots, which in progress of lime had destroyed the whiteness of the mnrldi^. This v/ns done on the 24lh of February, and on the 27lh the slab was removed perfectly clean, the stains entirely eH.iced, and the whole bearing evident signs of the powerful action of the liquid. The success attendant on this tirst experiinent induced the President of the Socielv to conceive , , , , , ... ,, , . ., , ,. , ,. , , , •' ,., ,•.,• and exhauste( with c:i the probability that the dissolvent quality ot this i ,, . , ,, ,•,,..'■, r', ■ r^ 1 C 1; ,; I ^„„n kI „„i^ II. . I . . I their strength. — L Histoirc dcs Chiens Ldcbres. liquid could be extended to metals ; to ascertain ° this he threw into the liquid a piece of silver, (which from use had acquired the colour of lead) one of copper that had become \CTy black, the lock of a pist.jl covered with oxyd, and a pair of iron compasses in the same state. .All ••■-j - -- .^ u.., these articles, at the expir.ition of 24 hours. The young heroes held a counsel of war and de were taken iVom the juice perfectly clean, and | termined to givp chase to, and atta^ k them, .^c- reslored to thrir former colour, although witli- : cordingly they stripped themselves for the af- oot polish, which, however, was soon given lo 'ray, and each armed with a club started for the them, by washing them in water in which pow- , bears ; they soon overhauled the young one and !er of hartshorn had been dissolved, and when ' dispatched il, but its hideous cries called the j Singular Bear Fight. — A short time since, a I couple of yoiinsr men were taking a Sund;iy's I walk in the liark woods of Slu'shequin, when I they chanced 0 mept an old bear and her cub dry rubbing them with a brush. These exper- iments were exhibited by liie President to ma- ny of the members of the Society and other persons whose curiosity had led them to wit- ness the (rial. It must be ob.ierved, that on the tenth day ut- ter the immersion of the marble, it had not be- gun to exiiibit tiiat softness which >vas expect- ed, from the veracity and good sense of the person who tirst gare the information, and was an eye witness to the results. The Dogs of Lisle. — Dogs are exceedingly u«e- ful in the Low Country, and il isliot rtire tomcel. whether at Tournay, or at Maubeugo, heavv carriages drawn by them. Such is tlio strenglh .aad svviftaoss of iho^e raised in lli.il cminl'iy, .4!iat they ev.-u excel hir^esin Ihe race, of wliicJi >ive are almut to mention an inslance. John lUciiard Carilioulle a rich butcher ol Lisle, ill Flanders, had six dogs of an extraor- dinary breed, uucornnioiily large, wiih voice as loud as that of bulli, and with such s!r,->ii;)(ji t.'iat llicy carri.vd wiih e;isc several Iniils old one lo it< assistance, and the young men were obliged (o [irepare for Ihe attack. The old bear, when wilhin a couple of rods, raised upon her hind feel, and with her mouth wide open, frolbinu and foaming, continued to advance. They guarded themselves, and a severe and doubtful struggle of 15 or 2t) minutes ensued : during the whole of which time they were un- able to touch her head ivith Iheir clubs, so com- [ilelely did she [>arry every blow with her fore feel, ^ind it wa- not until she wheeled lo retreat ihiit ihey were able to level a blow across her nose which bioiighl her down, when thov were able to dispatch her. This singular and cour- ageous act will do the young men honour; hail the deceased Piilnain been present, he could not have done more ; and his famcil wolf hunt scarcely surp.ij.jos Ihe Sbeslioquin Dear liijht, Mcculsi'illi: .lurora. llcV. -It is a disgrace to religion, says Dr Sc.itf, to imajfine lli.it it is an enemy to mirth exactor ot' jicu- and cliPPi-fulness, and a Severe sive looks and solemn lare-i MR WILLIA.MS' CELEBRATED HORSE CliildcT?, Squint, .?nal;e, Mars!un Tambarine — Crane by Highflyer, who never paid f'orl'eit, and was never beaten, and from Regnlus, the 1 (rodolnhiu, and Childers. His pedigree has been trac- ed in the stud-book of the Cltrk ol" the Newmarket ; course through eight gtnerations of Ihe highest bred horses and mares in England, without a single cross of j inferiour blood. Extract from the stud book : — I " ROMA.N, late property of the Earl ot Warwick, by Camilluf, dam, Leon Forte. Leon Forte was bred by .Mr Watt, in 1808, got by Eagle ; her dam, Tamba- rine, by Trumpeter, — Crane by Highflyer. — Middlesex by Snap, Miss Cleveland by Regulus, — 1815. bay colt, I Roman, by Camillus, .Mr. RIUIIELL." I Performances ia Vi\0 — b prizes. kl 4 years old — ."iOgs. at Middleham, King's plate of IflOgs. at Newcas- tle-or. Tyne, lOOgs. at York, 100/. at Doncaster, and 68?. IS.', at Richmond, — l>eatlng Antonio, Rosary, Lightning, Carfacaratadaddera, and Little Thomas, 2 miles — Awful, Boroughman, and Lightning, 4 miles — Pacha by .Seiiui, 2 n)iles." ^- Pi-.i fiirniancts in )8-20 — ipriacs. At 4 years old, 45gs. at .Middleham, gold cup at Beverly, 70gs. at Chelten- ham, and gold cup at Hereford, — b(ating Pawlowilz, b. f. by Thunderbolt, Cottage Girl, Cvimbyses, and Wildboy, 3 miles — Pbccni.':, Ethelinda, ch. f. by Fylde- mar, 2 miles — Tliyrsis and Charmiag Molly, Smiles — fihylock and Trim, 1 1-2 miles."' ItOMAN will cover the present season at the sub- Bcriber'a farm in Norlhboroiigh, county of Worcester. I'erms — S'20 for the season, Ihe money to be paicl previous to taking away the mares. STEPHEN WILLIAMS. \orlhbnynv~h^ J\Tnss. .Ipnl '1, \",Zh. TERMS OF THE FARMER. (c5°"P''bli9hcd every Friday, at Tnp.i-.E Doi.i.ahs per annum, payable al the end of theye.ar— hut those who pay wilhin sivly ilni/sfrnm the time of subsctibine Will be eatilkd to .1 deduction of Fifty Cf.kts. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. P iSiished bv JOHN B. RUSBF.LL, at the corin-i ofCongr-ss and Lindall Slrpfls. (i-ix Hoors from the I'n?l Officp') -Bnstnn — THOVTAS G. FF.BSF.NnKX. Kditor. VOL. III. FRIDAY, MAY 27, 182r). No. 44. conxxaaincATzoN. TO THE F.DITOR OK THE NEW ENGLAND FAUMER. GRAFTING FRUIT TREES. Attlcborovgli, May 19, 1825. f,iP.,_I rc;ii! in yo'ir piip<*r, vol. iii. p-.)»e 329. a conimmiiciUiun Irom Mr. Fi.sn of Gil«iim, re- sprctiiig information with re2:a»il (o grsluii;)-. I sliiill not In litis rommiinication, iiinlertnkc lo dpciile posilirely 'he results cf this inqnipy, bul ftoulH rrtilier enlarge and extend it. 1 sliull nrvcrtheless, perh;i[is be alile lo decide, in a short time the results siigirpsiod by Mr Fish, as I engMl.ed, the e«l day of Mar i825, three several trees, in a Hiflereiil stale «ilb rcg^ard to (heir maturity. The first would have blossom- ed very full, had its natural branches been suf- fered lo remain with (he original slock. In Ihis I inserted a cion, cut near tiie trunk ot Hie tree from which it was laUen, whicii probably would not have borne fruit for several years. The next was a free, which had not come lo its maturity or bearing sl.ile, in which I insert ed a cion, which was cut near the ti>p of n tree: and had it been sullerei to remain in its original state, would most probably have borne frnil this season. The next «nd lasl was a tree jusi beginning lo put forth its blossoms, in which I engrafted a cion that was Innkling. The subjects of the queries suggested in vonr paper yet remain to me secrets ; bul their ulilily and importance, appear to render them worth investigation. 1 have therefore, though not positised of any thforelical or prtic- tical information with respect lo those objects of inquiry, undertaken to investigate them by experiments ; and I will faithfully transmit to you their result, as soon as the facls are es- t.iblished. 1 should, however, be inclined to Uiiiili that cions, cut (rom any part of the tree will all be brought back to the first or primi live state. It appears from analogy that those cions which were in bud. or would have borne fruit had they remained in their pristine stale, will not yield fruit any sooner than those which are taken from the sprouts, because the sap which they both receive in their new or alter- ed state is the same which would have gone to support and nourish the fruit. While speaking of engrafting (ruit trees, it will not, I trust, be improper to m-ike a few inquiries relative to another branch of the subject. — If cions taken tVom one trpp lobe en- grafted into the stock of another ought to be of the same kind ? — that is, if the cions be summer fruit, ought ihey lo be engrafted into the stock of summer fruit ? And, on the other hand if the cions are winter fruit should they be en- grafted on the same ? If winter fruit be en- grafted on summer fruit, the sap will cease to flow belore the fruit comes to maturity, and therefore the apple will lose much of its good- ness, and be cf less value to the proprietor and I'urchaser. Admitting this to he true, then why is it not very improper to engraft young trees before their I'ruit is known, as it is well ascertained that (he seed of one apple will pro- duce a great variety of trees, or as many kinds of fruit as as there are seeds in the apple which germinate. Why will a tree when stripped of its bark, about the middle of Juno grow the faster, and at another season of the year, the same opera- tion destroy the tree in a very short time ? Respectfully yoiirs. JOSEPH W. CArRON. BY THE EPITOn. V\'itli regard to Mr Capron's 'first iiiqiiiry wbcljirr cions taken from one tree to be engrafted into the stoclj of anolher ought to bf. of tlie same kind' We will give the opinion of Ur. Thacher whicli coincides witli lliat of all other writers on the. same Fiihject, whicli we have perused. ^^ In the cl^o^e of scions for grafiiiig, the essential requisite is, that tijey are nf the "arae genus and natural family with ttie stock which is to 'lecome Iheir foster parent, and which it to afford Ihein liiUire nourishment and support. The apple cannot he adv.'intageously engrafted on a pear stock, nor will a pear siirceed well on an apple slock ; for a'.tliough it may flourish and bear fruit for a few years, it will never prove a profitable tree, and will decline and de- cay sooner than others. Scions from a winter ajjple tiee should not be gral'ted on a summer apple stock, becaase thesap in the sumnriur apple slock is liable to decline aad dimiuisii before the winter fruit lias be- come fully ripe. In the memoirs of the Aoneiican .A- cademy of Arts and Sciences, vol. i. page 388, is a coimiunicalion Irom the late Hon. Benjamin Lincoln, relative to (he eiigral'ting of fruit trees, tc. in which he says '^ I had observed, for a number of years an ap- ple tree in my orchar'l. the natural fruit :.( which was early, having been grafted with a winter "scion. 'pro- ducing fruit very like in appearance to the fruit pro- duced by the trees where the scion wa* taken, but destitute of those qualities inherent in that i'ruit and necessary to its keeping through the winter. . This led me to question the propriety of grafting winter fruit on a Slimmer slock." i:c. A |irar is occasionally en- grafted on a quince, for the purpose of dwart trees, but it is of smaller growth, and h ss vigorous and durable than if nourished by its more natural paieut." As respects the second quere, ^^ why is it not very improper lo engraft young trr es before their fruit is known ? We ha^'e no doubt of its impropriety as a general rule ; and that opinion bias been expressed in our paper. Mr Preston of Penn. (Pee N. E. Farmer, vol. i. p. 121.) says " From all (he experiim nts that I have tried in raising orchartls, I would ad\ise setting out (he trees, and seeing a sample nf their fruit before grafting, as all the best kinds nf apples were at first natural, and perhaps by such general trial some better kinds may appear than have yet been known.'" As to decortication or stripping trees of their bark it is somewhat of a hazardous and troublesome process. But the reason why it succe*ds*better about the middle of .Inne than any other time of the year we suppose to be, because the tree is at (hat time in its most vigorous state, and the sap circulating with freedom enables the tree to renew its covering, which is essential to its existence. HUHAI. ECOnOMV. [prepared for tbe n. e. parmeu.] on raising peach tp.ees from the seed. It has been well observed, (hat all sorts of ve^riables degenerate, unless occasionally re- new vl from the «eed. Mr Knight (Edin. En- cy. article horticulture,) says that " All the ex- tensions by means of grafts and buds must nat- urally partake of the qualities of tbe original. Where the original is old, there must be iiihor- ont in the derivatives the tendency lo decay, incident to old age. It is not to be understooi!, however, that a graft cannot survive the trunk from which it was taken : thi.? would be deem- ed absurd. It may indeed be assumed as a fact, that a ■varictij nr kind of fruit, such as the gold- en [>ippen or the ribston, is equivalent only to an indivi are now ready purpose, and brought back again, when the for transplanting, provided jou do not innacu- late, or ingraft them. When this is done, it slioiild be attended to one year previou one ye.ir after llii^y are lemoved, and not the same year. "■When transplanted, it s'lnnld be to a soil and situation, as nearly sioular to that recom- mended for a nursery as can be ; it need not be rich, hut should be mrllow. If it has been oc- cupied as a pasture for cows or sheep two or three years previous to selling it out with Teach trees, it will be ihe heller. Maving ploughed it well, as deep as possible, and miide it thor- oughly mellow, proceed to dig holes, sixteen feet apart each way, let them be so lai-ge as to take in all the mots of your Peach tree*, with ample room. Take up your trees carefully, preserving as many of the si«le roots as j)Ossilde, and if these be large, a considerable pari of the tap, or main root may be taken off, and the wound closed l>y burning with a hot iron, and applying a proper cement into which Ihe wound- ed root should be dippe;!. The reason for pre- serving the side rods and destroying the cen- tre root, is, that from Ihe foitner is ilerived ihat nourishment which forms Ihe fruit, and from the latter that which forms the wooil. The matting or straw is tinted) and put it closely round the trunk of Ihe tree, an inch in Ihick- s to, or|ness, and three or four feet up; this prevents the llv coming to the tree, excejit so high up, as that it can do no hurt. The straw or mat- ting must be removed during vvinler. '■ To prevent the branches spliiting off from the trunk, prune them well, and if they are over-loaded with fruil, pull off all the smallest, and least valuable, so as to lighten them, and where you wish to preserve more fruit than you think it safe to trust them with, prop the branches up securely until ihe fruit is taken off. " Tlie bursting of Ihe bark only happens when severe frosis and wet succeed each other ; it does not, Iherefore, so frequently occur, and cannot he guarded against, but only in jiarl re- medied when it takes place."' -"«©•<"• PARSNIP WINE. Xcwport, Isle of IVighl, March 9, tS'i.',. Pm — 'ri,,. tollowing exlract is taken from " Phillips's History of Cultivaled Vegetables." " Wine ni.ide t>om these root', approaches nearer the Malmsey of Madeira and the Cana- ries than any other wine ; it is madd with lillle Ihe manufacture ot the wine, and Irom which experiments great improvements might reason- ably be expected. [/'urmcr'* Juurnul. From Ihe Jitdicttl InltlUgtncer. THE WHOLE ART OF PHYSIC: IS A DIALOGUE BETWK£\ A PRiN'CESS AND HEK PHY- SICIAN. The fVi.ie fur Health on Exercise depend : Oofi ntvtr made his M'orks for Mim to 7neiid . DRVDt.V. Pnncess. Oh ! Heaven ! Pin mortified to death — 1 thought that Physicians could have cured all disorders. Physician. We never f.iil ofcuring those that would iiave recovered olthemselves. And this is a general rule,' admilling a very few excep- tions, with respect both to internal corripiaints and externa! wound.-. Nature herself will do the business, where the disorder is not mortal ; and. where it is, art is of no use. • Prin. What, then, are all those choice nos. trums, for purifying the blood, which old ladies talk so much of — all your boasted squiils and powders! — are they good for nothing? Phys. Mere invention — to get money — and t© flatter the sick, while nature is working the cure. Prin. But your specitic? : surely, there are such thiiH's '' 'i lexpen.se or trouble, and only requires to be kepi I „, Oh ' rerl liulv madam and 'O there is same remark applies lo almost every tree and. lo make il as a-recdde to ihe i'.'^-Ku ■' I '^'^ ' .Cf>"'";' .^'. '"^^''"^' ^";' -° ''"''"' plant bearing fruit. See how wise nalure is in I ^^l l^u^hJ^Z.. lo Ih^ body : yet fashion - '^' '''-"'' "^ .)"venihty ,n romances her arrangement ! 'i hose r^ols «bicli ''/"^ '" | induces us to give pounds for foreign wines feed the fruit, run ne.ir life siirfice of the ground, are more open lo. and under t!ie intlu- ence of the rays of Ihe sun, whn=e natural ten- dency is, to enrich the sa(), and sweeten and ineliorate the fruit of e\ery tree on wiiich it shines. '• Your Peach trees tirin? taken up. and pro- pared, set them in the holes dug for ihem, ob- serving much the same melhod as is diiecled to be observed in selling out of .-\[)ple trees, ex- ill when we can obtain excellent wines of our own country for a« many shilling-.'" i .. IWiiv in Ihe habit of making a variety of wines and giving the suliject much altentinn, I willin^rlv bear lestimnny to Ihe correctness oi' Mr. Phillips' sl.ilemeiii. Par-nip nine surpas- ses the other home made wines in the same ra- tio ofoxce'lence that Flasi India Madeira is su- perior to Cape. Und/>r these circinn=tancps, 1 ask leave, thro* Prin. In what then is it that medicine con- sists? Phy.t. In disincumberiiig and clearing ; in keep- ing la proper order the fabric vou cupnot re- build. Prill. Yet there are salutary tlii'.igs, and things pernicious. j Pluji. You iiave hit upon the whole secret. — Eat, moderately, of what you know by experi- I eiice, to agree vvilh you. Nothing can be whole- some that does not digest well. What is the < phy-ic that promotes digestion ? Exercise. What cept putting sods lound lh*m of which you will ' (^g medium of your useful pi per, to oifer to (he have none, if your ground has been ploughed i r,i.b|ic specific direclions for the manufacture ol' as directed above. j Parsnip wine: there not being, lo my knowl- '• Afler the first year nothing should be rais-ie,i^p^ one published receipt on (he subject. ed upon a lot where Peach trees sjrow. Lay | "X'o every 41bs. of Parsnips, cleaned and qiiar- it down lo grass, and Ihe second or third year] lered, pul one gallon of water, boil lliem till they sheep and geese may pH^ture upon il ; an3 when ^re qu:le lender, drain them through a scive, the trees are considerably grown, cows and i j,,,; fj^ not bruise them, as no remedy would horses will Dof do injury, j clear the wine afterwards. Four the liq'ior in- "• The Peach tree is, perhaps, the most ten- ' lo a tub. and lo each gallon add 31b'. ol loat su- der, or that which requires Ihe nicest attention gar and a half an ounce of crude tartar. ^^''":'> I ^Q.^gver, you are an honest man ; and. if I an of any ihal we cuUivaie It is lo be guarded co„led lo the temperature ot V; degrees put m j^ Q.^^g,^^ ( ^..■^^^ „„,,e you mv tirst Physician, against a worm, the i>roduct of an egg deposit- ^ a lillle new yeast ; let it stand lour days in a i ^^^ ^^^^. ,•„.,, 't'liysic'lau be Nature. ' It ed by a lly near Ihe root during ihe summer i warm room, then tun it. 1 he mixture should, |.^ she who docs the wholV. You see that, of !t is also liable to have Ihe baik burst with if po^ible, be fermented in a tcmperalure o b J ^^^^^^ ^__l_^ have survive.l an hundred vears. frost during winler, and Ihe limbs are very apt , degrees. September and Maich are Ihe "^-^l j none have been of the faculty. The King of to split at Ihe top of the trunk where they ; seasons for making the wine. , ., , , _! France has already buried fuHv ol his Plivsi- s it that repairs the strength of the body ? Sleep, What is it Ihat alleviates incurable liiaia. i s ; Patience. What shall mend a bad conslituiioo ? ?vothing. In all violent cases, we have nothing but Mo!icro"s receipt — bleed and evacuate : and, if you pieass, '• clysterii;m donarc." J There is no fourth. Tiie whole is nothing more than what 1 have told you, lo keep the house clean, kc Prin. Y"ou do not surfeit me with vour ware ; branch off. To assist in guanhug against these 1 dan"'ers,lhe following remarks are made. To guard atcaiiisl Ihe worm, hill the sruund up . tweUe months before bottling. When the fermfintntion has subsided, bung do«u the ca>k, and let the wine stand at least , Prin. Very true ; and I hope to bury yon, too ! farewell, Doc'or,- r.;und your trees early in the summer, lo the If great delicacy of flavour be not indispen=a- ] ' , " :^ ^^ ^^^^ highness. (Ej:cu,it ) hei.ght of 12 or 14 inches ; this ni>ces-ijtales ihe bip. moist sugar may be su Qy to lay its e^gs ihal di=lance up the body of the tiee, and in the fall remove ihe soil away, dovvt) to the lap rools, and leave I hem bure moid- Jcria; ia the archives. 1825.] NEW ENGLANi) FAllMr.R. 347 Since the diacovnrv of America our Enijli^h I "hi h woulil otlurwlar \i llii; proceeds of two days' work. iiven common laLoiirers were in such demand as to cause a consideralile rise in their wages. A Maccle=field jiaper advi rlises tor 4 to 5000 persons, from 7 to 20 years of aje, to be employed in the silk tradSi Calholic Einancipalion — The bill before the Brili'li Parliament on this subject, makes provision for the PliPiir IMI^OVVMrVTQ 1 eligibility of Catholics lo all offices in the kingdom, IU1,ML IMl l.U\ h.MLMS. save two or three of the highest; and provides for A writiT in the Taunton R( porter, under the signa- paying the Catholic Clergy in the same m:uuier in ture of" A Tauntonian," who, we lijvereas<«n to which the Protestant Clergy are paid in Krancr tliuik, is one of the most influential citizens '" "~" gardens have cultivalod i' « j vwriftics of trees and pl.iiits I'lDn-i America, and iipwnr-Is ol ITOO Irom the Cape of Good Hope, in acldiiio'i to luany Ihonsands which have been brought fronf) China, the Easl Indies, New Holland, various parts of Atrica, Asia, andKii:opo; until the list of plants now cultivated in iLi- country ex- ceeds 120,000 viiriel|i;.«. — London JUngazine. —»©•"•- SVZVZmARY OF KUVTS. the county of Biistul, iMass. recommends to the public the couslructiori of Turnpike Roads from Taunton to I'rovuience, and from Taunton to New-Bedlord. The expediency ot calling a meeting in Taunton o*" the fiiends of these pre j- cts is suggested by the public- spirited writer, who is ot" opinion that '^ acts for the incorporation of both turnpike companies might be passed at the next session of the Legislatnre in June, the routes might be surveyed, the contracts made, and the v/ork commenced on both before tlie 4th of July. a. I. Amer. DRY find r.rnunH WFHTK LKAD, of a stipcrinr quiilily, lor sale in lota to $uit purcliHDerB, AI.LUVl, in bhh. of 300 lb?. h\MV. VI'IT.IOI.. of a superior quality. iU'lKINKI) S.\l/i i'KTRE, in krgs of 11<2 lbs. DUrO.NT'.S superior (lUM'OU DKR— lor sporting or blasting — warranted equal to any powdi r to l;i. liad. in the United Stalt;, liii' -11 uurpas;* " «'iich Gunpow- der is applied. 'J'his powder is sold at wholesale or re- tnil. .>-;IOT— r.AFJ.P— Fl.I.VTS,— at wholesale or retail. Jllso — 1 0,000 gallons of Dyer's superior red and white CURRANT VVUNK, put up in kegs of G gallon?, quar- ter casks of from 28 to 30 gallons, and pipes of 110 gal- lons. I;. COPELANU, jr. 8t 36 6r, Broad street. Fire in Providtnce. — On the 23d inst. at half past" 11 o'clock P. iW. a very destructive fire broke out in i Providence near the Universalist Chapel. It originat- ed in a work-shop occupied by Mr. RhodisG. Allen,' cabinet maker, consumed that building with a nuuiber ' of others, including the Chapel above mentioned. A wide spread conflagration was apprehended, as the fire occurred in .a very com[>act and (.ombustible part ofthe j toA-n, anil the wind was fresh. But by the blessing of Providence, and the exertions of the citizens the prog- ress of the combustion was arrested with less damage than was anticipated, though considerable was sufl'er- ed. The Hessian Flij. — This destructive insect has made its appearance in the vicinity of Kaston, in Maryland, very much to the alarm of the farmers ; whole fields are said to have been laid waste, especially where the _ I land is light. Similar complaints have reached us from ' the south. The above account, from the Easton Gazette, is confirmed by our own observation. On Elkridge, last P^ Cana! from Boston to Proiidrnce. — ^ correspondent ofthe Boston Patriot expresses the belief that a Canal connecting the Blackstoue with Chai les River, may be completed v/ilh great ease, and at small expense. An examination ot the probable route of the Canal, has en tirely satisfied the writer's mind, that the project is fea- sible, beveral interesting statements are given, from i •which we learn that the point at which it is proposed ! to join the Blackstone Canal, is about three quarteis of j X"/'"'''' , i • , u o- . ■ u ■'.,., ,,, , , .. ,, ■ ,, t, 1 ,1 „v, .. ' I hursdav, the wheat was obviously much aflectod by a mile below W oonsocket f alls. Ill C uniberlanfl, wtiere ■, ,, " i .. ■ . . . ,, -. r ,.„,,, ,, , ,. , Mil u:„ - ( tlie tiv, and nothing but a warm ram could save 1 from the Backstone is met by a stream called .Mill Kiver.— -V ■ j j ,• 'pi. , .,,, , I .■ . r n . .1) 1 k. ,!,„ very extensive depredations. I he clover was in a tair 1 he whole distance from boston to rrovnli nee by the , ■ jr . r • ,» /- , ,, , ,, .•.■., 1 L, „,„„,,„, 1 way too, to be ruined for want ot rain.— ^'?m./'iir7iifr. proposed Canal, would not, it is statt d, be more than ■' ' 15 miles greater than by the Turnpike. ibid. PouUri/ — A large Poultry Company, \»ilh a capital ?r=^^^^ Iof200,000/. is about to be established, tor supplying Blackslone Cnnal.—Mr. Hutchinson, the Engineer, ; the Metropolis with cheap Poultry. Our larraers have has been engaged as the resident Engineer lor locating given up this branch of traffic— an opening is lelt for and constructing the Canal, and is now employed in : procuring large and cheap supplies troin the Contin making the necessary a'rangcnients preparatory to the j 'nt. — London Paper. • nmmencement of the work. The introduction of Rail Ways in f=ouih Carolina I'he balance of the Canal Stock, being 100,000 dol- has been proposed by a writer in "the Charleston Couri- lirs reserved, was taken up in Worcester, on Saturday ler. It is said that they would be of peculiar service in last, paitly by the Worcester capitalists, and partly by (he Sandy Koads of that Stale. citizens of Providence. ibid. I_,„., „ i- r, , ■ _^_^ I Robert Oilmore, f-sq. of Baltimore, has presented the Maryland .Academy of Science and Literature with Sonnini's edition of Buffon's Matu.'al History, in 127 volumes Cvo. The whole amount of specie imported into the U. States during the year ending Sept. 30th 1IJ24, was $8,047,598. E.iiiorted iu the same period, $7,014,552. Leaving a balance in the country of sjiecie imported same channel. .ilb. Adt: \ company in London has contracted with the gov- ernment of GuKtimala, to cut a canal from the Pacific to the Atlantic, at the south side of lake Nicaragua. — It is to be 12 or 14 miles in length, and navigable for ships of great burthen. The English are to receive two thirds ofthe tolls, and to have the exclusive navigation ofthe -'^an Juan river and the lake, for forty years. — The remainder of the tolls to be devoted by the govern- ment to paying the'expense of the undertaking. Pki'adelphia. — The several squares in this city are hereafter to be known by the following names — Logan, Rittenhouse, Penn, Franklin, Washington and Inde- pendence. On the last stands the building in which the independence ofthe United States was resolved on. More Riches of the West. — Within a few days past j ot r a great quantity o( ship plank has !bme down the Erie j "' $1,033,46 canal in rafts, from Rochester and other places, on its JVfr. ,^oolv. of New York hafpfesented to the Presi- way to New-York. Should the speculation prove fa- Ljent of the United States, a fie^tiful box of Minia- vorable there are hardy oaks enough to supply the | /K^e CVZ/eri/. The box cont«ns two dozen dinner and whole navy of the Union, that can be floated down the Hessert knives and forks, witjj their corresponding car- ving knives and forks, and two steels, two pen knives, two pair of razors, and a pair of scissors; one of the penknives has a tortoise shell handle, all the other articles have pearl handles, and are most exquisitely finished. It may give some idea of the minuteness of the work to state, that the largest knives weighs grains each, the dessert knives 3 grains ; the scissors not quite /u;o-/f?i(Aj of a grain ; and the weight of all the pieces together is less than ten pwts. Mr. Pooly is a very young ntan, and worked as a journeyman cutler when these beantifwl specimens of his ingenuity were executed. Boston Pat. Letters have been received by the Department of State, from Mr. Rush, accepting his appointment of Secretary of the Treasury. He expects to be able to leave England, for the United States, some time in June. A tremendous storm of hail happened at Washing- ton, Penn. on the 10th inst. It is said that 10,000 panes of glass were broken in that town. ASTURK WANTED— Wanted to hire toramonth or six weeks, to commence about iSth May next, piece of pasture land in a dry situation, in or near Brookline, bulficieiit for a flock of about 150 sheep. A level tract of higli land, with some shade, and if possi- ble a stream of water running through it, would be pre- ferred. Apply at the office of the New England Farmer. TT^ PARSONS ii CO. City Furniture warehouse, X- J • Union Street, near the Union Stone, keep con- stantly on hand for sale, a general assortment of furni- ture, chairs, looking glasses, feathers of all kinds, fire sets, brushes, bellows, i:c. iV:c. Boston. .March 2,'i. PRICKS OF COUNTRY i^KODUCE, &lc. [Revised and corrected ei'ery Friday.] The manufactories in England are represented as flouri=hing beyond all former precedents. Artisans of every discriplion were in full employment, and sa anx- ious were tbe manufaclurers to have their orders exe- cuted that it was by no means an uncommon thing to lock up the dtiors where the workmen were, and to supply them with food gratis, in order to save the lime APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, lit sort, - - - pearl do. - - - . BEANS, while, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - cargo, iS'o 1, new, - - '• No 2, new, - - BUTTER, inspect. Ao. J. new CHEESE, new milk, - - - - skimcd milk, . - - FI,AX FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genesee, _ . _ Rye, best, - - - GIUIN,Ry"e Corn - - ... Barley - . . - Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, OIL, Linseed,. Phil, and Northern PLAIS1KR PARIS retails at PORK, BoneJJliddlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Clover . . . - - WOOL, .Merino, full blood, v.ash do do lAiwashed Jo 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISIO.\ MARKET. BEEF, best pieces - - - . PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, - - - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, - - - - BU'PTER, keg & tub, lump, best, - . ■ EGGS, ME^L, Rye, retail, - - - - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, . . - - (.'IDER. liqnor, .... HAY, according to quality, FROM TO u. c. D. C. bbl 2 2£ 2 50 ton. 98 102 00 105 Of 98 00 bu5h 1 It I 15 bbl. 10 ou 10 60 7 7; 8 00 6 25 6 50 lb. 16 18 7 10 3 b 9 10 bush 1 05 1 10 bbl. 5 75 6 00 6 00 6 12 3 00 bush 52 63 60 53 30 31 lb. 11 12 8 11 cask 1 17 1 21 gal. 75 100 Ion. 4 50 4 75 bbl. 17 00 18 00 14 CO 15 00 13 75 14 00 bush 1 75 2 00 lb. 7 8 60 70 40 45 45 SO 37 42 27 3.5 48 52 411 42 lb. 8 10 6 8 4 8 5 8 8 12 16 20 20 22 12 13 bush 65 70 60 70 37 60 bbl. 2 75 3 t 0 ton. 18 00 20 00 348 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [May 27, PEAT, A VALUABLE MANURE. our /armers to an acquaintance with mo cssful modes of auormentinaf manure, so t re es- oiir own Ignorance ami neglect, we curse the climate and the scii, ,,r d6wn contented ivitb FiOm Ihe .V. I'. Stjlesmin . TO FARMERS. ,.,,,.,. , , . , "'<^"' '3 an article of primary importance, in xvhich took« so violent and extravagant, can be.^vhich ihe farmer and manufacturer have a mn- established by the most ample evidence; and |,ial interest ; and as the time of «vash incr and is quite irretragal.le, without denying the prem- shearin? sfieep approache.s il may be timeJv to isps which have been built both on fiacts and ,j,p|.e ;, fevr remarks on that subject philosophy. First .^t all, the one hal: of our. It is a melancholy fact, that the mannfarlurer p.itrescible nnalter IS lost entirely by the waste has been sharaefullir imposed upon from the oflheurme; and the other hall— the dmig— first inlroduction of merino sheep into t!-i< coun is grossly mismanaged either by the escape ot ,rv by unwashed wool of that description • i-no the rich nutritive juices from the dun?-hil!, or ^ ,.,,'nce on the part of Ihe purchaser and in' Jie^t by sniTering the pulrelactive process to be car-; on that of the seller, have, in many insance= ried loan extreme length. This is not all : that ] encouraged the practice of bad washing ' dung, if composted with peat, would in most ] r„in of many a manufacturer, who °" to Ihe never dis- covered his miilalve till his caplial had been carried down his mill-race in the yolk and filth adhering to his fleeces. Il IS s.iid that Ihe Oii-kany manufacturing e-- , . ,. , ,, ,- ,tal>l:-hme!it. in the coiinlv ofOneida, was oneof formed trom the urine discharged by the cat-;, he tirsi, ami has been one of the greatest con- cases be augmented fourfold ; and the qualilv and duration of the mixture are superior, at ail events equd to the principal original compound. Four ton* oi' manure, then, may be produced from one ' i dung, and lour tons also mav be sumers of wool in the country ; that it early palronized the growing of line woid ; and pres- sed on the farmer the importance of clean wash- ] duce our — ; succes [Condudedfrcm p. 341.] ; sential to the cultivation of while crops. our present dependent situation, and de=pair"of Hitherto 1 hare treated the subject, as if ex-, II. According to the practices which have ■ e.;e.rr>ling that country on which we tread a-id crementitious matter alone possessed the pow- 1 obtained in this province, we have not :.'.,ove! which imparls to us the pleasures of exislenVc er oreiieci.',.c: and accelerating the putrefaction one leu of manure applied to our lieids for ten,; to iis proper rank in the scale of national im- of moss; aud il was lliis visw, which lord which, from the same stock of cattle are pro- ; porlance. .'VGRICOLA. Jleadowbank chiefly impressed at £rst on the j duced in England: and of course we are not i public attention ; bu^ many other substanCCi, ; ::bl2 lo cultivate here, Vrith the same means, I he afterwards discovered, are endowed with ! above one acre in ten, which are there under [ this came capacity. — Here my general theo-:lhe plough. To such as have given due atten- j ry of putrescent manures received a colla- tion to the previous details, this conclusion, teral and happy confirmation ; lor it is cow found, from a thousand repeated trials, that all animal and vegetable substances, which are capable of being converted by decomposition into the food of plants, are also capal)ie of ope- rating on peat-earth, of dissolving the charm of its incorruptibility, of expelling its poisonous and antiseptic qualities, and of transmitting it into the most efficient manure. Hence putrid water, the juices of the dunghill, the expres- sion of the cheese-press, the washings of milk vessels, soap suds, the oils and juices of green flax, urine of all descriptions, succulent vegela- bles and weeds, dead animal bodies, refuse of fish, night foil, sea weed, are all invested with the properly of generating heat, and assisting the fermentation of peat : and comports may be formed of all thefe different ingredients. The carcase of a dead horse, which is ol'len suf- fered to pollute the air by its noxious elliuvia, has been happily employed in <,/ long and watchful experience, declares that the ' produced. Eight d.iys after, the midden was j thnusjr.rl pouiuh of the liner <^iade- of \meric-,n powers and duration of this species of compost, turned, and to all appearance ^^super-alkalized." | „.ool, were purchased at tlicir factory from in every diversity of soil, have given relurns It would seem ihen that both urine an<' to superior alterwards. . i rich and valuable manure ; and consequently, as | and Icrs uhiskn to do the work well, 'ban" has There are several other views of this sub- ; the one here is ksl from the construction of generally 1 een understood, and is seldom well ject highly interesting to the ftinnins' class, i our barns, a load ot dung is all we have for eight upon which 1 dare not at present enter, as my I of compost which could be pro.luced from the letters on putrescent manores have already I combined eflicacy of yrine and escreinenlilious swollen much beyond my original limits : and 'matter. ,* ' If we take, furtjje? into account Ihe pntref.^c- :„ spout of soft running water, and proper yards live qualities of sea4f'eed, of dead bodies, ei. i for holding, and charge a fair price for "their ther of horses, cows, or sheep, of common I u,e, all parlies would be benefitted, weeds, and of many 3lher substances ; I say. ill Farmers, recollect that bad wasj.ing and bail I. In a country like this, where there are no we take into account the power ol these in ile- j pu||in'>- up have been "real objections to Amer- large towns except ihe capital whence Ihe far-; composing peat-earlh, my general statement j , can \vool,'and rontributed to the ^^e of tVreio-n mermay draw manure, our swamps and bogs I will not appear exaggerated, that in this prov- _„„j ,h,,| manufacturers have grown wiser by offer an inexhau-lible supply of this useful and . mce we have not abovp one lead in ten, which j j^d experience- and finally, increase your indi.;pon5.ble article. Com'post middens formi'ni^bt be procured lo replenish the exhausted | i]^,cjj,^ „.,,,h and'ta.' vo'ur sheep' clean, «Vir> our an object ol primtf importance; and wherever [energies of vegetation. But taking it for grant- „,,,o, ^^ ., rea.^onabVprice. and purchase .^Iner- they h ive been adopted as part of farm mnn-| ed, that with a view to strengthen my argu-l j^^m ^^^^^.^^ p,- (o.-einn fabr.rks and vou will aiemenl, they h.ive been followed by results of a ; naenl, 1 have magnified Ihe amount ofour loss: ' most fl.illeriog and pioiilable nature. They 1 ii'>d that we could only increase our manures ti.ive tended lo multiply the productions of the I *'" Huies above the present quanlily, this con- o:.ril, lo elevate Ihe hopes of the hii-bandman, i cession calls loudly for reform, and e^plains to tie in Ihe same given time. In a course of experiments by James .^rbuthnot, Peterhead, he found •• ih.it 300 cart-loails of moss could be de- composed by drenching it with 410 gallons of|i„^r, and marked Ihe dilTerence between clean cattle iirme. The fo.indalion ol the donahill ;,,,<| ,iirly wool, by correspon.ling prices, and protected, gener illy, ag.iinst the pirchasing un- washed wool at any price. ?i]-irk the result ; It is ivell known that vvool is belter w:isheda!i(l belter put up, within the sphere of their pur- ■1 must leave the additional matter lo some fa- lure day. when 1 may retrace this path of in- quiry. 1 shall deduce one or two practical ob- servations. done in the ordinary way. If one or more |icr- sons, fn every neighforhooil, Tuho may possess i Ihe privilege.) would erect a sheep washing 'establishment, by (ilacing hirge troughs under earlr and lo give a new imi>ulse to his useful labours. 'H-re thf-y would not only be productive of' all these effects : but they would arrest the progress ofour morasses, by subjecting them lo a waste gradual and constant ; and they would intro. the s.ilisl'aciion of every common understanding, Ihe mvsterv of our agricullural poverty. ^Ve grow rich. A M.X.N'UF.^CTUHIiR. Orange Counlj, May 4, 1825. The Kngllth editors arc comidaiiiing that the French Govpinmeiit are taking great pain? to iinpiove their brfert of horses, aud are mouuliufr their cai airy upon fling away contemptuously the blessings of Na- 1 "ic finest horses i;nported from KngUnJ. It is said tureand of Providence, and in-tead of blaming 1 'bat while tbe rreuch cavalry never were so -well = I mriiinter) as ht prcstnt, tUc Lnsbsh acvcr were so ' Farmer's Magaziue, toI. 16, p. 416. poorly mouatcd. 1825.] NEW E.VGLAND FARMER. 349 AGKICULTCRAL SEMINARY. We hiive received I'nim Ihe proprielor of the A^ricullural Seiniiuirtj. at Derby, (Ciin.) a short slatctnent of (he course of inslniction pursued al that institution, toijether with n series ol Questions, selecteil iVom a full course of illustra- tions anil experiments upon Cliemi-try. From a cursory examinilion of the plan of the institution, the mode of condnclingllie studies and the order of the exercise', we should judge ihat the design is not only an iuiprovcmenl, hul that its details, if well ohserved, are calculated to nriake thor- ough and practical students. " In conducting the studies of this school, (says the founder) two ohjects are constantly kept in view. The first is to render education rational, the second to render it practical. To obtain the first ohject, it IS intended not to have a sentence, or jjropo- sition commuted to memory, which is not under- stood. To be satistied with nothica; short of de- monstration, or a distinct aud definite view of every suhject presented to the mind of the pupil. To obtain the second object, every propoiition and every principle, as scon as understood, are a{)plied to their use in common thing*."' Some notion of the internal arrangement of the institu- tion may Le obtained i'rom the following order of the daily exercise for the summer: '• Rise at l> — exercise in the garden or field o:)e hour — breakfast a! lialf past 6 — study one hour — morn- ing recitations at 8 — assemble for prayers and reailing the bible, at 9 — various exercises in study and drilling till 12 — dinner at half past j2 — assamlla to a piihlirk reading in ski'tclies ol tiie earth with its inhabitants, manners, customs. Sic. in history or some other useful book, on which all are qiie.stioned, at 1 — study and dril- ling till i — experimental lectures on' nifir-,'! philosophy, chemissrv, o» some other subject till 6 — recreation one hour — lea at six — acrricullnr- al exercises one hour — study till half past 8 — retire al 9" The snmmor term will commence on the second Wednesday ol May, and close on the la>t Wednesday of October. Price of tuition, including lectures, gl 5 a term, or g30 a year. A gentlema.T of our acquaintance, whose son has been a student al this school during the past year, writes us a favourable account of the re- sult. AMERICAN LEGHORNS. The :ap:ilJy w.ih v. hich the resources of our country are developing is unequalled ; 40 years ago we were indebted to other countries lor cuHon, and all its varir.us fabricks. It now I'orws ^ne ol the most vril.iable of our exports. With- out enumeraling the many other articles that we once bought and now sell, and which have rendered us almost as independent di-rae.stically as politically, we notice the article ot' Leghorn hats. Within a iVw years it has been discover- ed that the material may be ol>lained on our own soil, anil nothing is waiiting hut manutac- ' tores to reniler us independent of loreiguers for this article also. The saving in a national [loint of view will be great when we su[)ply ourstlves witli this article ; hut this is not the greatest ben- efit to be derived I'rom il. It will give empiny- menl, protitable nnd pleasant, to a large class of females, now dcpFBdent 0!i Ihe nceuie, which yields a porry pittance merely for support. \'.'e are happy to learn that the manufacture of Leg- .horus has beea entered into with .spirit, and (latterin? prospects, in the interior rf New- York. Near Ithaca a Mr. Ayres rmploy, in making for his own sales, about forly person' iMany of Iheir hats are of the lines! texture, and Ihe most beautiful finish. While we hope thai Ihe manufacturers may meet with ainple en- couragement, we recommend others also to turn tiieir attention to this elegant and profitable employment. I WORMS IN H0P.SES AND OTHER A-NIMALS. The following is extracted from ./J Trca/tse on Jerminous Diseases. 4"C. By Valerian Lexais, Pr jjessor of Clvncal Medicineiii ihe UniversiVj of I'dvia. Translated from the French, viilh addi- tions, by John G. CofKn, M D. " In 1782, M. Chabert published a work on the verminous diseases of animals in Paris_ He menlions a preparation, which he considers as a perfect remedy lor all the worms which in- habit animal;. C. A. Rhudolphi, see p. 05, of that vvork, notices this article with commenda- tion, it is this, " Oleum Chaberli"' &.C. [Herej follows a j aasage in Latin, of which Dr. CotBn has given tne following translation] " ChaberCs] Oil; one part of empyreumatic animal oil is' ad.'ed to three parts of essential oil (spirit) of 'urpenline, and after standing four days, the' mixlure is distilled. No species of worms can lesisl the destruclive force of this distilled oil. ' Under the direction of the celebrated Chabert, i I have seen it cx|)el not only Ihe large and small ascarides, but taeniae also, and innumerable hepatic distomala, from a girl tw elve years old. He considers the following doses sufficiently large ; namely, lor neat cattle iVi.m two to lour ouz'ces ; tor hor.ips from one to three ounces;' for colts, calves, and sheep, one drachm; for' swine from half a drachm to two scruples; fori dfrjs, according lo their age and size, a drachm, j or a scruple, or half of this quantity. I SORB BACKS. j Major Long, in his '• Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River," lately published, says — "Our horses were sometimes chafed by the sad. Up. After having tried many application^, we found none that succeeded so well as white lead moistened with milk. After we had left the settlements sweet oil was used as a substi- tute for milk. AVhenever the application was made in the early stage of tlie wound, we have found it to be very efficacious. Two ounces of. white lead sufficed for the whole of our parly during more than a month." — Hdinp. Gazette. STEAM-ENGINE. We went this morning, by request, lo 2^b Water sireet lo look at a rotary steam-engine, invented by Mr. James of this city, and in foil operation at the stove manufactory of Messrs. James SiConnel. The power of the small en- gine we saw, (only for a moment), was employ- ed in carrying a trip hammer, lor pounding cop- per. We were much gratified with Ihe exhi- biiion, anil fecommend Ihe scientific and curi- ous lo call and view it for themselves. We shall not undertake lo describe il, as it is a task which belongs to those who are i)ractically and scientifically acquainted with such subjects. A*. Y. Statesman. DOCKING HOP.srS. A writer in Ihe American Farmer considers the practice of docking horses as injudiciou;, absurd and cruel. He says long tails are uni- versal in Spain, France and Italy, and that the Cossacks, Arabs and South Americans, who al- most live on horseback, never dock their horses. EPILEPSr. A Physician, of Tribel near Soran, has dis- covered that the root of the common wormwood, is an efficacious medicine in epilepsy . He recom- mends gathpring this plant in autnmn, drying it in the shade without being washed, and not pul- verizing il till It is wanted for use. It should be administered in the form of powder as soon assigns of Iha approach of Ihe lit are manifested. To an adult it may be given in a dose from fifty to seventy grains, in a warm liquid. After the patient has taken the medicine, he should go lo bed and cover himsell well up, and not remove from it till liie perspiration has ceased. RE'JEDY FOR HEAVED I.V HORSES. Take one pound and a half of good ginger, for a horse. Give two table spoonfuls a day — one in the morning and the other in the evening, mixt with wheat bran. Tliis receipt has been selling at go to the eastward, where the effica- cy of the above medicine has been proved in the cure of several cases of obstinate heaves. AMERICAN NAN'KEEXS. J. B. Nons of Philadelphia, has obtained a pa- lent for a receipt to make buff or nankeen col- ours, whicli, are indelible. This discovery is of great value, as we noiv can have nankeens of a cheap quality, and of American manufacture. Ths Socut^ of Middlesex Husbandmen and Man- vfaclurers. This Society have proposed premiums to the amount of more than seven hundred dollars to be awarded for the several productions and inven- tions in the county. These premiums are suffi- ciently large to call forth considerable compe- tition, and will probably give an extensive va- riety to Ihe next exhibition and annual cattle show in this place. — The premiums offered for agricultural experiments and improvements should excite attention at the present season, when hu-bandmen are in the early part of their year's labours The day tixed for the Plough- ing Match and Cattle Show is the olh of Octo- ber next. — Concord Gazette. There has been much said about the " J^ew Invention^'' for obtaining water by boring in- stead of digging wells. The following copied from '• The Literary Magazine," published ia 1803, shews that neither the invention nor the application is new. " Tlie following is recommended as a simple and easy method ol" obtaining water in almost any situation : — The ground is perforated by a borer. In the perforation is placed a wooden pipe, which is driven down with a mallet, after which the boring is continued, that the pipe may be driven still farther. In proportion as the cavity of the borer becomes loaded, it is drawn up and emptied, and in lime, by the ad- ditions of new portions of wooden pipe, ths boring is carried to any depth, acd watQC iS gecerally obtained." 350 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [May 27, NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY MORNING, MAY 27, 1825. FARnXER'S CALENDAR. INSECTS. It is now time to be on the alert (o g^iiard your garden vegetables against bugs, flies and other insects without name or number. There have been recipes tor the purpose published in this, and other agricultural works, such as de- coctions of elder, of aloes, of tobacco, snuff, quick lime, lime water, brimstone, unleache(l ashes, tar water, water impregnated with tur- pentine, plaster of Paris finely pulverized, de- coctions of walnut leaves, ami other bitter or ,-.crid substances. No doubt all these matters are useful, and may answer the purpose if ap- plied often enough. But they are liable to be washed oflf by every shower, and the insects, always on the alert, will be sure to take advan- tage of every circumstance of that kind, and will now and then take a little [>hysic rather than suffer tor lack of food. Besides some of them" ensconce themselves," as Shikespeare has it, under the leaves, where you c;int\ot at- tack them with any success. We, therefore, are inclined to think that the best, if not the only safe guard which can be relied on. in order to secure water melons, cucumbers, squ«'sbes &c. against bugs, 6ies or any insect, ivliich as- sails them above ground is some sort of fence which will exclude the insects, but admit sun, air and mnjsliirr. Perhaps nothing of the kind will be found more cheap and convenient than a thing of the form and mode of structure which follows : "Take a strip of pine boart^ (about three fourths of an inch in thickness is m»st suilal)le) eight or ten feet in length, and four or five inch- es in width — plough one edge of it, with a car- pentei's plough or match plain— then mark off an equal number of side and end pieces ; be- fore sawing the side pieces, run a brad awl fhiough where you want to drive your nails, as it is not so likely to split, as after it is sawed. The side pieces eleven inches long — ends eight inches long. They must be of this particular size, because one yard ofmillmet will just cov- er nine boxes ; or a third of a yard will make three covers. After having naifed vour boxes and ilivjded your millinet, have some thin strip? or tongues, as the carpenters call them. Press these with the edges of the covers into the groove — which fasten* them much cheaper and more expidiliously, than small nails." The al'ove directions we have republished from the N. E. F.irmer, vol. [I. pa^e ii05, lor the use of such of our readers as may not be in possession of that volume. WASFiiNr, AN-n SHEAP.iNG sHFEP, &;c. — The Farm- er's Guide says, u ;„ washing sheep, to prevent danger trom exposure, sink a tub or barrel for the person to slaml in. The water must be warm as can be had, and perfectly clean. It is necessary to keep sheep, some days previous to shearing, in a clean pastur.-, lliat their wool may imbibe some of the oil which is let bv waslinig, which will render the shearing more easy and require less oil al'leivvards." in liue weather it requires about three days to dry the wool oil the back of the sheep. The; wool of Merino sheep is rarely washed till after shear- ing, as the closeness of its texture renders the process difficult. Lemuel \V. Briggs, Esq. of Bristol, R. I. in an article published in the N. E. Farmer, vol. iii. page 271, states the advantage of shearing sheep as early as the 1st of May, as manifested by the practice of Mr. Rouse Potter, of Prudence Isl- and, Narraganset Bay, who keeps O.'iO sheep. Writers in general, however, have recommend- ed late shearing. In Dr Deane's N.E. Farmer, page 381, (Wells k Lilly's edition,) it is stated that " We shear our sheep in general tao early in this country. In England, where the spring is more forward than in this country, the ap- proved time is from the middle to the latter end of .lune." Both these authorities may be cor- rect, though apparently contradictory. If you have sheds or other shelter for your sheep, and will take care that they shall not be exposed in the opoji air to cold storms, and chilly nights, Mr Potter's practice will no doubt be best. But if they have no protection from the cold and wet, Dr Deane's is probably to be pieterred. Besides, Mr Potter does not wash his sheep be- fore shearing, which makes a great difference with regard to the proper time tor shearing. — The waters of our climate are too cold for washing sheep in Mayor the fore part of June. The judicious sheep-owner will pay attention to these circumstances, and govern himself accord- ingly. But, perhaps, it may be as ivell as soon as practicable, to construct sometliing to protect your sheep from our mutable and sometimes sftvere weather. Alexander Reed, Esq. of Wash- ington county, Penn. who has written well, and frequently on agricultural topics, says, " In onr climate 1 consider sheds indispensable. St<"ong wethers may do well without shelter; but breeding ewes and lambs cannot bear our se- vere and chflngeable winters. " We build our sheds on a simple and che:ip plan : eighteen feet I find the best width tor double stalls. We plant three rows of [>osts, the centre ones ten feet, and the outside tour feet above the surface of the ground. Where the ground is dry and firm, and on no other ought sheep to be kept, and the posts need not bo sunk more than two feet. " To save valuable young timber, we split our posts from trees from 2 to 3 feet in diameter. The po^ts need not to be much larger than those used in common post and rail fences. — Three active men make one of those sheds. 100 feet long, thatched with rye straw, in a week. We place the racks in the centre. A log ol' IS or 20 inches in diameter, split into two equal parts, answers for the bottom of a douMe rack, and a trough on each side. The trough is form- ed by nailing strips along the edges of the logs. ri-;iiigsuthciently above to prevent the food from faliiug out. P>y this plan none of the seeds of the hay are lost. 1 find about four inches from centre to centre is the best distance to place the roimds of the rack. A shed of this kind, one huniired feet long, will hold, without crowding. 'iOi) sheep ; but 150 are quite as many as should be kept in it ; as room and air are very essen- tial to their health." We should be apprehensive lest a structure ot this kinii should not he sulficifullv substanti- al to withstand the high winds with whicli we are visited in .N^ow J'.njlaiid. The posl«, however, might be larger, and the roof so strong and well secured as to be as safe as any other farm buildings. , The plun appears to us lo be judicious ; ar.d may supply useliil hints to those who may not think proper to adept it in all its details. It has been long the practice in CIreat Brit- ain to smear sheep, immediately alter shear- ing, with a mixture of tar and butter or oil. Mr. Luccock, an English writer, says, "The oil which this mixture contains is most certain- ly useful, but the tar, a dirty and tenacious sub- stance, adheres to the wool so closely as fre- quently to corrode the hair rendering the part to which it was immediately applied thin, rough •ind weak.'' But Mr. Bakewell, whose author- ity is entitled to great weight in ail agricultural questions, in a " Treatise on Wool," observes " that in Northumberland, where the fine wooled <^heep have received the benefit of?rea«iuo" with a mixture in which the pro[>ortion of tar was merely sufficient to give it due tenacity, the wool was greatly improve I by the pro- cess ; but the ignorance and se.tishness of the wool-buyers for a long time prevented the ac- knowledgement of the fact, it gives the wool a dirty appearance, and some pooplbt Spriugfitld.— Hut lilllc sheep. It is p()uruvould be enough for half a dozen sheep, in so much wat- er as \vhen it is sufliciently boiled there shall bo two or three gallons of liquor ; let it become sufficiently cool, then o])en the wool along the centre of the neck and back of the sheep, and other business has yet nccesaarily been dojn-, excepting; the appointment of the several coniniiltecs, kc. We shall endeavour lo give in future, a concise and faithful journal of their proceedings. i;0,000;. has been granted by Parliament to promote emi'^r.alion to Canada, from Ireland. In the debate [ on Ihe resolution, Mr. Hume said, he was credildy in- I formed that lii out of 20 emigrants to Canada, passed over to the United i-tales. I The British Premier lias proposed a grant of 200n?. i to Mr. MWdam, for his irnpruveaient respecting roads. ' A contract has been concluded to light the whole of the city of Dublin with gas, by the i5th September! Hext. I %*The manuscript of" Constant Reader" is mislaid. Will he favour us v%ith another copy ? irf^l^tl*" subscriber having improved a machine for! I i spinning wool, cotton, made for doutiling and ! tn istinj^ the same, on a simpje and much improved plan, I offers for sale, rights for states, couuties, towns, A:c, on with a bunch of tow or some other spmigy sub- i favourable terms. stance, put on the decoction until the skjn be- I The advantages of this Machine are such as will comes'thoroughly moistened therewith, and in recommend itself to every one who w-_in examine it. , , ,. ,7 .-1 n 11 1 I.J I Besides the iinprovenn nt in the finish and texture a short lime the tics wil all be 'lestroyed, and I -..^^ ^,^^1, ,^,,i^^ i, manufactured from varn made the shoep,.instead ot pulling out and wasting ky ,hi, ,na^,hine_it a|.o wouhl, in spinning 100 lbs. their wool, by fruitless exertions of self-defence, 'of common, or 50 or 60 lbs. of fine Wool, clear itself. will becoine easy and contented, and suffer their I For it is caUulated Ihat a nm and a half can be spun " ill a day by an ordinary spinnej, on each spindle, and as there are 10 spindles attached to the machine, it would make, l.'j run a day, or 9U runs in a week — so Ihat there would be a dilference in favour of this ma- ciiiiie, of 7f! reins a week, over the common method of spinning. It would thus require but a fortnight or thrte weeks to clear the first cost of the marhine. And any person can easily c.lculate what an immense saving ol lime anil lal'or there would be in the spinning of grtat quantilies of wool, cotton, &c. '1 bis machine recommends itself by its simplirily and tjursbility ; as well as for its cheapness. .Any person Car.d be taught how to ^pin with if, in an hour or two, so as to need no furtiier instruction. And another great advantage is, that it is not liable to get out of order. The price of the marhir.r, including the apparatus for Doubling and Twisting Yarn, is $^35. Ten spindles are a'.taihed to it, but the number can be varied, as the puicha?-cr may wish. The above machine mny be seen at the Agricultural Establishment, 108 Stale-street, where terras may be known for the purchase of the same. Tliis marhine will be in operation in one of the lob- bies of llje t'late House, for a short time, where Mr. S. will be [irescnt to give anv information. Boston. Mav 27 ' S. SLATF.R. fleece to remain lo be taken oil by the shears. We apprehend that the tar and oil niig-ht be quite as eileclive against ticks, as the decoction of tobacco ; and might, perhaps, be better as respects encouraging the growth ol the wool, and preserving the sheep against the weather. But we wish lliat those who feel an interest in a subject of sych great im|)ortance, would try bull rvcipes on. (liferent sheep, and publish the result. Lambs ofle i suffer much from ticks^«f. ler the slieep are sheared. The licks beirg, deprived of their head qti.irters on old sheep !!.'^-o/cg;/ with the lambs; aiu) the latter suffer in consequence a ■double porlion of the evils which those trouble- some and n.iusorus insects inllict on the animals they attack. i!'.;t, whether the tar ointment' r tobacco decoction are used, take care that the application goes to, and spreads etpially over the skin, instead of wetting and sme..ri.ig ihe outer e:;lreri-;ii;cs only of tiie fleece. ' New Ex'.r.-.N:) iuuseim. — We do not know ol s more r.iiional and agreeable mode of di-^pos- ing of ii ieisara liour than by sfeppina; into the New England !\i jscum, corner of Court and Market-streets. This establishment unites all t!ie rarities and curios-ilies, which belonged to ijie ibrmer Mtisi'ums in this city, and the pro- prietors have taken unwearied pains to arrange and exhibit to advantage whatever nature or art, in sportive or serious mood, have produced to delight and edify the spectator. JUST received from Holland, and lor sale at No. 4, Central Wharf, up stairs, an invoice of garden seeds, selected and put up by Van Oukerke en Van Pmnierik — consisting- of Mangel Wurtzel ; Red Beet; Early Peas ; String Beans; Short Top scarlet Radish ; Red and While Turnip do. ; Rula Baga ; while and silvery Onions, ; (arly and late Cauliflower ; Red and White E»ocoli ; Early York. Sugar Eoaf, Red & Green Savoy Cabbage ; Tennis hall > White and Dutch Let- tuce, tf. April 8 PATENT HOES- For Sale at the Agricultural Es- tablishment. 108 Slate Street, up stairs, Tlie Impvijved Dariiiiin niivrl Horned Hull A])iMI- ];.\L, and the Ilerefuidshire HuH SIR ISAAI?. THE I'rustrrs of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society will let out, upon reasonable terms, Ihe above named iniftorted animals. 'I hty were puirhasc d and presented lo Ihe Society by Admiral C oltin for the benefit of bis native slate. Reliance may be placed on the piirily of the stock. 'J'he ('alves of Admiral have proved vfYy fine. lie is now four years tild, and is on (be farm of E. H. DiCRBY, f sq. at Salem. His term will expire there the Kith of August, alter which he mav be had for fme year, in any other county. The Hf reford Bull is two years olel, — is now on Ihe farm of John Prince, ICsq. Roxbury. His term will expire on the I'ith .Inly. Any person wishing liim al an earlier period will be accommodated. They are both very gentle and fine-tempered. The slock of Ad- miral are peculiarly calculate d for the Slall anei Dairy. The Herelord breed have seimetiine-s carried prizes ia England agsinst the " Short Horns," as Beef Calllt.- ■ They arc also admirable Draught cattle, and esteemed good for the Dairy. ■ The terms will be reasonable and advantageous to the pe-rsons who shall take them fur one year, and take gooti care of them, as the great object of Ihe Trustees is to give an opportunity of crossing our native breeds under the hope of improving tlum. — For terms apply to JOHN LOWELL, or JOfL\ PRINCE, Esq. Roxbu- ry. Roxbury, May 1825. ."jO do-zen of Hine's crook neck spring tempered steel latiirt — On Wednesday last the jhoes, warranted in every respect.— The superiority of J^Jassachuielti' Legia two branches of the Legislature assembled al the Sta'e I these hoes consists in their lightness and stiength,'and House. 'JTie Hon. Nathaniel Silsbee was re chosen i ""^'"o '" "° "'^'X ''^'''^ to clog. May 27 President of the Senate, Paul Willarfi, Esq. Clerk, and '■ rpHE Subscriber, for a few years past, has been cut- John Farrie, jr. Assistant Clerk — ITie Hon. Timothy | A tivating an extensive FRUIT NURSERY. He Fuller was chosen Speaker of the House, and Pelham \ "°'"' ^'"^^ " '"''S'^ assortment of Peach Trees, budded W. Warren, Esq. Clerk. The two Houses bein- or- '' -'""^ ^\^ ^"t /■'"it '" »'« country, native and foreign, , ., , ,. . ° I in the best order for trauspiantins'. By another season ganized, they proceeded in procession, accompanied by he hopes to ofler Pkar and Cherry Tbees of the the Lieut. Coveraor, and the members of the Executive, first quality. 0. FISKE, Worcster. nELl.FQUJVDER, The Wonderful Norfolk Trotter, imported July 1822 from England, Will sta.\d this sea.son, ic25, ^it Tteenlij DoVars, and One Dollar Ike Groom, 77ie money to he paid to the Groom at Covering. rff^HlS celebrated Horse is a bright bay, with black i hxcs, standing l^handshigh ; his superior blood, symmetiy and action excel, those of every other trolling Stallion. He is allowed by the best Jutlges in Norfolk to be the fastest and best bred Horse ever sent cut of that County. He has proveel himself a sure foal getter, and his Stuck for size and substance are not to be sur- passed ; Ihry are selling at the hig'i st prices of any Horses ill Norfolk. BELLFOUNDER was got by that well known, fast and hish fo*mcd Trotter, Old Bkm.founder, out of V'eloeity. which trotted on the Norwich road, in 1(J06, Sixteen Milts in one hoiii-, and though she broke fifteen times into agallop, and as often turned rounds won her match. In 180!) she trotted Twenty eight mdes in on^i hour and forty seven minutes, and has also done mar.y other great performances against time. BEELFOUNDER, at five year? old, trotted Tuo miles in six minutes, and in the following year was matched for 200 guineas, to trot .AVnr milis in thirty minutes, and he won easily by thirty two seconds. His owner shortly after ehaliriged to perform with him Sev- enteen miles and a half in one hour, but it was not ae- cepted. He has since never been saddled or matched. Oi.D BF.i.i.For.NnEB was a true descendant from the original blood of the Fireaways, which breed of Horses stand unrivalled, either in this or any other nation. SAMUEL JAQUES, jr. Charlestown, Mass. March 11, 1825. JOHN LILLY, No. 76 Market street, corner of Court street, inanufactures and keeps constantly for sale, the following articles, viz. Superior large size blue & green silk umbrellas ; small size; do ; blue and green gingham do. various sizes ; — oiled linen do; elegant gilt and silver mounted para- sols, with star fringes, ivory handles, &c. ; Do. superior black slick do. ; low priced do. for country trade ; a complete assortment of silk hinges ; cases green & blue sinchaws ; ginghams and sarsnets; a complete assort- ment of canes, with and wilhouLswords ; white, green and red oiled ^ilk ; a complete assortment of billiard balls ; purse frames ; cups and balls ; ivory rings for children ; islet pius ; backgammon men ; frogs, &c. for tassels ; a large assortment whalebone and rattan, for bonnets, constantly on hand, by the gross or dozen ; — whalebone for stays constantly on hand, and cut to any paltern, — at the lowest cash prices. Country traders are requested to call. 44 — 12t. 352 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [May 27, MxscEz.i.Ami:s. From Ihe American Farmer. ON THE APPROACH OF SPRING. Cold winter's frosty head lies low, Hard on a bed of driven snow ; Oh, that his dreary reign were o'er. And spring were entering at the door. The wish had scarcely pass'd my lips, When from the south the maiden trips ; Hither with eager steps she hies. When stiff and cold the tyrant lies. She listens to his hideous snore, Whilst north-west winds in concert roar ; Nearer she comes with noiseless pace, And breathes upon his icy face. Her balmy breath his eyelids warm, He raises up his rugged form, And struggling to regain his power, He spouts aloft a snowy shower. The snowy shower dissolves in rain, And down the tyrant sinks again. Once more she breathes — the sunbeams play, 'Till quite subdued, he melts away ; From hill to vale he's gliding fast, And in a stream is drown'd at last. With April face of smiles and tears. No more his iron grasp she fears ; Gaily she carols forth her song. Whilst early birds around her throng. With hyacinths her head I's crown'd, shedding delicious fragrance round ; And violefs, with their rich perfume, Around her neck in clusters bloom — Her cheeks display the blushing rose, Carnation on hi'r lips repose, Sweet piai-j upon her bosom rest And hearfs-ease lie within her breast ; Of brightest green her robe is tinged. With , /onjuf/f and with tulips fringed — The iady slipper, gay and neat. Seem made for Cinderella's feet ; Striped rtbband-^nss these sandals lace, And mod-..'^t thrift her ancles brace; And daisies quilled in triple row, Hang "on her light fantastic toe" — Bright silver bells her footsteps prin4, "Her very step has music in't" A golden rod is in her hand, More gifted than Frospero's wand ! At every step she onward takes Some living thing is roused and wakes — 'J'he lilac blooms Avithin its reach, ['ortli bursts the blossom of the peach ; The naked crocus lifts its bead. Cold shivering from its leafless bed — With haste the yellow daffodil Throws o'er her neck a golden frill ; And pale nnrcr.isiis, Ovid's theme, i^eaves the lov'd shadow in the stream ; And lowly periwinkles run, BloomiTig without a summer's sun And glittering butter-cup, that throws Its yellow dust upon your nose ; And on side-saddles gaUy ride Fair-maids-of- France and London-pride ; Blue-bells from Scotland hither rome. And with the shamrock find a home ; And snow-drop pluck'd from Russian bear, And nethlehem star, to christians dear All rise to deck the virgin's bower. Fresh glittering with an April shower. Longevity.— Thore ;ire now living in Char- lotte County, near ihe Campbell line, two per- sons, Alexander Berkley anj his wife. Beriiley is now in his llSlti ytar, ;ind his wife io her 107lh. Mr. Berkley wa? horn in .Scotland, iind served in ihe British army under the Duke of Marlborough, in the reia;ti of Quren .Vnne. After the dealh of his (^ueen, he eniif^r.iled lo America, and served again in Ihe armv ofEug- land under General Wolfe, and tvai at Quebec ^h had gradually taken possession of his hearers. The doctor immediately stopped 1 short, and changing his lone of voice, cal'ed lut to Lord Lauderdale three times. His lor.lsbip standing up, " My lord," said South, wih .jieat composure, "1 am sorry to interrupt your repose, but 1 must beg of you, that you will not ~iiore quile so loud, lest you awaken his maje'tv !" MEAP.=' 'mproved Patent Ox Yokes. Sa:in Gauze Handkerchiefs, Belt Ribb.ns, ^-c. QULNCY TUFTS, HNo. 88, Washington-street, AS received per WilIiam-&-Heury, Elegant Satin Slripe Gauze Hdkfs. ; Zclas do. ; Me- rino Points and Indispensables ; Belt Ribbons and Mobair Belts ; Gimp Trimmings ; Pippings ; Chcnells and Kolio Cords ; Fancy liullons ; Rosettes and Silk Frogs ; green Gauze Veils; brown Satin Ril'bons; superior black Pilk \'liiid Fastenings, ies to match. :ie Cranks, wilh friction rollers. - t/6 as above — i hresliing Machine, or the right of using the -jc towns or counties. TERMS OK THE FARMER. CcJ^rubli^ihed every Friday, at Three Doi.ijirs per annum, payable at the end of theytar— but those who pay within sixty days from the time of subscribiui will be entitled to a dedoction of Fikty Cukts. I NEW ENGLAND FARMER. P ibli^hed by JOHN B. RUSSF.LL, at the cornprofCon^ivss am! I.indall Sdrets, (Six doors finm thi' Post Offin-') Boston.— THOMAS O. FK,3Pr.NDF,N, K.uiTOR VOL. III. FRIDAY, JUNE 3, 1»25. JNo. 45. COXamVNXCATZON. •10 THE EniTOR OF THE NEW LNGLANt) FARMER. Lenox, May 21, 1825. Mr. Fessknde.s- — If yon think Ihe following f^tiiior(!iniii7 age and tecundity of a n:»tive sheep, will inlcres.t any ol your numerous pal- 1 Diis v"u can insert it. The fnlJowing is a (rue cop}' of Ihe cerdfi- cate. as handed me, (at my re(|uesl) hj Col. Vatlian BarrKlt, a noighhoiir of mine. CHARLES MATTOON. " Cha?. Mattoon, Esq: I hereby certify, that I have owned a nalire ewe sheep, foi tlie space of nineteen years, lacking a few days; having retained her usual vigour for seventeen years. But in the fall of 1822, I observed for the first time, and with no small degree of interest, that she had slackened her pace, and went in the rear instead of front, which she continued to do for one year. Alter which, having near- ly lost the use of her eyes and teeth, 1 took fry, and that many have been assimilated in their hahils to iheir newly adopted climate, an made i'rom the exfire.^sed juice ofsweet apples. When thnrouirhly fermented, and kept for a few years it become-^ (it for use. The blackberrv of our fields, and the raspberry and current of our gafciiens, afford likewise a;i agreeable and wholesome wine, when pressed and mixed with certain proportions of sugar and water, and a little sjiirit to counteract the disposition to ex- cessive fermentation. It is no objection to these cheap and home made wines, that they are un- lit for use till they are two or three years old. The foreign wines in common use in our coun- try, require not only a much longer time to bring them to perfection, but to prevent their be- ing disagreeable even to the taste." From Transac/iovs of Ihe Highland Society of Scotland. Preparation recommended for the destruction of Insects, and the Pickling of Seed Wheat. By Mr William Pope of Gartymore, near Holms- dale, county of Sutherland. " Hitherto it would appear that no effectual remedy has been discovered to check the des- truction of tlie srrub and catterpiilar vermin, which in orchards and Kilchen gardens occasion so much loss to the industrious garilencr. The follovving preparation is humbly recom- mended as a valuable remcdv to vanquish, if not entirely to exterminate all the tribe of vermin that prove so injinious lo the industry of those who cultivate ihe soil : Take tobacco" '^lave.-; and cut them small, and make a strcft^ iafusian of them in hot writef poured upon them in a large tub. The infusion must not be boiled m that would carry off in Steam a great part of the most valuable princi- ple, the essential oil of the tobacco. When this infusion i.s cold, dissolve in it one or two jjounds of common gum-arabic; when the arabic is dis- solved, a pound or more of finnv of sulphur may be added, particularly if the infusion is intended to give a smart washing to wall iVuit trees. It is humbly conceived that the month of Jan- uary, [the latter part of February or March in this country,] if the weather is soil, is Ihe best season for the application of this infusion to wall fniit-trees, and to all kinds of goose-berry and cuir.int bushes, previously pruning all bush- es, and weeding clean round the stems. Some days after washing with a walering-pot, or gar- den engiire, it would be beneficial to (jrepare a proportion of the infusion with an additional quantity of ihe gum-arabic, to be applied with a brush Jo the stems of the bushes, at least for a foot above the ground. The air of the atmos- phere will generally keep the gum moist; and any vermin that may rise from the earth will be arrested by Ihe gum, and the tobacco will kill them effectually. There is one species of grub that never quits the ground till he be- comes a kind of butterfly. This species des- troys cabbao-es and cauliflowers, by attacking the roots about an inch under the surface of the earth. It would therefore be proper, before these vegetables are hoed up [earthed up,] to give a small portion of the infusion ♦<> eacii plant from a tin tea-kettle. Ami it is tnrtlier recom- mendeil, when these plants are taken up to be transplanted, that their roots should be put in the infusion a few minutes before they are dib- bled into the earth. It is wonderful how much this iniusion promote? the vigour of vegetation, where it gels to t!ie i-oolsofany plant. A'ipers, tvliich ■.\vf. common in England snd the south of Scotland, will soon forsake gardens in which the said infusion is used I'reeiy ; and the essential oil of tobacco, if ap|)lied to the jnoulh of a viper, upon the lip of a small rod, till he biles at the rod, will kill the reptile to a rerlainty. This oil »vill kill liie most poisonous snakes of warm climales. The tobacco leaf yields a considerable quan- tity of essential oil, which is readily obtained by smoking tobacco in a tube nii>ple glass. The oil will condense in the bulb of the nipjile glass ; and it is so extremely caustic, that il will des- troy the epidermis where it touches tl;i; human skin. It is peculiarly gralifving lo obsetve that the said infusion with gum arabic* and flour of sul- phur will be found a most iniport.mt article to the farmer in the pickling of wheat or barley seed; and it is not necessary that the grain should be iu the liquor above half an hour. The grain should be put in the infusion in large tubs; and when taken up put in bag«, and the bags suspended above the tubs till the infusion is en- tirely drained off. As soon as lht> liquor islully drained off, let tlie seed-corn be spread upon canvas-sheets in the sun anil air if dry weather; but otherwise on sheets on the barn lloor. — When spread on sheets lo the quantitv of I'nnr fcushels, sprinkle over it two [lounds of tine flour of sulphur, anr sowing. The destructive ground grut) will not I'leely attack any seed pick- led with this infusion, -.uhI the spring it gives lo vegetation is astonishing. — >«it6>~- Frorn Ike Vtrtnonl Journal. DAIRYING. Mr Editor — 1 have been so well pleased with the idea of a dairy, or milk room, the plan of which was recently described lo rae, tiiat I am induced to m.dve it public. The shelvps are so constructed as lo admit the immeision of a milk (lan in cold water, nearly lo the top resembling a slialluw trough. By the advantage of loialion, the water isconslaiil- ly running from a s|)ring, jnto one end of ihe .s|»*ll' and off at the other, and may easily he con- ducted frojnehelflo=lielf, through a Mrlude room. The conse<]uHnce is the milk keeps perfectly sweet, iu the warmej-t season, until the cream is all risezi. which 1= in a short limp, — of course the bultt^r will lie sweet. JVow is there not hun- dreds of plac-vs thai would admit of ihe same im- provement with Iritllng expctice, nhich would be rel"und?:d lour fold in one seas,";i. And, sir, I will add n line from my own expe- TiiJTice iu ciiurniUjj. Be sure to put in sullicien! * The principal nse of the gum-arabic ielo carry the i-)...;' oisiili)liiir into th<; sail a'.lachcd to the seed. of new milk to make your cream very thin : viz. put in equal or even double the quantity of milk, that you do cream ; ihe consequence is, your but- ter is brought with less than half the labor, or time, and less liable to be white or striped, as Ihe mess will be all the time thin, moves easy, and if it spatters np, it immediately runs down, so that the whole gels equally moved, and all changes at once to butler. A LOVER OF coon BUTTER. ll'eaihersfitid, J'l. 1825. DROWNING. Ahlhod of rendering Assistance to Persons in Dan- ger of DroTun ing. This desirable object appears altainahle by Ihe use of a man's bat and pocket handkerchiet", (which being all the apyjaratu- necessary) is lo be used thus ; Spread the handkerchief on the ground, and place a hat, with the brim down- wards, on the middle of the handkercliief ; and then lie the handkerchief round the hat as yon would tie up a bundle, keeping the knots a* near Ihe cenlre of the crown .-.s may be. Now, by seizing the knots in one band, and keeping the opening of the hut upwards, a person, without knowing" how to swim, ma}', learlessly, phmge into the water with what may be necessary to save Ihe life of a fellow-creature. If a person should fall out of a boat, or the boat upset by going foul of a cable. Sic. or should he fall off Ihe quays, or indeed fill into any tva- ter from which he could not extricate himself, but mn^t wail some little time for assistance, had he presence of mind enough to whip off his hat, and hold it by the brim, placing his lingers wilh- inside the crown, and hold it so, (lop downwards) he would be able, by this method, lo keep hi>' month well above water till assistance should reach him. It often hafipens Ihat dang-eris des- cried long before we are involved in the peril, and time enough lo prepare Ihe above melliod ; and a courageous pifrson would, in scveainstan- ces out often, apply lo them with sucocs> ; and travellers, in fording rivers at unknown fords, or where shallows are deceitful, might make use of these methods wilh advantage. Method of recovering Persons apparently dr(j'j:ned, as recommended by the Humane Society. Let those who first discover an unfurlunate object in this situation, remove it to some huuse near, place it by the fire, and begin by rubbing it »vilh salt, volatiles, &c.- and warm flannels, the head a little elevaled ; never attempting giving anv thing by the moulh till signs of re- covery strongly ajipear, and let the person be kept from a crowd of people around him. The idea that the stomach i« full of water, and thus obviates recovery, is very erroneous and prej- udicial, as it is now fully and clearly established, that the respiration being impeded i§ llio sole cause of the suS()en*ion of life, and wliicli being restored, the vital functions soon recover' iheir tone ; and men are frequently lost from Ihe ab- surd custom of rolling on casks, lifling llie feet over the shoulders, and Ihe head falling on the ground. FLAX. Il is a common objection against the rullure of flax, that it is a very uncertain crop. With poor husbandry this may be the ca!c ; but thai ! a greater degree of uncertainty attends the t.uh- I tng of this than most other crops, i am not di.«- jpo-el to admit. I will briefly stale the result of my observation on this subject. — On soil, of which clay and slate constitute large proportions, I do not recollect of ever failing to obtain a good crop. On sandy loam, I have usually had no success. From land of the former description, I once raised tVom 12 quirts of sowing, nearly 200 lbs. ot cleaned flax. Last season the amount obtain- ed from 24 qls. ofseed was 310 lbs. No manure was used in either case, though the lar.d was much worn. Flax iloes not appear lo require the richest soils; if manure is treely applied to flax ground, a rank growth is the effect, which greatly injurss the crop. Snilable soil.^, iVe- quent and deep ploughings, and early sowing-, will, in most cases, insure success. — Uiica pap. Rrmarti by the Editor o/the.Xnr England Fannt-. We believe Ibit a proporticn of rlay in the soil is ss nectssary for ivheat as it is for flax. A sandy loatn will answer well for Indian com and for turnips, aovt »ive for a year or two a good growth of clover. Hut vrfheat req^uires clay as well as lime, or subitances ia which clay and lime are constituent parts. Prognostication of a change of lalnd. — A writer ill a late number of the Philnsnphical Magazine says— "Having frequently amused myself on fine evenings in summer with a ver'y large paper kite, in order to watch the different cu"r- reols of wind in the air, I ha»i occasion lo notice the following curious fact, — ih.it when a kite on riounling very high acquired a different di- rectinn from gelling inlo a difl'erenl current of air, the wind usually blew from the same quar- ter on the earth's surface before the expiralioa of 21 hours. — Thus the changes of wind seem to take place in the higher regrioos of the air and are prnpag.ited downwards. I have con- ; firmfd Ihis e>.'periment and cslabtished the fact, {by the use. of small air balloons, but ihe kit? ] ans'.vors llie [>urpcse quite as ivel!.'' As tea contains volatile parts that should be j preserved, and in w hich ils neltcr qnalilies ex :sl { the tea-pot should be handed lo each person on a I tray with cu|)S and sugar; for when made out of the room, all its reviving spirit has etajiorated before il re.iches Ihe gii?;sl. It is not Ihe biller- nr-.ss l.u! ihe fragrance of lea that is cheering. ; When the infusion has once been compleled, it [ is found that any further addition of the herb only affords a very small increase of strengih, the water having cooleil, much below the boil- ir-.g point, and consequently acting very slight- ly ; therefore it is belter to make /'resh lea in a second vessel, than to add it lo the exhausted and cool leaves. — Phillips's History of Cultica- ttd Vegetables. The fnllowinj account of an economical method of obtaining gilatine from bonos, as practised in Paris, was comnuinicatcd to the editor of the "Amtrican Journal of Science," by Mr. Isaac Uoolittle, in a letter dated Paris, 16lh Msy, 1C18. ' A few days since 1 visited Ihe very interest- ing estabUshincnt of M. R.oberl, for ihe exlrac- lion of Ihe gelatinous mailer from hones. The' bones used for this pur['0se are those only which answered no useful purpose (exccjil for the fab- 1825.J NEW ENGLAND FARM Eli. 355 rication of phosplinnis or :\mrtioniac) before this discover V, such ;aiis the sieve, is of great use in cleaning wc.i<;t- the animal, is covered by his long hair. In co- : ed curtains, tapestry, carpels, or other coarse lour, it resembles the fur of a mouse, and in feel I goods. The mucilaginous liciuor will clean all andcomposition, is precisely similar to the fur of sorts of silk, cotton, or woolen gooiN, without continent, were mentioned in the report of a Society at the nr former meeting. The seeds have been given to | g \i „„., pg^ol two farmers, from whose care and attention the greatest possible success may be expected. i^. Three tried and approved veterinary re- ceipts, by Mr. Roiiverl, ol Gloucester county. New Jeisey: one for the heaves in horses, one for the snuffles in sheep, and one for the cure of the poisonous effects in sheep and coivs, of the plant epigaea repens, a specimen of which was sent by Mr. Rouvert to the meeting in ,\pril. It appears that the deleterious quality of the plant resides in the blossom, which dies about the 15lh May. The remedy consists in a strong solution of salt and water. :'.. A note from Mr. Carey, with two letters tj) liini irom Mr. Brown, Minister of the United Stiles in France, stating that the owner of 400 tine sheep of the New Leicester breed, and re- sident in Normandy, wished (o dispose of some of them to the (armers of thiscountrj'. Apiece of the pelt of one of the sheep with the wool at- tached, was sent hy Mr. L!., and presented to the society. M'he wool is heautit'ully white, finely po- lished, SLM en inches long, (of course adapted for worstiMrsIiifli;) and hangs in waving ringlets. Un- lortiinately, the name of the proprietor of the stock, and the price of the sheep, not heinsr position, IS I the South American Vicuna — like that it is em- ployed in the manufacture of hats in England, where it sells for a high price. See further par- ticulars in Mr. Keating's "Narrative of the Ex- pedition to the Source of St. Peter's River," vol. 2, p. 65. 7. Mr. Vaughan presented an elegant glass churn, about the contents of a gallon. It was placed in the hands of a memtier for the purpose of an experiment, and to report the result to the ^xt meeting. re.solved to offer a premium of a gold medal, value 50 dollars, to the person who shall have carried on larming in Pennsylvania, on the largest scale, without using, or suffering to be used on his property, any ardent spirits, ex- cept when prescribed by a physician, for the pe- riod of two years. It was also resolved to offer a silver medal to the farmer who, previously to the first of .January 1327, shall have made in Pennsylvania, the most extensive ami succeesful experiment on the use of fish as a manure. IIURAI. ECONOIMEY. [pRKfARED FOR THE N. E. FARMER.] TO MARK SIll'.EP WITHOUT I.NJURV TO THE WOOL. To thirty spoonfulls of linseed oil add two ounces of lamp black ; unite them together by boiling, and maik the sheep therewith. TO PREVENT MOTHS IN FUR OR WOOLENS. Siirinkle the furor woolen stuffs, as well as the drawers or boxes in which they are kept, with spirits of turpentine ; the unpleasant scent of which will speedily evaporate, on exposure ofthe stuffs to the air. Some persons place " sheets of paper, moistened wilh spirits of tui TO CLEAN SILKS, W0OLi:.\S, &.C. The following recipe is rccominnnded as a method of cleaning silk, woolen and cotton good<<, without damage to the texture and colour ofthe mentione.l, a direct application to him cannot be , ppntine, over, under, or between pieces of clolh made. Inlormalion on both those heads may be! ^^ ._,„,) (j^^j j, ^ ^ery effectual method. It is obtained from Mr. Crown. I said likewise, that if you put a piece of camphor ■4. An account hy Mr. Carey ofthe utility of j^ _., linen bag,, or some aromatic herbs, in the salt in increasing the production of grass. Three drjuvers among linen or woolen clothes, no in- and a hall bushels to the acre were strewed, six .^pcls will injure them. Snuff or stems or leaves years since, upon a piece of land which appear- of tobacco are recommended to be applied in a ed to be much out of heart; the produce was gin,ii;,r ,v,^y ,o (he same purpose. greater than he ever had before, and continued ' to give satisl'action for four years. Two years since he put on the same quantity, with precise- ly the same effect. The appearance of the grass, notwithstanding the long drought this spring, is equal to most he has seen in the vicinity of Pliil- adelphia. The growth of the (ield in which S""^*"- the experiment was made, consists of red clover and nalural green grass, (poa viridis.) 5. Observations on the means of relieving the accidents and diseases to which farmers are par- ticularly subject, by Dr. Mease, part the first. The subjects trc;iled of are, I Su/ijdc incixeil wouiida ; 2. Punctured -founds, f.iom nails, splin- ters and thorns, and the terrible consoipience of them ; 3. Tetanus, or lock-jaw ; 4. Dt/sentery- The projicr treatment in the first instance, and to prevent the alarming effects which sometimes follow, and of the full formed disease, are given, with the means ol checking the progress ofthe last mcalioned common, and fatal epidemic. 6. Mr. Keating, Secretary of the Society, pre- sented a spefiimen nf the wool wflhe American Bison, from the Red River, ofLake Winnepeck. Grate raw potatoes to a fine pulp in clean water, and pass the liquid matter through a coarse sieve into another vessel of water ; let the mixture stand still till the tine while parti- cles of the potatoes are precipitated ; then pour the mucilaginous liquor from the fecula, and (ireserve the liquor lor use. The article to 1)0 cleaned shouhl then be laid on a linen cloth on a table, and, having provided a clean sponge, dip the S])onge into the potatoe liquor, and ap- ply to it the article to be cleaned, till the dirt is perlcctly separated ; then wash it in clean wa- ter several times. Two middle-sized potatoes will be sufficient for a pint of water. The while sediment will make an useful and nourishing food with soup or milk, or serve to make starcU or hair-pywder. The course pulp, which does not tton, or woolen goods, hurting the colour ; it may also be used in cIimh- ing oil paintings, or furniture that is soiled. — D.nied wainscots may be cleansed by welling :) sponge in this liquor; then dipping it in a lilllc line, clean sand, and at'lerwards rubbing the wainscot with it. FOR I.MFROVINO COFFEE. To valetudinarians «nd others the followino' method of making coffee for breakfast is recom- mended. Let an ounce of fresh ground coffee be put into a clean coffee [lot, or other proper vessel w(dl tinned ; pour a pint and a (piarler ol liuil- ing water upon it, set it on the lire, let it boil thoroughly, and afterwards put it by to settle. This should be done the night before you wish to use it, and on the lollowing morning pour off' the clear liquor : add to it one pint of clear milk set it again over the lire, but do not let it boil. Sweetened to every person's taste, coffee thus made is a most wholesome and agreeable break- fast, summer or winter, with toasted bread and butter, rusk, biscuits, &c. This process takes off that raw acidulous and astringent quality ofthe coffee, which m:ikes it often disagree wilh weak stomachs. It should not be drank too warm. /■English publication. IMPROVED METHOD OF IMPROVING THE COFFEC REV En AUK. To an ounce of coffee add a common tea-spoon- ful ofthe best (lour of mustard seed, previous to the boiling. To those unacquainted with the method, it is inconceivalile how much it improve« the fragrancy, (ineness, transparency, and grate fully quick flavour r)f the lieverage, and proba Illy, loo, it adds to its wholesomeness. — lhi« in- 1 1 (Illy III'JI- Dkau Sir,— Whilst »vc an- .ilTmiiu; liis'li l'"' • miiim-' ("or crops, llie atlcntiou oloiie of our nu. I Z.Mlo.is ami int.-lliRcnt moinl).>rs, has bfcii l^r- luiialol.v ilirecU'il U> iho .letcclion, anil ri-m-Mh oflh' various diseases, to which vvhoal isi '-x- po«U(l. To his aucccssl'ul hilioiirs ami lescarfh, we are imleht.-il lor Ihfi hest .'xvosition ol Iho modes of attack, ami ni'ans ol (h-ilniciioii, ol tho I'ormidahlc nicmv to th.' sroil sla|.h' ol our stale— the llossiaii-lly. I ha\.' hi-cn led hy Mr. VVortirs success, lo turn mv all'Milioii to Hip iu- iuri.;s which the plant next in inii.ortance, ifnot tirst in our system of husl.andry, is exposed l>y the ravaos.sible lo w.ilk either up or down it 'I'hey were securing il fiom depredation while I w.is there, in Ihe followni!; niaouei : having ni.ide the slope smooth and even, and begin- ning at Ihe bollom, Ihev pinned down, hori/on Lilly, fascines, aboul II leet bmg, and prnliiibly ilioiil S inches in dinmeli c, wilh willow slii'ks iVom ■,' to an inch in cliameler, and iibonl ?', or ;i feel in lenglh. These were selected young, smonlh and green, mi that lliey woultl lake root at llie same lime as they fastened down the fascines. This being done;, ihe wh'>le surface of the foscincs was covered wilh about 1 inches thick of a good slifl clay, so us complelely lo cov(M' Ihe fascines that Ihicknes* and leaving Ihe ends of the willow piiis lli.it fanhuiitd them ilinvn, siickiii;.( out alioul :! or 1 inches. This work being done in llii- fall, winter, or early in the spring, will sin.ure Ihe willow slicks taking root below, and above ihe fascines— and, il appears lo me, will eoniph-lely secure Ihe snr- laC(; from wa-ihing away by common occurren- ces. They certainly had there Ihe advanliige of an excellent cl.iy. Il appears lo me, Iheri^- fore, that Ibis meihod of securing a b.ink, may probably answer the purpose of your iinpiir- ing correspoiidi.iil. It is at least well worth liyiiig, and the best I can Ihink of. Il miisl be (d)served, Ihat your correspondent wishes also for trees that will ail'nrd a uhelter from certain winds ; but I would advise to plaiil no I, ill trees, except it were on, or very near the lop of the bank — for in Ibis silualion, should a high wind blow Ihem down, llie injury lo the bank is nol likely lo bo so great at ihe lop as at Ilii; bollom. Anolhcr thing well worthy of observation, is Ibis — that if ibe genlleman could procure for ihe pini, osit:i\ (^willnw vt.r.tl for Innkft inukiinf,) this security to bis bank iniglil In; attendeil with a»oni<;e of considerable prolil, for il is every where a valuable iirliclc. I do not know wb<'tlii:r il can be prociiriul convenienlly in your part of the world ; but, allhough I liav(! not minJi of it, I am very willing logive a lillle of what I have, to geiiilecnen who will nlliinl mc the means of sending Ihe cullings at any time in fall, winter, or spring. Coinmunicalioiis Ihiongb your pajier, or diieeily (o lWi{jiustttgc paid^) I would allend lo with pl'^asurn. I am, very rcspoctfiilly, JJear sir, Your obedient scrv'l, N, H. Friivn, llie tVorcctler MC^ii. INGENIOUS INVENTION. poNcs, render iheiii liable to bo impiiir''d iinil ilisordeuni in use. 'i'his pari of Mr Siiwyor'o iiivenllon alVoids parllcnlar pleasure lo Ihe oli> server as nut being subject to eillier of ihesii dlllicullies. The whole macliine is but five feet in li'iiglli and ihree in breiidlb, and I" pul in mollon b\ u wilier power, less by one foiiilh Ihiiii Ihat ne- cessary lo Inrn Ihe common grain nulls. — Th> great economv of limber, Ihe nealiie««, iind su- perior dili'iilillilv of Miiived slilngli'M, over llioKO niaiiufaclured by li.iiid, as well iih Ihe reilucell prices III wbic h liny can be iillcuded, in i'oiiho. ipience ol Ihe gieiil i-aving ol lime .mil labor, iirr gidal nnil-'inporliiiil lecomniendiiliens of Ihe Mil- chines for llieir prodiiclion, iiiid iiiud bung llieiii iillo general iinil exlensivo use. \V TAIMMKIJ. FRIDAY, .lUNK U, UViU. FARTCSn'S 0AI.]3NDAn. ('■iillurr iif I'liliiliii.i, liiihou Ciiriiy J\-r, — Your crops of the abovemenlioned, and oilier Vegolii Ides, which compose Iho staple coinmiiililien of ibe I'armei, b'lng now duly plaiiled, the iillor ciilliiie leipiires .illeiilion. Wo will fimt pay a lillle iillenlioii In Ihe rolaloe. The root does nol slrikedoi'p iiilo llio ourlh ; but extends ii cerlain disliinco pisl lienDiitli Ihn siirliice. Ifplanled loo dee|i, or if loo iiiiiclt earth be drawn aboul it in liilling yon may iii- creatie lh<; liiiniber of polaloen in I'licli hill ; hut lli(!y Will be small, for Ihey will form new sou at each time llii^y are enrlhed up in nncli ii iniin- ner as to pl.ice iheni below Iheir naliiriil posi- tion, and these new sels will nol iipiui In limn lo harvest them. The lulls iihould be iiiiide wide but not high, mid level or ii lillle concavo III dishing lo reliiiii Ihe lUtwx and rains. Twice, will probably be oflen enough lo hoe Ihem for liie jiiirpoHe rif foriniiig llie hill , bul if llie soil Im inli;nled wilh weedn, you Mlllsl pull or <;ilt llieiii np, at least uf'tun cnoiigii to prevent their ((oinjf to seed. Dr. Deane says, " As soon as Ibe rows of pola- loe plants iirc grown lo the lieighl ol lour or livo inches ubovo the mirface, or curlier, il lliit ground bo weedy, Ihe ciillivalor, wilh two mould boards, should be passed between Iheiri as deep as om.' horse can draw it. l''or want ol ciillivalor, a common light plough i.hoiild g<* We liave recenlly had an op[iorturiily ofeii- and reliiin in an inlerval, luiniog Ibe earth at amining a model of a machine for Ihe purpo of Sawing Sliingbrs, invenled by Mr. .)amecal Jlisearch. — the Legislature of South- Carolina haf ;iii;horized Professor Vaniixem to make a geological sirrvty, with a view to ascertain Lht fornia- tions of the soil of that slate. Such a coiimussioii re- flects credit on the authority in which it orjinatcd. Were Ihe example thus set hy South Carolina to be universally followed hy the other states, the advan- tages wonid be soon visible. We should thus be pos- sessed of accurate information, which would he equally valuable to those who labour on Ihe surface of the earth, and those who descend into its bowels ; both to the husbandman and the mineralogist. Kvery statu- might possess a museum, containing a full and interest- ing collection of the minerals, contained within its lim- its ; and duplicate spi ciniens might be sent to the mu- seum in this city, where we might thus see at once the whole geological and niineralogical chiraclcrof the Union, 'i'he gentleman who has been appointed to make this survey intends to perform a part of his task during the present summer, so as to take in the districts of Pendleton, Greenville, Spartanburg, York, and the upper part of Abbeville. — Ibid. Emigration to IXny/i. — The government of Hayti has given notice, that al"ter the 15th of June next, no al- lowance whatever will be made as expenses lor the pas sages of emigrants ; and all captain? and masters of ves- sels are desired to take notice accordingly. This resolu- tion is said to have been taken on account oi the base speculations that have been practised by some of the emigrants themselves, and by foreign agents of vessds. Conniclicul River. — " The Connecticut flows about three hundred miles between Vermont and New Hamp- shire ; it flows about sixty miles in Massachusetts — about eighty miles in the State of Connecticut. From its month to New York is about 100 miles. From Hartford to New-York the common coasting passage is about 30 hours. From Hartford to the head of boating. Wells river landing, 10 or 12 miles above Haverhill corner, the dis- tance is about ICiJ miles. Here a rapid is at present impassable : but abovt it the Connecticut is said to have no obstruction m its passage through rich mead- i — Rochester (jV. Y.) paper. The route of the great canal through the state of Ohio to lake Erie, has been determined upon by the conimissiiners. It is to run through the Tuscarawas valley and enter the lake at Cleaveland.— The differ- ence of expense in favor o<" this route is said to be $285- OOO. The cer.-mony o{ breaking ground is fixed for the 4th of July nest. 3-1 miles 40 mi.'LS " 2o miles " ]■) miles " 40 miles " 1 hese obslrurlio A late arrival at Salem has brought news from India lo the 4th o( February. The Uritisb army was advanc- ing slowly towartls the capitol of Ihe Birinese I-'nipire. and aj-tpeatances indicated that it would be added to ibe other enormous jiossessions of the Hritish in India. I'he city of Manilla in the I'hili[ipine Islands had sutTer- ed greatly by an earthquake, which happenid on the last ofOctobtr. Several churches, one of the bridges over the river, and many prixate houses were destroy- ed. 'I'he military barracks were thrown down, audi the troops had to encamp on the plains, .\bout 1 miles from Manilla the i arth opened with a tremendous ex- plosion, and shortly alterwards shoals of dea'l fish were seen floating down the river into the sea. The town was quite deserted. The earthquake was followed by a hurricane, which unroofed many of the houses, which had escaped the earthquake, and blew down the en- campment of the troops. Six vessels in the roads were stranded. Gen. La Fayette. — The steam boat Mechanic, in which Gen. La Fayette was a passenger, was lost in the Ohio river in the night of the Cth of May. The General and Ihe other passengers were saved in the vawl. The General slates that among the pajiers he lost by the steam boat accident, were ill his letters to be answered, and a number of answers, wliicli he had prepared during twelve days' navigation. Capt. Hall, who commanded th'' steam-boat, in his attention to save his passengers, left his secretary, containing $13- (10 in the boat, which was sunk. The snag was con- cealed some distance below the surface, more than oO yaids from the shore. The General has published a card in the Louisviile paper, in which he says " I ea- gerly sieze this opportunity of doing justice to Capt. Hall's conduct; and acknowledge my personal obliga- tions to him." A letter from the General reci ived in Philadelphia says" He expected to be at Pittsburg the 2bth or 29lh of May ; and in Boston, by the way of Albany, the 16th of June ; — in New-York the 4th of July ; — to go thence to Washington to take leave of the President and other friends and to sail for ?"" ranee on the 15th of August. Crnps. — The fine rain we had last week has given vegetation a fresh start ; and oar farmers generally, are sali>fied thai the prospect of heavy crops, will be real- ized. Doyleslov:n {Pa.') 'J'iie Improved Durham Short Horned Bull ADMI- RAL, and the Herefordshire Bid! SIR ISAAC. ri^HE Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural M- Society will let out, upon reasonable terms, the above named imported animals. T hey were purchased ami presented to the Society by Admiral Coilin for tlae benefit of his native stale. Reliance may be placed on the purity of the stock. Ths Calves of -\dmirai have proved very fine. He is now four years old, and is on the farm of F.. H. Derby, F.sq. at Salem. His term will expire there the ICth of .\ugust, after which he may be had for one year, in any other county. 'i'he Hireford Hull is two years old, — is now on the farm of John Prince, Ksq. Roxhury. His term will expire on the 12th Jul}'. Any person wishing him at an earlier period will be accommodated. "They are both very gentle and fine-tempered. The stockof Ad- miral are peculiarly calculated for the 6'/aH and jDairy. I The Herelord breed have sometimes carried prizes in F.ngland agsinst the " Short Horns," as Beef Cuttle. — They are also admirable Dravghl cattle, and esteemed good (or lUe Dairy. Ihe terms will be reasonable and advantageous to the persons v.'lio shall lake them for one year, and take good care of them, as the great object of the Trustees is to give an opportunity of crossing our native breeds under Ihe hope of improving them. — For terms apply to JOHN LOWI'.LL, or JOHN PRINCE, Fs:q. Roxhu- ry. Ro.Tbury, May 1825. JUST received from Holland, and for sale at No. 4, Central \\ harl, up stairs, an invoice of garden seeds, selected and put up by Van Oukerke en Van Emmerik — consisting of Mangel Wurtzel ; Red Beet; Early Peas ; String Beans ; Short Top scarlet Radish ; Red and While Turnip do. ; Ruta Baga ; white and silvery Onions,; early and late Cauliflower ; Red and White Brocoli ; Early York, .Sugar Loaf, Red & Green Savoy Cabbage ; Tennis ball ; While and Dutch Let- tuce, tf. April 8 THE subscriber having improved a machine for spinning wool, cotton, made for doubling and tw isting tiie same, on a simple and mnc h improved plan, offers for sale, rights for states, counlLts. towns, &c. on farourablo terms. '1 he advantages of this Machine are such as will recommend itself to every one who will exanniie il. Besides the improvement in Ihe finish and textijre of the cloth which i" inanufactured from yarn made by this machine— it also would, in spinning 100 lb;, of common, or 50 or CO lbs. of fine Wool, clear it'oclf. For it is calculated that a run and a half can he snuu in a day by an ordinary spinner, on each spindle, and as there are 10 spindles attached to the maihine, il would make 15 run a day, or 00 runs in a week — so that there would be a difference in favour of this ma- chine, of 78 runs a week, over the common method of spinning. It would thus require but a fortnight o'- three weeks to clear the first cost of the machine. And any person can easily calculate what an immense savin;; of lime and labor there would be in the spinning of great quantities of wool, cotton, &e. This machine recommends itself by its simplicity and durability ; as well as for its cheapness. .4ny person can be taught how to spin with it, in an hour or two, so as to need no further instruction. And another great advantage is, tiiat it is not liable to get out of order. 'Phe pi'ice of the machine, including the app'*'''''"^ for Doubling and Twisting Yarn, is $35. Ten spindles are attached to it, but the number can be varied, as the purchaser may wish. The above machine may be seen at the Agricultural Eslablish.meut, 108 State-slreet, where terms may be known for the purchase of the same. This machine will be in operation in one of the lob- hies of the State House, for a short time, where Mr. S. j will be present to give any information. Boston, May 27 S. SLATKR. JOHN LILLY. No. 76 Market stieet, corner of Court street, manufactures and keeps constantly for sale, ' the following articles, viz. I Superior large size blue & g:f en silk umbrellas ; small i size do ; blue and green gingham do. various sizes ; — ' oiled linen do ; elfgant gill and silver mounted para- 1 sols, with sl.Tr fringes, ivory handles, he. ; Do. superior blarl* «iScki^.'; low priced do. for country trade -, a compltte assortment of silk fringes ; cases green fc blue \ sinchaw'B ; ginghams and sarsnets; a complete assort- ment of canes, with and without swords; white, green and red oiled silk ; a complete assortment of billiard balls ; purse frames ; cups and balls ; ivory rings for children ; islet pins ; backgammon men ; frogs, &c. for tassels ; a large assortment whalebone and rattan, for bonnets, constantly on hand, by the gross or dozen ;— whalebone for stays constantly on hand, and cut to any pattern,— at the lowest cash prices. Country traders ' are requested to call. 44 — 121. PATENT HOES— For Sale at the Agricultural Es- tablishment, 108 Slate Street, up stairs, 50 dozen of Mine's crook neck spring tempered steel hoes, warranted in every respect. — The superiority of these hoes consists in their lightness and strength, and being in no way liable to clog. !May 27 E PARSONS & CO. Cily Furniture warehouse, • Union Street, near the Union Stone, keep con- stantly on hand for sale, a general assortment of furni- ture, chairs, looking glasses, feathers of all kinds, fire sets, brushes, bellows, &c. Sec. Boston, .March 25. THE Subscriber, for a few years past, has been cul- tivating an extensive FRUIT NURSERY. He now has a large assortment of Peach Trefs. budded from the best Fruit in the country, native and foreign, in the best order for transplanting. By another season he hopes to offer PiiAa and Cherry Trees of the first quality. O. F16KE, JVorcster. TO PRINTERS— For sale, a font of Pica, but little worn. Inquiry may be made of the Publisher of the Farmer ; or a line may be dropped lo .M. H. Boston. OR SALE, at the Agricultural Eslablishmeut, Nd. 108 Slate Street, A few superior patent Scythe Rifles. F 360 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [June 3, XMHSCELXiAZraES. From the Portsmouth Journal. SUNDAY IN THE COUNTRY. Mr. Editor., Some legislatures make statutes that no civil officer shall arrest any person on Sunday. 1 have sometimes thought ihat the same law ought to extend to officers of the church, I'orbidding them to keep their con;jre- gations in duress on that day. I live in a small country village, and belongf to a small congre- gation, the members of which are very well contented with each other, and their clergy- man. We are always glad to meet, and s:ree(, one another, on Sunday, when we contrive to be informed of what has been doing during the week, in our parish, as well as the rest of the world. Some, accordingly, collect, for this pur- pose, about the meetinghouse ste[)S, before the service begins, and the bell frequently ceases tolling before iheir conversation is ended. In a fair bright day, the minister generally se«t3 himself in the pulpit, where he remains some time, turning over the leaves of his book«, and his sermon, and then looks about the cuagre- gution, and, now and then, turns his eye to the door, by way of inquiring whether the news is told, and the groups broken up, and ready (o join the worship. On the other hand, the talk- ers look in, at every pause in the conversation, to observe whether the minister has commen- ced reading the psalm. Mean time, the fans are all in motion, and the dames are overseeing the demeanor of the damsels, while the dam- sels are spying out all the ne»v dressea, and covertly prinking themselves. Now a new silk [Town ruslles up the aisle ; presently a new pair of shoes creak through the gallery ; the singers, one after another, give a hem, to clear their pipc-3, while the president of the bass-viol touch- es the string* softly, and screws his instrument into tune. !f any stranger happens to be pres- ent he is critically noted, and every one medi- tates the questions to be put, and remarks to be made, relating to him, afier the service. Lovers' eyes are searching out each other, and exchang- ing glances. By and b}-, little Billy, in cross- ing the pew to whisper to his mother, treads upon Fowler's tail, whereat he raises his voice in a lamentable expostulatiun. Madame Betty's Ciipid is sciMtchlng at the pew door tor admit- tance— and a child utters a shrill squall by way ofdemanding its mother's breast. At length all is hushed except the indistinct echo of the conver- sation at the door, where the talkers are wai- ting to hear the minister sny, "Let us begin the worship of Goil by singing" such a psalm or hymn. The niiuisler is waiting, at the same time, for them to come in. But when he and the whole congregation begin to be a little out of countenance, he breaks silence, the talkers pour in, and the service proceeds. Now, as 1 have passed the age of boyhood, when the spirits are always alive, an I the fertile mind supplies amusement on all occasions, by wondering at what occu[>ies the senses at the momr-nt, or devising and executing trivial mischipf, and as I do not find myself much intere^ited in the news ofihe week, and can tinil o(iporlin)itv in the intervals of the service to reconnoitre the assem- bly, this long prelude begins to be terlious to me. 1 do not believe our good minister will tire out the talki:rs, and I hope he will no loiig- [ er keep the rest of the congregation in duress a quarter of an hour before every service, in : making the experiment. I llnd the practice of I a neighboring clergyman, who is not to be compared to ours in any other thing, contri- butes much more to the orderly and convenient conducting of public worship. He begins as soon as he conveniently can, after ascending the pulpit stairs, whether the day be rainy or fair; and all the congregation, knowing pre- cisely when he will commence, are generally in their places in time. By putting this into your pafier yon will en- title yourself to the high consideration of yours, &c. Jediduh Parishioner. j A Fair Offer. — Make a full estimate of all you owe, and oi' all that is owing to you. Reduce them all to note. As last as you collect, pay over to those you owe ; if you can't collect, renew your notes every year and get the best security you can. Go to business diligently, and be industrious — lose no time ; waste no idle moments — he very prudent and economical in all things — discard all pride but the pride of acting justly and well — be faithful in your duty to God, by regular and hearty prayer, morn- ing and ni^Hit — attend church and meeting regu- larly every Sunday, and " do unto all men as you would they should do to' you." Ifyou are too needy in your own circumstances, to give to the poor, do whatever else you have in your power to do for them cheerfully — but, if you can, always help the worthy poor and unfortu- nate. Pursue this course diligently and sincere- ly for seven years, and if you are not happy, comfortable, and independent in your circum- stances, come to me, aiid 1 will pay all your debts — Dr Franklin. " WlioeVr amii.1 tlie Sons Of reason, valor, liberty and virtue. Displays ciislinguisli'd nitrit, is a NoELF. O/jXalure.^s own creatinn. Such have risen, Sprun» from the dust, or wTiere had been our honors.' And such, iu radiant bands, will rise again." As tiie West Indies had never been discover- ed without the discovery of the Mariner's Nee- dle, so it cannot seem strange, if science be no farther developed, if the art itself of invention and discovery be passed over. — Bacon. AGRICULTURAL ESTABLISHMENT. JVo. 108 Slate Street, up stairs, sign of the Golden Plowk JR. NEWELL, Proprietor, offers for sale an exten- • sive assortment of Garden and Agricultural Im- plements, viz. CAM'S warranted ca«t steel English Scythes. DUULFA'S warranted steel back do. 100 dozen GOODYEAR'S best spring: steel Manure and Hay Forks. — With a^eat variety of agricultural ami garden implements. CIJRTIS' improved patent lever Churn. Just received — .\ few improved Philadelphia Churns — Common do. EISBEE'S Warranted, Cast Steel Patent Hot-s. WRIGH I'S best German steel do. and Shovels. riCKlUlING'S improved Tree Brush, for destroying caterpillars. ' A great fortune in the hands of a fool is a great misfortiHie. The more riches a fool has, the greater fool he is. Satin Gauze Handkerchiefs, Belt Ribbons, 4'C. QUINCY TUFTS, No. C8, Washington-street, AS received per VVilliam-&-Htniy. Elegant Satin Stripe Gauze Hdkfs. ; Zelas do. ; .Me- rino Points and Indispcnsable3 ; l^elt Ribbons and .Mohair Belts ; Gimp Trimmings ; Pippings ; Chonells aud llolio CorJs ; Fancy IJuttons ; Hoseltts and Silk Frogs; green (Jauze Veils; brown Satin Ribbons; sii7>rrior black Silk Vestings ; brown IJtien Cambric ; ladies' black Raw Silk Hose ; men's Kid, brown thread and Linen Gloves ; ladies' Kid, brown Cambric, and Horse-skin Gloves; Children's long Kid Gloves and Milts; Fans; Steel Dusks; Elastic Garters; Hooks and Eyes, &c. Also, just received, white double chain Checked Muslin», a new and superb article for gen'b-men's C'ravats. On hand, best bine Nankeens, ^ankin Uyc; superior black Canton and Nankin Crapes, 'iO and iii j tale, iw half pieces. May W i SiEARS' Improved Patent Ox Yokes. HOWARD'S Improved Cast & Wrought Iron Ploughs. TICE & NIXON'S Patent Cast Iron do. with a general assortment of common plonglis. WILLIS' improved perpendicular aud horizontal Straw Cutler. Likewise, an invoice nf well assorted Cooking Furnaces WILLIS' improved Patent Wiudow-Blind I'aslenings U'ith hinge? to match. Grindstone Cranks, with friction rollers. Fitr sale as above — POPE'S Threshing Machine, or the right of using the same for towns or counties. TERMS OF THE F.ARMER. Oj=-PubIished every Friday, at Thrf.f. Doi.t.Ajis per annum, payable at the end of lite year — but those who pay within si.vty dai/s from the time of subscribing will be entitled to a deduction of FuTV Ckats. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Piihlished by JOHN B. RL'SSI',1,1.. at the loniprofCcnjv"^' am' I-in'tnH Slrprl^i. (Six Hoors from llic Pi'il OfBrt-l HoTton. FIIIDAY, JUNE 10, IS'i.-). -THOMAS a. FFSSF-NOKN. FniTOR. No. 46. COIWMUU'ECATIONS. | t;iinod liv the upri2;lit pins unlil the ralce is full, | last hopincr, Ihcy get a larsje sh.ire of manure "l whrn tli'o liorso is stopped, the r.ike is pulled ' rrom (he nuiin plnnt. 2. If Ihcy stand until the HORSE HAKE. !hnck bv the h;indles fur ennns^h to clp;ir the | hist hoeing^, thoy q;row so lai„'e ihnt they woiinil points of the teeth. Then, hy be.Trintc dnivn the j the main pl.int and cause it to emit its juices. — landles, the teeth are raided above tlip ivinrow,' 3. The corn will set lor cars, 10 or 12 days pa=sin>r over which, they are set in, at the same | sooner. I have no fear of jdanting; corn too thick, Bristol, R. I. June C<, 1825. P.Ir Fi^ssrN-DE.v, — As the active season of hay- niakine; is fast approachins;, 1 vvnuld be^ leave to recommrnd the Horse Rake to the notice of farmers jfenerally, as an improvement in hiis- b.indry. of great importance. At this scasim of the year, it may be emphatically said that " Time IS inortey.'' Latiour-savin^ machines of all kinds should therefore be highly prized by the indus- trious t'arnier. From experiment it will be found that one man with a herse and boy with this simple machine uiil perform the laliour of six men. Not only is there an imniense saving in labour and time, but, what is of .is much conse- quence, ih" larmer by the use of this instrument may get bis hay up in good condition, while otherwise it would be essentially injui'ed or ruined by exposure to wet weather lime the horse goes on imtil it i* filled ag.iin. When one strip across the field is raked, the horse is turned round and another is raked in the same manner, leaving the hay in winrows, which are finally raked in like manner into heaps nc rocks, as large as is desired. In tine grass in particular, it is always best that one man sliDuld f(dlow the Horse Rake with a common rake, to colled the scatterings that may be left. I have been thus p.irticular in its d-^scription, >ecause if the instrument )« not well made, it will not answer any irood purpose. Yours, truly, •! LEMUEL W. BRIGGS. TO THF. EDITOrL OF TH;C NEW ENGLAND FAUMEU. Ilartlaiul, Con. June 7, 1825. Mr Fessenden — I should not have intruded my illiterate performances on your columns, had I not read a publication in your paper, page 314, signed T. B. in ondent goes on to say, " by thi* experiment I have learned that ar. old-fashioned article, called common spn«e, ia of great value, and if there was more of this article made use ot", there would be a less number of dii[)es to pretended modern improvements and discove- ries." His " old fashioned common sense," 1 shrewdly suspect, is but another name for tradi- tion. If he was stored with true common sense, we think be would not have ost such illiberal aspersions on so excellent a publicition as the New England Farmer. 1 have rondynur paper almost two 3'ears with pleasure and instruction. I am a man seventy- eight years of age ; and have long been a skep- tick as to the propriety of folbuving tradition exclusively in matters of farming. However, 1 have not yet seen anjihingin your journal which exactly suits me, \vith regard to suckering corn. 1 have planted my corn 2k feet apart widthwise, and one fool lengihwise, one kernel in a hill. ( sucker from three to live times, and make it a rule to take olTthe suckers as soon as thcj' are 6 inches long. This is considered important for the tbllowing reasons. 1. if they grow till the provided ! mmure in proportion to the plants, and sucker the corn faithfully. I have uniformly raised from CO to 100 bushels to the acre. Yours, &c. WILLIAM SELBY. nr,7.iARiiS nv the editor. Vi'e think llie Itaegning; communication will be found to tie valualDle and acceptable to all who are or expect to bo engaged in agricultural pursuits. The writer states that he has learned by f xperience and tested by practice, and of course his directions may be relied on. They -are likewise consonant with common sense as well as sound philosophy. Articles like the above en- able lis to cany into t-ITect the principal object of our paper, viz. to plare before our readers the discoveries and biipiovements in .•Agriculture and Rural Economy, whicli are n' may be the result of the labours and in- genuity of practical as well as scientific cultivators ; — and thus diffuse that knowl*dge among many, which might Oilierwise be confined t« a few individuals. Since our paper has civculsted in Uartland, Con. we do not recoUeot.haivin^ji.blished any remarks on strip- ping the' siij^l^ Irom cojiii But in our fust volume, raliTiost tlljMfe" years a»o]"page 390, as well as in some other parlS'isl'-tbaf volume, the subject is discussed ; — and the following; observations occur, which we hope to be excused !Jjj-epeatin|y as the topic is of consid- erable iriiporlance, and we have many subscribers who do not own and cannot procure that volume, which 13 now nut of print. " It sceni'' to be a point not yet fully settled, wheth- er it be best to cut ofl", or otherwise destroy {he sucker.'! of Indian corn. The Fanner's Assistant tells us that '*■ the growth of suckers is injurious to the crop, and ought to be either pulled up or bent down to the ground with earth sufficient to kill them ; and this is believed to be the better way, as by this mean the principal stalk is not injured by wounding." — We believe in cultivating the premium crops in Massachusetts, the suckers were generally taken away. In the Hon. Mr. idunev/elPs account of bis raising a crop of one hun- and cie\en bushels of corn to an acre, (^Mass. Agricul- tural Journal vol. vi. p. 2-12) it is stated that " immedi- ately after half iiiliing, the suckers were all carefully cut off." Col. Valentine's statement of having raised 116 bushels and 26 quarts of corn to an acre, (see page 173 of our paper,) mentions that '' all the suckers were |iul!ed out in July ; and in August all the suckers were again taken away," together with the false stalks, and those that were smutty." j\lr l^emuel Davis, however by an experiment, which is related in our first No. page 8, arrived at a different result. The gentleman last mentioned states that wh(n he cat off the suckers from the stalks, he found " such a proportion of the juice wept out where the suckc was taken off, that the growth was not so large, and the ears set higher upou t'ae stalk ; on the part whi re the suclters were not tak- en off, the corn was thicker set and more prominent — the ears set ten or twelve inches nearer to the ground, and were a good proportion larger." On the whole, we think that further expel iinents to ascertain the elTects produced by removing the suckers are much to be de- sired ; and we hope that farmers in general will pay so much attention to this subject as to tak^ off or bury the suckers in at least one row o," their field, and com- pare its product with the next in which the suckers are suffered to remain. The time and manner of per- forming this operation should also be carefully noted, 362 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [June 10, and the whole made public for the benefit of the com- munity. Mr Selby by stating the time and manner of taking suckers from corn has added an item of informa- tion on the subject which we hope will be acceptable, and believe will prove serviceable to many who are en- gaged in the cultivation of this important article. TO THE KDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. County of Norfolk, May, 28, 1825. Sir — Mr Capron of" Altleborough, in an arti- cle which heads jour last paper, ap[)ears to have attempted some experiments lliis season in relation to grafting, with a view to ascertain whether cions taken IVom a fruit-bearing brancii will produce fruit on tiie stock to which it is transferred, sooner than (hose taken from the stock of the tree, or what arc called by most people, suckers, but which are properly, per- haps, denominated " false branches." This subject is by no means a new, nnr an unimportant one, and 1 have, myself, more than once sugg'ested the propriety of attention to this useful branch of horticulture, :k I have found from my observation of the habits of gardeners and farmers generally, Ihat the mo.-t vigorous cions have been considered (he most proper for insertion; whereas, in most cases, tiio contrary isthe fact. 1 say -in most cases, because most people look to the Ibrifliness, and not to ihe fruitfulncss of the dee oi; braiich from which they take their cion. Mr Capron's notion (lui( cions, cut I'rom any part of (he tree will be brought back to what lie calls " the first or primitive state" 1 i!o not precisely understand ; bu( I pr^iiuie he means that they will all require an etpja! (ime bei'oro they come to a bearing or a (Voilful state. A moment's enquiry will, perhaps, se( iis righ( on (his subject; am! wlien Mr Capron has made his experiment, he will be able (o deciilc how far he is correct in his theory. All trees that are in a bearing slate prodrice both fruit and wood buds or branches, and those who are accustomed to allcnd to (he subject, easily dis(inguish one from (hti other. Wood buds are generally known by their flalness ;ukd pointed form ; whereas fruit buds are gentrally round and full or plump. 1 speak of fiiiil buds, not fruit spurs, for we never graft with spurs. Fruit branches are generally those that grow at the extremities, or near the extremities of lateral limbs. 1 say, generally, because in some sorts of fruits they are found on Ihe vertical, as well as on the horizontal blanches, and al the extremities of the shoots o! the [ireceding year even. These fruit buds contr.in Ihe germ of the blos- som and Iruit which nature has already prepar- ed to be put forth, and if they remain on Ihe mother stock, and it be a healthy one, they will probably proti|,ce their fruit, and if ihe season ■be favourable, bring it to maturity. By trans- ferring this fruit liearing branch, or a |)orlion of it to another slock, does It alter its charac- Jer, or destroy the germ of frui! which pxisled in it before it was removed? This Mr Capron iippears (n expect i( will do, and that it will do longer he n frail, but a -jiiood branch, or bud, as soon as it is transferred to the foster parent. Yet it is no uncommon thing fur ap[)les and pears as well as Ihe slone fruits lo show their blossoms the firs( year (hey are grafted, or the spring after (hey are budded. Mos( cultivators of peaches must have observ- ed that when they insert a double or triple bud, one blossom will show ilself, if not (wo, where (he bud burs(s in (he spring; and (hough i( usually falls off, and the wood bud pushes for- ward, yet the only reason why it does not set its fruit is, (if it be a female blossom) because the shoot has not obtained sufficient vigour (o nourish it, and the iruit falls for want of support. The fruit, however, often forms, but in (his case, (he shoot grows languidly until the fruit falls, when i( puts forth wi(h vigor, and if prop- erly managed, will, (he next season, show good fruit. 1 have now several peaches growmg on trees into which (heir buds were inser(ed Inst fall, and ahhough (hey may no( and probably ivill not come to maturity for want of vigour in the ivood bud to support them, yp( i( (ends (o show (hat Mr Capron's ideas on the su^ijec( are erroneous; 1 have indeed, fruit on a number ol trees, from buds that were inserted the fall be- fore last. Depend upon it that cions taken from fruit lioaring branches, will hear fruit much sooner thin (hose (aken from luxurian( wood branches. The cion in (he foster parent par- takes of a!! the properties (hat i( bore while on the parent stock. If it wasa//7/i( branch there, it will be a I'ruil branch here; and if it was a glutton there, il will be (oo luxuriant here. I have gone into this de(ail wi(h a view to correct a mistaken no(ion, which prevails gen- erally, (hat the best cions and the best buds are those which are t.-,ken from (he most vigorous shoots. Cions should be taken from heahhy fnili icar- ins; trees, and as far as possible from the lateral fruit bearing branches. j Those who wish to have good fruit, must take the cions themselves from the trees that Ihey /rnoTii have borne the Iruit they wish lo gel ; for there is scarcely any (hing in which (here i are so many mis(akes made, a-nd so much use- less labour incurred, as (here is in grafting and re-grafting t'ruit trees. j With respect to putting pears into foreign stock*, Dr Tliacher is essentially correct ; but ^ the Portugal Quince stock is,for allthesolt but- tery pears, [ireferable to (he free stock; and were i( no( subjec( to the borer in (his coiinliy,! I should recommend i(. This is, however, a| seriou-' objection to the Quince stock here; but in France they are principally used for the soft llesh pears, and everyone, who Ins visited that country in the autumn, can testily as to the su- 1 perioritv of their pears, over (hose of any other country whatever. — I must beg pardon of you, sir, as well as the publick, fur troubling ihem with (his long at(icle, and remain Your humble servt. ():^The author of the foregoing has laid us iindcr great obligations, and a continuance of similar favours is resfectfully solicited by the editor. Fiom Tiansadiuns of Ihe London Ilorlicultural tiociely. METHOD OF SECITRING THE SCION WHEN FITTED TO THE STOCK IN GRAFTINO. L'y U.wiD I'owEi.T., Esq. of Loughton, Essex. Having for the last three seasons found great convenience in a method of securing Ihe .scion in grafting, I beg leave lo submit (o (he Society the following accoun( of it. It is simply this: — Grafting wax properly pre- pared, when in i(s mel{eds(a(e, is spread even I / on sheets of moderately thin brown paper,vvhich when cold, is cut into slips about three quarters of an inch wide. When one of these slips is to be used, warni it with the breath, and bind it round (he slock and scion, pressing il gently w ith the hand, when it will ba found to ailhere so closely as to ex- clude both air and moisture. No further (rouble is necessary, though i( may be as well (o look over (he grafts occasionally, pressing the paper close ivith (he hand, where i( may have belbre missed; but afler a few days' exposure (o (he warm(h of the sun, it will, generally, be found adhering so closely as to want no further atten- tion. I h,ave usually secured the whole by a small band of bass, but in several instances have found (he s(rength of I ho paper suflicienl (o sustain Ihe scion in its place. With (he advantage ofavuid- ing any unequal pressure of the bark, the ruat- ness and convenience of this method will, I dnibl not, recommenil i( to the practice of amateurs, and 1 have equal confidence (ha( its utility will secure i( a favoutsible reception with practical gardeners. P. S. The grafting wax is recommended by Miller, and also in (he several Cyclopedias, un- der Ihe head of Grafting, as composed of (he following materials; with trifling variations as to projiortion. I have used 1 lb. of pitch, 1 ItT of resin, i lb. ol bees-i\ ax, I lb. of bogs'-lard, J lb. of turpentine, melted and well mixed together. By placing the composition in an earthen pan over boiling wa- ter, if may bo kept in such a stale of fluidity as lo be easily sj)read otr the paper with a brush ; heated in this manner the wax appears to re- tain its jdiabjjily better than when exposed more immediately to the action of lire. 1 have the pleasure to hear from a practical gardener who tried the above method last sea- .■ion, Ihat he lound it to answer completely, ex- cc|)( in an instance where he had been over sparing in material. A pint of the wax should bo spread evenly on (he paper, and not too (hiuly. NATUR.'^L HISTORY. The following nvlicle, from (he Eastern Star, is fron-. tlie able pen of the lli-v. Dr. HAnnis, of Porchester.— Scientific descriptions of the more rare and curious pro- ductions of nature are not only intere.';(ing and amusing, but useful. They afford Ihat knowledge which enlarges and gives more beneficial eflect to the dominion " over the beasts of the field and the fowls of the air," which was originally delegated lo Man by his Creator. " A very curious and beautiful animal was dis- covered, in the month oflMarch, 1825, at Mn- chias, in the Slate of Maina. It U n non-desrrifjt species, allied to the SOKEX Cristatu.s cf Lin- naus, Hadhted Moi.e of Pinnant, and of (be ge- nus CO.NDYLUKA oi Jlligcr. If seems lo hold an intermediate rank between the Talpj: (Moles) and SoKRES (Shrew-mice) ; having, iu its form and habits, an affinity (o the former, while its (eelh closel}' resemble those ot the latter. Its shape is like (ha( of the mole, but the body is longer, being four inches and a half from the J02r).] NEW ENGLAND FARMb.U. 363 nose, to the insertion of tlie tail, ami i« three inches am! Ihree qiiarlcrs in girth. The head 15 terminnleil in a snout, which is nsked, having ils edjfes fringed with trt'enty tivo cartilaginous i'.cuminaled processes, wliicli surround it, in a stellated manner, like thfi radii or points of a horseman's spur. The average lenglh of these is five twentieths of an inch; the two superior ones arc considerably the longe.st, and are sit- uated a little in advance of llie others. These all seem to be feelers, and may serve to collect or hold the food, or, perhaps, convey it to the mouth by means of the elotiL;ation of the .snout which is a kij I of proboscis. The neck is so short, that the head appears to be attached to the shoulders. The eyes, though estremely small, and ahnost concealed in the hatf, possess all 'thii organization requisite for distinct vis- ion ■ but are not adapted to discover objects at a distance. The animal has no external ears, but two small oritices serve as the avenues of hearint^. Th« legs are short, and are tive-toed ; the interior are scaly, uilh broad palms rosem- hlin? hands, anil armed with long and strait nails like fing'ers ; and, as the habits of the animal are those of burrowing in the sfround, these are admirably adapted for that purpose. Tiic hind jeet are placed far back, are a third longer than the fore feel, and are furnished with shorl slijhtly curved nails. By their lenglh and po- sition they seem calculaled to reach forward and receive the earth which is removed iiy the fore claw.s, and [nish it back, so as to clear the hole which the animal makes for its entrenchments, or by digging in search of the worms and insects on which it I'eeds. It is, indeed, an expert min- er, and forms under ground (lassages !or its re- treat, and throws up little hillocks tor a domicil. The tail, three inches in length, and one and a half in circuml'erence at the laigest par!, is sca- 1} and thinly covered wiih coarse hairs. It is small at its insertion, but becomes quite large abruptly, and lajiors gradually towards the ex- tremity. The skin is closed uilh long.and very ;iiip hair of a glossy green. This colour, which di.sliuguishes it t'rom all other quadrupeds, is a peculiarity of great beauty, and a most wonder- ful ])rovi.>jion of nature for the security of the animal from the observation of birds of prey, or oliier enemies, against whose approach ils sight smd hearing are not s;i(Ticient to give warning, and its li;nbs agile enough to effect escape. — When it emerges from ils subterranean recesses^ and would be exposed to open danger, it eludes notice and enjoys safely by being undistinguish- ed from the verdant herbage through which it creeps. It is a resident near the borders of brooks and rivers ; and lives chiefly under ground, or in meadow bogs; but also frequents '.he water, and is said to be a good swimmer. " This account is drawn up for the gralifica- ;ion of the Gentlemen by whose kindnes.s the writer was lavoured with an o[iportunity of ex- amining the animal sent him preserved in spirits. A more exact and scientific description, by an- other hand, is prepared for publication in some of our Literary Journals, in which the non-de- script is to bear the name of ASTROiiYCTER rP.ASINATUS." Dorchester, (Mass.) May lOlh 1825. A Bank has been est.ib'i^hecl at Cliirlofte County, New Brunswick, and C. Campbell, Esq. cho?c-ii Presi- dent. A Savings Bank is also tstablisbed there. The Cultivation of llie If'liiie Mulberr;/ and liu raising of Silk IVorms-i recommended as xcfj profitable in the United States. About five years ago, William Gillespie, Esq. of the town of Montgomery, Orange County, (N. Y.) sowed seed for a nursery of the while miilberr}', {morus alba) for the purpose of the culture of the silk vvorm. The ground occupi- ed by the nursery is about four square rods. This small lot yielded, last summer, 175 skeins of sewing silk, rivalling in soflnes, strength, and beauty, the best imported specimens of the same articles. These skein«, with a sudicient ipian- lity of tow for a p.iir of stockings, would com- mand in market ^10. The whole labour ex- pended in the culture, Mr Gillespie estimates at ^2 — making the product of four square rods ^8. One acre culliv.iled in the same way would yield ^320, b.?side.s the expense of the labor. Farmers might clolhe their wives and daugli- ters in silk of good quality at less expense than It now requires to clolhe them in fine cotton. — It is estimated that g5,(J00 worth of sewing silk is sold annually in Orange County alone, and the whole sale of the arlicls in the state of Nev/- York may probably be estimated at >|Sl50,000. All this wouiil be saved to our country by the extension of this verj' profitable bra'ncli of hus- bandry so as to supph' the home consumption. jMuch of the labour, too, can be performed by small children, who would otherwise be idle, and tlius early habits of industry would be cre- ated. The whole process is sim|ile, and a knowl- edge of it eas/ty acquired. Atier the middle ol May the egg of the silk v\orm is .bronrjhl from the bureau, and exposed to the «;ir[nlh of the air, but not to the rays of the sun. Early in Jinie, the term of inculjiilioh exfdros, and Ihe small silk worms make their appeai:ujce. They are now to be fed by mulberry leaves, with which they are supplied twicS a day — the leaves to he scatlened in the enclosure where they are kept. In about six weeks they attain their lull growth, when they are of a beautiful golden colour. A small quantity of leaves suji- plies them for the five first weeks; the sixth week they require an abundant supply. Mr Gillespie informs us, that during this week, when a stranger vi-sils their apartment, they leave oiT eating, I'aise their horns, and give plain indications that they kno\v him to be strange. After feeding about six weeks Ihej' quit eat- ing and are prepared to commence spinning.— Oak or walnut leaves dried in Ihe sun, so as to be curled, are now thrown into their enclosure ; they lodge in the folds of the leaf, and begin to spin from their own bowels — first the tow by by which they attack their weh to the leaf, then the thread, which they form into a perfect weh, so as to shut themselves closely within. The larvse, or worms enclosed in the balls, that are intended for propagation, cut their way j out of the silken cell and escape from their own prison, in the form of a butterfly, with beautiful variegated wing?. White [laper is placed under them, on which Ihe egg is deposited. One bal- terfly will deposit 2000 eggs. These papers wilh tlie eggs, are laid away in a chest or desk, uulil the following spring, when the process described above is again repeated. ." O Lord, I how manifold are thy works ! in wisdom hast Ihou made them ail, the earth is full of thy rich- es." After this interesting insect ha.^ furnished the tine material, the low is picked off lj»e balls, ivhich are thrown into hot wafer, and a slick is passed among them, to which the ends of the breads- attach themselves. For sewing silk, forty of them are laid together and reeled. The thread, thus composed of forty fibres, is twisted hard on a large spinning wheel, then doubled and twisted again, and wrought into skeins.— The whole process of manufacture ii completed by scouring in Ihe same manner as ivoollen yarn, to delach the glutinous subslance,^ which the worm employs in the I'abrication of ils thread. It must be remarked, that the Mack mulberry {morns nigra) a native of the Uniled Slates, will not answer the purpose so well. The silk man- ufactured from its leaf is said to be of a very interior quaiily. Mr. Gillespie had a premium of |8 awarded him at the anniversary of the Agricultural Soci- ety of Orange County. The Legislature i'f New-Y'ork have oflered ■I premium for Ihe planting of white mulberry trees. The Acacia or Locust Tree, common as it is, and therefore but liltle noticed, is one of the most beautiful trees that adorn the grove. It has been in bloom fora week, loading Ihe surround- ing: air with Ihe most delightful perfumes, the sweetness ol which only makes us regret Ihe short duration of ils blossoms; these, however, (vill he succeeded by pods of so rich an amber brown, that autumn will seem to peep through the veil of .spring to repay us for the loss ot the orange odour. The elegant foliage of this tree has been often remarked, formed by its pin- nated leaves, so judiciously scattered over the branches, that not one obscures another; and their feathery lighliicss is only surpassed by the pleasing emerald tints wilh which Ihey are colored. But what makes this beautiful tree Klill more interesting is, that it is regarded by the Indians as the emblem of chaste love. These children of the forest are, no doubt, as suscepti- ble of the gentle passion as the moreipolished inhabilatits of the city ; and they are certainly not less delicate in expressing their sentiments, which, instead of a sonnet or flallering words, are lolil by a branch of the locust tree in blossom! This is the love le4ter of an American Indian, and we think it equals Ihe flowery language of the Orienlals. In bad v/eatherand a1 night fall, the leaves of Ihe locust fold themselves up, giving to the tree the appearance of being stripped of all ils foliage ; it is said that this phenomenon being noticed repeatedly at even- ing by an intelligent child, it observed that it was not yet bed lime, for the acacia tree had not begun ils prayers. — Fredemk, Md. Citizen. DENTIFRICE. Take sage and salt, of each a like quantity, and pound them together ; then bake the mix- ture till it be hard, and make a tine powder ihercof, then therewith lub the teeth evening and mornings, and it will take away all yellow- ness.— Markham's English Housewife. 364 NEW ENGLAND FAR31ER. [June 10, From the JlmtTican Farmtr. [The following communication to llie Penn- sylvania Agricultural Society, appears to have arisen from a series of letters published hy Col. Pickering in the New England Farmer, in which he endeavours to prove, that English neat cat- tle are very little better than ours. We so per- fectly coincide in the higii opinion expressed of the agricultural labours of this distinguished in- dividual, that we cannot hesitate to give the fol- lowing paper — %vhilst we have pleasure in re- publishing, at this time, the commenccmetit, of Col. Pickering's letter, No. 3, evincing the same spirit of urbanity; at the time he attempts to overthrow the arguments which have been ad- duced to show, that American farm stock may be successfully improved by the introduction of the best races from Europe.] From the J^ew England Farmer, April 29. ON IMPROVING THE NATIVE BREED OF NEW ENGLAND CATTLE. In the last number of the Massachusetts Agri- cultural Repository and Journal, (No. 3, vol. 8,) are some communications Irom John Mare Pow- el, Esq. to tlie Pennsylvania Agricultural Soci- ety, from whose memoirs they were extracted. The subject of tlie communications, is the vari- ous breeds of neat cattle. Tlie editors of the Repository, in introducing those papers, sav — "We give no opinion as to the soundness of Jlr. Powel's opinion ; wo mean to hold an even bal- ance between all the contending parlies. This, however, we owe to Mr. Powel, to say, in zeal, public spirit, industry, and experience, he yields to no man." "■ I have (sa)s Col. Pickering,) the pleasure of knowing Mr. Powel; and have been gratilied in seeing his signal display of tal- ent, and energy, in applying his ample means, to improve the agriculture of our country. [Col. Pickering's four numbers will lie pub- lished, consecutively, in the .\inerican Tarmer-- coniffiencinn their insertion in No U, June 10.] REPLY TO COL. PICKERING— ON NATIVE CATTLK. Jonathan Roberts, Esq. President of the Penn. Agr. Svcicti/ : Dear Sir, — Col. Pickering has given the spur to my hobby, in a series o( letters published in the New England Farmer, wherein I am hon- oured, by di»ect allusions to my communications and myself 1 am flattered by the commendation of this venerable gentleman, and am aware of the dis- tinction, which his interesting, and elaborate pa- pers, cannot fail to confer upon my notices on cattle ; Imt 1 will not protract the disciissinp, by quotations from British aulhorilios, which can- not bear upon questions that had not arisen, nor upon races of ani,Tial=, which '■ b'J and GO years since," had not appeared. 1 gladly embrace the ojiportunily he has giv- en, for illustrating " the positions 1 had assum- ed;" for although as a practical man, I pass without notice, the freltul efTu-ions of llio«e, who vainly give their iiames, whilst farming but upon paper, I woulil elicit the sentiments of a gentleman, who has been dislinguished, not by writing, but by thinking, and acting, and among ("armers, by liis labours, and success at the tail of ilie pK)Ugh. My shelves are loaded ^vilh British agricul- tural books. 1 have all that " Marshall" ever wrote — I might, from the quantity, suppose all he ever thought. I knew " Young" — 1 heard his lectures — he was i good talker, a bad farmer, but a most interesting man. I made tours in the same counties fil'ly years after him. 1 loung- ed during three years about England, and saw every variety of cattle, which the bleak moun- tains of Scotland, or the rich vales of Yorkshire, and Lincolnshire, are fitted to bear. All English cows are not good : if some were not bad, high prices would not be paid for im- proved bulls, by " mere farmers," to make their stuck good. Col. Pickering slates from " Young's" lour, made 50 or CO years ago, " some cows gave only tvyo gallons of milk a day, while others gave 3, 4, 5, G, 7, 8, and some 9 gallons of milk a day — tlie average quantitij 5 gallons per cotu." In anoth- er district, " a dairy of .MmDi.iXG cows yielded from 4 to 7 pounds of butter per tfee/c,'' equal to 208 or 36a povnds per annum. " The best cows of the Lincolnshiie breed will give, on an ave- rasre, G gallons of milk a day, seven or eight pounds of butler a tsjeeA:," equal to 365 or 417 pounds of butter a year. He furthi^r informs us, from the highest au- thority, th it nenr Framingbam. Massachusetts, a d.iirv of 7 cows, in "six months coinmencuig the Inller part of Alan, and ending in JS'uveraber, produced 94 H pounds of butter, and 1300 pounds of skim-milk cheese — being nearly h\ pounds of butter, ami 7 pounds of cheese, for each cow, for six months." But he continue-^, the " common product of dairies in five other parts of the state, averaged onhj 92 pounds of liiitter annnalhj, and as much skiin-m'lk cheese" — about ]i pounds of butter a 7i:eek, and the same quantity of skim-milk cheese per cow. Seven picked cows, fed purposely — selected, and re- corded, as the best specimen of the best cows — of one of the best agricultural districts — ot' the ics( of the New Enajland states — under the iej^ m number employed for the dairy house, yVcs/i and dry. We are informed, that " scarcely any butter and cheese, are made by the New England far- mers, in general, except during the pa«turage season." It is to be presumed, that the thrifty husbandmen ofMassachusetls would make butter and cheese, at all seasons, if the product of their dairies would repay the laoour and expense. This, however, could not be done, where the common product of the dairies in five parts of the state, averaged only IJ pounds ofbulter per week from each cow. If the English cows, which "gave 9 gallons" daily, h».lbeen milked separately, (admitting that only one pound of butter could have been obtained from 14 to 10 quarts of milk,) each cow would have afforded from 15j to 18 pounds nf butter 9. week. If they had been forced, as the Danvers, or Oakescow, by " corn meal, skim-milk, butter-milk, gruel, and so much food in the staiile that they would have lain down upon the pasture," and the miik had been placed in an "extra number of pans," how much they would have surpassed the Dan- vers cow, no man can know. 1 am not fond of dediirlions fiom figures, in relation to agricul- tural matters ; I am much more disposed, to take the impressions fouiuied upon a series of evi- dence, arising from general investigation, than isolated ficts. It will be recollected, that I have made no allusion, in the " opinions" found- ed iqiou my "experience," to animals which had died twenty years betbre I was born — nor have 1 at any time asserted, that the English dairies were better than ours. It li.is been lelt for the advocates of " native" dairies to show, that the annual products of Massachusetts dairies, in five instances out of six, are, when contra^led with '• middling l',oi;lish dairies," as 92 to 28G — the product of the Oakcs cow, to that of Cramp's English cow, as 184] toG75 — and the (iroductol' an American dairy of 7 picked fresh cows, dur- ing the best pasturage season, to a whole dairy 'i ofEnjIisb cows, " on a medium," neither fresh management — produced, during the tesi term ol'i nor [licked, as 5] to G. Iheir milking— in the best pasturage season, " 5] j , 1,,,^,^ a,]i,ere,i to the British au pounds of butter, and 7 pounds of skim-milk | ^.^j p;.(^i^t;rin'' had given in his dieese, each, per week." We arc told, one of; , ,"„ ^j^^^^ ]^^^,, 1;,,.^ ^an be ^ain their milking— m the best pasturage season," 5] j , |,„ve adhered to the British authorities which pounds of butter, and 7 pounds of skim-milk j f;.^, p;.<^k^..jn•! a brujb made of tbo ends of o-arden malting, for washing the wall. chrysalis slate, while oihe rs adhere to walls, gates or palings. " Fresh leaves should frequently be put in, and the box or case covered, with a I'iece of' tine canvass, or gauze, to admit the fresh air. The fir.'t stale, in which the caterpillar uhich preys on the leaves of apple frees ap- pears, is that of an egg or nit, called by natural- ists ovum. This egg, according to Dr. Thach- er is deposited by a brownish coloured miller on Ihe twigs of the trees. It seems, likewise, f'l om other aiithorilies, that these eggs are,some- liaies at least, concealed in such trees as are overgrown with moss, between the moss ;ind Ihe bark or rind, or where the rind is decayed, in the cavities, occasioned by such decav. Theti ihey may be destroyed by scraping the trunks, stems or twigs us above directed by Mr Forsi In. From the egg ibey are transformed into Ihe birva or caterpillar slate, when Ihey may be as- sailed by Ihe thumb and linger. Col. Pickering's brush, squibs of gun powder, spirits of turpen- tine, Mr For.syth"s mixture, or what is peibaps as efiectual, strong soap suds. Their nest mel- amorjihosis is into what is called a chrjsalis, pupa, aurclia or cocoon, as described above by Dr. Thacher. In this state Ihey should be pick- ed from their strong holds and crushed or burn!. Lastly ihey assume the mother miller shape, which is the shape of Ihe perfect insect. Whelb- er they can be assailed sugcessfully in this sfage of their existe.ncc, is a question which we can- not answer. If Ihey fly in Ihe night, as is sup- posed by some, the plan suggested by Rev. Dr. Harris of kindling tires, or exjiosing lighlod flambeaux in ihc evening in orchards &c. [See The matting seems prefiiraiile, as being sol"l and N. E. Farmer, vol. I, page 379,] many allure flexible it will enter Ihe boles and crevices. " The mixture that falls on Ihe border and off set of tbo wall in Ibis second washing, will des- lroy those slugs and insects that make their ap- pearance early. The stems and branrhes of ihe trees may be washed tuo or three limes oftener in Ihe spring, before (he buds begin to swell ; but the liranches must not'bc rubbed alU;r (he trees come into (lower; you rifay, however, sprinkle them over with the mixture from a wa- tering pot just before Ihe budf begin (o opcn^'al! that is said and done, which dcsenes a placcin the Iheui (0 self destruction. — •e®*-"- Oovcrnor^s Speech. — As our paper is agricultural al- most exoliisivt ly, it is absolutely impost^ible lor us, without in a great measure, changing ils eliaracter to make it a repository o( poliliral durunients and events which are worthy (o be had in remi-nibrance. This circumstance is Ihe less (o be regrilli-d, as we have neivsp.ipers devoted to ihat purpose in number quite suHicient to nuet the demands (.fall wlio are solicitous lo learn the pa-sing polilical urcnrn rces, and lo know 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 367 £>tate Papers of the day. ^\ c should be happy to gfive at full length Govoinur Liiicolri's inaugural Speech, which is all that his warmtst advocates coiiUl antici- pate, or the paiainaunl interest of his Electors demand. But, I'or the reasons premised, we must content our- selves with the lollowing' extracts, which n^ost directly correspond with the leading subjects of this publication. " The spirit of enterprize which has already acconi- jilishcd g-rtat aod valuable results in other parts of the tlnion, and more especially in a neighbouring State, haa also animated the people of Massachusetts to the unequivocal manifestation of a desire that some public t;flbrt should be made to secure a participation in the benefits which arc to be derived from iri- j ,vhicli the sap ascends ; if so, the niimoroiis a comi^o^lion lo cover the ivouiuis occasioned .lifferrnt kinds of apples would require more by pnmmg trees. "■Three pints of tar and one po-nul of bees- ivnv ; — nielf them togetlier and while coolin<^ stir in a pound of red or vdlow ochre." This .-idmixture I have ever since n^ed wilh the best effecis, as the wounds occasioned by the removal of limbs or from any other eause, have speedily healed over; without producing rot or decay. Three years since I oonchided to try this composition for grallincr. instead of ciay, and the result was most satisfactorv. I have continued to use it exclusively in afraflin^ apple, [jear, plumb snd cherry Irees ; and three or four .-tciclis can he engrafted ivith this mate- rial, as soon as one can wilh cla^. The woimd !s thus kept completely covered until the wood and bark discs over it. The quantity above named I have found would last me a year, and would he enough for mo-ii of our firmcrs. It is always ready tor use, and is applieil with ■» small, flat, round-pointed knife. or wooden spatiiin with great facility. Quito a thin coat is sufficient. .\l'ler one year's experience, I am confiJt-nt, that no farmer or cultivator of trees will STer be without his box of this composition, if he has any desire to keep his trees in a healthy and thrifty state, or annually extends the varie- ;y or quantity of his fniit by grafting. Very respectfully, Your most obedient serviint, H. A. S. DEARBORN. 10 IKE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGI.AXD FARMER. Stockport, {Pa.) Ji/ricfi, 1C25, Mr Fesscnden — I have noticed (page 329) m your paper, two queries respecting Grafting. — To the tirst, I'rom my long experience and ob- servations, I think 1 can answer correctly. That grafting a seedling tree wilh a cion from a fruit bearing tree, generally expe- dites its bearing several years, I have often noticed by grafting a part of the limbs of a young tree. The grafts will bear fruit, some I wo, three or ;our years before the natural branches ; bul this does not admit of any certain rule. Either from the diflerent constitutions of the seedling 'rees, or their kind of natural fruit, such as pro liuce sweet apples, generally, bear before those of the same age that bear sour apples. 1 am very particular in cutting my cions for grafting, — never take more than one off the end of A limb, and that of the last year's growth, with the bulb between giee, if not wholly con- trolled, by the age of the slock into which it is inserti^d. Perhaps, however, these lew instan- ces may not suffice as a basis for positive con- clusions. Other experiments may produce dif- ferent results; and it is only by comparing the results of experiments often re[)eated, that we can arrive at safe practical conclusions. Not very remotely connected with this sub- ject is another circumstance, Ihe mention of which may possibly be of use to some brother chip. I have observed lately, in several papers, a composition recomiiieiuicd as a substitute for clay in gral'ing, the iiasis of which is Tar. Some vears ago, 1 saw the same article, and being sometimes rather impatient at the tedious pro- cess of making Ihe clay mortar, and applying it with all its appendages of bandage, tow, &.c. I eagerly substituted the Inr. My scions " took" as well as usual — put Ibrih their leaves — and promised nobjj ; but " when the sun waxed hot it melted." Before midsummer the leaves turn- ed yellow — wilted — perished. Of more than iOO scions, not one survived. Upon examination 1 found that the tar had entirely penetrated and filled the vessels of the scions. Subsequently I have used a composition of 4 parts rosin, 2 bees * .^otes hy the Editor. — From the above, and other notices of experiments in grafting, which we have re- ceived since the publication of the queries alluded to, 370 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, [June 17, wax, and 1 tallow, with entire success. My in- ference is that the volatile and fluid parts of the tar, when the weather becomes sufficienlly warm, will find their wny into the wood and ob- struct the eircuhitioD ot" the sap, or lessen or des- troy the iiritability of the vegfetable tibre — at any rale it will kill the tender [>lant. The modus operandi 1 leave to persons better skilled in the science of vegetable physiology. — The simple conclusion I mean to draw is (so I'ar as my own experience may warrant) that resinous substan- ces must be deprived of their volatile and essen- tial oils, before they can safely be applied to any other than resinous plants. — Rosin and pitch may do to mis with other and more bland sub- stances, to close the wounds in grafting (llie lor- mer I know to do well) but tar and turpentine do better to pay ships' bottoms and kill worms.* Yours with all cordiality, RUSTICUS. l)y our correspondent in our paper ot the l3tli of Ma}- last, (No. 4-2, page 329, of the current volume,) we are induced to believe that our opinion, or ratlitr conjec- ture, expressed on that occasion, is not correct. We then observed as follows. ^' We are inclined to think that, as respects maturity or a»e of bearing, the cion or graft furnishes the criterion. — That a ciou, taken from a bearing branch, which would have borne fruit, had it been suffered *o remain on the parent tj'ee, will bear fruit, if grafted on a seedling stock which has never borne," Sic. We stated our doubts, however, on this subject, and requested our correspondents to set ns rigtit, if we were in an error. Our correspondents have been so good as to state soait fucts on this subject, and "vve are at present iucliried to be a convert to Mr I'res- tou*'s cieed, as expressed in a preceding colinnn of this day's paper : "•That grafting a seedling tree, with a cion ftoiu a fruit-tiearing tree, generally, espedites its bearing several years." But our correspondent " Rus- ticus," seems to tiave proved, as far as his ex]icri:nents go, that ciou=. tnken from fruit l>earlng tree.^, ingiufted into stocks ot 3 or 4 years olil, may not bear in 4 years from the tint • of grc-fuFig. We Were Icil into Ihe sup- position that a fiiitt bearing cion, set on a stoik not old enough to bear I'ruit, nii^'ht, notwilh?landin». produce fruit the first year, if the graft took well, btc;iui« the geini, or bud of the flower or fruit would he formed in liie cion before it was cut from tVie tree. But, it is pos- sible that such germ or fruit bud, although ready formed, before the rem 'val of the ciou, might not vegetate in its novel situation ; and it will not be correct to rely on theory merely, however plausible. I'crhaps the cion ^vith its fruit buds, ready ibrmed, might fni! in carrying them into maturity, in conseqaencr- of the juice of the stock not being of the kind to which it haj been ac- customed. No doubt if you wish to ohtnin fruit by grafting as soon as possible, the best and safest course is to take fruit hearing cions, and set them into fruit producing stocks. Dot, as we have frequently observ- ed in substance, we are not tenacious of our opinions. Truth is our sole object. It was vfell observed by Ur. Cooper, Editor of the last edition of the Domestic F.n- ryclopedia, in some remarks on a much agitated ques- tion, " even erroneous notices are of importance, if they lead to discussion ; for the result of continual discus- sion will be truth. Error after error being refuted, Truth thus sifted and bolted, will at length be obtain- i,d free from chaff." * The: remarks of " Rusticus" perfectly coincide with some observations of Mr Landrum, which may be und in our paper, vol. i. page 145. He says " almost every publication which 1 have had the opportunity to peruse, directs one third turpentine in the composition of grafting, w^x ; tills, though very ductile anil pli as- ant to IIS". I found certainly to destroy bolh grafts and stocks, as far us the wax came in contact with them. From the nn-riorous respi-ctable authoritit s, recommen- ding this r,:tr. I was very liberal in ils applicn'j.in to a number of choice giafi^, wiiiiout suspicion ; but had the vexation upon the first inspection bv removing the wax, to discover that a complete mortification had lak- en place under the wax ; and even extending further i,-j little lines along thg grain of the wood," &c. The FOR THE i\EW ENGLAND FARMER. Mr Fessendf.n — The deep distress ivhich is felt by the brute creation, in a separation from (heir young, often exhibits itself in the most in- teresting manner. The instinctive aversion which seems to be -a law of Creation, is often- times overcome, and we are surprised at asso- ciations which we could scarcely believe, unless made manifest to our senses. A few years since, whilst sitting in an office in Stale Street, 1 was requested by an observer of curiosity, to go to see an object of no small interest. A litter of Foxes receiving their nour-j ishment, with every mark of playful kindness,! from a Cat. I took the advice of my friend, and I near the bottom of Exchange Streel, I found a| pleasant countryman, from either New Hamp-| shire or Vermont, with the animals alluded to. He had a large Cat in a cage about 2^- feet high, and some*vhat larger on Ihe surface ; there were from four to six young Foxes. Whilst 1 stood by, they look their nourishment, and received and entered into all those frisky sports which are so amusing, especially to the young. After viewing the scene to which the humor of my country friend not a little contributed, 1 was desirous (o know of him " their whole course of love.'' His story was, that aflersome inroads upon his poultry yard, he set out with some neighbours to seek Ihe cause. They found a hole which Ihey thought the probable resi- dence of a Fox, with a fresh foot-lrack Iherelo. They proceeded to dig, and soon found and kil- led Ihe mother, and on removing her they per- ceived her liller of young. These were very small, and taken home to amuse the children. | Aftei |)laying with Ihem a lillle \vhile, one of! Ihe voulhs intiuired why the cat miglit not be! comforted for the loss of her kittens, all of whom had fallen a sacrifice to an expedient economy in a spinster of Ihe I'aniily. A like number of Foxes to the kittens deslroyed were sportively ; thrown nmler ihe stairs, to pacify the feelings of a child. The young Foxes were taken to her abode by the Cat, and nourished and brought np so as to produce the effect I have mentioned, in orlance of the permanent blue colour obtained from Ihe woad. When a woad vat is new the dyer is careful lo keep it prelly well supplied with indigo, in order that the col- ouring ni.iller of the woad may not be spent loo soon; for he well knows that when iJie natural colour of ihe woad is gone, ihe blues dyed after- wards will not possess tlie same permanency, thiiugh lo appearance the colours will be equal- ly good. Tliose dyers succeed the best who have three or more vats in operafion at the same limi> ; in fact, the greater i^umber of vats a skil- ful woad dyer works, (he more permanent his 1825.] NEW ENGT.AND FARMER. 371 rnloiirs 'viH lir. A (Ivor wlin Ix'm'i"'^ "itli pigli! val3, will set livo rvory mnnlli in nrdcr thai lie may li;)t" them stroDg of woiiii ; wool i"* fii«t piirtiiilly coloured in the nowo^t vats, am! finished in the older ones, in orilcr that it may be first im[iregnated with the colour. ng- matter of the woad, by which the porniinency of the blue is secured. In every species of the Isatis, or of the indi- n-ofern, when the plants at maturity are gather- ed, pouniUd and balled, they will chanffe to a blui'h green, the chang;e beins;' liio ellect of an oxidiztment of the india;o contained in the jdait-. After the IimIN of woad arc couched, a formentatife process necessary to its perfec- tion, the blue will become darlcer, having com- bined witl>a farther portion of oxy^'en. Astiiis rh.\nn;e lakes place, invariably, in all plants !(nown to contain ini1ig;o, it is con-idered the onlv eitSernal character by which the dealer can jiidfije of the strength and value of woad, those s imples containin settle the boundaries between the two by collecting the cabbag.^, spinnage, and other | ''^I'^'^jp- q more indigo than woail, but I am convinced by its appearance, when couched, that it does not contain a single particle of blue colouring matter. Milk weed being a' very •■ucculent pl-iil, possesses strong fermentative properties, and may be advantageously used in place of bran and madder, to assist in fermenting tl^e woad on, and fermenting it «fter the same manner as woad. Young barley, rye, grass, wheat, or any grain plants, cut whilst in their most succulent state, would be fine substitutes fiir the milk weed, and would answer quite as good a pur- pose. But where would be the advantage of using these substitutes, when a greater crop of woad can be raised on a given quantity of land, than can be produced from any other plant ? In making these remarks I have not the most distant idea of chocking the spirit of inquiry. My only view is to put our dyers on their guard against adopting new things before they are cer- tain of their answering, at least as well as the old ones. If an indigenous plant can be found possessing all the properties of woad, that will afford as great an annual crop, I would be the first to recommend it; but should our dyers pur- sue a wrong course for yeafs before the error is discovered, as was the case with the swill i woad, fatal indeed, will be the effect on our rising manufactures. Hopson. GINGER WINE. The following valuable receipt is but little known, but will be found to be the best method of making this very cheap, pleasant, and saliita Hon. Mr \\'inthrop reported sundry re- ■ i solves in relation to lanrfs in Maine owned by this state and Maine, which were read, passed and sent down for concurrenre. .lUNE 10. Hon. Mr Lon»;Ioy from the Committee on so much of the Govcrnor''s speech as relates to the Mi- litia, made a report in favour of measures tendinaj to promote the respectability and efficiency of the Militia, and of the frequency of parade days, which was read and accepted. JUNE 1 1. A Committee was appointed to see if any retrenchment can be made in the expenses of this Com- monwealth— Resolutions were parsed relative to the reception of Gen. Lafayette, for the several branches of the Government to meet the distinguished Guest of the Nation in the hall of the House, and requestin^: the Governor to address him on the occasion. — .A message was receiveel from the Governor, statin^ that a com- munication had been addressed to him by Committees of New Hampshire and of Boston, on the subject of openin2; a water communication between the Connecti- cut river ami the v .■".board, through New Hampshire & Massachusetts, by the way of Merrimack river ; which was referred in both houses to the Committee on Roads anl Canals. JUNE 14. The Committee on Roads and Canals re- ported that t4ie petition of the 6th Mass. Turnpike, and the subject ot a survey of a route for a canal from Bos- ton to Providence be deferred to the next session. The same committee reported resolves on the continuation of a "urvey of a canal from Sharon, in Connecticut, to the boundary of this state, also on a canal from North- ampton to tho north line of this state ; also on a survey of the interior of .\e"w Hampshire, for a water commu TV wine. — To every gallon of water put 21bs. of sugar, and one ounce and a half of grossly pound- ed ginger lied in a coarse linen bag. — Boil these nication, &:c. — A committee was appciiated for making provision for those who may assemble in this city on the I7lh inst. who fought on Bunker's Hill on the 17th of June 1775. liouSK. — JlJNKf^. Afier ?fvrral private a-.i'! !■■'■-! bills, an order passed relative to the state printing, oi- recling that public notice shall be given for contract', (ic. the prel'err.nce to be given to thosi: who would per form the work ou Iho htwest term*, referenre b» ing had to the quality, tc Resolves authorisingihe Land Of- fice agent, iu eonjunclion with the Maine agent, to make sale of certain omitted lands and timber in Maine pas«epy, it we learn something new, sure to gain if our own practices and opinions are supported by theirs. GARLIC. The medical pro])erlies of garlic are various. In dropsical complaints, asthmas, and agues, it is said to have been successfully used. Some in- stances have occurred, in deafness, of the bene- ficial effects of wrapping a clove of garlic in muslin and putting it into the ear. .\s a medi- cine, internally taken, it is usually administered [ as a bolus, or made into pills. Its smell is con- sidered an infallible remedy against vapours, and as useful in nearly all the nervous disorders to which lem.iles are subject. An oil is sometimes prepareil from garlic which is so heavy as to sink in water; but the virtues of this pungent vegetable are more perfectly and more readily extracted by spirit of wine than in any other way. A syrup also is made from it. The juice of garlic is said to be the best and strongest cement that can be adopted for broken glass and china, leaving little or no mark, if used with care. Snails, worms, and the grubs or lar- vae of insects, as well as moles and other vermin may all be driven away by placing preparations of garlic in or near their haunts." — Domestic F.nct/rlopedia. FLEAS. Want of cleanliness remarkably contributes to the generation of fleas; as the females de- posit their eggs, each from twenty to thirty. in damp and filthy places, within the crevices of boards, on rubbish, iic. whence they emerge in the course of sis or eight days, in the form ofgreasy whitish m.'iggols. When a fortnight old, they envelope themselves in a small chry- salis, from which they sally forth, after ten days' existence, in the form of fleas. In the winler, these different transformations require a period of six weeks, but in summer only a month. — They probably do not live longer than one year; though it is said, that fleas liave been kept in little golden chains for six years. As they are able to draw a weight eighty times greater than that of their own bodies, some frivolous persons have occasionally kept Ihcm harnessed to minia- ture carriages, iic. Lea;)ing also is a singular pruof of tlieir muscular strength ; as, by press- ing the belly downwards, expanding their legs, and then suddenly contracting ihem, these crea- tures dart forward to a distance of 10 or 12 inches. Children and females are remarkably liable to the attacks of this little einemy ; a circum- stance which must be attributed to their more tender skin, their purer blood, longer clothes, and, in some individuals, jierhaps, to a [lecu- liar state of perspiration. Cleanliness, and fre- quent si)riiikling of the room with a simple decoction of wormwood or sassafras, will sonn extirpate the whole breed of these troublesome vermin ; and the best remedy to expel them from bed-clothes, is a bag filled with dry moss, the odour of which is to them extremely offen- sive. Others cover the floors of the rooms where fleas abound, with the leaves of the al- der tree, while the dew is on the foliage, to which these insects fondly adhere, and thus may be easily destroyed. Fumigation with the leaves of pennyroyal, or the fresh-gathered foliage of that plant, sewed up in a bag, and laid in the bed, are also remedies pointed out tor the expulsion offleas. [Sjirinkle with Cam- phorated whiskey or other ardent spirit. — T. C] Dogs and cats may be effectually secured from the persecutions of these vermin, by oc- casionally anointing their skin with sweet oil. [The fleas and lice of poultry are destroyed by decoctions of sassafras wood. — T. C.]--ihicl. MERINO RAM. On Wednesday last Mr. Wedsworth AVads- worlh of Durham, exhibited in this city, his celebrated Merino Ram. This remarkable ani- mal is only six years old — weighs 140 lbs. has never been sheared, and pn.s»esses the peculiar- characteristic of the merino breed, of never shedding its wool. The length of his fleece, by actual measurement is 17 inches, and its weight estimated by competent judges, from 20 to -10 lbs. For fineness of texture, length of staple, and be.iuly of appearance, it is believed it has nev- er been surpassed by any single fleece in the country. Thi'. animal enjoys perfect health, and it is said does not suffer from the changes or extremes of climate. He obtained the premium in this County three years ago. The distin- guished Agriculturist and friend of domestic im- (irovement, who is the owner of this animal, and has done so much to improve the breed of sheep in this County, has been induced to rear it wiili- )ut shearing, for the purpose of ascertaining whether it would shed its wool or not. The fxlraordinary length and weight of its fleece, ■^ellles the question beyond controversy, and proves the decided sujieriority of Merino, ove; every other descrii)lion of sheep. Middteto-jsn Sent. From Ike A.iiierica7i F^irmer. AGRICULTU RAL CORRESPONDENCE. E.ttracts from letters addressed to W. M. B.arton Esi}. yicc Prcsidcjit of the .'Igricnllural Society cf the Vallcij, I'lt. by the Hon. Jesse Buei., of Albany. Dear Sir, Albany, JYov. 3, 1 822. " My turnips, which yon saw growing, ex- ceeded my fondest hopes. The white and green lops gave at the rate of 760 bushels the acre ; and tfie ruta baga, sown broadcast upon a clover lav, after the grass was mown, gave about 600 bushels. These roots were not so large, but more fair, than those raised in drills. I had be- tween six and seven acres, all a second crop. It is the first experiment I have heard of raising the Swedish as a second crop ; ami it succeed- eil so well, tliat hereafter I intenil to raise them altogether after clover. '• I think the culture of this root might tie successfully introduced in the \'alle\' upon light soils. You should not sow the flat kinds till the lOlh or IGlh .August, nor the Swedes till a- bout the 15lh or 20th of July. I think they i82r).] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 373 would then escape the fly — as I have never known this insect to Histiirb crops here sown after the 28th July. Make an experiment upon my plan, that i<, sow the flat sorts on your stub- hie ground, and the others upon a clover sod. — You will lind them valuable lor cattle." Dear Sir, Albamj, Dec. 6, 1823. " Do you recollect seeing in the American Farmer of February last, my report in the house of assembly, on the project of an Agricultural School? 1 beg of you to give it a perusal, as you without doubt preserve the tile, and view it in its diflerent bearings upon the tiscal, moral and political interests of our country. The study which I have given the subject has con- vinced me that it is one of the deepest interest ; and I eouldadd many and weighty considerations in its favour, suggested since Imade the report ; but it is doubtful whether the public mind is in a temper to listen to, or to be persuaded by them. I consider the plan suggested by the Al- bemarle Society as defective, inasmuch as it makes agriculture an auxiliary study. It ought to be principal ; and botany, chemistry, polite literature, &c. made subservient to this great study. The pupil should go to it with the ex-i press view of learning to be a farmer, and should be taught so much science, blended with exper- imental and practical knowledge, as should best promote this prim.iry end. Of what vast impor- tance would a well conducted experimental farm connected with such mi institution, soon become to the agricultural interest, and to the Union at large. The fact is self evident, that under the best management, our farms might be made to double, treble, quadruple, their ordinary pro- duct=i. What method so likely to produce Ihi." result, as to that which T suggest ? A botanic garden, among other important advantages, would make us acquainted with our native grass- es, and those of value from abroad ; and instruct in the l)est method of mixing and cultivating them. The labours of the Horticultural Socie- ty of London have, in a short time, produced a striking improvement in that branch of rural e- conomy ; and its agents ha\e already visited ev- ery quarter of the globe, and drawn from them every thing valuable in the vegetable kingdom." From Dary'^s JigricuUural Cliemislry. FRUIT TIIEES, &c. The decay of the best varieties offrrtit-bear- ing tree.s which iiave been distributed through the country by grails, is a circumstance of great importance. There is no 7no Some think it may be rooted out and destroyed by mamir- in",'^7;^^^°"j! ,,,^ ^n, properly, and will not be able to less it at once and call "P°" " frnl -s have usp the - wines of the wind" in extending its Ireally likcMo know what you lea ne^^^ IS-caS7pi:[;t/r':l:er^S',....e- territoi, in which it has unlortunately obtained WHITE WEED. Mr Fe-senden — As you love to talk about every thing in the season of it— Bo for the land's sake and ours, till 7is what we shall do to get rid of the white weed ?— If you will just ndc or walk into the country, about Boston, now, you will find our mowing grounds covered and made white with it. Perhaps there never was so much At this season. — A more pernicious plant, as reo-ards our grass crops, cannot be found, I believe, unless it be the Canada thistle, and that happilv is not much known to «s in thi« neigh- hourhr'od. The white weed makes a most mis- erable food for cattle,— good lor nothing if al- ln:„ed to stand till it is ripe.— Our stable keep- ers reject it, and if they did not, their horses would.— It is so extremely selfish in its habits, that it will permit nothing to grow near it.— It occupies the whole grounil or none. — The mfilp of increase 1 know not.— Still less do 1 know how to effect its decrfase.—Bnl this 1 know, that il is spreading indefinitely in all directions. It is said to have been brought here by our ancrslors. ._So we are told was the berberry, or barberry. Without meaiiin!: to abuse (hose good folk*, I wish they had Ult them holh at home.— The seed of the" Charlock, or wild turnip, it has been said will remain in ihe clod thirty years or more and not send up a plant, while the land remains in gras-s but come- up after the land is ploughed. Not so Ihe while weed. The seeil of this will remain idle in the clod for years for aught 1 i{(,ow, — but giving 1*0 trouble, like the wild turnip, while under the plough, but it takes pos- session of the soil llio moment it is laid down to grass. This makes il the worse plant of the two, both of theiB worthless, because if it would show its headMrheie we are hoeing, instead ofsneak- ing among the gr.iss — iveshnuld probably hold a tlitsle with it. How to eradicate il is now the (piesiion — -.iiiJ 1 am ashamed to say that 1 can af- ford you no aid on which to rely at all. Some h.i»e.said ploughing wil! do il. 1 wish in my heart it woulil. But if so, how is it that i! cotnes again, frequenlly, Ibe fii'^t year aficr laying (1-uvn to gr,is9— .T.? nriy be seen this season? — mnm leucanthemmn. You know all about these hard words 1 know, but you are no pedant, and we farmers know nothing of your imms. 1 should not have known there were such worus, but a friend opened a book at the word » white weed" and there I saw them. It was a book of a settleinent. Oil the use of Lime for Preserving IleaUh. Lime, as an antidote lo contagion, a preserva- tive ao-ainst infection, and a means of pnrilyinTain ; when 1 see men or women, oid or -,--.=, . ''••:'T" n Voun-, Ireal or small, living as if they were to leap;'' but before thejentence was hnished, I j|,^^ forever, without one thought of, or prepar- ation fur. death, I would thunder in their ears, Loofc before you Lfo/).— When I was a boy, 1 one day walked out with an old friend of my father's; and, while engaged in conver.sation, we came to a wide ditch. The old gentleman paused ; " Oliver," said he, (seeing 1 >v i- about springing for the other side,) " look hfore you tors do not pay. had made my leap. The other side was, as it happened, extremely slippery, and my feet had scarce touched it, before 1 found myself Iniil at full length at the bottom, covered (;,or,!pletely i¥ilh mud and water. The consequence was, my new clothes were utterly spoiled, and although my mother had a com|)any of lively young friends to tea that very evening, I was obliged to keep my room; and, what was worse, re- ceived a severe scolding, and the pronii'ie ot no more new dresses, until 1 learned to lake bet- ter care. This misfortune made a deep impression on -- my mind — the lesson it gave me will never be forgotten. Since that hour, 1 have always look- ed before I leaped, and many a heart-ach it has saved me. Yet 1 have never looked round me in the world without seeing many that were as thouahlless and foolish as i had been. 1 liave seen young men take a social glass for (rieud- ship's sake; and i have known such, often, to he verily laid in the h Iheir builder- into the ditch in the end. 1 have seen young men many vvives before they were able to support themselves genleel- Iv ;"and 1 have knowntheni to e acknowledged Ihat it is a grand spectacle (.i .t y.'inerica exhibits at this period."—" Yes," an- swered modestly the Doctor, " but the a- They have paid since Crrimm'. The ceremonies of the Greek Chnrrli are at least as beautiful as those of the Catholic ; liie church music is heavenly ; every thing in the wor-hi|i leads to meditation ; it has somelhing ol poetry and feeling about it : but it appears belter adapted to captivate the imagination than to Madame de Stael. will e.^pire there the 16th of August, after which he may he had for one year, in any other county. the Hereford Bull is two yiars old,— is now on the farm of Joh.\.Pri.\cf,, Esq. Roxbury. His term will expire on the 12th July. Any person wishing him at an earlier period will be accommodr.ted. They are both very gentle and fine-tempered. The stock of Ad miral are peculiarly calculated for the SlaH and DaiTy. The Hereford breed have sometimes carried prizes in England agsinst the " Short Horns," as Beef Catlk.— i They are also admirable Draught cattle, and esteemed good for Ihe Dniry. 1 he terms will be reasonable and advanl.agcous to I the persons who shall take them for one year, and take ^ood care of ihem, as the great object of the Trustee? ?= to give an opportunity nl crossing our native breedi; und^r the hope of improving them.— For terms apply to JOHN LOWELL, or JOHN PRINCE, Esq. Rcxbu- ,.... Rujbury. May 1C25. PATENT HOLS— tor Sale at the Agricultural Es- tablishment. 108 State Street, up stairs. j 50 dozen of Hint's crook neck spring tempered steel hoes, warranted in every respect.— Ihe superiority ol these hoes consist* in their lightness and ?trength, and being in no way liable to clog. May 27 j DUIiHAM COW AND BULL CALF. I On SATURDAY, l&lh iiist. .at 1 o'clock, Jn hiberty-squnre. The Boll Calf Hi rcules, got by the noted bull Coc- h bs, out of Lady 1-iverpool. Also, Lady Liverpool, a short horned Durham Cow, raised by Mr. Ashcrolf, bred at Bank Hall, got by Ssmpson, out of Old Cherry— imported in the ship Cert s from Liverpool, in 111-3. The above Bull Calf was born on Ihe 10th Oct. 182-1, and weighed 127 It.^'. 12 oz. the day he was dropped. Oil the 17lh following, he weighed 141 lbs. ; on tlie ■"5tb, 172lhs. ; nn the 1st Nov. 202 lbs. and on the nth, 239 lbs. making him 4 weeks old : and is consider- ed by "ood judges, one of the best pointed animals in this countrv. Lady Liverpool is said to be one of the most perfect animals ever imported into the U. States.— Her color is red, a star in the forehead, short horns, long deer head and' nrok. large udder.thin tail, small bone, and weighs from liOOtol.'iOO lbs. Her strength and quality of milk is in the superlative degree. The above deKribed Cow and Calf may be seen at Stephen Heartwell's Stable, Schcol-strtet, any time previous to the sale J. L. CUNNINGHAM, ^i/c/'r. Magnifecence is Ihe character of everything one sees in Russia ; neither the geniu-- of man, nor Ihe gifts of natnre. constitute its beauiie«.— A person of fine intellect said that Russia re- sembled the plays of Shakspeare ; in which all that is not faulty is sublime, and all that is not sublime is faulty. — Ibid. Far, far above every other delitrht of intel- lectual spirits, is the charm of music, ll is Ihe language of Ihe feelings. Who is there, that is listening to an old remembered air, and has nol found his heart as audibly addressed as when his ear has been greeted by the voice of ,i val- ued and early lrienerry of rye will fill to a plump state, and the flour will afford as good bread as we commonly obtain from wheat. I have known numbers of persons who were deceived, when eating rye bread made with in the spring of 170&, sowed eighty pounds of flour from rye thus managed. 1825.] NEW ENGIMND FARWER. 379 Those who are nnwillini;^ fo receive ngricul- liiral knowlfiiige from books need not spurn at this inl'ormation ; 1 was taught (liis method of curing r}e anil practised it at the agcoteigli- leen ; I am now sixty-nine and a half, and have alwa^'S found it protitablc and advantageous. Observer. Westcrlo, May 25, 1825. TO CURE THE PILES. Take hog's lard eight parts, nulgalls one part; pulverize the galls very finely, and sift through a tine scive ; then rub what comes through the seive (o a powder. Melt the lard, add the galls, and stir it till cold. Apply it to the parts affect- ed several times a daj'. Take from 30 to 30 drops of the balsam of Capaiva on a little sugar, each night, and the VOlk of an egs immediately after il. The writ- er has never known this application made with- out success. — 7Aon^s Herald. PAYING DEAR FOR THE WHISTLE. A suit was determined during the spring term of the Superior Court, at Halifax N. C. which iiad been jlflccn years in court, the jury return- ing a verdict of ohc ihllar, and the costs and ex- penses amounting to fs;o thousand dollars. The parties were, (iregcry vs. Hooker, administra- tor.— JVorfolk Herald. Celtbralinn of the Baltic nl Bunher-hill. — We must leave to political Journals tiie pleasing; task ot'extiibit- in^ detail^'d accounts of the ct-lfbration of the fiftieth \ Anniversary of this great event, which first gave a lone \ and concentration to the energ;ies of the Lfnion,and led ^ the van in the battles which teiminated in American : Independficp. 'I'he airangements of the procession, and the public performances were all that could have been anticipated, or desired. The procession was form- ed under the superintendance of Gen. Lyman, assisted ; by other distinguished otKcers. The Military Escort, was composed of sixteen corapaniea and corps of caval- , ry. Six of these were from Boston, and the others from towns in this vicinity. The survivore of the battle were in carriages about 40 in number. Each wore on his breast a badge " Bunk- er-Hill, June 17, 1775" and many bore the implements of war they used in the tight. Then followed between one and two hundred Rev- olutionary Officers and Soldiers, each bearing an appro- priate badge. They were succeeded by the Masovic procession^ which was very splendid, and exceeded two thousand of the fraternity, with their jewels and rega- lia. Next followed Hon. Mr Webster, President, and other officers of the B. n. M. Association. The Rev. Dr Kirkland, the Rev. Mr Thaxter, (a Rev- olutionary Chaplain,) and the Rev. Mr Walker, Chap- lain of the day. Directors ahd Committee of the Association. Gen. La Fayette, Oon. Lallemand of Philadelphia, Mr George Washington Lt Fayette, His Excellency the Governor, the Hon. Cout.^il^ Senate and House of Rep- resentatives, accompanied i,y the Adjutant-General, Secretary, Treasurer &c. Gov Kenuer, of Rhode Island Mr Barbour, Secretary of War,,fcc. Arrivf..! at the Monument Spot, the various sections of the procession formed in square around it ; when the Grand Master of Massachusetts accotnpanied by Gen. La Fayette, President Webster, the Pa;t Grand Mas- ters, the District Depniy Grand Master, bearing the Architectural Implenents, the Grand hardens, hear- ing the Corn, Wini^nd Oil, in vases, the Grand Chap- lain, Grand Treasurer, and Principal Architect, repair- ed round the foundation stone, which having been squared, leveled, and plumbed by the Grand Master, Brother Fayette, and VIr Webster, and declared to be true and proper, a casfet was deposited in the cavity " i'J'e stone, containinr coins, &:c. and a silver plate W'* 'e following IN.SCRIPTIO.V. " On the XVII day of June M.D.CCCXXV, at the request of tlie Bunkir-lliil Monument Association, the Most Worsliipful JOHN ABBOT, Grand Master of Ma- ians in Massachusetts, did, in the presence of Gen. La- Fayettc lay this corner-Stone of a Monument to testify the gratitude of the present generation to their Fathers who on the 17th June, 1775, here toiighl, in the caus« of their country, and of free institutions, the memora- ble Battle of Bunker-Hill, and with their blood vindi- cated for their posterity the privilrE;es and happiness this land has since enjoyeil. Officers of the Bunker- Hill Mouunient Association. Presiilent, Daniel Web- ster ; Vice President?;, Tliomas H, Perkins, Joseph Story; Sccr.=tary, Edward Everett ; Treasurer Nathan- iel P. Russell. [Ihri: Mliv- a list of 25 Uirrclnrs.] — Standing Committee lor collecting Subscriptions, — Henry A. S. Dearborn, John C. Warren, P'dward Ev- erett, George Blake and Samuel D. Harris. Commit- tee on the form of th« Monument, — Daniel Webster, L. Baldwin, O. Stuart, Washington Alston, and G. Ticknor. President of the United States, — Jolin Quincy .Adams Governor of Massachusetts, — Levi Lincoln. Gov. of New Hampshire, — David L. Morrell. Gov. of Con- necticut,^Oliver Wolcott. Gov. of Vermont, — C. P. Van Ness. Gov. of Rhode Island, — James Fcnner. — Gov. of Maine, — Albion K. Farris. Alexander Parris, Architect.^' The Grand Chaplain the R. W. Br. Allen, of Chelms- ford, then pronounced a benediction ; (he Grand Mas- ter strewed the Corn, IVive, and O/', and delivered the implements of Architecture to the Walter Builder, with orders to erect the .Monument on the true princi- ples of Masonry. The benediction beingrepeated, the G. M. pronounc- ed the ceremonies ended. The procession, wbicli was inside the lines, llsen cl?eered, and salutes were fired on Bunker-Hill by the Charlestown Artillery, Capt. Saunders, and on Copps Hill in Boston, by the Sea Fencibles commanded by Lieut. Lewis. The precession then moved to an amphithealrlcal area, where accommodations had bei n made, on a most ample scale, for the accommodation of the auditors of the Address of the President of the Association. They included a large portion of the norlh-eastern declivity of the battle hill. In the centre of the base, a rural arch and bower, surmounted by the American Eagle, was foinied for the government of the Association, and some of the Guests, in front of which, after ihe vener- able Mr Thaxter had addressed the Throne of Grace, the Orator, *«(> C(f/o, pronounced an Address, which none but its author is capable of doing justice to in a summary, and will be printed and read with a pleasure equalled only by that which electrified the vast assem- blage who listened to it for nearly one hour and a quar- ter. It is enough for us say. that it was in every par- ticular worthy of the celebrity of the orator, and that his address to the silver-headed worthies of the Revo- lution, and to the distinguished Guest of the Nation, filled every heart with transport. On each side of the bower, seats, with awning*?, had been prepared, and were filled by over one thousand Ladies, from all parts of the Union, presenting a spectacle of animated beau- ty and intelligence. JOHN LILLY, No. 7C Market street, corner of Couit street, manufactures and keeps constantly for sale, the following articles, viz. Superior large size blue & green silk umbrellas ; small size do ; blue and green gingham do. various siz'es ; — oiiril linen do ; ehgant gdt and silver mounted para- sols, with star fringes, ivory handles, iic. ; Do. superior black stick do. ; low priced do. for country trade ; a complete assortment of silk fringes ; cases green & blue sinchaws ; ginghams and sarsnets ; a complete assort- ment of canes, with and without swords ; white, greea and red oiled silk ; a complete assoitnif nt of billiard balls ; purse frames ; ( ups and balls ; ivory rings fc children ; islet pins ; backgammon men ; frogs, &c. for tassels ; a large assortment whalebone and lallan, for bonnets, constantly on band, by Ihe grr;s or dczi n ; — whalebone for st.iys constantly on hand, and ci;t to any pattern, — at Ihe lowest cash prices. Cpuutry traders are requested to call. ,< i__ loi 44—121. E PARSONS fc CO. City Furniture warehouse, • Union Street, near the Union Stone, keep con- stantly on hand for sale, a general assortment of futui- ture, chairs, looking glassc--, feathers of all kinds, fire sets, brushes, bellows, &c. &c. Boston. March 25. Alnlinmn. — We learn that a survey is to be made the present season, of the route of a canal to connect Ten- nessee and Alabama, by uniting the waters of the Ten- nessee and Coosa rivers. The distance to be excavat- ed. Is only nine and a half miles, and the greatest ele- vation no more than 53 feet. The effect of this Clonal will be to make ?.1obile an important sea-port, the de- pository of the rich productions of one hnndreil and fif- ty thousand square miles, '^ extending from the gieat Kanbawa to (he Gulf of Mexico, and from the :>f ex o( the Blue Ridge to that of the Cumberland mountains." The Common Council of this City have appropriated $1000, for the purpose of procuring a survey of such points or places in the vicinity, from which a sufficient supply of good and wholesome water may be obtained. The expenditures of the town of Providence for the support of the poor the last, year, amounted to $7367. c ASH will be paid at this office, for any No. of copies of Nos. 36, 4t and 45 vol. III. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODCCE, &;c. [Revised and corrected every P'ririay.] APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. - - - - BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - cargo,. No 1, new, - - " No 2, new, - ■■ BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, ... - skimed milk, - - - FLAX FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genesee, . - - Rye, best, . . - GR.41N,Rye, - - - - - Corn - - . - - Barley - ... Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, Bone Middlings, new, n'avy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Clover - . . - - WOOL, Merino, fullblood,wash do do uiiwashec' do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PBOriSlON MARKET. DEEF, best pieces . - - - PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, ... VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, .-.-.. BUTTER, keg & tub, - lump, best, - . - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - - . - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOF.S. .... CIDER, lienor, .... HAY, according to quality, bl.l ton. busi, bbl. lb. buti bbl. bush lb. cask al. ton. bbl. bush lb. FROM TO U. C. D. C. lb. 98 Of 1 20 10 00 7 7 6 2 7 3 9 1 05 5 37 5 DO 2 50 53 53 50 30 11 8 1 17 94 00 100 00 I 30 10 50 8 00 6 60 10 4 10 10 50 25 00 54 4 50, 17 00| 14 OO' 13 75 1 75 7 75 40 45 37 27 48 40 bu--l bb!. (en. C 14 20 12 65 60 37 75 lit; 31 12 11 1 21 100 4 75 15 00 14 CO 2 00 8 1 20 45 •50 42 35 52 42 10 8 8 12 16 22 14 70 70 50 300 20 CO '/dO NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [June 24, Si;X.ECTX0275 FROM LATE EUROPEAM rUBLICATIOKS TOR TIIK NEW ENGLAND FARMER. SIEMEN'S IMPROVEMENT ON THE PROCESS OE MAKING ERANDY FROxM POTATOES. . The inlrodiiclion of this process, uhich has been adopted in many purls of Germany and in the north of Europe, h;is been reconimcnded to the Swedish government hy i\I. Berzeiiu?, and to the Danish government by Professor Oersted. From the trials made at Copenhagen, it would appear that one third more brandy is produced than by the usual processes, in Professor Oer- sted's report we find the following account of the process: — The potatoes are put into a close wooden vessel, and exposed to the action of steam, which heats them more than boiling water. The potatoes can thus be reduced to tiie state of the finest paste with facility, it being only necessary to stir them with an iron instru- ment furnished with cross pieces. Boiling water is then added to the paste, and afterwards a lit- tle potash rendered caustic by quicklime. This dissolves the vegetable albumen, which opposes the complete conversion of the polatoe starch into a fluid. Professor Oersted frees the pota- toe brandy from its peculiar fravour by means of the chlorate of potash, which is said to rrsake it equal to the best brandy made from wine. Gilfs Technical Repository. ON THE FARINA OF POTATOES, AND THE MEANS OF PRESERVING TUEM.—By Mr TVm. Pope, of Gartyviare, Sutherland. Tiie farina of the pnfatoe, commonly called Polatoe Slarcl;, is readily obtained by previoiis- "y washing the potatoe, and grating it line, and then washing the graisd substance in pure wat- er. This water ic to be carefully decanted off; and three or more washings in the same manner -.vill be found sufticient to purify the farina ef- fectually. It is then to be dried upon clean can- vas sheets, or hair-cloth, in the sun and air, with attention ; and when perfectly dry it will keep for any length of lime. This farina, put up in tin cannisters, it is humbly conceived, would prove a most valuable article in long voyages, particularly as it would furnish a very desirable nutritive article, fierha[if not inferior to arrow root powder, prepared as sago is dres^scd, with a little sugar and a glass of white wine. Let a small portion of this farina, (say two ounces) be jiut upon a pLile in a well aired room, and upoa another plate put two ounces of fine wheaten flour; and at the distance of 48 hours, let both articles be weighed again. The potatoe farina will be found of nearly the same weight as when it was laid down, but the wheaten flour will be found considerably heavier, particularly if the weather is moist. From this experiment it is very evident tluit the wheaten flour absorbs moisture from tht; aii' of the atmosphere more readily than Uio potatoe farina. ]iy this simple discovery, it is humbly conceived that the pola- toe farin.i po.isesscs extraordinary anti-putres- cent properties. For distant voyages, in par- ticular, (liis valuable roof may be prepared in nnollier manner, to furnish desiiablo arlicles of food fur the heallliy as well as convalescents. Let the potatoe be folly boilnl, skinned, and iheji bruised to small piece?, and dried upon hair ^loth, or coinnion malt-kiJn?, till it gets dry and lia:d. It will keep sweet a very lorlg time, put up in good flour barrels. This preparation of the potatoe, after being pounded in an iron mortar, will make an excellent mess of soup, and will likewise make a very palatable plum- pudding with the addition of a little lemon or Hine' jb?ce, or even good vinegar and a little sugar. Lastly, in December or January, in soft weath- er, before the jiolaloe begins to sprout, let them be put in a large tub, and cover them with boil- ing water. As soon as the wafer begins to cool, let it he poured off, and the potatoes spread upon a boarded floor, uritil they are dry. Then put them into casks, mixeil with some line sand, and they will keep perfectly sweet during spring and summer, without losing their substance by vegetating The sand will contribute to save them from being injured by frost. — Transactions of the Highland Society of Scotland. PUSTULES FOUND UNDER THE TONGUE, IN CASES OF HYDROPHOBIA. The inhabitants of Gadier have made the dis- coverj', that near Iho ligament of the tongue of the man or animal bitten by a rabid aninial, and becoming themselves rabid, pustules of a whit- ish hue make their ajipeai-ancc. They open spontaneously about the thirteenth day afier the bite, and at this time it is that the first symp- toms of hydrophobia occur. The method of cure consists in opening the pustules, and mak- ing the patient spit out the ichor and fluid of which they are then formed, often washing the mouth with salt water. This operation shouli! be perlijrmed the ninth day after the bite. The rcmed}' is so effectual amongst this people, that this hitherto incurable disease has entirely lo.st its terrors. — Dr Davis' Travels m Africa. AN IMPROVED METHOD OE OBTAINING EAR- LY CROPS OF PEAS AFTER SEVERE WIN- TERS.—5j/ Thomas Jlndrcio Knight, F. R S. Considering even trivial experiments to be important relatively to the management oithose species of plants, upon the culture of which much labour and capital arc annually expended, for private use and for the supply of the public markets, I address to the Horticultural Society the followinar account of a mode of obtaining an early crop of peas, which 1 have practised with success the present spring. When severe winters have proved fatal to crops of peas sowed in the preceding a\itumn, many gardeners have experienced the advanta- ges of raising other plants in pots with artificial heat, early in the spring, and subsequently transplanting them info the common soil ; and the object of the present commimication is only to describe an improvement in the mode of re- peating ;his operation. In the present spring my garden, owing to its soil being cold, and the climate rather inhospit- able, did not contain, in ihe end of February, a single living pea-plant ; and I purposely delayed the experiment, which 1 proceed to relate, till the ]sl d.iy of March. Upon that day the ground was prepared, and part of the seed sovvn as usual, in rows, where the plants were to remain ; at Ihe same time other peas, of the same early kind, were sown in circles within the circnm- ference of pots of ten inches in diameter, inside measure. 'I'hese pots were nearly filled with a compost of a [leculiar kind, from Ihe highly nutritive and stimulating qualities of which 1 anticipated much acceleration in the growth of my plants, with the advantages of being able to remove them, at the proper period to the open ground, without having their roots at all detach- ed from their pasture, owing to Ihe fibrous or- ganic texture of the compost. This was made of equal parts of thin turf, to which much life- less herbage was attached, and unfermented horse dung, without litter; nnd a quantity of Ihe ashes of burnt weeds, containing as usual, a good deal of burnt mould, equivalent in bulk to al.'out Onc-twelflh part oi^lhe other materials. Equal parts of fresh soil will'> unfermented horse dung, with litter and a small quantity of quick-lime, or wood ashes would prebably operate as pow- erfully as the compost above described. The whole was reduced to small fragment*, and well intermixed; and the pots were filled with it within an inch of the lops. The peas were then sov;n upon the surface and covered with common mould ; and the pots were placed in my peach house. In this they remained till the plants were an inch high, when they were re- I moved into Ihe cpen air ; but they were pfo- tecteil during the night, and particularly when the character cf the evening indicated the proh- ahilily of fro.'-l. In the last week of March the plants were taken from Ihe pots, and planted in rows in the open ground ; and I have the satisfaction to ob- serve that very nearly the whole of the com- port adhered firmly to their roots ; ami that their grouth subsequently was not apparently check- erf, ill any degree by their transplantation. — • They were placed in rows contiguous to those wl'.icii had been previously sown, a small quati- lily of compost, similar to that put into Ihe pots, being added; and the common mould was then closed round their roots, and raised upon each side of Ihe rovi:s. Sticks to support and protect the plants were immediately added, in raliier more Ihan the ordinary number and quantity ; and subsequently no particular care or attention was paid to them. On the morning of Ihe 2Gti) cf April, I ascer- tained the comjiarative groHth of my plant.-', which had been subjected to the different modes of treatment abovemenlioned, in two rows w hich gretv contiguous to each other: when I found Ihe height of those which Jjad been raised iti pots to be 15 inches, and tliat of the others to be scarcely 4 inches; and i much doubt wheth- er 1 ever possessed, in the most favourable sea- son, as lorward a crop of peas as ray garden now contains. IMany causes appear to me to have operated in conjunction, to produce Ihe foregoing effects. It has long been known Ih?' snow does not, in winter, lie so long upon g.ound which has been manured in Ihe same .c-'asou with fresh unfer- mented horse dung as upon unm-.nured ground ; and therefore I co-iclude that some degree of heat existed in, and emanated from the com- post, though prvjbably never in sufficient degree to be sensible to Ihc touch of any warm-blooded animal. If placed in any fonsiderable heaji, such a compost as that described, and even wfien the horse thing is mud) less in quantity, will heat violently. 1 have often suflpred the com- post of this kind, which 1 employ for pine ap- ples, to become hot, to prevent the subsequent appearance of earth worms ii if. llheatwasin any degreegenerated bv"*. compost in which llic peas frew, the cs'-l'* <'' 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARRIER. 381 it was reliirded by the numernns sticks by whicli the ground was partially covered ; and littlo injury could have been sustained from the shade of these, because the quantity of light compara- tively with the temperature of the ;>ir, and growth of the plants, is very great after the vernal equinox ; and it ia every day increasing in power and influence. Another cause of the rapid growth of the transplanted peas ha' probably been the very favourable state of the soil in which they have been placed, it having been turned over with the spade immodiatelv before transplantation took place ; for peas fiever thrive well in strong soils, when such have been compressed and sod- den in early spring by much moisture. But the chief causes of their very rapid growth have, I believe, been the highly nutritive and stimu- lating quality of the compost, and the presence of some degree of additional warmth. For I have in former seasons derived great advantage from placing a moderate quantity of nearly sim- ilar compost immediately under rows of peas, which have been sown in (he usual m:inner,ex- cept that the seeds were placed on the surface of the soil, within which the compost had been buried, and covered by having had the soil col- lected from each side to form a ridge over them. In all cases, where a compost of the kinrcfera poor and light soil ; so that the roots might be led as they would be under such circumstances tn confine themselves in narrow limits: and t-bo pi, inls con- sequently be brought to csriy maturil}'. J'l'ctc bij the Secreltiry — In a letter rce^^jved from Mr Knight, dated the 27(h of June, he nien- lions that he bad seen the full result of his ex- periments on (he mode of raising early, peas a- bove described. The plants so treated hud pro- duced a very abundant crop at least twelve days earlier than those sown at the same lime in the usual way, and with a much more rapid succes- sion of produce. From the Domestic Encyclopedia, BCD BUGS. Of the various recipes for the exiirpalion and prevention of these vermin, the following have been found by experience, the most effectual. Take of the highest rectified spirit of wine, iialf a pint ; newly distilled oil, or spirit of tur- pentine, half a pint ; mix them together, and crumble into it an ounce of camphor, which will dissolve in a few minutes; shake the whole well together, and with a piece of sponge, or brush dipped into it, anoint the bed, or furniture, in wliich those vermin harbour and breed ; and it will infallibly kill and destroy both them and their nits. Should any bug, or bugs, happen to appear after once vising it, the application must be repeated, and at the same time some of the mixture poured into the joints and holes of the bed.^tead and head-board. Beds that have much wood-work, require to be first taken down, be- fore they can be thoroughly cleared of lliesp vermin; but others may be perfectly cured with out that trouble. It is advisable to perform this work in the day lime, lest the spirit contained in the mixture take fire from ihe candle, while using it, and nccas'on serious damage ; Or, dissolve 100 grains of corrosive sublim- ate in a pint of brandy, or whiskey : use it with the feather of a quill. FroTn the Mhany Argus, NEW AGRICULTUR.^L PUBL1CATI0N.S. 1 beg leave, Mr. Editor, to direct the atten- tion of ray brother Farmers, particularly of those who are ambitiou'! to improve in husbandry, to a valuable work, (from the jircss of J. S. Skinner, Esq. Baltimore, and for sale at the bookstore of D. Steele &. Son, South Market ?t.) the Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Agricuhvrat Sociclij. That So- ciety is composed wholly of practical farmers ; and their practice probably exhibits the best ex- ample.i of neat and profitable farming that can be found in the United States. The volume is composed principally of communications from the members, relating to the prominent branches of husbandry; the residue of judicious selections; and is ornamented with several elegant engrav- ings of stock and farming implements. It is well printed, and is sold at the reasonable pries ofgl 50. Mr. Skinner is entitled to great cred- it lor his ardent zeal in. promoting agricultural improvement ; and it is hoped that he may no! be a loser by the publication of this volume. — But it is the benefit of Ihe purchaser, more than of the publisher, that has prompted this notice; for 1 am confident that the int'ormation which the volume contains will profit any farmer ten- fold its price. I have also examined " ihe Agricultural Read- er,'''' advertised by D. Steele & Son, and consid- er it well adapted as a school book, for boys Vtlio are designed for agricullural pursuits, and indeed as a book which no farmer can road without profit. It gives a familiar explanation of agricultural ternis ; of the nature of soils, (heir use in the growth of plants ; of the pro- perties of various manures, and of their opera- tion as the food of plants. It contains concise and perspicuous directions for cultivating our ordinary farm crops, managing our stock, fruit trees, &c. — It contains, in fine, the seeds of temperance, frugality, industry and wisdom, vvbich, if sown in the youthful mind, will germi- nate, grow, and produce fruits of usefulness am) virtue — and will choke and keep down vicious and noisome weeds : For the mind may aptly be compared to the soil — if useful plants are not assiduously cultivated,, baneful ones will spring up spontaneously. Books rany be to the farmer what they are to the professional man — they may make, him acquainted with the best methods of managing his business which has been found out in any country or in any age. J. BUEL. GREEN CLOUDED MARBLE. It is stated m the Westchester Herald that a «|uarry of this beautiful variety of marble, so highly prized by the ancients, and known in Eu- rope as the Verd Antique, has been discovered in the progres.i of the digging for the founda- tions of the new State Prison in (hat county. — The quarry is said to be inexhaustible, and the quality of the marble very fine : it is convenient- ly situated on the shore of the Hudson, From the Amcricnn Farmer. ORCHARD GRASS. Inquiry as to the time of its seeding — timefor soto- ing it, S,-c. Scotland JVcck, 2d J}pril, 1825. Mr. Skinner, Several persons in (his neighbourhood have in their giirdens small patches of what they believe to be (he orchard grass. Will you get some per- son who is well acquainted with it, (o give a pardcular descriplion of it — the time it seeds, and when is the proper lime to sow it. Respectfully, yours, WM. R. SMITH. [The above was referred (o a friend, who was known (o be a very successful cultivator of Orchard Grass, and on whose farm the Editor had recently seen the best lot of grass which has attracted his notice Ibis spring. He has kindly favoured us wi(h the following answer — i. (hc accuracy of which may be fully relied on, as would be better known, if he had consented to give his name.] So much has already been published in the American Farmer upon the excellent qualities of Orchard Grass, (hat it would be presun>p(u- ous in a petty farmer, like myself, (o give any additional information (hereon; but from your flattering request, I cheerfully state the experi- ence I have had, as to sowing and reaping upon my small farm. It will answer to sow orchard grass either in (he spring or fall ; and if (he farmer season is found most convenient, it may be done upon any growing crop of grain, and the earlier the bet- ter, if the ground be sufficiently dry; after which harrow, with a very light harrow, or roll — either, or both operations, will rather benefit (han injure the grain crop. But if the ground is poor, a top dressing of manure will be requi- site immediately after sowing. You cannot have a crop cf grass to mow the first year, if sown in the spring ; and indeed it will be better for the grass if not pastured during that year, except by calves, which would not injure it. If ground is prepared for sowing in the fall, the earlier this object is accomplished the better; for if it does not take good root and cover the ground well before winter, the frost will be very apt to turn the plant out of the ground — which I one year experienced in sowing after potatoea in the month of November ; for although the grass came up handsomely, there was none left in the spring, and 1 then sowed a second time. Last year I had a poor field, which bore very light crops of English grass ; it was ploughed in Ihe spring and sown in May with millet, which came up very slightly, and was ploughed in, the last of June, and the ground immediate- ly sown with buckwheat, upon which, when in blossom, I spread a light coat of manure, and aoain ploughed and harrowed : the soil was very fineh' pulverized, and on the 4th August I sow- ed orchard grass seed, which came up beau- tifully without a weed appearing; before Decem- ber it was six inches high, and is now a very luxuriant crop, and will, 1 make no doubt, pro- duce between two and three tons to the acre this summer. Two years since, I ploughed a field of inised worn out grasses in ihe menth of November; let it lay all winter, and in the spring top-diesgs. 382 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [June 24, eJ with old stable manure, and without slirrin» the earth, sowed oats, which were well harrow- ed in, and theu orchard grass sown, and the whole rolled, making the surface very tir>e — the manure caused the oats to grow so luxuriant- I3', I Was fearful the grass would be smothered; but after reaping them I was agreeably surpri- sed to find as fine a coat of grass as could be de- sired, and which continues to produce abundant crops without any of the previous mixed grasses appearing, although the ground was only plough- ed once. Five years since I sowed orchard grass with turnips in the month of August, and it came up remarkably well. The field has not since then been manured, and the crops of hay are very good and clean. I always sow two bushels of orchard grass seed to the acre, or as nearly so as can be ascertained ; this quantity is by some farmers deemed too much, but I am satisfied of the contrary, for it cannot well be too thick; and if a smaller quantity is sown, it does not NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, JUNE 24, 1825. SAXONY SHEEP. We have much pleasure in being able to pre- sent to our readers some notice in our adver- tising column of this day's paper, of the renew- ed importation of a flock of Saxonv Sheep. This is the second time that the enterprising and public spirited proprietors of this flock have conferred a great benefit on Farmers and Man- ufacturers, as well as the public at large, by the introduction into this country, of this most val- uable animal. The Saxony Sheep are an Improv- ed race of Merino Sheep, and are thought by good judges to be decidedly and considerably supe- rior to any other variety of sheep in existence. In the 2d volume of the N. E. Farmer, p. 374, we have stated, somewhat at large, some of the excelling characteristics of the Saxony Sheep, and their repetition at this place is the less cover the ground, but .grows into large tussucko, ; needed, because this race of Sheep are now so supposed by many to be ils natural propensity, I "'e" known and so highly appreciated by those but occasioned in fact from being too thinly sown. The seed being remarkably light, re- quires a calm day and great nicely in laying off the ground. You cannot well make a cast ol more than tour feet ; therefore I have three slakes made, four feet each, and plant Ihrm in a row, to guide the sowing, and take a boy to remove the stakes, measuring the distance by their own length; and having sown the field in one direction, I always cross sow it in the same manner. But Mr. Sinclair has an excellent machine upon one wheel and moved by one man, which will sow 1'2 feet in breadth at one time, and very accurately, although it also requires a cross sowing fur two bushels to the acre. If two quarts of red clover seed are added to each acre, it makes an addition to the hay which by many is much preferred, and I think it an im- provement, more particularly as they are in season to cut at the same time. Orchard grass is a very early, as also a late grass, and ought to be cut for hay while in blossom ; if suffered to grow longer, it becomes harsh and coarse. Last .spring was rather a late one, and on reference to my diary, I find we commenced mowing onllieSlh .l.uno, and finish- ed upwards of 40 Ions on the 20(h ; and from the same source I fnid that we reaped with sick- les that which was left tor seed on the 5lh July, when it was quite ripe. I particularly recom- mend every farmer to save his own seed, ami by cutting otfthe bead with a sickle it is pre- sorved pure and free from many noxious weeds, wliich will generally be found in that purchas- ed indiscriminately from the stores. From experience, I am well satisfied that orchard grass, when cut in proper season, makes the best ot hay. It is easily produced, continues in its pure state longer than any grass with which 1 am acquainted, and after jiroduoing a heavy crop of li;iy, it afi'urds the best of pasture until Christmas, without apparently injuring the succeeding crop; it also continues erowinij in our driest seasons, when other grasses droop or die ; hence 1 consider myself juslitied in giving this flittering u-'eful to vour readers. Afril, lO/Zt, 1825. who take any concern, or feel any interest in American Husb;indry and Manuficliires, that it would not be possible for us to present any ad- ditinn.il inducement to elicit attention to a sub- ject of whose im[>or(ance they are already so well apprized. We have been informed that those who purchased the SaNony Sliee|> of a former importation by the proprietors of the present flock, are much pleased with Ihoir ac- quisition. Thrjse now ai!verti=ed are said !o bo still superior, bein? selected wiih great care for the purpose of their introduction into the Unit- ed Stales. FARIVXEn'S CAIiSMDAR. Let HOEING. your Indian corn and potatoes, receive iheir last hoeing before you are engaged in hay- making, and do not depend on wet spells in that very busy time for completing the hilling of vour corn. Do not forget to place a handful of ashes or piaster, or a mixture of both round the plants, after your last hoeing. " The best sea- son lor hoeing yood land, is two or three days alter rain has f.illen, or as soon after as the soil will not adhere to the hoe, when at work. Light dry lands may he dressed at almost any time ; but the season for hoeing strong clay-soils, is very frequenlly short and precarious. Hence it will be useful to point out the proper juncture. There is a period between the lime of clay-soils running togelher so as to torm puddles, in con- sequence of superfluous moisture, and that of Iheir consolidating into hard cakes from great drought; when they are suflficicnlly tractable. This is the proper season; and whatever land is then hoed, will not cake together, till it Ikis been again penetrated by rain; in xvhich case the operation is to be repeated, at the time just mentioned, and a-; often as is necessary, till the growing crop begins to cover the soil; when it will in a manner screen the surface of the land against Ihe intense heat of the sun; and conse- quently in a great measure prevent the incon- veniences attendant on the consolidation of the soil." It is recommended to hoe your land pret- ty deep, provided you do not injure the tibrous roots of ihe plants, which compose your crops. WEEDS. If you have a tolerable growth of weeds on hand, it may be worth the trouble to convert them to some useful purpose. We do not wish you to spend more time in saving them, than they are worth. But it may be the case that the pig weed, and the purslane, &c. of your garden will make n food for store hogs, worth attending to. Or if more convenient you may bury your weeds while yet fresh in trenches between the rows of your plants: or place them in heaps in some unoccupied spot, and cover them with soil, and you will have a good compost. In this case it will be well lirst to sift a little quick li.me over the heaps of weeds, and then cover them with a good quantity of earth to imbibe Ihe gases, giv- en out by fermentation. A good husbandman permits as few vegetable and animal substan- ces to decay or putrefy in the open air, as pos- sible, but covers them with earth, and quck lime, if he has it, thus preserving his health by the same means, by which he fertilizes his grounds. BRAKES FOR SWINE. If you know of any place \vithin a mile or two of your duelling where you can obtain brakes, (or fern) by the cart load, without committing tresspass, ynu may do well to gather them in qu:inlilips, two or three times a week to feed yoursivine. Keep what you do not use imme- diately in a cellar, or at least under cover, ancf give to your hogs, once a day, as many as they will consume. English farmers often transport brakes several miles, tor that purpose, ami pay something of value for the privilege. Pull them up by hand, and be careful that you lake up as ninch of the roof, w hich is Ihe most nutri- tious part, as possible. Perhaps Ihe brakes have hardly yet arrived to maturity, but you may commence gathering them now, and continue till the frosts of autumn, provided you can find a suffi- cient slock of the plants in your neighbour- hood. If you can procure more than your hogs can consume, they will be a very good material in the farm yard or compost bed, as they contain more alkaline salts, in proportion to their bulk, than almost any other vegetable. I Tlie title of the Medical work from which in our pa- per of the 27th ult. page 349 we copied Ihe article rel- ative to " Chabert's Oil" as a cure for botts, is as fol- lows ; " A Treatise on Vrrmimiis Disfases, jreceded by the natural hi'^tory c^f inte?tinRl worms, and their orig^in in the human body. By X'alerian Lewis Br«-ra, Frofes- sor of Clinical Medicine in the L'niversity of I'avia. — Ornamented with fire plates. Translated from the Italian, with notes, by Messrs. J. Bartoli, M. \). cor- respondirjj; member of the Medical •'^ociety of Emula- tion of Paris, etc. and Calvet, ne|^h( w, Kx-secretarjr of the .Medical Society of F.mulation, member of the society of Clinical Medicine, etc. Translated from the French, with additions, by John G. Collin, M. D." This is a work of great practical value relative to disorders in the human system, occasioned by intestinal \vorm«. There is no other work of the kiud in the English language. It may be had at this otTice. jyiassach iisetts Lesislaturc. .?P.-NATE — Jl'NF. 15, A message was received from the Governor on the subject of securing Cape Cod Har- bour from driftin;; sands, whicli was referred to a Com- mittee.— A number of orders passed, likewise bills to be engrossed, among which was one ou the subject of 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 383 the Boston fire diparlment. — A bill passed for allowing; the fact ; but as I cannot but distrust my own notions on the subject, when they are in opposition to other gentlemen of experience, i submit them with deference. The experience of some years, however, has led me to think thai the scion carries with it all the " maturity," as well as all the other properties which it possessed while on the mother branch ; and that any deviation from what it might have been, had it remained there, FRIDAY, JULY 1. 1825 miji w.iijw.i.ii.iii W~itii 11— r>iw »— 'MiMiB— TW lilt ■r-ii»ni~i'ifT i arises from the habits of the tree into which it is inserted, and by which it would Tiave been equally affected in the parent stock, "had the habits of that tree been changed. Dy hubils, I mean the course given to it by cultivation, and pruning. Some trees have hnurious habits ; — some weakhj habits; some temperate nui\ fruitful habits ; and some slovenly habits. Rank or ex- cessive pruning will give a tree ?»,TU)'wt/s habits in a rich soil ; but in a poor soil the want of a free use of the knife will give it weakly habits. A judicious use of the saw and knife, according *o the nature of the soil and situation, will give it fruitful habits; and the entire neglect of it tvill soon give it slovcnh/ habits. But it is imi)ortant, in repi 'ing to Rusticus, first to ascertain whether the scions transferred to the seedling stocksin 1820 were fruit bear- ing scions, or only scions from a fruit bearirtg tree ? I'hese arc distinct things ; for on all fruit bearing trees there are great abundance of sci- ons that have no fruit buds on tliem. I shall not therefore undertake to controvcjrt his posi- tion, but rather give my views generally upon the subject of tlie properties of scions when transferred from one stock to another. I Scions taken from one tree and placed in a- nolher, will doublless preserve all the essential properties they posspsscd while on the parent stock. They may no doubt be made, by being taken from a weakly tree and put into a ihrifty luxuriant branch of a young and vigorous plant, to grow more thrifty than they did in their original situation, because they receive more nutriment ; and in many instances this -very lux- uriance of growth may prevent their l'orm;og| their fruit buds until there are a sufficient num ber of branches and buds lorraed on the tree to consume the superabundant sap, and thereby check its growth, and give to its wood more hardness, and to a portion of its buds time to form the germ of their fruit. While the vigor of the tree is such as to force all its buds into wood branches, they cannot obtain that maturi- ty or state of virility if I may so express my- self, which is necessary to the formation of its blossom buds. On some frees — such as peaches — plums — apricots SiC. the principal portions of the fruit liuds are formed annually on the shoot of the season ; a few only bear two years in succession. These are called by English gardeners spurs. — But in other trcpssuch as apples — pears — cher- ries &c. the fruit generally proceeds from spurs, which continue increasing in size and in hear- ing, from two to seven years ; each, in their turn resting from their labours during a season, until the whole are succeeded by new buds, and new spurs, to supply the deficiency. In whatever state the scions are transferred, they will, I apprehend, remainif they receive t'rom the foster parent the same degree of nu- triment that they bad from the parent stock ; but it they are too feebly nourished they will not give existence to their fruit, if they do to the tilossom; and on the other hand, if they have a superabundance of sap, they »vill grow into vig- orous wood br.inches, but in due season will set their fruit at the base of those shoots or branch- No. 40. es ; probably this woulil be the case in some of the buds of Iho scion, the first year of its inser- tion : this is common. We must rot conclude that the scion alters its character because it docs not show its blossoms on the seedling at once ; for unless wc are sure that it bear fruit blossoms when it is transferred, we cannot say what its character is. I would not, hoftevcr, be understood to say, that a young sapling tr^e is as good a stock to obtain fruit from, as a well groivn vigorous fruit bearing trer ; but / kuouj that a young stock that has sufficier:; vigour to support its scions well, will bring out the fruit (if there be any in the scions') as «*el! as an old one. Whether it will be able to bring that fruit to maturity, must de- pend on the variety of circumstances to which all trees are liable ; but we every day sec in hot houses, where there is generally great care bestowed upon them, peaches and nectarines, raised in tubs, on stocks one and two years old. The diflicuity in setting fruit is not, however, so much owir.g to the languid growth of the tree, as it is tv the luxuriant habits it may have acquired in a rich soil. As an evidence of this you may retard the bearing of a tree by rank pruning ; or you may bring a tree into bearing by transplant :ng it, so as to check its growth ; or by taking ■■/X a ring or section of the bark down to the ; Ibtfi-nuro, from a limb tiiat has never borne fruit. I have no doubt that a scion taken from a very vigoroBS tree that has never borne fruit, but th.it has attained a suitable age to support it, if transferred to a healthy, young stock grov«Ag in a good but less rich earth, will rorrect Its Irfbjts, and be brought into a bearing state much sooner than it would have been, had it remained on the tiiotber branch. 1 apprehend that the bearing state of a tree does not depend so mych upon the age and size of the tree, as it does npon the habits and mode of culture which it is obliged to submit to. Hence a scion taken from a luxuriant branch of one tree and transferred to a tree in full bearing, will soon acquire its habits, and probably come sooner into a bearing state than il would have done where it first grew, or if it had been transferred to a voung luxuriant stock, in lieu of one that had .already been brought to a statt- of discipline. In many countries, and particularly in France, this subject is perfectly understood; as, for in- stance, the Qnenouillc, or Distaff training, which is so much in use there, answers the double purpose of preventing your grounds from being shaded by extended branches, and is sure to throw the tree into early bearing. This is prac- tised on free stocks, as well as quince stocks ; and the finest fruit that I have ever seen or tasted was raised on these stocks. But there are many causes which we cannot immediately ac- count for, which contribute to the fecundity as well as to the barrenness of trees. Almost every variety of fruit has a soil which is most congenial to itself, and from which it receives the requisite degree of nourishment most conducive to its peculiar wants and habits. In sucl>-soil3 the tree grows with vigour, and tructifies at the same time ; producing those fine samples of various fruits which we some- NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [July 1, of the different varieties of figs cultivated in this coiimry. As to names, it is perfectly use- ess to give any, for the fig tree is an extreme- times see bearin? off the palm from their fel- ' inwhichtliey areset. " Horticulturist" says above, " J lows that have not been so fortunately situated. , *"7,f-' « y»"'>?,f'°<:'^ ''^^V^irp'twrS^Jb^a^v' -.^ , ... ... f . a port the scions will bring out the Iruit (^il there be any Not only SO! /but sihwaou has a great influence r^jj^g^^j^^^^^^gj, ^3 3„„,j„„,^hetlipr .twill be;, ,„„„ ,i„„j ,,„, ...hiKo • • - on the fructification of trees, as well as on the able to bring that fruit to maturity, must depend on the I 7 '""S '"^<-«' plant, i. • . i .• ■ . were taken oWain that age : though I have reas°on to e^"''^"'" H 'S a most productive variety. believe from the form of the buds that they will be ex- j A budded tree, which shot two brai.cbes last tremely prolific. Every cutting, therefore taken from I season of an apple which was sent to the London the apple, and probably every other tree, will be af- Hai ticuUural Society, as the "Mela Caria"' sup. fected by the state of the parent stock. If that be too young to produce fruit, it will grow with vigor, but will not blossom ; and if it be too old it will tmmedialeli; produce fr-uit, but will never make a healthy tree." Here is " confirmation strong" of the correctness of pised to be the best apple of the tvoild, wiih some cuttings of the same — some grafts or cut- ticgs of an apple wlifch we call in Hereford- shire, the Brandy apple, from the excessive the opinions which we advanced in our reply to the j sirf-ngth of its cider — it is also a tine desert or queriesof Mr Fish page 329 of our current volume, and I i;i;,le apple in very hot seasons. It is some- times called the Golden Hervey. I have m:ule ai effort to convey to you eight varieties of our lest .strawberries. t trust that 1 have So packed them that they will arrive safe. No. I. is Kean\s seedling, and to the principles so ably advocated by " Hnrlitul'.UT- ist.'''' Mr Knight 'las for many years been highly dis- linguished for his scientific and practical knowledge of horticulture in all its branches. He has made many valuable presents of dltferent and excellent varieiies of fruit trees &c. to the .Massachusetts Agricultural So- ciety and his remarks, discoveries and improvements j ]Sfo. Vl!I. is the Dowiilon Strawberry— the 0th- have, for many years, supplied agricultural and philo '„„.„„ ■, „. „].,„„ . , j i i .i i » , ■ , ■ , ... , .u ■ 1 . n crs are nii te now, and are iirohnb v the lararest sophical lournals with some ol their best essays. Per- i , '. . \ ' . , -, '""=""3<^=' haps there is no person living, whose opinion relative ; sfa^vberries in existence ; a single berry grown to the cultivation of fruit-trees is entitled to greater '" f^y garden last year weighed 558 grains, and weight than that of Thomas Andrew Enight, who may ! many others approximated that weight. The weight and beauty of Kean's seedling have caus- ed it to be much cultivated for the London market. 1 however think it to be the least good of those which 1 send you. 1 send also some im|iroved varieties of the red currant. 1 send also some scions of the Hardenpont de printems pear, which 1 know to be correct, having been taken from a bearing tree, and marked instantly by my own hand. Yours, Til. A. KMGHT. John Lowell, Esq. Roxhury, near Boston, Mass. The above mentioned present to our country has safely arrived by the brig " La Grange." The plants are all in a growing state. be styled the Newton of Horticulture. — -efte— - From the ^Agricultural Journal, June 1825. ANOTHER PRESENT FROM MR. KNIGHT TO 1 THE HORTICULTURIST.-;. ; That distinguished friend of ph3'siological j science, and of horticulture, Thomas Andrew) Knight, Esquire, of Dounlon Castle, near Lud- ; low, Salop, has recently sent a box containing valuable fruits. We cannot omit this opportuni- ty of remarking upon his enlightened and dis- interested zeal, not merely for the improve- ment of horticulture in his own country, but in others. He has enjoyed the advantages alford- ed by a very liberal fortune, which has enab- led him lo pursue his favourite occupation un- der unusual advantages. It will not diminish our respect for him to know, that he was one who opposed the war with America in 1775, and he has continued its steady friend to this hour. Letter of .Mr. Knight to John Lowell, President of the Alassachuselts Society for promoting Agri- culture. [The Letter is not dated, but probably bore date early in March 1825. J My dear Sir, 1 have this day sent .1 box to Messrs. Thomley of Liverpool, conlaiiiing plants Fi om the American Farmer. MARYLAND CATTLE SHOW. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON VOLV.\TEER PRE3IID.MS. The committee on the volunteer premiums have given to the subject of the premiums of- fered for essays on two important branches of rural economy, that earnest and serious atten- tion which the importance of the subjects and the characters of the donors seemed to entitle them to. The first which presented itself, following 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 387 the order of publication, was the silver cup, cffiToil l>v lh;it lUiePiil and pulilic ^pirilcd citi- zen Roliert Oliver, l>q. " to the author of the best essay on tlio natural iiistory of thn mule, and its value for the general purpose? of agricul- ture, in comparison with horses." For this pre- mium there were six competitors, and several essays of great merit; giving a mature consid- eration to them respectively, and observing ex- actly the terms on which the premium is ofler- ed, the committee award the premium for the best essay on this subject, to Samuel VVyllys Pomeroy, of Brighton, in Massachusetts. It might be deemed invidious to other competitors lor this prize, to speak of them by name. For the purpose of this communication, it is suffi- cient to state, that, at least one of the other es- says contained matter which would have added to the practical value of that of Mr Pomeroy, though inferior to it in other respects, and par- ticularly in what relates to the natural history of the animal, which it appears to have been an important part of the object of the donor to draw forth. For the other essay, " on the value and use of oxen, in comparison with horses, in the mid- dle and southern states, accompanied by a de- scription of the best method of gearing and break- ing them," the committee alter a mature and deliberate examination of a number of able and practical essays en the subject, do award the premium of a silver cup of the value of ^25, patriotically presented by the venerable Charles Carroll, of Carrolltnn, to Thomas P. Stabler, of Montgomery county, Maryland. His essay is considered entitled to the premium, as conform- ing to the intention of the donor, which doubt- less was, to elicit the best practical information on the Subject. The committee take much pleasure instating to the friends of the agricultural society, that the compositions on both the above subjects de- monstrated the growing interest which is felt in the improvement of agriculture, and the advan- tages which result to the community by the la- bours and contributions of the association. So much merit was evinced in the various commu- nications on both the subjects proposed, that, if the terms on which they are received would al- low of it, each might be entitled to particular mention. They hope yet to see some ot them uselully occupying the columns of the American Farmer. JOSEPH GALES, Jr., Chairman. [The following article was originally publish- «d in the Essex Register for May 1802.] In my Garden is an Apple tree, which about the year 1763 sprouted from the root of a form- er tree ; it now girts three feet and six inches. From 1784 to 1790 I observed it to be barren, and a cumberer of the ground; year after year being the piey of caterpillars, and exhibiting the constant appearance of innumerable warts within the oqtside bark, which at the time 1 sus- pected was the effect of natural instinct in the insect for the propagation of its kind. The garden, &c. did not fall under my partic- ular care and cognisance until 1792. In the spring of 1793 I tried an experiment for giving it new life, as fallows. Very early in the seas- on I directed my gardener with a hoe to cleanse the outside of the bark of such excrescences as might bow to the operation with little difficul- ty : In the next place I directed him to raise a wall of small stones around the tree at the dis- tance of one foot, and perhaps nine inches high; and tlien to fill the cavity with horse manure. The effect the succeeding season was truly worthy of notice ; the warts disappeared, the bark clean and tliriily, and the tree so loaded with fruit as that about one third of the boughs broke and came to the ground with the cum- bersome weight. Comparatively no catei|)illars since, and on an average, a very plentiful pro- duce offruit, yearly. I have not yet renewed my experiment, and think it would be well not to neglect it. I was led to the experiment by faking notice of a pear-tree that had been in a very similar situation, and had been resuscitated in the same manner. AGRICOLA. WINE AND BRANDY. Too much dependence must not he placed on the reports from France, of the failure of the grape crops. We have such reports every year from injuries done to the crops in particular districts. According to Arthur Young, five million acres are devoted to the cultivation of the vine. This is one twenty-sixth part of the whole surface of France, and when the culture of an article ex- I tends so far and wide the chances of a general ; failure are very small. WHEAT. Such is the luxuriance of wheat in some parts of Tennessee, that great waste occurs from the grain dropping from the burr belore it is reap- ed. Dr Thomas Walkins, with a view of seek- ing a remedy, if there be any, states — " that a crop of wheat that will yield fifteen bushels to : the acre, in East Tennessee, will fall more than la crop in some other parts of the United States yielding from thirty to forty bushels." MULBERRY TREE. The report of proceedings in the New Hamp- shire Legislature contains a notice of a petition for an act of incorporation to cultivate the mul- berry tree. VERMONT STATE CANAL. An adjourned meeting on the important sub- ject of a Canal from Lake Champlain to Con- necticut River, is to be held in Montpelier, Ver- mont, on Thursday next. Three routes have been examined, and declared practicable. The whole distance is about 70 miles. DEAF AND DUMB. It is calculated that there is about one deaf and dumb person to every 2000 of the popula tion of the U. S. or 6000 in the whole. 600 of these are estimated to be in the State of New York ; and a greater proportion in the city than out of it. The school there has 53 pupils — for 5 vacancies there are 74 candidates. there exists a j»reat degree of alarm in the minds of the lower classr? residing in the loun- Iry on the boivlers of Dorset and Devon. Il has gone forth that a "flying =crpent'" will poison the air, which, becoming impure, will cause the death of nineteen persons out of twenty ; and that the time will be known by this particular ap- pearance on the leaves of the blackberry, which the pseudo-prophet calls the reflection of the serpent.- Another version of the story has its origin from a different reailing, promulgated by some " wise men," (of whom there are not a few practising in this and the adjoining Coun- ties.) that the serpent, whose pestilential influ- ence is to be felt, is no other than Satan, whose period of bondage is expired. A third account describes, that the deaths will take place prm- cipally among- persons under thirty years of age. This impudent imiosilion upon credulity and ignorance gains credit in the 19th century, and hundreds of individuals have paid for charms to secure themselves from danger and infection. -- Sherborne {Eng.) Paper. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c. [Revi5ed and corrected every Friday.] Lamentable Superstition. — A species of blight or grub, has rested on the blackberry leaves, gnawing them in a serpentine manner, so that the dead fibre shows through the remaining green. It will hardly be credited by many per- sons, that in consequence of a certain prophecy, APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, 1st sort, - - - pearl do. . . - - BEANS, white. BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, car»o. No 1, new, - - " No 2, new, - - BUTTER, iiifpect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, . - - - skimed milk, - - . FLAX FLAX SEED FLOUR, Cakimore, HoTvard St Genesee, - . - Rye, best, . . - GRAm,Rye Corn - - ... Barley - ... Oats - - . - . HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, . - - - - OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northen PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, BoneMiddlin=rs, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Clover ..... WOOL, Merino, full blood.wash do do unwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, 1st sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION MARKET. BEE!', best pieces - - . . PORK, fresh, best pieces, - " whole hogs, - - ■ VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, ...... BUTTER, keg & tub, - lump, best, - . ■ EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, .... Indian, do. - . - ■ POTATOES, .... CIDER, liquor, .... HAY, according to quality, FROM TO 1). c. D. C. bbl ton. 93 94 00 98 00 too 00 busb 1 33 I 60 bbl. 10 00 10 50 7 7i 8 00 6 25 6 50 lb. 7 10 3 4 9 10 bush 1 05 1 10 bbl. 5 37 5 50 5 00 5 25 2 50 3 00 busb 53 63 60 54 30 31 lb. 11 12 8 11 casi 1 17 1 21 o-al. 75 100 ton. 4 50 4 75 bbl. 17 00 14 00 13 50 bush 1 75 2 00 lb. 7 8 60 75 40 45 45 50 37 42 25 33 48 52 40 45 lb. 8 10 6 8 4 8 5 8 8 12 14 16 20 22 12 14 bush 65 70 60 70 37 50 bbl. 2 75 300 ton. 18 OOl 20 OO 388 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [July I, CONTINUA riON OF EXTRACTS FROM THE AD- 1 Had not the canal of New York eclipsed almost DRESS OF ROBERTS VAUX, Esa. I all similar undertakings, a distingushed place {From page 378.) | might be claimed for Pennsylvania, as a patron Next in importance to the iraprovement of ; of inland navigation. The works on the Schuyl- the land by judicious modes of cropping, and the I kill, now completed, extend one hundred and application of restoratives suited to the various j eleven miles. Forty miles of the Union canal qualities of the soil, are roads, bridges, canals, I are nearly finished, and when the latter reaches and the rendering of streams navigable. The I its termination, the aggregate will not be much husbanilman will toil in vain, if the products of ^ short of two hundred miles. To enconragp and his labour cannot reach a market by a moder- 1 promote in future the formation of canals, wher- afe expenditure of time and money. The ne-jever the geological features of the territory in- cessity of facilitating the intercour.se between ' vite, or will admit of such improvement, is at the interior remote parts, and the sea board of once the duty and interest of alt who seek the Pennsylvania, was early perceived by many of her enlighieried citizens, who, in the prosecu- tion of Uieir designs, had to contend with diffi- culties similar to those which impeded the ex- ertions to renovate her husliandry. Some im- provements had been made during the provin- cial age of Pennsylvania, by the removal of ob- structions to the descending navigation of rivers ; but the first turnpike constructed on this side of the Atlantic, is that which-vvas completed be- tween Philadelphia and Lancaster in 1794. Since that period, more than n thousand miles of artificial roa or 15 leet above the top of the gum, and a ful- crum is fastened to the frame about 3 feet above the platform; the spring-pole is placed on it at an elevation of eight or ten degrt^es; and the point of the pole should project over the gum. Ihe auger IS then letdown the six inch tube or conductor, and .suspended to the spring pole by the rope, the pole being sprung down a tew inches, and the rope made fast. Two men stand on the platform, facing each other, on adverse sides ot the pole to spring it, and an operator stands on the top of the gum, (which should now be covered,) holding the auger gently in hand, and turning it as the pole springs up. He must turn to the right or the joints will unscrejv, and NEW ENGLAND FARMER. the auger must be carefully plummed to the cen- tre ol the lube or conductor, so as to work free and not rub. The auger first used must have a bit of about SIX inches, and with this the operator must bore through Ihe soft shelly substance usually found, imtil he comes to the hard solid rock, into which be will penetrate twelve or eighleen inches. The auger is then taken out, and the conductor also in which it was inserted. Thus far the sinking and boring may be conducted with the gum full of water; but if any has risen, it muM ' now be pumped out, and a head, previously' made to tit the bottom of the gum, must be put in: this may be m two or more pieces six iiich-i es thick, and in its centre a round hole must be I cut, of rather more than six inches in diameter;'; a lube must be prepared long enough to touch Ihe rock at the bottom of the six inch hole, bor- ed as before described, and to rise six inches above the interior head of the gum ; this tube must be nearly six inches in .size, with a hole 3^- inches, bored through its centre. It must be carefully wrappe./) with hemp, from one end to the other, until it fits the hole in the rock i tight enough to require driving; it must then ' be put in the hole and driven ^hnme, and Ihe' joints and edges of the head must he wedged and corked until all fresh water is excluded. This must be carefullv done, so as to make Ihe head water proof, and leave all fast and firm; and as this is Ihe most difficult part of Ihe whole experiment, I would advise the undertaker to I have the work well done and eflectually secured. [ It the water is troublesome, two or more pumps! mav he used to keep it down. A three inch bit (if the hole is intended to be of Ihat size,) is now screwed on the bar, and Ihe long tube or conductor is again let down and p)«ced exactly on the top of the short lube, and > the auger is put in and suspended to the spring- pole, which must he gently sprung, until the aii-j ger IS well plumbed, and works free without rub- j bing. The conductor must be well braced, sol as to keep it firmly to its perpendicular position ; ' and the top head being laid on the gum, all is ! ready for boring. j The operator may now turn the auo-er, and (as the phrase is,) begin to bore for salt water, and may bore, as many have done, for five hun- dred feel in search of it. If the pole is pronerlv sprung, {he full of the auger will be sufficient to perforate the rock ; but if hard places are found, ' the operator may give some additional force to the fall, and those who are perfect in the art of boring, can do so without much increase of mus- cular exertion.— After working a few hours, the po e men will find the spring of the pole, and will then know how to make it v!ork free and easy by changing its elevation, and by moving I the fulcrum, if necessary. I 1/the auger is permitted to work obliquely at hrsf, the experiment will be lost— and there- lore it must be well handled at the beginnino-, and the hole bored for the first fifteen or twenty feet, upon an exact perpendicular. Care should be taken to prevent any substance from falling into the hole, especially iron or steel. In the experiment which I in part superintended, our operator wrought the auger nearly two weeks upon a single inch, and we were never able to know whether his efforts were resisted by the hardness of the rock, or the hardness of some substance which had fallen into the hole t IS usual m salt water experiments to bore a hole about three inches in diameter, and of course Ihe bit of the auger must be of that size but two and a half inches is common, and will do nearly as well. The bit must be made by a guage, and must be guagcd whoneversharpenod ihe operator must have four or five of them and in boring, must be changed every three or [four hours; because the friction will reduce the size of the bit. When a fresh bit is put on, Ihe operator mu^t work gently until he recms the liole down to Ihe bottom. In making the „ ints of the auger as before described, Ihe head of the socket must be swelled to about tivo inches, and a similar head or shoul- der must be made on the screw ; and these should fit close when the joints are screwed on. The bar must be square, from (he head or shoulder to the clamps, and two screw drivers are requir- ed, (he hook (if which must fit the square of the joints. In drawing or returning the auger, one of them is hooked upon the lower joint and held fast, and the socket of the upper joint is screw- ed off and on with the other. The auger should always be drawn at nio-hl- : because if any hard substance should get in'', by 'accident or design, it would perhaps be impos'- , sible to draw it up. When drawn the joints I should be placed in a perpendicular position, to prevent them from springing. A sand pump must be used every (wo or three feet, to draw out the borings. It is made by getting a copper tube three or four feet in length, and two inches in diameter, in the lower end of which a valve is fixed, and at Ihe upper end a screw is made to fit the sockets of the au- ger joints. A hole is cut in the side of the tube two or three inches below the screw, and it may then be screwed on and let down, and being fill- ed by ten er fifteen gentle strokes, is drawli up an,i emptied. This may be done quicker and easier by lying a long rope to the top of the pump, a hole being made for that purpose. If the rope breaks, the auger must be let down with a hook screwed on to fish it up. In making e.xperiments, it almost always hap- pens that one or more streams of fresh water are struck before salt water is obtained, and, in such cases, the fresh water must be tubed out after the boring is finished. For this purpose, a tube IS made ol copper, (with joints similar to those ot Ihe auger,) the calibre of which should not he less than one and a half inches— two would be better. When a stream is struck in borin-^ the auger is marked and the distance measured'* and the tube must be long enough to descend be- low the lowest stream that is proposed to be ex- cluded. Before the tubing commences, the hole must be 2vell reemed to the proper distance • which being done, the lower end of the tube is carefully wrapped with soft hemp, for two or three feet, and is then let dow;i, or rather press- ed down, until it passes a few feel below the stream of fresh water. The upper end is wrapped in the same way so as to fit the wooden tube at the botiom of the gum, and the plate of copper should be tV.tened on It and nailed to the wooden tube. If (his is properly done, Ihe hemp will swell enour^h to make it water-tight at both ends, and, if well rubbed with tallow, will last for many years The upper end of the tube should be plu<^ few hun- dred dollars in making experiments. Living streams of pure fresh wafer, cool and healthy, are found every where below the surface. The inhabitants of low, flat countries, whose springs are only swamp water, filtered through mud and s.ind, would be certain of getting Dure streamy by sinking gums and boring; a^id the expenraents would often end by 'slinking the gums — as'it is known that good water is often procured in the gravel, thirty or forty feet be- low the surface. The quantity is sometimes so great that it is diflicult to head a gum at the bottom. It is known that pure fresh water is often found below streams of salt water, and I am satisfied that people living on the seaboard may find fresh water two or three hundred feet, Of more, below the surface of the sea: and when found, the salt water may be tubed out, and the fresh water obtained — as it will always rise in the tube and gum, to the level of the salt water surface ; and if fed from neighboring heights, will rise to the level of its source. I am told that, in some of the islands, the entire popula- tion of towns are supplied b}- importations of fresh water, which is preserved in tanks and cisterns, and made fit for use by filtration. These good people might supply their wants from native fountains and subterranean streams, by boring. Two thirds of the inhabitants of our cities might bore with success on their lots, and supply their kitchens with pure water, instead of the filthy drainings taken from their re- servoirs. It has been said that there is no good water on Thompson's Island, (Key West,) and I shall believe it, after an experiment is made, by bor- ing four or five hundred feet, and not before. — I will admit, however, that such small flat bod- ies of land, surrounded by the sea, are not like- ly to afford fresh water, at any convenient depth; but I should not despair of getting fresh water upon all islands having hills and mountains. Taking the earth to be a solid mass, (as 1 be- lieve it is) according to the old theories, I am of opinion that the chance of getting fresh wa- ter every where, by boring, is about nineteen to one in favour of the ex|)eriment ; and if there is an vUcrior concave^ as dipt. Symmes suppos- es, and he has offered more than sixty good rea- sons for his belief, I should consider the chances to be the same. If what is here said will enable you to an- swer the laudable inquiries of the " Farmer," you are at liberty to publish it; and I am very Vespeclfully, JOHN TRIMBLE. Mount Sliriing, Ky. Not. 6, 1823. NKW ENGLAND FARMER. KRIUAY, JULY 1, 1825. Tilt Massachusetts Agricultural Repository and Jour- nal^ for June. Vilb. This useful and ably conducted publication continues to present a fund of valuable in- foimation to the Agricultural reader. No remarks of ours can enhance the reputation of a work so well known, and so highly and justly appreciited by all who are acquainted with it. We shall, therefore, for the present, merely copy the table of contents, which will show that the topics of the last numberare well chosen and we can assure our readers that they are ably dis- cussed. " On the Improvement of our breed of Horned Cat- tle by Importations. [This we intend to republish soon.] On the comparative value of Oxen and Horses for Ag- ricultural Labours. The Y'ellow Pine. Upon the De terioration, or the Deception in Clover Seed in the Bos- ton Market. Another present from Mr Knight to the Horticulturists. On the Improveioent of 8oils. " On salt, as a .Manure, and as promoting the Health and Fattening of Domestic Animals. On the use of Salt for Horses, bherp and Cattle. Extracts from An- cient Writers on the Employment of Common Salt in Agriculture, and in feeding Cattle. Extracts from more Jlodern Writers on the use of Salt in Agriculture. Ag- ricultural Intelligence. Comparison of the present sea- son «iih former ones, and the Agricultural prospects of the year. Flowering of various Plants, and early Gar- den Products. Index to the Vlllth Volume." It will be seen by reference to an article on page 386 of this day's paper, that Samcel Wyllys Po.merot, Esq. has been the successful candidate in obtaining the premium of a Silver Cup, for the " best essay on the natural history of the mule," &c. We are much grat- ified with this information ; and from our knowledge of the literary and scientific attainments of Mr Pome- roy, are confident that the merits of his Essay fully jus- tified the decision of the arbiters — We hope soon to be able to present Mr Pomeroy's Essay to our readers. [cOMMUNtCiTION.] Charlestozen, June 23, 1825. Mr Fessenden — The season has come when we are as usual, annoyed with various kinds of mischievous insects, and I know of none more so than the Slug. These filthy creatures attack our Cherry and Plum trees in such numbers as to threaten their destruction — indeed I have un- derstood that one of my neighbours has lost a large Cherry tree entirely by this enemy. 1 do not know but you may have given some direc- tions in your valuable paper how they can be best destroyed, but if you have, 1 do not now recollect it ; and indeed I, for one, think it would not be an)iss to repeal at certain seasons, some observations which have appeared in the Far- mer, relative to these and similar subjects, as we are more apt to put into execution that which present circumstances render immediately neces- sary ; and by thus getting a practical knowledge of the subject, we shall be more likely to keep it in memory for the future. — A few remarks Mr Editor, from you or some of your corres- pondents upon this subject at this lime I think might be very useful. It is a dismal sight to look into our gardens and fields at this season of the year, and see the situation of many of our fruit trees, occasioned by this formidable foe. If he would be so good as to eat the leaf entire, it would be some relief to us, but the only ob- ject seems to be to satisfy his hungry appetite upon the beauty of the tree, leaving it looking worse than a " singed cat." The only weajion that I have yet used, Mr Ed- itor, is thumb and finger ; and unless you can point out a better one, I am determined still to use if. but as this is a tedious as well as dis- agreeable operation, I hope some plan will be suggested that will be more likely to be gener- ally pursued. I should be gratified to have the follovvin* queries answered in the Farmer. What is the origin of the Slug? What is the best method and the best time to exterminate (hem? and will it be likely to be effected unle.ss there is a general " turning out'" for the purpose ? Have they not inneaspd of late years, and is there not danger that they will become more destructive than most other insects with wliich we have to contend ? Yours, GENERAL GOOD. 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 391 Remarks by Ihe Editor. — Ur 'rhachur in his valua- ble work, The American OrcUaidist, page 106, has the following; observations ; " Slug IVorm, or JVaAed Snail. It is from Ihe accur- ate obstrvation of professor Peck, that we are enabled to present the reader with the history of (he slug worm, by which, of late years, our Iriiit trees have been in- fested. These reptiles make their appearance upon the leaves of fruit trees, in thi month of July, and our in- genious prolessor has difcovertd, that they are the progeny of a small blat k Hy. which deposits its eggs in the leal in the mouths ol M.iyand .'unc,and in fourteen days alter the deposit, tlie perfci t slug is loiiud adher- ing and feeding on the leaMs. It is of an olive colour, with a slimy coat, and in the course of twenty days, it throws otf four skins, at nearly equal periods; it re- m^^ins in the fiith. or last viscous skin, six days, and acquires its full growth ; it then quits this fifth skin, which is leli adhering to the leaf, and appears in a cleau yellow one, entirely free Irorn viscidity, and has so different an aspect that it would not be supposed to be the same larva;. After resting some hours, it proceeds slowly down the tree to the earth, into which it enters to the depth of from one to four inches ; and in about eighteen days they again ascend from the earth, in the form of flies, and these again deposit their eggs in the leaf; so that they produce two hatchings in a year. "It is happy for the fruit planter, that a simple method is discovered, by which these destructive insects may be effectually destroyed. '1 his is done by means of lime sprinkled over the leaves in the form of powder. — for this purpose, a wooden box, of convenient size, having its bottom p'^rforated with numerous small holes, is to be filled with lime. This being mounted on a pole, by shaking over the tree, distributi s the lime among the leaves, and the slugs are immediately dc- stioyed. The labour is very trivial ; a man may cover a large tree in three or four minutes; and the desired effect is certain. Fine earth shaken through a basket or perforated bos, will answer equally well. '■-Another remedy, it is said, will prove equally ef- fectual. It is a strong infusion of tar, made by pouring water on tar, and suffering it to stand two or three days, when it becomes strongly impregnated. This, if sprinkled over the leaves by means ol an engine, -will kill these vermin instantane usly. Tanners' bark put round fiuit trees, will destroy the slug worm." Mr Forsyth recommends watering the ground where these insects are with soap suds and urine, mixed with tobacco water. " When they are numerous on the surface of the ground, which frequently happens after rain, or in a dewy morning, fineunslacked lime, thrown over the borders &c. will destroy them. But I prefer the above mixture, which, if the ground be well water- ed with it will bring them up out of their holes, when they very soon die. It will also destroy their eggs, which they deposit ia the earth. Dr Darwin says (I'hytologia, Sect. XIV 3,5,) " It has lately been asserted that watering the ground with tar water will destroy slugs ; which may be made by ad- ding a (ew pounds of tar to a hogshead of water, and well stirring it, without perceptible injury to the tar. A circle of lime round the flowering stems, or of salt, or even of bran in dry weather are means of preventing the approach of slugs." In the Transactions of the London Horticultural So- ciety, vol. II. the application of lime water, recently made by pouring hot water in quick lime, and thus saturating, or impregnating the water with as much lime as it will take up, or hold in solution, is recom- mended for destroying slugs. The Agricultural Report of Scotland says some gardeners have recommended the use of lime water, [for the destruction of insects on Trait Trees &c.] but it is not commonly employed, be- ing found hurtful to the foliage, and we should be ap- prehensive that quick lime in powder, sifted over the leaves of trees might injure them. The Rev. Mr Falconer, in a paper published iu the Transactions of the Bath Agricultural Society, recom- mends soap suds as preserving against or destroying all kinds of insects. He does not specify slugs in particu- 1 lar, and it is possible that soap suds may not be suffi- ciently powerful to destroy them without the addition I of tobacco and urine to the mixture, as recommended I by Mr Forsyth. Soap suds are however so cheap, and I the experiment so easily made that we wish it tried. The oil or grease in the soap so far neutralizes its alkali 1 that the application of a pretty highly impregnated mix- 'ture of soap and water will not injure the most tender , plants. '1 he mixture may be sprinkled over the leaves ! by a common watering pot, or by (what would be more expeditious and effectual) a gardener's punop. Soap suds are highly valuable as a manure as well as an an tidote to insects, and by their use two good purposes may be affected by one application. I It is thought to be of importance not to apply any muddy or glutinous substances to the leaves of plants of any kind as such substances close the pores of the leaves, and yrevent that perspiration, which is essential to the health of every vegetable while in a growing state. We have known plants killed by strong solu- tions of salt, intended to destroy insects. Decoctions of tobacco red pepper, walnut leaves, elder &c. are not injurious to plants, but are thought to be, and we be- lieve generally are fatal to insects of most kinds. The i"ose bug, however, is said to resist all applications of this sort, and nothing short of main force, the use of the thumb and finger, or something equivalent will prevent their depredations. A raft of ship timber from Rochester lately passed down the Krie canal, destined ("or New York, valu ed at $33,01 lO I Every year now, evidences of the vast benefits of the New York canals, are exhibited. • George F. Street Ksq. has been appointed Secretary to the Agricultural Society of New Brunswick — a long list of valuable prizes are offered for the encouragement of Farmers, during the present year, aud a Callle Show is to be held at Fredtricton during the ensuing Septem- ber. General Coffm has arrived iu New Brunswick, from England. Spontaneous Combustion. — A fire was lately discov- ered in the store of Mr W. S. Campbell, and on being traced to its source was found to proceed from a parcel of paper rags, principally cotton, some of which had been saturated with oil, from having been used in cleaning lamps. The situation of the rags left no doubt of the origin of the combustion, and should operate as a caution against danger from similar causes. — -V. 1'. Statesman. The sales of hammered stone at the New Hampshire State Prison the last year, amounted to $16,327. The profits, or excess of receipts over disbursements, a- mountcd to $7,773. The number of" Firemen" in the city of New- York is 1038. It is said that 17,500 persons perished in the late earthquake near Algiers, of which 2,500 were Jews. A mummy, from Egypt, was received by the America, at Philadelphia, last week. ^i desperate choice. — A young man by the name of Samuel Lycomb, shot himself at Bloomfield, Me. the 19th ult. He was to have been married on the follow- ing Sunday. We think he might have tried the latter alternative, at least for a short time. Land has lately been sold at Paris at the rate of up- wards of $500,000 an acre. Some individuals in Colombia applied to the U. S. Bank for loans on mortgages ; but the Bank felt itself obliged to decline. A Bank has been chartered at Caracas, which may help commerce. Watson's cekbralcd horse HisliUniJer. This truly elegant and valuable Hoi5c will stand this season at the stable of the subscriber in Last Windsor, Con. HIGHLANDER is of the English and Arabian breed of Horses, of a fine temper, six years old the lOth day June last; fifteen hands three inches high, of a most beautiful dark dapple gray ; walks and trots lemarkably fast ; and exhibits as much muscular strength, elegant movement, and perfect symmetry of form, as any horte in this country. He has proved himself a sure foal get- ter. The colts sired by him possess a large share of bone and muscle, several of them are to be seen at his stand, which for beauty, size, and activity, are unrival- led ; two of Ijis two year old colts took the two first premiums at the cattle show at Hartford, in October last, and have since been sold for $85!!. The.first premium was awarded to Highlander by tliu Hartford County Agricultural Society, and by the Hampshire, Hampden and Fraukliu Agricultural Soci- ety in 1823. Pedigree — Highlander ^vas sired by the noted Horse Highlander which was the son of Sample (the best blood in England) which was got by the Arabian Horse Verman Arabian — Highlander's dam was one of the first blood mares of a dapple gray, by Gunpowder, own- ed by Benj'n Perkin's, Esq. and bred by the Rev. Dr. Perkins from his full blood English mare. Gunpowder was sired by Whitman's Obscurity which was by olil Obscurity imported into Baltimore by Benj'n Crocket ; his dam was imported by Charles Carroll, and got Ly Selim, his grand dam by Cullen Arabian. The terms will be reasonable and a liberal credit giv- en. RALPH WATSON. East Windsor, June 1825. SAXONY SKESP. ON Thursday 14 ,luly next, at Brighton, (near Bos- ton,) at 9 o'clock A. M. opposite the seat of Sam- uel W. Pomeroy, Esq. will be sold by Public Auction, (he entire flock of SAXONY SHEEP, imported per barque Braniir, consijting of 81 Rams, 57 Ewes, and 29 Lambs. These Sheep were selected with great care during the whole of the last winter, and no pains or expense were spared to procure the very best Sheep from the ElectoraT as well as from private flocks, it having ap- peared from the experience of the past year, that none but the very finest animals could he sold with profit. The owners arc confident that another flock equally select could not possibly be procured from that country. Samples of the wool from each sheep will be exhibit- ed until the day of sale, by Mess Peter Remsen & Co. Hanover-Square, New York ; by Mess J. D. & A. Whit- ney, Northampton ; and at the office of COOLIDGE, POOR & HEAD, Auctioneers. (f^j=T\\e Sheep may be examined at the place of sale at any time previous to the abovementioned date. E PARSONS & CO. City Furniture warehouse, • Union Street, near the Union Stone, keep con- stantly on hand for sale, a general assortment of furni- ture, chairs, looking glasses, feathers of all kinds, fire sets, brushes, bellows. Sec. &c. Boston, March 25. c ASH will be paid at this office, for any No. oi" copies of Nos. 36. 41 and 45 vol. III. MR W1LLIAM.S' celebrated horse ROMAN, will stand the present season, at his farm, in North- boro', Worcester co. Mass. 'I'erms 20 dollars for the sea- son ; to be paid on taking away the mares. A parties ular account of the pedigree and performances of this horse, v.'ill he found iu the New England Farmer, of STay 20, 1825. PATENT HOES — Notice is hereby given, that the subscribers are appointed the sole agents for ven- ding /. &• .4. Fa/e'i Patent Hoes; which are offered for sale at factory prices by A.D.WELD & J. FRENCH Jr. Boston, March 25, 11125. No. 713 Washington St. PATENT HOES— For Sale at the Agricultural Es- tablishment, 108 State Street, up sjtairs, 50 dozen of Hine's crook neck spring tempered steel hoes, warranted in every respect. — 1 he superiority of these hoes consists in their lightness and strength, and being in no way liable to clog. May 27 392 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [July i, ivizscz:i.i>ANiz:s. From the Rockingham Gazette. THE RISING MOON. The moon is up I how calm and slow- She wheels above the hill ! The weary winds forget to blow, And all the world lies still. The way-worn travellers with deli»ht The rising brightness see, Revealing all the paths and plains, And gilding every tree. It glistens where the hurrying stream Its little rippling heaves ; It falls upon the forest shade, And sparkles on the leaves. So once, on Judah's evening hills. The heavenly lustre spread ; The gospel sounded from the blaze, And shepherds gazed with dread. And still that light upon the world In guiding splendor throws ; Bright in the opening hours of life, And brighter at the close. The waning moon in time shall fail To walk the midnight skies ; But God hath kindled tliis bright light With fire that never dies. FAirhj Rising. — To rise early is so (ruly the one thing neetU'iil above nil — to tiiose who ;ire candidates for either of those capital prizes — Health, Wealth, or Wisdom, thfit it is the only sure foundation for securing any chance of ob- taiaiug either of them. " He that would thrive Must rise by Five ; — He that has thriven May lie till Seven." Instances may be found (but very seldom) of persons, who have set up lale becoming wealthy, but they have paid for it the unwise price of their iieallh. You cannot remember one solita- ry example of a sluggard having ever obtained one of these blessings of lii'o. '■ Shake (>S dull sloth and early rise." There is no time spent so stupidly as that which inconsiderate people pass in a morning between sleeping and waking. He who is awake may be at work or at play ; he who is asleep is receiving the reireshmcnl necessary to lit him for action ; but the hours spent in dozing and slumbering are wasted, without either pleasure or prolit. The sooner vou leave your bed the seldomer you will be confined to it. \Vhen old people have been ex- amined in order to ascertain the cause of their longevity, Ihey have uniformly agreed in one thing only, that they " all went to bed and all rose early." OB to the person at whose gin it had been so a- droitly put up, with bill of costs for two passages across the ocean, added to the price paid for it according to its gravity in its first transfer. And it is said on its arrival at its proper location, a small child recognising an old acquaintance, im- mediately cried out, " La, pa, here is the old grindstone come back again." — Augusta paper. Olden times in England. — In the age next preceding Queen Elizabeth, there were few chimneys, even in the capital towns ; the fire was laid to the wall, and the smoke issued at the roof, or door, or window. The houses were wattled, and plastered over with clay ; and all the furniture and utensils were of wood. The people slept on straw pallets, with a log of wood for a pillow. Epidemic among Horses. — A Paris paper of the 13th May, says, " The epidemic which has raged for three months among llie horses of Pans and several neighbouring places, contin- ues to make great havoc. Its progress is par- ticularly seen in the capital and the environs, where the mortality increases to such a degree that it has become impossible to trace limits to its ravages or duration. Many horses ot great value have fallen victim«, and all are threaten- ed." Packing Cotton. — A person packed the diffcr- 'iit parts ol' a large broken grindstone in the cen- tre of a bale of cotton, by the way perhaps of helping to 23. NATHANIEL DEARBORN has removed from No. 33, to 64, Mark, t-street, up stairs — where he res- pectfully solicits a continuance of public favor. Cards of every dt scriplion engraved and printed — Door I'lates and Stencil Plates furnished — Engravings on Wood — seals, &c. executed to order. TO PRINTERS— For sale, a font of Pica, hut little worn. Inquiry may be made of the Publisher of the Farmer ; or a line may be dropped to M. H. Boston. TERMS Ol* THE KAKMEH. iJiT'Published erory Friday, at Three Dollars per annum, payable at the end of the year — bufthose who pay within sixty dayshom thefiim of subsciibing will be entitled to a deduction of Fiit\ C'knt.«. Gentlemen who procure^rc responsible subscribers, are entitled to one volume gratis. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Published by JOHN B. RUS.SF.I.L, nt thp corner of Congrrss niul l.iriflall Street?, (Six Monr^ frnm thff Post Offif^Q Rostoii TUOATAS O. Fr«?r:xhKiV, FniTOn. '"'' No. 50. VOL. III. FRIDAY, JULY «, 182.0. AaRzcvziTuns. / REPLY TO COL. PICKERING ON NATIVE CATTLE, S:c.— No. 2. Jonathan Roberts, Esq. President of the Pcnn. ^Igric. Society — Dear Sir, — Ccl, Pir,kering''3 objects -.ind mine nre the same ; we differ in the mode?, I13' which Ihey are to be allaincd. He desiros to improve onr " native" stock, without the aid of foreign breeds. He ascribes the larger product of Eng- lish dairies, to llie super orily of English pas- lures. He admits Aat breed essentiallv affecls the properties of the ar.ima! — argues that the cattle of Devonshire imporleJ by onr ancestors some ages ago, transtnitted to their progeny the characteristics by which they are known ; .ind m.init'esfl his belief in the eilects of cross ing by Iho instance, which he has given, in Mr AVelles'' cow of " Eno-Zi'sA breed," aUhongh." de- scended (but) by a cross" from one imported nearly ihirtij years ago. He gives extracts from my communications, and deduce.s arguments to overthrow impressions, wiiich 1 diil not intend to convey. He remarks, " Mr Poivel contro- verts an opinion, ivhich has been expressed, that the cattle of Massachusetts are of the De- von breed," and in j)roof quotes a passage from one of my letters, wherein 1 had observed "I would contend th:il the ri.\r.sT cattle of Massn- thnsells. are mixed with families, of which Mr Gore, Mr Stuart, l\I^^"aughan imported ihe sires. Lancashire, Leicester and Hereford blood can be traced by a pr.icti^ed eye, in many of .the Res'- w.-rking- o\(>n, e^iiibiied at the New England agricultural shows." He continues— "although satisfied that the Wood of those imported calile n\' Gore, .Stuart npd Vaughan was here of very limited extent, 1 Jiave made inquiry to ascertain the facts." In Ihe same page he confirms my assertion that " Hereford blood can be traceil,'" by saying — " Now although I suppose the Devon race to be predominant in New England, I doubt not that some of other breed* were early introduced by our ancestors— some Herefords unipiestionabhj, ■sshosc dcjcendanis are yet distinguished by their white faces ;" and in the next sentence, adds— " white faced cattle of our native stock are tw^' often to be seen." I have neither thought, nor am I conscious of having at any time written, or said one word. which could controvert the opinion, that the cat- tle of Massachusetts are generally of the Devon breed. In the very sentence preceding the one which Colonel Pickering has quoted, I had ar- kuowledged, that they had been brought by Ihe colonists, who emigrated from Devonshire, i hut asserted that " the finest cattle are mixed ■with families of which Mr Gore, Mr Stuart and Mr Vaughan imported the sires." If more hac been so mixed, so many would not be bad. Th- term finest, necessarily limits the number to few I cannot i)e suspected of anxiety to prove, thai the cattle of Massachusetts, wliereof Col. Pick- ering asserts, •• few can be found of superior cliaracter." are not of Devon blood. The '■'facts''' which he has had the goodness t« atcerlaiu, prove that Mr Gore's bull, was as handsome and as large, as any bull "he h:iS;chnfetts siock is inferior to theirs inlhe urliclcs n since seen ;'' that he was kept from '94 until "98 1 bulls, co-^-s, sheep and hogs ;" ^nd adds, '• no mat. by Mr Gore's manager, who was allowed d// that | who ever saw Denton, Mr Williams' bull— Fill Pail, Mr Thorndike's, presented by Ijim (o the AgriculturnI Society— Ccolebo, sent to our coun- try by Mr Coolidge — or Holderness, imported by Mr Parsons, could entertain a doubt, that they rvere superior to anyanimuls, ol the same descrip- tion, which xve had ever seen.'' All im/jorted short horn bidls. " The simple fact, that farmer.^, always loo cautious of adventurin.if their money, were ready to send their coiv.-i at five dollars,' and even leu dollars, lo these imported animals, instead of fifty cents for the use of our native bulls, is con- clusive." " But wliat is still more conclusive, because the facts we have now mentioned .night have been the eflVcl of fashion, or of speculation, is, that when tbi? progeny of these animals appeared at our shows, ihey attracted every eye, and com- manded on an :\\ernge four times the price of our native breeds." " The effect has been so great as to cause the disappearance of our native breed of ^yuiio- ani- mals at our bhows, with n few exceptions." .'It the first cattle show in Pennsylvania, of twenty premiums for bulls, heifers and cows, eighteen were tnken by animals of short horn blood. A( the second, all the premiums were taken by animals of short horn blood. At the third, where 1.30 neat cattle, from different stales— New York, Mnryhind, Kentucky? Dela- ware and. .New England, were shown, of twenty premiums, nineteen were taken by those of short horn blood. .\l Ihe Maryland cattle show, of Ihe last year, the same superiority wasapparent, even ivhen half bred Short Horns were opjiosed by thorough bred Dcvons. At the last Maryland exhibition, on Ihe 1st of June, the judges were not satisfied wilh awarding Ihe premiums in proof oi Iheir superior excellence, but they give the most unquaiitied opinion in their favour by saying — - "That they award to Edward Lloyd, of Tal- bot county, for his bull Champion, the premium of ten dollars, as the best full blood improved short horn bull, " Champion having heretofore received a dis- cretionary premium on his (irst arrival in this country, his owner generously declined entering him lor Ihe premium to be awanled for the best l>ull ot any breed, believing, we presume, -with this committee, that to be the best bull of the im- proved short horn blood, is to bo the best bull of any hreed.^'' was received for his services ; that in '98 he was bought by a mnn in Vermont, although ^•un- ruly ,■" that Mr Stuart's heifer was taken toGer- inantown, where she produced a male calf; that she was so valuable, as lo be sent wilh her calf, lo Boston, for Ihe purpose of breeding ; that Mr Vaughan look his cow into Maine. If .Mr Gore's bull begat in the year "91 only ten bull calves, which in the year '9C begat each ten bull calves, their prsgeny might be more numerous, on a fair calculation, tlian all the cattle I have seen, or can ever see, in New England. But it has been proved, that Mr Gore's manager was al- lowed to use the bull for his o'vn beiielit during four years. Col. Pickering has given no facts, nor even his beliet", a-- lo the bull's progeny in Vermont, one ol the slates, ivhcnce large herds of cattle are derived. I have seen in Maine, many very line Individ-] uals of the long horned race, exhibiting the! strongest points of their breed; not only upon Mr Vaughan's estates, but even in the wilder- ness, where I recollect a bull, purchased at high price, and considered so rem:irliablc in his form, that 1 uiis led many miles out of my \vay, to look at him, in the town called Bingham. Of "Mr Stuart's breed," Col. Pickering has given one instance, and I have seen many. Some year- since, I sent from Nnrihboro' lo"Maine,a i>''!l trom a cow which was shown lo me as one of ibis breed, and as Ihe best upon the farm. 1 would ask of what breeds were Col. Chapin"s oxen — Ihe black and white oxen — and the line brindle and dim cow, which have been seen about Worcester, or noticed at Boston, and Brighton, as worthy of premium and particular regard? But to put at rest the deduclion.s lo show, that I " controvert the opinion, that the cattle of Mas- sachusetts are generally of the Dsvon breed," I repeat, that I believe Ihey were derived from the Devon breed, but 1 think they have been .mproved for the purposes of the yoke, and for those ol'the dairy, although it has" been shown, that in five instances out of six, reported lo the Massachusetts Society, the dairies of native cat- tle afforded on an average but 92 pounds of butter a year. I continue lo adhere to the authorities quoted by Col. Pickering, in order that no question may arise, as to Iheir validity or force. I have re- served, as Ihe most important, and conclusive evidence, the opinions conveyed by Mr Luwoll, the President of the Massachusetts Agricuitural Society, whose.knowledge and research — wiin-^e aliility and zeal — whose fairness and precision, are alike manifest, in his practice and in his es- s lys, not merely on paper, but upon the soil. He urges the improvement of "native" cattle, "ut acknowledging that '.'0 or 30 years would be required, to enable us to bring them into suc- cessful competilioi) with those of Great Britain, l-roeeeds in his formal report, on the Massachu- setts Show of to observe — " the best working cattle of Massachusetts are as much superior to tliose of Great Britain as the Massa any It is to be remarked, that the gentlemen wlia compose the stock committees at Ihe Pennsylva- nia shows, are intelligent graziers, and fairaers, who live by their vocation. By the act of incor- poration, they must be practical men Upon the land occupieil by four of these, who last year determined the awards, at least 1,000 cat- tle are maintained; and l>y one of Ibera, several thousands of " store cattle" are annually sold. On examining the proceedings of the Pennsyl- vania Agricultural Society, it will be found, that they not only preferred animals of Improved Short Horn blood, but without baving a*,eeas t» 394 NEW ENGI.AND FARMER. [July 8, the rer.orrl, or liHvinsr any mo;i!is of knowing their pRtiigrees, it lia« liHppenHd, that Ihp gra- dation of excellence, dplerminrd by the premi- ums of different rlas^es, coincides precisely with the various degrees of affiniij' to the hest short horn blood. [ Col. Pickering cileslhe opinions nf a commit- ' tee on cattle, at the late Worcester show, who, gave a premium for " a half bred coiv hj the ] English bull Denton ;" l)elonginfj In his nephew Stephen Williams, E«q. of Norihborongli, and says, " I have since learned, that lliis coiv was large, well proportioned, and ai)iiarenlly well formed for giving an abundance of rich beef, > but that slip was not remarkable as a milker;''! and he continues, that he has not " yet met with j accounts of any of the most celebrated English breeds, thn! surpass the best cows of our native ! breed, for the quantity of iutlcr Ihcir milk will j yield." ! Col. Pickering has shewn, that the annual j products of Massachusetts "native'' dairies, in iive instances out of six. are, when contrasted with middling English dairies, as 02 to 286. 1 would ask, of what breed was the cow npon which Denton begat the well proportioned ani- mal which took the premium, nnd to wliicli he refers ? I do not contend, that a short horned bull can entirely conquer the defects of a bad cow ; nor should I assert, that if a cow of what is called (he " native'" breed were a good milker, unless her properties had been established in her fiim- ily, during a sene? of years, that her offspring by an "improved" bull ivould necessarily in- herit, in eqiial proportions, the excellence of either sire or dam; tor, if I have not boon mis- informed, upon the spot, a heifer from the Dan- vcrs cow, show little of the merit which Mr Oakes, by singular skill and extraordinary food, had brought into view. If Col. Pickering had gone upon the farm of his nephew, he might have found an imported Devon cow whose carcass was neither well pro- portioned nor well formed for carrying beef; ivhose udder, though not much larger than that of a goat, was seldom well tilled. 1 had neither contended for Ibe exclusion of all breeds, except one, nor have 1 intended at any time to assort, that all the families of the breed which I prefer for the general purposes of the country, are alike well tilled tor the dai- ry, yoke, and stall. In one of my letters which Col. Pickering has quoted, 1 expressly slated, " Since the lime ol Colling, various breeders of England have made crosses with the sam^ race, to meet their partic- ular purposes. 1 have had, within a year or two, twelve imported animals, and 1 can exhibit. I think, in the best blood of Mr Wetherill's, Mr Curwen's, and Mr Chamiiion's fold^^, some es- sential points, mirked by the peculiar views of ^lie res|)ectivc breeders." The Herd Book will show, tliat some of the best streams of improved short horned blood were, miuiy years since, slightly crossed with the Galloway breed, wliich is now apparent in the frreater quickness of the gait, and keenness of the eyes.* I have endeavoui'ed to exclude but two breeds, Alderney and Devon. The first, vicious crook- * Herd book pajre 102. Msjor Uudd's letter, Am. Farmer, vol. iv. page 44P. ed, and tmthrifty— the l,itt"r, active, light, "deer- like," and. as Mr. Marshall says.t "as dairy cattle, ; not excellent," and, as Mr. La'vr.'iice a-sprts,i "as milkers, so lar inferior to bolli Ihe long and short horn=, both in quanlitij iind quMl'y of milk, that they are certainly no objects lor the regu- lar dairy ;" adding, " rAei/ are uiiiversi'Uy reject-^ ed in their own and the neighbouring covnties." To refute the opinion that improved short horns require rich [)nstures and extraordinary care, and to show that they are better milkers are rflore thrifty, and as well fitted for hot clim- ates and bare pastures as Devons, the followmg extract is given from a letter from Governor Lloyd, whose crops often exceeding (jO,000;bush- els a year; whose neat cattle not less than 800, vigorous and well shaped ; whose line flocks of sheep superior in carcass and fleece, to most that can be found ; whose arrangements through- out evincing the utmost precision and skill, may be considered as proofs that his testimony de- rived from experience, is quite equal to any which can be had, and infinitely superior to all that can be collated from books. I am, dear sir, a our obed't serv't. JOHN H.\RE POWEL. PoK-:lton, June 15, IG'-j. Tiilbnl eovnti;, Man/land. } Mye house, Mix/ 3, lfi2,''). S My Dear Sir, — Many of my half bred Cham- pion heifers (noiv two years old) have had calves this spring, and contrary to my expectation, arc 50 per cent superior for milk to any breed I have ever had. They liave had only the fjre of the common cattle on my estate. All of the mixed blood are so mech superior to my com- mon stock, that I consider myself Weil paid fii"- 1 my purchase, § by tbo mixed blood alone which; I have reared. My half blood young bull ti/u'c/i ynn admired, is now a noble animal. 1 have given my mixed Devons a fair trial. with my mixed short horns, and it would be only necessary for the most prejudiced or sce()- tical to see them, to decide in favour of the short horns. In size and Ibrm there is no com- parison, and the short horno are va«llv superior for milk Yours, EDW.^RD LLOYD. JoH.x Hare Powei, Esq. From James Cox, Esq. of Barks eounly. Frbruary 2, 182.'). DcAU Sir, — If is now about three months since 1 purchased of you a cow and bull calf, since when, I have given great altenlioii lo them in order lo ascertain their value as compared wiili the common cattle of the country, and have come lo the follmving conclusion; The coiv, considering her age (3 years) and the food to which, at this season, she is neces- sarily rrslricled, is a deep milker — the most so of any animal in my i)ossession — a small consu- mer, and ea'^ily kepi fat, (surprismgly so, taking into view Ihe qnanlilv of milk yielded,) andi* perfpclly gentle and docile in lier disposition. The boil, without any extraordinary keep is much larger llian calves of liis age. and in his form and appearance more resembles a grown sleer than calves of his age, (7 months.) He keeps very fat upon a moderate allowance, t Marshall's West of Engpland, vol. i. page 242. X Lawrence's General Treatise on Cattle, 1C09, p. 3(i. f Col. Lloyd paid $1500 for three improved short horns, two years old. and like Ihe cow, is extremely docile. 1 feel perfpclly satisfied that the imprc* ed short horns vvill keep in fine order upon the same (luantity of food which when gi\en to animals of Ihree- fourlhs iheir weight, will not be found sufficient lo produce the same elTect. This I state from aciual experimenl, and consider the observation perfectly just, as applied not only to my own animals, but to the breed generally. My improved slnck h.ive been viewed by a number of my neighbour*, and have been uni- •ormly admired, and as you know, iVom my ex- perience of their valuable properties, 1 have lieen induced to increase the number by addi- tional purchases from among your very ex- traordinary stock. J,\MES COX. John Harr Powel, Esq. Cor. Stc'y Fenn. ^g. Soc, From Mr Joseph Kersey. Chester county, 2d Month 12, 182.5, I purchased an half bred imf?orted Durham short horn bull, which I sold at puldic vendue lor one hundred dollars, and ! am b^ippy to learii that he has had, during the lasf season, near one hundred cows. His docility, his aptitude to fal- len upon little provender, are admirable. I raised two ol his calves, which when foTir week- old were generally snpp'snd to be two months old, from their being so remarkably fleshy and well grown, although Ihoy had not received any thing but the milk from their dams. Robert' Clenimens raised one from a cow that would not weigh mme than three hundred pounds. He kill- ed the calf at six months old, the meal of which ivc;'?bed three hundred and Ihirly four pounds for which be obtained ten ceiils |ier pound. There was a cow eshiliiled at Ibe Paoli. by •lobn Hare Powel; her calf was, at that time one year ami three days old, and had tieen kept tVom her for one night, and Ihe next niornin<' i milked (rom her at leasl two gallons of beautiful rich milk, and oiving tohernol being accustom- ed to being milked, it ivas impossible lo gel it all from her. Taking this breed in every point of view, I consider them better ad.ifded to ibe use of f.irm- ers than any other breed 1 am acquainted with. They arrive at maturity early, feed quick, are good milkers, and are exceedingly kind and do- cile; they liave more weight in the most im- portant points, viz. the standing ribs, tjie sirloin the rump, tc. and have much les* otlal Ih.m cat- tle in common. Take one of ihis breed, and another of Ihe common kind of equal weight ; slaughter them and sell them at the diflercnt prices the diflerent pieces command in the mar- ket, and it will be found that the short horn will return considerably the most money, merely be- cause it has more of the high priced pieces, and less offal. I am, very truly, thy friend. • JOSEPH KERSEY. JOIIN' P. MlLNOR, Rcc. Scr'y Poin. .Ig. Soc. From Darid Comfort, of Philadeli>hia Counly. RrsrECTEP FRiF.f.;n, — I have this morning seen the cow to which Joseph Kersey alhides in the foregoing letter. Slic has all the appearance of a deep milker. Her calf has hern running at her side, I am assured, from "l* liirth ; it a|)- pears healthy and of good size ; it sucked, I am assured, last night and this morning. The cow was also milked last night. She yielded thia 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 3nrj morning, in my presence, in aitilitinn to the con- siim[>tion of the calf, ;> qnanlily of ricli milk which 1 suppose to be eqn;il lo about eight quarts. My busiiie'^s it that of a practical (arm- er, 1 have therd'oi-e purchased her calf of the last year, at a \,\vs;o price, with a view of rais- ing and improving ring with ;i sufTiciency of millc, Jind butter once a day; vhich production exceeded that of afrcshinilch coxv of the common stock, which / had stlected zsith great care, and proved to be us good a mincer tis the neighbourkoud could produce. 1 am sorry I'lat I cannot give you an account of the produc- tion of butter Irom the imported cow Moss Rose, in a given lime, as her calf bad got so old before the trial was made, that it would not lake to other cows; but 1 do not hesitate to give it as Jiiy opinion l!iat ticelve or fifteen pounds of butter of the linest quality, can be made from her in • ne week, as she possesses the power of secret- ing rich milk, in a greater degree, than any jinimal 1 have ever seen. 1 expect that this is enough to satisfy you, that as milker?, the Dur- liara Short Horns are not to be surpassed. The bulls are docile and good feeders. Exlracl from a pamphlet, " Improved Short Horns and their Pretensions — Liverpool, 1824. " It is contended, that the two properties of good milking, and a disposition to carry flesh, may be united, where both are duly attended to ; and although the very great quantity of the, former, which is obtained from the ordinary breed ot short horns, will not frequently be drawn from the improved breed, still the defi- ciency in quantity will he more than atoned for by the superior quality — and increased richness in the milk, being one of the improvements, which has been accomplished in the breed in question. " The instances which are given as to milk, were obtained by the author on the spot; and though he would gladly have included any oth- ers, had they been furnished, it appears to him that no trifling force is aS'orded to his argument, by the circumstance of the cases which are set forth being derived from one stock ; irrefraga- ble proof being thus furnished that they are not solitary instances, but bappentng in the regular coirse. "The cows recorded, are the property of J. Whitaker, Esq., of Qreenholme, near Otiey, and are of the most esteemed blood. Tlivy have given, and give, twice a day, as follows : yellow Rose, nl 3 years old, ■} gallons 2 qnarts Yellow Hose, at <1 years old, 4 gallons .'j quarts Red r)aisy, 4 gallons. Magdnlena, upwards of 4 gallons. Wildair, 4 gallons. Western Lady, 3 gallons 2 quarts. Venus, IG years old, 3 gallons 1 quart. Alfrede, 3 gallons. Adola, first calf, 3 gallons. Yarm, 3 gallons. Moss Rose, at all times a moving mountain of flesh, 2 gallons — all wine measure. "These cows are steady milkers, possessing ?rcat inclination to fallen ; and Mr Whitaker can- not be too highly complimented on his success- ful exertions lo combine the two qualities. The remainder of his stock will be found by no means contemptible as milkers ; but it is thought un- necessary lo remark upon any ordinary quanli- lias." 1. Perils of l.irvcsf, from exposure to a vci il- eal sun ; great and undue bodily exertions; li» prudent indulgence in the good cheer generally provided on the occa.sion ; accidcr.ls in care- lessly handling the scythe and cradle, and in slowing away the crop ; and the disease liom drinking cold '.valer while healed — were treat- ed of, and the proper remedies and caulions suggested. 2. Colic — various causes mentioned and prop- er mode of treatment pointed out to cure the present disease, and prevent its return. 3. On the various diseases, and general bad bealth proceeding from diseased teeth. 4. Biles — mode of treatment, and of remov- ing the constitutional tendency to iheirlbrma- tion. V. A lelle;- from Patrick Walsh to John Coop- er, Esq, of St. Simon's, Georgia, was communi- cated by Dr. Mease. It forms part of an unfinish- ed Memoir on the natural and agricultural his- ptHLADEi.ri!iASOcicTVFORPROMOTi.NG ACRicrLTLRE. lory "'' ''lO Cotton. Plant in the liiitsd States, and clearly proves that the seed producing the Stated meeting, June 21, 1E2.5. — The Presi- incomparable species of collon known by the dent. Judge Peters, in the chair. The following names of sea island, black seed, or long staple, communications were read. was originally the growth of Pernambuco, and I. A letter from Robert Barclay, of Berry Hill, I 'h-Tt Ihe first parcel inlroduced into Georgia, Surrey, to the President, /icconipanied by a ' was sent by Mr. Walsh from Havana, in the volume entitled "'i'eslimonics in favour of Salt j year 17S6, lo ihe late Mr. Frank Level!, who as a Manure and a condiment for horses, cows I first planted them. I'^rom not knowing the fact and sheep ;" by the Rev. B. Dacre, Manchester, i o' the native place of the black seed cotton, 1025. Blr. B. staled that tiie Georgia oats, i various parcels have been sent to the Brazils some of ivhich had been sent to Ihe President,! 'rnm the United States. two or three years since, supported the cliarac-l Mr. C. Bird, sent a pair of the new patent ter he had given it, having produced 18 sacks i cast iron gate hinges, invented by Mr. Colhnge, (four bushefs to the sack) to the acre last vear. of England, whose superior axles for pleasure The president informed the society, that he carriages, are well known. These hinges are had found the oats superior to any he had ever calculated to play easily, from Ihe contrivance sown. I adopted to su|)ply oil to the joints as wanted, II. A letter on turnip husbandry, from ihe ! and to' protect them against the rain. The rare Rev. Robert Hoblyn, of Balh, to Mr. Barclay, ' occurrence of a farm gale in good order, and sent at the request" of the writer lo the presi- ; that opens and shuts easily, renders any improve- dent. The practice pursued by him is the one ' mpnt of a hinge of great importance. It is generally adopted in England, viz. lo sow in believed that those of Mr. Collinge will be found drills, 27 to 30 inches apart, and over manure, { worthy attention. He prefers compost testable manure, and adds I l^Ir- James Wood, No. 161, North Second refuse sail lo Ihe mass. The quantity of turnip street, sent two spades (one for the garden arid seed sown to the acre, is one pound, one half of j "no'lier for field service) and a shovel, of his which should be mixed with flower of sulphur; manufacture. These are made of steel, and ef for 24 hours before sowing, and Ihe other half superior strength, by the addition of two slra(>s sown without any. The ifly will attack the pro- 1 •" >he spades, rivetted before and behind, to duce of the latter, but leave the plants growing! "'e blade, and to the handle in course. The from the sulphured seed. The utility of im- ; straps form the socket, but not by welding as pregnating turnip seed for some hours before i heretofore; Shovels have only one strap. sowing, with sulphur, to preserve the young plants from the fly, has long been known iu the United States. HI. A letter from Thcmas Wistar. Jr. of | thereon Mr. Keating exhibited Brown's domestic ver-- lical spinner for wool and cotton. It was re- ferred to the curators to examine and report Mr. Clements mentioned that he had, the past sjjring, obtained 1 1 lbs. of wool from a ram of of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, to Dr. Mease stating the singular circumstance of a sow hav- ing taken very sick, at the time she was expec-i '^e Dishley breed, 14 months old. Some ted, from her symptoms, to farrow; and that ! the eives sheared nine and ten pounds, after her recovery, on being fatted and killed,! Erratum.— la tlie last report oftlie I'enn. Agric. Soc. the skeletons of a litter of [dgs were found in ' (page 3o6 N. K. Farmer) for kelp of Bologna, read their proper place. This fact will be duly ap- '"'"'' off^ologaa predated by medical men, particularly those who have attended to the subject of compara- tive anatomy, or to the economy of domestic animals. No analogous fact, it is believed, is on record. The sow, it was added, weighed 200 pounds, and made excellent meat. IV. ± T. Mease read the second part of his pa- per on the diseases and accidents to which farm- ers are particularly liable. A decoction of the roots of blackberry bushes is a safe, sure, and speedy cure (or the dys- entery. This receipt was obatined from the Oneida Indians. — Mass. Spy. At the late ceremonies at Bunker Hill there was pres ent a poor old revolutionary soldier, -who was disabled in the service. On being askrd if he had a pension, he replied, he did not know any law had passed pro- "viduig lor granting pfensions. 3.96 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [Julj 8, ORXeZKAI. COIVXIMnrNXCATXOHS. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. PRODUCTION'S OF MISSOURI AND ILLINOIS. The following extr.ict of a letter from a gen- tleman who is a member of Congress, to a friend of the Editor, wiio h;is ever evinced a laudable solicitude in promoting the agricultural interests of New England, is kindly handed us lor publi- cation in the New England Farmer. the spot, exceeds, perhaps, every other liquor whicTi nature or art have produced. He has been offered 60 guineas for a hogshead containing 110 gallons of this liquor." It appears to be a point, generally agreed on, by onr most experienced and scientific horticulturists, that the grape for making wine cannot be profitably cultivated in New England. But if there are kinds of .apples in existence, (of which we have no doubt,} that can afford a liquor even superior to the best varieties of the grape, and those apples are adapted to our soil and cliina'.e. we have no need of the grape for the vintage, becaus-- we may command a substitute of better quality and more easily cultivated. If the Missouri, the Virs^inia, " You ask me for information respecting the Crab Apple in Missouri :,nd Illinois, &c. In both i Missouri and Illinois the Crab Tree is a part I ""■ "^^ Hagloe crab will any or all of them furni-h such of the natural growth of the country. In fact, I ^ substitute, let some of our patriotic cultivators bene- the Crab Tree abounds all over the country. — What is called the American bottom on the II linois side of the Mis.sissippi river, is literally fit their country and enrich themselves by their intro- duction. The seeds of tlicse fruits or any other variety of the crab might be imported at a small expense, and covered with this tree. They form natural i there can be but little, if any risk in the experiment orchards for miles — grow thick, close, and are for if the fruit should prove of less value than may be from 15 to 30 feet high. They seldom fail toLnticipated, the stocks will be of the best kind for bear plentiful crops. The aj)plc varies in size grafting, and the wood of great value for the turner's from one to two inches in diameter. They grow latho, &c. We have fine varieties of table-apples; but less in the thickets of trees than « hen they Lj^g farmer cannot supplv the place of the latter. In- stand lurther apart They stand close enough jeed we are assured by those who profess to be best in some places to form a hedge. We never use 1 acquainted with the subject, that " the worse the ap- Ihem, except for preserves or sweet-meats. — They grow on all low flat grounds, and in the bottoms. You might gather thousands of bush- els within the moderate distance of a few miles on the -American bottom. " The Plum also abounds. Orchards of them arc to be found in the same bottom, and in fact all over the country. They are large, red and yellow, very solid and siveet. No pains have been taken with either. They are so abundant that they are disregarded, as among the most common productions. " We have also the Grape in great abundance. What we call the mountain and bottom grape. The former about i of an inch in diameter, — the latter ~ of an inch — very tart — the former pie is for the table, the better it is in general esteemed for cider!" In the cider making counties of England they would as soon tliink of mixing potatoes with their apples in manufacturing cider, as putting cider apples and table apples in the same cheese. Perhaps the Missouri plum and grape might be in- troduced to advantage in the more northern sections of the United States. If we cannot rationally expect to be successful !n cultivating grapes for making wine, on a large scale, in our climate, we may perhaps man- ufacture a little wine for domestic use ; and there ran be no doubt but we can raise grapes ibr the table and ''ruit market to advantage. Whether the Missouri fruits will sustain the severity of our northern winters can be ascertained only by experiment. But much may be sweet. Wine for family use is sometimes Inade I hoped for from the power which plants possess of be from tnem. coming accUmaled, or adapting themselves to the clim- ate into which they are transplanted. Remarks by the Editor .^W'hWc some patriotic indl TO THE EDITOR OF THE tiCW ENGLAND FARMER. METHODS OF DESTROYING INSECTS. Stock-port, {Pa.) July 2, 1825. Sir, — Having devoted a strict attention this viduals are engaged in importing new and valuable varieties of fruits, ic from Europe, it would be well to direct similar efforts to disseminate in every part of the United States those which are now only to be met j ■within particular IracU of our immense ttcritory. — f crhaps some, if not all of the above mentioned kinds , season to discover some easy, cheap remedy lo of fruits, would prove a valuable acquisition to the or- 1 prevent the smalt yeltoxo iwo^s from eating mv fhards and gardensof the Northern and Middle States, i young cucumbers, melons, &.c. 1 may noiv give The crab apple tree, in particular, seems entitled to a } the result of my three experiments. place not only in our orchards and hedges, but our I 1-1 boiled up a. very strong decoction of red ■woodlands. It is the parent stock from which all the ' pepper and tobacco, putting a small spoonful on varieties of apple trees were originally obtained. It is said to make the best stocks for grafting, because it is more hardy, more vigorous, and less liable to diseases and Insects than any other kind of apple tree. Its wood is highly valued by turners, and when made into cogs for wheels, it acquires a polish, which renders it very lUirable. The Virginia crab apple has long been fam- ous for yielding a kind of cider, or " apple-wine," (as Dr Mitchell says we should call it) of a quality but lit- tle inferior to the best wine from the grape. In Eng- land a kind of crab apple is, or lias been cultivated, of ■which Mr Marshall says, " A gentleman of Hereford- sliirf , in England, Mr Bellamy, produces cider from the liagloc crab, which for richness, Savour, ani price on a plant as it came up, that etTecliially kept lliera oil' while the strength lasted; but it woiild wash olT with the rain^, and evaporate with the Ikmv} dews, and then the bugs uould again commence their depredations, unless the process was often repeateil. 1 ilid not discover that it had any tendency to injure the growth of the plant. 2. I tried sprinkling them with what we call Lake Plaster, as it comes to us from the Cayuga Lake in the slate of New York. It is Tery dif- ferent from the Nova Scoiia plaster, — is black, and has a very disagreeable, strong sulphureous smell, and is more adhesive to the p'.int. ll answered a good purpose, but lew bugs touched the plants that were sprinkled with it. 3. This kind of bugs were vastly numerous in my garden and around the house.' One evening 1 obr^prved them 'o fly into the candle. The two nest evenings I kindled fires in my garden, oi shavings and light blazing wood. The con- sequence was. — 1 have not seen one bug since. They must either have flown into the tires or absconded. It is now ten days since, and 1 have had olher similar plants to come up in the time, on which I have not put any thing. They yet remain untouched by such inserts. This mode of (destroying them, if it generally succeeds as well in other places, bemg so cheap and easy, should be pursued to their extermination, for - the great benefit of Agriculture and Gardening. SAMUEL PRi::sTON. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BLIND STAGGERS IN PIGS. Sir, — If yon, or any of your correspondents, will luivo the goodness to communicate ihrouo-h j (he medium oi your valuaiile paper, information rc?[iei:tiiig the best mode of Irealing the dis- ease in pigs, called the blind staggers, it will ob- lige I^Ia.nv Lovers of Pohk. P. S. If bleeding is useful, in w har [lart is the ojieralion lo be performed ? Remarks htj Iht Editor.— ]n the second volume of the -'■ Memoirs of the P/nladelphia Jlgricutlural Sucit^i/," page £S, is a letter fiom J. P. DeGrucliy, to tlit Hon. Richard Peters, Esq. President of said Society, frosp which (lie following is extracted. " I have generally in my pen from 100 to 250 of these animals ; they are of course suljcct lo diseases ; one with which I was most troubled, was a disorder that I believe might be called the staggers. It attacked them generally in the month of September ; the hcg would ail at once turn round very rapidly, and if assistance was not at hand, would in less than half an hour, die. It seldom hap- pened that one alone was attacked, six, eight or a doz- en would be seized in the same way, in the course of a few hours ; they were immediately bled under the ear and at the tail ; some sweet milk and brimstone were given to them ; and on which they afterwards fed till they were well, or died ; a few recovered, but a great- er number died ; this however was the only remedy that 1 knew of, until the year 1803, when a young man who had lately arrived from Wales, and who was thin work- ing in my still house, put into my hands an old pamph- let, the title page of which was nearly torn off, but it was printed, I think, in the year 170o or 1707, and was composed of recipes for the cure of animals j there was described a malady among hoge, which I was satisfied was the same as my swine were attacked with, and the cure pointed out was as follows. '" Vou will see a bare knob in the roof of the mouth, cut it and let it bleed, take the powder of loam and salt, rub it with it, and then give him a little urine and he will mend." Every year my pens were more or less subjected to this disorder ; and since it came to my knowledge I have invariably followed this prescription, with certain suc- cess ; for where I used to lose six, I do not now lose more than one; but though the pigs recover they do not thrive so well after such an attack." In the 3d volume of the same " Memoirs.,'''' Szc, page 30 is a communication " On tarious Agricultural To- pics, It!) James Ecroyd, PhiladelpUia Counli/," from which the following is extracted. " The disease of pigs, I allude to, is the complaint' 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 'yji fust mentioned by J. P. De Gruchy, [as above.] He calls it tlie staggfrs, a name very descriptive of the complaint, as the poor animal's contortions arc very vi- olent, running round and round, and frtquently tumb- ling over and squealing violently ; and ns he justly re- marks, it never attacks old hogs, and I believe 1 may ] also remark, never attacks poor ones, but such as are | Su a high state of hsalth and keep; from this circum- j stance 1 suppose the disorder must be occasioned by j pletho-a and costiveness, and have succeeded complete- j ]y in curln" it, l:i'e!y, by giving two table spoonsful! of castor oil, and cutting the end of the tail to make it bleed." FOR THE NEW EN<;I.AND FARMER. Framingham, Jvhj 2, 1825. Mr Editor — It is almost impossible to be too careful in handling f re-arms. A late accident, perhaps more properly occurrence, in my family bas deeply impressed the above sentiment on my heart, and occasioned the present communi- cation. Afo-wUngpiece, which I had loaned to a neigh- bor tor the purpose of kiliingr a hawk, was in my absence returned. I wished lo destroy some i caterjiillars, not otherwise accessible, by shoot- j ing. My gun, on examination, required a newj flint. It is my invari.ible practice on taking np I a gun lo ascertain whether it be loaded, or charged. For this |>iirpo5e I app'v my lips to the muzzle, and by blowing determine w helher there be a free passage ibr my brealb. 1 did so in the present instance, and thought the air es- caped at the b(.tlom of the piece. 1 was how- ever deceived, as many more experienced in (iceustics than mysell" might iiave been. The air passed ihrough an aperture higher. A flint was inserted and the pan primed (or the pur- pose of trial. 31y children were around me. — 1 had no more idea of danger from jiointing my gun, than pointing a broomstick at them. It is however my practice always to elevate or de- press my piece 45*^ and carefully examine, whether any object be in its range, that can be injured. I did soon this occasion, and to my as- touishment, the gun was heavily charged. Should one valuable life be preserved by the foregoing, the writer will be amply rewarded. I had intended to shoot caterpillars, 1 will here observe these viarauders have completed their canfipaign ; and been relieved by a sort of rose 6ugs, who have commenced their tour of duty with great alertness and vigor. Will you have the goodness to accommodate \is with the natural history of this little appar- ently contemptible bug, alias fly, which is not only an epicure, but a gormandizer, not only her- bivorous, but carnivorous, as both myself and horse can testify.* The ca/iter -tJorm has also ex- hibited himself in our neighborhood. But as mischievous boys are not permi ted to molest our orchards with their unfeeling sport ; the birds have been our sentinels, and (ireserved the foliage ol our trees. Respectfully VV. B- From the Boston Medical Intelligencer. *We should be much obliged to any fri. nd or cor- respondent who would give us information with regard to this insect. It is remarkable that none of the books on horticulture, fruit trees, ic. which we have been able to consult, (and we have turned over the leaves }f many) contain any description of, or even mention CHOLERA INFANTUM. In our climate this disorder is frequently of a very f.ital nature in the sea-on which is now ap- proaching. From the opportunities wo. have had of obsorviog this coinj'liiint in past seasons, we are (ully convinced i>f the [)ropricty of con- sidering it as a febrile disease, not unlike the bilious letniltent of adults; taking this view of its character, instead of prescribing anodyne and astringent mxttircs for the pur|iosR of lessening the disch.irg's by the bowels, which are proba- bly the effect of the general excitement of the system occasioued by the heat of the season, and occasionally the additional irritation of teeth- ing, we conceive that it is a more rational jirac- tice to employ those remedies which are calcu- lated to aliay the general febrile excitement, and by that means overcome the excessive irri- tations of the alimentary canal. Accordingly, what we believe to be the most successful mode of treatment, is in the first place to empty the slomach and bowels by small doses of ipecacu- anha and rhubarb. Antimonial medicines and calomel may frequently he prescribed with good effect in this stage of the disease. — If the fever continues after the stomach and bowels have been Ihornughly evacuated, small doses of ipe- cacuanlia may still be continued with good ef- fect, to preserve a perspirable action of the skin. Warm bathing may also at this lime be made use of to great advantage. — In case that the intesti- nal irritations continue after the febrile symp- toms .Tre removed, the chalk julep, with the ad- dition of laudanum or paregorick, may be ad- vantageously prescribed. If there is much di arrhoea and tenesmus, with severe gripings, and the discharges are tinged with blood, small in- jections, composed of starch and laudanum, will be more effectuai in relieving the distresses of the patient, than anodynes administered by the stomach, and less likely to disturb the functions of that organ : in other instances astringents may he indicated to restrain the profuse liquid evacuations from the bowels. Among the means of prevention, we cannot enough recommend the use of flannel worn next the skin ; this preserves the action of the vessels on the surface, and while it acts as a nonconduc- tor, it guards the tender infant from the extreme heat and great vicissitudes t'requently experi- the rose bug, under that or any other appellation which can enable us to identify it. We liave likewise solicit- ed several experienced and scientific cultivators to fur- nish us with some outlines of the natural history, and some remedy against the depredations of the rose bug. Willi regard to its natural history we have obtained nothing on which we can place any reliance. And the only modes of guarding against the mischief caused by the voracity of the rose bug, which have been pointed out to us, are crushing and pinching their heads off with the thumb and finger, or picking them off from the plants they infest, and throwing them into bowls or ba- sins partly filled with hot water. A gentkman informs us that by giving his children and servant? a small pre- mium for each bowl full of rose bugs, obtained in this way, he succeeded in clearing them from his garden. ffuch means, however, must in many cases prove inad- equate, and if any more efTectual can be pointed out, we should be very happy to publish them. enced in the hot months of the year. — Warm bathing, too, at this season, by lessening the ef- fect of excessive heat, and sudden transitions from hot to cold, is extremely useful to all frag- ile constitulions. But of all the remedies with which we are acquainted, cither to prevent or remove this disease, wc know of none so effectual for those in the city who maybe attacked by it, as remov- al lo the pure air of the country, particularly near tlie sea shore, where the atmosphere is not nnljfc cooler, but in a particular manner has a tiMidency to restore the appetite and strength of the jialienl. SICKNESS CONSEQUENT TO HOT WEATHER. Such was the extreme heat in the fore part of June, that complaints of the stomach and bowels have been more frequent, among both adults and children, than we have been ac- customed to witness for some months past. — Such, too, is the excitement occasioned by an inordinate temperature of the atmosphere, that many inflammatory diseases, as of the eyes, brain, liver, and intestines, are likely to be in- duced ; and indeed several cases of apoplexy and cholera morbus, have already come to our knowledge. Many severe afiections of the bow- els have been brought on by the imprudent use of cold water. The distressing irritation and spasms produced by taking cold water to wk- cess, when the body is thus heated, may fr«^ quently bo relieved by the free use of laudanum and brandy given internally, and hot spirituous fomentations applied to the bowels ; in some cases, death has manifestly been hurried on by too early blood-letting. It'should be remember ed that there are two stages in these aflfectionSj which call for different and even opposite modes nf treatment. In the tirst, as in the cold stage of fever, the vital powers are in a measure sus pended, approaching to, and sometimes inducing a complete state of asphyxia, and immediate death. During this state of insensibility, stim uli, both externally and internally, should be freely administered until the action of the heart is renewed, and the sensibility of the system is restored. Until these objects are attained, the use of the lancet is totally madmissible. The second stage displays itself by more or less ar- terial excitement, — occasioning inflammation ot the brain, stomach or intestines. The lancet, cupping, division of the temporal artery, cathar- tics, enemala and blisters, are now called for, to be used with promptness and decision, especial- ly when the patient has too freely indulged in spirituous drinks. The distressing nausea and retching which is common in these affections, we have found to be the most readily overcome by the application of hot and moist peppermint leaves to the re- gion of the stomach. They are the most con- veiietit'y afiplied t>y putting a sufficient quanti- ty of the leaves between two pieces of cloth, then pouring upon ih.^m boiling water, and wilh something provided for the purpose, quickly presMug sufficiently dry, to apply to the region of the slomach as hot as the patient can bear. — We have ol"tPn found this simple remedy lo al- lay the most urg'-nt vomiting, when the stomach rejected "pium iiud sedative medicines of £V£i-jr description^ 398 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [July 8, FromTransactions of the Americaa Philoaophical Society An easy and expeditious method of dissipating the noxious Vapour commonly found in Wells, and other subterranean places. By Ebenezer Robinson, «/" Philadelphia- After various unsuccessful 1 rials, (a detail of which has been already communicated,) 1 was led to consider how I could convey a large quan- tity of fresh air from the top to the bottom of the well, supposing that the foul would necessa- rily give way to the pure air. With this view 1 procured a pair of smith's bellows, fixed in a wooden frame, so as to work in the same man- ner as at the forge. This apparatus being plac- ed at the edge of the well, one end of a leather tube (the hose of a fire engine) was closely tines of horses, are ihouglit by many to be bots adapted to the nose of the bellows, and the oth- — Very few apted er end was thrown into the well, reaching with- in one foot of the bottom. At this time the well was so infected that a candle would not burn at heat.* We often hear of bots being expelled by cathartic medicines; but if the fact was known it is probable that in every case, t^orwis only are expelled, and that in no case do the bols quit the stomach, until the season of the year when they leave the horse and enter the ground; which they generally do in June and July. Al- though the destruction of bols in the stomach is difficult, if not impracticable ;yet with a little attention the prevention is easy and safe. This is done by scraping, with a sharp knife, the eggs of the bot-bee from every part of the horse every few days, during the time these bees are laying them ; which they mostly do in the months of August and September. The several kinds of worms which are (bund in the intes- y lew persons know the distinction; and remedies which e.xpel worms are thought to destroy bots. The symptoms of bols are so e- quivocal, and resembling the inflammation and a short distance from the top; but after blowing] irritation of th« bowels arising from other caus- es, that it is very difficult to ascertain, in most cases, whether the complaints of horses arise from bots, or from some other cause. Most pre- scriptions for bols are at least nselcss, and many of them dangerous. There is no d.tnger to horses from bots during the months of July, August, September, October, and November ; and but little at any lime excejit from the middle oi February to the last of May. ^ith my bellows only half an hour, the can- dle burned bright at the bottom ! then without further difficulty, I proceeded in the work, and finished my well. Wells are often made in n very slight manner, owing to the difficulty in working in them, and there have been several fital instances of the danger attending workmen ; but by the above method, there is neither ditficulty nor danger in completing the work with the utmost solidity. ^ is obvious that in cleansing vaults, and in HORSE RAKE worTiing in any other subterraneous place, sub- We had the pleasure on Saturday last of wit- ject to damps, as they are called, the same meth- 1 nessing the operation of (he horse rake, (a de- ed must be attended with the same beneficial scription of which, we lately published from the **^"^'' New England Farmer.) on the f^irm of Col. Wilson. The rake was very similar in construc- tion to Hint described in a late number of Ihis' p.Tper. The rajiidity, and neatness with which the work was pertbrmed by (his implement tully From the T}iomaslon Regislsr BOTTS. tn the Register of the 14th inst several rem- equalled the cxpeclalion w« had (brmed uf its edies for the bots are inserted. These and other operation. The grass among which it was used prescriptions may induce many to apply reme-| '^l"^ clover and herdsgrass, and was raked into dies which are often destructive to horses. A ' '^'^rows without leaving so much scattering hay large proportion of the internal diseases of hors- "''^ ^^ usually left after a hand rake in a field of es are attributed to bots; and rum, aloes, jalap, '"'''' description. Col. Wilson is satislied by an brine, pepper, tobacco &c. &c. are indiscrimin- , experiment of two years that (he horse rake is ately given ; and with how little effect, any one : " valuable improvement in husbandry, and that may judge, when it is known that these insects!"" "^e coar.se kinds of grass land, one man and are provided with two sharp hooks by which!" ''">' "'" perlbrm (he labor of six men wi(h they can retain themselves in any part of (he ""''''e'- An .^ddidonal boy, to gather the scat intestines of a horse, and by which they can re place themselves in the stomach sliouhl they from choice or accident be removed from il. — Bots are also armed with a hard skin, or shell, which, like a coat of mail defends them from the operation of any remedies, which might with safely be introduced into the stomach. — Nearly full grown bols taken from the stomach of a dead horse will live more than 20 hours in rum, — from 8 to 12 hours in a strong decoction of tobacco, — more than 2 hours in strong elixir of vi(riol, and 45 minutes in spirits of tur])en(ine; and in beef brine, decocdon of piiik, soap suds &c. &c. as long as they will in water. Spirits of turpentine appears to be the most obnoxious medicine to them of any thing which can with safety be administered or applied to a horse. — If ever hots that had taken hold on the stomach of a horse, were expelled, it probably has been done by an external application of spirits of turpentine to the breast J; sides, driven in hy terings, ivill be necessary in fine grass field? We have no doubt of the correctness of this opinion ; and we trust the fiirmers in this neigh- borhood, to the level surface of which this rake is particularly adapted, will profit by the expe- rience of Col. W'ilson, as well as by, many oth- er valuable hints for improvemeni, which may be derived from the excellent management of his fiurn.- -Franklin Post. POTATO. The history of (his plant is strikingly illustra- tive of the omnipotent influence of authorily ; its introduction received, for more than two cen- turies, an unexampled opposition from vulgar prejudice which all the philosophy of the age was unable to dissipate, until Louis" XV. wore n bunch of the flowers of (he potato in the midst of his court, on a day of t'estivity ; the people then for the (5rsl limt" obsequiously acknowledg- ed its utility, and began to express their aston- ishment at the a[)atby which had so long pre- vailed with regard lo its general cultivation ; that which authorily thus established, time and experience have fully ratified, and scientific re- search has extended the numerous resources which this plant is so well calculated to furnish ; thus its stalk, considered as a textile plant, pro- duces in Austria a cottony flax — in Sweden su- gar is extracted from its root — by combustion, its difierent parts yield a very considerable quan- tity of potass — its apples, when ripe, ferment and yield vinegar by exposure, or spirit by dis- tillation— its tubercles made into a'pulp, are a substitute for soap in bleaching — cooked by sleam, the potato is the most wholesome and nutritious, and at the same time the most eco- nomical of all vegetable aliments— by different manipulalions it furnishes two kinds of flour, a gruel, and a parenchyma, which in times of scar- city may be made into bread, or applied to in- crease the bulk cf bread made from grain. — to the invalid it furnishes both aliment and medi- cine ; its starch is not in the least inferior to the Indian arrow-root, and it has been lately showa that an extract may be prepared from its leaves and (lowers which possesses valuable properties as an anodyne remedy. *The pttbable effect of tliia cxtfrnal appli'-ation ot spirit of tu^entine, is to malie the bots let go their hold on the stomach, and then they may be expelled by ad- ministering a brisk purge of Aloes, or other cathartic. NEW ENGl^AND FARMER. FRI DAY, JULY S, 1325. ARRACHACA, OR >;FAV SOUTH AMERICAN POTATO. We published ia our paper, No. 19, page 152 of the current volume, an article from the New York States- man, relative to this plant. It was said that several j^rowing^ and thrifty speciineus had arrived in the city of New York last autuoiD. We should be happy to receive further information respecting tliis vegetable, as it appears to be a plant of great promise, and to bid fair to become a successful rival to our good old-fash- ioned potato. Several of our readers have likewise ex- pressed a wish to obtain some knowledge of the Arra- chaca, and what prospect there may be of its introduc- tion into the United States. SLUGS. Since publishing the articles on these insects, pa'es 390, 391 of the N. E. Farmer, a friend of the Editor has mentioned a simple mode of destroying them, which he has practised with entire success. Make a decoc- tion of tobacco by cutting the leaves fine and iufusingf them in water cither hot or cold (but cold water will require the longest time to extract the strength of the tobacco), and apply this liquor to the irjsects and leaves which they infest with a common apothecary's syringe; and it will instantaneously destroy th« slugs without injury to the trees or plants which they intest. Our iaformant says, he was not particular to note the strength of his solution, or the quantity of tobacco in- fused, but the quantity was small in proportion to the effect produced. A substitute for an apothecary's svr- ihge may be made of a stalk of elder, by any Farmer's boy of ordinary ingenuity. SALT YOUR CATTLE. Neat stock and sheep frequently thrive but little ia fresh and good pastures, io consequence of the negli- 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FARMER. '.'^09 gpnce of those who have the care of them in not sriring them salt. 'Iht-y should havo a clue supply at least twice a week. Some farmers always keep salt in their pastures, under cover, to which tbcir cattle have access at all times, and are said to find the practice advanta- geous. But to cattle not' accustomed to a full supply of salt, it may be dangerous, and (hey must be brought to it by degrees. In F.ngland, wo are informed, some farmers use rnck salt in Inrjfe lumps, which their caHle are permitted to lick at pleasure ; and as they cannot fake any inorclhan they ran dissolve with their tongues they are not liable, in that way, to use it to excess. — Vr Cooper states that " a quarter of an ounce of sail per day to sheep, and one ounce per day to cows and oxen, is an allowance ample enough." Perhaps the kind of food, with which cattle are fed, may make some difference ^vith regard to the quantity of salt, whirh would prove of use ; and grazing cattle will no doubt need more salt than those fed on hay or other dry food. BREAKING OXEN TO THE -YOKE. It is stated in the Memoirs of the New York Board of jVgriculture, that oxen maybe broken to the yoke with great facility, by tieing (hi rii sejarateiy to trees, and passing a «trong rope round the boliom ciT*thf: horns. — 'j''hey should be often fed and watered in this situation for (wo or tbr<:p days. At the end of this term they may be yoked (ngelherard soon tanght to work kindly. HARTFORD CATTf.E SHOW. The Cattle Sftow, Exliibition«of IVIanufactures, and rioughing Match of the Hartford county Agricultural Society will take place in that city on the 15th of Oc- tober next. INDEPENDENCE "Was celebrated in this city witlvall those appropriate ceremonies — religious, literary, and festive rites and ceremonies — which the occasion demanded, and the spirit of freedom consecrated. It is not our province to give a description of the proceedings of (he day, which cannot be abridged without doing injustice to the sub- ject ; and the details may be found in any of our polit- ical journals. PUBLIC DOCUMENTS. The (5eclaralion of Independence was signed liy 56 Memlicrs of Congfress. Of these only three piirvive, viz. John Arlams of Mass. Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Md. and Thomas Jefl'er- son of Virginia. The Convention that formed the Consfiltition of the United States, consisted of 40 Members. Of these, only three survive, viz. Rufus King, James Matrison, and Charles C. Pinkney. The Convention thai formed the Constitiifion of Pennsylvania, consisted of 05 Memhers, only nine of whom are now living, viz. Timothy Pickering, Robert Coleman, Josejih Hiesler, Samuel Silgreaves, Charles Smith, James Ross, Albert Gallatin, John Gloninger, and Alexander Gray don. We have seen, says a late St. Clairsville Ga- zette, two Bonnets, made l>y the Miss Wetswan- gers, of the vicinity, from (he wool or fnr of the plant generally known by the name of roilil rolion. This material R[)pears to resemble the jirodiicl of (he Seemul tree, and has hitherto lieen thought unfit for any useful jmrpose ex- cept Ihe tilling of beds. Commissioners have been appointed to mark out the road from Missouri to the confines of Internal Mexico. Vo time therel'iire, will be lost, we presume, in the execution of a work which involves results of no in- considerable imporlanee to our V\ eslern Plates, and especially to the State of Missouri. — J^al. Journal. Oyster Beds. — We are informed, savs the New-Bruns- wick Times, that the Commissioners under the Act of the Legislature to encourage and regulate (he planling of oysters in (he (ownship of Perth Aniboy, have made A sumy and map of (he lands suitable for the purpose, and rented Ihe prjucipal part of them ; and that the lots will produce an income to the State, of a little over $S00 per aunum. Three Oxen and (wo Cows, the property of Capf. Joseph Thorn, were killed by lightning, while standing near a tree atSalcm. N. H. on tlie 11th inst. The Oxen were all the off Oxen of three pair. The waters of the Mississippi were suddenly agitated on the evening of . the first of June, and rose nearly seven feet. This phenomenon^ extended about 250 yards above, and 3 or 400 below fort Plaquemine, and an immense tree, that had been embedded in the sand with tive others still afloat, were borne up at once and thrown inside of the levee. The whole left shore was inundated, and when the waters subsided, presented many fish that bad been left in the recession. On the opposite bank, where the new fort is erecting, the waters rose, but not so high as to overflow the levee. yV. Y. Erening Past. A new post office has been established at South Sand- wich, Mass. and Lemuel Euer, Esq. appointed Post- FOI. SALE, a very fine Milch Cow, not five years old, that has given the pr.si nt seasonnn grass (eed alone, f/;'/i^d-n quarts of rrilk a day. i-hc is ii fine looking animal, in perfect health, and is not offer- ed for salt lor any fault. Inquire at tliis office. _^ July8._ MR WILLIAMS' celebrated horse ROMAN, will stand (he present season, a' his farm, in North- boro', Worcester CO. Mass. Terms 20 dollars for the sea- son ; to be jiaid on l:iking away the mares. A partic- ular account of the pedigree and performances of this horse, will be found in the New England Farmer, of May 20, lfji5. PA PENT UOfiS — Notice is hen l.y given, that (he subscribers are appointed the sole agents for ven- ding J. & ,'!. FcWs Patent IJoes, which are offered for sale at factory prices by A. D. WELD & J. FRENCH Jr. Boston, March 25, 1825. No. 713 Washington St. PATENT HOLS— For Sale at the Agricultural Es- tablishment. 108 State Street, up stairs, 50 dozen of [line's crook neck spring tempered steel hoes, warranted in every respect. — The superiority of these hoes consists in their lightness and strength, and being in no way liable to clog. May 27 SAXOKY SHEEP. ON Thursday 14 July next, at Brighton, (near Bos- ton.) at 9 o'clock A. M. opposite the seat of Sam uel W. Pomeroy, Esq. will be sold by Public Auction, the entire flock of SAXONY SHEEP, imported per barque Bramin, consisting of 81 Rams, 57 Ewes, and 29 Lambs. These Sheep were selected with great care during the whole of the last winter, and no pain.s or eNpense were spared to procure the very best Sheep from the Electoral as well as from private flocks, it having ap- peared from the experience of the past year, that none but the very finest animals could be sold wilh profit. The owners are confident that another flock equally select could not pos«ibly be procured from (bat country. Satnples of the wool from each sheep -will be exhibit- ed until the day of sale, by Mess Peter Remsen & Co. Hanover-Squ.ire, New York; by Mess J. D. & A. Whit- ney, Northampton ; and at the office of COOLIDGE, POOR & HEAD, Auctioneers. 0::5=TIie Sheep may be examined at the place of sale at any time previous to the abovementioned date. The Improved Durham Short Horned Bull ADMI- RAL, and the Herefordshire Bull SIR ISAAC. THE Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society will let out, upon reasonable te^ms, the above named imported animals. They were purchased and presented to the Society by Admiral Coffin for the benefit of his native state. Reliance may be placed on the purity of (he stock. The Calves of Admiral have proved very fine. He is now four years old, and is on (he farm of E. H. Derby, Esq. at Salem. His term will expire there the ]6th of August, after which he may be had for one year, in any other county. The Hereford Bull is two years old, — is now on the farm of Joh.v Prince, Esq. Roxbury. His term will expire on the 12th July. Any person wishing him at an earlier period will be accommodated. They are both very gentle and fine-tempered. The stock of Ad- miral are peculiarly calculated for the Stall and Dairj/. The Hereford breed have sometimes carried prizes in England ngsinst the " Short Horns," as Beef Cattle.— They are also admirable i>rawg/i( csttle, and esteemed good for the Dairy. The terms will be reasonable and advantageous to the persons who shall take them for one year, and take good care of them, as the great object of the Trustees is to give an opportunity of crossing our native breeds under the hope of improving them. — For terms apply to JOHN LOWELL, or JOHN PRINCE, Esq. Roxbu- Tj. jRoxtxirij., May '[Q^b. c ASH will be paid at this office, lor any No. copies of Nos. 36. 41 and 45 vol. III. of PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c. [Revised and corrected every Friday.] APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, ist sort, . - - pearl do. •. - - . BEANS, white, - . - . . BEEF, mess, 200 lbs. new, - cargo. No 1, new, - - " No 2, new, - - BUTTER, inspect. No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, - - . . skimed milk, . . - FLAX - FLAX SEED FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard St Genesee, r - - Rye, best, ... GRAIN,Rye Corn - - - - - Barley - - - . Oats - - . - - HOGS' LARD, 1st sort, new, - HOPS, No 1, Inspection - - LIME, - , - - - OIL, Linseed, Phil, and Northern PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, Bone Middlings, new, navy, mess, do. Cargo, No 1, do. - - SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Clover . - . - - WOOL, Merino, full blood,wash do do tjnwashed do 3-4 washed do 1-2 do Native - - - do Pulled, Lamb's, Ist sort do Spinning, 1st sort PROVISION MARKET. BEEF, best pieces - - - . PORK, fresh, best pieces, - . " whole hogs, - - - VEAL, MUTTON, POULTRY, .-.-.. BUTTER, keg & tub, - lump, best, - , - EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, ... - Indian, do. - . - - POTATOES, , . . . CIDER, liquor, .... II .\Y, according to quality, FROM TO D. C. D. C. bbl ton. 89 94 00 97 OCi 100 00 bush 1 33 I 40 bbl. 10 ci; 10 50 7 75 8 00 6 25 6 60 lb. 8 11 3 4 9 10 bush 1 05 1 10 bbl. 5 37 5 00 5 25 2 £0 3 00 bush 53 53 60 54 30 31 lb. 11 12 8 11 cask 1 17 1 21 gal. 100 :on. 4 50 4 76 bbl. 17 00 14 00 13 .50 bush 1 75 2 00 lb. 7 a 60 76 40 45 45 50 37 42 25 33 48 52 40 45 lb. 8 10 6 8 4 8 5 8 8 12 14 16 20 22 12 17 busli 65 70 60 70 37 50 bbl. 2 75 300 ton. 18 001 20 CO 400 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [July 8, xaiscu'Li.A.vrtES. THE PILGRIMAGE OF LIFE. How blest the pilgrim who in trouble Can lean upon a bosom friend ; Strength, couragre, hope with him redouble, When foes assail or griefs impend. Care flies before his footsteps, straying At daybreak o'er the purple heath. He plucks the wild flow'rs round him playing. And binds their beauties in a wreath. More dear to him the fields and mountains, When with his friend abroad he roves. Rests in the shade near sunny fountains. Or talks by moonlight near the groves ; For him the vine expands its clusters, Spring wakes for him her woodland choir j Yea, though the storm of winter blusters, 'Tis summer by his ev'ning fire. In good old age serenely dying, When all he lov'd forsak* s his view, Stveet is Affection's voice replying, " 1 follow soon," to his " adieu :" ya.y, then though earthly ties are riven. The spirit's uuion will not end. Happy the man, whom Heaven hath given In life and death a faithful friend. The following description of the beautiful summer re- sidence of Gen. U'WoLF at Bristol, R. 1. and re- flections upon the fate of King Philip, arc from the pen of an English tourist: and Philip's liead went with ihe rest at 30s. eacli." The death of Philip, in retrospect makes dif- ferent impressions on the Americans from what were made at the time of the event. It was then considered as the extinction of an impla- cable enemy : it is now loolied upon as the fall of a great vvarrior, a penetrating statesman, and a mighty prince. — It then excited universal joy and congratulation, as a prelude to the close of a merciless war ; it now awakens sober reflec- tions on the instability of empire, the sorrowful destiny of this aboriginal race, and the mysteri- ous ways of Providence. The patriotism of liie man was then overlooked in the cruelty of the savage; and little allowance v.as made for the natural jealousy of the sovereign, on acceunt ot the barbarities of the warrior, Philip, in ihe progress of the English Settlements, foresaw the loss of his territory, and the extinction of his tribe, and made some- mighty efforts to prevent those calamities. Jtncient Manners in England. — Dr Cogan in his " Haven of Uealtb*' states that the " usual time of dinner in the University of Oxford was, in 1570, about dcven of the clockc before 7wone, elsewhere about noone. — A dinner consisted of bovled bief, with pottage, bread and beere and no more ; — the quantity of bief ivas in value an On advancing up the river we had a fine view I half penny lor each mouth. They supped at of Bristol, another large seaport town on Rhode five of tlie clocke in the afternoon." In the Island, but we did not a|)proach near In it. Ge.n. De Wolf, who was a passenger with ns JVorthuinber Ifliul homehold bookXor the year 1512, it is stated that " Ihe family rose at six in the from New-York, has his residence in this place, j morning^my lord and lady had set on their ta His summer house is said to be built on the bte for lireaklast at seven o'clock in the morning Tery same spot" where King Philip's wigwam a (juart of beer— a qnurt of Tcijie — two pieces ot stood. Klng Philip was an Indian Cliiefi; one ■ salt fish — half a d' of it, on the other side ; he presented his gim, when one of his own Indians hastily called to him, " It is a friend."' On hear- ing his voice, the Indian upon Ihe stump look- ed up, when the other knew it was Philip and instantly fired. Bui it was too lite ; for Phlbp sprang from the stump, leapcil dow!> the bank on the side of li.e river, and made his escape. The death of i'liilip draws from Captain There are three sights most detestable : — a Church no other retleclinns, ilian that bis " Com- proud p'iest g-iv lUg his blessing- — a kna\ ish hv- pany gol but fourshillings aniUix pence a piece (lorrMn saying his piajers — and u false patriot ftr their trouble. They shot but few hidians, im^kin^ an haiaiigue- Curraii, once met at his table. After dinner Curran said to Ihe right reverend father, " 1 wish you were Saint Peler." " And why Coun- sellor, would you wish that I were Saint Peler?" asked OLe.iry, " Because, in that case, you would have the keys of heaven, and would let me in." " By my honour and conscience, Coun- sellor," replied Ihe priest. " it would lie belter lor yoii thai I bad the keys of ihe other place, for ihen 1 could let you out." The Sports of Poets. — Virgil sported prettily with a i^n.il ; Homer with /rog-i and mice : and Montaigne found a very agreeable playmate in liis cat. JUST published by Cummings, Hilliard & Co. the Norlh American Review for July, 1825. CONTENTS. Art. 1. Goldsborough's Naval Chronicle. United States Naval Chronicle. By Charles Golds- borough. 2 Character and Writings of Dr Brown. Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind. 3 Amusements in .Spain. Recollections of the Peninsula. 4 Recent American Novels. 1 The Refugee, a Romance. — 2 Hobomok, a Tale of Emly Times. — 3 Peep at the Pilgrims in 1636. — 4 The Witch of New England, a Romance. — 5 Saratoga, a Talc of the Revolution. — 6 Adsonvillc, or Marrying Out. — 7. A Winter in Washingt -n. — 8 Tales of an A- mcrican Landlord. — 9 O'Halloran, or the Insurgent Chief, an Irish Historical Tale. — 10 Coslington Shad- ow, a Romance of the Nineteenth Century. 5. Common Law Jurisdiction. A Dissertation on the Nature and Extent of the Ju- risdiction of Ihe Courts of the United States, &c. By Peter S. Dn Ponceau. 6. European Politics. A Review of the Efforts and Progress of the Nations, during the last twenty-five Years ; by J. C. L. de Sis- mondi. Translated from the French by Peter S. Dn Ponceau. 7. Travels in Colombia. Journal of a Residence and Travels in Colombia, during the Years 1623 and 1824. By Captain C. S. Cochrane. 8- Major Long's Second Expedition. Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St Pe- ter's River, Lake ^^'innepeck, &c. Performed in tiie Year 1823, under the Command of Stephen H. Long. Compiled from the Notes of .Major Long, Messrs Say, Keating, and Calhoun; by \\ illiain H. Keating. 9. Da Pontt's Oliservaiinns. Aicune Osservazioni sulP Articulo Quarto puhlicator nel North .American Review, il Mcse d' Ottobre dell' Anno 1824. Da L. Da Ponte. iO Brainard's Poems. Occasional Pieces of Poetry. By John G. C. Brain- ard. 1 1 . Critical JVolices, 1. Mr Sullivan's Addre.^s to the Members of '.he Bar of Sufi'olk. — 2. Colonization Society. — 3. Burton's Es' ;ays on .Metaphysics and Ethics.— 4. Robinson's Cata- logue of .Minerals — 5. Hoyfs .Antiquarian Researches. 6. President f.indsley's .Address at Nashville. — 7, Van Rensselaer's Lectures on Geology. — 8. The Leper of Aost. — 9. Bancroft's Edition of Jacobs' Latin Reader. -10. Memoirs of General Harrison. — 11. Revision of the Laws of New York. — 12. Say's American EulO' mology. Quarterly List of New Publications. J^olice. — Those subscribers to the North American Review, who have commenced during the present yi ar, and who have not yet received the January Number, (No. 46.) are informed that thi. Numbei ha? been for some weeks out of print. A Si.cond Ediiioa is now in pre?s, and will shortly be ready, when each subscriber will be supplied. It may be proper to remark on this orcasion also, that./Vtw i;rfi((oni of parts of the Old Scries are nnvir printing ofl'lo supply orders, and complete the full k ts of subscribers, who wish to have the work entire. — Public Institutions, or Libraries, wberc il is deemed important to have a perfect set of Ihe work, can be fur- nished either with the whole, or any part, by an order to any of the .\genls. July I. E PARSONS & CO. City Furniture warehouse, • Union Street, near the Union Stone, keep con- stantly on hand for sale, a general assorlincnt of furni- ture, chairs, looking glasses, feathers of all kinds, fire sets, brushes, bellows, &c. ^c. TER.MS OF THE FAKA!LR. ttP'I'nblished every Friday, at Thrie Pi i i Arg per annum, payable at the end of Ihe y^ ar — but those wlio pay within sixty days from Ihe time of subscribing will be entitled to a deduction of } ii j y Ckmts. Gentlemen who procuie./ir( respooailjle subscribers, NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Published by JOHX B. RUSSELL, at the conipr of C"n°TPs9 and I.inHall SIi'ppIs. (Six <1oors from llip Pfist Offirp') r.nstm '^rTO'M^a <■; F'"l='^^^NI)KN^~^T^'~ VOL. III. FRIDAY, JULY 1/J, 1825. No. .'jl. AGRXCUI.TUIVZ:. From the Masiachufflts .isrirullUTnl Jourmil. ON THE IMPROVEMF.NT OF OUR nRKF.t) OF HORNED CAITLE BY IMPORTATION. We are indncecl to s;iy something on this sub- ject, not only beennse we think it an important one, bnt because some very able am! interesting remarks have been made upon it by the vener- able Presidnil of the Essex Aji'iciilliiral Soci- ety. In the course of liis remarks and quofalinn', he has been pleased to refer to the editors of this journal, or at least to one of thorn, ami he has cited passages, which mi^ht lead readers to inf/er that we entertain the opinion, that little benefit will be derived from importing (he im- proved races of Great Britain (at least such might be the inference drawn from Ibem). It is probable, also, that most persons who may read the essays of Col. Pickering, will believe that he is of opinion, that these importations of foreign stock are of lilile im[)orIance, and ot course, that the altpmi)t to cross the imported nnimals with our own stock, is nearly useless la- bour and expense. Such is the general effect of the remarks, and such we think will be the impression, and as his weight of character an FARMER. [July 15, ORISZNAI. COZfflJBglTHSCATSONS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ^r.d rather faint recollection of what connoisseurs had ,'" thick," (or inspissah.d as the learned call it) and of We have since consulted some GRAFTING FRUIT TREES AND STRIPPING THEM OF THEIR BARK. Sir, — In No. 42, vol. III. of your paper are two qestions by E. S. Fish; having h;ul some experience in gvM'ung 1 will express my opin- ion. Something like ihirly years ago, I com- inenced raising a nursery of apple trees I'rom j the seeds. When the trees were, generally, oi a suitable size lor grafting near the giounil, some were too large ; these were taken up and set out (planted I suppose learned farmers would say) some tor myself and some for others. The remaining part of the nursery nas engrafted. — Those that I set for myself were engrafted at the end of one year; those set for others were not engrafted. Those not engrafted produced fruit as soon as those that were. I have frequent- ly had grafts blossom the first year, that were put into seedling stocks, but they did not pro- duce fruit any sooner than those which were not grafted. I have taken scions from sprouts, and engrafted them on fruit bearing trees, and found that they did not produce fruit so soon as scions from the ends of limbs t'lDm fruit bearing trees. 1 have not grafted a scion from a seed- ling on a bearing tree ; if experiment had been my object, it would have been done. From all the observation 1 have been able to make, I am satisfied that fruit is not produced from an en- gr::fted tree until the stock and scion are both of a bearing age. The answer which you have given to Mr Capron's question, "• Why will a tree, ^vhen stripped of its bark about the middle of June, grow taster, and at another season of the year, the same operation destroy ihe tree in a very short lime f ' 1 think is flot the true one. Hav- ing had some experience in strii)ping trees of their bark, and not to the advantage of my trees, I, of course paid some attention to the whole process. About the middle .?f June the sap becomes thick and forms another ring, or grain of wood. If the bark be taken off at this time, the sap, instead of making another grain of wood, makes bark. In taking off the bark, if the sap is broken there will come no bark in said on the subject authorities, and among others find the following in one of the Papers on Agriculture, publishrd some years since, by the .Massachusetts Agricultural Society "M.D. Huneken of Corpjow (in the P..u!;ian domin- ions,) communicated to Mr Frisch a method of renevi/- ing the bark of fruit trees, practised in his large and fine orchard. If any of his apple or pear trees had a rough bark, or if any cherry tree was troubled with gum or knots, or if any other cause even of suspicion arose as to the future fertility of the tree from an im- perfection in the bark, M. de Huneken caused the en- tire baik of the trunk to be taken away from the place where the lower limbs spread themselves out, down to the entrance of the trunk ioto the ground. He leas not conltnt with displacing Ihe outer and harder bark, bv,l removed eren Ihe inner and more tender one ; uniform- ly laying bare the white lap wood (the alburnum ;) and destroying for this purpose, the fine fibres within. The author was astonished at such particulars. But M. de Huneken having afterwards shown to Mr Frisch many trees 7UicIy stripped of their bark, and others with their bark recently reneiccd, he became convinced experi- mentally of a fact, which he says was not only new to himself, but probably had never before been heard of by them, to whom he addressed his paper." It was with the permission of M. de Huneken, Mr Frisch subjoined to his narrative the rules which had j been observed for conducting the process in question of which the following is the substance ; The time of the summer solstice (or of the longest days) is to be used, ichen the sap is particularly liquid and abundant ; pay ing attention only to the position of the trees; which, from being more or less exposed to the sun, may have their sap more or less advanced by the season. 2d. The operation must be made complete ; for ifany of the old bark should be left behind, it would deform the tree by its mixture with the new bark. 3d. A goose's feather must be employed to spread about the sap from the parts where it is stagnant, to the parts j which are dry. 4th. To prevent the heat of the sun from afl'ecting the running of the sap, the trunk must be shaded (especially to the south) b}- cloths, mats, or such other articles as present themselves; and similar care must bo taken to keep ofl' the winds producing: dust a consistence to " form another ring or grahi of wood" or layer of bark asthe case may require, the process could not succeed. Mr Frisch's reason we should think, is not correct, because the sap " is not par- ticularly liquid" at the time of the " summer solstice," but has become moie thick, viscid or clammy ihaa when it begins to circulate in the spring. We think, however, that the process of stripping frees has not, generally, realized the expectations which have been formed from it ; and though it may succeed if the precautions mentioned by .Mr Frisch are duly at- tended to, it is at best in our climate, a troublesome, violent, and hazardous remedy. In hot climates, and where the bark is of great value, it is doubtless a useful practice. In the paper published by the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, above quoted, it is staled that j " in the case of the cork tree, we are told that the rep- etition of this process is even friendly to the trte." TO THE EDITOR OP THE NEW EXC.LAND F.\R.MER. CULTIVATING CORN. Saugvs. July 9, 1825. FniEND Fessenden — I trust you will permit me to occupy a small portion of your useful paper, bv way "f reply to a late commnnication signed '• \Vm. Selcv." He appears not to h;ive exactly understood ihe article he so freely comments on. He says, 1 criin;ila;n that I was nearly ruined by a statement in your paper of a large crop of corn in New York." — 1 assertetl that the final result of my experinient was an abundance of sta!ks, but not a single ear of corn in full per- fection; and that this would bo the result wliOQ- ever corn was planted in that method. I shall now try to prove this last assertion — ■ so far as it is capable of demonstration on ])ai)er. It is well known that Ihe common Yankee meth- od of planting rnrn, is in hills at 4 feet distan-.e, each w;iy (vith 5 kernels in a hill. This woulil give \3b30 stalks to the acre. — The plan adopt- ed by Mr Sell)y " 2' feet a[)art widlhwise, and one foot lengthwise, one kernel in a hill," would give 17325 stalks to the acre. — One acre of ground planted, according to the N. York meth- od, would give more th.in live times as many stalks as ihe common Yankee method ; and more than four times as many according to Mr Selby's of any kind. 5th. And lastly, the aew and tender bark the broken place. If after the bark is taken offj must on no account be disturbed by being handled, j [method. — Yes, Mr. Editor, it would give the the wood should be scraped, there would no ; since the slightest friction will Injure it." enormous quantity of G0G3O stalks ly the acre, bark come, and I see not why it should not as j In our answer to .Mr Capron's question relative toi if we are not mistaken in our calculations. — \nd eflcctually kill tt|c tree, as if stripped at any other seasoii of the year. Yours respectfully LOVETT PETERS. U'eslbortush, June 20, ]825. [remarks by TilE EDITOR.] The foregoing would have had an earlier Insertion, had not the space which we had reserved for it been occupied by articles particularly adapted to the season, and which, if delayed, could be of aoimmediale utility. 'Cl.e subject of scions for grafting Sic. has been so elab- orately and ably handled by some of our correspond- ents, that it would seem unnecessary to traverse the ground again. There can be no doubt but that in gen- eral, if you wish for immediate produce from grafting, the best and safest way is to lake fiuil btarins scions, and graft them in fruit hearing stocks. >Vith regard to stripping trees of their bark, we ■would observe that we gave our opinion on Mr Capron''s question, on ibe spur of the octajion, with a general. stripping trees of their bark, we observed that '■ the reason why it succeeds better about the middle of June than any other time of the year we suppose to be, be- cause the tree is at that time in its most vigorous state and the sap circulating with freedom enables the tree to renew its covering, which is essential to its exist- ence."* Mr Frisch says " the time of the summer sol- stice is to be used, when the sap is particularly liquid and abundant." The reason which we gave is, per- haps, what logicians would call causa sine qua non, that is the cause without u-hich, the effect would not be produced. If the tree was not in a vigorous state and the sap did not circulate with fieedoa>, it could neither make " another grain of wo.id," nor a new lay- er of '• bark" as stated by Mr Peters. But the cause assigned by Mr Peters is the proximate cause, or that link in the chain of causes and effects, which most im- mediately precedes the eifect in question. If the sap had not by the middle of June become in some measure gee page 34o of the current volume. now let mo ask all practical J'oriners to put their "old fashioned sense" or their '^ true common soisc" into full and complete operation, and then say if they can make 69630 stalks ot' Indian corn produce good ears, and grow to perfection, on one acre of ground. Mr Selby charges me with casting " illiberal aspersions on so excellent a publication as the N. E. Farmer." If 1 have done any thing of this sort, 1 regret it much, and can truly say I did not intend it.~-I venture to assert that 1 read the N. E. Farmer as much and as often as Mr Selby does, and have procured as many subscrib- ers. I, however, shall not deny that 1 was dis- appointed, and somewhat chagrined, at the un-. fortunate result of my experiment. Probably my feelings on this occasion were similar to those of honest Mingo, who had plant- ed a quantity of beans, which came up in due time. Unfortunately for Mingo, at the time his beans came up, lie was visited by n person who 1825.] NEW ENGLAND FAR3IEI?. 405 told him his beans had come up the Hrong end fiisi, and that they must be pulled up and tnn- ed the other way.— It is hardly necessary to ;idd ' that the consequence was a total failure ot the crop, both oi' stalks and beans loo. — Ct in the immediate neighbourhood, where Ihey are lir.-l made. ''The New England Farmer also notices im- neous substances. It will also be necessary to reap somewhat enrlierthan might be olherwisc cxpedienl, Ihat you may have time lo dry Ihe weeds wilhout danger of the grain's shelling out. l( your gram is very ripe when you har- vest it, !he bands should be made early In Ihe morning while Ihe straw is moist and pliable. — And Dr Deane recommended, in such cases, to bind the sheaves when the air begins lo be damp toward* evening, as Ihe least degree of moisture will toughen the straw. It has been recommended by several English writers lo bind wheal as well as rye wilh only porlant public transactions and occurrences, of which every person possessing any curiosiiy lojone length of the straw. It ihc stVaw is pretty know wiiat is passing in the world will begrati-| long, and not very llioroughly iUy, Ihis may be tied in receiving inforraalum. These notices good economy. You save the Iroubic of making must necessarily be very brief ; because this hands ; your'wheat will dry better in the sheat. cattle should not be turned into land thus drain- 1 paper is essentially devotcl lo the advancement ! (as the sheaves must of course be small,) anil ed for a year or two afler Ihe drains are cut, Uf agricultnn'. And we know of no weekly j ihough il m»y lake some more time and trouble itst they should break through the turf or cov- [publication tijually interesting to the Farmers of lo pilch and handle it, we believe the advanta- ges, ia niany cases will turij the scale iu favous 18^5.] NEW ENGLAND FAUxMER. 4n^ of biniling wheat with single lengths ot" straw. In slowing wheat or rye, some persons depos it the sheaves on a mow of hay ; but this is a Bristol County, July a, 18-25-. Mr Fessksden,— I wish lo inquire (liroii-jh (he me- (iiiiin of your useful paper, if engrafting fruit trees tan The most proppr place lor inserting the cion or hud, is at llic joint a little above; the cross shoot. bad plan, as the grain presses .-he hay so that it be successfully mnnus.a during 'this rr?.ent „ontl,rit bofi'^is wI'll''l"n?«n"r''7cr-','°"' "V"""'"'«'^ •■>■ is apt to become mully, and communicate a i I'PP'i"^ '<> "- •"•^t "-v^ -—vlure read that it can TZe'uo^,,}^^^^^ "'=*'' '" musty or mouldy taint to .he snper-,nc,,mbent I ""^•'J^;!^'"' "<>'." "',r ^^'f '' "'^"-M XV; - . •' . • I -i, . , , ', , , .,.M°"i'""lormation, as sijnng gralting has been so unsut- 1 '0"OWS gram; which will be harder to .hresh than Jt cessful in this community, the present season it had a more dry and airy location. It may be theoretical or practical ' " placed on a scaflold of rails, laid on the beams, ^'"'^ also, " and over the floor of a barn ; thotijh it is not so I '<^">"s are eq :in if any it is made as Take one bushel of fresh cow dung, half a bushel of lime rubbish from old building? easy to procure it for thrashing as il' it were laid the spring. - „„ iv n „f I 1 .• " n . .1 ■ J- I ^"'' 'a>Qic:Hi-«t, ly cnnveycd to llie stock, into which on a sca.lold of less elevation. But this disad-,ti,ey are to be inserted. Such iuforniation is greatly vantage may be more than compensated by iis I desirable, should you he possessed of it, or any ef your being in a si. nation favorable for drying.- If j correspondents. I am truly yours, ;al or practical information can be elicited, (that from the ceilings of rooms is preferable,^ ', I would trouble your patience to know, what |,„if„ i,,,„i,„| .<-,„„„ .,^1..^ „ , -^ .u ' e best to be nsed, those thni were preserved iu "?" l""" , ?■ •'^°'"^ ^.''"^'' ''"^ ^ f 'Xteenth part ig, or those immediately taken from the tree ; °' '.' '"'^hel ot pit or river sand. 1 he three last trying. there is a deficiency of barn room, the sheaves may be stored in slacks. In that case " care should be taken that the grain may not draw muisture Irom the ground, by laying board--, straw or nibhish under the stack. A better way still is to hav^' a (ighl (Inor of boards mounied ■on four blocks, set in the ground, and so high from the ground as to prevent the entering of Tennin. " In building a stack, care should be taken to keep the seed ends of the sheaves in the middle, and a little higher than the outer ends. No fowls can then comn at the grain ; and the rain that falls on .he outer ends will run otf, and not pass towards the centre. The stack should be well topped with straw, that the rain may be complelely turned oflf." Oats. — It is advised to harvest oals before (he straw has wholly turnod yellow. The straw will be of little value if permitleil to s.nndtillit becomes white and dcslitute of snp. Though A BaiSTOL COUNTY FARMER. lirmari.s htj the Editor. — In Cohbet.'s .American edition of l"or«y.h's Treatise on the" Culturcand Mann^Fincrit of Fruit Trees,'''' page 137 are .ho following" Ohservalions on Grafting.'''' In a long continuance of dry wea.her the grafts very frc- qocnlly fail of taking; sometimes no doubt, ow- ing to the improper choice of the grafts, as well as the dry weather. Great care should always be taken not to graft with weak shoots, particu- larly by those taken from near the top. Always take your grafts from the lower end of the shoots, and observe .hat the wood is plump and fresh ; for such as are shrivelled seldom or never take. Where any have missed in the spring, I would advise to cut off about the miildle or lat.er end of June, (in America the middle of July) some line healihy grafts of the sort you wish to graft with, open the grafts in the same manner as you do for budding, and insert the graft wilh a piece oals should be well dried on the ground, after! of the former year's wood on it: After you cutting, they should not be raked nor handled have done this, rub in, with a brush, some of when they arc in the driest state. They should ,J with several '"'I'^.l^f "f '' "h/.^./^';'^^^^^^^^ Havana, still aUve, at the Museu,n.-Tlu. as.on- two or '^'I'^^J!^'^^^';^^^^^^ ishino- insert is about one inch and a quarter m ing him, asked Pray sir, w hat are stakes now . ' " Kicrful to relate, she To which, thinking of his business he replied, length, and what is wonil carries by her side, just above her waist, 21 brilliant l.imps, which" be lights up at pleasure,' with the solar phosphorus, furnished her by na- ture. These little Ismps do not Hash and glim- mer, like that ofthe Fire Fly, but give as stea- dy light as the gas light, exhibiting two perfect spheres, as large as a minute pearl, which al- ford light enough, in the darkest night, to en- able one to read print by them ! On carrying her into a dark closet, in"the day-lime, she im- mediately illuminates her bimps, and instantly extinguishes them on coming agiin into the light.— A". Haven Herald. Madam, the best rump I cannot sell lovrer than a shilling a pound. JVcM' England Farmer. THK 4th volume ofthe JWw England Farmer vi'iW commence the 29th of July inst. This work has been published nearly three years, and conducted in such a manner as to elicit the approbation of the Mas- sachmelts AgricuUnral Socitl}!, the Worctster .Agricul- tural Soaety. the Jihode [.iland Siicietijfor the Encour- ageinenl nfOomcstic Induslrij, the Essex ../Igricullural Sociil)/, and Kings county ..Agricultural Societ;/, Nova Scotia ; each of which Societies has officially recom- mended the publication to public patronage. Gentle- men, who are desirous of having the next volume com- plete are requested to forward tlieir names soon, that tlie publisher may begin with a suitable number: the demand for the work, after the Inst volume had been Female So.' iWi/.- -Nothing is better adapted to give that last polish to the eduction oVa young ■ -~;;;"^^;^^ ^^ ^^^^^ .^^ ,,,,^ „„^ ,,„„ib!e to supply man than the conversation ol virtuous and "C-j j^j^",; „„^i,er9 to many who wished to obtain them, ccmplislied women. Their society serves to j j^gricultural Societies, who may wish to have copies smooth the rough edges of our character*, and i („ d^^ amount of 10 or uj^wards reserved in the office to mellow our temiieis. lo short, the man who and bound, to be presented tor premiums, &c can have has never been acquainted « i-b .emal. ofthe j '-;;;--;-- ^:::::^X^^:^^^:^^ l-.etter class, is not only deprived ol the pllre^t | ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ pleasure, but also will have little success in sd- ,y^^^ Vublisher hopes to be able to give a greater cial life; and 1 shniild not like to be cor.nected j „yj„i,gr of engravius:^ of new agricultural implements by the bonds of iViendship with a roan that has | fcc. in the next volume, than In the preceding ones, a bad opinion and speaks ill of the female sex in general. An extra ordinary. — An avaricious person, who kept a very scanty table, dining one Saturday with his sou at an ordinary in Cambridge, whis- pered in his ear, "Tom, you must eat for to day and to morrow." "O yes," retorted the half star- ved lad, "but I bij'nt eaten for yesterday and the day before, yet, father." flamed by this intimation, and with some warmth Thoughts on several subjects. — Nothing is more unmannerly than lo reflect on any man'.s pro- 8 to dine at the] fession, sect, or natural inlirmity. He, who stirs up against himself another's self-love, provokes the strongest passion in human nature. Be careful of your word, even in keeping the most trifling appointment, but do not blame an she said, '' I tell you what, Mr care a fig for Dr P.'s Greek ; he sha'n't smoke ] heard his excuse. , 1 don't other, for a failure of that kind, till you have here." " My dear,"' replied the husband, " he | must smoke ; he is allowed to smoke every where." " Excuse me, Mr , he shall not smoke here ; leave it to me, my dear, Fll man- age it." Tiie doctor came ; a splendid dinner ensued; the Grecian was very brilliant. Alter dinner the doctor called for "• pipes." " Pipes !" screamed the lady, "• pipes for wbnt purpose !" — " Why, to smoke, madam!" "Oh! my dear doctor, 1 can't have pipes here; you'll spoil my place ; my curtains will smell of tobacco for a week." " Not smoke I" exclaimed (he aston ished and offended Grecian ;" why, madam, I have smoked in belter houses." — " i'erhaps so, sir'' replied the lady with dignity ; and she ad- Do well, but do not boast of it; for that will lessen the commendation you might otherwise have deserved. Too much preciseness and solemnit}' in pro- nouncing what one says in common conversation, as if he was preaching, is generally taken for an indication of self conceit. Make your company a rarity, and people will value it. Men despise what ihey can easily have. What is there which can be put into com- parison with the blessings of daily bread and nightly rest, of sound bodies and vigorous un- derstanding, of society of children, and parents, and brothers and friends ? The Farmer is published weelcly — and contains 8 royal quarto pages — on good paper. The price is $3.00 per annum, pa>able in 'he course ofthe year, or $'2.50 if paid in advance. The paper is paged, and a title- page and copious index given gratis at the end of the voFume. Persons who procure ./I'le responsible subscri- bers are entitled to one volume gratis. Gentlemen at a distance can have the work punctually forwarded to them on the receipt of one year's subscription. (J^We intend to publish next week a list of Agents, to whom payment can be made in advance for the 4th volume. T. G. FESSENDEN. J. B. RUSSEl.L. The Improved Durham Short Horned Bull ADMI- RAL, and the Herefordshire Bull SIR ISAAC. THF; Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society will let out, upon reasonable terms, the above named imported animals. '1 hey were purchased and presented to the Society by Admiral CoHin for the benefit of his native state. Reliance may be placed on - the purity olMhe stork. The Calves of Admiral have proved very fine. He is now four years old, and is en the farm of E. II. Derby, Esq. at Salem. His term will expire there the 16th of August, after which he may be had for one ysar, in any other county. The Hereford Bull is two years old, — is now on the farm of John Princf,, Eeq. Roxbury. His term will expire on the lith July. Any person wishing him at an earlier period will be accommodated. Th^'y are both very gentle and fine-tempered. The stock of Ad- miral are peculiarly calculated for the Stall and Dairy. The Hereford breed have sometimes carried prizes in England against the " Short Horns," as Beef Cattle.— They are also admir.able Draught cattle, and esteemed good for the Dairy. The terms will be reasonable and advantageous to the persons who shall take them for one year, and take good care of iliem, as the great object ofthe Trustees is to give an opportunity of crossing our native breeds under the hope of improving thi ni. — For terras apply to JOHN LOWELL, or JOHiN I'lilNCE, Esq. Roxbi- ry. Roxbury, May 1825. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Published hy JOHN B. RUSSF.LL, at the corner of Congrp-i nnd I.inMnll Strcpts. (?ix f!onr« frnm Hip Pn.t Offlrp") noston THOMAS O. rFS?r.M)F\~ Fi VOL. III. FRIDAY, JULY 22, UVir,. ^AM.-vr-^tmfrv No. .'32. RiraAi. Eoo3Toivrs'. ON THE MANAGEMENT OF BEES. [By J. Downs, of Iimitingtoa.] For seven years 1 have been collecting in-, /brmalion concerning the proper management ©f bees. A3 is usual wilh a devotion to 7\ny par- licular object, my labours have been abundant- ly recompensed. The increased satistiiclion ( have taken ir. studyingf the nature, and in ol)- servin"" the habits, of these little iniluplrioiw creatures, has indcpemlently of other considera- tions, been sufficient to induce me to spend manj a leisure hour in watching tlieni at their hives, in following them to the fields, and in tracins out their habitations in the woods. Leavinp their nature and habits to others better qnalifiei than myself, I shall confine my remarks in giv ing directions far their management. Early in the spring, from a deficiency in th« stock of winter lioney, the bees of one hive are often found to rob those of another. To pre vent this, 1 know of no bettjr way than to makt the entry-hole of the hive that coniains the mo? honey so small that it will barely admit them to p^o in and out. But the greatest object whici should claim the attention of every one who has the charge of bees, is to prevent their destruc- tion by worms. Perhaps two thirds of the bees on the island have, within a lew years, been de- stroyed by the insert called a miller. It enter? the hives, and lays eggs, ivliich soon produce Tvfirms in such numbers, as tn destroy (he bees, or drive them from their hives. To prevent the access of worms, the liivos should be per- Jcctly tight, and have but one hole nt (ha lowor ed^. of the hive ; the continual passing of the hees will prevent them. But the most sure way of keeping them out is to have a well made hive, to set very level on a board, which shall project out in front of tli« hive seven inches; to have a channel or groove about ten inches long and two wide, & three eighths of an inch deep, cut in this board ; and then to have a board about four inches wide nailed over this groove, out- side of the hive. The hees will enter the hive through this groove. The entry hole being al such a distance (four inches) Irom the hive, no kinds of insects will ever enter. I have observ- ed that bees which deposit their honey in trees- very generally have worms among them, if the hole is large, or if there are two or three small ones. But when the hole has been small, I have always found tlie honey pure and free from worms. Besides this great advantage, the bees are less annoyed by the dust and leaves blow- ing in during dry weather, and rain beating in during heavy storms. All kinds of dirt are very offensive to bees. The hives should be made of new clean boards. To have thom perfectly clean, is much belter than to rub the inside wilh sugar, c salt and water. 1 have knowc bees to forsake hives which were made of boxes which once contained fish or some other oily substan- ces. The empty hives, during winter, should be in some place where they can be kept from dirt, particularly from mice and rats. When tlie bees swarm and light on the iimbs of trees, they should not be shaken off violmlly ; but the hive should be put near them or the limb sawed off. The next object of attention is to take up the honey without destroying the bees. The old method of killing the bees to get the honey i< a very bad one. — It cnn be easily avoided. About the first of July, as soon as the bees begin to lie idle in the front of the liive, take a hive of the j same dimensions as the one they xre in. and bore ; in the top of it, as many holes as you can. about ] an inch in dinmctrr — raise (near the dusk of p. i vening) the hive that contains the bees — put it on the one that has the holes. The bees will immediately descend into the lower one. and; will soon fill it with honey. If the hive is lixed according to the above directions, thny will go out and enter the same hole th;it they did when filling the first one; and thus ihey will not ho disturbod in the Irast. But if the hole is made in the side of the hive il?olf, you are under the necessity of stopping it np and making them pass through one with which they have not been acquainted. In the fall, after the bee? have done collecting honey, lake off the top hive, and turn it bnttom siile upwards; place the cc!ge of it near the entry-hole ; and. by thumping r\ little the bees xvjll immediately leave it, and enter the other. Take a piece of board of the projier sij;e, and screw it on. over the holes. Bv this method, you get a hive full of fine honey, and a sufhciency in the other for l!ie bees to live on during the winter. Unless the bee-i have a second hive to fill, they are, in good season*, al- most entirely idle, after July, lor want of room to store iheir honey. By this method of management, bees are ren- dered very profilahle. Two years ago, [ bought a swarm of bees, on the limb of a tree, for three dollars and a quarter. From this one, I now have five ethers, which, independently of the honey they have produced me, 1 value al twen- ty-eight dollars. And should the three follow- ing seasons prove favorable, I shall, from this one hive, have bees enough to support my fam- ily. From one hive of bees, I can generally get two others every year. At a moderate calcula- tion, I shall have, in three years, sixty hives : and, should the season be favourable, ] shall have one hundred. When my number of hives is sufficiently increased, each one will, every season, produce honey to the amount of seven and a half dollars. — Long Island Journ. of Philos. VALUABLE IMPORTATIONS. The editor learns that Col. Powel has import- ed some fine Southdown sheep, and has ordered more of that, and of the New Leicester breed, in addition to a portion of the flock in France, of which Mr. Brown, our minister, had, at the desire of his brnther, conveyed information to Col. P. through Mr Carey. We understand there is now no legal i>b5tacle to the exportation of breeding sheep from England. Col. Powel has purchased Mr Champion's celebrated heifer " Jlf ijj Points,'''' and expects her, with others of great value, in November next, in time for the Pennsylvaoia Cattle Show, — AinericuH Farmer, PARSNIPS IX SPRING POISONOUS. A writer in the Farmers'' Jovrnal, an agricul- tural paper, printed in London, says, " Parsnipi should never be dug up in the spring; hccaose, when the roots at that season are growing up- wards for producing their seeds, their juices ac- quire a poisonous quality; and instances have o'crurred in which the in'trrnal u«e of them hat bcei productive of fal:il offects on the humas roTi=!ifiiiion, such a^ furious madness: this re- markable phii> pow- er row placed on the edge; a stratum of char.ji'ope, therefore, of reaching ll, coal is then strewed over the bottom of the i"-''i '* '"^f^ver lost: bricks, about two inches thick, on which the Such are often the results of md:ilging in in- condoc(or is laid, and (he trough then filled with it'-^mperance, which exposes the mdividi.al to in- more charcoal, and bv a row of bricks laid on N'i»li'n''""5 ''ealh, by simply quencbinghis ihir»t the lop. Iron, (hus buried in charcoal, will suf- "•'>'' li'''' P«''e, luMgoratuig element— ir.v.-cr, fer no change in thirty vears. which the God oi nature has .so anumlanlly sup- plied for his necessities and use. It is necessary that the lightning should be conducted no! only to the ground, but to moist grou>id. Dr V. recommends to lead the conduc- tor, if convenient, into a well at least two foel below water mark ; if (his is not convenient, it should be carried into the dampest spot near ths buildinj. Our remarks liavc been crnfined to (he adapt- ing of lightning rod- to ordinary buildings. For much minute, though valuable information on the same subject, and for rules in regard to rods for ships, churches, k-c. we would recommend the entire paper of Dr Van Rensselaer to the attentiou of the publick. 11. From the Boston .Vcdical InlelUgencer. DF.kTH BY DRINKING COLD WATER. 'J'he number of deaths in this city, the last week, imputed to a too tree use of cold water, are exceedingly melancholly. We are fully per- suaded that eomething more than cold water, however, has an agency in these sudden and of- ten frt(al afleclions of the sanguineous system. So far as our own observations have extended, er or smaller bnildin , According to this rule a very large propor ing |>art of (he communily, (hat if the weather s excessively warm, it is necessary to take the tion of the rods in this country will not secure : more spirit. Nothing can be more eironeous, N. B. Since writing (he forgoing arlii U . on Tuesday last, we have not only had ampla np- portanities of wilnessirg the ctj'ects of drink ino- cold water when the Imdy was overheated, but have taken pains to consult our professional neighbors on the mode of Ireatment which has with them been found the most successful ; and we are happy to find that their o|)inion, in rela- tion to copious bleedings, corresponds precisely wilh our own. The labor of the physicians on Wednesday, and some part ot Tue.»day, is almost incredible. One physician reports hi ty-fi. ureases which came under his care, in (he course of those two days, and many odiers were quite as much overwhelmed with business. As disor- der seemed exclusively confined to that pariic- nlar class of cilizens, before mentioned, ni-duy of whom were Irish emigrants, and who were with- out the means of paying lor medical services, we believe (here has not been an instance where any compensation has been demanded. — .\ntimo- nial wine ha.s been thought, by some, the most preferable emetic, where vomition was evident- ly necessary, ami this could always ba determin- ed by the racking pains in the slooiach and bow- els. HEALTH IN TOWN AND COUNTRY. By comparing the bill of mortality, for sev- eral years past, in the New-England Slates, it has been ascertained (hat.more jiersons in pro- portion die in sea-ports, in a given time, of acute diseases, than in the country ; but, the numbar 1825.] NEW EiVGLAND F.Ui:«IER. in of Heaths by chronic maladies, is considciably greater in the couiilrj'. More unmarried fe- males die, annuall}', between llio ages of eigh- teen and twenty-six, in the country, than on ihp shore of the Atlantic; and llie whole numbcrol deaths throughout the northern states, yearly, shows most conclusively, that the morlalily ot married women, in either place, by acute or chronic diseases, is less than that of the unmar- ried. A greater number ofyoiiniif men die in cities, between the ages of nineteen and twen ty-seven, than in the country. More men dio in town, than women ; but, on the contrary, in the country, the number of deaths amfiiigst fi-- males, exceeds those of males. More unmarried women die of pulraon.nry consumption, than un- married men ; but in the m.irriage state, more men die of pulmonary affections than womer. The mortality is always greater among children, between the period of birth and the second year of their age, in town than in the country ; bit from the age of six to eleven, fewer chiUlrei are lost, in either place, than before or alter those ages. — Ibid. From Memoirs of Philadeiphia .Agricultural Socitly. ON SULPHURIC ACID [Oil 0/ Filrioq FOR MA- NURE; A\D THE FERTILIZING PRINCI- PLE OF PLASTER OF PARIS. I have, on garden plants, long and freely useJ Jlour of sulphur (on melon vines particularly) tT destroy or expel the grubs and flies. I have perceived them to thrive, but attributed their vigor to their being freed from annoyances. 1 have also used sulphur ■ivqter, for fruit trees; to ban'sh or destroy aphides. I plaster most plants; and therefore have supposed, that the gypsum alone had benefited them. A small infusion of oil of vitriol (^sulphuric acid) in a large propor- tion of wafer, promotes vegetation in, and ban- jihes insects from garden plants. It would be well to make some experiments with the sul- phur alone ; or combined as the memoir' men- tions on a variety of plants : on those of the tre- Joill tribe especially. I do not see why the sul- phur, in substance should not produce effects similar to those of its derivative sulphuric acid. But plaster is with us cheaper ; and in greater plenty. RICHARD PETERS. In page 98 Agricultural Enquiries on Plaster cf Paris, I mention — "If Ingenhausz's ideas of the almost magical powers ol" the oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid) on TPgetation be just, in any important degree, the sulphuric acid may be considered either in itself or as it sets other active agents at work, the DiHin spring of operation in plaister. If is com- monly used by chemists to separate the carbonic and all other acids, from their combinations, ■wherever they are found. The earth, accord- ing to the theories before stated, is constant- ly filled with the carbonic acid, by furnishing carbon to the air if inhales. It is found in cal- careous substances, with which, in great varie- ties, ilip earth abounds ; if exists in, or i< pro- diirnd by the roots of dcc.iying or deciyod veg- elalib'S, frees, and all animal or vegetable ma- nuies. I therefore think it a corrollary fairly to be drawn from this theory, and the actual an- alijsis of the. fiyps, that if is this sulphuric or vit- riolic acid which constitutes its operative princi- ples. (^C. 1 have since ascertained by a variety of prac- tical tests, to my satisfaction, that this opuiion was well founded, .\fter separating the vitri- olic acid, the other parts of the plaster are ino- perative ; and have no effect whatever on veg- etation. As to my conjectures about the mode of ofieration. thev yet remain mere conjectures; thonofh practical effects are beyond all doubt. — I believe also that " the mode in which that sub- stance acts upon vegetation, has remained, and will alwavsbe.n mystery.'''' Why it acts on some plants, and not on others, is as mysterious and inexplicable, as is its mode of acting on those vvhereon it produces invariable and wonderful effects. We know what will assist its operation; and can supply artificially what if does not find, or has exhausted, in the earth. And this is e- nough for as to know ; for all practical uses. R. P. Remarks by the Editor of the A'. England Varriier. Perhaps there is no person whose slatrmonfs ought to have greater weight with cnllivalors titan those of the writer of the above, who ably presided for many years in the Philadelphia Society for promoting Agriculture ; and lo whom Pennsylvania is principally indebted for the early introduction of gypsum, and many other important imjirovements in husbandry. Still it may be well to state that there are different o- pinions among ecientifi.c men as respects the val- ue of sulphur and sulphuric acid as manure. — Dr Cooper in the last American edition of Wil- lirh's Domestic Encyclopedia under the head Manure sajs ''I have tried without success, di. lute sulphuric acid and sulfihur." Duhamel, Chancellor Livingston, and many others have recommended both those substances for manure. They would probably be found too expensive for ordinary field cultivation, but are worth fur- ther trials in horticulture. I'hc Whitf .'\hiih' rnj. — A-; tb.s is il;c period when the white mMllirirv, so necc^siiry in rear- ing silk worms, ripens, those dcsirons of en- couraging the [iroductionofdomeslic silk-, would do well to gather the fruit, and to preserve the seeds for sowing. In two or three vears at most flu; leaves may be gathered in great abundance; and it is calculated, that an acre of trees in that time, wonld be worth Jj300 ; in 5 years $500. .After the trees are set out, and be.«r sufficient leaves, nature will do all the rest. — Even. Post. PUNCH FOR HOT WE.ATHER. Powdered loafsugar, a table spoonful — cream of Tartar, a tea spoonful; put these in a half pint tumbler, and till it up with cool wafer. Stir a a moment and it i.s lit If.r drinking. You may repeat the dose as often as you piea«e without intoxicating the h( aJ, oppressing the stomach, or inflaming the bowels. — Galaxy. t This arlicif was prfcedrd by "^ MtmoiT of M. Btrnrd onllie a.^e of Plaster." i:> wtiirh the etiicacy of sul['hur oa vejL'.: ion is incidi-ntally ili?covertd. Jt/. i'Mur. cai.std h.'m.slvne to Ije poniultit and sifltd ; and mixed it ^\'it'. .aht^s^ to render the sowing t^sy. ■^ Trefoil is a ;,'■ n"s cf plants, nhic h incluclps nume- rous species, among which a.-e red clovtr, wbitt; clover, jnelilot, iic. SOCIETY OF ARTS. At the late annual meeting ol this popular Society, the Dike c>f Sussex, the President, dis- tributed 115 valuable prizes, in g^old and silver medals, ami money, to the successful c;indiomer ihan either. Ibid. The lamb aaJ sheep'; wool imported into Great Biit- ain ill the three years 1822, lCi:3, and 1324, wa. respect- ively lCl,058,0&6lhs. 19,366,725 lbs. and 22,650,000 Ihs exclusive of. ahout 1,000,000 lbs. more from Ireland. More than one half of the wool imported came from Germany, and about one fourth from Spain. In Hesse Darmsdadt, Germany, in consequence of the low state of Agriculture, aud the general distresses of the peasantry, between 9 and 10,000 persons are preparing to emigrate to the United States. — >'ine ves- sels were to have sailed iu the months of April and May, from Cork, Ireland, with 2000 emigrants for Quebec; a large part of whom will probably, eventually finci their way to the United States. The Harvest. — In this and the neighboring counties, says a Newburg paper, our farmers are busily engaged in their harvest. In no former year has so much wheat, by perhaps one third, been sown, and uever have we seen it so produGtive. The fall harvest of torn. &c. promises to be equally plenteous with the summer. — The abundance by which we are surrounded, cli:-rs t!v; greatest cause of congratulation to the Giver of all Good. The Editor of the Mount Holly, (N.J.) Mirrer says, " The harvest is now almost over in this neighbour- ho.^d. 'The crops of wheat and grasf have heeu very abundant ; and we see the gleaning rakes at work in many fields finishing our wheal harvest, wbirh, hereto- fore, had scarcely began at this time in the year." The editor of the Genius of Liberty, printed at Leeshurg, iu Virginia, says that he knows of one gen- tli lunn who cuts 900 acres of wheat, and who, with 16 ciadlers and 32 rakers aud biDders,ba» got throujh his harvesting. 412 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [July 212, coMnxnzncATioKS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMEH. A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE PROFIT, tc. OF VARIOUS VEGETABLES. Mddksex county, Mass. July 1825. Mr Fessenden — I wi^h you to publish the following table in your useful paper, hoping it mny indoce some of your correspondents who have leisure and talents to publish a more full and correct one. The prices of many of the articles are put at what 1 thought they were actuallv worth, compared with corn at C6| to give to cattle as fodder in the country. Beets and carrots are put higher than corn, according to the n(i- tritive raatter, because they contain a greater proportion of sugar than soluble mailer. ' With great respect, yours, B, C, J816 Justin Ely, Esq. West Springfield, raised 1820 Mr Gardner Whiting, Charlestown, " 1823 Col. Jos. Valentine, Hopkioton, » 1821 Mr Wm. Mears, Marblehead, " 1820 Fayson Williams, Esq. Fitchburg, " 1824 Messrs. T. and 11. Little, Newbury, " 1821 E. H. Derby, Esq. Salem, " 1820 Ebn. Thrasher, Salem, " 1823 Messrs. T. and H. LiUle, Newbury, " 1823 Messrs. T. and H. Little, » " 1822 Mr Adams Knighi, " " 1823 Mr Silas Pearson, " " 1822 James Whitton, Esq. Lee, «' 1817 Hon. John Welles, Dorchester, " FOR THE NEW F,NG(,AND FARMER. ON COOKING MEAL FOR HOGS, Bristol County, July 1825. It is stated by a Maryland Farmer,(see New England Farmer, vol. ill. p. 267,) that it saves "one half the corn to feed hogs with meal cooked iiitogood sliffm'ash rather than to give them corn." Perhaps it v.ould be a still greater saving not to coot the meal. I have 4ately heard good practical farmers observe that hogj will iaX faster on meal mil/tout its being cooked than on that which is cooked. They mix the meal with cold water at the time of feeding them. They say that a hog that has eaten meal that has been swelled, much sooner becomes hungry and restless than one which has eaten raw meal and has it swell in him. As it is of Considerable importance to ascertain which is the best mode of giving meal to hogs, I hope a number by ac- tual experiments, (say feeding hogs with raw meal, and cooked meal allernalely, for a number of monlhs, weigh- ing them at the end of each month) will put the mat- .Jer beyond all doubt. I). G. Remarks by the Editor. — The following is an extract from the article by a Maryland farmer, alluded to by our correspondent relative to the comparative value of raw corn and boiled meal, or mush, for feeding hogs : — " 1 U.wc bad since the 1st of December an actual experiment going •on between raw corn and meal made into good thick mush. Two |>ip,3 of about 100 weiglit each, have been eating 7 lbs. each cf raw corn |ier 21 hours ; and two others of nearly the sume size have had exactly 7 lbs of mc:\\ made iulo good mush between then. This 7 lbs. of meal cooked into the stale of good sliff musli, weighs from 28 (o 33 pounds. 1 weighed my pigs a.-curately at the hegining, and weighed jigain two days since to ro.irk the progress. The two eating M pounds 01 "orfi nr'i' fl.iy h.til tiir.reii=cd ,17 jjqijp'Is in IS J3 i - 2 1^ "m s .a s. s j; g 5 .% a s « 5 -o u o u •i Of J3 3 ha c ritir an tof our, s a. in s *- 2 «i .a *.■ u ... o 3 ^ o 1° O JS o . £ ^ b (^ Wheat &0 60 3,000 2,865 gl2 gl.50 ^75 $62 Rye 48 56 2,688 2,130 10 .75 33 23 Indian Corn 128 60 7,680 6,374 30 25 55 .67 85 30 Beans 32 66 1,792 1,020 1.00 32 Potatoes 614 56 34,384 7,900 37 50 87 .19 117 30. Mangel Wurlzel 133 56 74,518 10,134 .11 1^6 Cabbages ^4 tons 98,560 7.209 Carrots 819 56 47,500 4,658 .09 76 Ruta Baga 905 56 50,848 3,2.57 .07 63 < Raised as seconi i' crops. Common Turnips 908 52 47,216 1,984 .05 45 Onions «51 56 36,456 21 36 57 .25 162 105 Barley 52 56 Oats 85 .33 28 20 Hay, ' 4i tons 1 .12 54 days. The two ealing 7 pounds of cooked meal per day had increased 24 pounds in the same lime." By this experiment it should s'eem that ]4lbs. of raw corn a day given to t(vo pigs for IG days, amoooting in all to 224lbs. produced ]7U>s of pork- But 7lbs. of meal, conked, or made into mush given to two pigs for 16 days amounting to 1121bs. produced 24lbs. of pork. In other words each pound of raw corn gave on an aver- age, 1 j of an ounce, nearly, of pnrk. But each pound of meal alter having been cooked, or made into mush, gave on an average 3| ounces nearly, of pork. Thus it should seem that a pound of cooked meal not only produced almost lliree limes the quantity of pork that was given by a pound of raw corn, but the cooked meal possesses another advantage over Ihe raw corn in its enabling the farmer to f ilten his porl: much quicker than it can be effected by raw corn. In page 274 of Ihe current volume of the New England Farmer is given Ihe details of an- other experiment, (or it may be the same experiment related in part above protracted during 34 days in all, including l!ie before raen- tioced 16 days) in which the results appear to be quite as much in favour of the cooked meal, as in llial just recited. But the question as .slat- ed l)v our correspondent lias no relation lo raw corn, b;il to raw mciil and cooked or boiled meal; and we would join him in expressing a wish that the merits of eacli mav be ascertained by a num- ber of cx|)erimenls. We would premise how- ever that all philosophers who have written on Ibis branch of domestic economy, so far as our observation has extended, have given Ihe pre- ference as regards nutriment to steamed or boil- ed food for cattle and swine, as well as for the human species. t One pound of Indian meal ^ 3;e N. l"- I'armer, toI. 1. pages 22, 23, 30, 31. properly mixed with water and well boiled will give about three pounds of solid pudding ; and We have good authority, and the appearance at least of sound philosophy, for supposing that h pound of good solid Indian pudding will afford full as much nourishment to man or bea^f as n pound of raw meal, either dry or made into dough. Philosophers tell us tlial water by boil- ing it with meal, of grain or other farinareons substances, is converted into so/ic? food. Starch boiled in water with a little sulphuric acid foil of vitriol] not only increases Ihe starch in weight but is changed into sugar. And this change is caused by the fixation of water, and its onion with the starch in a solid stale. lib. of Indian meal made into dough might give as much nour- ishment lo a hog as a pound of thick mush, nr boiled pudding, and it may be more. But a pound of Indian meal properly boiled with a due quantity of water will give at least -Jllis. of mush. Perhaps the " practical larmers" (mentioned a- bove by our correspondent D. G.) who say thai " a hog that has eaten meal that has been ss/elled, much sooner becomes hungry and rest- less than one that has eaten raw meal, and hag it swell in him," may not draw correct inferences from that circumstance. The cause may be that boiled or swollen meal digests with more facility than raw meal; and though the swiae which are fed with rnn meal may be hungry sooner. Ihey mi\\ alio fill f lister than those which are fed with boiled meal. Dry hard old corn without benig cracked or broken would prob- ably ^^ stick by ilicribi'' of a hog lunger than raw Indian meal, or mush, but »vouid not fallen him so fast. We are told that souie of the wretched Datives of certain provinces of South America appease hunger by sivallowing a kind of fat earth ; and we have no doubt but a solid break- fast of soil v;ilh a few gravel stones by way of dessert wouid go fartiier in assuaging hunger, 1825.] NEW E\GLAND FAR^TER. 4i:{ though it would nourish less than an equnl weight of turtle soup, or other delicate and nu- tricious viand. In making experiments to ascertain the com- parative value ol'raw meal and boiled meal, in feeding swine, by giving thorn allernatelj, to fat- ten hogs, as advised by D. G. regard should bj had to other circumi^tances besides the increas- ed bulk of the boiled meal. In some stages if the growth and fattening of a hog, he willlhrive much faster on the same quantity and quality of aliment than he will in other stages, if a hog is lean and ravenous it will require as muchtiod as good food to keep him from suffering by han- ger, as in other cases might be sufficient to cloy him, and, perhaps bring on a surfeit. Cobbctt says that when a hog is well and profitably fat- ted " the last bushel, even if he sits as he eats is the most profitable." Some allowance shoi'ld likewise be made for the beneficial results aris- ing from change of diet. Probably a hog fed sometimes on dough and sometimes on rao^h, would fat faster, other things equal, than one confined to either. Indian meal soaked long enough to bring on the first step in the process of fermentation, thai is till it liecomes sweet, without letting it remain till it becomes decid- edly M.\d; or dough fermented with yeast, or by other means, till it is exactly lit for the oven would be excellent food for swine. But (his would require some nicety of management to prevent the meal or dough becoming too soor, mouldy or putrid, which would deteriorate if not destroy its good qualities. — eft>— ■ GREAT SALE OF SAXONY "SHEEP. The following is a list of the sheep sold at firighton on Tt.urs lay, July Hlh inst.by Messrs. Coolidge, Poor & Head, with the names of the purchasers, their places of residence, and the prices for which the sheep were -sold. I— Ewf— S. Henshan, Boston, (Mass ) H7 SO S—ni.—C. Sharp, Windhim Co. (Uon) 122 50 Lsuib, do. do. 61 £.!> 5— Kwc — Peter Remsen. New- Yorlr, ' 137 50 4— Ram — S. HenshaiK, Boslon, 240 00 fr— Do do. do. 230 00 £— Do.— Griswold, lilchfield, (CoD.) 23S 00 7— Do.— T. Thaxler, Boslou, 152 50 t— Do. do. do. 160 CO 9— Ewe — Goriam rarsons, Briglilo«, 95 00 ]»-Do.-J. H. JJewcomb, New-York, 205 00 Lamb, do. do. 102 50 11— Ewe — I. Thorndike, j». Bolton, 110 00 Lamb, do. do. 55 00 12 — Ram — Gen. Davis. Poughkeepsie, 210 OO 13- Du.— J. M. Peck. Doslon, 220 00 14 — Do.— Hindsale, Bennington, (Vt) 220 00 li— Do.— S. Lathrop, W p»l .Springfield, 225 00 16 — Do. — S. Whitman, Hartford, (ConJ 20O 00 17 — Ewe — Gen. Davis, Poughkeepsie, 125 00 lS_Po.— F. Wnshl, Otsego, (NV.) 95 00 19— Do.— A. A. Moore, Albanr Co. 130 00 iamb— T. Thaxler, Boiton, 60 00 ■2(V— Rain— H. Swift, Dulchcss Co. (NY.) 155 00 21- Do. do. do. 302 50 22— Do.— Judge Pendleton, do. SI7 50 23 — Do. do. do. So5 00 i4— Do.— I. Thorndike, jr. Boiton, 160 00 -5 — Kwe — V/atdon, Ea?: Windsor, (Con.) 65 OO 26— Do.- J. M. Ptcl,, r'-uton, 145 00 Lamb, Do. .!o. 72 50 "27 — Ewe — A. A. Moore, Itennilaer^Ite, Albany Co. 205 00 Lamb — I. Thoriidikc, jr. Boiton, 60 00 »8 — Ewe, do. do. • 100 00 29— Ram— Leonard Davii, Poeghkeepiic, 215 00 iO— Do.— Eldiidge, Ot5c;f,o, 155 00 31— Do.— Juiige Pendletcn. Dutchess Co. 210 00 32— Do.— Hulbert & Co. Wiochejler, (Con.) 170 00 63— E^^e — Walsou, East Windsor, fS 00 Lamb, do, do. 42 50 «4— Ewe, do. do. 87 50 S5— Do— A. A. Moore, Rennslimille, 120 00 36 — Ram — J. RIuusod. Boston, 220 00 C7 — Do. — L, IIins— Do Bronson Si Co. Winchester, (Con.) 225 00 46 — Do. — A. A. Moore, Rennsltervlllc, 175 00 47— Ewi — T. Thaxter, Boston, ISO 110 Lamb, do. do. 65 00 411— Raw— n. Whipple, Beikshire Co. 150 00 49— Ewe— Gen. Davis, Pouchkiepsie, ISO 00 lamb, do. ' do. 65 00 50 — Ewe, do. do. • JC5 t-O Lamb_I. Chase, 65 00 SI— Ewe— 1. Thorndike, jr. Boston, 175 00 Lamb, do. do. SO 00 S2— Ram, do. do. 225 00 53— Do.— C. Tracy, do 22.5 00 54— Do Ncwcf.n.b, New-Vo.k, 230 00 fiS— Do.— Pendleloo, Dutchess Co. 425 00 .W— Do.— A. A. Moore, Reninlarfille, lii.'' 00 S7— E,vc_I,. 5)avi!, Dnirhcsj C^o. 130 00 £8— Do.— A. A. Moore, Kennslairiille, 105 OO lamb— .1. Chase, S7 60 59— Ewe— A. A. Moore, Rennslafrvillo, 110 00 eO— Do.— T. Thaxler, Uojion, HO IXI lamb, flo. d.). 55 00 61— Ram— Judge Pendleton, Dulchcss C& 4.'i0 00 62— Do^Gen. Davis, Poughkcepsie, 2;0 00 63 — Do.— Watson, East Windsor, 170 00 64— Do.— Hulbert & Co. Winchester, (Con.) 2S0 00 (5--Kwt — Gen. Davis, Poughkeepsic, l.';0 00 6&— Do.— e. Parsons, Brighton, 145 00 Lamb, do. do. 72 50 «7— Ewe- Tlulberl Si Co. Winchester, 110 00 68 — Ram— B. Buck, lanesborough, (Mass.) 165 00 69— Do.— G. Germaine, Lansiiigburgh, (NY.) 22S 00 70 — Do. — Gen. Davis, Pouehkeepsie, 315 OO 71— Do.— Griswold, Litchfield, (Con.) 222 50 72— Do.— Gaylord, Goslieo, (Con.) 210 00 73— Ewe— I. Thoindike, jr. Boslon, 150 00 lamb, do. do. 75 00 74— Ewe— A. A. Moore, Rennslsrvillf, 100 00 75— Do.-^. Mason, Boston, 107 5» Lamb, do. do S3 75 76 — Ram — Eldridge, Otsego, 145 90 77— Do— Brilton, Clarendon, (VI.) 210 00 7B— Do.— Bronson S; Co. Winchester, 205 00 79— Do.— Watson, East Windsor, 170 00 SO— Do.— L. Hinsdale, Berskshire, 215 00 81 — Ewe — Eldiidge. Otsego, 92 50 »2— Do.— S. BeniLs, Watertowo, 150 00 Lamb, . do. do. 75 IDO S3— Ram— Hulbert & Co. Winchester, 225 00 El— Do.— A. A. Moore, Rennslirville, 2S0 OO 85 — Do — Jona. Mason, Boston, JS»^ 00 86 — Do. — Geo. Ayre, Grolon, S35 00 87 — Do — S. Germaine, Lansingbtir'^b, 162 SO PS— Do.— N. Houghton, Ncw-Vork, SOO 00 89— Ewe— E. Lee. Salisbury, (Con.) 92 SO lamb — S. Williams, Hampshire, 27 53" 90 — Ewe — Chase, 87 50 91 — Do. — Eldridge, Otsego, 101 00 92— Ram— A. A. Moore, RennsIitrviHs, 215 00 93— Do —Barnes, Rutland, (Vl.) 200 00 94 — Do — Wright, Olsegi, i(t6 00 95— Do — A. Colling, Bo.ton, 220 00 96— Do.— H. Swift, Dutchess Co. 270 00 97— Ewe — S. Henshaw, Boston, 117 50 Lamb, do. do. 52 50 93- Ewe— I Thorndike, jr. B.»IOD, 100 OO Lamb, do. do. 50 00 OJ— Ew<^— A. A. Moore, Rennslsrville. ISO 00 Lamb, do. do. 52 50 100— Ram— Gen. Davis, Poughkeepsic, 520 00 101— Do — G. Parsons, Brighlon, 207 SO 102— Do.— E. Sharp, Windham, t31 .M 103— Do.— Hinsdale, Hinsdale, Der. SIO 00 104— Do.— E. Lawrence, Loaz Island, S40 00 30.5— Ewe, do. do. 235 OO IOC— Do.— A. A. Moore, Renoslirville, 320 00 Lamb— W. Birnes, Rutland, (Vl.) 45 00 107— Ewe— Hon«hlon, Boston, 162 50 108— Ram— P. Remsen, New-Yort, SIO 00 109-Do.^T. Chase, 226 00 liO— Ho— J. Prince, Roxbury, 280 00 111— Do.— Hulbert i Co. Winchesler, (Cod.) 250J00 112— Do— A. A. Moore, Rennsterville, 275 00 113— Ewe— Walsol», East Windsor, 85 00 114— Do J. Munson, Boston, 142 SO IIS— Do.— Watson, East Windsor, 92 50 116— Do— Newcomb, New-Vork, 110 00 Lamb — J. Prince, Roxbury, 37 SO 117 — Ram — .7. Mason, Boslon, 220 00 118— Do — Hulberl & Co. Winchester 205 00 119— I>o.— McLane, Tolland, (Con.) ' 180 00 120— Do — J. Mirick, Piltsfield, 210 00 121— Ewe— .1. Shepherd, Northampuu, 132 SO 122— Do.— Thaxter, Boslon, 100 00 Lamb, do. do. .SO 00 123— Ewe— J. Chase, 87 50 124— Ram— Eldridge, Otsego, . 207 50 125— l)o.-,I. D'Wblf, R. island, 210 00 126— Do— M.Hulv, 125 00 127— Do.— S. Welles, Greenfield. naasjL 212 50 J28— Do .Taction, Sudbury, (Vi.) 19S 00 129— Ewe— E. Sliarp, Windham, 46 00 Lamlr, dt. do. 23 00 »30— Ewe— Thaxl, r, Boston, 120 00 Lamb, ^ do. do. 60 OO 431 — ^Evre — Jild^e Lawrence, Long Inland, 102 SO Lamb — Guild, Ne'wlon. 42 50 1S2— Ew— S. Bemii, Walerlcwn, 92 .''/O 133 — Ram — Judge Lawrence, L. Island, 212 50 13J-D.J.— Wa'sou, East Windsor, 210 00 13S— Do .1. Mason, Boston, 185 OO 136- Do.— Mojfly 217 50 137— Ew.— T.hjxler, Boston, 120 00 Lamb, do. do. 60 00 438— £iw— r. Wrigbl, Qtec^s, 47 SO PATENT RIGHTS. A company, with a capital stock of two mil- lions of tiollars, has been formed in England for the purpose of purchasing patent rights; and their views extend not only to all jiarls of Eu- rope but to America.. They will furnish pe- cuniary assistance to enable inventors to repair to England and there carry projects into effect. — The Yankees alone will employ the whole capital stock, and (hat in a very short time, if their claims be universally admitted. — .Kat.G ing in his letter, that he had never been able to find one of that species advanced into fruit; hut out of that very specimen, which he seems to 4iave gathered in the full vigor of flowering, Mr Hibbert actually obtained ripe se.sds, and pro- duced plants here by sowing thena. When Ni- ren xeturoed, he sliewed Lim the specimen, asd 414 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [July 22,, he said a very considerable progress towards I be the best application for poison b)' ivy. An fructification must have been made during the transit from the Cape of Good Hope, hither, by the rising of the sap within the specimen." NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRIDAY, JULY 22, 1825. CLOSE OF THE THIRD VOLUME. The present number terminates the third vol- ume of the New England Farmer, and with the next we shall commence the fourth with renew- eti exertions and fresh hopes of making our publication useful, as well as acceptable to all who are concerned or feel an interest in the agricultural prosperity of our country. We are highly gratified in perceiving that our labors in the great cause to which our paper is devoted, have met with so general approbation ; and are much flallered by the official recommendations of the New England Farmer, by a number of Agricultural Societies in New England and No- va Scotia. We shall omit no edort nor means to continue to merit the good opinion of those So- cieties; and lo secure a more extensive patron- age of an enlightened public, founded on the broad and stable basis of acknowledged utility, and unremitting exertion to make our paper worthy of public patronage. We would here beg leave to apologize for not having yet fulfilled a promise whic^ we made at the close of the 2d vol. of our paper, viz. " to give a series of numbers on the management and diseases of Horses, Sheep, and Swine, prin- cipally extracted and abridged from authors of approved credit and standard authority." Our excuse is, we have not yet been able to com- plete a collection of authorities, according to cheapest and best way to effect this, istodiplhe our anticipations at the time we intimated ouri'''™^* '" ^ decoction of tobacco. The bimbs intention. We have, however, succeeded in f °"''"'^ seized by the legs and dipped info a rvort r,„A K„ /■ • J ' '^Tsre ti]b of the decoction, with their backs part, and hare a fair prospect of eventually Ail- downwards, taking «are to wet every part of the filling our engagements; which, though not . tloece, and keep their noses out of the liquor, completed wjlhin the time originally specified. After the fleece is thoroughly wet, drain and will be the better executed in consequence of ''1"<^^^'^ "*' much of the decoction in(o the tub (Iip (IoIt,, .„i,;„u 11 • ■ , I as you can cotivciuently, to prevent waste '^ ' uie delay, which will give us more tima tocol- ■ - - ■ other remedy, which has been frequently re commended, is to hold the part affected as neai the fire as can well be endured for 20 or 30 minutes. This remedy, however, should be ap- plied during the first 24 hours after the poison has begun to operate. Soft soap and cold wa- ter is likewise said to be a good application. — See New-England Farmer vol, U. pages 6, 48, 58, 411. Poison by Dogwood. — The poison of dogwood is said to be of an alkaline nature, and of course its best remedy would seem to be something of an acid nature. Mr Dixon (see New-England Farmer, vol. II. page 154)says " Let the person afflicted wash the affected parts in a solution of miphate of ircn [copperas] in water, one ounce of the former to one gill of the latter, as often as 12 or 16 limes in the course of a day, and a cure will be effected in two days. I would cau- tion the public against using an alkali as a rem- edy, for I have seen pearlash administered more than seven years since, and its application was attended with disagreeable consequences." A medical gentleman of our acquaintance as- sures us that a decoction of hemlock bark will cure the poison of dogwood. Likewise he says bathing the part afflicted with new rum is an efiBcacious remedy against this poison. Remedies for the Stings of Bees. — The applica- tion of laudanum gives immediate relief, and a strong solution of salt in water is also recom- mended. It has been observed that bathing the part in brandy has a good effect. Sweet oil is al.so said to answer the same purposa. Care should be taken, however in the first place lo extract the sting of the bee with a steady hand, for if any part of it breaks in, remedies will be much less effectual than they would otherwise prove. Ticks in Lambs. — After sheap are sheared, the ticks make their head quarters in the fleeces of lambs, in which they should be attacked and ex- tirpated. An agricultural friend says that the coztaMUNzcATiozrs. A pair of horses of (be Yorkshire Cleaveland Bays, presented some lime since to the Massa- chusetts Society for promoting Agriculture, bj that munificent patron of the agricultural inler- «st of his native stale, admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, laving arrived in fine order, accompanied by ao jttentiye groom, the whole costs being defrayed I|y the very liberal donor, without any expense tb the Massachusetts Society for promoting Ag- riculture— At a meeting of the Board of Trustees, held on Tuesday I9lh of .Inly 1825 — Voted, That the thanks of ihc Eoard be pre- sented to the gentlemen proprietors of the Liv- erpool Packet Ships, for the promptness with «hich they offered to bring the horses tree of freight, from Liverpool, and for the attention aiid accommodation given until ihey were safely landed in Boston. Voted, that the thanks of the Board be given tj) J. Calle.nder, Esq. commander of the Topaz, for his cooperMtion with the owners in aiding the objects of the Soriety, in rereiving the hors- es at Liverjiool, and delivering ihem safely and free of any expense in Boston. From the Fieoords, BENJ. GUILD, .'hsist. Rec. Sec. laltf, compare, connect and systematize the in- formation which we have obtained and have a prospect of obtaining from new European works on this important branch of rural economy. We have published a list of agents on our last P«ge. It is possible we have omitted the names of some who have heretofore assisted us. Ageiils are desired to transmit any sums, with the names to whom they are to be credited, as soon as convenient. Subscribers will recollect that by paying in advance, they save fifty cents, accord- ing lo the terms of the paper. ARRACHACA. The following letter has been received by the Editors ol Ihe N. Y. Statesman, in reply to our query (N. E. Farmer, July 8) which query was republished in the N. Y. Statesman ; To the Editors of the Statesman. Gentlemen — In reply lo the article in your paper of last evening, from Ihe New England Farmer, I am happy to irilorui you, ihil plants of Ihe Arrachaca or South American Pj Ivy. — The poison of i-vy is said to ;,i,ve and in a nourishing stale, in the g.irden of be of an acid nature, and alkalies arc recom- Michael Floy, nursery tiian of this cilv, and ev- mended as antidotes against it. Lime water, ery exertion will be made to discover its habits He, obtained from wood ashes, or weak solu- and proper mode of culture for general use as tions of pearl ash or pot ash will of course soon as it can bs sufficiently multiplied. Our informant assures us that this is a more effectual method of gettiig rid of the insects than using snuff, or applying the tobacco liquid along the line of the back by a ladle or otherwise, as has been the common practice. TO THE EDITOR OF THE .NEW E.NGLAND FARJIER. I must rely upon you, my dear Mr Editor, for a little aid in n very desirable object ; to whom else could 1 turn of so caustic wit with such pro- found knowledge ? A few years at;", tired of the city and fired with iigricultural eulhiisiasm, 1 purchased a lit- tle spot in Brookline — the very Eden of New England — subscribed for the Farmer, and with a fine viyw, beallby breezes, and fruit enough for my friends and ihe birds, I really began lo have some enjoyment. But latterly an evil has (arisen under the sun, which should never arise i but at midnight. What the city requires lo be ^ done ivilli care, and caution, and ai night, the ] counlry does not regulate ; and when 1 scent j Ihe morning gale, or go forth for an evening's j musing, verily the air is so pestiferous, thatthe very birds refuse to sing ; and I am obliged to hold my tongue (and my nose) instead of enjoy- ing with my frii:nds ihe beauties of nature, — so luxuriant and delightful all around me. This is no exagger.'ition. It is positively true, at tin)es, that we are obliged to close our windows in the country, under the suffering of a n:imeles« nuis- ance, as certainly as Ihe leiianls of the houses in the city, who yield us this rich indulgence, close theirs at its removal. I would not inter- fere with the farmer's profit; I would not be so indelicate in objecting to what others take de- light in ; but I do hope that you, as a farmer and a |rliilaiilhrf)pist, a philosopher and a fr.end lo improvement, will be so obliging as lo set your wils to work, for some chemical compound, which shall save our senses while ihis work is .-roing on ; and if no such remedy exist, a| ply lo Ihe very head of the heart of ihe comn>onweallh foi some wholesome regulations for the countrj as well as the city, ia llie mean time, lo ihe ' few who shamelessly infest the road side, you might gi\e a Terrible Troct ormion, or some otirer oration ; and make them ashamed of lbs profusencss with which they po.son the air ■J 825.] IVKW ENCvL/ ^ARMF-R. 415 while lliey enrich the earth ; mortify one sense in their iittem|it to giatily another— an-I thu« rob Peter to iiay PAUL. Remarks by the FJilor. — We hope our corres- pondi'nt will not set iis nboul perforiiii.u; all tht- Jabours of Herculi'* ; thoiifjh ho enjoins ftpon us 'omothing very like one ot'thpni, to wit, the .exploit of cleans ng- the Augean siai'lc We have frequently inveiglied a^niust the iincleanliiiess of sundry ho'-bindmen and hoiisewivos, whose premises in;iy be smelt almost as f.ir ;!s they can be seen. We have no ilonbt but that (be efflu- via which arises from animn! :ind vegetable sub- stances ii' a state of piitrescencr, is the (iiinci- pa! cause of many of (he nmsl deadly diseases, to nhich ll.'e human frame is liable. But ma- nure, the main spring of Agriculture, is princi- pally derived from those substances ; and it is not only correct, but absolutely necessary, that the most olTcnsive matters s'aould be removed from their rec?]itacles in (own or country, and spread on the (ield of the farmer. But this may be done without poisoning the element which gives breath to all animated beings. The ex- halations which are so dangerous as well as dis- srgri'calde, may be absorbed by quick lime or fresh earih. In loading manure carls with ot"- fen«ive ma'.tcr, a small qnanlity of hot lime sift- ed over the foetid rub:ii>:h, before it is removed, and a little n)oro applied now and then to each layer, as it is dcposiicd in the cart, would add to the value of the manure, and remkr it inno.\- i'liis as well as inaQoasive. For want of lime, fresh earth should be used in a similar way, hut in larger quantities. In the country, it will be found very practicable, if people will but set themselves about it, to mix fresh earth with ifecaying vegetable and animal bodies, night- -soii, &.C. at such seasons, and in such manner and quantity as lo preserve health, and not of- fend ihe senses. In cities, quick lime will be found most eligible for similar tuupose=. as it is more powerfully antiscfitic than any other sub- stance, in pro[(ortion lo its bulk, price, and the convenience with which it may be applied. KOR THE New r.\r,I.AXD FARMER. To mche eggs more plenty. — When chickens are al'out four weeks old, shut Ihe hen from them a !bw days, and the hen will soon furnish you with eggs. Dr-ijing tnilk pans. — Instead of putting tin milk pans all day cm doors to dry (as our Grand- mothers did Ts.-ooden (rays,) let them remain in the house, ihey nill dry in live minutes. A writer ia a late New York paper sug;gests the ex- pediency of roaslituting a Provident association, one object of which is to establijh, in different parts of the United States, ao;rarian schools, where indig^ent youn^ men, as well as others, may acquire a knowlcdg^e of Agriculture, Rural Kcononiy, Astronomy, the Art of Reasoning, the Principles of Civil Liberty. &c. Im.pnrftint. — The Newark Fu^^le states that *'a table spoonful of Spirits of Camphor is-an infallible remedy against the fatal effects of drinking cold wafer, in warm weather. Two instances have come to our knowledge in whii.h death has 1 et- n )>rcvented by this means. — Every house keeper should be prpvidefl with a phial of it at this season of the yi'ar. A small piece of cam- ■ phor dissolvedjiii a pitcher of water will render itharm- lless-" Circv.nmnvisatiori.— K P'rench ofHcer, lieutenant f'lipeiry, has returned to France from a voyajc round the; worlu. ia the iu)rvctlft Coqiiille. He left Toulon, '"!fr^ II. IS'32, and arri\ >^d at ft arsellles, April !\lsfor the physical scieuccr, and particularly for g' i:;ra,phy. — Boston Courier. •'jrnsol). — The Emperor of Austria lias granted to thie manufacturers at Vienna the exclusive privilege, for five years, of making a new species of parasol of th'ir inventieu. The form of these are lingular. When opf», thr-y have the appearance of an arch; when clii^prl, that of a lyre — They may be taken apart and pacced in a usual sized reticule. i)r. Bigelow''s ,/lnrrican M'dicai Botany. — This valiable work, published a few years since, has been noti'cd and highly complimented in a late number of the Rtruf Eneyclopedmur, published in Paris. The reviewers think we oo;';;1)t to live forever, if we have fiif^drinal plants, in such numbers, that the descrip- tion if them tills three quarto volumes. Tie culture of silk in Egypt, is said to have been undetakca by orders of tlte Pacha, on a scale equally exteiiive with that of cotton : and as the soil and cli- mateare alike favourable to the growth of the mul- berry and the breeding of the worm, it is believed that Here will, at no remote period, be a vast increase in tht produce of a commodity now in such universal requct throughout Europe. ExtTsive quarries of the stone producing the first qualiir of the lime used to make water cement, have been uscovered along the rroposed line of the Dela- ware ;nd Hudson canal, in Ulster county. CoLnel George Gibbs has presented to the New- York .yceum an elegant collection of Siberian min- erals, >f great variety and Talue. Mr Jrummond, the London banker, lias founded and liheralv endowed at his own expense, a Professorship of I'oliical Economy at Oxford University. A coiy of " Penant's Views in London," elegantly illustraed with 2000 pUtes and engravings, was lately sold inLoudon for about 3000 dollars. A ro!l mine has been discovered in the county of Leitrim Ireland, which extends to nearly 30,000 Eng- lish acre. Bathiig the wrists and temples, before drinking cold water, i recommended to those who are exposed to the rigorof this truly uncomfortable weather. Upwarls of 20,000 children receive a gratuitous educatim in New. York, only one of whose names has as yet ben found enrolled on the criminal records. A copper snake was lately killed fnear Washington,) which coitaiced 68 young ones besides a nnmber of Milch Cow. FOR S.LE, a very fine Milch Cow, not five years old, hat has given the present season on grass feed alone, CTgA/ct'n quarts of milk a day. She is a fine lookin: animal, in perfect health, and is not offer- ed for sale or any fault. Inquire at this office. July 8. MEMOUSofthe Pennsylvania Agricultural Socie- ty; vith selections from the mott approved au- thors, adapt d to the use of the practical Farmers of the United .''ales ;*1824. Illustrated with several cop- perplate engavingsof animals and numerous cots of machines anl agricultural implements — For sale t^y CUMilING?, HILLIARD & CO. Price $1.25. No. 134 Washington street. Yorksliirc Clcdvclaml Bay Horsci. ASTALLlO.Vand MAKE of this very sHptrior breed, presented iiy Admiral Sir Isaac Cctfin to the Mas- sachusetts Society for promoting Agriculture, as an- nounced some time ;igo, have arrived from Fngland, and are in fine ordt r. Tb. y are of a luautiiul bay, with black mane, tail, and legs.— The itallion ia t«o years old (past) and the mare four years old (pa:t). — This breed of horses is described in standard Englisb works as eicellenl " for the rarri'irffc und road'''' — ■' of large size'l — "uniting great activity with hardiness ana strength," — and as " supeiior to most other horsta for work requiring much effort and desjialth." The object of the truly liberal donor is to benefit his native state (Massachusett?,) and the wi^h of Ihe Trus- tcss is to place these horses accordingly where they will be most serviceable, and secure the benefit of them to the public at a moderate expinso for the use. The undersigned Committee are authorized to con- tract with some person of respectability, resident on a farm to take charge of them for a period of two or more years, on liberal terms. Letters post paid will be at- tended to, or personal application may be made to RICH. SULLIVAN, Brookline or JOHN PRINCE, Roxbury. N. B. Tlic horses are at present kept by iMr Henry Earned at Prighton, near the residence of S. W. Pcme- roy, Esq. Printers of Newspapers within the state will oblige the Trustees by inserting the above. Bo.sM7j, /tifv 22, 182,'i, The Improved Durham Short Horned Bull ADMI- RAL, anJ the Herefordshire Bull SIR ISAAC. THE 'frustees of the IMassachusetts Agricultural Society will let out, upon reasonable terms, the above nauicd imported animals. They were purchased and presented to the Society by Admiral Cofiin for the bcnellt of his native state. Reliance may be placed on the purity of the stock. The Calves of Admiral have proved ver/ fine. He is now four years old, and is on the farm ol E. PL Derby, Esq. at Salem. His term will expire there the IGlh of August, after which he may be had tor one year, iu any other county. The Hereford Bull is two years old, — is now on the farm of John Prince, Esq. Roxbury. His term will expire on the 12th July. Any person wishing him at an earlier period will be accommodated. They are both very gentle and fine-tempered. The stock of Ad- miral are peculiarly calculated for the Stall ^nil Dairy. The Hereford breed have sometimes carried prizes in England against the " Short Horns," as Beef Cattle.— They are also admirable Draught cattle, and esteemed good for the Dairy. The terms will be reasonable and advantageous t« the persons who shall take them for one year, and take good care of them, as the great object of the Trustees is to give an opportunity of crossing our native breeds nnder tlie hope of improving them. — For terms apply to JOHN LOWELL, or JOHN PRINCE, Esq. Roxbu- ry. Roxbttry, May 1825. E PARSONS & CO. City Furniture warehouse, • Union Street, near the Union Stone, keep con- stantly on hand for sale, a general assortment of furni- ture, chairs, looking glasses, feathers of all kinds, fire sets, brushes, bellows, kc. &c. PATENT HOES— Notice is hereby given, that the subscribers are appointed the sole agents for ven- din" J. & .^. Fale^s Patent tiofs, which are offered for sale^at factory prices by A.D.WELD i J. FRENCH Jr. Boston, Marc4i 25, 18£S. No. 713 Washington St. R WILLIAMS' celebrated horse ROMAN, will stand the present season, at his farm, in North- boro', Worcester co. Mass. Terms 20 dollars for the sea- son ; to be paid on taking away the mares. A partic- ular account of the pedigree and performances of this horse, will be found in the New England Farmer, of May 20. 1825. PA^TENT HOES— For Sale at the Agricultural Es- tablishm- nt, 108 Slate Street, up stairs, .50 dozen or Mine's crook neck spring tempered steel hoes, warranted in every respect. — The superiority of Iheje hoes consist? in their lightness and strength, and being in no way liable to clog. .May 27 416 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. [July 22^ »izscEz.i.Airaz:s. Bolivar. — Capt. Cochrane in his travels in Coiombin, gives the following account of the Liberator: — Bolivar is a good siTimmer, an el- egant dancer, and fond of music; he is a very pleasant companion at fable ; neither smokes nor takes snuff, nor does he ever taste spirits. He endeavours to check the flattery with which he is not unfrequentiy assailed. At a ball which he gave, a lady rendered herself very conspicuous by loading him with obsequious and unfortunately fulsome adulation. Bolivar at length said to her, in a mild but firm tone : Madam, I had previ- ously been informed of your character, and now I perceive it myself. Believe me, a servile spirit tecommends itself to no one, and, in a lady, is highly to be despised." When Bolivar retired from Carthagena, at the time it was besieged by Morillo, he proceeded to Jamaica for the purpose, of endeavouring to obtain whatever supplies were to be met with, in order to render every possible aid to the Pat- riot cause. — Some Spaniards who had taken up their residence in thst island, and who equally hated and dreaded Bolivar, formed the horrible project of procuring his assassination. To ef- fect this diabolical purpose, they bribed a negro, who was to watch his opportunity, and stealing upon the Patriot Chief while he was asleep, to despatch him without any noise. The wretch, under cover of the darkness of nighl, entered the house where Bolivar had lixed his abode, ;ind reached his usual bed-room ; he silently ap- proached a hammock, and stabbed to the heart the individual lying there, who imraetliateiy ex- pired. The unfortunate man, however, who was thus assassinated, proved to be, not Bolivar, but his private secretary; the former, on tliai very morning, having removed to another house. Tlie murderer was almost immcdialely appre- hended, and a few days afterwards hang-ed. He confessed having been bribed by some Spaniards to perpetrate the deed, — but through, as i! ap peared, the guarded manner in which tliey had communicated with him, he was ur.able to stale their names ; suspicion, however, rea'ed on some Spaniards who a few days previously bad quit- ted the Island. Bolivar, on hearing of the assassin- alioRofhis .secretary, exclaimed, " The Span- iards by their crimes hasten the completion ol our independence ; the certainty of this is a con- solation under my present heart-rending afflic- tion." and thus the magistrate of a mighty state is in- stalled.— Look on this picture and then on that — If as Englishmen, we blush at the comparison in one respect, we feel a glow of exultationJn another, at the superior wisdom and truer greiit- ness of that country, which owes, at any rale, its birth to ours. America is the child of Eng- land, and is, perhaps, destined to perpetuate the memory of its parent, who should feel nothing like envy and jealousy at the endowments of its illustrious offspring, and still less exhibit any thing like derision at the imperfections ofbcr incipient constitution and policy, whilst here we are submitting to such things as the test .ic.'s, the tithe system, a standing army, and enormous taxa- tion ; and our neighbours, the Irish, to military law and religious persecution. — English paper. The Triumph of Economy. — When the collec- tion was making to build Bethlehem Hospital, those who were employed to gither donations for that purpose, went to a small house, thedoor of which being half open, they overheard an old man, the master, scolding his servantinaid forliaving thrown away a match without using both its enf^s. After diverting theniselvessome time wilh the dispute, they presented them- selves before (he old grntleman, and explained the cause of their coming ; though, from what had jusi pa'^sed, they entertained very liltle, if any hopes of success. The supposed miser how- ever, no sooner understood llio business, than he slept into a closet, from whence he broU!,'lit a b;ig and counted out (our hundred guinea»,'which he generously gave them. No astonilhraent could exceed that of the collectors, at tkis un- expected reverse of their expectations; they loudly testified their surprise ; and scrupled not to inform their benefactor, that they hnd over- heard his quarrel wilh the servant girl. " Gen- llemen,"' said he, " your surprise is ociisioned by a thing of very litlle importance. 1 keep house, and save or spend money my own way ; the first furnishes me with the means n domg the other. With respect to benefactions and donations, you may always expect most from prudent people, who keep their own amounts." When he had thus spoken, he beggettthem to withdraw without the smallest cerennny ; to prevent which he shut the door; notJthinking half so much of the four hundred guinjas which he b.Td just given awaj', as of the majcli which had been carelessly thrown into the fie. — Eng- lish paper. A country gentleman asked his son, who was at college, what was meant by Baclielor of Arts f " One," said the student, "who woos the arts, but never weds them." The "Ploughboy Debating Society" which is composed of the Lyceum students, at the Ag- ricultural Institution at Gardiner, Me. gave a public exhibition in the town house on Tues- day evening last and with politeness distributed about 300 tickets. Their performances gare universal satisfaction to the numercns and re- spectable auditory, and were such as reflected great credit on the young gentlemen who com- pose the society. — Eastern Chronicle". A Confrast.— John Quincy Adams, President of the United Slates, is the son of the second Pres- ident that ever rnlod over America, the well known and peaceful successor of Washington — the Nuraa of the United States ; and if we may ju